The author begins with some thoughts on vocabulary: ecclesia usually refers to the community of the faithful and not to the building, a rather late meaning of the word; ecclesia mater is a metaphor or later designates the mother church of a diocese, not the main building of a group of churches; ecclesia major does not necessarily imply a ecclesia minor. He stresses also that the common distinction in the 4th and 5th centuries between fideles and catechumeni may have had consequences for the physical organization of the church. The author then reviews some liturgical documents. The ordines from Trier, Paris and Lyon are not earlier than the 13th century and make no distinction between liturgical function for different buildings. The ordines from Milan and a church in northern Italy (probably Aquileia according to G. C. Menis and P. Piva) mention the separate distinction in the 11th century (since when ?) between ecclesia hiemalis and ecclesia aestiva and allude to scrutini for the catechumens, who, however...


The invention relates to a method for developing low-density high-strength phenolic foam. The method comprises the following steps of using molybdenum disulfide to modify the phenolic resin, foaming, curing and forming, so as to obtain the low-density high-strength phenolic foam, thereby overcoming the disadvantages of brittleness, easiness in slag falling, low strength and the like of the phenolic resin. The method has the advantages that a silane coupling agent is grafted with the molybdenum disulfide, so as to improve the dispersivity of the molybdenum disulfide in the phenolic resin and the compatibility with the resin; after treating by the silane coupling agent, the molybdenum disulfide can be grafted with amino groups, and the phenolic resin contains hydroxymethyl groups, so that under the reaction action of the amino groups and hydroxymethyl groups, the effect of increasing viscosity is realized, and the mechanical, water-resistant and anti-aging properties are improved; by adding the molybdenum disulfide, the heat conduction coefficient of the phenolic foam is reduced, the mechanical property of the phenolic foam is improved, and the low-density high-strength phenolic foam with water-resistant, heat-insulation and toughening properties can be obtained for building projects.


According to the research the phase diagrams for the systems: «water ethylenglycol monoalkyl ether dodecane» are constructed at different temperatures. It has been established that, in the presence of monoalkyl ethers of ethyleneglycol the mutual solubility of water and hydrocarbon increases.


The revered author of the fantasy works "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" also had a distinguished career as a professor at Oxford University and as a scholar specializing in Anglo-Saxon literature. This addition to the "Bloom's Modern Critical Views" series is enhanced by a chronology, bibliography, notes on the contributors, and an introductory essay by noted literary scholar Harold Bloom.


Bacterial chromosomes contain large numbers of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, consisting of a gene encoding a toxic protein and a gene encoding an antitoxin which can be an RNA or a protein [1, 2]. In the largest known group of type II TA systems, vapBC , the toxin VapC is an endoribonuclease belonging to the PIN (PilT N-terminal) domain family, which is very conserved structurally and found in all domains of life. VapC is a known RNase and targets for VapCs include various tRNAs and rRNAs. The VapB antitoxin inhibits the toxin with its C terminus domain and contains a DNA binding domain in the N terminus [1]. TA systems have been implicated in bacterial tolerance to antibiotics, which can eventually lead to antibiotic resistance and it is considered a major health challenge by the WHO [3]. Previously, it was experimentally observed when a bacterial strain developed antibiotic tolerance in the presence of ampicillin during intermittent exposure, the development of tolerance increase the risk of the strain also developing antibiotic resistance [4]. In strains of Escherichia coli KLY where tolerance was observed, it was shown that mutations in a gene encoding VapB were present [4]. However, it is not known how or if TA systems are involved in creating tolerance and potentially affect antibiotic resistance. Here, we determine the structure of VapBC from E. coli KLY to 2.8 Å using x -ray crystallography. The structure is overall very similar to the previously determined structure of a VapBC complex from Shigella flexneri 2a, where the VapBC is encoded on the pMYSH6000 plasmid. This VapBC was shown to form a hetero-octameric complex containing four VapB and four VapC proteins [5]. The VapBC from E. coli KLY differs from the VapBC in S. flexneri 2a in six positions. The two VapBs have two amino acids difference and the VapCs have four amino acid differences among them.


The information developed in this article raises basic questions about the nature of services which should be provided to the motorist traveler along the interstate system. Logically, such services as food, lodging, and gasoline must be provided to motorists. In properly responding to the needs of motorists on the system, close attention must be given to such dimensions of the problem as factors influencing patronage decisions, the combinations of stops most likely to be made, and the extent of preplanning engaged in prior to starting a trip. The research has revealed a perceived need for additional information centers along the system. The question of roadside telephones and other emergency services should be explored more thoroughly.


Results For the cut-off point >1 : 150, 86 women at an increased risk of eo-PE using algorithm 1 were identified. Of these 86 patients, 83 (96%) were identified using algorithm 2, 62 (72%) using algorithm 3, and 60 (69%) using algorithm 4. In addition, it was demonstrated that between 21% and 29% of women at a low risk of eo-PE could be given acetylsalicylic acid if a screening test was used that did not account for PlGF. Conclusions In order to provide the highest level of health care to pregnant women, it is extremely important that full screening for eo-PE should be ensured. The cheapest algorithm based only on MAP and UtPI resulted in our patients being unnecessarily exposed to complications.


The inertisation of cadmium (Cd2+) ions in various cement matrices is investigated using the solidification/stabilisation technique. The different cement pastes used in this study are neat Portland cement and Portland cement blended with 20 and 40% blast furnace slag or metakaolin. Two ratios of heavy metal ion, namely 1·0 and 2·0% by weight of solid, are used. The hydration characteristics of the cement pastes are tested by way of determination of the combined water content, phase composition, compressive strength and X-ray diffraction analysis at different time intervals up to 90 d. The metal salt used causes a retarding effect on the hydration of all the investigated cement pastes. The degree of immobilisation of the added Cd2+ ions is evaluated by determining the leached ion concentration after time intervals extended up to 90 d. The leachability experiments are carried out by using the static mode leaching process. It is observed that Cd2+ ions show a high degree of immobilisation for the cement past...


In order to provide information for proper management of groundwater resources, an analysis of the effects of precipitation and groundwater withdrawal on groundwater levels is needed. In this study, we analyzed the correlation of precipitation-groundwater level and groundwater withdrawal-groundwater level using time series data converted by normalized standard deviation (Nor.St.Dev) and cross correlation coefficient (CCC) for nine groundwater monitoring wells in the middle mountainous area in the southeastern Jeju Island. First, the CCCs of precipitation-groundwater level were estimated using daily time series data, and the low CCCs of up to 0.3 were obtained. However, the result of using the Nor.St.Dev showed a clearer correlation by obtaining a CCC of up to 0.8. In addition, in most cases, precipitation variability and groundwater level variability had positive CCCs, whereas groundwater withdrawal variability and groundwater level variability had negative CCCs. Therefore, the groundwater level in this study area was largely influenced by precipitation with little effect of groundwater withdrawal. Lastly, as a result of analyzing the relative effects of Seongpanak and Gyorae rainfall station on the groundwater level, the rainfall at the relatively downstream Gyorae rainfall station has more influence. The analysis method used in this study can be easily used for analyzing the effects of precipitation and groundwater withdrawal on groundwater level variability in other regions in the future.


In a seminal paper, Unruh and Wald found that the detection of a right Rindler particle by a linearly uniformly accelerated detector coupled to a Klein-Gordon field in the Minkowski vacuum leads to the creation of a Minkowski particle from the inertial viewpoint. In this paper, we revisit the framework studied by Unruh and Wald, but now consider in addition what happens once the particle has been measured somewhere in the right Rindler wedge. From an orthodox point of view, the change in the field state induced by the measurement is non-local and occurs both in the left and right Rindler wedges. If one takes semiclassical gravity seriously in this context, this seems to open the possiblity for designing superluminal communication protocols between two spacelike separated observers confined to the right and left Rindler wedges respectively. We discuss the possible ways in which physics could prevent such measurement-induced, faster-than-light signaling protocols.


In this work, we present measurements of the energy distributions of OH+ and O+ produced in water molecule fragmentation by electron impact. We scanned the electron beam energy between 28 eV and 800 eV, examining the processes that occur from low energy transfer, below the double ionization threshold, up to processes occurring at the Oxygen K edge. The results show very different behaviors for the OH+ and O+ energy distributions for different electron energies.


This study attempted to determine to what extent audio, video, or some combination of audio/video portions of lecture presentations were helpful in addressing issues related to anxiety, mastering the material presented, and making the class more personal. For several different finance courses, course content with both text and audiovisual material was loaded onto a server using the Adobe Breeze and Adobe Captivate 2 Screen Capture programs on a BLACKBOARD platform. Results based on multiple regression models showed that the new visual and audio portions of the lectures allowed respondents to master the material more effectively, which lead to lower levels of anxiety. Results also showed that making the class more personal through the visual and audio material improved students' sense that they were mastering the material.


In energy constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is very important to preserve energy and prolong energetic network lifetime while ensuring the proper operation of the network. In this paper we propose Sleep Scheduling for Energy Efficient Load Balance Routing in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (EE_LBR) to extend the lifetime of the network. The Sleep and awake scheduling utilized for reduce the energy consumption in the network. We also using Queue Priority Indicator (QPI) and Geographic Priority Indicator (GPI) are used to select the best relay node and find the efficient path. The QPI method is used the balance load and energy consumption. The Network simulation based performance evaluation shows that the EE_LBR scheme to minimize the packet loss rate and energy consumption as well as increase the lifetime of the network and throughput.


Background: Since the approval of warfarin, a Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant (VKA), no other oral anticoagulant existed for patients who needed long-term anticoagulation therapy until the recent introduction of non-VKA oral anticoagulants (NOACs). NOACs came to fill in therapeutic gaps associated with VKA. Dedicated anticoagulation clinics has improved the outcome of using VKA. However, with the arrival of NOACs, it is not clear how they will fit into these clinics.Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and African Journals OnLine for articles on anticoagulation management and NOACs. Results: There were very few dedicated anticoagulation management centers in Sub-Saharan Africa, notably in Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, Ghana, Botswana, Namibia, and Cameroun and warfarin was the anticoagulant used. NOACs were not used regularly. None of these anticoagulation clinics had incorporated NOACs management into their routine service as was done for VKA. Conclusion: Anticoagulation clinics in Sub-Saharan Africa must include NOACs as part of their area of service in addition to warfarin. The use of NOACs in Africa will leap frog if proper anticoagulation management policy and structure are laid out, the cost of NOACs are reduced, and emphasis is given to retraining of staff.


A numerical technique and computer program were developed for the prediction of the noise of propellers with advanced geometry. The blade upper and lower surfaces are described by a curvilinear coordinate system, which was also used to divide the blade surfaces into panels. Two different acoustic formulations in the time domain were used to improve the speed and efficiency of the noise calculations: an acoustic formualtion with the Doppler factor singularity for panels moving at subsonic speeds and the collapsing sphere formulation for panels moving at transonic or supersonic speeds. This second formulation involves a sphere which is centered at the observer position and whose radius decreases at the speed of sound. The acoustic equation consisted of integrals over the curve of intersection for both the sphere and the panels on the blade. Algorithms used in some parts of the computer program are discussed. Comparisons with measured acoustic data for two model high speed propellers with advanced geometry are also presented.


Jurisdictions that limit their participation in federal immigration enforcement are broadly referred to as "sanctuary cities." This unitary, all-encompassing label fuels misleading arguments by failing to distinguish between the differing measures implemented by state and local governments. Supporters of sanctuary cities put forth policy rationales that are unproven or inapplicable to each type of measure. Meanwhile, opponents of sanctuary cities overextend their argument that sanctuary measures are illegal. Discarding the "sanctuary city" label will foster more intelligent analyses and reason-based solutions to an emotionally charged issue.


The utility model discloses a polymer grade m phenylenediamine's production facility, including m phenylenediamine apparatus for producing and rectifier unit, wherein, the m phenylenediamine apparatus for producing includes that the m phenylenediamine semi -manufactured goods insert port and soft water access port, and the m phenylenediamine semi -manufactured goods insert the port and are connected with turn trough among the m phenylenediamine, and soft water access port is connected with turn trough in the soft water, and the turn trough is connected with the m phenylenediamine elevated tank among the m phenylenediamine, is provided with the m phenylenediamine charge pump simultaneously and passes on the m phenylenediamine semi -manufactured goods to the m phenylenediamine elevated tank in, the turn trough is connected with the soft water elevated tank in the soft water, is provided with the soft water charge pump simultaneously and passes on soft water to the soft water elevated tank in, soft water elevated tank and m phenylenediamine elevated tank be of being connected with material cauldron simultaneously, changes the material cauldron and is connected with the crystallizer, and the crystallizer is connected with turn trough in the mother liquor, and the turn trough is connected to the rectifier unit through the mother liquor delivery pump in the mother liquor. The utility model discloses a production facility increases the rectifier unit, and process flow is simple, convenient operation, and production efficiency is high.


Dimethyl(methylthio)arsine, AsMe2(SMe)(L), is a potentially ambidentate ligand with the possibility of arsine and/or sulphur co-ordination to a transition metal. We have investigated the reaction of the ligand for the scission of the tetrameric trimethylplatinum halides, and that for carbon monoxide displacement from the rhenium pentacarbonyl halides. In both of these reactions organic arsines and sulphides individually are known to be effective, producing well characterised stable products. Ligand L reacts with [(PtXMe3)4](X = Cl, Br, or I) and with [ReX(CO)5](X = Cl, Br, or I) to yield respectively fac-[PtXMe3L2] and fac-[ReX(CO)3L2] in good yield. Hydrogen-1 and 13C n.m.r. studies demonstrate that in all complexes the ligand behaves in a monodentate manner with exclusively arsenic–metal bonds. In solution the compounds give no indications of any fluxional behaviour in the temperature range –80 to +80°C. The fac structure of all of these complexes gives rise to the interesting observation that all three methyl groups in the co-ordinated ligand AsMe2(SMe) are non-equivalent.


This paper analyzes the role of the urban informal sector in a developing country in relation to the performance of agriculture and other rural activities on the one hand and that of urban formal sector activities on the other. It decomposes the sectors into traditional and modernizing components traceable to production and consumption linkages with the rest of the economy as well as the character of government interventions over time. The paper contrasts success cases a la Taiwan in which the overall size of the urban informal sector remains modest the modernizing sub-sector grows in relative importance and the end of overall labor surplus is reached rather early with non-success cases a la the Philippines in which rapid rural-urban migration enhances the overall size of the urban informal sector the traditional sub-sector grows relatively and the end of the labor surplus condition is substantially delayed. (authors)


We investigate the enlarged CP(N) model in 2+1 dimensions. This is a hybrid of two CP(N) models coupled with each other in a dual symmetric fashion, and it exhibits the gauge symmetry enhancement and radiative induction of the finite off-diagonal gauge boson mass as in the 1+1 dimensional case. We solve the mass gap equations and study the fixed point structure in the large-N limit. We find an interacting ultraviolet fixed point which is in contrast with the 1+1 dimensional case. We also compute the large-N effective gauge action explicitly. PACS Numbers: 11.15.-q, 11.30.Qc, 11.10.Gh, 11.15.Pg SKKUPT-04/2001, April 2001 Email address: email@example.com Email address: email@example.com Email address: firstname.lastname@example.com 1


The voltage signal of the FOG is transformed into frequency signal by means of voltage-current circuit and current-frequency circuit.Realization of the transformation and constant current source are emphasized.The principle and application of the circuit are analyzed.


M anpower studies have indicated that there will be a need for more occupational therapists, and that this need will extend into the next decade (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA] 1985; U.S. Deparrment of Labor, 1988). The AOTA has included in its Strategic Integrated Management System a plan to increase the inadequate supply and unequal distribution of qualified practitioners (AOTA, 1986). Concurrently, AOTA's Entry Level Study Committee has examined the degree-level structure in occupational therapy (AOTA, 1987). In developing policies that will affect manpower, such as entry level professional education, our profession must consider not only the total number of therapists available to provide occupational therapy services, but also the distribution of therapists throughout the United States. Our experiences in one metropolitan area suggested that certified occupational therapy assistants tended to take jobs close to home after graduation, whereas occupational therapists tended to consider jobs over a much wider geographical area. As a result, many occupational therapy assistant positions remained unfilled in locations remote from an occupational therapy assistant educational program. Conversely, many assistants were not working as such, because in choosing


In this paper, passport recognition and face verification methods which can automatically recognize passport codes and discriminate forgery passports to improve efficiency and systematic control of immigration management are proposed. Adjusting the slant is very important for recognition of characters and face verification since slanted passport images can bring various unwanted effects to the recognition of individual codes and faces. Therefore, after smearing the passport image, the longest extracted string of characters is selected. The angle adjustment can be conducted by using the slant of the straight and horizontal line that connects the center of thickness between left and right parts of the string. Extracting passport codes is done by Sobel operator, horizontal smearing, and 8-neighborhood contour tracking algorithm. The string of codes can be transformed into binary format by applying repeating binary method to the area of the extracted passport code strings. The string codes are restored by applying CDM mask to the binary string area and individual codes are extracted by 8-neighborhood contour tracking algerian. The proposed RBF network is applied to the middle layer of RBF network by using the fuzzy logic connection operator and proposing the enhanced fuzzy ART algorithm that dynamically controls the vigilance parameter. The face is authenticated by measuring the similarity between the feature vector of the facial image from the passport and feature vector of the facial image from the database that is constructed with PCA algorithm. After several tests using a forged passport and the passport with slanted images, the proposed method was proven to be effective in recognizing passport codes and verifying facial images.


C incorporation into Si and SiGe has become essential in modern high-performance CMOSFET technology. The reason is that C atom is markedly useful in growing strained Si film and controlling diffusion of dopant atoms in Si and SiGe layers. In this paper, contribution of C atoms to the growth of strained Si and SiGe films, the activation and the diffusion of B in Si are described. Interstitial C atoms inhibit an epitaxial growth of strained Si:C and SiGe films in both case for the C implantation followed by annealing and for the epitaxial growth of SiGe:C by RP-CVD. Suppressions of the localized change in strain caused by C incorporation and the localized C atoms successfully achieve a high-crystallinity strained Si:C and SiGe:C films with a high substitutional concentration. A B activation ratio in Si varies depending on incorporated C concentration in the wide range of C and B concentration. Furthermore, C atoms enhance the growth of stable B-containing clusters at a high B concentration region in Si, resulting in decrease in the B activation ratio in Si layer.


This study examines the influence of urban and meteorological factors on the surface air temperature field of the medium‐sized city of Szeged, Hungary, using mobile and stationary measurements under different weather conditions between March and August 1999. This city, with a population of about 160 000, is situated on a low, flat flood plain. Efforts have been concentrated on investigating the maximum development of the urban heat island (UHI). Tasks include the determination of the spatial distribution of seasonal mean maximum UHI intensity and modelling of existing conditions in the period being studied. Multiple correlation and regression analyses are used to examine the effects of urban parameters (land‐use characteristics and distance from the city centre determined in a grid network) and of meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature) on thermal conditions in the study area. The results indicate isotherms increasing in regular concentric shapes from the suburbs towards the inner urban areas where the mean maximum UHI intensity reaches more than 3°C in the studied periods. A strong relationship exists between urban thermal excess and distance, as well as built‐up ratio. In contrast, meteorological conditions do not have any significant effect on the UHI intensity at the time of its maximum development. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society


A new narrative of care for the elderly is being constructed in both fiction and our techno-societies that incorporates the use of robots in areas traditionally entrusted to women, reproducing some of the stereotypes historically attributed to them. I propose to analyse representations of robots designed for elder care in the field of science fiction, like in the case of the TV series Real Humans (2012), as well as "real" robots. My aim is to highlight the risks of reproducing gender bias in robotics, where women could continue to perpetuate their role as caregivers. The objective is to show the need to develop a gender perspective in robotics applied to the care of the elderly that will make it possible to change the status quo.


The invention relates to a method for receiving goods, in particular a depot is placed at least temporarily on the outside a Warenempfangsbox on the body of a vehicle used by the person, in particular a motor vehicle (10) and a time required by the person / desired goods, from a depot transported to the location of the parked vehicle, in particular motor vehicle and in the Warenempfangsbox (10) is inserted. The invention also relates to a system for the reception of goods on a vehicle, especially a motor vehicle comprising a support frame (20), which is / access flap is at least temporarily attachable to a vehicle, especially a motor vehicle, in particular the vehicle door and a Warenempfangsbox (10) mounted on the holding frame (20) is at least temporarily fastened and an openable by authorized personnel and having close lid (12b).


On behalf of, for and with the consumers, front-line workers' resistance around the service relationship. In this research, we analyze collusion phenomena with an oppositional character, referred to as "joint resistance", involving front-line workers with consumers within the service relationship. For this, we explore three streams of literature that are: employees resistance, consumer resistance and the service relationship. This qualitative research is backed by three case studies : a large cultural retailer, a privatized postal service and an organization of the health sector. Our study consists mainly of interviews of front-line workers' wich we designate as "resistants". The results of our studies show that front-line workers try to associate the consumers to their resistant actions on a scale of three levels: resist on behalf of, resist for and resist with. In continuation of this research, we propose a theoretical model of understanding of the service relationship. Based on the concept of "double social relationship", this model describes and analyzes the emergence of resistance phenomena in the service relationship. Keywords: resistance, front-line workers' resistance, consumer resistance, joint resistance, service relationship, social relationship


Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) has been used to study the depth profile (0 - 8 µm) in a membrane system containing a thin layer of polyamide prepared by the interfacial polymerization of triethylenetetraamine (TETA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) onto the surface of asymmetric polyacrylnitrile (PAN). Doppler broadening S parameters of annihilation radiation energy spectra show a systematic variation with the doping time of TETA in the membrane preparation process of interfacial polymerization. The layer structures of composite membrane are obtained. A similar variation between S parameters with respect to TETA doping time and permeability but an anti-correlation between S parameter and selectivity are observed. Future applications of PAS and slow positron beam to membrane technology appear to be promising. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


>Physical dosimetry demonstrates that the dose given to bone in telecobalt therapy will not be greater than the dose to the soft parts; thus the risk of bone injury in the treatment of malignant tumors is a theoretical one. In utilizing the various advantages of telecobalt therapy one aims to improve the curability rate by increasing the tumor dose. From the hitherto existing clinical experiences with convertional x-ray therapy, certain correlations between skin tolerance and the rise of osteoradionecrosis would be supposed. It is the question which relations are valid in this sense in telecobalt therapy and to which extent other factors participate in the nechanism of bone injury. A case of an osteoradionecrosis of the second rib in connection with a carcinoma of the breast is cited which rose after postoperative x-ray and telecobalt therapy. (auth)


Pilot-scale experiment for dehydration of tert-butyl alcohol to high purity isobutene was carried out by reactive distillation using large grain ion exchange resin catalyst in a Φ100 mm×4 100 mm reactor.Effects of operating pressure,reflux ratio,volume flow rate of tert-butyl alcohol and filling amount of catalyst on conversion of tert-butyl alcohol were studied.The results showed that the conversion of tert-butyl alcohol was 98.12% when operating pressure was 0.39 MPa,reflux ratio was 1.5,volume flow rate of tert-butyl alcohol was 4.32 L/h,and filling amount of catalyst was 6 kg.After distillation,the purity of isobutene was 99.83%.


This paper presents a new on-line control scheme utilizing the Forecasting Compensatory Control (FCC) method for improving cylindricity in boring operations. The proposed control method was implemented through the development of a laser-based in-process cylindricity measurement, a digital microcomputer, and a piezoelectric actuator system. Through on-line cutting experiments, the improvement in cylindricity accuracy was found to be in excess of 60 percent.


Let K be an algebraically closed, complete, nonarchimedean field, let E/K be an elliptic curve, and let E denote the Berkovich analytic space associated to E/K. We study the μ-equidistribution of finite subsets of E(K), where μ is a certain canonical unit Borel measure on E. Our main result is an inequality bounding the error term when testing against a certain class of continuous functions on E. We then give two applications to elliptic curves over global function fields: We prove a function field analogue of the Szpiro-Ullmo-Zhang equidistribution theorem for small points, and a function field analogue of a result of Baker, Ih, and Rumely on the finiteness of S-integral torsion points. Both applications are given in explicit quantitative form.


As the Internet is becoming more and more of a commonplace technology in the Western world, many communication programs have begun to offer technology-related communication courses. Usually, these classes require students to create a Web site. A good Web site, however, requires more than colored text, a few graphics, and a few links. This paper explores the Web site assignment as a valuable exercise. First, theoretical background is reviewed, as both students and instructors should be familiar with some of these concepts before creating a Web site. Second, a seven-step model is explained that forces students to think about their Web site before actually creating it. The paper's author/educator states that personal experience has proven that combining the background information and the seven steps leads to higher quality Web sites that students are not afraid to show potential employers. Contains 36 references. (NKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 1 German Online Research Conference Gottingen, Germany, May 17-18, 2001 The Website Assignment as a Valuable Exercise Beyond Establishing Presence to Creating Significance PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


We read the case report by Kowalczyk et al.1 with great interest and noted the patient presented with a type 1 Brugada ECG pattern induced by severe hypothermia. This paper is important as it contributes to the growing body of literature describing Brugada phenocopies (BrP)2,3. Brugada phenocopies are characterized by ECG patterns that are identical to either type 1 or type 2 Brugada ECG patterns in the absence of true congenital Brugada syndrome (BrS). We have published extensively on the subject of BrP2-6 and have established the international aetiological categories (table 1)7 as well as a systematic diagnostic approach (table 2)2,3,8. We would like to direct the authors1 to our recent publications on the terminological distinction between the Brugada ECG pattern, true Brugada syndrome, and Brugada phenocopy4,8. There are three previously published reports of potential BrP induced by hypothermia9-11. Two of these cases presented with multiple concurrent metabolic disorders9,10, and the other with isolated hypothermia11. In the latter case by Ortega-Carnicer et al.11, the authors postulated that hypothermia causes accentuation of the spike-and-dome morphology of epicardial cells with a total loss of the epicardial action potential dome leading to the coved Brugada ECG pattern. This was previously demonstrated in canine models, where reducing the temperature of the coronary perfusate resulted in an enhanced epicardial action potential spike-and-dome morphology and loss of the epicardial action potential dome12. We speculate that this same mechanism may be causing the ECG findings observed in the case reported by Kowalczyk et al.1; however, this remains uncertain. Unfortunately, as the patient in the case died within 30 minutes of resuscitation, it is not possible to ascertain if this patient has true BrS or BrP through provocative testing with a sodium channel blocker. We suggest that in future cases of hypothermia where the patient presents with a Brugada ECG pattern, it may be beneficial to apply our systematic diagnostic approach if circumstances permit. If the patient is found to have BrP, we will include the case in our international registry (www. brugadaphenocopy.com) under category (i): metabolic conditions (table 1). We suggest that the authors1 use the term Brugada Phenocopy in future case reports for consistency in the Table 1 Brugada phenocopy aetiological categories


Purpose of review To provide an overview of available evidence of the potential role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of hypertension and vascular dysfunction. Recent findings Arterial hypertension is a highly heritable condition. Surprisingly, however, genetic variants only explain a tiny fraction of the phenotypic variation and the term 'missing heritability' has been coined to describe this phenomenon. Recent evidence suggests that phenotypic alteration that is unrelated to changes in DNA sequence (thereby escaping detection by classic genetic methodology) offers a potential explanation. Here, we present some basic information on epigenetics and review recent work consistent with the hypothesis of epigenetically induced arterial hypertension. Summary New technologies that enable the rigorous assessment of epigenetic changes and their phenotypic consequences may provide the basis for explaining the missing heritability of arterial hypertension and offer new possibilities for treatment and/or prevention.


The invention discloses health care particle tea which is characterized in that the particle tea is loose, is medium brown in appearance and is formed by 10-60 parts of phellinus igniarius, 0-10 parts of ganoderma lucidum spore powder, 0-10 parts of lophatherum gracile, 0-8 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 0-8 parts of Momordica grosvenori, 10-80 parts of molding agents and 40-80 parts of water according to weight. A production method of the health care particle tea is that all components are grinded to be 60-80 meshes, and all the obtained powder components and the ganoderma lucidum spore powder are stirred to be evenly mixed, filled with water for granulating, baked and fried to obtain the health care particle tea. The health care particle tea is high in phellinus igniarius content and free of sugar, has health care effect due to the ganoderma lucidum spore powder, the Momordica grosvenori and tartary buckwheat or radix puerariae, and is tasteful, multifunctional and rich in nutritional ingredients. The production method is simple in process, short in cycle, small in energy consumption and favorable for industrial production.


Summary Many investigations suggest that abnormalities of the immune system are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We recently found increased activity of leukocyte elastase (LE) and elevated levels of autoantibodies to neurospecific protein‐nerve growth factor (Aab to NGF)‐products of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in the serum of patients with acute stage schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether or not the changes of LE activity and Aab to NGF level are related to prominent features of schizophrenia. Patients (n=71) corresponding to ICD-10 criteria for relapseremitting schizophrenia were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Patients with predominantly positive symptoms showed significantly elevated serum levels of Aab to NGF compared to patients with predominantly negative symptoms, who were more likely to exhibit the high LE activity. Moreover, progression of positive symptoms was coupled with gradual increase of Aab to NGF level and reduction of LE activity. Based on these findings we conclude that the high levels of Aab to NGF relate to a clinical picture characterised mainly by positive symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas high LE-activities relate to a clinical picture with mainly negative symptoms of schizophrenia.


The paper points out that the demand of logistics professional market places new requirement on the practical education of vocational colleges and the problems in the current logistics practical education system also entail its reform.Thus,it proposes enterprise-school cooperation as a viable means for such reform.


Plastic deformation of metallic materials and alloys is a complex process that depends on a number of factors with the effect of strain rate being of particular importance. Dynamical tests are used for determination of mechanical properties. Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test is often used for these experiments. The paper deals with possibilities of testing device for flat bars adapted at Hopkinson test. The aim of this work is concentrated on strain rate influence on DC 01 steel too.


The purpose of this discussion paper is to assist countries in exploring synergies in service delivery and disease dynamics that can positively affect both non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The paper examines the challenges countries face in addressing both infectious and non-communicable diseases, and highlights examples of integrated interventions in addressing this double burden of disease. Many low- and middle-income countries are faced with a rising burden of NCDs while working to improve health outcomes to meet health-related MDGs. This dual challenge takes place in an environment of increasingly limited resources, which is why the efficient integration of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of NCDs with MDG-related activities will be, in many instances, the best option these countries will have to address such challenges. Brazil's Family Health Program and Turkey's Health Transformation Program provide useful examples to draw on, and have been highlighted in this paper. Both programs have demonstrated impressive results, which can serve as an impetus for countries to take action.


1 Research Centre for Sustainable Production System and Life Cycle Assessment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia 3 Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency. Cibinong Science Center, Indonesia 4 Giri BSF Malang Ltd., Malang, East Java, Indonesia


The article discusses the importance that needs to be paid by employers on managing employees. The various factors that need to be taken into account before downsizing are highlighted.


Abstract Purpose Peggy Olive of the BC cancer research center (BCCRC), Vancouver, Canada, dedicated her career to improving the efficiency of radiation in the treatment of cancer. Keenly interested in the study of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, she recognized the importance of DNA repair in improving the efficacy of radiotherapy. At the BCCRC she developed two methods for clinical practice that detect and quantitate DNA damage in mammalian cells. The alkaline comet assay and phosphorylated gamma histone H2AX (γH2AX) protein foci staining were two sensitive and attractive techniques that she attempted to apply in clinical practice. Conclusion Peggy Olive was able to establish the comet and the γH2AX assays as prospective predictive biomarkers in the application of personalized radiation treatment and improved cancer treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, several studies with a large number of samples are required before application of these biomarkers in routine radiotherapy could become a reality. The advent of 'omis' and microchip technologies envisage successful outcomes of future research in this direction.


In the 21st century, the digital revolution is disrupting every sector of the economy. Australia has adopted the digital healthcare technological revolution such as My Health Record (MyHRC) to improve healthcare practice for clinicians/medical professionals and empower consumers to provide positive health management experience with a patient-centred approach to digital health revolution and digital literacy. My Health Record has its benefits, but it has been a challenge for the healthcare practitioners, hospital staff, as well as patients as consumers to accept, embrace, and uptake digital technologies and manage their healthcare records amidst concerns of slow adoption by the patient, data privacy, and implications of the secondary use of their personal data by non-government entities.


The importance of evaluating heritability or genetic correlation in planning efficient breeding procedures has been gradually recognized, and various authors have already obtained estimates of such genetic parameters in many species of plants and animals. These estimates have great utility in predicting rates of advance by selection or in finding the most promising among a number of crosses in a breeding program. These are also used in constructing a selection index designed for individual selection. In estimating such genetic parameters, however, it is usually assumed that the interaction between genotype and environment is negligible, although little is known of the nature and level of this interaction. Recently, Comstock et al. (1954) and Johnson et al. (1955) emphasized the importance of evaluating the interaction between genotype and year or location, showing how the prediction of genetic advance is biased by such interactions. In the first report of this series of study on "Genetic parameters and environments ", the present authors (1957) have also indicated the significance of genotype-environment interaction in estimating heritability and genetic correlation, and further obtained evidence showing that the selection indices are much affected by environments. Specific purposes of this paper are to evaluate the interaction between genotype and sowing time and to investigate how the estimates of genetic parameters are affected by the environments with the materials of the F2 populations of rice plant.


Two more books on the Fasti have been published. They raise the number of monographs published in the last two years on Ovid's calendar poem to four (the other two are Green's commentary on Book 1 and Murgatroyd's study of the poem's narrative strategies). This means that research on the Fasti progresses at the pace of two books per annum; which provokes the question whether the authors of these books are stimulated by genuine interest, or whether working on the poem has become a mere fashion. Indeed, this question becomes more pertinent when one notices that the original stimulus that provoked the revival of Fasti-scholarship has largely disappeared. In the preface to the English edition of Il poeta e il principe, easily the most in·uential study of the poem and to some extent a representative of others, Alessandro Barchiesi reports that he was motivated to work on the Fasti by a desire to 'displace or trespass any μxed borderline between "history" and "form" ', noting that he saw Ovid's calendar poem as a fruitful space to dismantle the military frontier between formalists and historicists (The Poet and the Prince, Berkeley 1997, p. ix). But now, more than a decade after the book's Italian edition appeared, this frontier is all but demilitarised, because most former recruits of either army have now happily joined the hospitable if somewhat muddy camp of the New Historicists. With the original stimulus that sparked scholarship on the Fasti removed, what is it that keeps motivating scholars to publish monographs on Ovid's poem? Littlewood informs us that Professor Robin Nisbet sparked her interest in the Fasti in the 1970s (p. vi). This can hardly count as a 'new' scholarly concern, and when read in the context of other recent studies of the Fasti her commentary appears rather monolithic. L.'s approach re·ects the genesis of her interest at a time that predates the excitement generated by Barchiesi's then novel critical concerns. For instance, a reader aware of the complex ways in which Barchiesi and his teacher Gian Biagio Conte have studied the interaction of generic form and discourse will hardly be satisμed with L.'s observation on the matter of the political function of the Fasti's rhetoric of genre, that 'an essential dynamic of Ovid's aetiological elegy was to wrap up in humour and literary allusion both poetic and Augustan discourse' (p. xxxvi). Similarly, those who


"And remember you're in France: The customer is always wrong!" Many years ago, there was intense debate about what the Precautionary Principle ("PP") is, or is not. More recently, as the battle lines in that debate have ossified, academic attention seems to have shifted to a focus on the somewhat more subtle question of how the term PP, whatever it may mean, is used by different actors in different contexts. David Vogel's recent book, The Politics of Precaution: Regulating the Environmental Risks in Europe and the United States (2012) (hereafter "Politics"), is a good recent example of such commentary. Vogel's approach recognizes the diversity of relevant developments, he seeks to impose a coherent narrative framework on those developments.


A high‐voltage probe measuring system with an overall rise time of less than 50 psec and a peak voltage capability of 20 kV has been developed. Probe perturbations at the 50 Ω impedance level are minimized by maintaining a moderately high input impedance, in conjunction with the absorption of internal reflection waves by means of a lossy distributed transmission line. System long‐term stability and constructional reproducibility have been investigated.


Lung cancer (LC) represents a problem of high magnitude for the medical systems due to its morbidity and mortality, also because of the huge human and economical efforts and costs that it catalyzes. Only in Europe, the average life-time cost of lung cancer patients ranges between €46,000 and €61,000 per patient. Secondary prevention, which consists in mass-screening of the high-risk population, could result of high benefit. For this aim to become a reality in the future, a potentially inexpensive and non-invasive approach for LC (pre)diagnosing is emerging. Such possibility relies on the detection of volatile biomarkers emitted from cell membranes. Tumor growth is accompanied by gene changes that may lead to oxidative stress, and the peroxidation of the cell membrane species causes volatile biomarkers to be emitted. Some of these biomarkers appear in distinctively different mixture compositions, depending on whether a cell is healthy or cancerous. These volatile biomarkers can be detected, among others, through the analysis of the exhaled breath, because the cancer-related changes in the blood chemistry are reflected in measurable changes to the breath through exchange via the lung. Importantly, these volatiles or their metabolic products are transmitted to the alveolar exhaled breath through exchange via the lung even at the very onset of the disease. There are several methods that can be applied to analyses the exhaled breath for the identification of a specific pattern of volatile biomarkers related with the target medical condition. The feasibility of three strategies, and the possible synergic effect of their concomitant application as a powerful pre-estimation tool for mass-screening of LC high-risk population:


MONIZ has found in his angiographic material that the posterior cerebral artery could be seen on one side in more than 20 per cent of his carotid angiograms, and in 3 per cent bilaterally. BARAHONA FERNANDES found a higher percentage in oligophrenia, more than 32 per cent on one side. This was interpreted as a sign of a lower morphogenetic development in such patients. MONIZ points out, according to the works of various authors (HINDZE, RABINOWITCH and SACHAROWA) that the posterior communicating artery in the lower forms of monkeys is of almost the same caliber as that of the posterior cerebral artery. In the more highly developed apes, however, as for example in the gorilla, that very artery is thin as generally the case in homo sapiens. MONIZ is of the opinion that the arterial presmre in the basilar trunk is a little lower than the intracarotid pressure. When the posterior communicating artery meets the posterior cerebral artery the increased thinning of the contrast will not usually interfere with the visualization of that vessel. Other investigators LOHR, FISHER and SHIMIDZU suggest the possibility of a collateral circulation from the carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery in cases of internal hydrocephalus, tumours in the basal ganglia, and in some cases of tumours in the acoustic nerve. The opposite possibility, that the blood-stream should pass from the basilar trunk to the carotid vascular area, is disputed by MONIZ. Some cases, however, especially of carotid thrombosis (KRIEG, ENGESET, FR0VIG) show angiographically a very probable collateral circulation in


Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of simple trapeziectomy (ST) with trapeziectomy and flexor carpi radialis tendon interposition (T+LRTI) for grade III and IV CMC osteoarthritis in terms of clinical and radiological findings.
Methods: Of the selected 13 patients, ST alone was applied to 7 (Group 1) and T+LRTI was applied to 6 (Group 2) by a single surgeon. Quick DASH and VAS scoring were used in the clinical evaluation; the grip, palmar pinch, key pinch and tip pinch were measured with a pinchmeter; the trapezial space ratio (TSR) was measured on the standard AP hand radiographs taken at the final follow-up. Clinical and radiological results of both groups were compared.
Results: The mean follow-up period was 12 months in Group 1 and 17 months in Group 2. The postoperative final follow-up examination mean VAS values of Group 1 and 2 were 2 and 2.5, respectively; the Quick DASH scores were 23.2 and 27.4, respectively. Mean grip strength of Group 1 and 2 was measured as 13.2 and 12; palmar pinch strength as 3.9 and 4.6; key pinch strength as 5.6 and 4.3; and tip pinch strength as 8 and 5, respectively. The trapezial space ratio was measured with the final follow-up radiographs as mean 0.22 in Group 1 and 0.18 in Group 2.
Conclusion: ST and T+LRTI have similar results and we believe that T+LRTI has no clinical or radiological benefits over ST in short-term follow-up.


ABSTRACT This article examines Cia. Livre's scene, which questions the constitution of Brazilian identity, relating the individual in the urban context and Amerindian thought. Since the performance Vem Vai, o caminho dos mortos (2007), transit between the forest and the asphalt has been identified, instituted in the scenic translations of anthropophagy, according to Andrade (1928), Campos (1992), and Nunes (1979), and Amazonian cosmology, based on theories of perspectivism, especially Descola (1992), Carneiro da Cunha (1998), Kopenawa and Albert (2015), and Viveiros de Castro (1996; 2002; 2015). It concludes by highlighting the company's decolonial strategy in the use of anthropology in order to imagine other humanities.


Chromosomal rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) frequently give rise to aberrant transcripts, generating corresponding fusion proteins that are responsible for disease onset (50% of all reported cases) [1,2]. Five percent of such cases harbor rare rearrangements, resulting either in new rare fusion products or in the deregulation/truncation of specific genes [3]. We detected a new t(7;13)(p12;q33wq34) in an AML-M2 case. A 26-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of petechiae and a 1-month history of physical weakness. Physical and laboratory examination revealed asthenia, hepatomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a white blood cell count of 76 10/L, with 70% blasts in the peripheral blood (PB). Cytogenetic analysis showed the karyotype 46,XY,t(7;13)(p11;q34),inv(9)(p11q13)c[30] (Fig. 1Ai). Immunophenotyping on bone marrow cells revealed CD34þ, CD13þ, CD33þ, and CD117þ. AMLM2 was diagnosed at that time. Induction and consolidation treatment according to the IDICE LMA99 protocol was administered, resulting in complete remission. Cytogenetic analysis of the PB after remission showed the persistence of the constitutional variant inv(9)(p11q13). Genomic clones, defining the chromosome 7 and 13 breakpoints (BP), were used for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, revealing that a more complex rearrangement was present (Fig. 1Aii). The BP on chromosome 7 is located at 7p12, with a 48.4Mb portion between 7p12 and the telomere translocated to the derivative chromosome 13 and a 51.4Mb portion between 7p12 and the centromere retained on the derivative chromosome 7 (Fig. 1, Bi and Bii). The 3Mb portion included between 48.4 and 51.4Mb on the short arm of chromosome 7 was deleted. Similarly, the 101.1Mb portion between the centromere and 13q33~q34 was retained on the derivative chromosome 13, and the 109.5Mb portion between 13q33~q34 and the telomere was translocated to the derivative chromosome 7. Again, the 8.4Mb portion between 101.1 and 109.5Mb on the long arm of chromosome 13 was deleted.


Starting from the study of modern forestry connotation,the positioning,planning idea,major planning construction contents,as well as its relationship with other special projects about modern forestry demonstration city construction planning are deeply explored.Its objective is to provide an example for modern forestry development and construction planning of modern forestry demonstration city.


Abstract Intermetallic compounds of Al3Ti and L12 (Al3Ti base) microalloyed with Fe have been obtained using a melting/casting rapid solidification technique. Microstructural characterization of these alloys has been carried out through analytical SEM observations and also x-ray diffraction studies. Contaminants in these alloys have also been studied and their nature explored. Other morphology structural features such as grain size have been studied.


research using the event-related potential (ERP) technique has shown that equivalence relations have properties similar to genuine semantic relations. This study aimed to advance electrophysiological investigations of the functional overlap between semantic and equivalence relations. The N400 component, an index of semantic processing, was used to measure whether semantic relations were experimentally established between arbitrary stimuli. The stimuli became equivalent via a matching-to-sample training designed to maximize the establishment of equivalence relations and the strength of the classes. Non-equivalent pairs of stimuli elicited larger N400 responses than equivalent pairs in electrodes placed over the central and parietal scalp regions, providing additional support for the assumption that stimulus equivalence is an appropriate model of semantic relations. Latency of the N400 component was shorter than in previous studies, probably due to experimental parameters that maximized relational strength. These data raise the possibility that N400 latency may provide a continuous measure of relational strength, thus supplementing the all-or-none character of equivalence tests based on matching to sample.


We present multi-wavelength operation of single and double pass fibre laser systems by use of a micro-optic cell that doubles as both a Fabry–Perot cavity and a gas cell. The lasers utilize a silicon wafer to provide multiple lasing wavelengths with spacing between each of the peaks of 1 nm in the L-band wavelength region. The comb spectrum produced by the laser can be tuned to match the L-band absorption lines of a gas by the addition of a programmable variable attenuator into the laser. One gas of interest is hydrogen sulphide (H2S); it has absorption lines over the region 1570 nm–1580 nm with spacing of around 1 nm. The multiple lasing peaks could be coarsely tuned with large attenuation (5–9 dB) close to the absorption lines and then finely tuned by variation of 0.05–0.1 dB. Finally, we were able to equalize the power of three of the lasing peaks in both the lasers by adding polarization controllers, allowing us to reduce the amplitude variation to 0.6 dB for the single pass laser.


Researching on the characteristics of protein sequences is very important for protein structure and function. In this paper, we want to find out whether the protein sequences have chaotic behavior. Firstly, protein sequence is transformed into a numerical time series by the electron interaction potential (EIIP)of amino acids, then we reconstructed pahse space for the series based on chaos theory. The related parameters of the system: delay time t and embedding dimension m are obtained by means of autocorrelation coeddicient, classical G-P algorithm. The largest Lyapunov exponent is calculated by improved maximal Lyapunov exponent method, most of them are positive, it is affirmed that the chaotic behavior do exit in the protein time series. At last we also give explain for the exception.


Purpose: We have developed a novel method to verify the geometrical accuracy of real‐time tumor tracking. An Electronic Portal Imaging Device(EPID) is used as a virtual phantom system. Methods and Materials: This virtual phantom system uses virtual target motion in the absence of a moving phantom and fluoroscopic mode of EPID for monitoring the motion of the tracking aperture. The expected apertures are designed from real‐time detection of tumor motion, and the delivered apertures are monitored from the EPID system. These two apertures are compared for geometrical accuracy of a real‐time tracking technique. The virtual phantom system was tested with several tracking patterns with irregular motion. Target motion was designed for an oval‐shaped tumor with 40 mm and 55 mm in diameters for four cases: (1) stationary; (2) rigid‐body two‐dimensional (2‐D) displacement with a period variation from 3 to 10 s and 20‐mm peak‐to‐peak distance in the superior‐inferior direction and 10 mm in the left‐right direction; (3) 2‐D displacement with deformation, and (4) 2‐D displacement with both deformation and rotation. In the continuous acquisition mode of EPID,MLC aperture images were acquired at ∼8 Hz. Root‐mean‐square (RMS) deviation between the designed and delivered aperture motions were calculated for each case. Results: The RMS deviation is 0.005 mm for the stationary case, 0.5 mm for the 2‐D displacement, 0.7 mm for the 2‐D displacement with deformation, and 0.7 mm for the 2‐D displacement combined with both deformation and rotation. Conclusion: The EPID‐based virtual system can measure geometrical accuracy of real‐time tumor tracking without a moving phantom. Besides, it can be used even for complex target motion (i.e., 2‐D displacement combined with deformation and rotation), which is not possible with any existing moving phantom. Therefore, this EPID‐based virtual system shows great potential as a quality‐assurance process to verify real‐time tumor tracking.


We show how universal codes can be used for solving some of the most important statistical problems for time series. By definition, a universal code (or a universal lossless data compressor) can compress any sequence generated by a stationary and ergodic source asymptotically to the Shannon entropy, which, in turn, is the best achievable ratio for lossless data compressors.
We consider finite-alphabet and real-valued time series and the following problems: estimation of the limiting probabilities for finite-alphabet time series and estimation of the density for real-valued time series, the on-line prediction, regression, classification (or problems with side information) for both types of the time series and the following problems of hypothesis testing: goodness-of-fit testing, or identity testing, and testing of serial independence. It is important to note that all problems are considered in the framework of classical mathematical statistics and, on the other hand, everyday methods of data compression (or archivers) can be used as a tool for the estimation and testing. It turns out, that quite often the suggested methods and tests are more powerful than known ones when they are applied in practice.


In the article the propensity to alexithymia is considered as the factor that influences negatively on the development of somatically and psychologically healthy person. It is described the revealed interrelation between parameters of semantic spheie and mental rigidity as a property of a person that have persons with alexithymic features


A sample of roll-extruded Alloy 718 tubing, a product identified for use in the Clinch River Breeder Reactor, was evaluated. The tubing satisfied AMS 5589 requirements for seamless tubing, and had tensile and fatigue properties comparable to plate for the conventional 955/sup 0/C (1750/sup 0/F) heat treatment. Recrystallization was retarded in this product and bands of very small grains resulted from the conventional heat treatment. Both as-roll-extruded and directly aged material showed the results of thermomechanical processing in high strengths and reductions in area. It is recommended that work continue toward realizing improved fatigue and stress rupture properties in this product by means of ''Minigrain'' and thermomechanical processing. 10 figures, 6 tables.


Premature overexposure to thyroid hormone causes profound effects on testis growth, spermatogenesis and male fertility. We used genetic mouse models of type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) deficiency to determine the genetic programs affected by premature thyroid hormone action and to define DIO3 role in regulating thyroid hormone economy in testicular cells. Gene expression profiling in the neonatal testis of DIO3-deficient mice identified 5699 differentially expressed genes. Up-regulated and down-regulated genes were respectively involved according to DAVID analysis with cell differentiation and proliferation. They included antimullerian hormone and genes involved in the formation of the blood-testis barrier, which are specific to Sertoli cells (SCs). They also included steroidogenic genes, wich are specific of Leydig cells. Comparison with published datasets of genes enriched in SCs and spermatogonia, and responsive to retinoic acid (RA) identified a subset of genes that were regulated similarly by RA and thyroid hormone. This subset of genes showed an expression bias, as they were down-regulated when enriched in spermatogonia, and up-regulated when enriched in SCs. Furthermore, using a genetic approach we found that DIO3 is not expressed in SCs, but spermatogonia-specific inactivation of DIO3 lead to impaired testis growth, reduced Sertoli cell number, decrease cell proliferation and, specially during neonatal development, altered gene expression specific to somatic cells. These findings indicate that spermatogonial DIO3 protects testicular cells from untimely thyroid hormone signaling and demonstrate a mechanism of cross-talk between somatic and germ cells in the neonatal testis that involves the regulation of thyroid hormone availability and action.


This paper shows that, if the production function is appropriately restricted, some symmetry (reciprocity) results that hold for a competitive firm under certainty continue to hold under price uncertainty, for any strictly concave utility function. In contrast, earlier analyses have established these symmetry relations by imposing restrictions on the utility function. The present analysis uses the envelope theorem, the indirect utility function, and the duality between production and cost. Copyright 1990 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.


The use of field emission cathodes as ionization sources in time of flight mass spectrometers (ToF-MS) offers three main advantages over thermionic cathodes: (i) reduced energy dispersion; (ii) low energy consumption and (iii) greater capacity for miniaturization. The paper reports on the development of a polymer embedded carbon nanopearl field emitter that has been operated as the ionization source in a commercial compact ToF-MS system.


The achievements realized in the last year of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) research are nothing short of astonishing; the virus was sequenced, clinical tests were established, the epidemiology was characterized, numerous therapeutics were tested, and a number of different vaccines were developed and approved. Gains that would typically take years were realized in months, with progress documented through tens of thousands of scholarly publications disseminated globally, most of them available for free. This impressive rate of progress has also been evident in research directed specifically toward COVID-19 in its most severe form, with the global critical care community embarking on an unprecedented, coordinated project to generate new insights into the biology, treatment, and prevention of life-threatening COVID-19. These efforts rapidly generated evidence that has already changed practice. The Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial provided rapid, emphatic evidence that hydroxychloroquine (1) and lopinavirritonavir (2) were ineffective, and then that dexamethasone could reduce the risk of death in the sickest patients (3). Randomized, Embedded, Multi-factorial, Adaptive Platform Trial for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (REMAP-CAP) confirmed that another steroid, hydrocortisone, was also effective (4) and then discovered persuasive evidence of benefit from specific inhibitors of interleukin-6 (5). We learned that other treatments such as systemic anticoagulation and interferon therapy (5) may be harmful in this group but could confer benefit in those less sick. We also learned that the propensity to develop severe COVID19 was associated with clinical risk factors like age, hypertension, and diabetes (6–8), as well as specific genetic features related to innate viral defences and lung inflammation (9–11). Just as stunning as the speed of discovery in the COVID-19 era is its stark contrast with the era of critical care that preceded it. Prior to 2020, randomized trials in the ICU showing a significant difference between treatment groups were very much the exception, rather than the rule. Paradoxically, many of these studies were done in the very syndromes that characterize severe COVID-19, namely sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Why have these syndromes, so long resistant to the identification of effective treatments, suddenly given way to a wellspring of definitive results? We suggest that recent successes are the result of two key factors: the biological homogeneity of severe, late-stage COVID-19, and the unprecedented international collaboration enabling recruitment at scale. The first of these considerations speaks to a growing recognition that critical illness syndromes are biologically heterogeneous (12–14). Evidence of subtypes in these conditions is rapidly mounting, including in sepsis (15–18), ARDS (19–21), David M. Maslove, MD, MS1–3


By applying simulated annealing techniques we fit the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential to a database of ab initio energies for silicon and construct an improved parametrization of this potential. In addition, we introduce a new, reference-free version of the MEAM potential. This MEAM version is also fitted to the silicon data and shows an even better agreement, although the improvement is modest. Finally, we investigate whether increasing the number of different angular terms in the MEAM potential from 3 to 4 will lead to a better potential. The aim of this work is to determine a broad-ranged potential, one that is reliable in many different low- and high-energy atomic geometries in silicon crystals, molecules, near defects and under strain. To verify this, the performance of the new potentials is tested in different circumstances that were not explicitly included in the fit: relaxed defect energies, thermal expansion, melting temperature and liquid silicon. The new MEAM parametrizations found in this work, called MEAM-M and RF-MEAM, are shown to be overall more accurate than previous potentials—although a few defect energies are exceptions—and we recommend them for future work. The melting temperatures are closer to the experiment than those of other MEAM potentials, but they are still too high.


have been transferred into the main text, the remainder discarded. Thick in material and reflection as the study might be, its essential achievement easily eludes the reader, whose overwhelming feeling is that of a child let loose in a candy shop full of Scottish Enlightenments, popular philosophy and theoretical ruminations across the ages, schools of thought, and national provenance. While the introduction outlines three scenes from travel narratives as tasters, the absence of any concrete examples for the next 250 pages makes it difficult to verify the frequent assertions that the theoretical positions are indeed relevant for the travel writers' attempts at coping with the unfamiliar and potentially overwhelming.


The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) has beenmaking observations of seat belt usage in an uninterrupted series since 1983.Apart from a few exceptions, usage has increase ...


Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy,indications and postoperative complications of splenectomy in patients with hematological diseases.Methods The clinical data of 64 patients suffering from hematological diseases admitted between January 1996 and January 2008 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University were analyzed retrospectively.The therapeutic efficacy,the postoperative complications and some preventive measures were discussed.Results Splenectomy could exert significant therapeutic effects on the diseases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP),hereditary spherocytosis(HS),autoimmune hemolytic anemia(AHA) and polycythemia vera(PV).The effective rates were 84%,100%,60% and 50% respectively.But the treatment effects on the others diseases such as non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma(NHL),myelofibrosis,chronic myelogenous leukemia were below the mark.Conclusion Splenectomy is effective on the benign hematological diseases whenever non-surgical management is invalid.However,the malignant hematological diseases treated by splenectomy need to be choosed carefully.


The authors propose a method to implement Acyclic Data Flow Graphs (ADFG) in any general purpose multiprocessor system supporting a CSP type language. The granularity of ADFG nodes is discussed During ADFG analysis the authors use fine granularity to exploit all the parallelism inherent in the problem. When the graph G has been allocated, it is divided into P subgraphs G/sub k/ (P is the number of the processors in the network); each of them is assigned to a processor P/sub k/. G/sub k/ still presents some parallelism which cannot be usefully exploited and which implies a certain amount of overhead during G/sub k/ execution; the authors reduce this overhead by executing a post allocation analysis which increases the granularity of G/sub k/ nodes. In order to evaluate GTP performances the Overhead Reduction Ratio (ORR) is introduced. ORR is computed by using the results of several executions of GTP on randomly generated ADFG; the presented tests show the effectiveness of GTP.<<ETX>>


The objective of this investigation is to establish whether it is possible to produce a practical forensic tool that can identify the production sources of printed text from different digital print engines. The identification of print using an automated machine system is important because although expert observers can be employed for this task, there are cases when they make mistakes or do not possess the required knowledge. Therefore the development of an automated print identification system is under consideration. It is envisaged that the system will be useful in solving criminal cases involving the analysis of fraudulent replication of official documents, threatening letters and the counterfeiting of consumer products. The methodology used in this investigation employed a digital image analysis system and specially developed software to measure the shape characteristics of text characters. The information about the shapes of the text characters can be stored in a database along with the corresponding data about the print engines that produced them. A database search engine can then be used to classify text characters of unknown origin. The paper will report on the methodology and techniques used in the investigation and the latest experimental results for the project.


This research aimed to investigate gender and language in the context of educational computer-mediated interactions. As the use of online discussion groups in campus-based education increases, so does the need to investigate the impact of gender on language and communication styles in this context. It has been claimed that the lack of social context cues in computer-mediated communication (CMC) equalises participation, resulting in a more democratic environment than face-to-face communication. However, gender differences in power and language use have been found online. In total, 197 students (148 females, 49 males) participated in open-ended online discussion as an optional part of their introductory psychology module. Informed consent was sought from the online participants to download the electronic discourse for analysis using Atlas.ti 4.2. Participation and language use were analysed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. A detailed coding scheme was developed during the pilot study that incorporated various linguistic, stylistic, paralinguistic and task variables. This coding scheme was used in subsequent studies and 699 messages from four studies were coded in total. Males and females were similar overall with regard to participation as shown by the total number of posts and mean number of words per post. However, gender-related patterns in language use and interaction styles were found. The results are discussed in relation to previous literature on gender and language in both face-to-face and computermediated contexts and in relation to the democratising theories of CMC. The implications of the results for the use of CMC in Higher Education will also be considered.


Slow or negative growth for many Asian countries in the late 1990's affected U.S. exports of hardwood lumber to Asia. With many of these economies now on the mend, this study attempted to gain an initial understanding of how this crisis affected hardwood lumber exports to Asia and the extent to which export volumes have recovered. Trade statistics compiled by the U.S. Department of Commerce and other sources revealed the volume and value of hardwood lumber exports to Asia have nearly recovered to pre-crisis levels, but also that not all Asian countries/markets have reacted similarly. China/Hong Kong has become the largest market for hardwood lumber in Asia, while traditional major markets -Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan -have declined. These shifts seem to be having an effect on the species mix exported and export prices. U.S. exporters generally have fared well against international competition through this period, though they are reminded that there is not "one" Asia, and that many factors contribute to export behavior by customers in individual countries and markets.


Although 50 years have post since the historic Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision, segregation remains in most medical/specialty societies.


This article focuses on the thermal conductivity of 50 mm thick silver grey (infrared absorbing) expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam boards blown with pentane. The effect of short-term ageing from the point of production, by ambient conditioning at 23°C/50% RH, is compared to conditioning at an elevated temperature of 70°C. The declared thermal properties of the product and CE certification are fulfilled by the requirements of the European EPS product standard and SG19 Guidance. Measured thermal conductivity levels within 1% of the final value are acceptable and considered representative throughout the economic life of the product. Levels within the criteria were determined for 50 mm silver EPS after conditioning for 5 days at an elevated temperature of 70°C, whereas for conditioning at 23°C/50% RH the time taken was 23 days. The latter time is in good accord with retesting retained grey EPS boards of similar density and up to 9 years old, after initial testing 22 days from production, and conditioning at 23°C/50% RH. Elevated temperature conditioning increases the rate of diffusion of the blowing agent, but there has been concern about EPS beads softening above 60°C. Although there is little evidence from scanning electron microscopy of significant increase in perforation of the cell membranes at elevated temperatures, there is some indication of a small increase in wrinkling of the walls and intercell skeletal strands at 60°C and 70°C. It takes longer to eliminate the pentane gas by conditioning at 23°C/50% RH but there is no risk of material change from heat conditioning.


Holism has been the dominant fashion in recent years. This is as true in philosophy as it is in ecology, medicine, quantum mechanics and elsewhere. The starting point for most philosophers of science of late has been with the assumption that aims, methods, and theories are together an inseparable whole. Thomas Kuhn, more than anyone else, is probably responsible for the widespread acceptance of such an outlook. He likened paradigm change to a conversion experience or to an irreversible gestalt-switch. Paradigms come and go in complete packages. 'In learning a paradigm', writes Kuhn, 'the scientist acquires theory, methods, and standards together, usually in an inextricable mix'.' For some, this holism is grounds for adopting a radical sociology of knowledge; such is the view of the Edinburgh strong programmers who see Kuhn's results as directly leading to a cognitive relativism which they gladly embrace.* For others, holism is something to be overcome; the rationality and objectivity of science is steadfastly maintained, for instance, by Imre Lakatos and by Larry Laudan (in an earlier work, Progress arid Its Problems) in spite of their concessions to Kuhn's 'inextricable mix'. The position adopted by Laudan in his earlier work tried to have the historical sensitivity we have all come to associate with Kuhn, but at the same time it tried to avoid the pitfalls of incommensurability and outright irrationality which is also commonly linked with Kuhnian holism. Pendulums swing both ways, of course, and holism, which has only recently replaced the 'received view' to become the new orthodoxy, now finds itself under attack, even from one of its former champions. First, Clark Glymour, to cite one influential example, has attacked the holism of Kuhn, the earlier Laudan, and others under the heading, 'The New Fuzziness', by arguing for an ability on our part to test isolatable bits of a t h e ~ r y . ~ Now Laudan is putting some distance between himself and his previous holistic views. Even though he is not in the least motivated by any of Glymour's positivistic instincts, he wants to sharply distinguish theories from methods, and those two in turn from aims or values. The 'inextricable mix' is not seen by all as being quite so inextricable. Laudan's latest work, Science atid Values, is a little book about cogtiitive values (not ethical ones). It is an account of the relations among theories, methods, and goals (aims, values and goals are used synonymously), and its main a h is to dissect the holistic picture of science. Almost as an afterthought, it


The paper makes a description that probes in every factor the influence of the experimental result under the different condition,adopting the orthogonal experimentation and single factor experimentation.β-Naphthyl methyl ether is catalytically synthesized by p-toluenesulfonic acid under microwave irradiation.It screens out the optimum condition that the mole ratio of β-Naphthol,methanol and p-toluenesulfonic acid is 1∶5∶0.3,respectively,the microwave power is p-30,the irradiation time is 24min and the yield is more than 93%.


A central problem for real-time scheduling is to acquire tight but conservative bounds on task execution times. We present a prototype for an environment where such bounds are interactively presented, in terms of source code constructs, to the programmer during development. The prototype is based on the language development tool APPLAB and uses an extended attribute grammar formalism, reference attributed grammars (RAGs), which overcomes some drawbacks of conventional attribute grammars in this context (e.g. description of non-local dependencies). In this paper we show how timing schemata can be implemented as RAGs. Our experience is that the RAG approach allows timing schemata to be implemented in a clear, concise, and modular manner.


The copper vapor laser (λ=271 nm) "KULON-10Cu-M" was used to modify 32Li2O-26Nb2O5-42SiO2 glass. Morphology of the modified area studied using polarization optical microscopy. Discovered ablation, the refractive index change and crystals haze. μ-Raman spectroscopy for the laser irradiated parts indicates that only a single phase of LiNbO3 is observed.


This paper documents the development and evaluation of an original flexible-wing-based Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) technology that reduces adverse effects of gusty wind conditions and unsteady aerodynamics, exhibits desirable flight stability, and enhances structural durability. The flexible wing concept has been demonstrated on aircraft with wingspans ranging from 18 inches to 5 inches. Salient features of the flexible-wing-based MAV, including the vehicle concept, flexible wing design, novel fabrication methods, aerodynamic assessment, and flight data analysis are presented. 1. Background Micro air vehicles, or "MAVs", belong to a class of aircraft currently designated with a maximum size of about 6 inches and are capable of operating at speeds of 25 mph or less. The concept is for a small, inexpensive and expendable platform that can be used for missions of surveillance and measurements in s ituations where larger vehicles are not practical. Practical applications of MAVs are becoming more achievable with the ever-decreasing size and weight of the payload components that can include video cameras, chemical sensors, electronics, and communication devices. Only a few years ago the thought of a 6-inch flying machine equipped with a functional video camera was science fiction. Today it is a demonstrated fact. A number of aspects related to MAVs have been investigated (see, e.g., 1-9). It is well known that flight in the Reynolds number range between 10,000 and 100,000, flow separation around an airfoil can lead to sudden increases in drag and loss of efficiency. In nature, one can observe the relationship


Nowadays, rapidly evolved image processing technology has negative effect. Criminals often use image processing technology to manipulate important data based on the image, such as bio data, signature, and stamp. Some anti-manipulate method is needed to reduce the further effect. A combination of computer vision and an artificial neural network can be used to build an application to be as anti-manipulate image method. This article proposed an approach by developing an application that can recognize the image pattern using K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm and calculate Euclidean distance between image features vector. Application use Sobel edge detection $(\mathbf{3\ x\ 3\ matrix\ convolution})$ to obtain image features vector. Application use CogniStixTM as an artificial neural network hardware and CogniSoft SDK Express as a CogniStixTM driver. Application is released in three version, which is v1.0 with RoI $\mathbf{size =24.\ Vl.1}$ with RoI $\mathbf{size= image}$ resolution, and v1.2 with RoI $\mathbf{size =96}$. From the evaluation result, the best version is application version 1.1, which have accuracy rate of 100% (or approximately 100% in long term sample). All application version has a drawback, they not robust with deformation of input pattern. The application can be developed further to be integrated with FPGA board for more advanced image recognition in embedded system.


Monte Carlo simulations were used to improve the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the MicroSPECT(micro single photon emission computed tomography) system by analyzing the system for various pinhole collimator and imaging system parameters.Design A offered a resolution better than 1.0 mm with over 9.19×10-6 s-1·Bq-1 sensitivity,while design B provided a sensitivity of 5.86×10-5 s-1·Bq-1 with a resolution of at least than 1.2 mm.The effects of collimator edge penetration and Compton scattering on the projection data were estimated by Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the contributions of edge penetration are 28.6% for design A and 40.4% for design B and that of scattering are 12.4% for design A and 12.9% for design B.


Objective: Evaluation of the impact of extracts and constituents from samaras of Austroplenckia populnea on percentage of seed germination (%SG), germination speed index (GSI), length of rootlets (LR), seedling length (SL), and on dry mass (DM) of Bidens pilosa L weed. Methods : The  powder  of  samaras  was  extracted  with  organic  solvents  providing  the  hexane  (SAPEH),  chloroform  (SAPEC),  ethyl  acetate  (SAPEAE) and ethanol  (SAPEE)  extracts. The terpene 1 was isolated from SAPEH by means of column and thin layer chromatography and identified through NMR spectroscopy. Each extract and 1 were subjected to growth inhibition assays evaluating the following parameters: %SG, GSI, LR, SL and DM, with five repetitions. Results: The compounds Friedelin ( 1 ), 7-hydroxy-clerodan-3-en-16,15:18,20-diolide ( 2 ), 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone ( 3 ), tetradecanamide ( 4 ), and 4-hydroxy-1,6,15-acetyloxy-8,9-benzoyloxy-agarofurane ( 5 ) were isolated from hexane extract of samaras of A. populnea and identified by spectroscopic data. The compounds 2 , 3 and 5 were not previously described as being chemical constituents from Celastraceae family. In addition, the novel compounds 3 and 5 were described here for the first time. Substantial effect on the germination of B. pilosa L. (picao-preto) was observed after treatment of seeds with nonpolar extracts from Samaras of A. populnea . Friedelin inhibited the seed germination in the tested concentrations showing toxic properties against picao-preto. Conclusion: The germination inhibition of seeds was higher using nonpolar extracts than polar extract. Friedelin inhibited the seed germination in the tested concentrations showing toxic properties against B. pilosa.


Systems are ideally and rapidly evolving with the development of the Internet and modern web technologies. Example, Ecological monitoring information system has become very important in determining its superiority as a system, so it should be tested. This article describes how to benchmark a system by creating a state change graph to simulate different intuitions on the part of each subsystem, and then comparing the graph to Petri net modeling based on Functioning table (PNMFT). Test cases can be prepared based on the accessibility of trees based on comparable PNMFTs. The existing fact-testing strategy for comprehensive testing of the system will be further generalized to improve the consistent quality of the remaining tests. After that, talk about algorithmic analysis of the system is an important for information security issue. The initial stage of ongoing research to improve the reliability of algorithmic analysis of algorithmic formalization of web systems is described. It may also be advisable to include a set of dynamic coverage criteria for web systems defined for the statistical testing approach used through algorithmic analysis to improve testing quality and algorithmic formalization of the web system through algorithmic analysis.


symbolism. Review of "Growth-Fostering" Environments. Informal education is perhaps humankind's most pedagogically sound approach to learning. Nevertheless, to familiarize children with the world in terms of the twentieth-century knowledge explosion demands proficiency in the shorthand of language-the written wordwhich makes possible more efficient information storage and retrieval. A tiny chip of this great universe, say a chromosome, contains within it unbelievable complexity and order. A living cell with its intricate interactions of molecules and atoms, and electrons, protons ... forms a micro-universe no less complex and infinite in its smallness than is the macro-universe in its bigness. ... Indeed, what hope can there be for teaching these intricacies only by example or by memory techniques?'6 Reading skills and a predisposition for inquiry are absolutely essential, then, for competency in today's approach to information processing. Unless children are prepared for reading, schooling may constitute education for frustration rather than fulfillment. Cognitive development has been examined in terms of the environment in which it is most likely to flourish-one that is nutritionally sound and one in which concrete objects, image-evoking experiences, and verbal interactions with adults occur regularly in a supportive rather than authoritarian atmosphere. In view of this information, it is evident that Nigerian children are given ample opportunity, especially in early infancy, for many growth-fostering activities. If the "problem of the match" is to be solved, however, informal learning must include various characteristics, as suggested in points 5 through 7 of Caldwell's growth-fostering model discussed previously. Proficiency in language-readiness skills is absolutely necessary before a child confronts the school's thrust of abstract symbols of letters and numerals. To achieve this, parents must provide an environment rich in sensory stimuli and must emphasize it through individualized conversation between parents and child, especially between the ages of three to six. Rather than simply teaching by example, parents must encourage children to ask a variety of questions, and parents' interaction with their youngsters must be regular, playful, and, above all, supportive rather than punitive. It is through the combined input of objects, experiences, and verbal interaction that children learn to perceive new, different, and more efficient aspects of increasingly complex situations. Thus, to develop the skills preliminary to conThis content downloaded from 22.214.171.124 on Wed, 03 Aug 2016 05:53:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms "The Problem of the Match": Nigeria 87 ceptualization and problem solving, the child should experience hearing language through conversation, storytelling, and reading stories; "seeing" language through pictures and writing; manipulating a wide range of concrete objects; attempting various tasks relating to counting and sorting of shapes, colors, and textures; and speaking with and responding both to adults and to children as a result of these experiences. Parents interested in further enhancing their children's environment should provide their youngsters with access to simple homemade diagrams, dioramas, globes, codes of all types, geometric cards or three-dimensional manipulative blocks, models, traceable design sheets, schematic maps, jigsaw puzzles, and construction toys, all of which play a significant role in cognitive development, such as learning laterality and directionality for left-right orientation in reading English. Tracing designs and drawing free-hand pictures offer training in visualmotor coordination and at the same time familiarize children with writing instruments for purposes of dexterity. Children also should be encouraged to playact, to tell their own creative stories, or to finish incomplete stories started by adults. Perhaps one of the most valuable experiences is for a parent to assist a child in creating his or her own storybook by dictating a story to an adult or an older student; the child can later accompany it with original illustrations. Indeed, according to some authorities, children should not be required to read a book until they have made their own-the language experience approach to reading. If, in fact, Nigeria seriously expects to accomplish its goal of universal literacy, then policymakers must acknowledge and act upon the findings of a growing body of research that indicate that about 50 percent of children's aptitudes are already set at the age of 4 and approximately 33 percent of a child's scholastic attainment profile is already fixed by the time youngsters begin their first year of primary school.27 The preschool years must be viewed as a period of transition as well as of tradition; anything less represents a deficit model in terms of the basic premises of language-cognition processes and abilities, a summary of which follows in the form of a paraphrased Piagetian primer. Mental development is influenced by various inter-related factors, four of which are particularly germane to this discussion: * Experience-the handling, moving, and thinking about concrete objects, and thinking through processes involving them; * Social interaction-the playing, talking, and working with both children and adults; * Organization-the building of simpler processes-seeing, touching, naming, and so forth-into higher order mental structures; * Adaptation-the continuing change that occurs in an individual as a result of his/her interaction with the environment.2 What is being suggested here is greater parent involvement and, ideally, expanded provision of more formalized preschool education in Nigeria. The idea may appear revolutionary in its effects, virtually the preparation of a new human being. Nevertheless, in many countries, not more than a few years ago, it was also considered radical to send young girls to school, a change that has necessarily involved a moderate adjustment but not the cultural upheaval that some had predicted. John Stuart Mill observed a century ago, "Conventional minds are good equipment for conventional times," but, as Hanson reminds us: "These are anything but conventional times in Africa. What Africa needs today is unconventional minds capable of finding unconventional answers to problems certain to stagger any but the most imaginative. If education would serve to This content downloaded from 184.108.40.206 on Wed, 03 Aug 2016 05:53:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


Sexual reproduction is documented for the first time in field populations of the pennate diatoms Pseudo‐nitzschia australis Freng. and P. pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle (var. cingulata Villac and hybrids between var. cingulata and var. pungens). A bloom dominated by these species began on June 26, 2006, along Kalaloch Beach, Washington, USA, coincident with a drop in the Si(OH)4:NO3 ratio to below two. Multimodal size distributions were detected for both species, and synchronous auxosporulation occurred within the smallest size class during a 3‐week window. Auxospores and initial cells created a new class of large cells, and cells in the intermediate size classes increased in abundance during auxosporulation. Mating cells of both species were attached to colonies of surf‐zone diatoms. Paired gametangia, gametes, zygotes, auxospores, and large initial cells were found. Auxosporulation began first for P. pungens (June 30), apparently once a critical, high cell concentration was reached, followed by P. australis (July 5), when the total Pseudo‐nitzschia cell concentration reached 929,000 cells · L−1. Low frequencies of auxosporulation occurred throughout the bloom but increased 4‐fold for P. australis and 3‐fold for P. pungens when macronutrients were reduced to low levels on July 11. A 2‐year life cycle was estimated for P. australis and 3 years for P. pungens, both with annual auxosporulation. Domoic acid (DA) in razor clams reached a maximum of 38 μg DA · g−1 on July 18. A significant relationship existed between the percent of cells within the new size range and DA concentrations in razor clams on the same beach.