Wade Nance (Mr. Nance), an employee of State Industries, was injured on June 7, 1998, while attempting to grease and oil a turnroller machine.1 Mr. Nance was standing on a ladder to accomplish this task when the power to the machine was unexpectedly activated by another employee.2 This power surge caused Mr. Nance to fall off the ladder and injure his ankle.3 Mr. Nance failed to follow the lockout/tagout procedure adopted by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).4 Although Mr. Nance had attended a two-hour safety class in January of 1997 on the lockout/tagout procedure and was given his personalized lock and tag, he put the lock and tag in his tool box and never used them.5 Mr. Nance filed a complaint against State Industries and its insurer, ITT Hartford Insurance Company, after they denied his claim for workers' compensation benefits.6 In its answer, the employer asserted the safety-appliance affirmative defense under section 50-6110(a) of the Tennessee Code.7 At trial, two employees who worked with Mr. Nance testified that, although they rarely used their locks and tags, the lockout/tagout procedure was a mandatory safety procedure.8 The two employees also testified that their supervisor instructed them to use the safety procedure.9 The supervisor also reminded them of the importance of following the safety procedure subsequent to their attending the safety class.10 Although the employees stated that they could "get in trouble" if they were caught violating the safety procedure, the employees knew that it was unlikely that their supervisor would catch them because they worked the late shift and were unsupervised in the factory.11 The trial court dismissed Mr. Nance's complaint, finding that he had complete knowledge of the danger involved and of the safety rules, and was injured because of his disregard of those rules.12 Mr. Nance appealed the dismissal of his complaint.13 The Tennessee Supreme Court held, vacated and remanded for new trial.14 In order to prevail under the safety-appliance affirmative defense, the employer must show that: (1) the employer had a policy in effect at the time of the injury requiring the use of a specific safety appliance; (2) there was a "strict, continuous, and bona fide enforcement of the policy"; (3) the employer provided training giving the employee actual knowledge of the policy and of the danger in violating the policy; and, (4) the employee violated the policy by willfully and intentionally refusing or failing to use the safety appliance. Nance v. State Indus., Inc., 33 S.W.3d 22 (Tenn. 2000). Tennessee falls within the minority of states that has a compensation statute allowing employers to assert "willful misconduct" of the employee as an affirmative defense.15 However, many states, including Tennessee, allow a defense for an employee's willful refusal or failure to observe safety rules and to use safety appliances.16 The burden of proof rests with the employer.17 If the employer is successful, the defense acts as a complete bar to recovery.18 Although the issue of an employee's willful misconduct in failing to use a safety appliance is a narrow one, it falls within a penumbra of general willful misconduct cases that were contemporaneously decided.18 Most of the general willful misconduct cases involve an employee's disregard of rules, orders, or horseplay. Since both categories of cases evolved together over the years, the court has analyzed the safety appliance cases in much the same manner as the general willful misconduct cases. The concept of an employee's intentional actions in disregard of an employer's mandate is intertwined throughout the safety appliance cases as well as the general willful misconduct cases. The earliest of the general willful misconduct cases is Leonard v. Cranberry Furnace Co.20 In Leonard, the employee was a laborer who shoveled ore from freight cars.21 Holding open the freight doors and dumping the ore was work that the employee and others in his position were forbidden to do. …


This study was undertaken to elucidate the antioxidant activity of the ethanol (EEPB) and water (WEPB) extracts of Prunus persica branches. The extracts contained a high phenolic content and revealed a potent hydrogen donating activity in DPPH scavenging assay. Compared to α-tocopherol, EEPB (p < 0.001) and WEPB (p < 0.05) significantly inhibited FeCl2-ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation, and also exhibited potent antiradical activities against hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. In copperand AAPH-mediated human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation systems, the extracts demonstrated a strong antioxidant function by metal chelating, rather than direct scavenging, action. Furthermore, EEPB at 5 μg/mL concentration showed 80.77% inhibition of the electrophoretic mobility of LDL, compared to 77.69% for ascorbic acid and 76.92% for BHT. These results suggest that PB branch extracts may protect against oxidative stress-induced diseases 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏


Nowadays the real mechanism of achieving the modern quality of education of children with disabilities is an adapted educational program of the educational organization. In this context, the crucial point is the implementation of information and methodological support for teachers working with this category of students. The article describes the experience in the development and implementation of a such tool to enhance the professional competence of teachers as a modular course. The author notes that the modular course is an interdisciplinary organizational and methodological framework of an educational material, providing for the allocation of topics covering various areas of teacher's practice. The particular attention is paid to the description of the modular course structure, which can allow forming the teacher's project culture, which is important in terms of implementing the professional standard.


Many eukaryotes use alternative splicing to express multiple proteins from the same gene. However, while the majority of mammalian genes are alternatively spliced, other eukaryotes use this process less frequently. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been successfully used to study the mechanism of splicing and the splicing machinery, but alternative splicing in yeast is relatively rare and has not been extensively studied. We have recently shown that the alternative splicing of SKI7/HBS1 is widely conserved, but that yeast and a few other eukaryotes have replaced this one alternatively spliced gene with a pair of duplicated unspliced genes as part of a whole genome doubling (WGD). Here we show that other examples of alternative splicing that were previously found to have functional consequences are widely conserved within the Saccharomycotina. We also show that the most common mechanism by which alternative splicing has disappeared is by the replacement of an alternatively spliced gene with duplicate genes. Saccharomycetaceae that diverged before WGD use alternative splicing more frequently than S. cerevisiae. This suggests that the WGD is a major reason for the low frequency of alternative splicing in yeast. We anticipate that whole genome doublings in other lineages may have had the same effect.


A circalitoral muddy bottom community is studied off Punta del Este, Uruguay. From this study a relevant fact is observed: the coexistence between deposit-feeders and suspension-feeders. It has long been thought that they are excludent trophic groups. The coexistence may be explained by the deposit stability favourished by a dense population of the tube-building polychaete Onuphis setosa.


The patient is a young man, aged nineteen years, of English parentage, living in Maywood, Illinois. Both father and mother are living and in good health, fifty-six and fifty years old, respectively. He has four brothers and sisters. aged thirteen to twenty-seven years. One brother, twenty-seven years old, has had a good sized goiter for years. The patient has had a fair sized, symmetrical enlargement of the thyroid region, extending low in the neck, for some years. He has had no serious diseases that he remembers; no accidents. The tonsils were moderately large, but there was no history of tonsillitis. He was well and active as a boy. He is now five feet six inches tall and weighs one hundred and twenty pounds, about normal for him. He first noticed difficulty in breathing about three and onehalf years ago, which became gradually worse. In March, 1916, he went to the Cook County Hospital, where he remained for some months. In May, 1916, the tonsils were removed, with no improvement in the condition. In August, 1916, the goiter was operated by a good surgeon. The stitches broke three days after the operation, and the wound opened and became infected. Slow convalescence followed. Immediately following the operation his voice was abolished; he had aphonia for thirty days; thereafter there was a grad-


Understanding of the sustainable design objectives and challenges, awareness of internal requirements and external conditions, became the first step to integrate the theoretical approach with the reality thought applying an integrated architecture design.This piece of paper aiming to create a "Design School " through developing a new thinking method, allows the architect to be acquainted with clear vision on the inputs and the challenges facing during the design process sequence, and increase the efficiency of the sustainable design.The provided method considers an effective tool, give a hand to designer to make right decisions, as well as an evaluation tool using to increase the performance and finding the optimal solutions. Study concludes a number of suggested determinants and guidelines to achieve efficient use of five inquiries (5Ws) during the sustainable design stages and provides a mechanism to ensure the integration of results by answering the questions that start with the word.How. Keywords: 5Ws + How, Sustainable Design, Design School, Environmental Quality;


Objectives. Indications of different dental restorations, direct or indirect composite restorations or amalgam, depend on clinical needs. Aim of this study is to compare margin sealing offered by three different restorative techniques. Materials and methods. 24 molars were selected and divided into three groups according to the technique used: group A (composite inlays), group B (direct composite restoration), group C (amalgam). First Class cavities having equal size were created by the same operator. All the samples were treated with ortho-phosphoric acid, adhesive system and composite flow. A cavity of each group was filled without etching and bonding before using the composite flow. After thermo-mechanical stress all samples underwent marginal leakage tests. Samples were sectioned and observed by optical stereomicroscope at various degree. Results and conclusions. Leakage was evident in those samples which were not submitted to etching and bonding; all remaining samples showed no leakage at all. Choice of restoration must consider operative time, operating field, aesthetic needs, cost and patient.


Abstract: The rural homestead is a major part of the rural land system, which is an important carrier of various rural issues such as rural decline, rural hollowing and others. Great changes have occurred in China's rural areas, while the rural homestead has also undergone transformation. Based on summarizing the multi-functional classification of homesteads from previous research, this study divided and defined the population bearing function, assets, and residential function of homesteads from the perspective of functional improvement according to the results of a survey questionnaire. Using Poyang County as the case study, this paper analyzed the functional transformation of rural homesteads through the model of coordinated transformation degree. The results demonstrated the following trends. (1) From 2000 to 2017, the transformation degrees of rural homestead functions in Poyang County have obviously improved overall. (2) The high value areas of the transformation degrees were mainly distributed in the northern hilly region and around Poyang Lake, while most of the low value areas were distributed in the plain areas near the county town. (3) In the regions with better location conditions and resource endowments, the basic conditions and trend of non-agriculturalization of the population, capital and other factors are more significant. According to the differentiation of rural homestead transformations which occurred in different regions, the government could put forward targeted development suggestions for the future.


Band-width parameters for the charge transfer (CT) band of N-ethyl-4-cyanopyridinium iodide and betai ne-dye [2,6-di-phenyl 4(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridino)phenolatej have been measured in v;;,rious neat and mi xed binary solvents. It has been shown that the parameter depends largely on solvation interaction. A suitable analysis of t he parameter in neat solvents provides information regarding various modes of solute-solvent interaction in determining solvent reorganisa tion. Data in mixed binary solvents point to a deviation from ideal solvation behaviour. The results have been ex plained in terms or' solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interaction. Some data indicating the effect of temperature on these parameters have also been recorded.


Synthesis of new symmetrical cylindrical macrotricyclic ligands 1a,b, where two cyclam subunits are linked through nitrogen atoms by two aromatic chains of various lengths (meta-xylylenyl, para-xylylenyl) has been achieved. These compounds have been prepared according a five step procedure. The readily available trisheteroprotected cyclam 4 has been reacted with the appropriate bis(bromomethyl)benzene to give the bimacrocycle intermediates 5a,b. The selective deprotection of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group leads to the diamine bimacrocycles 6a,b. Condensation of these diamines with the appropriate diacid dichloride under high-dilution conditions yields the diamide macrotricycles 7a,b in a significant yield. After reduction of the amide moieties and deprotection of the tosyl groups, new cylindrical macrotricycles 1a,b were obtained. Macrotricyclic ligands 1a,b coordinate Cu2+ and Ni2+ to form binuclear species. The crystal structure of the [Ni2(1a)](ClO4)4·2CH3CN complex has been determined by single-cryst...


The best earlier treatment of the Jargon is Horatio Hale's Manual of Chinook Jargon (1890).1 The bibliography of Jargon is large; no published material examined has been satisfactory for the study of its phonetic and structural phenomena; semantics and word origins, with which we are not concerned, can be studied in other publications. Chinook Jargon is the lingua franca formerly employed by Indians and whites in the coastal district from southern Oregon to Alaska and west of the Rocky Mountains. The Jargon is being forgotten rapidly; a new lingua franca, English, is replacing it. A century ago, Chinook Jargon was the unique and beautifully satisfactory means of communication between the speakers of a hundred or more mutually unintelligible Pacific Northwest languages. Thousands of older natives and hundreds of older whites in the region can still speak it, and even now it is by no means a dead language. However, the younger natives can travel satisfactorily with a knowledge of English alone; they no longer feel stimulus or need to acquire Jargon. And whites no longer trouble to learn it. Probably the most fluent ancient speakers of Jargon lived in the lower Columbia River country--with its tributaries-, in central and western Oregon and Washington. They were from birth speakers of Chinook proper, southern Coast Salish, Klikitat Sahaptin, Molale Sahaptin, Kalapuya, and contiguous languages. Among these people Jargon vocabularies, idioms, and style were relatively rich and effective. The speakers of Jargon farther in the Columbia basin interior, in the Puget Sound country and in British Columbia, knew that the lower Columbia natives spoke a better lingua franca. Among the Oregon and


It is a well-known story how, after the death in 1683 of John Collins (F.R.S. 1667), the mathematical correspondent of Barrow, Newton, Wallis, James Gregory and so many more, Collins's voluminous collection of books and papers passed into the possession of William Jones (1675-1749; F.R.S. 1712), himself an avid collector and transcriber of the manuscripts of Newton, Halley and others. Because Jones had acted as tutor to George Parker, later second Earl of Macclesfield, and afterwards lived for many years at Shirbum Castle, Oxon., this enhanced collection has remained ever since with that family. It is equally well known that the book edited by S.J. Rigaud in 1841, The Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century, was drawn from the riches of the Macclesfield collection. Most of the letters had not been printed before and not many have been re-edited since. However, when in 1712 Isaac Newton prepared his biographical riposte against Leibniz in defence of his original discovery of the method of fluxions, he printed extracts from a number of letters found in Jones's collection, and the original letters (or drafts) used in this way remained (as evidence) in the possession of the Royal Society - of which of course Newton was President - the Society being formally the publisher of the resultant slim volume, Commercium Epistolicum D. Johannis Collins, et aliorum de Analysi promota: jussu Societatis Regiae in lucent editum (London 1712). Today that collection of letters remains in the Royal Society's library mounted in its own particular guard-book.1


.J. ABSTRACT We address the question of why low-luminosity radio sources with similar flat radio spectra show a range of optical activity. The investigation is based on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of objects from the 200 mJy sample. We gathered new data from the VLA at 43 GHz, from SCUBA in the JCMT at 2000, 1350 and 850 µ m and from the ISOPHOT instrument on ISO at 170, 90, 60 and 25 µ m. There is considerable diversity amongst the SEDs of the objects: there are objects with steep broadband spectra between centimetre and millimetre bands (14% of the sample), there are those with flat broadband spectra over most of the spectral range (48% of the sample) and there are those which show pronounced sub-mm/infrared excesses (27% of the sample). Some objects of the first group have two sided radio morphology indicating that their pc-scale emission is not dominated by beamed jet emission. Amongst the objects that have smooth broadband spectra from the radio to the infrared there are passive elliptical galaxies as well as the expected BL Lacs objects. The most pronounced sub-mm/infrared excesses are shown by the broad emission line objects.


We thank Tikhonoff et al for drawing our attention to their article published after our review was submitted for publication, and after the specified cut-off for our literature searches. Although we agree with the principle of increasing population of fiber intake, our results based on much larger numbers (almost 10 000 incident strokes in just under 500 000 men and women) …


Deep-seated catastrophic landslides, particularly rock or debris avalanches, travel extremely rapidly for long distances, causing severe damage over wide areas. This paper summarizes the geological and geomorphological features of such events, which were induced by earthquakes and rainstorms in Asia, and then uses these features to predict future potential sites of failures. Most of the rock avalanches are preceded by gravitational slope deformation with topographic features, in which small scarps along future head of landslide are the most representative; the scarps can be identified in topographic images made by high-resolution airborne LiDAR DEMs and may suggest the instability just before catastrophic failure. Earthquake-induced debris avalanches of pyroclastic fall deposits are not preceded by gravitational slope deformation but are of specific type and sequence of deposits, in which resilicified paleosol with halloysite may be the most important to accommodate a sliding surface.


Faults affecting the automotive engines can potentially lead to increased emissions, increased fuel consumption or engine damage. These negative impacts may be prevented, or at least alleviated, if faults can be detected and isolated in a timely manner. The US Federal and State regulations dictate that automotive engines operate with an On-Board Diagnosis (OBD) system to enable the detection of faults resulting in increased emissions. In this paper, we survey and discuss the different aspects of fault detection and diagnosis in automotive engine systems. The paper aims to describe some of the efforts made in the academia and industry on the fault detection and isolation for a variety of component faults, actuator faults, and sensor faults in automotive engines using various data-driven and model-based methods.


A general, odorless, one‐pot methodology has been developed for the preparation of 1,2‐trans‐thioglycosides and thio‐Michael addition products of carbohydrate derivatives through triphenyl phosphine‐mediated cleavage of disulfides and reaction of the thiolate formed in situ with glycosyl bromides and glycosyl conjugated alkenes.


Objective ⅠleVal of P450 1A1 gene polymorphism and the relationship between endometrial carcinoma.Methods Detected by PCR-RFLP of 32 cases of cervical cancer patients and 114 controls were ⅠleVal P450 1A1 gene polymorphism.Results The control group and observation group CYPlAl gene polymorphism ⅠleVal wild type and mutant heterozygous genotype frequencies were 42.5%,39.2%,8.2% and 30.2%,44.5%,15.2% in the observation group type and mutant heterozygous genotype frequency was significantly higher,but the difference was not statistically significant(P0.05).Combined heterozygous and mutant and wild type compared to the observation group and control group was significantly(P0.05).Conclusion ⅠleVal P450 1A1 gene polymorphisms in the mutant allele could significantly increase the risk of endometrial cancer,while expression of different reflecting the different types of cervical cancer have different levels of female hormones,may be the pathogenesis of endometriosis mechanism to find a theoretical basis.


The question posed is what can be inferred from ambiguity in processes of visual interpretation? Much emphasis is naturally placed on the form of constraints used to minimize ambiguity, particularly as they pertain to such issues as perceptual acceptability. The authors feel that it is perhaps more instructive to consider what can be learned from situations where different interpretations of data are possible, i.e., the ambiguity of perception. This immediately raises a number of issues regarding the characterization of ambiguity, communicating it to other visual processes, and using ambiguity to further refine visual interpretation. The context in which the authors discuss these problems is the interpretation of scene geometry in the form of volumetric models. They describe a representation for ambiguity in terms of an ellipsoid of confidence in which there is a finite probability that the true parameters of the model can be found.<<ETX>>


The present invention, the electrode active material and the porous activated carbon powder, and the porous activated carbon powder, 100 parts by weight of the conductive material, 0.1 to 20 parts by weight with respect to said porous activated carbon powder, 100 parts by weight of the fluorine-containing binder 1 to 20 parts by weight, the based on 100 parts by weight of activated carbon powder, the porous parts of methyl methacrylate, a polymer of 0.01 to 10 parts by weight of the monomer and for the super-capacitor electrode composition comprising the porous activated carbon powder, 100 parts by weight of dispersion medium, 100 to 300 parts by weight based on the super capacitor using the same. It relates to a supercapacitor with the super capacitor electrodes manufactured by the manufacturing method and the manufacturing method of the electrode. According to the present invention, the moldability is excellent and can shorten the molding time, can increase the durability, and the electrode density and electrode flexibility, it is possible to lower the initial resistance and the impedance of the electrode, the energy density high expressing high capacity characteristic can do.


The lively debate over the constitutional foundations of judicial review has been marred by a formalism which obscures its point and value. Abstracted from genuine issues of substance, the rival positions offer inadequate accounts of the legitimacy of judicial review; constitutional theory must regain its connection with questions of political principle and moral value. Although the critics of ultra vires have rightly emphasized the foundational role of the common law, they have misconceived its nature and implications. On the one hand, they have invited the charge of judicial supremacism by marginalizing the role of legislative intent; on the other, their affirmation of absolute parliamentary sovereignty (within the context of this debate) undermines the critique of ultra vires. In substance, therefore, the rival camps occupy essentially the same ground, equally trapped by a formalism that entrenches a stark confrontation between parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. A conception of shared sovereignty, or interdependent sovereignties, provides a better foundation for judicial review.


As teachers, we are usually keen to get into the day's Mathematics lesson for a particular class right from the outset, often forgetting that pupils have typically just been engaged with a different subject and as such may need a little time to make the mental transition to the Mathematics classroom. A warm-up activity at the start of a Mathematics lesson is often a good way to help pupils make this transition. What follows are a number of activities that I have found work well with Grade 7 pupils.


In order to improve the speed of searching routing with multiple restrictions over the large communication network,a computing method for bidirectional searching routing is proposed. Starting from the source node and the target node,the reachable paths to middle nodes are calculated and filtered,respectively. The reachable paths are obtained by converting the adjacent matrix,whereas the filter paths are heuristically selected based on non-linear cost function. After the total number of bidirectional searched nodes reaches n-2,the paths in two directions are jointed and combined,from which the optimal path is chosen as an output path. The calculation of reachable paths and the heuristic method of optimal selection are introduced by examples. Their validity and characteristic are discussed,and the maximum time complexity is analyzed. Evaluation of emulation experiments validates the validity of the proposed algorithm and it is indicated that the time consuming in searching routing using this proposed algorithm is shorter than that using other methods.


Background & Aims Chronic hepatitis B is a major global public health problem, and coinfection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) worsens disease outcome. Here, we describe a hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg)-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the potential to promote functional cure of chronic hepatitis B and D to address this unmet medical need. Methods HBsAg-specific mAbs were isolated from memory B cells of HBV vaccinated individuals. In vitro neutralization was determined against HBV and HDV enveloped with HBsAg representing eight HBV genotypes. Human liver-chimeric mice were treated twice weekly with a candidate mAb starting three weeks post HBV inoculation (spreading phase) or during stable HBV or HBV/HDV coinfection (chronic phase). Results From a panel of human anti-HBs mAbs, VIR-3434 was selected and engineered for pre-clinical development. VIR-3434 targets a putative conserved, conformational epitope within the antigenic loop of HBsAg and neutralized HBV and HDV infection with >12,000-fold higher potency than Hepatitis B Immunoglobulins in vitro. Neutralization was pan-genotypic against strains representative of HBV genotypes A-H. In the spreading phase of HBV infection in human liver-chimeric mice, a parental mAb of VIR-3434 (HBC34) prevented HBV dissemination and intrahepatic HBV RNA and cccDNA increase. In the chronic phase of HBV infection or co-infection with HDV, HBC34 treatment decreased circulating HBsAg by >1 log and HDV RNA by >2 logs. Conclusions This in vitro and in vivo characterization identified the potent anti-HBs mAb VIR-3434, which reduces circulating HBsAg and HBV/HDV viremia in human liver-chimeric mice. VIR-3434 is currently in clinical development for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B or D. Lay summary Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus places approximately 290 million individuals worldwide at risk for severe liver disease and cancer. Currently available treatments result in low rates of functional cure or require lifelong therapy that does not eliminate the risk of liver disease. We isolated and characterized a potent, human antibody that neutralizes hepatitis B and D viruses and reduces infection in a mouse model. This antibody could provide a new treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B and D. Highlights Identification of a human mAb VIR-3434 that potently neutralizes HBV and HDV VIR-3434 targets a conserved, conformational epitope of the HBsAg antigenic loop VIR-3434 treatment blocks intrahepatic HBV spread in human liver-chimeric mice VIR-3434 treatment reduces circulating HBsAg and HDV RNA in co-infected mice Data have enabled clinical development of VIR-3434 against chronic hepatitis B/D


Objectives: To describe oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the young (<45 years) with no tobacco exposure and identify the determinants of locoregional control and survival. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 82 young patients of OSCC with no tobacco exposure treated with surgery and adjuvant therapy. Survival analysis was performed, and determinants of control and survival were identified by Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: Overall 67% were male, and the median age was 40 years. Survival was excellent: for Stages I, II, III, and IV, 5-year overall survival was 97%, 95%, 75%, and 64% and disease-free survival (DFS) was 84%, 79%, 57%, and 59%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, perineural invasion (PNI) predicted DFS and local and distant control. Conclusion: This cohort had excellent survival when treated appropriately with adjuvant therapy. PNI may represent the need for treatment escalation. Further study is required to identify if this is a biologically distinct cohort.


Southern stingrays are used for interaction and education in captive and wild settings therefore it is important to monitor their health conditions.  Diagnostic tools that are useful for assessing health in other animals include hematology and plasma biochemistry profiles.  Certain reference intervals have been established in this species; however, interpretation of intervals in stingrays under different conditions are lacking.  The primary aim was to compare hematological and plasma biochemical values between seventeen female stingrays that were acclimated to captivity (n=8 adult) to those recently collected from the wild (n=9 immature).  Examinations included measuring disc width, ultrasound evaluation of the coelomic cavity, and blood collection.  The examinations were performed on both test groups at two time points: prior to introduction of the recently captive rays to the aquarium exhibit and eight months after cohabitation.  Hematology analysis included manual WBC counts, leukocyte differential, PCV, and plasma protein.  Plasma chemistry profiles included aspartate aminotransferase, bicarbonate, urea, calcium, creatine kinase, cholesterol, chloride, globulin, glucose, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and total protein.  The two groups of stingrays' results were compared using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test.  The following parameters were found to have statistically significant differences (p<0.05) prior to introduction: bicarbonate, urea, calcium, cholesterol, chloride, globulin, potassium, total protein, and PCV.  The recently-captive rays had higher median values of urea, chloride, and potassium.  There were no significant differences after eight months of cohabitation.  Data interpretation for hematology and plasma chemistry values may be affected by the environmental changes for stingrays.


Acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) is a 179-residue enzyme containing a paramagnetic Ni+2 ion in the active site. Because of electron−nuclear spin interactions, 1H resonances within ∼9 A of the Ni+2 are broadened beyond detection. For this reason, 1H-detected multidimensional NMR experiments are not suitable for structural characterization of the active site of ARD, and no isostructural diamagnetic homologue is available. Rapid recycle two-dimensional direct 13C detection NMR methods previously allowed correlation of carbonyl (13C') carbons with directly bonded 13Cα and 15N spins in ARD (Kostic, M.; Pochapsky, S. S.; Pochapsky, T. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9054−9055), but not 15N with 13Cα, a critical connection for sequential assignment of backbone resonances. It is now shown that complete sample deuteration combined with direct 13C detection using a cold probe/preamplifier permits the one-bond 13Cα−15N correlation to be made via a four-pulse double-quantum experiment CAN. Combined with data from other...


Although previous CNN based face anti-spoofing methods have achieved promising performance under intra-dataset testing, they suffer from poor generalization under cross-dataset testing. The main reason is that they learn the network with only binary supervision, which may learn arbitrary cues overfitting on the training dataset. To make the learned feature explainable and more generalizable, some researchers introduce facial depth and reflection map as the auxiliary supervision. However, many other generalizable cues are unexplored for face anti-spoofing, which limits their performance under cross-dataset testing. To this end, we propose a novel framework to learn multiple explainable and generalizable cues (MEGC) for face anti-spoofing. Specifically, inspired by the process of human decision, four mainly used cues by humans are introduced as auxiliary supervision including the boundary of spoof medium, moiré pattern, reflection artifacts and facial depth in addition to the binary supervision. To avoid extra labelling cost, corresponding synthetic methods are proposed to generate these auxiliary supervision maps. Extensive experiments on public datasets validate the effectiveness of these cues, and state-of-the-art performances are achieved by our proposed method.


Generally, in lots of places tourism is struggling with challenge to create new tourism product related to experience development. With today's intent that tourism product nurtures humanity as market trend, give the place an authentic and memorable life and create highly customized and unique tourism products the purpose of this paper is to present how storytelling can be used in this process. Storytelling is usually seen as potent marketing tool, but in this paper we use storytelling to create a new product, as a strategic destination development tool. Newest tourists are seeking for authentic and unique emotions and experiences and this brings the complexity of creating a new tourism product. Storytelling can be a bond in creating tourism with benefits for everyone ; extend and diversity product offering to improve local yields and social value. One huge demand in creating such original tourism product is joint commitment of different stakeholder in creating and preparing a product. Absolutely necessary is springing new partnership with public authorities and creating proactive behaviours. In paper the table and field research were used with goal to analyse creation of selected tourism product as well as their impacts on the local space in the physical, social, economic and cultural aspect. In this study a semi-structured approach to the interviews was chosen. Case study approach is justified as attempt to understand one successful "living product". Our analysis of Casanova Tour, as unique interactive walk, indicates basic preconditions of creating tourism product using storytelling. Further findings show us how storytelling content can be utilized in creative and unique tourism experiences and in development of "living culture" which is memorable and experiential. The background and findings are relevant to recognising storytelling as part of the wider creative economy. A greater understanding of the nature of storytelling in tourism products informs both education and practice.


Wireless electronic roadside inspections are still just a twinkle in FMCSA's eye, but they are coming to a scale house near you.


Summary: Abstract: This paper aims to present some important historical changes related to education, reading, writing and communication, starting with the first official documents, through Jesuit education in Brazilian soil and their expulsion, the reforms of the Marquis of Pombal, the family's arrival royal, imperial period, the education of the twentieth century and some related to technology education laws, which discusses the effectiveness of the use as teaching tools. The procedures used were literature searches and the results showed that many laws have changed over time and little has changed. Unless the great demand for the use of new technologies.


The present study investigate the relationship between the persistence of uninsurable income shocks and consumption inequality over a household's life cycle in Japan. Using a life cycle model with incomplete asset markets and calibrated parameters for the Japanese economy, we quantitatively show that moderate persistence of shocks generate a nonlinear consumption inequality profile over the life cycle. The moderate persistence of shocks well replicates the pattern of consumption inequality in Japan.


Education seeks to develop the innate inner capacities of man. The ultimate goal of education is to prepare the students to be responsible and mentally healthy person to live on this earth. In order to achieve this, students are to be molded only by making them experience the significance of values in the school itself. In most of the cases education takes place under the guidance of teachers. Teachers are the biggest influencers in a student's life. Their personality and attitudes contribute to a great extend in students learning. In this respect, determining the attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession is of great importance. The main objectives of this paper are to test: academic attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession; and administrative attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession. Tool used for the study was 'attitude scale towards teaching', developed by Dr. (Mrs.) Ummen Kulsum. In order to analyze the data, Z-score in terms of standard deviations from the mean was used. The study was delimited to West Garo Hills District of Meghalaya.


Due to the edge learning advancements, we are witnessing a surge in edge intelligent IoT devices. More and more artificially intelligent things (AIT) are now seen as part of different real-life systems. Researchers have proposed that AIT be part of the future 6G architecture in which the AITs need to be connected securely. High-level 6G architecture will incorporate unit AITs to make bigger digital intelligent eco-systems. While digitally connected AITs will be part of many critical national infrastructures, the security, and privacy of the AITs and human life must be critically considered. Researchers have proposed software-defined security as a service (SDSaaS) to automatically monitor such system vulnerabilities with greater accuracy. In this article, we review the AI-powered security system that will allow the communication between the AITs and their corresponding cyber entities to be secure from security threats. Specifically, we survey the deep learning algorithms that will allow different network elements to be secure from adversaries. Finally, we present a proof-of-concept implementation of our proposed deep learning application.


A fast neutron irradiation system was designed for performing activation analyses with fast neutrons on elements producing short-lived nuclides. The system consists of a Van de Graaff accelerator, a pneumatic transfer system, a γ-ray detection system and a control system. All the process steps of the activation analysis, such as irradiation, transfer of the sample and measurement of γ-rays are carried out in automatic sequence, governed by a programmed control system. The main part of this paper is devoted to a description of this control system. The apparatus was successfully tried for the analysis of 207mPb (T1/2=0.797 sec). The activity was identified with the apparatus set to measure half-life. Background can be reduced by select-ing the time sequence of analyzing processes.


Abstract. Adverse health outcomes related to exposure to air
pollution have gained much attention in recent years, with a particular
emphasis on traffic-related pollutants near roadways, where concentrations
tend to be most severe. As such, many projects around the world are being
initiated to routinely monitor pollution near major roads. Understanding the
extent to which local on-road traffic directly affects these measurements,
however, is a challenging problem, and a more thorough comprehension of it
is necessary to properly assess its impact on near-road air quality. In this
study, a set of commonly measured air pollutants (black carbon; carbon
dioxide; carbon monoxide; fine particulate matter, PM2.5; nitrogen
oxides; ozone; and ultrafine particle concentrations) were monitored
continuously between 1 June 2015 and 31 March 2017 at six
stations in Canada: two near-road and two urban background stations in
Toronto, Ontario, and one near-road and one urban background station in
Vancouver, British Columbia. Three methods of differentiating between local
and background concentrations at near-road locations were tested: (1) differences in average pollutant concentrations between near-road and urban
background station pairs, (2) differences in downwind and upwind pollutant
averages, and (3) interpolation of rolling minima to infer background
concentrations. The last two methods use near-road data only, and were
compared with method 1, where an explicit difference was measured, to assess
accuracy and robustness. It was found that method 2 produced average local
concentrations that were biased high by a factor of between 1.4 and 1.7 when
compared with method 1 and was not universally feasible, whereas method 3
produced concentrations that were in good agreement with method 1 for all
pollutants except ozone and PM2.5, which are generally secondary and
regional in nature. The results of this comparison are intended to aid
researchers in the analysis of data procured in future near-road monitoring
studies. Lastly, upon determining these local pollutant concentrations as a
function of time, their variability with respect to wind speed (WS) and wind
direction (WD) was assessed relative to the mean values measured at the
specific sites. This normalization allowed generalization across the
pollutants and made the values from different sites more comparable. With
the exception of ozone and PM2.5, local pollutant concentrations at
these near-road locations were enhanced by a factor of 2 relative to their
mean in the case of stagnant winds and were shown to be proportional to
WS−0.6. Downwind conditions enhanced local concentrations by a factor
of ∼2 relative to their mean, while upwind conditions
suppressed them by a factor of ∼4. Site-specific factors such
as distance from roadway and local meteorology should be taken into
consideration when generalizing these factors. The methods used to determine
these local concentrations, however, have been shown to be applicable across
pollutants and different near-road monitoring environments.


"A study to assess the effectiveness of Aloe vera syrup on constipation among Cancer patients receiving Morphine drug in selected palliative care centres, at Chennai."
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the pre test level of constipation among cancer patients receiving morphine drug in experimental and control group.
2. To assess the post test level of constipation among cancer patients receiving morphine drug in experimental and control group.
3. To compare the pre and post test level of constipation among cancer patients receiving morphine drug in experimental and control group.
4. To associate the post test level of constipation among cancer patients receiving morphine drug in experimental with the selected demographic variables.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The quantitative evaluative approach and quasi-experimental, non randomized control group design was selected to study the effectiveness of aloe vera syrup on cancer patients receiving morphine drug.
The researcher adopted non probability convenient sampling technique and 60 cancer patients receiving morphine drug were selected for the study from RMD pain and palliative care centres at T.Nagar and Maduravayul. They are divided into two groups, 30 in experimental group, 30 in control group. The investigator used Victoria bowel performance scale which is standardized tool for data collection. Validity of tool was established by three experts. The reliability of tool was assessed by using split half method and the tool is considered to be reliable to proceed with main study.
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MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The findings showed that the pre test level of constipation mean value in experimental group 9.06 with SD 1.60 whereas in control group mean value 9.59 with SD 0.94 project "t" value as 2.58 is statistically not significant at P=0.68 level . The findings showed that the post level of constipation in experimental group was reduced to normal 20(63%). The analysis revealed that post test mean value in experimental group 2.1with SD 0.4 whereas in control group mean value 8.24 with SD 1.52 project" t"value as 7.3 which is statistically significant at P =0.001. The study result revealed that aloe vera is effective in reducing constipation among cancer patients receiving morphine drug in experimental group. The study revealed that there is a significant association of post test level of constipation and demographic variables like habits, dietary pattern, and duration of consumption of morphine in experimental group.
CONCLUSION
Constipation is more prevalent among cancer patients receiving morphine drug and will decrease the quality of life. Reducing constipation and improving bowel movement is very important role of a Nurse in palliative care unit to enhance the quality of life of patient at the end stage of life. The study result revealed that there was significant reduction in level of constipation among patient who had received Aloe Vera syrup than those who had not received Aloe Vera syrup. This information shows that aloe vera syrup is effective laxative in reducing constipation among cancer patients receiving morphine drug. It is cost effective and more convenient to use.


Semi-classical expressions for the elastic and reactive phase shifts for the double humped barrier characteristic of resonance tunnelling reactions are derived and their properties developed. The phase shifts are reduced to a Breit-Wigner resonance form by the application of two kinds of complex boundary conditions. The first boundary condition is the usual 'outgoing waves only' one, whilst the second is a 'forward moving waves only' boundary condition. This latter boundary condition gives rise to a novel form of complex energy: E = EnL + i(γnL /2) where EnL is the resonance energy and the width γnL may be positive, negative or zero. The sign and magnitude of γnL have a natural interpretation in terms of the flux of particles through the two potential barriers that surround the dip in the activation barrier for the reaction.


The low thermal resistance of graphene nanoplatelets (GNps), which results in high thermal conductivity, is a promising behavior for thermal management applications, such as heat sinks, in electronic devices. In this study, a Cu/GNps composite was produced by powder injection molding (PIM). A suitable sintering temperature in PIM process is essential to be obtained with the intention of achieving the optimum physical and mechanical properties of the Cu/GNps composite. Therefore, the effects of the sintering temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of Cu/GNps were investigated. The Cu/GNps composite was prepared with a binder system, and later, such a system was removed during the debinding prior to sintering. The effects of sintering temperatures of 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C on the physical and mechanical properties of Cu/GNps were examined. It was found that the highest density and tensile strength were obtained when the Cu/GNPs was sintered at 950 °C.


Introduction Lower back injuries can prevent people from engaging in the occupation of work, which is considered to be beneficial to physical and mental wellbeing. Return-to-work programmes aim to support people to re-engage with work; however, the success of these can be varied. The aim of this review was to explore what factors facilitated a return to work for those in employment, and what the factors may be in preventing others from making a successful return to work. Method A systematic search of the literature identified 10 qualitative research studies, and a meta-ethnographic approach was then used to critique and synthesise the findings to provide a line of argument. Findings Interrogation of the selected studies brought about three third-order interpretations as follows: enabling injured workers to return to work safely; challenging negative assumptions; overcoming organisational barriers. Conclusion The study supports previous findings that emphasise consideration of wider organisational and psychosocial factors relating to supporting people to return to work, rather than focusing solely on the injured worker. Suggestions are made for the modification of current work practices, the need for a strength-based approach to rehabilitation and for occupational therapists who might work with people living with back pain.


The status and near term potential of materials and processes available for the fabrication of single mode integrated electro-optical components are discussed. Issues discussed are host material and orientation, waveguide formation, optical loss mechanisms, wavelength selection, polarization effects and control, laser to integrated optics coupling fiber optic waveguides to integrated optics coupling, sources, and detectors. Recommendations of the best materials, technology, and processes for fabrication of integrated optical components for communications and fiber gyro applications are given.


We study the problem of finding a Hermitian monogenic function with a given jump on a given hypersurface in . Necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of this problem are obtained.


Objective To establish and identify the human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y stable-expressing human wild amyloid precursor protein(APP).Methods The pcDNA3/APP APP751WT containing human wild APP751 cDNA was transfected into SH-SY5Y cells by Lipofectamine,and stably transfected cell clones were screened by G418.The expression of APP was detected with polyclonal rabbit anti-human APP C terminal antibody and monoclonal mouse anti-human Aβ1-17 antibody by Western blotting,the cells growth was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium(MTT)assay,and the expressions of intracellular and extracellularβ-amyloid(Aβ)were detected by radioimmunity assay.Results Western blotting confirmed that the expression of APP was significantly higher in transfected group than that in normal and mock transfected groups.The cells retention period and logarithmic phase were 12 h and 12 h-4 d,respectively,in normal and mock tran-fected groups,and were 24 h and 1-4 d,respectively,in transfected group.After 12 h-culture,the viability of cells in transfected group was lower than that in normal and mock transfected groups(t=4.363,P=0.002;t= 4.040,P=0.003).After 1 d-culture,the cells viability in transfected group reduced and was lower than that in normal and mock transfected groups(t=4.736,P=0.001;t=4.317,P=0.005),but no significant differences were seen at other time points(P0.05,for all).The expression of extracellular Aβin cells of transfected group was significantly higher than that in cells of normal and mock transfected groups(t=7.690,P=0.000;t =7.448,P=0.000),but the difference of the expression of intracellular Aβin cells of these 3 groups was not significant(P0.05).Conclusion Human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y stable-expressing human wild APP751 is successfully established,which may provide a good cell model to explore the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease(AD).


The impact of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) on the prediction of tropical intraseasonal convection, including the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO), is assessed in the WMO Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) forecast database using the real‐time OLR based MJO (ROMI) index. It is shown that the ROMI prediction skill for the boreal winter MJO, measured by the maximum time at which the anomaly correlation coefficient exceeds 0.6, is higher by 5 to 10 days in the QBO easterly phase than its westerly phase. This difference occurs even in models with low tops and poorly resolved stratospheres. MJO predictability, as measured by signal to noise ratio in the S2S ensemble, also shows a similar difference between the two QBO phases, and results from a simple linear regression model show consistent behavior as well. Analysis of the ROMI index derived from observations indicates that the MJO is more coherent and stronger in the QBO easterly phase than in the westerly phase. These results suggest that the skill dependence on QBO phase results from the initial state of the MJO, the regularity of its propagation in the verifying observations, or most likely a combination of the two, but not on an actual stratospheric influence on the MJO within the model simulations. In contrast to the robust QBO‐MJO connection in boreal winter, the BSISO prediction skill exhibited by the S2S models in boreal summer is greater in the QBO westerly phase than in the easterly phase during the 1999 to 2010 period. This is consistent with the observation that BSISO OLR anomalies are stronger in the QBO westerly phase during that period. However, this relationship between the QBO and BSISO in boreal summer changes in recent decades: BSISO is weaker in QBO westerly than easterly during 1979–2000. Correspondingly, the QBO impact on BSISO prediction in boreal summer also reverses in that period as well in a statistical model, whereas this statistical model shows a consistent QBO impact on MJO prediction in boreal winter over the past four decades.


The adhesion of platelets to the surface of implants and stents depends on the material's properties, such as surface roughness, topography and wettability. The present study analyzes the composition and surface properties of nanostructured Ta, Ta2O5 and TaON coatings and their correlation with the adhesion of platelets. The surface morphology and topography were observed by atomic force microscopy and electron scanning microscopy; while the elemental distribution and chemical composition were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The coated surfaces' advancing contact angles were evaluated by tensiometric measurements. The surface free energy (SFE) was calculated by the Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaeble method. The results of in vitro tests demonstrated that the deposition of Ta-based coatings leads to a decrease in the platelets adhesion and agglomeration ability.


Advances in optical fiber amplifier for optical network are reviewed in this paper. Considerable progress has been made in optical amplifier technology in recent years. The bandwidth of amplifiers has increased several times and flat gain amplifiers with more than 80 nm of bandwidth have been demonstrated. With the advent of Raman fiber amplifiers, more wider bandwidth is obtained. Progress has also been made in the understanding of amplifier gain dynamics. Several control schemes have been successfully demonstrated to mitigate the signal impairments due to fast power transients in a chain of amplifiers and will be implemented in optical network design. Terrestrial optical systems have ben increasing in transmission capacity. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in some important aspects of several optical fiber amplifier technology.


At workplaces where the atmospheric pressure is hyperbaric, for example, in caissons or during tunnel construction by shield-driving techniques, the workers can suffer not only the stress associated with working at increased atmospheric pressure but also adverse effects on health caused by inhaled volatile substances. The disorders which can be caused during the compression and decompression phases (barotrauma and decompression sickness) have been discussed elsewhere (e.g. Bühlmann 1993, Edmonds et al. 1991, Szadkowski 1983). Experimental data are not available for an assessment of the body burden of volatile substances resulting from exposure of the human organism at hyperbaric pressure. Therefore only theoretical physicochemical and toxicokinetic methods can be used to derive a relationship between the concentration of a substance in the air and the body burden resulting from exposure at such workplaces. The term "body burden" is taken to mean the average concentration of the inhaled substance in the organism when equilibrium or steady state has been attained. Under such conditions, the distribution processes are complete, the various compartments (all organs and tissues) of the organism are saturated with the inhaled substance and the rate of inhalation of the substance is equal to the rate of elimination.


Within the past decade there has been increasing evidence for the widespread occurrence of closely linked genes with similar effects. Thus detailed investigations have established that crossing over occurs between such genes in Drosophila (Oliver, 1940; Oliver and Green, 1944; Lewis, 1941, 1945, 1948; Green and Green, 1949), in the mouse (Dunn and Caspari, 1945), in maize (Laughnan, 1949), in Aspergillus (Roper, 1950) and elsewhere. In addition there are instances of alleles whose distinctive patterns of mutation or otherwise unique actions or interactions have been taken as circumstantial evidence for their compound nature, though for many of these cases direct proof of the separability of components is still lacking (see Komai, 1950; Bonner, 1950; Stephens, 1951). There is a growing tendency in the literature and elsewhere to refer to closely linked, though separable, genes with similar effects as "pseudoalleles." Thus Lewis (1948) applies this terminology to the bithorax-bithoraxoid and the Stubble-stubbloid loci and, by implication, to the Star and asteroid loci also. The use of the term in these instances may stem from the fact that the closely linked mutant forms were considered allelic prior to investigations which indicated they could be separated by crossing over. This appellation may seem to be particularly appropriate for those cases in Drosophila in which the heterozygotes represented as + +2/mi m2 and +1m2/m1 +2 (m designates the mutant form) are not equivalent in action (Lewis, 1945; Green and Green, 1949). Thus, by reason of a position effect, the +lm2/mi +2 individual has a mutant phenotype and falsely indicates allelism between ml and M2 On the other hand Stephens (1948) has defined pseudo-allelism as "a situation where two members of a supposedly allelic series give a complementary hybrid when crossed together. Typically the parental types are intermediate members of the 'series' and the complementary hybrid resembles the top dominant or wild type." On this definition m1 and M2 in the generalized case for Drosophila discussed above are not to be considered pseudoalleles since the m1/M2 hybrid typically fails to show complementary action; in a recent publication (Stephens, 1951) cases such as these are not included in a discussion subheaded "pseudo-alleles." It is interesting to note the occasion for the original use of the term "pseudo-allelism" (Morgan, Bridges and Schultz, 1938). Bridges describes five independently occurring dominant vestigial mutations. The homozygotes of each, and the heterozygotes between them in all possible combinations, were found to be lethal. Crosses to vestigial in each case produced hybrids


This paper describes the design and experimental evaluation of two high efficiency interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors for use in a commercial transcritical CO2 (R-744) heat pump water heater (HPWH). Two IPM topologies, 36 slot 6 pole and 9 slot 6 pole, were selected, optimized, and prototyped using a common, flat bar interior permanent magnet rotor. The experimental analysis includes standard measurements of electrical machine quantities, and light load dynamometer tests. Initial measurements of the CO2 compressor and HPWH system performance with a stock line fed induction machine have been completed.


Inherent water-use efficiency (IWUE) is a vital parameter connecting the carbon and water cycles. However, the factors influencing the IWUE in different forest ecosystems are still a subject of debate. In this work, FLUXNET platform measurements of 67 forest sites were used to detect trends of the IWUE of four forest ecosystems, namely deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF), evergreen broadleaf forests (EBF), needle-leaf forests (ENF), and mixed forests (MF). The IWUE differed significantly among different forest ecosystems and positively correlated with temperature and solar radiation. The IWUE of EBF was the highest at 32.02 g·C·Kg·H2O−1. The values of DBF and MF were similar and higher than that of ENF. With increasing latitude, the IWUE increased first and then decreased, with a maximum of 35° N. The IWUE of EBF was negatively correlated with precipitation and leaf area index. Temperature and solar radiation were the main factors controlling the IWUE of forest ecosystems, whereas precipitation was the major factor controlling the inter-annual variation in the ΔIWUE of forest ecosystems. Our results provide a scientific basis for the study of forest carbon sinks, forest eco-hydrological processes, and forest ecosystem responses to global climatic changes.


The Tokyo Port Seaside Road has been designed so that the Tokyo Coastal Highway Bridge will cross over Channel No. 3 of the port. At the site, various load tests, including static axial compressive load tests, were carried out using large diameter steel pipe piles. The results show that the end bearing resistance could be divided into the inner friction and the resistance of an annular part of a pile. It is also shown that the maximum resistance of an annular part of a pile can be reached with a relatively small settlement, whereas a large settlement is required for exhibiting the inner friction. However, as there were some uncertain factors when applying this idea to the actual design, the apparent plugging ratio should be taken into account when considering the end bearing capacity of a pile. Apparent plugging ratios obtained in this research were in a variance of existing test results.


Lack of overcompensation effects may have been related to a small range in diversity of days to maturity between the genotypes comprising each mixture (2-7 d) as well as the general competitive ability of each genotype. Soybean planted in alternating rows tended to yield higher than 1:1 mixtures. We concluded that the nature of competition between determinate/indeterminate genotype pairs when planted late is dependent on the competitive ability of the genotypes in the pair, and is likely to be undercompensatory


Reaction of anhydrous lanthanide trichlorides with 1 equiv of sodium amine bis(phenolate) LNa_2 [L=Me_2NCH_2CH_2N{CH_2-(2-O-C_6H_2-Bu~t-3-Me-5)}_2]in THF at room temperature gave the amine bis(phenolate) lanthanide chlorides LLnCl(THF) (Ln=Yb (1),Ln=Er(2)).These complexes were well characterized by elemental analyses,IR spectra and,in the case of complex 1,single crystal X-ray diffraction study.Complex 1·C_7H_8 (C_(39)H_(58)ClN_2O_3Yb,M_r=811.36) belongs to monoclinic,space group P2_1/c with a=0.936 15(8) nm,b=1.428 7(1) nm,c=2.949 3(3) nm,β=98.516(2)°,V=3.901 1(6) nm~3,Z= 4,D_c=1.381 g·cm~(-3),λ(Mo Kα)=0.071 070 nm,μ=2.502 mm~(-1),F(000)=1668,R=0.026 7,wR=0.061 6 for 6 723 observed reflections withⅠ2σ(Ⅰ).The central metal atom is coordinated six fold by two oxygen atoms and two nitrogen atoms from the amine bis(phenolate) ligand,one THF molecule and one chlorine atom in a distorted octahedron.


This study was conducted to investigate the eating habits, self-perception of body image, and weight control behavior in Korean adolescents by gender. Data pertaining to 70,809 subjects(male 37,090, female 33,719) were obtained from the sixth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey(2010). The rate of skipping breakfast was 42.5% in male, and 45.8% in female students. The intake frequency of vegetable, milk, soda, fast food, and instant noddles was higher in male than female students. Moreover, 33% of male and 31.9% of female students considered themselves to be somewhat or very obese. Notably, 2.3% of underweight students considered themselves to be obese. Weight control measures were practiced in 44.6% of male, and 54.6% of female students. Meal restrictions were used more frequently to control weight by females, while exercise was used more by males. The perceived stress level was higher in female than male students, especially that due to appearance. Therefore, integrated and personalized high school nutrition programs according to gender should be implemented to establish proper body image perception and eating habits, as well as to develop selfesteem.


The purpose of this paper is to suggest some directions for developing new behavioral techniques to identify infants at risk for mental retardation. Initially, the history of traditional infant tests will be reviewed and reasons for their lack of success in predicting intellectual performance in later childhood will be suggested. Next, a number of basic psychological procedures, which may be labeled "information-processing procedures," will be described. These have promise for predicting intellectual performance where the traditional tests have failed and therefore might be used for early identification of mental retardation. Finally, the steps that might be taken to further develop these information-processing methods into a test battery to be used in early identification of mental retardation will be briefly outlined. This final section assumes that early screening is valuable even though we might not have completely effective treatments for "curing" mental retardation detected using these information-processing approaches.


Cavitating jet can be used for surface modification to improve fatigue strength as same way as shot peening. Peening method by means of cavitation impacts generated by the cavitating jet can peen the surface without the use of shot. Hence, it is a kind of shotless peening, and can be called "cavitation shotless peening." The cavitating jet in air was realized by injecting high-speed water jet into low-speed water jet, which was injecting in air, using a concentric nozzle. In order to treat wider area by using the cavitating jet in air for cavitation shotless peening, cavitating jet in air using multiple nozzles for high-speed water jet and a nozzle for low-speed water jet was investigated. The capability of the cavitating jet in air using multiple nozzles was measured by an erosion test using aluminum specimens. The treatment area using the cavitating jet in air using the multiple nozzles was three times wider than that of the cavitating jet in air of single nozzle at the present condition. It was revealed that the capability of the jet was increased with the injection pressure of the low-speed water jet. The fatigue strength of stainless steel was improved by cavitation shotless peening using the cavitating jet in air of multiple nozzles.


Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of in-cylinder mixture preparation is an important component of the gasoline direct injection (GDi) engine spray pattern (or targeting) optimization process. A major area of shortcoming in CFD Lagrangian stochastic simulation of GDi spray is the proper account of the jet primary breakup (with regards to the initial droplet size velocity distribution function) due to the substantial influence of nozzle geometry on the primary atomization process. The objective of this study is to assess the predictive capability of the volumeof-fluid large-eddy-simulation (VOF-LES) method for quantitative analysis of the spray primary breakup, so to enable a fully predictive analysis of the complete GDi spray processes. The paper presents results from a VOF-LES analysis of the ECN spray G seat flow and the near-field primary atomization coupled to a Lagrangian stochastics simulation method adopting the discrete droplet model (DDM). The analysis is carried out for a vaporizing n-Heptane spray injection into the atmospheric ambient. The distinction of this case, compared with previous application of the method, is the notable interaction of spray with the counter-bore walls. Hence, the interest is whether the VOF-LES method properly captures the interaction effects on the spray plume primary atomization. The injector internal flow and jet primary breakup simulation is performed with the Open-FOAM software suite. The simulation of the spray processes propagation, secondary atomization, and the droplet-air exchanges are carried out using the AVL-FIRE commercial CFD code. The accuracy of the VOF-LES primary atomization data is inferred from the predictive accuracy of the simulated far-field spray plume trajectory, cone angle, droplet-size distribution and the transient spray-tip penetration versus the experimental data. The comparison shows encouraging agreement. * Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com ILASS Americas 28th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Dearborn, MI, May 2016 Introduction A major area of complexity in the Lagrangian discrete-droplet simulation of the spray processes is the jet primary atomization and description of the spray initial droplet size-velocity distribution functions [1]. There is increasing recognition of the substantial influence of the injector seat-nozzle geometry – and its fluid dynamic features on the jet primary breakup structure and, thereof, the spray morphology and macroscale parameters [2-4]. In general, mathematical modelling of the processes that contribute to the primary atomization is complex. The current models rely on heuristic and phenomenological concepts [5] whose predictive accuracy cannot be verified. An approach pursued by Delphi is to utilize the VOF-LES method in order to extract quantitative jet primary atomization droplet size-velocity joint probability density functions (pdf) for description of the spray initial conditions in Lagrangian stochastic spray simulations. Assessment of the method for a purposebuilt three-hole GDi seat geometry has shown excellent prediction of the spray temporal propagation and the far-field characteristics [6]. The method requires calibration of the secondary atomization model parameters, with the aid of the spray far-field droplet-size distribution pdf. So, currently the method is not fully 'predictive'; however the expectation is that, with resolving the primary atomization process, a universal secondary atomization model may emerge. This paper presents application of the method to the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) GDi spray G geometry [7]. What distinguishes this case from the previous application of the method [6] is the geometry of the stepped-nozzle (counter-bored) ECN Spray G seat design. Specifically, the counter-bore diameter is reduced, in order to package the eight stepped-hole nozzles into the seat geometry. As will be shown in this paper, this geometry promotes notable interaction of the atomizing jet – issuing from the flow-hole with the counter-bore walls, which affects the subsequent jet breakup and near-field plume structure (cone angle, etc.). Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess if the VOF-LES method provides quantitatively reliable prediction of the effect of this interaction on the spray primary breakup. In the absence of nozzle near-field measurements, this is inferred from comparison of the predicted spray temporal development and the far-field droplet-size distribution with the experimental data. The VOF-LES study of the injector internal flow and the nozzle near-field jet primary breakup, performed on a contiguous computational domain, is carried out with the Open-FOAM software suite [8]. The Lagrangian spray simulation is performed with the AVL-FIRE commercial CFD code [9]. A WAVE type model [10] is adopted for the droplet secondary atomization, and all spray-air exchanges for a vaporizing spray are accounted for in the Lagrangian simulation. The injection conditions are: n-Heptane fuel (at 20°C), fuel pressure of 100bar and the atmospheric ambient (back-pressure) conditions. The Computational Method A detailed description of the method employed in this study is available in [6], therefore only a brief overview of the method is provided here. The Eulerian VOF-LES Method The VOF-LES mathematical model and the numerical solution method are formally identical to the VOFbased liquid interface tracking method in Open-FOAM [8, 11]. The mathematical model is composed of the governing equations for the conservation of mass and momentum of a two-phase flow system, comprised of two immiscible, incompressible Newtonian fluids. The set of conservation equations that describe the flow of the two-phase mixture are: 0 ) ( = ⋅ ∇ + ∂ ∂ U t ρ ρ (1) ∫ − ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ∇ + −∇ = ⊗ ⋅ ∇ + ∂ ∂


— Fog computing is a new computing paradigm that has been proposed to extend cloud computing services to the edges of cloud computing networks. Minimizing the total completion time of an application without violating user-defined deadline is one of the most important problems that are related to task scheduling in fog environments. In this paper, we have proposed a new algorithm called Deadline Aware Resource Allocation (DARA) algorithm. The main contribution of this algorithm is to enhance the performance of fog environment by allocating resources in an efficient manner under deadline constraint. The algorithm is compared with Dynamic Resource Allocation Method (DRAM) algorithm. Simulation results proved that our proposed algorithm provides better performance in terms of makespan, total cost, and resource utilization.


Water Resources development plays a key role in the ecological environment of inland river basins of arid and semi-arid zone in Northwest China. According to experimental observation, it is clear to see that growth of natural plants have a close relation with local groundwater level. A good ecological system in the oasis of the zone is the precondition for sustainable development, therefore, the water resources development and ecological environment protection should be integrated in one system in the Grand Western Development. As a case study, the egulation and relationship of water resources development, irrigation area arrangement and oasis evolution have been analyzed in Minqin, the downstream of Shiyang River in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province (It will provide the foundation of analysis for rational irrigation and environment protection in Minqin Basin).


Abstract This paper describes the design of a simple, low-cost device for surgeries, ambulances, etc. A 12-lead ECG is discussed. We shall describe the basic version and its hardware and software.


Searching exhaustive information in the World Wide Web about a specific topic requieres the use of some search engines. Information retrieval evaluation techniques are needed to know their performance. In the study, overloaping between general search engines is analized to know which are the most complementary. The results showed that Lycos and Yahoo, both with little overloap, are more recomended than HotBot and Google to be utilised with other search engines to find more exhaustive information about a specific topic


This paper examines the design of security robots for use as a security measure within an indoor environment. Two different general robot designs are examined, one completely autonomous, and the other partially autonomous, with the ability allow a human overseer to intervene. In both of the different robot designs, the robots patrolled a specific indoor area with the mission to detect human presence and to alert the owners of any intruders. One robot used sonar sensors and infrared sensors to detect movement and to determine the path of the robot. The other robot used a camera, bumpers and switches to view and regulate movement through an algorithm. Although the designs are different, the fundamental purpose of both robots is the same to provide indoor security for the owners.


Professor of Law, Brigham Young Univer sity. Member, U.S. Sen tencing Commission 1994-98; consultant on sentencing matters. As a former member of the Sentencing Commission, I am both a pleased and reluctant participant in this forum. Insofar as my views might assist the new Com mission chart its course, I am pleased to participate. My ambivalence stems from knowing that, despite its statu tory designation as an independent agency within the judicial branch, the Commission's ability to implement reforms is constrained by numerous practical and polit ical realities. Thus, any outsider?such as myself?can easily make recommendations. However, the task of implementing even the most constructive suggestions is complicated by factors not ordinarily experienced by members of the judicial branch.


Ferrocene unit is comparatively large volume and it needs a longer molecular shape in geometry in to support the liquid crystal property [1].[...]


Several sufficient conditions for global constrained minima are given. These conditions consist of necessary conditions for local minima together with generalized convexity assumptions. The eonvexity-type assumptions are made on the Lagrangian function, which presents the advantage of not requiring any (generalized convexity) assumption on each function involved in the problem and of allowing problems with several local extrema. Previously obtained results are used to replace pseudo-convexity by a more workable condition.


Noun-related morphosyntax has not been emphasized in the literature on children with specific language impairment (SLI), yet, across languages, problems in this area are quite apparent. This review is designed to highlight noun-related difficulties that seem to be especially troublesome for these children. A review of the research literature on children with SLI was conducted, including work on a wide range of languages. Children with SLI were found to have weaknesses greater than those of younger typically developing compatriots in such noun-related areas as articles, possessive inflections, full subject pronouns, agglutinating noun suffixes, and pronominal clitics. Factors seemingly responsible for these difficulties include prosody, case assignment, agreement, and both grammatical and phonological opacity. Each language reviewed provides evidence of serious problems with select noun-related morphemes in the speech of children with SLI. The emphasis in language assessment will necessarily have to vary across languages, not because children vary in their ability to overcome the obstacles that these factors present, but rather because the typology of a language will dictate the extent to which these factors are operative in the language.


MoSi2/Cu composite powder was prepared by using chemical coating method. The phase composition, morphology and thermal stability of coating powders were investigated. The results show that the main phases in the as-fabricated sample are Cu, MoSi2 and Cu2O introduced by spontaneous oxidation reaction. The coated particles have the egg structure. The thickness of coated layer is 150?400 nm and the effect of coating is good. The coated powders were calcined in a hydrogen atmosphere furnace at 950 ℃ for 1 h, the main phases after heating are Cu and MoSi2, and there are no reactions between MoSi2 and Cu. The results of DSC analysis show that there are only decomposition reactions of Cu2Cl(OH)3 and Cu2O in the calcined sample below 1 000 ℃ . MoSi2/Cu composite powder has good thermal stability.


Urban India currently generates 62 million tons of waste per year; by 2030, this figure is expected to rise to 165 million tons. People rarely make arrangements to provide suitable dustbins for segregated garbage in both residential and commercial contexts. As a result, the goal is to automate waste sorting at the source while minimizing human interaction. Image classification technique is used to quickly and effectively classify waste in the trash can. Unlike object detection of a specific entity, where objects of that entity do have some comparable traits and attributes, garbage can be of any dimension, item, colour, or texture. This makes the task of detecting garbage objects difficult. The effectiveness of various pre-trained convolutional neural networks for garbage categorization is compared and tested in this study.


Objective:To test the reliability and validity of the brief ICF Core Sets for Chinese stroke patients. Method:Thirty consecutive stroke patients were measured with brief ICF Core Sets for Chinese stroke patients,the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Barthel Index (BI). The test-retest reliability,interater reliability and internal consistency were analyzed using Kappa correlation and Cronbach α coefficients. The construct validity and standard validity were analyzed with Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Result:The brief ICF Core Sets for Chinese stroke patients had very good test-retest reliability and interater reliability (Kappa 0.82-1.00) with components of body function,body structure and activity and participation. The test-retest reliability and interater reliability for environment factor were also good as reflected by Kappa coefficients of from 0.614 to 0.984. The body function, activity and participation and environment factor had good internal consistency (α = 0.779-0.970). The Cronbach α coefficients for body structure could not be calculated, because there was only one item with this component. There was concurrent validity existed for the ICF components of body function and activity and participation with BI and NIHSS. Conclusion:The brief ICF Core Sets for Chinese stroke patients has good reliability and validity, but it is necessary to test the generality of this result.


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The research on the building block ark can be divided into two key issues: first, the hydrodynamic performance analysis of the building block ark, the main content is to study the hull shape and main scale of the building block ark. The second is the square of blocks.The strength analysis of the boat is mainly to study the overall structure and local strength of the building block ark. This article will explore the Lord.The content is the structural strength analysis of building block ark.


Cookbooks are valuable historical sources, offering fascinating insights into both the private and public spheres and help us understand the connection between them. . During the first eight decades of the twentieth century, more than 280 cookbooks on Chinese food were published in the United States. Chinese Americans, especially Chinese American women, used cookbook writing as a vehicle to search for and create a place -- in both the American economy and culture -- that they could call home. For them, the writing of cookbooks represented not just a gastronomical activity but also a cultural and social endeavor. It helped them to construct, express, and reaffirm their identity as Chinese American.


Remote environmental and industrial sensing based on multi-spectral or radar imaging today plays an important role in ensuring sustainability and protection of natural resources, in saving time and energy in industry and agriculture, and in many other applications. Numerous examples of such systems exist which provide information like product quality to manufacturers, crops growth parameters to farmers or structural integrity details to civil engineers. With recent developments in electromagnetic millimetre-wave (mm-wave) technology and artificial intelligence implementation, short range mm-wave remote sensing is experiencing strong growth with the market dictating new applications with increasingly higher levels of system autonomy. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate methodology and hardware used in short-range radar sensing and use it to build-up a database of scattering images which will allow us the extraction of key signal parameters for particular objects and subsequently allow autonomous object classification using machine learning principles.


Since its independence, Kazakhstan has seen remarkable progress in fulfilling state construction, promoting social and economic development, maintaining social and regional stability and enhancing international reputation. Especially after the "9. 11" incident, its strategic position in central Asia becomes more highlighted. As the country enjoys vast land, small population and rich resources, solid foundation has been laid for its sustainable development. As a newly-independent state, it will naturally be confronted with a series of social issues such as construction in democratic politics, national relation, unemployment, drug trafficking and corruption in the course of development.


Aloe barbadensis (syn. Aloe vera) was micropropagated on agar and liquid medium at varied benzyladenine (BA) and meta-topolin (MT) concentrations (0, 1, 3.2, and 10 μM) for three successive culture cycles and then transferred to a greenhouse for growth. MT induced multiplication at the highest concentration (10 μM) and BA produced the greatest number of plantlets (at 3.2 μM) with optimal multiplication at approximately 6 μM. Liquid medium did not affect multiplication rate when compared with agar, but plants were twice as large from liquid as compared with those from agar at the time of transfer to the greenhouse. After five weeks of growth, plants in the greenhouse micropropagated on liquid culture were still larger than plants micropropagated on agar with BA and MT. A carryover of cytokinin inhibited rooting, and plants on agar were more severely affected than plants on the liquid medium. Cytokinin carryover reduced rooting from 92% (control) to 68% with either the 3.2 μM MT or 10 μM BA and at 10 μM MT only about 20% of the aloe plants rooted. There appeared to be a trade-off between maximum multiplication rates and best plant quality for ex vitro transfer. Using liquid medium led to larger plants and lessened the cytokinin carryover effect on rooting without affecting the multiplication rate. Approximately 6 μM BA in liquid medium would be optimal for multiplication and rooting of A. barbadensis. Introduction Aloe barbadensis Mill. (syn. Aloe vera L.) is a xerophyte native to Africa and Arabia, but the exact origin is disputed. The aloe plant will not withstand a hard freeze and only grows in a climate similar to that of the Mediterranean area with mild wet winters and hot dry summers. While the plant can tolerate drought, no juice will be produced if the weather is too dry. Aloe flourishes in well-drained fertile soil and requires about 1 m 2 of field space for growth and development. While the demand for aloe is increasing, cultivation is slow as seed does not often form on plants in cultivation, and when available, these seeds can take years to germinate. Propagation is typically done from offsets, although these take two to three years of field growth to reach a harvestable size. Vegetative propagation is generally too slow for cultivation purposes. Successful micropropagation of aloe would minimize the large requirements for time and space in field propagation and has been proposed to meet the need for large numbers of plants (Ken Altman, personal communication). In commercial horticulture, micropropagation usually involves enhanced axillary divisions and is most often induced by the synthetic cytokinin, benzyladenine (BA). BA retained in plants during subsequent transfers, known as cytokinin-carryover, lowers the rooting response in the greenhouse. For example, BA accumulated in the basal portion of Adelberg and Naylor-Adelberg: Effects of Cytokinin on Multiplication and Rooting of Aloe barbad


Methane hydrates are ice-like compounds consisting of natural gas (mainly methane) and water, whose crystal structure effectively compresses the methane: each cubic metre of hydrate can yield over 150 cu.m of methane. Hydrates "cement" sediments and impart considerable mechanical strength; they fill porosity and restrict permeability. Both biogenic and thermogenic methane have been recovered from hydrates.

Hydrates occur in permafrost regions (including continental shelves), and are stable in ocean-floor sediments below water depths of about 400 m in the "Hydrate Stability Zone" (HSZ). This is a surface-parallel zone of thermodynamic equilibrium that extends down from the sediment surface to a depth determined by temperature, pressure and local heat flow. Methane and water are stable below the HSZ.

Although the economic recovery of hydrates has taken place in Arctic regions, oceanic hydrates offer far greater potential as an energy resource. A variety of traps for methane gas can be formed by oceanic hydrates. In addition to the gas within the hydrates themselves, simple gas traps in closures beneath the HSZ in the vicinity of bathymetric highs, and complex traps involving both hydrate and structural/stratigraphic components, have been observed.

It has been estimated that at least twice as much combustible carbon occurs associated with methane hydrates as in all other fossil fuels on Earth. The evaluation of methane in, and associated with, oceanic hydrates therefore constitutes a major energy exploration frontier.


A variation theory is developed for obtaining a closed expression for the second virial coefficient A 2 of linear polymer molecules, which corresponds to the Fixman theory of the excluded volume effect. It is shown that the second virial coefficient of the polymer in good solvents is effectively identical with that of a nonpenetrating sphere whose radius is proportional to the root‐mean‐square statistical radius 〈S 2〉½. In extremely good solvents,A 2 becomes a constant independent of molecular weight M. A graphical method is proposed for separate determination of the effective bond length and the polymer—solvent interactions; the method consists of plotting A 2 M ½ against M ½. Applications of this method are illustrated by four examples, polystyrene in toluene, isotactic polypropylene in tetralin and in α‐chloronaphthalene, and nitrocellulose in acetone. The effective bond lengths obtained are in good agreement with those previously evaluated from the molecular weight dependence of intrinsic viscosity [η], but the polymer—solvent interactions are not. The theoretical value of the ratio A 2 M/[η] is about 60 in good solvents, which is approximately a half of the ordinary experimental values. A modification of the variation theory is proposed, which corresponds to Ptitsyn's modification of the Fixman theory and leads to a more plausible value 110 for A 2 M/[η]. The triple contact term in the perturbation expansion series of A 2 is also evaluated. It is found that the expansion of a molecular coil due to the volume effect is somewhat suppressed by intermolecular interactions in the proximity of the second molecule.


Coal smoke plagued Great Britain and the United States for well over one hundred years. Cities that relied on soft coal for fuel, including London, Manchester, Glasgow, Chicago, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Cincinnati, all suffered through decades of dense air pollution before relief could be found. Although British cities, especially London, suffered longer under a pall of smoke, many U.S. cities experienced remarkably similar environmental problems in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Concerns about the effect of coal smoke on city residents and the urban environment loomed large in the minds of activists on both sides of the Atlantic. Despite significant differences in economies, governance, and culture, Britons and Americans defined their problems in similar terms. Activists in the two countries engaged in roughly synchronous movements to abate smoke. Sanitarians, physicians, engineers, and lay reformers, particularly from the middle and upper classes, participated in an international discussion of the smoke problem and learned much from each others' attempts to find a solution.' Coal smoke posed complex scientific and technical challenges, and it also raised difficult questions about society. Reformers in both nations used smoke as a symbol for broader problems, which in their view could not be solved unless the smoke dissipated. Despite the many similarities in the two countries' responses to coal smoke, significant differences existed. In Britain, some members of the middle and upper classes worried that industrialization and urbanization had gone too far, in the process undermining both Britain's claim to civilization and its own privileged position within it. Smoke became symbolic of disorder and decline. In the United States, the middle class feared that its great and growing economy was not creating a worthy civilization. Smoke symbolized greed and callousness, the sacrifice of beauty and health in the pursuit of profit. As evidence of their shared


A quick tour through an average U.S. hospital gives pause to anyone with even a rudimentary concern for environmental issues. To a careful observer, the typical U.S. hospital presents an array of challenges to the health of ecosystems. For example, hospitals consume vast quantities of natural resources. The most obvious of these are fossil fuels, which form the basic building blocks of the industrialized medical care industry. Aside from the worry that our healthcare systems are technologically and functionally dependent upon nonrenewable, relatively scarce, and politically volatile resources, our heavy reliance on fossil fuels has important ill effects, including unfavorable health outcomes for humans. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels is the driving force behind global warming, which will likely result in increasing heat-related mortality and morbidity and may contribute to the spread and resurgence of infectious diseases around the world. Also, the combustion of coal and oil releases pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone that contribute to various respiratory ailments. In addition to being energy intensive, the modern hospital uses a great deal of water, wood, paper, metals, minerals, plastics, chemicals, food, and land.


Objective:To construct the electrode modified with DNA probe at the surface of Love wave sensor. Methods:DNA probe with amino group at 3'terminus was cross-linked to the surface of Love wave sensor by covalent coupling method. Changes of the wave transmission parameters and microscopic construction in membrane were observed with network analyzer and atomic force microscopy(AFM). Results:The data of transfer function of S(21) Love wave device measured by network analyzer showed that the main lobe of resonance was still obvious compared with Rayleigh wave device, when it was in contact with the liquid, while the wave phase location would change along with the adsorption of DNA probe on the Love wave sensor surface. And a sensitive membrane evenly and regularly formed by DNA probe was directly observed by AFM scanning. Conclusion:The Love wave acoustic sensor is fit for measuring in liquid phase. DNA probe can definitely be immobilized at the surface of Love wave device by covalent coupling method This work makes a good foundation for further research.


Based on investigation of local dry valley ash yard, research has been done on type of drainage structure and flood standard, which are key issues that affect the safety and cost of the dry valley ash yard. Following results can be acquired: ① Retaining dyke and drainage pipe system is preferable for exterior drainage structure system. ②Drainage well(or inclined trough) and drainage pipe system is the reasonable type of drainage structure. ③Flood standard shall be implemented including design flood standard and check flood standard respectively according to grade of ash dam. ④Seep protecting and drainage facilities shall be built in the dry valley ash yard. ⑤Operation and maintenance is necessary to guarantee the safety. And response measures are proposed.