Traditionally, spectral clustering is limited to a single objective: finding the normalized min-cut of a single graph. However, many real-world datasets, such as scientific data (fMRI scans of different individuals), social data (different types of connections between people), web data (multi-type data), are generated from multiple heterogeneous sources. How to optimally combine knowledge from multiple sources to improve spectral clustering remains a developing area. Previous work on multi-view clustering formulated the problem as a single objective function to optimize, typically by combining the views under a compatibility assumption and requiring the users to decide the importance of each view a priori. In this work, we propose a multi-objective formulation and show how to solve it using Pareto optimization. The Pareto frontier captures all possible good cuts without requiring the users to set the "correct" parameter. The effectiveness of our approach is justified by both theoretical analysis and empirical results. We also demonstrate a novel application of our approach: resting-state fMRI analysis.


The synthesis and characterization of the following new complexes is reported: trans-[PtX(SCF3)(PEt3)2](X = Ph, Me, H, CF3, C2F3, CN, NO2, SCF3, N3, I, NCS, NCO, Br, Cl, or NO3), cis-[PtX(SCF3)(PEt3)2](X = NO2, SCF3, N3, NCS, NCO, Cl, or NO3), cis-[Pt(SCF3)2L2][L = PBun3, P(OPh)3, PPh3, P(OMe)3, PCIPh2, or C5H5N], trans-[Pt(SCF3)2L2](L = PBun3, PPh3, or C5H5N). trans-[Pt(SCF3)(CH3)(PPh3)2], and trans-[Ptl(CF3)(PEt3)2]. Values of 3J(Pt–F) in trans-[PtX(SCF3)(PEt3)2] and cis-[Pt(SCF3)2L2] complexes are used to establish a scale of trans-influence for the X and L ligands and the results are discussed in terms of existing theories of the Fermi contact interaction. It is concluded that an equation similar to those used previously for directly bound and two-bond couplings is still approximately valid for the longer-range 3J(Pt–F) couplings. The question of nonzero intercepts in plots comparing trans-influence scales derived from couplings to different indicator ligands is discussed. A perturbation approach to the problem shows that non-zero intercepts arise when the indicator ligands have different sensitivities to the perturbation. One possible cause of differing sensitivities is the polarizability of the indicator ligand.


Aim To investigate the level of serum SVCAM-1 and PON1 on cardiovascular comp [lications in senile type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients.Methods Sixty-two senile T2DM patients enrolled in this study were divided into non-cardiocerebral vascular complications group(n=30)and cardiocerebral vascular complications group(n=32).Thirty-six healthy individuals served as a control group.Serum SVCAM-1 and PON1 were measured.Results The SVCAM-1 levels was higher in T2DM patients with cardiocerebral vascular complications than non-cardiocerebral vascular complications group and control group,and higher in non-cardiocerebral vascular complications group than control group.The PON1 levels was lower in T2DM patients with cardiocerebral vascular complications than non-cardiocerebral vascular complications group and control group,and lower in non-cardiocerebral vascular complications group than control group.There was a positive correlations between the serum SVCAM-1 level and BMI,WC,SBP,DBP,TG,TC and LDL-C.There was a negative correlations between the serum SVCAM-1 level and HDL-C,PON1.Conclusion The serum SVCAM-1 and PON1 plays an important role in the occurrence of cardiocerebral vascular complications in T2DM patients.Endothelial dysfunction might invlve in the occurrence and development of T2DM complicating cardiocerebral vascular disease.


With the development of periodic metamaterials, more attention has been paid to negative permittivity behavior due to great potential applications. In this paper, silver nanowires (AgNWs) were introduced to the porous carbon fibers (CFS) by an impregnation process to prepare CFS/AgNWs composites with different content of AgNWs and the dielectric property was investigated. With the formation of conductive network, the Drude-like negative permittivity was observed in CFS/AgNWs composites. With the increase of AgNWs, the connectivity of conductive network became enhanced, the conductivity gradually increases, and the absolute value of the negative dielectric constant also increases to 8.9 × 104, which was ascribed to the enhancement of electron density of the composite material. Further investigation revealed that the inductive characteristic was responsible for the negative permittivity.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to design, analyze and optimize a new type of inner-side working head for automatic horizontal dual-machine cooperative drilling and riveting system. The inner-side working head is the key component of automatic drilling and riveting system, and it is a challenge to design an inner-side working head which must be stiffness and stable with a compact structure to realize its functions.

Design/methodology/approach
According to the assembly structure features of large aircraft panels and riveting process requirements, a new type of inner-side working head is designed for pressure riveting. The force condition of the inner-side working head during the riveting process is analyzed and the deformation model is established. Design optimization is performed based on genetic algorithm and finite element analysis. The optimized inner-side working head is tested with automatic horizontal dual-machine cooperative drilling and riveting system.

Findings
The deformation model provides the precision compensation basis for control system. Application test results show that the automatic drilling and riveting system can realize assembly of large aircraft panel with high efficiency and quality through the inner-side working head.

Research limitations/implications
The inner-side working head has been used in aircraft panel assembly.

Practical implications
The inner-side working head has been used in aircraft panel assembly.

Originality/value
This paper presents the design, analysis and optimization of a new type of inner-side working head which can realize automatic riveting for aircraft panel. The research will promote the automation of aircraft panel assembly.


Chitosan(CS) is a nontoxic amino-subsitituted amylose, which as excellent biological activity, biocompartibility and can be degradated. Complexes were synthesized by coordination between CS(including its derivatives) and metal ions. Compared with CS, most of these complexes showed better biological activities, such as antibacterial, cleanup oxygen radicals and adsorb low molecular weight poisons. The synthesis and application of complexes bearing CS and its derivatives were summarized.


A clone PKSV-PCT Cl.10 referred to as Cl.10 was selected from the PKSV-PCT renal proximal tubule cell line which expressed peptide YY (PYY) receptors (Voisin, T., Bens, M., Cluzeaud, F., Vandewalle, A., and Laburthe, M.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20547-20554). In order to identify G protein(s) coupled to PYY receptors, antisense Gα protein RNAs were expressed in Cl.10 cells by transfecting the pcDNA3 vector into which were inserted 39 bases of the 5′-noncoding region of Gα or Gα used as specific antisense templates. A Cl.10/α clone was selected which displayed a drastic decrease (>90%) of the expression of Gα without changes of Gα, Gα, and Gβ subunits (Gα is not present in Cl.10 cells) as evidenced by Western blots. When compared to untransfected cells, this clone exhibited: (i) an increase in the dissociation constant of PYY receptors (5.3 versus 0.6 nM) identical to that observed in pertussis toxin-treated untransfected cells; (ii) an absence of inhibition of I-PYY binding by guanosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) (GTPS); and (iii) the failure of PYY to inhibit cAMP levels and to stimulate [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. A clone was also selected which exhibited a specific decrease (>80%) of Gα as compared to untransfected cells. The sensitivity to GTPS and the dissociation constant of PYY receptors as well as PYY-mediated inhibition of cAMP were identical to those observed in untransfected cells. These findings support an exclusive coupling of PYY receptors to Gα.


Zhang, Y., Wu, P., Zhao, X. and Wang, Z. 2013. Simulation of soil water dynamics for uncropped ridges and furrows under irrigation conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 85–98. The ridge-furrow planting system combined with furrow irrigation can effectively increase soil moisture storage and improve water use efficiency in the semi-arid region of China. The precise soil water dynamics in ridge-furrow systems must be known in order to properly design ridge-furrow geometry and improve irrigation uniformity while reducing deep water percolation. The objective of this study was to investigate soil water distribution in the cross-sectional ridge-furrow infiltration, through laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Six experimental treatments with three soil types (silty clay loam, silt loam, and sandy loam) were tested to monitor both soil water movement and cumulative infiltration in rectangular soil chambers. The HYDRUS-2D model was calibrated and experimentally validated to simulate soil water dynamics....


Context Although obesity poses many health risks, clinicians have been uncertain whether excess body weight adversely affects the outcomes of severe illnesses such as acute lung injury requiring mechanical ventilation. Contribution Among patients in a trial of mechanical ventilation strategies, obese patients and lean patients had similar mortality and ventilation outcomes. Implications Physicians should not assume that intubated obese patients fare worse than those who are of normal weight. Whether excess body weight puts patients at risk for poor outcomes in other types of critical illness is a subject for future study. The Editors Sixty-four percent of U.S. adults are overweight or obese, and this trend is accelerating (1, 2). Despite the well-described chronic health consequences of excess weight (3), we know little about the effect of obesity on outcomes from acute illnesses, particularly those requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Obese patients have a greater prevalence of comorbid conditions that may affect outcome (3), and they experience physiologic changes (4, 5) that may impair their ability to compensate for the stresses of critical illness. Because of these findings, conventional wisdom holds that obesity increases mortality and morbidity for patients in the intensive care unit. However, an independent effect of obesity on outcome from critical illness has never been conclusively demonstrated. If, in fact, obese persons are at risk, investigators should determine the mechanism of this increased risk and target interventions to this group. Acute lung injury is an inflammatory pulmonary condition associated with a variety of initiating insults. Acute lung injury is a frequent cause of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and a common indication for admission to the intensive care unit. The reported mortality rate is 40% to 60% (6). We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of ventilator management in patients with acute lung injury (7) to better describe the influence of excess body weight on the outcome of critical illness. In that trial, patients randomly assigned to low tidal volume had better outcomes than patients assigned to high tidal volume. The experimental protocols for this trial required measurement of height to determine assigned tidal volume. This measurement also allowed calculation of body mass index (BMI) for each patient, a variable not often recorded for critically ill patients. Some argue that larger tidal volumes are beneficial for obese patients requiring mechanical ventilation (8). This raises concern that patients with different BMIs may require different ventilator strategies. By evaluating the interaction between the assigned ventilator protocol and BMI, we were able to determine whether the beneficial effect of lower tidal volume extends to obese patients with acute lung injury. Methods Setting and Sample We examined data on patients who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's multicenter, randomized trials of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (7, 9, 10). Of the 902 patients in these studies, the first 861 participated in a randomized trial of mechanical ventilation that compared lower tidal volume with higher tidal volume (6 mL/kg of predicted body weight vs. 12 mL/kg, respectively). In a factorial design, 2 other trials evaluated ketoconazole versus placebo (234 patients) or lisofylline versus placebo (194 patients). After the ventilator trial ended because it showed a significant benefit associated with lower tidal volumes, an additional 41 patients received lisofylline or placebo plus the lower tidal volume strategy. Neither lisofylline (9) nor ketoconazole (10) affected outcomes of acute lung injury. Details of these studies and inclusion and exclusion criteria are described elsewhere (7, 9, 10). In brief, patients were eligible if they required mechanical ventilation and met diagnostic criteria for acute lung injury. Patients with a weight-to-height ratio (kilograms divided by centimeters) of 1.0 or greater were excluded. Analysis was done on an intention-to-treat basis. Measures of Excess Body Weight We used BMI as a measure of the degree of excess body weight. We calculated BMI from data in enrollment documents by dividing the patient's body weight in kilograms by the square of his or her height in meters. Ventilator and Weaning Protocols The protocol for mechanical ventilator management is described elsewhere (7). The major difference between the two study groups was the selected tidal volume. Investigators calculated predicted body weight from the patient's height and sex and used this predicted weight to determine the initial tidal volume for each patient. In the group assigned to higher tidal volumes, the initial tidal volume was 12 mL/kg of predicted body weight. In the group treated with lower tidal volumes, the initial tidal volume was 6 mL/kg. Investigators performed a daily weaning screen on every patient in an attempt to standardize the process of liberation from mechanical ventilation. Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was survival to 28 days after study enrollment. Secondary dependent variables included achievement of unassisted ventilation by day 28, survival to discharge to home or to 180 days (the duration of follow-up in the primary studies), and the number of ventilator-free days. Unassisted ventilation was defined as liberation from mechanical ventilation for 48 or more consecutive hours. The number of ventilator-free days is the number of days of unassisted ventilation from day 1 to day 28. Statistical Analysis We performed unadjusted analyses by comparing values for patients across the 3 BMI categories (normal vs. overweight vs. obese) for outcome variables of interest and for other predictors. Unadjusted associations between other predictors and the outcomes were also explored. We used a 2-sided Fisher exact test for dichotomous variables; a 2-sided likelihood ratio chi-square test for nondichotomous categorical variables; and a KruskalWallis test, analysis of variance, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables, as appropriate. We constructed correlation matrices to guide regression estimation. We used logistic regression for the dichotomous outcome variables and linear regression for the continuous outcome variables. To estimate the base regressions, we selected variables for inclusion on the basis of several considerations, including significant differences in unadjusted analyses and clinical relevance. Among variables with a correlation greater than 0.50, only 1 was considered for inclusion to minimize multicollinearity. Variables that were thought to be strongly clinically relevant to the outcome and those found to have a statistically significant unadjusted effect (P < 0.05) were ultimately included in the base model. Variables in addition to those in Table 1 that were evaluated for inclusion were study site, ethnicity, diagnosis of diabetes, peak glucose level within 24 hours of enrollment, nonpulmonary organ failures, use of vasopressors, fluid balance in the 24 hours before study entry, and pneumonia as primary cause of lung injury. Unless otherwise stated, variables reflected the patient's clinical state at the time of study enrollment. Table 1. Characteristics of the Sample After estimation of the base regressions, we forced the indicators of excess body weight into the model and determined their predictive values. We performed analyses in several different ways. We used the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute divisions of BMI to categorize patients as normal weight (BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2), or obese (BMI 30 kg/m2). To test any effect across BMI category, we used a categorical variable with 2 degrees of freedom in the regression. Because of concern that we would not be able to detect an effect that was nonincremental, we compared the overweight BMI group with the normal BMI group and the obese BMI group with the normal BMI group. To examine whether the efficacy of lower tidal volume ventilation varied by degree of excess body weight, we estimated the interaction effects between BMI group and assignment to the higher tidal volume protocol. Because the interaction effects between BMI category and treatment assignment were not significant (as tested by using a likelihood ratio test with 2 degrees of freedom), a main effects model was fit. This likelihood-ratio test was also used to test the significance of the 3-category BMI variable. To examine the patients with extreme excess body weight, patients were divided into 4 BMI categories (normal, overweight, obese [BMI of 30 to 39.9 kg/m2], and severely obese [BMI 40 kg/m2]). This categorical variable with 3 degrees of freedom was also tested in the regression. In addition to these analyses, we also used BMI as a continuous variable. Because critically ill patients often receive fluid resuscitation or diuresis, we recalculated BMI as adjusted for the net fluid balance for each patient over the 24 hours before study entry (fluid-adjusted BMI). Negative fluid balances were added to the patient's body weight and positive fluid balances were subtracted from his or her weight to calculate BMI. We substituted the median fluid balance for the patient's study site if the individual fluid balance was unavailable (51 records). We used a MantelHaenszel chi-square test for the ordinally categorical variables and a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. Pearson chi-square test produced results similar (P > 0.2) to those of the MantelHaenszel test. We used SAS software, version 8.02 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina), for all analyses. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Protection of Human Subjects The institutional review boards of each participating center approved the primary studies. Patients or their sur


Many of scientific methods are accumulated in the process of physics science development. Of them,the main one is that we should go through a series of scientific abstract on the basis of observing experiments. Then, what to do is to sum up the rules with maths tools and configurate physics theory. Therefore,in the physics teaching,we should teach the students the methods that are about the experiments , logic and maths. We also should make them master these ways to explore the physics theory.


Coronary angioscopy was used in an attempt to visualize the internal architecture of cardiac vessels before and after deployment of Palmaz-Schatz stents in 50 patients. The vessel was successfully visualized in 48 (96%) of these patients. In 24 patients, angioscopy was performed both after preliminary balloon angioplasty and then again after stent deployment. In all 24 patients the diameter of the lumen appeared larger after stent deployment as compared to after balloon angioplasty. In 16 of these 24 patients a dissection was documented by angioscopy after balloon angioplasty. The dissection was absent after stent deployment in all 16 patients. In seven patients, thrombus that was not apparent by angiography was visualized by angioscopy. Moreover, in four patients, thrombus that was suggested by angiography could not be confirmed by angioscopy.


Educational Topic or Area The human population is becoming increasingly mobile. For the profession of optometry to have enough mobility to be a truly global workforce, it is important to have a mechanism to verify the competence of optometrists through an industry recognized credential that can be carried across national borders. Educational Topic or Area In Europe, the European Diploma in Optometry was developed as an accreditation program with high standards with multiple goals, one of which was to support the free movement of optometrists around Europe. Such a process on an even larger scale would be beneficial if it allowed mobility of optometrists across the globe. I propose such a program based on the ISO/IEC 17024 standard for personnel certification programmes.


Emotions are now seen as closely related to cognition processes including decision-making, memory, attention, etc. Thus, e-learning environments have begun to take into consideration the emotional state of the learner in order to enhance his performance. In this paper, we present an agent architecture that includes some emotional intelligence capabilities; we describe each of its components: The perception module, the control module and the action module. These modules are intended respectively to: (1) know the current emotion of the learner; (2) detect when to intervene, basing on the appraisal theory, to change the emotional state of the learner; (3) and induce the optimal emotional state for learning.


A chemical analyzer for analyzing specific chemical substances such as nucleic acid extracted from a specimen containing a plurality of chemical substances capable of eliminating fluid remaining therein by a valve for controlling the flow of the fluid and preventing reagent in a previous process from contaminating a next process, wherein a constant amount of the fluid is held and the fluid is fed by a centrifugal force without installing the valve controlling the flow of the fluid in a reagent flow passage, holes are opened by a drilling machine in order in the covers of ventilation holes communicating with a detection container in an analysis disk and waste containers, and the analysis disk is rotated to achieve the supply and the holding of fixed amount of a specimen.


Two classes $\mathcal A$ and $\mathcal B$ of modules over a ring $R$ are said to form a cotorsion pair $(\mathcal A, \mathcal B)$ if $\mathcal A={\rm Ker Ext}^1_R(-,\mathcal B)$ and $\mathcal B={\rm Ker Ext}^1_R(\mathcal A,-)$. We investigate relative homological dimensions in cotorsion pairs. This can be applied to study the big and the little finitistic dimension of $R$. We show that $\Findim R<\infty$ if and only if the following dimensions are finite for some cotorsion pair $(\mathcal A, \mathcal B)$ in $\mathrm{Mod} R$: the relative projective dimension of $\A$ with respect to itself, and the $\mathcal A$-resolution dimension of the category $\mathcal P$ of all $R$-modules of finite projective dimension. Moreover, we obtain an analogous result for $\findim R$, and we characterize when $\Findim R=\findim R.$


The theme of motherhood and childbearing is not new in African women's literature. In fact, it is one of the recurrent subjects in most first-generation and second-generation African women's writing, including Flora Nwapa's Efuru (1966) and One Is Enough (1981), Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter (1981), Buchi Emecheta's Second Class Citizen (1974) and The Joys of Motherhood (1979), to mention a few. These women writers focus so much on marriage, motherhood, and family matters that some critics have described their works as "domestic literature" or simply "motherhood literature" (Nnaemeka 1994; Ogundipe-Leslie 1987).


Benzyl salicylate (benzyl-o-hydroxybenzoate; CAS no. 118-58-1) is a substance present in natural oils, including ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) and Dianthus caryophyllus Flower Oil (CAS no. 89958-29-2) (1, 2). It is a common ingredient in many perfumes for its fragrance and preservative properties, and is also found in numerous cosmetic and toiletry products, household cleaners, and detergents (2). According to current European regulations (EC No. 1223/2009), the presence of the substance must be indicated in the list of ingredients of the products that contain it (3).


render immediate marketing undesirable); California once estimated its losses due to this factor alone as between 5 and 11 per cent of the State's production. All the various users of this resource have long recognised the joint gain obtainable from agreeing to a co-ordinated manner of exploiting the resource, yet even to this day it has not been possible to achieve this solution and avoid wasting this resource in the US. The problem is fundamentally one of "bargaining"; although the parties recognise the joint gain of full co-operation, they are unable to achieve that result because they cannot agree on how to distribute the relative benefits and burdens of the co-operative solution. Libecap's book examines in wonderful detail the nature of the co-operative solution and the reasons for the failure to attain it in the case of each of the "common resources" he examines: federal lands, territorial waters and oil reservoirs. It is an attempt to understand and explain the factors which inhibit the solution of these "bargaining problems" in the context of "common resources". Observers of international resource lawmaking processes should recognise the parallels. Most of the subjects of such lawmaking are "common resources": global climate, atmosphere, ozone layer, oceanic resources, biodiversity, etc. The nature of the international resource problem is also fundamentally similar; that is, the object is to constrain the rate of exploitation in order to preserve the resource and to prevent its wastage. As in the cases examined by Libecap, the fundamental hurdle to the implementation of this objective is usually the agreement of all users on the allocation of the respective burdens and benefits of the proposed regime. This often results in the failure to reach agreement on international regulatory schemes, or in the acquisition of "nominal agreement" which is vitiated by the presence of significant reservations, lack of implementation or ambiguity in the text. Again, the ultimate consequence is the continued wastage of the resource until full agreement on effective regulation is acquired. The solution of these problems is of fundamental importance to the continuing viability of this planet for human sustenance. Yet Libecap's book demonstrates that even when the stakes are high and the solution is obvious, the hoped-for result is not necessarily forthcoming. It will be important to learn from the record of previous bargaining failures in regard to the last century's "common resource problems" in order, hopefully, to avoid the same fate in regard to the next century's. This is the fundamental reason that this book is essential reading for international resource law scholars.


In this paper,basic multiplication, single multiple term etc. are introduced. A common method of judging a single multiple term in compound Boolean function is analyzed by an example,and a new and fast judging algorithm is suggested. Furthermore ,the algorithm is described and experimented. The results show that this algorithm is fast and effective.


Antiarrhythmic drugs that exert their therapeutic effects primarily by delaying cardiac repolarization and prolonging the QT interval have, in recent years, become the favored drug treatment for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Such drugs are presumed to have greater clinical effectiveness and a lower risk profile than more traditional antiarrhythmic drugs, which primarily slow the action potential conduction velocity and prolong the QRS duration [1, 2]. Although agents that prolong the QT interval may be useful in treating arrhythmia, they may also provoke a unique form of proarrhythmia called torsade de pointes [3, 4]. Torsade de pointes (twisting of points) is a characteristic form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in which the mean electrical axis of the QRS complex within any single electrocardiographic lead appears to twist around the isoelectric line [3]. Quinidine is the most widely used antiarrhythmic drug that can induce torsade de pointes; the reported incidence of torsade de pointes in patients receiving quinidine is 1% to 8% [5]. Antiarrhythmic drugs such as procainamide, disopyramide, and sotalol may also cause torsade de pointes, although amiodarone, which also prolongs the QT interval, is much less likely to do so [6, 7]. However, torsade de pointes is more than simply an unusual cardiac curiosity; numerous noncardiac agents or conditions may also precipitate it. The acquired and hereditary long QT interval syndromes and the form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with them have now become a model of the ways in which identifiable cellular electrophysiologic abnormalities can cause clinical cardiac arrhythmia. With the development of new cellular and molecular biological techniques, the cellular mechanisms of these syndromes are now the subject of renewed research interest. In this review, we 1) classify the forms of the long QT interval syndromes; 2) discuss proposed explanations of the cellular electrophysiologic mechanisms of the long QT interval syndromes and torsade de pointes; 3) outline the causes of the acquired long QT interval syndromes, placing particular emphasis on torsade de pointes caused by antiarrhythmic drugs; 4) briefly review the hereditary long QT interval syndromes and torsade de pointes; and 5) summarize the available short- and long-term treatment options for the acquired and hereditary long QT interval syndromes. Classification of the Long QT Interval Syndromes and Torsade de Pointes As seen in Figure 1, the QT interval recorded on the surface electrocardiogram corresponds to the relatively isoelectric plateau phase of the action potential. The broad T wave is inscribed as a result of the rapid repolarization occurring nonsimultaneously throughout the ventricles. The QT interval is prolonged by any agent or condition that delays repolarization in the ventricular cells. Various agents and conditions cause these long QT interval syndromes (Table 1) and initiate the characteristic torsade de pointes tachyarrhythmia (Figure 2). Table 1. Classification and Causes of the Long QT Interval Syndromes Figure 1. Relation between phases of the cardiac action potential and the surface electrocardiogram. Figure 2. Electrocardiogram showing the typical short-long-short RR interval initiation sequence triggering an episode of torsade de pointes. The long QT interval syndromes have been classified as acquired or hereditary on the basis of the conditions that appear to trigger the polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with the syndromes. The acquired long QT interval syndromes are also typically classified as pause-dependent because the torsade de pointes associated with them generally occurs at slow heart rates or in response to short-long-short RR interval sequences. The hereditary long QT interval syndromes are typically considered adrenergic-dependent because the torsade de pointes associated with them is generally triggered by adrenergic activation or enhancement of sympathetic nervous system tone [5]. However, the acquired and hereditary syndromes overlap somewhat; adrenergic-dependent forms are more likely to occur in response to pauses or short-long-short RR interval sequences or during slow heart rates. As seen in Table 1, causes of the acquired long QT interval syndromes include antiarrhythmic drugs, severe bradycardia, electrolyte disturbances (notably hypokalemia), various nonantiarrhythmic drugs, and numerous unrelated clinical disorders. The hereditary long QT interval syndromes include the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome [8], which is associated with congenital deafness, and the Romano-Ward syndrome [9, 10], in which hearing is normal. As mentioned above, initiation of the acquired, pause-dependent form of torsade de pointes often (although not invariably [11]) involves a short-long-short RR interval sequence [5]. As seen in Figure 2, a premature ventricular depolarization closely coupled with the last normal QRS complex is followed by a long pause after extrasystole that precedes another closely coupled premature ventricular depolarization, which constitutes the first beat of the tachycardia [5, 12, 13]. The tachycardia has a rate of 150 to 250 beats/min and is usually self-terminating. It is usually nonsustained and produces either no symptoms or only mild symptoms of presyncope, but it can occasionally degenerate into ventricular fibrillation that may be fatal. Although the initiation of torsade de pointes in patients with the hereditary long QT interval syndromes does not require pauses or bradycardia, adrenergic activation or enhanced sympathetic nervous system tone does appear to be necessary to produce the bizarre QT or QTU prolongation characteristic of this form of the disorder. Cellular Mechanisms of the Long QT Interval Syndromes and Torsade de Pointes Normal Cardiac Action Potential The action potential of the ventricular or Purkinje fiber (Figure 1) results from the transmembrane movement of ions through channels in the cell membrane. The normal resting potential of most cardiac cells is about 80 to 90 mV. Membrane depolarization results from the net influx of positive charges (inward current) and repolarization occurs secondary to the net efflux of positive charges (outward current). The major ion currents responsible for the action potential in ventricular and Purkinje fibers are listed in Table 2. During diastole (phase 4), the membrane remains polarized near the K+ equilibrium potential ( 90 mV) because the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) is normally the only current of significant magnitude activated at this membrane potential. In Purkinje fibers, diastolic depolarization results from a combination of the decay of the outward delayed rectifier current (IK) and the activation of the inward pacemaker current (If) and the inward Na+ background leak current (INa-B). The rapid upstroke of the action potential (phase 0) results from the inward fast Na+ and L- and T-type Ca2+ currents (INa, ICa-L, and ICa-T). Initial repolarization immediately after the overshoot (phase 1) is mediated by activation of the transient outward current (ITO) carried by K+ ions. The plateau (phase 2) results from a balance between inward currents, primarily the slowly decaying ICa-L and possibly the electrogenic Na+-Ca2+ exchange current (INaCa) [14] and the outward currents IK and ITO.Repolarization (phase 3) develops as the outward currents, especially I (K), overwhelm the decaying inward currents. An inward window current is responsible for the repetitive depolarizations at plateau levels of potential that are characteristic of early afterdepolarizations (see below). This current appears to be generated by the slow inactivation of ICa-L [15] and INa [16]. Table 2. Major Ion Currents Underlying the Cardiac Action Potential* Role of Early Afterdepolarizations in the Genesis of Prolongation of the QT Interval and Torsade de Pointes The study of torsade de pointes is confounded by the transient nature of the condition and the unpredictability of its occurrence and because it generally cannot be induced by programmed electrical stimulation during electrophysiologic study [17, 18]. Thus, animal studies form the basis for the current understanding of this arrhythmia. It is believed that prolongation of the QT interval and torsade de pointes are caused by early afterdepolarizations, defined as single or repetitive depolarizations or oscillations of the transmembrane voltage, that occur at low levels of membrane potential because of a failure of normal, complete membrane repolarization (Figures 3 and 4). Early afterdepolarizations may occur during the plateau phase (phase 2 early afterdepolarizations) or the early rapid repolarization phase (phase 3 early afterdepolarizations) of the action potential (Figures 3 and 4) [19, 20]. Because these afterdepolarizations delay repolarization, they may result in significant prolongation of the QT interval. Figure 3. Schematic drawing illustrating transmembrane action potentials from a Purkinje fiber, a ventricular muscle fiber, and a surface electrocardiogram. dotted line dotted line Although direct evidence that early afterdepolarizations cause torsade de pointes is lacking, considerable indirect evidence supports this hypothesis. Specifically, conditions that induce early afterdepolarizations initiate torsade de pointes [21, 22], especially at slow heart rates [23], and conditions that suppress early afterdepolarizations prevent torsade de pointes [24]. Furthermore, endocardial monophasic action potential signals (which reflect transmembrane electrical activity generated by action potentials) recorded under clinical and experimental conditions have shown that torsade de pointes is associated with voltage deflections resembling early afterdepolarizations [25, 26]. Early afterdepolarizations probably arise from the Purkinje fibers rather than from working myocardial cells because interventions that induce e


This study analyzes schools that are " beating the odds " (BTO) with regard to student achievement and compares them to low-performing (LP) schools. The authors categorize schools based on four years of test score data for elementary and middle schools and three years of data for high schools. In all cases, the student achievement measures are scaled scores on the California Standards Tests (CSTs) in English language arts and math. Beating-the-odds schools are those that consistently perform at a higher level than predicted by the types of students that they serve. Schools had to show this higher level for all four years of data and for all student subgroups. The subgroups are defined by eligibility for free/reduced-priced meals, English learner status, Hispanic ethnicity, and African American race. After charter schools were removed from the sample, the BTO schools include 61 elementary schools, seven middle schools, and 35 high schools. Low-performing schools are those that every year, and for every student subgroup examined, performed at a lower level than would be expected given the students that they serve. The LP schools included 76 elementary , 32 middle, and five high schools. The study analyzes resource allocations in the BTO and LP schools, as well as schools statewide. The authors examine statewide data from the 2004–05 California Basic Educational Data System (CBEDS) to compare staff qualifications across schools, including teacher characteristics such as education, experience, and tenure. They use a regression analysis to explore how personnel resources in BTO and LP schools differ in comparison to other public schools. The authors also use an academic-production model to relate resource allocation practices and student demographic characteristics to differences in student academic attainment. For this they used 2004–05 CST scores as the outcome measure. The study examines financial data from the 2004–05 Standardized Account Code Structure (SACS). Given that these data do not provide school-level expenditure information , the authors use district finance data and school-level staffing information for teachers A research project designed to provide California's policy-makers and other education stakeholders with comprehensive information about the state's school finance and governance systems, and lay the groundwork for a conversation about needed reforms. These two studies by the American Institutes for Research (AIR) examine relationships among the use of resources, the regulatory environment, and student performance at the school level in California. The first focuses on high-performing schools and the second on charter …


In the title compound, C19H17ClN2O2, the pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 6.97 (5) and 79.25 (1)°, respectively, with the phenyl and chlorophenyl rings, respectively. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed.


A photoredox-active ligand (CL), the chromophore-quencher complexes Cu(CL)(CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 and Cu(CL)-(H 2 O) 2 (CF 3 SO 3 )z, where CL=4,7-di-butoxy- 1,3-bis((3'-pyridylmethyl)imino)isoindoline, and the reference complexes Cu(L)(H 2 O)(CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 , where L=1,3-bis((3'-pyridylmethyl)imino)isoindoline, and Zn(CL)(H 2 O) 2 -(ClO 4 ) 2 have been synthesized and characterized. The ligand CL is subject to a protonation equilibrium with ground state pK a =8.99±0.06 and an approximate excited-state pK a =10.5±0.5


To draw valid inferences regarding growth parameters from accelerated longitudinal or cohortsequential designs requires no cohort differences among the cohort-specific trajectories. Conventional structural equation modeling (SEM) fit indices have been regularly used to imply the existence of a common trajectory across cohorts. We argue that adequate fit implied by these SEM indices may indicate cohort differences. More importantly, the hypothesis being tested in many applications is not the specific test of trajectory convergence. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to empirically investigate the performance of threshold values of model fit indices that are regularly used in SEM to detect cohort differences in accelerated longitudinal designs. Simulation results will be discussed and resultant recommendations provided.


The Boltzmann-Uehlig-Uhlenbeck (BUU) equation, which is the time evolution of the wigner function of the single particle Green's function, is derived by using the closed-time Green's function approach. The quantum mechanical approximation in deriving the BUU equation is discussed.


De Viti de Marco is generally regarded as one of the most eminent scholars of the early Italian public finance tradition. This paper presents a new interpretation of his thought with respect to the prevailing literature. In particular, an original perspective is provided for three main themes. The first is the consistency of De Viti's theory of the state, that is presented as a coherent but naif structure founded on the principle of minimum means and on political competition. The second suggests that his reflections on concrete problems are clearly independent from his theoretical framework, which still presents some features that may have application in modern democratic states. Finally, it is argued that, even if De Viti's role in spreading the marginal analysis in Italy remains unquestioned, he seldom employed marginal tools in his analysis, and that he was more closely related with classical economics, rather than with the real approach of marginal analysis.


Over the past few years, NOAA's Ocean Pollution Data and Information Network, through the Central Coordination and Referral Office, has played an increasing role in disseminating marine pollution data and information from Federally-supported projects. Data and information systems and files adapted to personal computer technologies are being developed to meet in a cost-effective way the need for improved marine pollution products.These systems are based primarily on a set of parameters that have evolved as primary descriptors concerning marine pollution interests through the operation of a data base known as the National Marine Pollution Information System. Available and planned systems and the tools used to respond to Network requests are described, along with product examples that could result from a typical request.


Two new species of Combretaceae are described from Costa Rica. Combretum graciliflorum is related to C. cacoucia Exell and is only the second species of section Cacoucia (Aublet) Engler & Diels known in America. Buchenavia costaricensis is the second species of the genus from Central America and is evidently not closely related to the other (B. tetraphylla (Aublet) R. A. Howard). Combretum assimile Eichler is also reported as new to Costa Rica, from the same area as the above two new species (Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas). Among specimens collected in Costa Rica in 19881991 and recently sent to me for naming by the Missouri Botanical Garden are three taxa new to Costa Rica, two of them new to science. The two latter are the first new Central American Combretaceae to be discovered for many years, indicating the need for further detailed studies of the area in question (Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas). Combretum graciliflorum Stace, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Canton de Osa/Buenos Aires, W part of main ridge of Fila Retinto, along and near trail from Palmar Norte to Jalisco, 8?59.5'N, 83?28'W, 780-960 m, 9 Dec. 1988, Grayum & Herrera 9131 (holotype, MO). A speciebus consectionibus floribus extra dense pubescentibus minoribus angustioribusque differt. Pedicelli 37 mm; hypanthium inferius (cum ovario) 3-4 mm; hypanthium superius anguste curvato-infundibuliforme 1017 mm longum (sepalis 2.5-3.5 mm longis inclusis), 3.56 mm latum; petala usque ad 3 mm exserta, ca. 7 x 5 mm, late elliptica. Liana. Minute stalked glands frequent on leaves and inflorescences. Leaves opposite, 3.5-11.5 x 2.5-6 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly and shortly acuminate at apex, cordate to rounded-cordate at base, with 5-6 pairs of strongly curved lateral veins, densely reddish brown appressed-pubescent on veins, otherwise sparsely pubescent. Petiole 3-6 mm, densely reddish brown appressed-pubescent. Inflorescence a simple, terminal raceme 6-14.5 cm (not fully elongated). Young stems, rachis, bracts, and outside of flowers densely reddish brown appressedpubescent. Lowest bracts ca. 14 x 5 mm, narrowly elliptic, decreasing in size acropetally. Flowers (from base of pedicel to tip of petals, excluding stamens and style) 18-28 mm. Pedicel 3-7 mm. Lower hypanthium (including ovary) 3-4 mm. Upper hypanthium (including sepals) 10-17 mm, narrowly curved-infundibuliform, gradually widening from base, 3.5-6 mm across at base of sepals. Sepals 2.5-3.5 x 2-3 mm, triangular, acute at apex. Petals ca. 7 x 5 mm, broadly elliptic, pubescent, subacute at apex, exceeding sepals by up to 3 mm. Stamens exserted (but broken off). Style exserted at least 10 mm when mature. The label describes the plant as a coarse liana swooping low in forest, with yellowish green petals. However, the petals have dried very dark, and they and the stamens may have been red, as in most members of the same section; the collectors might have been referring to the sepals. I have seen only one sheet of this species, but it is clearly a member of section Cacoucia (Aublet) Engler & Diels (Exell, 1953). This section contains one American species (C. cacoucia Exell) and probably four species in West Africa (Fig. 1). Combretum graciliflorum is readily separable from C. cacoucia because of its much narrower flowers, and comes closer to some of the West African species in flower shape, notably C. mooreanum Exell, C. stenopterum Exell, and some plants of C. bracteatum (M. A. Lawson) Engler & Diels (especially plants formerly segregated as C. gentilii De Wildeman). However, it is distinct from all of these in details of flower structure. The flowers of section Cacoucia are the largest and most highly developed in the genus, with a long curved upper hypanthium, attaining 4.5 cm long in some plants of C. bracteatum (e.g., the type specimen of C. bucciniflorum Exell). They are mostly red or orange in color, have long-exserted stamens and style, and are probably bird-pollinated. The flowers of the new C. graciliflorum are the smallest in the section. The fruits of the West African species of the genus are 5-winged, the wings being wide and thin in C. bracteatum (including C. gentilii and C. bucciniflorum) and C. platypterum (Welwitsch) Hutchinson & Dalziel, and very narrow and corky in C. stenopterum and C. mooreanum. In contrast, the NovoN 5: 106-108. 1995. This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:19:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 5, Number 1 Stace 107 1995 Combretaceae from Costa Rica


Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and in-situ Position Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy(PALS) analysis of hybrid film, which consist of silsesquioxane(SSQ) and 4-tert-butyl calix[4]arene-O,O`,O",O`"-tetraacetic acid tetraethyl ester(CA[4]) have been investigated in order to understand initial formation of nanopore in the next generation porous low-k dielectrics(k , while mesopores(2.5~3.0 nm) induced from self assembled CA[4] have been generated at . It might be due to highly interconnected structure of SSQ/CA[4] 20% hybrid thin film resulting in facile evacuating of decomposed fragment of CA[4] molecule.


An analysis of the impact of seismic and volcanic activity was carried out at selected astronomical sites, namely the observatories of El Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands), Roque de los Muchachos (La Palma, Canary Islands), Mauna Kea (Hawaii) and Paranal (Chile) and the candidate site of Cerro Ventarrones (Chile). Hazard associated to volcanic activity is low or negligible at all sites, whereas seismic hazard is very high in Chile and Hawaii. The lowest geological hazard in both seismic and volcanic activity was found at Roque de los Muchachos observatory, in the island of La Palma.


Summary

1. Longitudinal changes in physicochemical factors and the composition of the invertebrate community were examined in the hyporheic zone of a glacial river (Val Roseg, Switzerland) over a distance of 11 km from the glacier terminus. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the habitat preferences of taxa along an upstream-downstream gradient of increasing temperature and groundwater contribution to river flow.

2. The hyporheos conformed to the longitudinal distribution model described for zoobenthic communities of glacial rivers in that taxonomic richness increased with distance from the glacier terminus. Spatial variation in taxonomic richness was best explained by temperature, the influence of groundwater, and the amount of organic matter. The overriding importance of these variables on the distribution of taxa was confirmed by the multivariate analysis.

3. The hyporheic zone contributed significantly to the overall biodiversity of the Roseg River. Whereas insect larvae were predominant in the benthos, hyporheic invertebrates were dominated by taxa belonging to the true groundwater fauna and the permanent hyporheos. Several permanently aquatic taxa (e.g. Nematoda, Ostracoda, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida, Oligochaeta) appeared exclusively in the hyporheic zone or they extended farther upstream in the hyporheic layer than in the benthic layer. Leuctridae, Nemouridae, and Heptageniidae colonised hyporheic sediments where maximum water temperature was only 4 °C.

4. Despite strong seasonal changes in river discharge and physicochemistry in hyporheic water, the density and distribution of the hyporheos varied little over time.

5. Taxonomic richness increased markedly in the downstream part of a floodplain reach with an extensive upwelling zone. Upwelling groundwater not only maintained a permanent flow of water but also created several species-rich habitats that added many species to the community of the main channel.


The adult males of Orthocladius (Pogonocladius) consobrinus (Holmgren) and O. glabripennis Goetghebuer are described in detail and the hypopygia are figured. Although the two species are superficially very similar the male hypopygia are distinctly different which establishes that O. glabripennis is a valid species, probably belonging to Orthocladius (sensu stricto).


Before the abolition of slavery, some states and counties in the U.S.A. relied more on slavery than others, and the most slave intense regions were among the richest in the nation. Today, however, previously slave intense regions are among the poorest. We pose two questions. (1) What can account for the geographical differences in slavery? (2) What caused the reversal in the ranking of incomes? Our answer to the first question has to do with variations in climate, and access to shipping points. Our answer to the second has to do with inequality in the distribution of human capital: when industrialization set in skilled labor became more important, so states with a large fraction of the labor force being former slaves -- and thus less educated -- started lagging behind


The efficiency of electrodialysis technology reclaiming Cu2+ from PCB wastewater was studied.The results of the test showed that,electrodialysis could enrich Cu2+ from PCB wastewater effectively,When the voltage was 15 V,the mass concentration of Cu2+ and CODCr in influent water were 257 and 507 mg/L respective-ly,the concentration factor was 2.29,the mass concentration of Cu2+ in effluent water was 0.9 mg/L,the removal rate of Cu2+ and CODCr reached 99% and 43% respectively.However,the results of the continuous operation of electrodialysis indicated that,the phenomenon of ion-exchange membrane fouling and concentration polarization happened,which affected the enrichment of Cu2+,therefore,the membrane should be improved.


In the present study,the blue-green algae bloom water-Hunanzhen Reservoir,the third largest reservoir in Zhejiang Province,was monitored between 2006 and 2007.Plankton abundance was measured and correlated to environmental parameters.96 taxa of phytoplankton and 73 taxa of zooplankton were identifi ed.Phytoplankton had an abundance ranging from 0.49×106 to 16.71×106 L-1,and the abundance of zooplankton varied from 8 to 3 548 ind./L.The cyanobacterial bloom of Anabaena sporoides lasted several months with the highest density of the surface water being 2.28×108L-1,and then Oscillatoria were dominant during autumn months.Ordination by CCA showed that the seasonal phytoplanktonic succession was mainly correlated with density of A.sporoides, total dissolved solids and transparency,and the seasonal zooplanktonic succession was mainly correlated with extracellular microcystin,nutrients and the density of A.sporoides.Due to the occurrence of high level nutrients, the development of blue-green algal may not be regulated by" bottom up"forces effectively.The bloom-forming cyanobacteria became the potential factor that influenced the community of phytoplankton by its competitive advantage.Nutrients do not in uence the zooplankton community directly,but control the edible phytoplankton growth,which in turn influence the dynamics of zooplankton.By considering not only the environmental parameters but also the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and algal toxin as explanatory variables in a canonical correspondence analysis,the variance explained for the phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic assemblage during the study period was increased 15.6% and 25.8% respectively,indicating a correlation that blue-green algae and the bloom-forming cyanobacteria may affect the structure and composition of plankton community.


A novel carbon foam with high strength and high thermal conductivity was prepared through the incorporation of graphite nanoparticles into coal tar based mesophase pitch precursor. Carbon foam was obtained after carbonization and graphitication of pitch foam formed by the pyrolysis of coal tar based mesophase pitch mixed with graphite nanoparticles in a high pressure and temperature chamber. The foam had possessed high strength and exceptional high thermal conductivity. SEM observation showed that less micro cracking appeared on the cell wall of foam by the addition of graphite nanoparticles. The test of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties shows that the thermal conductivity of modified carbon foam could reach 195 W/m.K. The mechanical properties were improved markedly, and compressive strength was increased from 2 MPa to 18.8 MPa when the additive amount of graphite nanoparticles was 8%.


In our recent Letter, we reported that, in the metallic state of -(BEDT-TSF)2FeCl4 at TMI 1⁄4 8:3K T TFM 1⁄4 70K, the microwave conductivity 1 along the c axis is much more resistive than the dc conductivity dc, and a ferroelectric-like response is revealed in the dielectric constant 1, which is enhanced to the order of 10 . The unusual metallic state is identified by other experiments such as specific heat, NMR and ESR. From the absence of these anomalous features in the non-magnetic, isostructural GaCl4 salt, we pointed out the possible importance of the -d interaction for the ferroelectric-like anomaly as well as for the exchange-induced MI transition. In the preceding Comment, Kitano and Maeda (hereafter abbreviated as KM) insist that the probable metallic shift =n may be 4:25 10 5 obtained by eq. (1) (see below) applied to the depolarization peak, and hence 1 may result in a negative value. We point out here that the method to determine a metallic shift cannot be applicable to the depolarization peak in the present system, and the premise of KM, that the system might be in a usual highly-metallic state above TMI, is contrary to the experimental facts. First of all, we start to discuss on the anomalous behavior in =2f0 at TMI T TFM. We had carried out microwave measurements at 16.3GHz on about 20 single crystals before we submitted our paper. Every data has exhibited a saturation as shown in Fig. 1 of ref. 1 or a shallow minimum of =2f0 around 40–50K as depicted here in Fig. 1. Recently such minimum is also reproduced clearly in cavityperturbation measurements at 45GHz, which will be published elsewhere. According to the dc resistivity dc, which indicates a metallic reduction down to TMI, =2f0 could be expected to approach to zero with decreasing temperature, if the present system be a usual metal. In fact, in case of the GaCl4 salt, =2f0 decreases, in the same temperature range, in accordance with the dc resistivity as demonstrated in Fig. 2 of ref. 1. Thus, the enhancement of microwave loss is confirmed to be so intrinsic in the FeCl4 salt that the anomalous metallic state is realized above TMI. The anomalous microwave loss must be taken into account in a consistent way for the evaluation of the microwave skin depth mw using 1. As mentioned later, 1 becomes two-orders of magnitude lower than dc, so that mw is about 10 times larger than dc. Hence the system never enters a skin depth regime and still remains in a depolarization regime. From these results, it is concluded that the system responses quite anomalously to microwave in the highly metallic state as far as the dc conductivity concerned. This surprisingly important fact is little recognized in KM, which described shortly ''due to some extrinsic origin''. Secondly, we shall now look more carefully into the determination of the metallic shift from the observed depolarization peak. Whenever a depolarization peak in =2f0 is detected, one first tries to use a following relation to determine a metallic shift =n as KM also mentioned:


Corrosion-resistant anodic semiconductors sensitive to the visible part of the spectrum are very important for the photoelectrochemical decomposition of water to convert solar energy. One of the methods of solving the problem is to devise a composite consisting of a relatively narrow bandgap semiconductor and a protective coating consisting of a corrosion-resistant wide-bandgap semiconductor such as TiO/sub 2/. This paper reports further studies on the possibility of using the composites for the photoelectrochemical decomposition of water by a GaAs-TiO/sub 2/ system. The authors used n-type GaAs single crystals. Since the TiO/sub 2/ film is formed directly on the GaAs surface by heat treatment, it was first necessary for the authors to study the effect of the treatment conditions on the electrochemical behavior of GaAs. The work shows that a TiO/sub 2/ film on GaAs caused the latter to photocorrode by sensitivity to visible light throughout the exposure. The preparation of high-quality pore-free films for this purpose is of considerable importance and, according to the authors, requires further study.


We study the problem of uncertainty quantification for migrated images. A traditional migrated image contains deterministic reconstructions of subsurface structures. However, the input parameters used in migration, such as reflection data and a velocity model, are inherently uncertain. This uncertainty is carried through to the migrated images. We use Bayesian analysis to quantify the uncertainty of migrated structures by constructing a joint statistical distribution of the structures in question. From this distribution we can deduce the uncertainty in absolute positions of the structures, or a relative position of one structure with respect to another. In some cases the relative position has a much smaller uncertainty than the absolute position.


Self-Consolidating Lightweight Foam Concrete (SCLFC) is known as a concrete which has no requirement towards vibration or compaction effort due to its flowability and capability in filling and achieving full compaction in reinforcement. The main component in SCLFC is cement. Cement is a basic component of concrete that used in construction industry. However, it is also the main source of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission. If this component of concrete is replaced with other materials, it surely can help in reducing the emission of CO2. Limestone powder can be replacement with the cement content in SCLFC. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the effect of limestone powder on SCLFC in term of flowability and compressive strength. The specimens were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days. The result indicated the flowability of SCLFC increase with the increase of percentages of limestone powder replacement. Meanwhile, the highest compressive strength of SCLFC containing 10% limestone powder replacement give better performance than the normal SCLFC. Based on the finding, SCLFC containing 10% limestone powder replacement can be categorized same as a conventional concrete hence it can be utilized for construction purposes. Limestone powder can also acts as an alternative replacement in concrete for replacing the cement.


— In this paper, we describe a rule-based message passing method to support developing collaborative applications, in which multiple users share resources in distributed environments. Message communications of applications in collaborative environments tend to be very complex because of the necessity to manage context situations such as sharing events, access controlling of users, and network places. In this paper, we propose a message communications method based on unification of artificial intelligence and logic programming for defining rules of such context information in a procedural object-oriented programming language. We also present an implementation of the method as java classes.


Transformer differential relays which use harmonic blocking methods do not work in magnetizing inrush conditions with very low harmonic content in the operating current and transformer over-excitation conditions. This paper describes a new approach for transformer differential protection, the new method uses even harmonics for restraint and also blocks operation using the DC component and the fifth harmonic.


With the growing requirement of moving object capture in embedded systems,it is hard to tradeoff the conflict requirements of resolution and capture speed.The proposed method splits motion capture process into motion detection and target capture,which have different emphases on resolution and speed.Using an active-pixel architecture,CMOS image sensor's hardware characteristics can randomly access the sensor's image buffer to achieve the switch between working modes of varying trait on the digital signal processing(DSP) platform.Thus,both capture speed and resolution can be guaranteed.With the proposed method,ordinary chips can achieve better performances,which otherwise would require higher performance chips.


Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a worldwide health problem with an important health impacts on individual suffering from it in relation to effect on certain biochemical changes. Aims of study: The present study aims to find out the effect of UTI on some biochemical profile in patients and comparing that with normal individuals. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al- Najaf Province during the period between September 2014-March 2014, fulfilled by using different biochemical techniques for estimation of lipid and some other biochemical profile among randomly selected 120 patients with UTI and 150 healthy control individuals. Results: There were a significant decrease in the level of serum Cholesterol, Triglyceride (TG), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), with significant increase of High-density lipoprotein (HDL), also there were significant increase of blood urea with slight increase in serum creatinin, all above changes were among those with UTI when compared with normal control group. Conclusion: Urinary tract infection has a significant impact on lipid profile and some other biochemical changes when compared with healthy control group. Recommendations: Measuring of certain cytokine changes among patient with UTI to know whether a relationship with changes in lipid Profile.


In view of the shortcoming and lack of teaching web pages existed in basketball referee teaching system, the internet teaching system for basketball referee is manufactured and put into teaching practice. The study result indicates: internet longdistance teaching system for basketball referee teaching is able to improve quality of basketball referee teaching and acquires better teaching effect.


Background and Objective: Although urbanization is often discussed in the context of economic modernization, however, it is a demographic indicator that increases urban density and transforms the organization of human behavior and thereby influences household energy use patterns. Accordingly, using panel data approach and STIRPAT mode, this study examines the effect of urbanization on carbon dioxide emission in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation member states. Method: This research is doing a causal-analysis by using panel data over the period of 2000 to 2010 for the 4-3 selected Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries. Findings: Our results indicate that, coefficient of all variable of the model has been expected based on theoretical and are statistically significant. So that, one percent increase in urbanization, Gross Domestic Product per capita and energy intensity, rises carbon dioxide emissions by 0.57, 0.74 and 0.55 percent respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Given the positive impact of urbanization, Gross Domestic Product per capita and energy intensity variables on carbon dioxide emissions, it is recommended that the Organization of Islamic Cooperation members, reduce air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions through optimizing energy consumption and increasing the usage of new energy source, that generate less pollution and efficient energy consumption in the production and promotion of production energy and technology distribution in countries, realization the price of energy, promotion the technical and environmental standards of industrial production, increasing energy efficiency and expanding environment cultural and providing appropriate substrates and rural development.


The rules of careful application of penalty and moderate application are indispensable in judical practice.The rule of careful application of penalty is strict in applying penalty by penalty code.We must do those to turn this rule true: first,be careful on penalty,second,carefully applying death penalty,third,be careful when explainning the penal code.The rule of moderate application of penalty embraces appropriate making penalty in legislation and moderate using penalty on criminals.


This paper proposes a time and frequency synchronization solution for MIMO OFDM systems. The synchronization is achieved using one preamble which is simultaneously transmitted from all transmit antennas in the same OFDM time instant. The synchronization is accomplished sequentially by coarse time synchronization, fractional frequency offset estimation, integral frequency offset estimation and fine time synchronization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed synchronization algorithms have a satisfactory performance even at a low SNR in a rich multipath environment. And the synchronization performance in a MIMO channel are superior to those in a SISO channel due to its larger diversity gain.


The yellow emitting OLED using GDI602:Rubrene(10%) material has been fabricated and characterized. In the device fabrication, 2-TNATA [4,4',4'-tris(2-naphthylphenyl-phenylamino)-triphenyl-amine] as a hole injection material and NPB[N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl -4,4'-diamine] as a hole transport material were deposited on the ITO(indium thin oxide)/glass substrate by vacuum evaporation. And then, yellow emission material was deposited using GDI602 as a host material and Rubrene(10%) as a dopant. Finally, small molecular OLED with the structure of was obtained by in-situ successive deposition of , LiF and Al as the electron transport material, electron injection material and cathode. The yellow OLED fabricated in our experiments showed the color coordinate of CIE(0.50, 0.49), the luminance of and the power efficiency of 0.7 lm/W at 10 V with the peak emission wavelength of 562 nm.


Systems for algorithm animation provide facilities for users to view and interact with an animation of an algorithm, and for programmers to develop such animations. For a user, there are ways to control the data given to an algorithm, the ensemble of active views, and the execution of the algorithm. For a programmer, producing an animation of an algorithm becomes almost as easy as producing a textual trace of it.


Transient Signal Analysis is a digital device testing method that is based on the analysis of voltage transients at multiple test points and on IDD switching transients on the supply rails. We show that it is possible to identify defective devices by analyzing the transient signals measured at test points on paths not sensitized from the defect site. The small signal variations generated at these test points are analyzed in both the time and frequency domain. Linear regression analysis is used to show the presence of correlation in these signals across the outputs of defect-free devices. However, there is a definite lack of correlation between output signals of defective devices with bridging and open drain defects. We present an automatic procedure based on the mean and standard deviation of regression residuals that is able to distinguish between defect-free and defective devices. 1.0 Introduction Transient Signal Analysis (TSA) [1] is a parametric approach to testing digital integrated circuits. Defect detection is accomplished in TSA by analyzing the transient signals of a device measured simultaneously at multiple test points. The approach offers two distinct advantages over other logic and parametric testing methods. First, device coupling mechanisms permit the detection of defects at test points that are not on logic signal propagation paths from the defect site (off-path nodes) [2][3]. Consequently, direct observation of logic faults is not necessary in TSA. Second, the cross-correlation of multiple test point signals allows signal variations caused by process tolerances to be distinguished from those caused by defects. This is true because process tolerance effects tend to be global, causing signal changes on all test points of the device. In contrast, signal variations caused by a defect tend to be regional and more pronounced on test points closest to the defect site [4]. In this paper, we focus on the development of a statistical method that can be used to automate the TSA testing process. We introduce Signature Waveforms (SWs) as a means of capturing signal variations between defect-free and defective devices and formulate two statistics based on a compact representation


Coronary artery disease (CAD) has emerged as the dominant aetiologic factor in acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) and cardiogenic shock (CS). The invasive management of the complex cardiac patient with advanced (decompensated) heart failure, CS, and/or potential haemodynamic compromise during and/after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the remit of specialty myocardial intervention centres. Such centres provide state-of the art facilities for PCI, including experienced senior operators and critical care physicians who are available 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, with immediate access to cardiac surgery and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) systems.


One of the most misunderstood and unappreciated segments of society in relation to medical tourism is the family caregiver; those caring for a loved one who sacrifice their own employment schedule, their personal time for relaxing and recreation, and often and importantly their own health. The purpose of this chapter is to raise awareness of the plight of family caregivers as an issue for medical tourism, the effects of stress and burnout, and the essential need for respite of body, mind, and spirit for these central assistants in the matter of healthcare for patients. Though healthcare and its subset, medical tourism, are frequently perceived as focused on a "patient", they also encompass many other individuals and organizations. As addressed here, the focus is on the family member caring for a loved one. The intent is to link the concept of medical tourism as an avenue for relaxation and respite to enhance the wellness of this specific target market.


To find out the competitive rule of construction enterprise in a highly competitive market to realize the survival and development goal of enterprises,the survival mechanism of construction business competition is explored based on enterprise ecology. The similarities between construction business and natural biome can be expressed from four aspects:scrambling for resources,survival of the fittest,community change and living space. By considering the dynamical and diffusive behaviors in predator-prey system between construction businesses,a preying competitive model of construction business is proposed based on enterprise ecology. Solution of the model indicates that the density of construction business tends to be stable to the density of sources. And survival strategies for construction business are put forward.


According to the research of tectonic evolution history and strata sequence of Qianjiang Formation in Tankou Region,combining with all kinds of geologic、 seismic and testing data,the authors correlate the strata subtly under the control of isochronous trellis,establish strata filling pattern,line out several strata termination bound and point out favorable exploration belts in Tankou Region.


Constitutional reforms have dominated all political discourse in Africa since the current transition from authoritarian to democratic rule started in the early 1990s. This so-called "third wave"1 of democratisation has provoked African politicians and their constitutional engineers to design and introduce new or substantially modified constitutions. In spite of this frantic remodelling of constitutions, Africa's record on constitutionalism has not been a particularly good one. Most post-independence constitutions were quickly abrogated or easily subverted, suspended or brazenly ignored at the whims of African leaders.


The invention discloses an eel breeding method. The eel breeding method comprises the following steps of (1) selecting a pond, (2) pre-handling the pond, (3) establishing the ecology of the pond, (4) selecting eel fry, (5) placing the eel fry in the pond, (6) preparing feed, (7) throwing feed into the pond, (8) monitoring the enology and (9) catching eels. By the adoption of the eel breeding method, the eel survival rate is increased, the eel growth period is shortened, and it is guaranteed that the eels are delicious.


Mammalian embryo development is regulatived——it is flexible and responsive to experimental intervention. This flexibility could be explained if embryogenesis were originally completely unbiased and disordered; order and determination of cells only arise later. Alternatively, regulative behaviour could be consistent with the embryo having some order or bias from the very beginning, with inflexibility and cell determination increasing steadily over time. Recent evidence supports the second view and indicates that the sequence and the orientations of cell divisions affect the polarity of Pre-implantation embryo development.


Introduction: Phosphorus is one of the most essential macroelements for bacterial cells. Since phosphate (PO4 -3 ) limitation is frequently encountered in soils, bacteria developed some mechanisms in response to this sever condition. Phosphate transporter (PstS) and proteins involved in quorum sensing (QS) signaling pathway are affected by mediating PhoB, response regulator, following phosphate starvation. QS system of Sinorhizobium meliloti composed of at least three genes of sinI (autoinducer synthase), sinR and expR (autoinducer activated receptor) which involved in its free living and symbiotic functions. Materials and methods: The optical density (OD600) of different S. meliloti transformed strains carrying pLK004 (a pstS promoter- egfp fusion), pLK64 (a sinI promoter- egfp fusion), pLK65 (a sinR promoter- egfp fusion), pLK66 (an expR promoter- egfp fusion) and control (promoterless- egfp fusion) plasmids were read under different phosphate concentrations of 0.1 (phosphate deficiency), 0.5 and 2 mM (sufficient phosphate) at several time points of 16, 24 and 40h. The promoter activity of different genes of pstS, sinI, sinR and expR were measured as emitted fluorescence per bacterial cell density (OD600) under different phosphate concentrations. Results: By reducing phosphate concentration in the medium, the growth rate of transformed bacteria decreased, especially at 40h. The promoter activity of pstS, sinI and sinR, but not expR, genes was activated following phosphate starvation. Discussion and conclusion: S. meliloti can upregulate PstS to partly compensate phosphate deficiency in the environment. The gene of sinR is also activated in a PhoB dependent manner as phosphate starvation is encountered. SinR is the activator of sinI, so the upregulation of QS pathway under phosphate deficiency may be facilitate free living and symbiotic bacterial functions.


This report presents the World Bank and Islamic Development Bank, collectively the Banks, teams' review and assessment of Albania country procurement and contract implementation CPCI), including for projects and civil works contracts financed by the Banks. This report focuses on the most critical findings and it summarizes key recommendations. Detailed analysis and recommendations are provided in the report. The CPCI aims to provide the Government of Albania (GoA) with an updated diagnosis of the strengths and weaknesses of public procurement and to make specific recommendations and practical suggestions for achieving increased effectiveness in service delivery, through an improved public procurement system, planning and implementation as well as contract management. The report also presents specific analysis of implementation of projects and procurement of contracts financed by the Banks and it discusses more specifically some questions raised by the GoA regarding options to centralize procurement of donors' financed projects. The report has nine sections: I. introduction, II. procurement legal and regulatory framework, III. institutional framework and management capacity, IV. procurement operation and market practices, V. contract implementation and management, VI. public financial management relevant to procurement, VII. integrity and transparency relevant to procurement, VIII. performance of World Bank and Islamic Development Bank portfolios, and IX. recommendations and suggested action plan.


1 HE INCREASED INTEREST in programed instruction in music shown between 1957 and 1967 provided the impetus for this publication. The entries include both programed texts and research reports on programed instruction in music. The span of entries in the bibliography extends from the beginning of 1957 through November 1967, indicating the increased attention given to programed instruction in that decade. The majority of entries contained in the following pages are in the area of music theory. Other well-represented areas are the psychology of music and instrumental methods. A few entries concern programed instruction in music history, music literature, and


This paper presents a very thin silicon dioxide microtube electrode array, which has sub tenmicrometers in inner diameter, as a neural interface device with high signal-to-noise ratio and low invasiveness. The device was realized by using out-of-plane silicon dioxide microtube arrays fabricated from vapor-liquid-solid growth and microfabrication techniques. Here we report advantages of electrical properties of the microtube electrode such as low electrode impedance and high signal-to-noise ratio, compared to that of previous our silicon microprobebased electrode arrays. In addition to the fundamental properties, we also demonstrated animal experiments to record evoked neural responses from the sciatic nerve of a rat through the microtube electrode.


This study explores the practicality of using elastomeric actuators to turn a kite. The actuators are used to manipulate a flap which causes the kite to turn; the motion of the kite can then be used to harvest energy. The actuators are fabricated using two elastomeric materials, Ecoflex 00-30 and Mold Star 30, which are shaped using molds constructed with a 3D printer. When inflated, the actuators bend and thus turn the kite flaps. Seven distinct actuator designs were created, tested, and evaluated in this study. The two designs deemed most effective were a string-bound actuator and an origami actuator, an accordion-like, tubeshaped actuator folded from paper and coated with elastomeric material. A group led by Dr. Aaron Mazzeo will utilize the results of this study to continue research into actuators, which may potentially yield a viable design in kite-based high altitude wind energy harvesting.


ohn J. Politi is president of the Excellence in Missouri Foundation, based in Jefferson City, MO. J The not-for-profit, private-sector education organization is responsible for administering the Missouri Quality Award, the Missouri Team Quality Award, and the Governor's Quality Leadership Award programs on behalf of the Governor of Missouri. The foundation also provides education services pertaining to performance improvement, customer satisfaction, and total quality to individuals and organizations of all types throughout the country. Prior to.joining the foundation, Politi served in the United States Air Force, most recently as commanding officer at Whiteman Air Force Base in Knob Noster, MO. A 26-year veteran of the Air Force, he has served in a variety of locations and command positions. Politi has been involved with the implementation of total quality principles for more than . 20 years as a senior executive. He served as a senior examiner on the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Board of Examiners for 6 years and was awarded the Governor's Quality Leadership Award in 1997. A graduate of the University of Colorado with a bachelor's degree in political science, Politi also earned a master's degree in economics from South Dakota State University. He completed the Advanced Executive Management Program at Texas A8cM University.


In essence, an information-centric network (ICN) is one which supports a content request/reply model. One proposed benefit of this is improved mobility. This can refer to provider, consumer or content mobility. Despite this, little specific research has looked into the effectiveness of ICN in this regard. This paper presents a survey of some of the key ICN technologies, alongside their individual approaches to mobility. Through this, we highlight some of the promising benefits of ICN, before discussing important future research questions that must be answered.


A new surface ship general arrangement optimization system developed at the University of Michigan is described. The Intelligent Ship Arrangements system is a native C++, Leading Edge Architecture for Prototyping Systems-compatible software system that will assist the designer in developing rationally based arrangements that satisfy design specific needs as well as general Navy requirements and standard practices to the maximum extent practicable. This software system is intended to be used following or as a latter part of ASSET synthesis. The arrangement process is approached as two essentially two-dimensional tasks. First, the spaces are allocated to Zone-decks, one deck in one vertical zone, on the ship's inboard profile. Then the assigned spaces are arranged in detail on the deck plan of each Zone-deck in succession. Consideration is given to overall location, adjacency, separation, access, area requirements, area utilization, and compartment shape. The system architecture is quite general to facilitate its evolution to address additional design issues, such as distributive system design, in the future.


From 1 July 2008 IFRIC 13 becomes mandatory in Australia, requiring a standardised deferred revenue treatment to account for a plethora of Customer Loyalty Programmes (CLP). This paper highlights the diverse views of appropriate classification, and the ambiguities faced by those accounting for CLP. A text based analysis of documents pertaining to IFRIC 13 shows the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) to be committed to a principles based approach in making its interpretation. While IFRIC members were responsive to the concerns of interested parties, they were not subservient to the ensuing lobbying process.


Introduction: Zeolites are among the most common and widespread authigenic silicate minerals found in sedimentary deposits on Earth [1]. Zeolite occurrences in sedimentary environments on Earth can be categorized into six groups based on their geologic and hydrologic settings: 1) saline-alkaline lakes, 2) soils and land surfaces, 3) deep sea sediments, 4) open hydrologic systems, 5) hydrothermal alteration, and 6) burial diagenesis [2]. The highest concentrations of zeolites are found in glass-rich volcaniclastic deposits, since the volcanic glass is the major precursor of zeolites [2]. The formation and stability of zeolites are strongly dependent on the thermodynamic equilibrium of fluid-mineral reactions caused by water chemistry, and kinetically controlled non-equilibrium growth and dissolution reactions [1,2]. Therefore, the presence and nature of zeolites is a good probe to reconstruct the geological and hydrological history of zeolite-bearing environments on Earth (e.g. [3,4]).


This paper focuses on outer product of vectors in Rn.The form of outer product and some relative properties are given.Ptolemy theorem is extended to n-dimensional Euclidean space for application.


Summary
The hard shell of a hazelnut is a major waste of the hazelnut industry. The chemical composition, phenolic compounds (total phenolics, tannins and condensed tannins), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging assays), and the relationships between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of the hazelnut shells from twelve US grown cultivars were investigated to for potential commercial development. Crude fibre accounted for over 85% of total carbohydrate. The shells contained high concentrations of phenolic compounds. Concentrations of phenolic constituents and ABTS•+ -scavenging capacities were significantly higher (P > 0.05) in the Oregon cultivars than their Nebraska counterparts. There were significant positive correlations between ABTS•+ scavenging capacities and the phenolic compounds, whereas DPPH• -scavenging capacity demonstrated a weak negative correlation with ABTS•+ scavenging capacity and the phenolics. The results suggest that hazelnut hard shell may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidants for food applications.


Summary. Extracts of the traditionally used medicinal plants Entada abyssinica (stem bark), Terminalia spinosa (young branches), Harrisonia abyssinica (roots), Ximenia caffra (roots), Azadirachta indica (stem bark), Zanha africana (stem bark) and Spilanthes mauritiana (roots and flowers) were investigated for fungistatic and fungicidal activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. by a microtitre serial dilution technique. Entada abyssinica, T. spinosa, X. caffra, A. indica, and Z. africana showed activity against various Candida species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.006 to > 8 mg ml‐1 and the minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) from 0.06 to >8 mg ml‐1. Extracts from S. mauritiana (both roots and flowers) exhibited no activity against Candida spp., but against Aspergillus spp., the MIC and MFC values ranged from 0.13 to 0.25 mg ml‐1 and from 0.13 to 1 mg ml‐1 respectively. It is concluded that the extracts contain compounds with high antifungal potency.


Identification of biological models is often complicated by the fact
 that the available experimental data from field measurements is
 noisy or incomplete. Moreover, models may be complex, and contain a
 large number of correlated parameters. As a result, the parameters
 are poorly identified by the data, and the reliability of the model
 predictions is questionable. We consider a general scheme for
 reduction and identification of dynamic models using two modern
 approaches, Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling methods together with
 asymptotic model reduction techniques. The ideas are illustrated
 using a simple example related to bio-medical applications: a model
 of a generic receptor. In this paper we want to point out what the
 researchers working in biological, medical, etc., fields should look
 for in order to identify such problematic situations in modelling,
 and how to overcome these problems.


it was told to me the girl had vomited, and which possessed all the sensible qualities of healthy urine in taste, color, and consistence. It was of a deeper color than straw, not perfectly transparent; and on standing, a cloud was observable in it. The vomiting of clear urine, such as that now described, should not be received as an objection for totally rejecting the account.f This girl had very frequently been, and at this particular period was, in a state of retching, by which the throat, gullet, and stomach, the superior part especially, (for retching did not always amount to full vomiting,) were pretty well at times denuded of their mucus, and the glands^ exhausted of their secretions: it is not, therefore, at all impossible, that at times the urine was vomited before the secretion of mucus had again taken place in sufficient quantity to be detected in the vomited urine by ocular examination only. Moreover, the constantly varying morbid actions with which her constitution was harassed, and by which her different secretions were sometimes consim derably diminished, and at others considerably increased, would undoubtedly have the same effect upon the mucous


The invention relates to devices and methods for actuating at least one motor-driven vehicle component (2) of a vehicle (1) with at least one operating device (8) for moving the at least one vehicle component (2), wherein at least one sensor device (19) is provided which comprises at least detects a motion parameter of the operating means (8) or an operator (26) to at least temporarily to generate an at least of the acceleration or speed corresponding signal for controlling at least one drive means (4, 5) of the vehicle component (2) and the moving speed the vehicle component (2) is used.


Introduction Borel-fixed ideals Monomial orders Some algebraic lemmas Defining the higher initial ideals Representing the higher initial ideals Group action on $R^{s+1}(I)$ Describing the action on $R^{s+1}(I)$ Borel-fixedness Higher initial ideals of hyperplane sections Representing the higher initial ideals of general hyperplane sections Higher initial ideals as combinatorial structures Reading cohomological information Examples: Points and curves in $\mathbf P^3$ References.


A complete and accurate account of the Asian gold trade is impossible because much of the movement in this commodity is illegal and shrouded in secrecy. This paper reviews the known data and attempts to fill in some of the gaps with educated assumptions that appear consistent with economic reasoning. Part of the information for this paper was obtained during a recent trip to the Asian area, and part from data published within the various countries. Primary emphasis is placed upon the movement of gold in the Far East, and in particular in Hong Kong, Macao, Laos and Thailand. These areas have been selected because of the availability of data and because gold movements in these four territories affect the entire Asian gold trade. Gold movements in other Far Eastern countries have mainly local interest.


Over the past decade metal-fluorophore interactions, metal-enhanced fluorescence, have attracted significant research attention, with the technology now becoming common place in life science applications. In this paper, we address the underlying mechanisms of metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) and experimentally show using chemiluminescence solutions that MEF is indeed underpinned by two complimentary mechanisms, consistent with the recent reports by Geddes and co-workers [Zhang et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 12095 (2009)] and their enhanced fluorescence hypothesis.


BACKGROUND Emerging micro-pollutants (EMPs) in water have received high attention due to their potential hazards onto human health and ecological security. Ferrate has been researched in recent years to remove both particulate and dissolved impurities (including EMPs) from water and its promising performance has been attributed to the high oxidation capacity and coagulation functions. However, limited researches have compared ferrate with coagulation alone in the treatment of EMPs, and this is one of major objectives of this study.


Sir: The audit of Amaladoss & Arumainayagam concerned epilepsy in this predisposed and vulnerable group (Psychiatric Bulletin, 1994, 18, 680-682). Their assertion that there is little justification for routine annual blood monitoring for epileptic patients is questionable, especially as only 75 cases were surveyed. Most clinicians are familiar with the argument that routine blood monitoring may identify unsuspected subtherapeutic or toxic drug levels in a patient with major communication difficulties. Furthermore, although routine measurements will not predict acute idiosyncratic drug reactions, subclinical biochemical or haematological deterioration may be discovered. This is especially important with valproate-associated hepatotoxicity hepatic enzymes may be raised on routine monitoring when the hepatotoxicity can be reversed but this is unlikely to be the case by the time overt clinical signs develop. Careful clinical judgement is required to decide when to reduce or withdraw valproate in the light of borderline abnormalities (Wyllie & Wyllie, 1991). In one series, 36 of 37 cases of fatal valproate-associated hepatic failure had learning disability, developmental delay or congenital anomalies (Dreifuss et al 1987). Therefore, although such fatalities are rare, we should be particularly vigilant in the learning disability population especially as those with a lesionai basis for their difficult to control seizures may well receive multiple antiepileptic drugs which is itself a risk factor for drugassociated hepatotoxicity. In this regard, it is debatable whether best clinical practice can be defined using small audit projects aimed at measuring current practice rather than clinical research per se. Similar considerations suggest that routine haemato logical monitoring may identify clinically unsuspected cases of significant valproateinduced thrombocytopenia as well as chronic leucopenia associated with carbamazepine or ethosuximide. Routine blood monitoring also provides an opportunity to ensure that other appropriate tests are done, for example, thyroid function and lithium levels, in a group of patients whose access to primary care services is at times tenuous. We are currently undertaking an audit of epilepsy care in learning disability in the Oxford region. Participating consultants expressed a variety of views on the need for routine blood monitoring but the consensus opinion was in favour of annual measures of: antiepileptic drug levels, routine biochemistry and haematology and folate levels in the few taking phenytoin or phenobarbitone.


Effects of complete nutrient and specific macronutrient deficiencies on the ultrastructure of Hevea leaves were examined one year after the commencement of the experiment. Deficiencies in N, K and Ca reduced the cell size of the palisade and spongy cells as well as the number of chloroplast s per cell while deficiency in Mg caused a reduction in the number of chloroplasts per cell. In treatments lacking N, P, K and Ca, cytoplasm was meagre in both the cell types.


Although the evidence remains tentative at best, the conception of hallucinations in schizophrenia as being underconstrained perception resulting from intrinsic thalamocortical resonance in sensory areas might complement current models of hallucination. However, in itself, the approach falls short of comprehensively explaining the neurogenesis of hallucinations in schizophrenia, as it neglects the role of external attributional biases, mental imagery, and a disconnection between frontal and temporal areas.


This design is based on MC68HC908 which is used as controller.The MC68HC908 controls the motor driver bridge circuit.Namely,it controls the motion of the back mirrors automatically.This article focuses on the princi- ple of the electronic system and provides the schematic circuit.