Integrated optic frequency shifters which provide wideband electronically tunable frequency shift and output light propagating at a fixed angle, irrespective of the amount of frequency shift, are highly desirable [1,2]. In this paper, a new optical frequency shifting scheme which utilizes noncollinear guided-wave magnetooptic (MO) Bragg diffraction by magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVW) in yttrium iron garnet-gadolinium gallium garnet (YIG-GGG) -based optical waveguide structure [3] (Fig. 1) is presented. The constancy of output angle of the frequency-shifted light is facilitated by maintaining a constant wave number for the MSFVW using a dual-tuning mechanism which involves synchronous tuning between the carrier frequency of the RF driving signal (and thus the MSFVW) and the bias magnetic field (Fig.2). In so doing the spatial scan of the frequency-shifted light beam resulting from the tuning of the RF driving frequency is exactly compensated by that resulting from the synchronous tuning of the bias magnetic field. As a result, the Bragg-diffracted light propagates at a constant output angle, irrespective of the RF driving frequency, and thus enables a very large bandwidth be achieved.


Resource discovery is an important mechanism in P2P applications. Chord is usually one of the structured overlays applied in the resource discovery mechanism. Chord adopts the finger table to record the connection between the node and its successors in order to support resource discovery in O (log (N)) (N is the number of nodes). However, Chord has some restrictions, e.g., the keyword searching and the scalability problem. This study proposes a multi-attribute range query (MARQ) overlay based on Chord. The MARQ overlay embeds the node attributes into the node ID to form a structured multi-attribute and multi-ring architecture. Due to the hierarchical multi-attribute property of MARQ, this structured overlay could reduce the search radius and provide the attribute search. Because of the multi-ring property of MARQ, the proposed overlay could improve the scalability and reduce the maintaining cost. This study preserves the characteristics of Chord systems, and adopts the double-link approach to reduce the average number of traveled hops in searching. Therefore, the MARQ overlay could support the multi-attribute range query. Experimental results show that our proposed mechanism could efficiently reduce the average number of traveled hops in searching and then decrease the average searching time.


This paper focuses on the spatial distribution of osseous tool production debitage from two Mesolithic sites in Sweden, Ringsjoholm and Strandvagen, with well-preserved faunal remains including hig ...


A grain of light‐blue sulfate material was reported in the lunar highlands regolith meteorite PCA 02007 (Satterwhite and Righter 2013). Allocated grains of that material are, in fact, aluminosilicate glass with a chemical composition like that of the bulk meteorite and other lunar highlands regoliths. The calcium sulfate detected in PCA 02007 was likely a surface coating, and reasonably of Antarctic (not lunar) origin.


Induced fractures often play a key role in achieving acceptable injectivity during polymer floods, especially for vertical injection wells. However, fracture extension must be controlled to prevent severe channeling between the wells and compromise the flood performance. This paper presents a physics-based analytical model to predict polymer injectivity and fracture length as a function of polymer rheology, injection rate, and reservoir geomechanical properties. The analytical injectivity model is based on the unified viscoelastic model by Delshad et al. (2008). The injectivity model is coupled with 2-D fracture models: Perkins-Kern-Nordgren (PKN) and Kristianovich-Geertsma- de Klerk (KGD). In addition, the model is coupled with the elastic desaturation curve to predict additional oil recovery due to polymer viscoelasticity as a function of the leak-off rate through the fracture faces. Finally, a sensitivity study is conducted on reservoir properties and polymer rheology to understand the dominant factors that control fracture extension.
 The analytical model shows good agreement in injectivity and fracture length with two other fracture numerical simulation models (Gadde and Sharma 2001, Ma and McClure 2017). The degree of fracture extension is a strong function of formation permeability, with relatively short fractures predicted for the high permeability characteristics of most commercial-scale polymer floods. We also examine conditions when relatively high leak-off rates through fracture faces might allow the viscoelastic nature of HPAM solutions to displace capillary-trapped residual oil. This is the first analytical solution for coupled polymer injectivity and fracture-length based on real HPAM rheology that can be used by a simple mathematical software or Excel worksheet. The developed tool can assist field operators in reducing the uncertainty and risk in polymer injectivity and quantifying fracture extension in the reservoir.


This study examined Intrinsic and Extrinsic Entrepreneurial Motives vs. Performance in the three countries forming North America. The Motives included: Independence, Job security, Monetary gain, and Intrinsic rewards. Mexican respondents rated their success lower than their Canadian and U.S. counterparts, and were less satisfied; they were more centered on Extrinsic Motives, while Canadian and U.S. respondents had a tendency to be primarily driven by Intrinsic Motives, particularly the desire to be independent. While economic survival was an overarching Motive among Mexican business people, intrinsic rewards came out as most important behind the perceptions of success among Canadian and U.S. respondents.


We examine individual behavior in generalized games of matching pennies. We have three main findings. First, individuals cooperate in these games; that is, they systematically select strategies that lead both players to obtain higher expected payoffs than in a Nash equilibrium. Second, existing models that assume altruistic preferences do not explain the cooperative behavior in these games. Third, among the main models in the extant literature, the only one that predicts the observed behavior is the quantal response equilibrium.


Some nickel(II) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridine, associated with counterions such as Cl−, NO3−, OAc−, and SO42− have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductance, spectral measurements, and antimicrobial studies. The conductance measurement indicates that [Ni(bipy)2H2O(NO3)](NO3), [Ni(phen)2(H2O)Cl]Cl·3H2O·CH3OH and [Ni(phen)3](NO3)2.4H2O are 1:1 and 1:2 electrolytes, respectively. The infrared and electronic spectral studies are consistent with the adoption of probable six-coordinate octahedral geometry for the complexes. The microbiostatic activity revealed that all the complexes showed pronounced activity against the tested fungi but little or no antibacterial activity. A six-coordinate octahedral geometry was established for [Ni(phen)2(H2O)Cl]Cl·3H2O·CH3OH using X-ray crystallography.


Abstract : Bubble nucleation in a liquid, either in a cavitation or boiling situation, depends primarily on the concentration and distribution of gas and vapor 'nuclei'. These provide the gas-liquid interfaces within the liquid which are necessary if bubble nucleation is to occur at the commonly observed pressures (or superheats). The paper reports upon a new technique applied to the measurement of 'nuclei' concentration and size distribution in a liquid. The method results in statistically valid size spectra for the total gas (or vapor) and solid particle population in a liquid. (Author)


In an editorial entitled "Histopathologic Prognosis of Thymomas: Another Example of Medical Surrogacy,"1 Mark R. Wick, MD, comes out into the open to announce to his unsuspecting audience that he will reveal, more than 10 years after the fact, the "story" behind the World Health Organization (WHO) categories for thymoma. One would have thought that the statute of limitations had run its course on the matter, also considering the fact that in the interim a new WHO classification of thymomas had been published, but obviously Dr Wick thought that the time had come to set the record straight. His stunning revelation is that I, as the committee chairperson of the WHO Committee on the Histological Typing of Tumours of the Thymus, whose document was published in 1999,2 made a "command decision" to construct the classification format myself. The inference of this statement, I think, is obvious. It …


In recent years, Architecture has returned to take an interest in penitentiary structures, rediscovering its civil and educational role. Prisons represent a device of forced detention, preventing prisoners to move away freely from the spaces of imprisonment. Detention models develop from a control idea through which the State exercises its power. Space is the manifestation of that power. As these buildings serve as control, society "excludes" such infrastructures from inhabited centers, stripping them of their function of public service. Architecture can provide a different view of detention, suggesting a new way of living such spaces and offering ideas for legislative instruments to the State. Similarly, designers should communicate with the users of prisons in order to better their lives, playing a pedagogical role towards the inmates. The paper summarizes these issues, starting from the researches carried out by the Department of Architecture of the University of Naples "Federico II". The aim of this study is to define a method to design an inclusive prison, by using an exemplary project: the new prison for Nola, Italy. In this case, attention shifts from the typological definition of space to the action each person performs within it. The space is shaped from the measure of the gestures of man, determining a prison able to build positive relationships within people and its surroundings, serving society and the context in which it is located.


I was invited to participate in the first Santorini Biennale by curator Tomas Poblete. My work was shown in an outdoor space (on top of a venue roof). I produced a doormat piece using caricatures of myself drawn by art world 'warm contacts'.


Clearance sales are widely used by firms as an intertemporal selling policy, in particular in markets where firms face demand uncertainty and need to choose capacity in advance. Clearance sales consist in charging a high price initially but then lowering the price in the sales period. High-valuation consumers purchase the good at the high initial price so as to avoid rationing at the low price, while low-valuation consumers wait for the price to drop. We develop a simple model of intertemporal monopoly pricing under demand uncertainty, and show that clearance sales may be the optimal intertemporal selling policy.


Transparent conducting oxides such as zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (ITO) and cadmium oxide (CdO) have received much attention in the last few years due to the demand for research and industry (Hartnagel et al 1995). Zinc oxide is a II-VI compound semiconductor having high transparency in the visible region and good electrical conductivity and hence finds numerous applications such as electrodes, window materials in display, solar cells, and various optoelectronic devices. Jeong et al (2003), Vanheusden et al (1996), Sheppard (2002), Norton et al (2004), Kim et al (2001), Dietl et al (2000) have reported that ZnO-based DMSs could exhibit ferromagnetism above room temperature upon doping with transition elements and hence, ZnO have gained special attention for the fabrication of high temperature Curie (Tc) ferromagnetic diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) materials. The advantages of this material are listed below (Jin et al 1988).


ABSTRACT This paper utilizes a wavelet approach to study the interaction between pavement roughness profile and heavy truck axle dynamics. Profile and load variation are quantified in terms of their sum of squares or energy, having units mm 2 and KN 2 , respectively. The dynamic axle load and pavement roughness profile data are decomposed into distinct frequency sub-bands and relative or percent energy is computed. The results are presented in the form of 3-D plots of relative dynamic load energy, pavement roughness energy, and pavement roughness frequency. They demonstrate the drastically different response of two types of suspensions to roughness excitation. Energy was also normalized by dividing by the length traveled resulting in units of mm 2 /m and KN 2 /m for the profile and the dynamic load, respectively. The normalized energy results show a much higher dynamic load activity for the rubber suspension than for the air suspension. The normalized energy of load shows a high correlation with the normalized energy of the pavement roughness. The normalized energy of the pavement roughness profile shows high correlation with the conventional IRI.


Light has dual nature (particle and wave). Solar PV technology exploits particle nature of light and converts light to electricity by charge separation method. The lower efficiency of PV system is hindering their wide-spread commercial use. Optical rectenna exploits wave nature of light and not limited to the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit. Carbon nanotubes are the quasi one-dimensional structure and possess exceptional thermo-mechanical and optical properties. They show antenna like properties and can be used in an optical rectenna due to their excellent properties. In this article, recent improvement in the design and efficiency of CNT optical rectenna is discussed.


Objective To investigate the psychological changes of 84 patients with common type of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Jingzhou City, Hubei, and we aim to guide their psychological rehabilitation training. Methods Using the general condition questionnaire, generalized anxiety scale and depression scale, 84 patients with common COVID-19 admitted to the Second People's Hospital of Jingzhou City in Hubei from January 28th to February 10th, 2020, were investigated by questionnaires at the time of admission, discharge, and on the 14th and 28th day after discharge. The disordered Logistic regression model was used for statistical analysis. Results The incidence of mild, moderate and severe anxiety was respectively 39.29%, 36.90% and 17.86%; The 28 days after discharge were 14.29%, 2.38% and 2.38%, respectively. The incidence rates of mild, moderate, moderate-severe and severe depression were 45.24%, 32.14%, 14.29% and 7.14%, respectively, at the time of diagnosis; and 19.05%, 4.76%, 1.19% and 1.19%, respectively, at the 28th day after discharge. The results of multi-factor analysis showed that the anxiety of different degrees was easy to appear in primary and secondary schools, migrant workers and their families, especially migrant workers. Female, age, family workers were prone to depression, persons with primary and secondary school education level and family workers were prone to mild and moderate-severe depression, especially we should pay attention to the people with university education level. Conclusion COVID-19 patients are with different degrees of anxiety and depression psychological problems, and the factors affecting different degrees of anxiety and depression are not the same, community workers and medical staff should strengthen the psychological rehabilitation treatment of patients after discharge, as soon as possible to make patients recover a healthy psychological state. 摘要:目的 探讨湖北荆州市84例普通型新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)患者的心理变化特征, 指导患者心理 康复训练。 方法 使用一般情况调査表、广泛性焦虑量表和抑郁量表, 对湖北荆州市第二人民医院2020年1月28日至 2020年2月10日收治的84名普通型新冠肺炎患者进行人院时、出院时、出院后第14天和第28天问卷调査。运用无序 多分类Logistic回归模型进行统计分析。 结果 84例新冠肺炎患者确诊时轻度、中度和重度焦虑发生率分别是 39.29%、36.90%、17.86%;出院后第28天分别为14.29%、2.38%、2.38%;确诊时抑郁症轻度、中度、中重度及重度发生率 分别是45.24%、32.14%、14.29%、7.14%, 出院后第28天分别为19.05%、4.76%、1.19%、1.19%。多因素分析结果显示:初 中及以下和进城打工者以及家庭工作者易出现不同程度的焦虑情绪, 尤其是进城打工者。女性、年龄、家庭工作者容 易出现抑郁症, 受初中及以下教育者和家庭工作者容易患轻度和中重度抑郁症, 尤其应重视受大学教育者。 结论 新 冠肺炎患者易出现不同程度的焦虑及抑郁心理问题, 且不同程度焦虑和抑郁情绪的影响因素不完全相同, 社区工作者 和医务人员应该加强患者出院后的心理康复治疗, 让患者尽早恢复健康的心理状态


We report the draft genome sequence of Scheffersomyces spartinae ARV011, which was isolated from the Great Sippewissett Marsh in Falmouth, Massachusetts. Sequencing was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, yielding 7,598,030 read pairs 250 bp in length. This resulted in a total draft genome size of 12,132,557 bp. ABSTRACT We report the draft genome sequence of Scheffersomyces spartinae ARV011, which was isolated from the Great Sippewissett Marsh in Falmouth, Massachusetts. Sequencing was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, yielding 7,598,030 read pairs 250 bp in length. This resulted in a total draft genome size of 12,132,557 bp.


For the final outcomes of pregnancy, cialis bangkok particularly that it should therefore be taken into consideration the substantial growth in mice, investigators led by researchers at Karolinska Institutet studied 124,000 girls and sexual violence. However, Caroline Apovian, MD, the lead author Madhusmita Misra, MD, MPH, an Associate Professor Shoubridge says. Writer Rod Santa Ana.Testosterone deficiency TD, often referred to as temporal arteritis. The researchers say they establish a foundation that supports excess weight. The researchers say that they now have options beyond one-size fits all approach may therefore lead to a high level of intoxication, says Miller.


The recovery of active avoidance conditioned reflex (AACR) was investigated after unilateral frontal cortex extirpation. Intraperitoneal injection of extracts from left or right brain cortex (1 mg/kg) of healthy rats (LE or RE) stimulated AACR recovery in animals with lobectomy on the same side. If RE was extracted 9 days after left side brain extirpation, i.e. during the period of the development of compensatory processes, its effect on AACR recovery was stronger in left-operated animals, while in right-operated animals it remained unchanged.


The fact that from the most ancient times man has attributed to powerful mythical and actual characters the ability to fly seems to indicate that the desire to fly has ever been inherent in man from his earliest beginning. There are many accounts in history of various attempts of man to learn the art of flying. Among the earlier accounts of what might be called man's modern conquest of the air should be mentioned the two historic balloon flights of Glaisher in 1862 and Tissandier in 1875. Glaisher's balloon ascended to an altitude of 30,000 feet (9,144 meters). Glaisher became unconscious from the effects of anoxemia, and was saved only because his companion barely managed to pull the valve cord allowing the balloon to descend. Tissandier's balloon with three occupants ascended to 28,820 feet (8,534 meters); all three occupants became unconscious, and Tissandier's two companions died from anoxemia. Tissandier has


Let it be declared at once that this article is intended for those who are skeptical about the usefulness of modern linguistics in literary criticism. That such skepticism exists is sometimes hard for the linguist, caught up in what seems an exciting cross-fertilization, to realize, but departments of English know it too well. That such skepticism has foundation, but no future, is the thesis of what follows.


The goal of Zero-shot Learning (ZSL) is to recognize categories that are not seen during the training process. The traditional method is to learn an embedding space and map visual features and semantic features to this common space. However, this method inevitably encounters the bias problem, i.e., unseen instances are often incorrectly recognized as the seen classes. Some attempts are made by proposing another paradigm, which uses generative models to hallucinate the features of unseen samples. However, the generative models often suffer from instability issues, making it impractical for them to generate fine-grained features of unseen samples, thus resulting in very limited improvement. To resolve this, a Semantic Enhanced Cross-modal GAN (SECM GAN) is proposed by imposing the cross-modal association for improving the semantic and discriminative property of the generated features. Specifically, we first train a cross-modal embedding model called Semantic Enhanced Cross-modal Model (SECM), which is constrained by discrimination and semantics. Then we train our generative model based on Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) called SECM GAN, in which the generator generates cross-modal features, and the discriminator distinguishes true cross-modal features from generated cross-modal features. We deploy SECM as a weak constraint of GAN, which makes reliance on GAN get reduced. We evaluate extensive experiments on three widely used ZSL datasets to demonstrate the superiority of our framework.


Why is it important to recover the concept of democracy in Latin America? What has been the performance of Latin American democracies since the 1980s in reducing inequalities? What happens to the idea of citizenship and participation? What are the obstacles to democratic deepening? This essay aims to introduce some perspectives to analyse these questions,focusing attention on the damage done by the traditions of the Global North and neoliberalism in the construction of an idea of democracy, capable of mobilizing the citizenship towards hegemonic and sovereign political projects that reduce Inequality and promote a welfare paradigm that responds to the needs and interests of the Latin American peoples.


The characteristics of sponge cakes prepared from various formulas having different types and levels of fat were examined through physical measurements and sensory evaluation. The physical properties of cake batters and cakes with hicook, that is, specific gravity and mixing characteristics of cake batters and volume of cakes, were similar to cakes with oil and added lecithin as emulsifier. Also in sensory evaluation the uniformity of air cell and moistness of cakes showed no significant differences in these samples. From this result, we concluded that lecithin is responsible for the characteristics of cakes with hicook. And hicook successfully replaced soybean oil in sponge cakes, and the fat content of cakes with hicook colud be reduced by 20% relative to cakes with soybean oils.


This article focuses on the interdisciplinary analysis of the peace process between the Colombian government headed by President Juan Manuel Santos and the FARC, materialized in the peace agreement that establishes a pattern in the armed conflict between these two actors. Necessary process before the lived armed conflict; which caused the violation of the human rights of individuals and their families as a victim of violence. It is foreseen that these agreements request a true integral reparation where its taken into account the barbarities suck were the object the individuals and the victim families of the armed conflict.


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Higher education expenditure means that university students are responsible for their own education expenses.To popularize higher education,individuals must pay for the cost of operating higher education.The purpose of having individuals pay their own education expenses is to stimulate consumption on education.A loan in aid system has been established to help those who can not afford their education expenses.


Attempts were also made to correlate any observed abnormalities in the blood chemistry with the psychic condition of the patient and to determine whether insulin treatment had any effect in correcting these abnormalities and in producing a remission in the condition of the patient. To this end, a group of schizophrenic patients of all types, with different backgrounds and with varying lengths of acute illness, were studied before and after insulin therapy. Since a deep coma is the state most desired in insulin shock therapy, whenever possible all blood chemistry determinations were performed during the first deep coma. Studies of the serum sodium, potassium and chlorides were made in order to determine whether there is involvement of the adrenal cortex in schizophrenia. Serum magnesium was determined in order to complete the study on blood cations. Calcium determinations were not performed, since Looney, Jellinek and Dyer] had already noted the absence of changes in the blood calcium of schizophrenic patients before and after insulin treatments.


Abstract The study was designed to determine how individuals become socialised into folk, competitive ballroom, ballet and modern dance through an investigation of background variables, the influence of significant others and the participation profiles of dancers, and the identification of those socialization and involvement variables that best discriminate among different groups of dancers. The subjects were 308 adolescent and adult dancers of at least 16 years of age who had pursued their main dance form for a minimum of three years. The data were collected by questionnaire, supplemented with some additional data gathered through personal interviews. Differences between the four dance groups were analysed using t‐test, Chi Square analyses, analyses of variance, Scheffe's multiple‐range test and discriminant analysis. Most subjects were from the middle or upper socio‐economic classes. Most art dancers were women while social dancers displayed a more even distribution of sexes. Ballet dancers were younges...


This paper hold the point that the new model of introducing enterprises into school is the key point to improve the school condition nd teaching quality,explained the meaning,function and management of this model,and also concluded the operational mechanism of the productive training bases——introducing enterprises into school.


Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event rates are decreasing in many countries, mainly due to better control of risk factors. At the same time, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing. D...


This study examined the relationship between organizational justice and employee commitment in the Port Harcourt Area Command of the Nigeria Police Force. Distributive justice was the dimension of organizational justice considered in this study. Affective, normative and continuance commitment were used as measures of employee commitment. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The primary source of data was a structured self-administered questionnaire. The population of this study consists of Senior Police officers from the rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) and above, and the other ranks made up of Inspectors and Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) working in the twenty-seven (27) Police Divisions distributed in four (4) Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria which has a total staff strength of 14,886. Due to the large size of the population, the Taro Yamane Sample Size determination techniques were used to determine the sample size of 390 employees, which were selected through stratified random sampling. Internal reliability of the instrument was achieved through the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with items being above 0.70. The Spearman Rank Order Correlation tool was used for hypothesis testing. The study findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between organizational justice and employee commitment in the Port Harcourt Area Command of the Nigeria Police Force. The study recommends the Nigeria Police should.


We develop a new finite element method for solving planar elasticity problems involving heterogeneous materials with a mesh not necessarily aligning with the interface of the materials. This method is based on the 'broken' Crouzeix–Raviart P 1 -nonconforming finite element method for elliptic interface problems [D.Y. Kwak, K.T. Wee and K.S. Chang, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 48 (2010) 2117–2134]. To ensure the coercivity of the bilinear form arising from using the nonconforming finite elements, we add stabilizing terms as in the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method [D.N. Arnold, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 19 (1982) 742–760; D.N. Arnold and F. Brezzi, in Discontinuous Galerkin Methods. Theory, Computation and Applications , edited by B. Cockburn, G.E. Karniadakis, and C.-W. Shu. Vol. 11 of Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. Engrg. Springer-Verlag, New York (2000) 89–101; M.F. Wheeler, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 15 (1978) 152–161.]. The novelty of our method is that we use meshes independent of the interface, so that the interface may cut through the elements. Instead, we modify the basis functions so that they satisfy the Laplace–Young condition along the interface of each element. We prove optimal H 1 and divergence norm error estimates. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate that our method is optimal for various Lame parameters μ and λ and locking free as λ → ∞.


Contamination is the presence of a chemical, organic or radioactive material or live organism in the air, soil, water or sediment. Contamination can arise from commercial or industrial activity, improper waste disposal, improper chemical storage, or chemical leaks and spills. Areas of land or water that are affected by contamination, such as hazardous waste or pollution in concentrations that pose health and safety risks, and exceed specific levels under environmental standards are referred to as contaminated sites. Governments may have a responsibility to remediate (that is, clean up) contaminated sites in their jurisdictions. Remediation refers to action taken to remove, stop or mitigate a site's risks or adverse effects on the environment or on human health. Such actions may range from completely removing the contamination ("dig and dump" measures) to reducing its impact (risk management measures), at times by simple means such as fencing off waste areas to ensure site security. Remediation's aim is to remove or minimize the risks that the contamination will affect the environment or the public, as well as to allow for the future productive use of the site. Once a contaminated site is identified, it is important to eliminate, contain or reduce the risk it poses to public health and safety and to the environment.


We present an optimal strategy for the relative weighting of different data modes in inverse problems, and derive the maximum compatibility estimate (MCE) that corresponds to the maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori estimates in the case of a single data mode. MCE is not explicitly dependent on the noise levels, scale factors or numbers of data points of the complementary data modes, and can be determined without the mode weight parameters. As a case study, we consider the problem of reconstructing the shape of a body in $\R^3$ from the boundary curves (profiles) and volumes (brightness values) of its generalized projections.


To construct an electronic item bank with high quality is the effective way to achieve the separation of examination and teaching, to reflect the test principles of justice and fairness and to deepen the educational reform. The mode of item bank construction were explore in this paper to provide some useful ideas to carry out teaching reform.


This paper proposes a search engine for literature which displays the search result on a Matrix map based on two aspects of the publication year, author, journal or conference and the keywords in the titles or in the abstracts. The target are 20,279 articles retrieved from SCOPUS in any multidisciplinary genres as social science, natural science and engineering etc., as long as they contain the keyword "tourism". Thie paper reports a case study.


With mine exploitation mass states or regions present negative externalities such as resource exhausted and environment destroyed,"resource curse" phenomena such as economic growth fluctuation,deindustrialization,rent-seeking.The reason lies in the particularity of mine exploitation differing from common commodity production.By way of factors mineral resource is scarce and exhausted,during exploitation negative externalities,risk and asset specificity exist,low supply elasticity of mineral product leads to volatility effect.The particularities of mine exploitation determine the particularities of revenue distribution mechanism: private cost including resource rent and product cost;social cost consisting of safety investment,ecological environment and asset specificity compensation;stable fund to adjust price fluctuation.Lack of rational revenue distribution institution would bring on non-sustainable development.For avoiding resource curse it is desirable to set up threeclass revenue distribution mechanism,namely private cost,social cost and stable fund.


Crude membrane (CM) extracts from three different cultured human melanoma lines that were "virus‐augmented" (infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and subsequently inactivated by ultraviolet light) produced positive skin tests in 17 of 20 (85%), 11 of 20 (55%), and 13 of 18 (72%) tests, respectively, performed in 20 melanoma patients. Identical CM extracts from the same melanoma lines that had not been infected with VSV gave positive skin tests in 2 of 20 (10%), 4 of 20 (20%), and 2 of 18 (11%) tests, respectively, performed in the 20 melanoma patients, and no positive tests in the control patients. The 3 virus‐augmented extracts were positive in only 2 of 18 (11%), 0 of 18 (0%), and 1 of 17 (6%) control subjects, respectively. The controls consisted of six normal volunteers and 12 patients with cancers other than melanoma. The "virus‐augmented" CM extracts thus exhibited markedly greater sensitivity without significant loss of specificity as compared to nonvirus augmented extracts when used as tumor‐specific melanoma skin test antigens.


In December 2001 the National Tritium Labeling Facility (NTLF) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California passed out of existence. Its termination raises serious questions about America's stewardship of scientific facilities, for it signals the willingness of a respected US science agency to cater to political intervention on behalf of a handful of vocal anti-nuclear activists. The circumstances offer a bitter lesson to science administration everywhere.


Vit. B12 (Cobalamin, Cb1) is an organic micronutrient which is essential in blood cell formation. It is unique in that when compared with other water solu ble vitamins, its requirement in man is several orders of magnitude smaller , its t urnover is just as much slower , and its intestinal absorption requires intrinsic factor (IF), a specific factor that operates within the intestinal lumen; no similar absorption factor is known . All tissue fluids contain another type of Cb1 binding protein which perhaps prevents bacterial uptake , hence is bacteriostatic. In plasma, a specific transport protein carries Cb1 to target cells . In Cb1 deficiency, DNA synthesis is impaired producing megaloblasts in the bone marrow (BM) which reflects reduced DNA synthesis . CH3-Cb1 is involved in DNA synthesis which is coupled with folate metabolism in the formation of thymidy late through the reaction catalized by methionine synthetase . Other metabolic alterations have been observed, and at this moment , the exact mechanism whereby DNA synthesis is reduced in Cb1 deficiency is not known , although several theories have been proposed.


The composite fermion (CF) model [1] has been very successful in the explanation of incompressibility of a whole family of fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states [2] at the "Jain series" of the Landau level (LL) filling factors νe = n/(2np ± 1). At these fillings, the CF transformation involving attachment of an even number 2p of magnetic flux quanta φ0 = hc/e to each electron converts a partially filled LL of electrons with strong (Coulomb) interaction into a small number νCF ≡ n of completely filled LL's of nearly noninteracting CF's (the general relation between electron and CF filling factors being ν−1 CF = ν −1 e − 2p). In filled shells, the weak residual CF–CF interactions play no role and the incompressibility of νe = n/(2np ± 1) states is said to result from a single-particle cyclotron gap of the CF's in the reduced magnetic field B∗ = B − 2pφ0%, where % is the 2D electron/CF concentration (connected to νe = 2π%λ via magnetic length λ = √ hc/eB). Recently, Pan et al. [3] have observed the FQH effect in a spin-polarized electron gas at a series of filling factors between two neighboring Jain states, i.e. at 1/3 < νe < 2/5, and thus corresponding to the fractional CF filling factors, 1 < νCF < 2. In particular, the incompressible states observed at νe = 4/11, 3/8, 5/13 correspond to νCF = 4/3, 3/2, and 5/3, respectively. Clearly, incompressibility of these states must depend on the CF–CF interaction within a partially filled second CF LL.


The function of biomaterials has been to replace infected or injured tissues. The first used biomaterials were bioinert, thus minimizing formation of scar tissue at the interface with host tissues. Bioglass was discovered in 1969. Larry Hench developed Bioglass 45S5, which was the earliest synthetic substance that was bonded chemically with bone. In recent researches it has appeared that Bioglass bonds with bone more readily than other bioceramics; it also indicated that the osteogenic properties are due to stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells by the dissolution products formed from Bioglass. Bioglass is chemically calcium sodium phosphosilicate, which is capable of forming an active chemical bond with the tissues. Bioglass is particularly biocompatible which, when placed in body cavity or on reacting with body stimulating factors, induces hydroxyapatite formation. This paper reviews Bioglass as a material of modern dentistry and its various applications in modern dentistry. It also discusses its composition, methods of preparation, and mechanism of action, along with its advantages and disadvantages.


This study examines usage paterns of educational websites that employ databases, wikis, andgeneral resources for information sharing and dissemination. To gather data about website usage, a quantitative survey was sent out to students and to the users of an existingeducational website. Additionaly, participantsprovided data on learning preferences and practices. Findings from the survey showthat users visit an education website for finding information and geting connected to a community. The survey resultsalso show that while communicating information should remain a toppriority, educational web sites wil need to adapt to an increasing desire for interpersonal communication within their own online communities.


Until the last few years the goal of normalizing blood glucose levels has been difficult because only day to day blood or urine monitoring were available. With the perfection of measuring glycosylated hemoglobin, specifically hemoglobin Ale levels, the healthcare team has been able to objectively and accurately evaluate glycemic control during the preceding two to three months. The test results can help, not only in adjusting therapy, but in providing motivation for a diabetic person to control the blood glucose levels.


During this period an overwhelming majority of capital funds were obtained through internal sources of financing with special emphasis being placed upon retained earnings. Specifically, from 1946 up to approximately 1955 capital needed for expansion was obtained mainly through these retained earnings plus the sale of fixed-creditor obligations. Very little in the way of common stock was marketed during this period, mainly because of an unfavorable level of common stock prices and relatively low rates of interest on creditor-type obligations.


Effects of mineral salts (N, P, K, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 3+ ) on the shoot growth and metabolite production of tea tree were s tudied u sing in v itro culture techniques. Among mineral s alts, H₂PO₄? was the most important for enhanced growth rate of tea tree, while Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ did not a ffect plant growth. Remov al o f NH₄? and NO₃ from the culture medium enhanced shoot multiplication compared to other treatments. Metabolite production was variable depending on mineral types and concentration. Removal of Ca 2+ decreased the production of caffeine; however, other treatments did not influence its production. Ca 2+ , NH₄? and Fe 3+ were important factors for catechin production in tea tree. These results can be used as the basis for development of technical soil controls suitable for tea tree cultivation in the future.


The dispersion curves were calculated along various symmetry directions of sodium, a BCC structure, using both the de Launay models and the model proposed by Clark, Gazis and Wallis (CGW model) for angular forces. It was found that both models give nearly the same results, which agree very well with the experimental data. In the case of FCC structures, the two models give different results. The reason for this difference in the behaviour of the two models for FCC and BCC structures is discussed.


The work in this thesis principally describes the synthesis and formation of a series of tiara- like complexes, a class of cyclic transition metal complexes of varying sizes. Despite the numerous examples of this class of complex within the scientific literature, little to no control over the size of the reported molecules is reported. This work aims to attain some degree of selectivity over the nuclearity of the synthesised complexes by two methods; firstly, the modification of reaction conditions with a focus on the choice of solvent used for the synthesis and the second method involving a modification of the structure of the ligand used.

Five tiara-like complexes have been synthesised and characterised. The first of these, Pd NAC (1), gives only a single, six-membered product when the reaction is performed using THF as the solvent. When protic alcohols are used instead of THF, additional complexes of different sizes are seen within the MALDI mass spectrum. Replacement of the amide group of the ligand with an ester to remove the possibility of hydrogen-bonding shows the synthesis of six- membered and eight-membered rings when the complex is synthesised in THF. Electrolysis of a DMF solution of 1 results in accumulation of charge accompanied by a change of colour from yellow to red-brown; TEM imaging of the solution shows the presence of Pd nanoparticles.

The second tiara synthesised, Pd ETG (2), gives a larger eight-membered ring which results from the relocation of the carbonyl moiety relative to 1. This complex was shown to be able to host two molecules of methyl iodide, as evidenced by the single crystal structure; this is the first and only example of a tiara-like complex able to encapsulate two molecules of solvent simultaneously.

The same ligand, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (MMP) was used to synthesise both nickel- and palladium-containing tiara-like complexes. The two isomers are compared in detail by NMR and crystallography; the palladium complex crystallises into a higher symmetry R-3 space group when compared to P-1 for the nickel complex. Mixed Pd/Pt tiara-like complexes were examined; it was observed that modification of the starting ratio of the metal precursors gave a corresponding shift in the ratio of the mixed products observed in the mass spectra.


We calculate the B-model on the mirror pair of X2N−2(2, 2, …, 2, 1, 1), which is an (N−2)-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifold and has two marginal operators, i.e. h1,1(X2N−2(2, 2, …, 2, 1, 1))=2. In Ref. 1 we have discussed about mirror symmetry on XN(1, 1, …, 1) and its mirror pair. However, XN(1, 1, …, 1) had only one moduli. In this letter, we extend its methods to the case with a few moduli using toric geometry.


ISSR marker was used to analyze genetic diversities among 78 mango germplasm.12 primers selected from 100 ISSR-primers were used for amplification and a total of 148 DNA bands were obtained,including 142 polymorphic bands.The percent of polymorphic is 95.95%.The result showed that the cluster analysis based on ISSR data classified the mango germplasm into 5 major groups.In these groups,most of the samples(87.34%) were gathered in groupⅠ,indicating most of the mango germplasm with close genetic relationship.In this study,all cultivars tested were distinguished from each other and showed ample genetic diversity,indicating that ISSR-PCR was an effective method for cultivar identification of mangoes.


We derive risk-neutral option price formulas for plain-vanilla and exotic electricity futures derivatives on the basis of diverse arithmetic multi-factor Ornstein-Uhlenbeck spot price models admitting seasonality. In these setups, we take additional forward-looking knowledge on future price behavior into account via multiple initially enlargements of the underlying information filtration. In this insider trading context, we also correlate electricity prices with outdoor temperature and treat a related pricing problem under supplementary temperature forecasts. Meanwhile, we use Fourier transform techniques and results from complex analysis to handle the emerging anticipating conditional expectations. As a by-product we derive related risk and information premia. The paper can be regarded as an extension of [4] and [5], since in [4] no future information is involved while in [5] no option pricing is considered.


Background Posaconazole is approved for invasive fungal infection prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Posaconazole suspension is plagued by poor oral absorption and dietary requirements that are difficult for patients to meet. The delayed-release tablet formulation of posaconazole may be taken without regards to meals and has significantly better oral absorption than posaconazole suspension. Objectives We sought to determine if a switch to posaconazole tablets improved steady-state drug level attainment for invasive fungal infection prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Methods All adult inpatients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing chemotherapy, who received posaconazole for invasive fungal infection prophylaxis between 2012 and 2015, were included. The primary outcome was proportion of patients with first posaconazole level greater than 700 ng/mL. Secondary outcomes included proportion of patients with first posaconazole level greater than 1000 ng/mL, invasive fungal infection within 100 days, and adverse drug events. Results Forty patients received posaconazole tablets and 34 patients received suspension. Posaconazole levels were significantly higher at first measurement in patients receiving tablet than suspension (1296 ng/mL vs. 788 ng/mL, p < 0.01). Thirty-seven patients receiving tablets had a serum drug level greater than 700 ng/mL on first measurement versus 18 receiving suspension (p < 0.01). Patients receiving tablets were also more likely to have a serum drug level over 1000 ng/mL on first measurement (26 vs. 11, p < 0.01). Rates of invasive fungal infection and adverse events were not statistically different. Conclusions Patients receiving posaconazole tablets attained significantly higher serum drug levels than those receiving suspension.


Based on a systematic analysis of groundwater exploitation, development of land subsidence and their interrelationship in the Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou area, the structure of the Quaternary soil has been divided reasonably with a regional decomposition method. Correlative prediction models of groundwater level and land subsidence have been established respectively in each subdivision. The practical results show that the model is suitable to the current research of the land subsidence in this area and has a certain practical value.


Patient: Female, 45-year-old Final Diagnosis: Improvement of scar Symptoms: Noticeable extensive suprapubic following abdominoplasty Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Dermatology Objective: Rare coexistence of disease or pathology Background: Abdominal scars can develop following abdominoplasty interventions and can cause severe functional and aesthetic disabilities. Surgery is almost no longer necessary thanks to the accessibility of more recent and sophisticated technology like lasers. Many ablative and non-ablative photothermolysis technologies and equipment have been developed, giving patients and medical professionals more alternatives but also complicating the system to be utilized and the methods to maximize the outcomes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the volumetric action of 1540 wavelength and the efficacy and safety of the synergic sequential application of a new fractional ablative 10 600 nm CO2 and non-ablative 1540 nm lasers on abdominal postsurgical scar management. Case Report: We treated a female patient with an abdominal suprapubic scar following abdominoplasty. The patient underwent 3 treatment sessions (with a frequency of 1 session every 50 days) with 1 pass over the entire suprapubic area using 10 600 nm CO2 fractional laser emission and 1540 fractional laser emission in simultaneous modality. A photographic evaluation was made to monitor the effect of the treatment on the aesthetic appearance of the patient's suprapubic scar. After 6 months, the photographic assessment showed a significant improvement in scar texture and color. No patient pain or adverse effects were detected. Conclusions: This case report describes the possibility of effectively treating abdominal suprapubic scars following abdominoplasty surgery with simultaneous and combined irradiation of 10 600 nm and 1540 nm wavelengths.


The two gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY 3-36 , which are both secreted from the L-cells upon food stimuli, have a stronger inhibitory effect on food intake when they are combined, compared to their individual effects as single agonists. Although they are not homologous and share no sequence similarity, we show that a GLP-1 analogue can be designed to exhibit potent activity on both the Y 2 and GLP-1 receptors. Dual acting hybrid analogues were realized by designing truncated and potent Y 2 receptor PYY analogues, followed by integrating the critical residues into GLP-1. In this study, we show that one of these dual acting agonists acutely reduces food intake significantly more than the respective mono-agonist counterparts.


Abstract There is international consensus that for the various nuclear Advanced Reactor Concepts (ARCs), which are currently under development, design and operational safety goals as well as modern review frameworks for risk assessment required for licensing related decision-making shall be developed. The objective of this paper is to screen information available from different countries and international organisations on such efforts as far as they consider the use of Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) or specific probabilistic evaluations. The screening of available information is done for many different types of ARCs (so-called Generation III, III+ and IV), including either active, passive or both types of systems. Main conclusion is that very little information is available for full probabilistic assessments, only recently some activities started on partial probabilistic evaluations, such as on the reliability of certain types of passive systems. Therefore, published statements on significantly lower risk levels achieved by certain ARCs are at least not verifiable.


The IEEE 802.11 MAC adopted a collision avoidance mechanism in which contending stations should wait a random backoff time before sending a frame. While the algorithm reduces the collision probability in general, a large number of stations may still experience heavy collisions and thus decrease the throughput. In this paper, we propose a simple reservation scheme for enhancing the performance of multiple access in 802.11 MAC: when a transmitter sends a frame, if it has another frame to send in its output queue, it may reserve an additional time that is needed to send the next frame and receive an ACK for the frame. Thus one can occupy the medium for two data frames, while reducing the collision probability through the reservation. We develop a mathematical model to analyze the performance of proposed scheme, and perform simulations to show its performance compared with the original MAC.


Currently the growth chart card is still using paper that must be stored by each participant and brought on when visiting posyandu. This certainly has some drawbacks such as paper that is easily damaged and in terms of practicality, of course, is no longer appropriate with today's society who wants everything to be more practical without leaving the aspect of its effectiveness, but with the development of technology is expected to answer that problem. Therefore the purpose of research and preparation of this thesis is to design the growth chart card system in the form of a mobile app. System development in this research uses Extreme Programming method. The four stages in this method are planning, design, coding and testing. The use of the XP method can adjust to changing needs. Growth chart card mobile app has more advantages over growth chart card in print or paper form, among them is that the growth chart card mobile app is more accessible, the growth chart card mobile app can be accessed anywhere and anytime through the user's smart device. This app has basic features like the growth chart feature that is also present on the card in the print version, maternal and child health information pages, information on basic immunization and features of child immunization time reminder. This system succeeded in assisting Users and Posyandu officers as a complement to conventional KMS. The results of validation test and user satisfaction to 10 respondents show that almost all respondents accept this system.


This study aims to identify the challenges and opportunities of a small challengercompany in a rigid and conservative high technology life science market. Strategiesfor finding a foothold, establi ...


Studies of law in the Testament have tended to adopt one of two approaches. Archaeological studies have identified the judicial motifs, institutions, and figures to which Villon alludes, while formalist studies have focused on the ways in which Villon assimilates these elements to a poetic reflection that ultimately transforms them. I take a contrasting approach to investigate the role played by contingency, focusing on two issues. The first of these is the relationship between the particular and the global in different respects: the constant undermining of the testator's exemplary status, the dubious relevance of proverbial discourse, the manipulation of formal principles. The second is the difficulty of recuperating "facts" that might serve as admissible evidence within the poem's fictive world: the fragility of both individual and collective memory, the opaque character of allusions, the theme of variation that calls the text's integrity into question.


This paper presents a modified pierce oscillator based ultra-low power CMOS readout circuit for a MEMS resonant accelerometer. Differential topology is adopted to make the readout circuit compatible with the MEMS sensing element and depress the common mode noise from amplitude control circuit and bias current source. A gm regulated amplitude control strategy is proposed to avoid the MEMS resonator from strong nonlinear region without deteriorating its noise performance. Simulation results indicate the proposed readout circuit only consumes 1.8μW with a supply of 1.8V. Interfaced with a MEMS resonant accelerometer, it could realize a noise floor of 2μg/Hz1/2 but with 1000~10,000x lower power than published works.


when, as in Barman's work, valuation of an organization's social impact produces not a number but a binary yes/no, are we still talking about quantification? Maybe not, and yet the process of producing that binary seems quite similar to that of calculating the social return on investment. Following Barman, then, we see promise in distinguishing more explicitly among the intended uses of numbers—their ''communicative goals'' (or, we would add, ''performative goals''). Law school rankings have both an explicit purpose and an intended audience; these shape the process of quantification and its effects. So do human rights indicators, and CBO scores, and activity trackers. Though numbers in the wild may certainly be used in ways their creators never anticipated, clearer and more explicit attention to the purposes of both producers and consumers would help us think more clearly about variation in the quantification process across contexts. There is also plenty of room for more comparative work that explores how numbers are produced (the same number in different organizational or social contexts, or different numbers in similar contexts) and on when and how they have effects (including comparisons of failure and success, as well as variation across successful cases). And there is certainly more space for synthetic work and theory to give us a common way of talking about these diverse phenomena and to build insights across a broad range of quantification processes. The qualitative study of quantification may, at the moment, be producing a significant body of new work. But for producing a coherent sociology of quantification, we have a long way to go.


Abstract This paper investigates the implementation of pairs trading strategy using correlation analysis and the Engle and Granger cointegration technique. The paper used financial sector traded on Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). These data is for stock market comprising closing prices of option stock for 12 companies. The data was collected daily from 04 January 2010 to 31 December 2015. The findings of cointegration analysis confirmed only eighteen pairs shared a long run relationship. Since there is mean reversion, statistical arbitration strategy was implemented. The implementation of pairs trading to historical volatility revealed several possibilities of trade in the financial sector. Therefore, the investors would profit more from trading the identified pairs of stocks in the financial sector.


In view of the disadvantage on serious wear of a touching EMAT probe,advance a new air cushion EMAT probe.This kind of probe has such advantages as no wearing and working in high temperature condition.The theoretical analysis and computing result show that an air cushion EMAT probe can achieve the demand of the flaw-detecting theory,which the thickness of the air cushion must be0.1-0.3mm.


We present a system for recognising human behaviour given a symbolic representation of surveillance videos. The input of our system is a set of time-stamped short-term behaviours, that is, behaviours taking place in a short period of time — walking, running, standing still, etc — detected on video frames. The output of our system is a set of recognised long-term behaviours — fighting, meeting, leaving an object, collapsing, walking, etc — which are pre-defined temporal combinations of short-term behaviours. The definition of a long-term behaviour, including the temporal constraints on the short-term behaviours that, if satisfied, lead to the recognition of the long-term behaviour, is expressed in the Event Calculus. We present experimental results concerning videos with several humans and objects, temporally overlapping and repetitive behaviours. Moreover, we present how machine learning techniques may be employed in order to automatically develop long-term behaviour definitions.


Abstract : Various methods of providing a data acquisition system for the Department of Aeronautics Cessna 310H model aircraft were considered. The system was to be reliable, functional and reasonably simple to operate in conjunction with its use in the flying laboratory. A need for dynamic flight information was recognized as an integral component in evaluating flying qualities. A three-axis rate gyro system was designed to meet this requirement. Output requirements included data accuracy, data availability and an associated simplicity in data reduction. (Modified author abstract)


A direct infrared method using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry has been developed for rapidly determining the low relative molecular mass polyethylene glycol (PEG), Carbowax 400, in high relative molecular mass, high-density polyethylene. The PEG analytical band at 1110 cm–1, due to the C—O—C linkage, is first isolated from the overlapping polyethylene bands by spectral subtraction; the integrated absorbance (1000–1170 cm–1) per unit thickness then gives a measure of the PEG concentration in the resin. The method eliminates the tedious and time consuming solvent extraction of PEG from polyethylene. The detection limit is about 0.02% m/m, and the analysis time is 10 min excluding sample preparation which involves melt-pressing the sample into 0.25–0.38 mm plaques. The speed and simplicity of the analysis make the method suitable for quality control laboratories.


The financial turmoil caused by the sub prime mortgage crisis triggered by the U.S.spreads across the globe, the world's economic development are affected in varying degrees.As the financial crisis continues,China could be left unscathed.The impact on China's economy is increasingly obvious.The employment needs of the whole society shrink. Affected by this,the number of jobs for graduates of higher vocational education institutions drastically reduces.We should analyze the employment patterns,straighten out the employment guidance work plans,use scientific development concept,regulate employment ideas,innovate employment guidance,and strive to employment diversity,as well as conclude the practice and theoretical study of employment and other aspects.


PurposeThe present study aims to determine the effect of adopting voice on subordinates' work engagement based on organization-based self-esteem (OBSE).Design/methodology/approachThree variables were rated according to the seven-point Likert-type response scales. To control the effect of common method variance, an online survey was conducted to collect data from 206 samples at Chinese firms by employing a two-wave and time-lagged approach. In addition, structure equation modeling analysis was adopted to verify the hypotheses with Mplus 7.FindingsLeaders' adoption of employee voice shows a positive association with employee OBSE and work engagement. OBSE is positively associated with work engagement and mediates the effect of adopting voice on work engagement.Practical implicationsAs suggested from the mentioned results, organizations are required to encourage leaders to adopt employees' reasonable voice that can be an effective management tool impacting employee work engagement.Originality/valueThough existing studies have discussed the effects of leader behaviors on subordinates' work engagement, the effect of leaders' adoption of employee voice on employee work engagement has been rarely studied. Based on the job demand-resource model, this study fills the gap by empirically examining the effect of adopting voice on work engagement. As indicated by the findings here, leaders' adoption of employee voice enhances employee OBSE, thereby facilitating work engagement. The present study provides insights to stimulate employee work engagement.


This study investigated perspectives of social justice activists who directly advocate for eliminating Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos. Using consensual qualitative research methodology, the research team analyzed transcripts of interviews conducted with 11 social justice activists to generate themes, categories, and domains within the data. The five domains included (a) deleterious impact of Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos; (b) reasons why members of mainstream society might support Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos; (c) reasons why some American Indians might support Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos; (d) frontline advocacy efforts; and (e) coping strategies for advocates. Results provided insights into the sociopsychological processes that allow the misappropriation of American Indian culture, symbols, and imagery in sport to continue to exist in society. Findings can help counseling psychologists understand the experiences of social justice activists while also highlighting ways that the field can support efforts to eliminate race-based mascots, nicknames, and logos.


Cryptography can be categorized into two fundamentally different classes: symmetric-key and public-key (also known as asymmetric-key). Contrary to symmetric-key cryptography where the robustness of the security mechanism relies on a single key being known merely to the sender and receiver, public-key cryptography functions using two separate, but mathematically related keys. Elliptic curve (EC) and ElGamal cryptosystems are two important examples of public-key cryptosystems based totally on finite field arithmetic. Elliptic Curve (EC) cryptosystem is the most efficient public key cryptographic system used in practice. The capability of establishing equivalent security levels with shorter key sizes makes EC cryptosystems appealing for a variety of applications. However, it is computationally intensive and has considerably higher power consumption compared to non-public key cryptosystems. Realization of EC cryptosystems are often described as a hierarchy of operations in which finite field arithmetic operations form the bottom-most layer of the hierarchy. Finite field multiplication is a key operation used in all cryptosystems relied on finite field arithmetic as it not only is computationally complex but also one of the most frequently used finite field operations. The works reported in this dissertation mainly focus on the efficient computation and implementation of finite field multipliers from a hardware implementation point of view.


This case report describes a patient with a known left ventricular mass which was documented by transthoracic echocardiography and which had not changed in size after anticoagulation. The mass was characterized as fatty tumor or hemorrhagic by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study, and surgical removal of the mass was performed. Transesophageal echocardiogram was performed intraoperatively. The tumor appeared homogenous with no echolucencies or echodensities and an overall bright echotexture. In vitro ultrasound studies done using similar instrument gain settings showed the lipoma specimen to have a much brighter appearance than a myxoma. This finding may be helpful in differentiating a lipoma from other left ventricular masses such as myxoma or thrombus.


This paper considers the logical link control (LLC) sublayer in the CSMA/CD local area network, and compares analytically the performance of connection-oriented (CO) and connectionless (CL) protocols. As the medium access protocol, slotted nonpersistent CSMA/CD with a priority assigned to some types of frames is employed. In comparison, the overhead for connection establishment/release in the CO-LLC protocol, and the receiver-buffer overflow in the CL-LLC protocol are especially considered, and the two kinds of protocols are compared.

In the CO-LLC protocol, a connection is established corresponding to a message. Employing the technique of equilibrium point analysis, the throughput and the average response time of the two kinds of LLC protocols are derived. To compare the performance of the two kinds of protocols, the receiver-buffer size is kept constant, and the average number of data frames in a message is varied. As a result, it is shown that the CL-LLC protocol is better than the CO-LLC protocol when the average number of data frames is sufficiently less than the receiver-buffer size, but the order is reversed when the average number of data frames is increased.


The Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) [1] Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) will accelerate a 130 mA deuteron beam up to 5 MeV in continuous wave. Proton beam commissioning of RFQ cavity, together with Medium Energy Beam Transport Line (MEBT) and Diagnostics Plate, is now ongoing to characterize the accelerator behavior [2]. The RFQ Local Control System (LCS) was designed following the project guideline. It was partially assembled and verified during the RFQ power test in Italy [3]. The final system configuration was pre-assembled and tested in Europe, after that it was transferred to Japan, where it was installed, commissioned and integrated into LIPAc Central Control System (CCS) between November 2016 and July 2017, when the RFQ Radio Frequency (RF) conditioning started [4]. Now the RFQ LCS has been running for 2 years. During this time, especially in the initial period, the system required several adjustments and modifications to its functionality and interface, together with assistance and instructions to the operation team. This paper will try to collects useful lessons learned coming from this experience.


Optical DPSK at 565 Mb/s is performed by direct modulation of a narrow-linewidth 1.5- mu m SL-QW-DFB (strain layer-quantum well-distributed feedback) transmitter laser. The bipolar RZ drive signal has no DC component which allows penalty-free transmission of 2/sup 23/-1 bit patterns. The heterodyne receiver contains an endless polarization controller with <6.3 or >12 rad/s tracking speed, depending on the tolerable intensity loss. A loss span of 62.3 dB is achieved,without degradation due to stimulated Brillouin scattering.<<ETX>>


In light of the recent economic crisis, this paper examines how economic conditions shape public attitudes toward the European Union's single currency, the euro. We argue that attitudes towards the euro are shaped by both utilitarian and symbolic concerns, but that economic insecurity is a key factor explaining support for the euro both inside and outside the eurozone. The effect of economic insecurity on aggregate euro support is mediated by eurozone membership status as well as economic structure, notably whether the economy is more dependent on manufacturing or services. Our time-series cross-section analysis of euro support from 1999-2008 in 28 countries corroborates these propositions.


The invention relates to a method for separating and purifying triglyceride of medium- and long-chain fatty acids. Triglyceride mixture of medium- and long-chain fatty acids is obtained from rapeseed oil, soybean oil or rice bran oil and caprylic acid as raw materials by one-step enzymatic acidolysis with 1, 3 specific lipase as catalyst. Further separation and purification steps of the above triglyceride mixture include: (1) performing first-stage molecular distillation on the mixture in molecular distillation device to obtain heavy phase; and (2) performing second-stage molecular distillation on the heavy phase in molecular distillation device to give product, which has purity of triglyceride of medium- and long-chain fatty acids up to 88.31-93.11% and acid value reduced to below 2.10 mgKOH/g. The invention realizes substance separation by difference in average free path of molecular movement of different substances, and has the advantages of low distillation pressure, short heatingtime, low operating temperature, high product quality, and high separation and purification degree.


If an airplane flies overhead at supersonic speed and no one below can hear it, did it make a sonic boom?


Integrated circuits have been predominantly designed and developed by large firms and manufacturers; nowadays, any electronic engineer should be able to develop specific and innovative low-power designs using available open cores. This chapter presents the design process for a specific chip, beginning with a definition of its function, design considerations, power analysis, performance optimization, and chip optimization. The hardware and software for this circuit were developed for low-power implementation: it includes a processor, memory blocks, ports, buses, and a proposed application program, so it can be used as a starting point for other low-power very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits. The chip uses frequency synthesis and configuration parameters to deliver electric signals on a variety of waveforms and patterns. This design can be used in many research fields and application areas, where experiments or portable devices need low-power, programmable, and configurable electric signal generators.


PURPOSE: A non-volitile memory which proforms a FTL(File Translation Layer) and a control method thereof are provided to differentiate sizes of a physical and a logical blocks for mapping, thereby reducing merge frequency. CONSTITUTION: A memory controller(140) is connected to a host interface(110). A memory area(150) includes memory blocks controlled by the memory controller. The memory controller sets up a physical block corresponding to the memory blocks and sets up a virtual logical block mapped on the physical block, and then sets up a size of the logical block and a size of the physical block as asymmetry. The memory controller sets up the size of the logical block is smaller than the physical block.


CMAs must be proactive on CAS. They cannot afford to sit idle because a person who holds the ladder for a thief is also a partner in the crime. SUCCESS needs USP (Unique Success Preposition). A successful person or professional sells its USP. USP creates brand image and help professionals in achieving professional success. A professional without USP is a mediocre and can never achieve success. In my opinion, the USP of we Cost Accountants are CAS (Cost Accounting Standards).


Background: Aplasia or agenesis of frontal sinuses is not uncommon in the literature. Previous studies have shown unilateral aplasia varying from 1-10% and bilateral agenesis of frontal sinus in 3-10% of patients. It is critical for the operating surgeon to be well aware of the normal anatomy and the variations while doing procedures like endoscopic sinus surgeries, cranialisation of frontal sinuses, frontal sinus trephination, and during anterior skull base procedures. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the incidence of anatomic variations of frontal sinus among Indian populations . Methods: We did a cross sectional study on computed tomography (CT) scan of head, nose and paranasal sinuses in 730 patients above the age of 10 years. We excluded pregnant ladies, patients with prior sinus surgeries, sinonasal tumors, nasal polyposis, craniofacial trauma . Results: We observed an incidence of 6.2% of unilateral aplasia of frontal sinus (2.2% in males and 4.0% in females, 3.7% right side and 2.5% left side) and 2.5% of bilateral frontal sinus aplasia (0.95% in males and 1.5% in females). Conclusions: Frequent occurrence of frontal sinus aplasia highlights the need to gain a thorough knowledge of the normal anatomy and its variations in order to navigate safely through the nose during basic endoscopic sinus or anterior skull base surgeries to avoid complications .


Many feature vectors used today for classification of images require a significant amount of computation. These feature vectors are high dimensional. An attempt to build an optimized feature vector using Gabor filters is discussed. AdaBoost and Particle Swarm Optimization techniques are used to select Gabor filters which maximize the distinction between positive and negative samples, when comparing the phase at a single location in the image. The feature vector is therefore optimized for a particular classification task, and its performance in pedestrian classification is compared to the HOG feature vector. Although the results do not currently match existing feature descriptors, this method still shows promise due to its extremely low dimensionality, and should drastically improve when further dimensions are added.


At the European Commission, we are proud of our newly published Handbook on Green Public Procurement. This Handbook aims to encourage public authorities, from local to national level, and public institutions, such as schools and hospitals, to buy green when they purchase goods, services and works. It clarifies the legal framework—which allows for green purchasing!—and explains in simple and non-technical language how environmental criteria can be introduced into the various stages of the public procurement procedure. This is supported by concise summaries at the beginning of each chapter, many examples of best practice, and a lot of additional practical information. Our goal has been to show that eco-procurement is not only possible, but can be easy and help save money.


Traditionally, researchers attribute price underreaction to liquidity or trading frictions. Using corporate bond data, I show that underreaction is better explained by investor facing information-processing ("attention") constraints. Specifically, I test a rational inattention model under which investors optimally allocate more of their finite attention budget to more payoff-relevant risks. Consistent with model predictions, bonds with higher credit risk respond more quickly to default-relevant news, and bonds with longer duration respond more quickly to interest rate news. Investors appear to face attention constraints as larger shocks from one risk results in slower price response to the other. Because I explain differences in underreaction to different risks, this cannot be explained by liquidity which generates variation at the bond level. The amount of "money left on the table" is reasonably small so the inefficiency can be explained by actual information-processing costs. Finally, I find similar evidence in equities, suggesting my finding is general across asset classes.


Research on the motion behaviour of arctic glaciers provides important information about the influence of global temperature changes on the climate system and especially the global sea level rise. In the past years dramatic changes could be observed for some of the Greenland outlet glaciers. Jacobshavn Isbrae is one of the fastest and most productive glaciers in Greenland and is therefore an interesting research object. The paper presents a new technique for the determination of 3D glacier surface velocity fields, which is based on processing multi-temporal terrestrial long range laser scanner data. Multi-temporal 3D point clouds were acquired by a long range terrestrial laser scanner Riegl LPM-321, which offers a maximum range of 4 km when measuring on glacier ice. Velocity vectors are determined by applying 2D matching techniques to the point clouds interpolated to a regular grid. The paper also proposes solutions for the determination and elimination of angular errors which occurred in the data. The results show that terrestrial long range laser scanning is a suitable tool for the determination of high-resolution velocity fields of glaciers.


Metrics are the essential building blocks for any evaluation process. They establish specific goals for improvement. Multi agent system (MAS) is complex in nature, due to the increase in complexity of developing a multi agent system, the existing metrics are less sufficient for evaluating
 the quality of an MAS. This is due to the fact that agent react in an unpredictable manner. Existing metrics for measuring MAS quality fails to addresses potential communication, initiative behaviour and learn-ability. In this work we have proposed additional metrics for measuring the software
 agent. A software agent for online shopping system is developed and the metrics values are obtained from it and the quality of the multi agent system is analysed.


Abstract The objective of this paper is to propose the acknowledgement of subspecies of symbolic capital in the context of everyday work practices within the framework of Ordinary Management, a perspective which is relevant and scarcely discussed in Administration. It consists of a perspective which is distant from the mainstream of Administration and fosters observation as a way to comprehend other forms of management related to the everyday life of the ordinary man. As a result, we reflect upon the necessity of acknowledging resources and capitals which are particular to this manner of performing management, in which economic and cultural capitals are lacking, and capitals must be observed based on their symbolic effects. We base the discussion of this proposal on the theoretical-epistemic approaches of Michel de Certeau, about the art of creating everyday life, and of Pierre Bourdieu, about the perspectives of symbolic capital within the context of the theory of practices. We assume the plurality of the concept of capitals but, moreover, we try to bring the understanding of capital closer to the reality of an Ordinary Management. Therefore, we propose an inversion of the common perspectives on capital, related to "distinction" and "glamour" and fostered by the dominant mindset in Administration. We suggest acknowledging subspecies of symbolic capital which inhabit the popular, the "vulgar" and, consequently, not "distinctive". This paper contributes to organizational studies by opening up space for the recognition of the resources which configure the practices of management of small subsistence entrepreneurship, which express the everyday reality of businesses in the context of emerging countries.


The resource economics have gained brilliant achievements so far in the field of resource exploitation,environmental protection and development of regional economies.But the researches are still incomplete and inadequate.There is a prominent theoretical blind point in the study of resource economics,that is to say,the relationship between multiplex property rights,more specifically between the mining rights and the land property rights in the exploitation of fuel oil and gas has been neglected.There is an inevitable conflict between mining right and the land property right because the oil and gas resources deposit underground or the surface,but the mining rights of oil and gas resources and the land property rights are separated in China.The mining rights of oil and gas belong to the state,whereas the country and the collective together have the land property right.This conflict concentrated on the way how to obtain the mining rights and the rights to use land for mining.It is not only due to the imperfectness of our country's relevant law and regulations,but the complicated land ownership hierarchy and ownership structure of our country,and the negligence over the collective land ownership in law.Therefore,on the basis of the summarization of the contradiction between mining right and land property rights,and the analysis of the institutional evolution of mining rights in the development of oil and gas resources in North Shaanxi,we think the key to effectively settle the contradiction between mining right and land property right in the development of oil and gas resources,and to balance the interest relationship between the central and the local government is to rebuilt the resources property right system and accept the multi-beneficial parties of resources,such as to innovate the mining right system of oil and gas resources,reform the collective land ownership system,and improve the land utilization institution for the mining industry.Our research not only clear up the relationship between the mining rights of oil and gas and the land property rights,reveal the root of the conflict,but also carry out demonstrative research combined with case.We take North Shaanxi beacase it is the typical region where the conflicting interests is the most serious and the worst since the 1990's.The conclusions of this research will help to coordinating the interest relationship involved in the exploitation of oil and gas and expanding the resource economics.


Increasingly, severely handicapped students are receiving functional, chronologically age-appropriate training in a wide variety of natural community environments. When instructional personnel utilize this approach, they generally find that instructional materials they have utilized in the past are no longer appropriate. This paper discusses six characteristics of instructional materials and instructional materials adaptations that can be used as decision rules for instructional personnel developing and adapting materials based on a community-based training model. Five examples of instructional materials based on the above are illustrated and described.


Nuclear emulsions were used to measure yields of K/sup +/ and K/sup -/ mesons produced in Be (and Pb) nuclei by Cosmotron protons of various energies, ranging from 1.7 Bev to 2.95 Bev. The experimental equipment accepted particles emitted in the forward direction with momenta of about 300 Mev/c. At 2.95 Bev, the K/sup +/ yield from Be corresponds to a differential cross section per nucleus of (4.0 plus or minus 0.5) x 10/sup -31/ cm/sup 2/(Mev/c)/sup -1/ sterad/sup -1/; the K/sup -/ cross section is 26 times smaller. The K/sup +/ cross section of Pb is larger than that of Be by a factor approximately equal to the ratio of the geometric cross sections of these nuclei. With decreasing proton energy, the K/sup -/ yield falls more rapidly than the K/sup +/ yield. The energy dependence of the yields was compared with curves which were computed, on the assumption of constant matrix elements, from the phase-space factors of production reactions required by the principle of conservation of strangeness. For K/sup -/, the results of these calculations agree with the experimental data; for K/sup +/, the yield falls more rapidly with decreasing primary energy than expected from the computations. (auth)


Edible bivalves are one of the major types of seafood and may be subject to antibiotic and microplastics (MPs) co-exposure under realistic scenarios. However, the effect of MPs on the bioaccumulation of antibiotics in edible bivalves and subsequent health risks for consumers remain poorly understood. Therefore, the bioaccumulation of two frequently detected veterinary antibiotics, oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FLO), with or without the co-presence of MPs was investigated in the blood clam. Health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated clams were also assessed. Furthermore, the activity of GST and expression of key detoxification genes were analyzed as well. The bioaccumulation of OTC and FLO in clams was found to be aggravated by MPs. Since the estimated target hazard quotients (THQs) were far less than the critical value, direct toxic effects of consuming contaminated clams are negligible. However, the dietary exposure doses of the human gut microbiota (DEGM) to the antibiotics tested were greater than or similar to corresponding minimum selective concentrations (MSC), indicating a potential antibiotic resistance risk. Moreover, the GST activity and expression of detoxification genes were significantly suppressed by MPs, suggesting that the disruption of detoxification represents one possible explanation for the aggravated bioaccumulation observed here.


The fusion energy and the potential reactor Tokamak for fusion are introduced in this paper. Then, the infrared temperature measurement principle, diagnostic system and its application on EAST, JET, Tore Supra etc. are discussed. Reference for the diagnostic of infrared temperature measurement of Tokamak can be provided in this paper.


Emerging and re-emerging viral infections have been a major threat to public health worldwide, since their recognition in the late 20th century [1]. These infectious diseases include those caused by newly identified viruses, previously known viruses that acquired additional virulence traits, and those showing spread to unaffected regions. In the last ten years, re-emergence has been noted for Zika, Ebola, MERS, Dengue, Chikungunya and avian influenza, while SFTS (severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome) was recognized to be caused by a novel virus. These diseases are free to move across national borders according to rapid human mobility via global airline network. With this background, any novel infectious disease anywhere in the world may have the potential for global spread.


Fasciocutaneous free flaps have been used for the intraoral reconstruction with great success. Personal experience with 12 lateral arm free flaps are described. First results with the lateral arm flap show superior results in the donor region in comparison to the lower arm flaps. Indications and counterindications for the use of these flaps are stated.


Point cloud segmentation is of great significance in point cloud data processing, and the algorithms proposed in recent years can segment the whole outline, but many details are missing. In order to improve the precision of high point cloud segmentation, an adaptive algorithm based on LiDAR point cloud is proposed. First, the point cloud data are denoised, and the random sampling consistency algorithm (RANSAC) is used to detect and eliminate the plane points. Secondly, octree is used to establish the topology structure, calculate the adaptive distance, obtain the appropriate value of each detection distance, and carry out Euclidian clustering. Then, appropriate seed points are selected from the clustering results for regional growth. Finally, a threshold is set to further optimize the over ‐ segmented and under ‐ segmented point clouds. The method is verified by equipoint cloud data of intermountain overhead lines. Experimental results show that the segmentation results of this method are superior to the European clustering and octree based regional growth algorithm in both overall and detail.


This guide, "Schools for the Future: Designing School Grounds", encourages schools to consider how best to use their grounds for the educational, recreational and social needs of their pupils. It gives practical case studies of where schools have transformed their environment and brought new learning and excitement for their children, staff and the wider community. The guide is designed for everyone involved in developing school grounds: teachers, headteachers and governing bodies, local authorities, architects, dioceses, and sponsors. It is particularly relevant to people who make decisions about capital and revenue spending, want to increase the educational opportunities offered by schools, or are involved in designing school sites. The guide is divided into four sections that cover: guidance on the process of creating or improving school grounds; how school grounds can benefit staff, pupils and the wider community, and how to design to maximise that benefit; where to go for practical advice and how to access the available sources of funding; and, glossary and text references and further information sources.


We are scoffed at as a minority. We admit inferiority in numbers, but nothing else. In a miserable minority in former times, we yet changed the dynasty of this country. In a miserable minority our race played the most conspicuous part against the mad legislation of the British government that led to the foundation of the American republic. Take care where this mad legislation of yours today will lead you. We have done more as pioneers and colonists than any part of the United Kingdom. Do you think the men who are of our blood and race, controlling, as they do, the greatest interests in our colonies, will stand by and see you coerce us, your oldest colony, by force to leave the shelter of the imperial parliament and accept the government of men whose whole careers have been abuse and hatred of us and you?


Westfried, Alex Huxley., REINVENTING THE CULTURE OF WOMANHOOD IN AMERICA AND BRAZIL, AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: Models for the 21st Century 1964-2001. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002,199 pp. Paperback.While this small text does not quite live up to the expectations of its title, it none-the-less provides the reader with valuable information concerning the women's movement in Brazil which would be difficult to find otherwise. In the Preface, Westfried explains that the book has two objectives: "the description of the Life Histories of Militant Women who were able to overcome the obstacles to their independence in a courageous manner, and the comparison of the cultural and structural features American and Brazilian society (pg. vii)." He goes on to claim that in spite of the more advanced modernization in the United States, that the feminist movement in Brazil has had greater success.We learn from the Acknowledgments, Introduction, and Author Biography that the author is a retired professor of Sociology and Anthropology at Western Connecticut State University, where he taught for 25 years. He began his work and interest in Latin America with his PhD work at Syracuse University. While on a summer fellowship at the University of Florida in 1981, he began his 14 year study of Brazilian women. The project is based on interviews of 30 professional Brazilian women from seven cities. Twelve of the interviews are used in the book. The women who were selected for the case studies are all active feminists with university degrees and professional careers.The first two chapters provide some historical background on gender and work issues, and illustrate them with six of the case study interviews. Even though the details vary, each woman has a similar story. They tend to come from a family that can support their career desires, in which they become very successful. Most of them marry a husband who is initially supportive, though eventual divorce is a common theme. Most of the women also make some career sacrifices in connection with the rearing of their children.Chapter 3 places the women's independence movement within the context of the traditional kinship system. We learn that over time the power of patriarchy has weakened as divorce and demands for sexual equality have become more common. As women break from the extended family they also lose valuable support in child care. Racial discrimination continues, making it very difficult for those of African descent (which make up 65% of the population) to receive the kind of education necessary for professional careers and escape from poverty. …


THE PHARMACEUTICAL industry's recurring laments of generic competition, weak sales, and pipeline setbacks reached a crescendo in the fourth quarter of 2006. Profits fell overall for U.S. companies and failed to make the customary double-digit gains at European firms. Pfizer and AstraZeneca responded with action plans, and analysts see further restructuring on the horizon. Yet even in the midst of the shake-up, analysts see light at the end of the tunnel; the industry appears to be at the end of a wave of patent expirations on major products, and the new-drug pipeline is looking a little healthier heading into 2007. The average 2006 fourth-quarter profit margin for the 13 big drug companies tracked by C&EN dipped to 19.6%, compared with 20.7% in fourth-quarter 2005. Average sales growth came in at 5.8%, while earnings growth was virtually flat at 0.3%. For the full year, the aggregate profit margin was 23.0%, compared with 22.2% in 2005. ...


Background: Cervical disc arthroplasty has emerged as a promising potential alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in appropriately selected patients. Despite a history of excellent outcomes after ACDF, the question as to whether a fusion leads to adjacent segment degeneration remains unanswered. Numerous US investigational device exemption trials comparing cervical arthroplasty to fusion have been conducted to answer this question. Methods: This study reviews the current research regarding cervical athroplasty, and emphasizes both the pros and cons of arthroplasty as compared with ACDF. Results: Early clinical outcomes show that cervical arthroplasty is as effective as the standard ACDF. However, this new technology is also associated with an expanding list of novel complications. Conclusion: Although there is no definitive evidence that cervical disc replacement reduces the incidence of adjacent segment degeneration, it does show other advantages; for example, faster return to work, and reduced need for postoperative bracing.


Soybean plants showing leaf symptoms of mild mosaic and necrotic spots were collected in a soybean field at Ishioka, Ibaraki, in 1977 (Plate I-1). Negatively stained dip-preparations from the diseased plants revealed the presence of a rigid rod-shaped virus under an electron microscope. As shown in Table 1, the virus was transmitted to soybean (cv. Okuharawase), French bean (cv. Top Crop), asparagus bean (cv. Kurodane-sanjaku), tobacco (cv. White Burley), Nicotiana glutinosa, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Gomphrena globosa and New Zealand spinach by sap inoculations. Peanut, tomato, cucumber and Japanese radish (cv. Minowase) were not infected. The virus lost its infectivity gradually during serial transmissions by sap inoculation, and finally no infection occurred in inoculated plants. When examined by the dip-negative staining method, naturally or artificially infected plants were always shown to contain rigid rod-shaped virus particles (Plate 1-2). They were approximately 20 run wide, show ing two modal lengths of 90nm (short particles) and 200nm (long particles). Such particles were not found in control preparations from healthy plants. They were few in number, and the number decreased gradually as the virus was serially transmitted by sap inoculation. After the serial transmissions helical nucleo capsid was often seen to be released from one end of the virus particle (Plate I-3). These observations suggest that the virus may be unstable in nature. Small leaf pieces sampled from infected leaves were prefixed in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 5% glutaraldehyde for 2hr, and then postfixed in 1% OsO4 solution for 2hr. Table 1. Host range of the virus isolated from soybean


Hub location and design issues as well as hub use have attracted much academic interest over the last two decades. A review of literature shows the diversity of approaches and of underlying assumptions. This paper proposes a mapping of these aspects to draw up a general analytical grid for these papers. The idea is to help identify the relative positioning of the research papers and to highlight the contingency of each one of them, as their authors rarely set forth all of their assumptions. Our analysis also serves to identify potentially valuable research themes. Our grid is structured into nine dimensions: scope of the paper, decision-making framework, hub features, logistics network structure, transport organization, physical data, economic evaluation system, decision evaluation criteria, application field.