Background. Consideration of a composer interpretation is an important sphere for investigation in the Ukrainian musicology. In this article, attention focuses on the interaction of a composer's artistic individuality (the inner factor) and objective prerequisites of creation a musical piece (the outer factor) in the process of a composer interpretation. Their dialectical interaction is showed on the designed models-scenarios, which display typical situations a composer may encounter in his/ her work. Special attention is paid to differentiation of procedures of the actual composition art and the composer interpretation. The conventional view on the composer interpretation anticipates "the intermediation" between already existing primary source of musical and non-musical origin. In this concept the interpretation plays a significant role in a creation of compositions in "the genre of musical transcription" (Borisenko, 2005; Khutorska, 2009; Moskalenko, 2012). However, the nature of this phenomenon prove itself to be much more complicated and elusive as it's clear from the studies dedicated to certain personalities (Drach, 2002; Kopytsia, 2018) or the process of composer's art in general (Mukha, 1979; Schnittke, 1982; Shapovalova, 2008; Varnava, 2017; Chubak, 2017). The objective of the present study is to clarify the dialectical interaction of inner and outer factors of the composer interpretation. The conception of this article is built on the base of such methods as analysis, systematization and structuring, the method of modeling . Research results. The artistic idea itself is an abstract, somewhat blurred image of a future composition. This idea receives its "embodiment" in the text as "a translation from foreign language of the original, which remains intangible" (Schnittke, 1982: 105). The necessity of such "a translation" means that process of musical interpretation is involved not only for the reworking of any artistic piece written by another author, but for the own artistic conception built. However, terms of the composer's interpretation and the composer's art are not identical. Composer's art includes 1) a production of structural musical elements and 2) their synthesis into organized system. The process of interpretation is involved on every stage of composer's work as a mean of comprehension (understanding, analysis, reflection) of 1) an artistically-imaginative potential, 2) a meaningfulness and 3) an appropriateness to given artistic task of those musical text which the composer produces and synthesizes. The last one ensures a modeling (a setting of certain borders for artistic intent, "a designing") – a reviewing of plans, a comparison of real and anticipated results etc. The process of interpretation transpires as a dialectical interaction between the composer's artistic individuality (inner factor) and the objective prerequisites for creation of musical piece (outer factor). The first one has certain parameters, which could be classified as: – professional parameters (the musical individuality): 1) "the power of imagination" (capability to generate ideas and give musical embodiment to them), 2) "musical abilities", 3) "knowledge and skills" (theoretical, practical and scientific), 4) "the experience" (of musical performance, listening of own / other authors' compositions), 5) "tools and means" (methods and approaches to work); – non-professional parameters (the personal-artistic individuality): 6) "the motivation" (as a feature of the personality), 7) "the emotionality" (perception and empathy), 8) "the intelligence" (watchfulness, circle of interests); 9) "the outlook" (general attitude to life), 10) "the health" (physical and mental). The objective prerequisites for creation of musical piece (the outer factor) consists of two main components: – the artistic task is appearing due to the need for the musical piece to be made, and it could be 1) given from a third person / a group of people (customer) or 2) initiated by a composer himself / herself ("self-ordering"). – objective circumstances – working conditions, organizational issues, distracting and stressing factors which could influence on the artistic task, speed up or slow down the work, or even pose a threat for a piece creation. A comprehensive coverage of all combinations of objective circumstances is hardly possible within one article (it seems to be more effective to consider this in certain cases). Thus, it's reasonable to pay the attention to the artistic task, which depends from the customer type and could be classified. And it's possible to create models of typical scenarios of interaction between the composer and the customer. 1) Scenario no. 1: "own idea – own musical piece". The composer initiates his / her own project, generates and embody idea. An important feature is that the composer sets the artistic task to himself / herself in case of "self-ordering", which means that a composer needs to evaluate the work done as from "outside". This is a significant manifestation of the composer's interpretation in this situation. Another specific feature is in a strong willing to make a composition as an action of self-expression – he / her become "possessed" with this artistic project which remains in the consciousness as an "unfinished business" must be done. Moreover, a probable risk of failure or / and public disregard does not stop the composer. 1) Scenario no. 2: "given direction from outside – idea – composition". In this situation the role of the customer (-s) appears, but the artistic task set by him / her / them does not restrain the composer within strict borders. According to "the given direction", the artist is free to choose stylistics, genre, musical means of expression etc. And this type of customer (he /she might be a performer, a music fan, a festival director or a participant etc.) is interested in creation and performance of this musical piece. So, this sort of the artistic task gives a freedom for selfexpression with partners' support. Obviously, the project's success depends from its reliability and objective circumstances. But, the artistic cooperation becomes a valuable experience for the composer and also gains popularity, thus could offer new opportunities for the further career development. 3) Scenario no. 3: "idea of the project author – composer's interpretation – musical piece". The composer cooperates with the type of customer who has own idea and own view of artistic task completed. This kind of situation is seemingly common for various commercial projects – music for movies, videogames, theatre shows (an initiative of a theatre), dance music, background music etc. The interaction in the sphere of symphony orchestra music could be also built on these principles. The customer is focused on commercial and / or public success and additional risks are highly unwanted. The composer's work gains an interesting particularity, because the interaction "composer – customer" becomes more active. In such a case, a collision between artistic interests seems inevitable, because, from the one side, there is the artistic individuality as the inner factor of the composer's interpretation, and from other side – the objective (for the composer) prerequisites for creation of musical piece, which, at some points, depend on the customer as a source of artistic initiative, thus artistic task and some part of objective circumstances. 4) Scenario no. 4: "teacher – student". This variant of interaction could contain features of all the scenarios modeled before. An interesting particularity of this situation is that the teacher acts in a role of the customer, who, at the same time, is interested in success of student's musical project. The teacher will model such artistic tasks which could raise the level of the student as a composer – develop parameters of his artistic individuality (moreover, not only the professional, but the non-professional too). The conflict of artistic interests is possible to appear in described scenarios (in case of self-ordering – the inner conflict). This would lead to significant change of musical projects or even failure. However, this promising topic is better to be investigated in further studies. Conclusions. The comprehension of the interpretational component in composer's art allows to approach not only to comprehension of single artist's personality principles of development, but to understanding the process of creation of a musical composition in general. Every written piece is a unique example with its own history of creation and later existence. Though not all of compositions gain public approval, every act of the true artistic self-expression is valuable for the author and raises him / her on a new level as a professional and a person. Because, "the process of author thinking" involves the whole spectrum of person's experience and is "a way of self-fulfillment of a person who cognizes the world" (Shapovalova, 2008: 9)


Password-composition policies are intended to increase resistance to guessing attacks by requiring certain features (e.g., a minimum length and the inclusion of a digit). Sadly, they often result in users' passwords exhibiting new, yet still predictable, patterns. In this paper, we investigate the usability and security of adaptive password-composition policies, which dynamically change password requirements over time as users create new passwords. We conduct a 2,619- participant between-subjects online experiment to evaluate the strength and usability of passwords created with two adaptive password policies. We also design and test a feedback system that guides users to successfully create a password conforming to these policies. We find that a well-configured, structure-based adaptive password policy can significantly increase password strength with little to no decrease in usability. We discuss how system administrators can use these results to improve password diversity.


This research describes the process of implementation of a security system that controls access to detail information in a ROLAP data warehouse. The Human Resources Analysis System is presented as an example for a practical implementation of complex security policies. Two methods of implementation of the security system are described and discussed: database views and virtual private databases.


Substring level differential power processing (DPP) in photovoltaic (PV) power systems is used to mitigate power loss due to mismatches in PV strings. This paper presents the design and implementation of a controller chip in a 0.18 μm CMOS process for a submodule integrated converter (subMIC) in the isolated-port DPP architecture. The presented controller design combines linear and non-linear PWM control for the subMIC MOSFETs while requiring only a few external components. Other features such as power limiting and system disable are included to improve converter and system efficiency. The controller opens the possibilities to minimize the converter footprint, reduce power consumption, and potentially reduce the cost. Experimental results are presented for a 72-cell PV module with three subMICs using the controller chip, demonstrating greater than 99% module-level efficiency at up to 50% mismatch.


A general solution of the inverse problem of nonstationary heat conductivity in multilayer objects based on Fourier expansion of time dependencies of the surface temperatures is considered. An example of a thermophysical properties determination in the case of a three-layer object is presented. An influence of the measuring equipment precision on the determined values of the characteristics is investigated. It is illustrated that the presented method provides a satisfactory precision in a wide range of amplitude values of measuring equipment noise.


Craig Forest, veteran of the American Inventor TV show, will join us to discuss technical innovation and the Georgia Tech Inventure Competion's impact on creating a culture of innovation among undergraduate students. Previously the technical start-up company was the high risk option, but in today's job market that may no longer be true.


It was a happy day for humanity when Dr. John Billings in 1953 reluctantly responded to the persistent imploring of Father Maurice Catarinich, a marriage guidance counsellor, to assist him in overcoming problems encountered in the teaching of Calendar Rhythm at Melbourne's Catholic Family Planning Centre. He offered his services for three months but, like the rest of us, Tom Hilgers included, became enmeshed in the absorbing and fascinating study of human fertility; he found his life gradually taken over in the course of his development of an entirely new approach to natural family planning. Now in 1995, long past normal retirement, John Billings, one of Australia's most outstanding neurologists, and his wife Evelyn, trained as a pediatrician, find themselves fully committed to meeting urgent requests from every corner of the globe first to inform and then to train teachers of the Ovulation Method in their respective countries, of which the latest is the People's Republic of China. Dr. Thomas Hilgers has set out, as he says in his introduction, to compile the extensive scientific framework on which is built what John Billings has named the Ovulation Method of Natural Family Planning. The BOM (Billings Ovulation Method) by which it is affectionately known to the now thousands who comprise the international OM family of enthusiastic teachers and promoters, is unique in its development. It was developed initially by a team of clinicians and cooperating couples working together for ten years before Dr. James Brown, a world renowned expert in the study of ovarian hormones, was captivated, by the team's excellent groundwork. He offered the facilities of his laboratory to underpin the authenticity of the BOM by hundreds of hormone studies. He is still working, developing and refining an affordable do-it-yourself kit to help in difficult areas, such as breastfeeding, women coming off the Pill and,the premenopause. The team was expanded by the contributions of endocrinologists of repute such as Professor Henry Burger and Dr. John Casey, and gynaecologists like Dr. Patricia Harrisson who worked with nursing mothers applying the BOM to avoid follow on pregnancies. Meanwhile, the Billings had identified the Peak symptom while the pre-ovulatory dry day was later established as an expression of infertility. By 1968 the method, already carefully evaluated in Australia, was ready for export and the saga of its penetration of what at first was a very hostile medical world, began. From the mid 1970's onwards the development of the method received a tremendous fillip by its absorption and utilization of the totally independent researches on the bio-physical properties of the cervical mucus by Professor Erik Odeblad of Umea in Northern Sweden. Dr, Hilgers, already involved with the BOM, was stimulated by Erik Odeblad's studies and undertook independent research on the correlation of crystallization patterns of the cervical mucus and the women's own observations of the mucus discharge on the vulva. From that time onward, Dr. Hilgers has set his own course of research. He has specialized in the development and refinement of teaching the method. He raised the standard of teaching to university level by instituting courses devoted entirely to a thorough study of natural family planning and especially to his unique system, well described in this book as the Creighton Model of the Ovulation Method. As those fortunate enough to obtain a copy of this book will find, Dr. Hilgers has produced for us a compact account that is notable for its thoroughness. He is a person obviously in love with his subject and anxious to share his knowledge down to the last detail. This he has achieved with carefully phrased definitions and meticulous attention to clinical and scientific data well displayed by charts, graphs and tables. His book remains true to his objective, being "written primarily with scientists and physicians in mind." There is more than enough here to satisfy the thirst for knowledge of the scientificaUy


This article discusses the design and implementation of a holistic game development curriculum. We focus on a technical degree centred around game engineering/technologies with transferable skills, problem solving, mathematics, software engineering, scalability, and industry practices. In view of the fact that there is a growing skills shortage for technically minded game engineers, we must also be aware of the rapidly changing advancements in hardware, technologies, and industry. Firstly, we want a synergistic game orientated curriculum (for a 4-year Bachelor's programme). Secondly, the organisation and teaching needs to adapt to future trends, while avoiding tunnel vision (too game orientated) and support both research and industry needs. Finally, we build upon collaborations with independent experts to support an educational programme with a diverse range of skills. The curriculum discussed in this article, connects with a wide variety of subjects (while strengthening and supporting one another), such as, programming, mathematics, computer graphics, physics-based animation, parallel systems, and artificial intelligence. All things considered, the development and incorporation of procedures into a curriculum framework to keep up with advancements in game technologies is important and valuable. Collaborative learning Computing education programs Contextual software domains Virtual worlds software


and Methods sessions Please clarify whether drug-eluting and/or cutting balloons are included in this analysis. As well as, please provide the information whether in-stent restenosis lesions are included. Background, Objectives, Discussion, List of Abbreviations. No suggestions. • Specify type of balloon (eg: drug coating, cutting, etc)  This is another valid point that has also been raised by other reviewers, and we will also stratify our analysis by device. • Inclusion of treatment on restenosis  Other reviewers also identified concerns regarding the treatment of restenosis. We have specified and justified that we will only examine de-novo stenoses.


Introduction Hydrometrocolpos is a rare congenital anomaly that is caused by an abnormally dilated vagina/uterus due to obstruction of the genital tract. Dilatation is caused by fluid that is secreted by the cervical glands under the influence of maternal oestrogen. This can be complicated with hydroureteronephrosis, bowel obstruction and lower limb oedema as a result of compression of the bladder, bowels and venous system. Here we report a case with hydrometrocolpos, ambiguous genitalia, and rectovaginal fistula complicated with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis.


Abstract The health maintenance organization (HMO) is likely to have a prominent position under national health insurance, which will have a strong systematizing effect on the nation's health services. Over the past two years the University of Massachusetts mental health services have provided benefits at both the university and a private medical group practice. Experience has shown that a university which already provides broad services to a large student population can extend itself to the university community including its faculty and staff. Several advantages of this development, as well as some significant problems, are discussed. As the HMO grew and quality services were established, it became feasible for the private medical group to develop its own mental health component. Based on this and other experiences in mental health delivery systems, certain conclusions are drawn about the ways universities can develop HMOs and some recommendations are made for national mental health planning.


IL‐17A‐producing helper T (Th17) cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease and graft rejection, however the mechanisms by which they cause tissue damage remain ill‐defined. We examined what damage Th17 cell lines could inflict on allogeneic skin grafts in the absence of other adaptive lymphocytes. CD4+ Th17 cell lines were generated from two TCR transgenic mouse strains, A1(M).RAG1−/− and Marilyn, each monospecific for the male antigen Dby. After prolonged in vitro culture in polarizing conditions, Th17 lines produced high levels of IL‐17A with inherently variable levels of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and these cells were able to maintain IL‐17A expression following adoptive transfer into lymphopenic mice. When transferred into lymphopenic recipients of male skin grafts, Th17 lines elicited a damaging reaction within the graft associated with pathological findings of epidermal hyperplasia and neutrophil infiltration. Th17 cells could be found in the grafted skins and spleens of recipients and maintained their polarized phenotype both in vivo and after ex vivo restimulation. Antibody‐mediated neutralization of IL‐17A or IFNγ did not interfere with Th17‐induced pathology, nor did it prevent neutrophil infiltration. In conclusion, tissue damage by Th17 cells does not require IL‐17A.


Principle 2 of the 2005 Mental Capacity Act (MCA) requires that decision-making capacity should be assumed, unless there is conclusive evidence, on a balance of probabilities, to the contrary (Department of Constitutional Affairs 2005). In his article "The Paradox of the Assessment of Capacity Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005," Ajit Shah (2011) raises the concern that the new Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DOLS), introduced through the Mental Health Act (Department of Health 2007), conflict with this principle (henceforth, the principle of presumed capacity) because, in practice, they will encourage the routine assessment of capacity even in the absence of any positive evidence of diminished capacity (Department of Health 2007). Is there, however, a genuine conflict between the routine assessment of capacity, and the principle of presumed capacity? In this article, I argue that there is not. On the contrary, the MCA and associated Code of Practice provide a clear warrant for keeping the decision-making capacity of members of certain patient groups constantly under review. Nevertheless, the concerns that Shah raises are not entirely misplaced, because there remains a significant mismatch between the conception of capacity that is implicit within the MCA and the sort of routine assessment that seems likely to occur under the DOLS.


The detection of face masks is a very important issue for the safety and prevention of Covid-19. In the medical field, the mask reduces the potential risk of infection from an infected person, regardless of whether they have symptoms or not. Thus, the detection of masks on the face becomes a very important and complex task. The efficiency of facial recognition systems can significantly deteriorate due to occlusions, such as medical masks, hats, facial hair, and sunglasses. Currently, there are a number of different methods for recognizing objects in an image. One of the most popular methods is convolutional neural networks and their modifications. This article provides a brief description of the YOLO network, an example of training that can detect faces with a mask and without a mask, and the results of the work. The recognition model has been trained on different object recognition pre-trained models with the same data and evaluated on multiple environments to achieve good accuracy for limited identities.


Abstract— 1 Breathing oxygen (1 atm.) for 2 hr increased the glycogen content of the rat brain from 3·38 to 4·35 μmoles glucosyl residues/g wet wt. At the same time the glucose and lactate concentrations were significantly decreased. 2 Both under normal conditions and when breathing oxygen, the sum (glycogen + glucose) × 2 + lactate, with which the balance of carbohydrate breakdown and lactate formation was assessed, was 13·5 μmoles/g wet wt. 2 Oxygen breathing effected a significant decrease in this sum after an ischaemic period of 1–15 min. In the control group breathing normal air, the sum, after all periods of ischaemia, ranged from 98 to 106 per cent of the starting value. 3 An increased partial pressure of oxygen did not change the breakdown rate of the high‐energy phosphate compounds. This result was not consistent with an oxidation of the carbohydrates which were missing in the balance. It is probable that other metabolites, which were not tested for, accumulated. 5 0 We failed to find any indication of storage of oxygen which the ischaemic brain could use for oxidative energy production.


A remote papers processing system based on ASP is introduced.This system is supported by Access databases and uses the dynamic homepage ASP technology as main development platform.Based on the actual demand of our college,a remote papers processing system based on the browser/server two-layer structure is designed.This system realizes a series of functions such as the author online contribution/inquiry,editor's online edition/choice experts,sending papers to expert,and expert's online assessing and so on.


Nowadays study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pathological conditions, caused by the action of various chemicals has become an urgent problem. According to statistics, poisoning with domestic gas (mixture of propane and butane) is fairly common. The reason for that is an extensive use of a mixture of these hydrocarbons in everyday life and its great availability. Due to the fact that the available scientific literature does not describe specific morphological signs of poisoning by this gas composition, the establishment of a forensic medical diagnosis is extremely difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of the components of domestic gas in the internal organs of experimental animals and the persistence of hydrocarbons in the biomaterial in the simulation of acute fatal poisoning with household gas. Study of the components of domestic gas in the blood the organs of the experimental animals was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. The research results allowed to determine the tropism of internal organs of experimental animals to the action of the domestic gas components. Gas-liquid chromatography is an effective method to detect domestic gas components in brain tissue, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen. It was found that the hydrocarbons contained in the composition of the gas mixture are stored in the tissues of rats up to 1 month if appropriate storage conditions are observed.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the typology of SAC in one vocational school in Bandung. It is primarily aimed to figure out what aspects constitute an ideal SAC as stated by the experts. This is also aimed to investigate the students' perceptions on SAC whether it has optimally offered opportunities for learning and how it is valued by them. At last, this study is also attempted to investigate the Self-Access Language Learning (SALL) in the SAC whether it has already promoted student autonomy. The study used case study research design involving one SAC which was established in 2007 and six participant students who represent three categories of SAC visitors. They are most frequent visitors (who visit SAC three times or more in a week), frequent visitors (who visit SAC twice a week) and less frequent visitors (who visit SAC only once a week). The data for the study were collected through observation, questionnaire, and interview. Observation was conducted to gain the data concerning the real portrait of SAC in that school and to compare it with the aspects constitute an ideal SAC according to the experts. Questionnaire and interview were conducted to figure out students' perceptions on the SAC. The data collected were analyzed on the basis of the central theme posed in research questions: (1) What is the typology of the SAC in this vocational school? (2) How do students perceive the SAC use and facilities in their school? (3) Does the Self-Access Language Learning (SALL) in SAC promote student autonomy?

The first finding of this study is that the SAC in this vocational school can be considered as semi-supermarket typology of SAC. This is because the SAC system offers learners the opportunity to look around and choose what to study. This is consistent with Gardner and Miller' idea (2008) that supermarket type of SAC is suitable for all learners category. The system ideally displays materials under clearly marked categories which in turn are usually color-coded according to levels. However the system categories in this SAC are not marked yet. And that is why this SAC is considered as semi-supermarket SAC. The next finding is that despite the limitation of SAC facilities, students perceived the use of SAC positively. However, the students recommended the SAC is further developed, especially in terms of the materials, physical settings, resourcing, activities and counseling program. The last finding is that the Self-Access Language Learning (SALL) in this SAC has not optimally promoted student autonomy yet, since most of the participant students attend and use SAC facilities based on the assignment from teachers. Therefore, some strategies to promote student autonomy in conducting learning in SAC are needed.


-These Concentric braced frames (CBFs) are frequently used in steel structures as an efficient structural system to resist earthquake loads and control the structural drift. The braced system designed as per code provisions will be subjected to yielding and post buckling failures when acted upon by strong ground motions resulting in excessive interstorey drifts. Eurocode 8 (EC8) presents various guidelines for the design of dissipative elements along with requirements of non-dissipative parts to ensure a predetermined failure mode. The paper presents the results of a study on the seismic evaluation of four most commonly used CBFs namely diagonal, X, Chevron and zipper designed as per seismic provisions of EC8. A nonlinear static (pushover) analysis is first performed to obtain the capacity curve, over strength and the sequence of plastic hinge formation. Nonlinear dynamic time history analysis is then performed using preselected ground motion records to confirm the findings of pushover analysis and assessment of performance levels. The results show that all CBFs met the expected performance levels and ensured intended yield mechanisms. The assessment of behavior factors indicate that zipper configuration is the most efficient followed by the diagonal & X bracings. The Chevron bracings is characterized by the least overstrength.


turns against or co-opts its underpinning codec: '[T]he key frames forced to act as buffers of change, points of translation and contrast [are] generating their own effects of uncertain vision' (p. 263). In this unstable multiplicity of the image, 'the proliferation of virtual futures from a nonidentical present' (p. 263), the virtue of the vector comes close to the absolute qualities attributed to black, which is incidentally mirrored in the final fade-out of Cahen's L'étreinte. The Practice of Light has come full circle (spiral?) and I am both in awe and suspicious of its grand symmetry. Yet, Cubitt's rigorous sense of order is dynamic and avoids becoming static. In video graphics, Cubitt argues, the vector is exploited to quantify and ascertain in the name of efficiency. In his own reading of Cahen's L'étreinte, the notion of a landscape works like a key frame that – while arresting the flow of light in meaningful units – underscores the excess Cahen's juxtaposition of images generates:


Aid programs for underprivileged communities need continuous data collection in overcoming welfare problems, what has happened so far is by providing direct assistance to very poor families in every village in Indonesia. Related to this, the problem that has occurred so far is that the direct assistance program is not right on target, because many deserving families should not receive the assistance. The data obtained from the village government is not accurate, it is found that data is considered invalid. This study aimed to determine the distribution of sewing equipment recipients in the best cluster, for sewing equipment recipients in Greged Village, Cirebon Regency. As one way to improve data accuracy, a computational method or model is needed in the form of a data mining algorithm using the k-means clustering method to generate priority groups among hundreds of citizens or the poor. The stages start from data collection, training data, and testing data that consider several criteria from household information, economic conditions, housing conditions, and the number of household members in Greged Village, Cirebon Regency. The results of the tests carried out using 155 data with the best level of accuracy were in the K3 cluster with the Davies Bouldin Index's value o: - 0.584. With the K-Means method, it is very appropriate to determine the recipient of the sewing equipment program in Greged Village.


Current major roadmapping efforts have all clearly underlined that true industrialsustainability will require far higher levels of systems' autonomy and adaptability. In accordance withthese recomm ...


The angle dependence of the elastic photon-atom scattering amplitude is investigated using full relativistic S-matrix calculations for guidance. A simple quantitative approach is developed based on the full nonrelativistic amplitude for Rayleigh scattering from the ground state of a hydrogenic ion and it is successfully applied to neutral atoms of low and intermediate nuclear charge. This framework is useful for scattering of X-rays with energies above the K-shell ionization threshold but below energies where major relativistic corrections are necessary. The generalized anomalous scattering factors presented here go beyond the usual angle-independent anomalous-scattering-factor approximation, permitting a discussion of the full angular dependence of the anomalous scattering factors. Simple formulas, expressed in terms of elementary functions and a lookup table, are presented for these generalized anomalous scattering factors. Numerical examples illustrate that the angle dependence can be substantial. A fairly good representation of full numerical results is achieved.


The increased need for rehabilitation of existing concrete structures is well known, and almost every country in the world are doing research in this field. The cause for rehabilitation varies and so does the methods to returning the structures to service. However, new technical solutions and methods that effectively can achieve more economical ways of upgrading structures in front are very welcomed. In recent years the use of CFRP plate bonding has shown to be such a method. This method implies that a thin laminate or fabric, mostly of carbon fibre reinforcement, is bonded to the surface of a concrete structure and then act compositely as an outer reinforcement layer. Even though investigations have been presented where CFRP laminates were pre-stressed before they were bonded to the surface of the structures, most of the strengthening applications world-wide have been performed without pre-stressing of the laminates or sheets. However, the risk for damage by for example vehicle impact can be disastrous for such a structure. At Luleå University of Technology, research is taking place in the field of CFRP – plate bonding. Extensive research is focused to investigate the possibilities of using CFRP laminates as NSMR (Near Surface Mounted Reinforcement). This method may be defined as a method where laminates or rods are bonded in slots in the concrete cover. By pre-stressing the laminates a compressive force can be transfer into the concrete structure at the same time the laminates is protected in the slot. This paper presents briefly laboratory tests and theory for rectangular concrete beams strengthen with pre-stressed near surface mounted CFRP laminates. Slots have been sawn up in the soffit of the beams and the laminates have been epoxy bonded in these slots. The laminates were pre-stressed prior to bonding. The primary results shows an increased yielding and first crack load. The failure modes were in comparison the same with or without pre-stress, failure in the laminate, but the pre-stressed beams had smaller deflections at failure.


The authors discuss the types of errors in a radiation environment and propose fault models for instruction execution errors. A scheme is suggested for detecting execution errors through the online monitoring of the system. The theoretical estimate for the error coverage of the proposed scheme is about 85% of all single-bit errors in an instruction word. The exact error coverage will vary as it depends on the nature of program under execution on the microprocessor. At present the design of the watchdog processor hardware is in progress.<<ETX>>


It is nowadays generally acknowledged that the static information embedded in DNA sequences is not sufficient to understand biological complexity, and that a major challenge is that of understanding the mechanisms whereby gene expression is regulated. In this respect it is interesting to observe that an old model, that of Random Boolean Networks (RBNs for short) which is more than 40 years old, has recently proven able to describe experimental data made available by DNA microarray techniques.


In a recent letter', Feng and Ma claimed that the result of their model calculation can explain the unusual heavy-fermion (HF) and high-Tc (HTC) superconductivity. Unfortunately, the authors did not give a good physical picture and convincing results. Several points are commented here: 1. Although the two-band picture htv+ been used in the study of HF systems' and has also been suggested' as a simple model for La2-=Sr2Cu04, it has never been proved that HF materials and HTC oxides are all two-band systems. These materials are actually more complicated. Some other important characters, e.g. the onedimensional Cu-0 chain in 123 compound and the related electronic structure', must be included. 2. The key point of the letter' is that the superconductivity in €IF and HTC systems results from electron-electron (or hole-hole) correlation, i.e. pure electronic in origin. However, many experimental results show that this is not true. The fact that all HF superconductors sh6w large elastic anomalies leads people to believe, as pointed outS by F'ulde et al., that at least in CeCuzSi2, but probably also in other superconducting HF materials, the origin of the electron attraction is phonon. As for the HTC oxides, although there is still controversy cn the origin of the electron (hole) pairing, the observation of isotope effects has unambiguously demonstrated that phonon must play an important role therein. Therefore, the conclusion made in the letter' that the superconductivity in HF and HTC systems is caused by strong correlation alone is oversimplified and unlikely to be a sound one. 3. As an intrinsically consistent theory, the Lagrange multiplier X introduced in equations(2) and (3) of letter' should be determined by minimizing the free energy of the system rather than the rough and unreliable estimation used in the letter'. At least, a comparison with the exact result of X obtained by minimizing the free energy should be given. Furthermore, even if i t turns out that the estimation is relatively reasonable, the controversy with the experiments mentioned in ref.2 still exists and is against the conclusion of the letter1.


Environmentally friendly alternatives have become sought after upon the development of scientific research and industrial processes. Recent trends suggest biodegradable polymers as the most promising solution for synthetic microcapsule systems. Safety, efficiency, biocompatibility, and biodegradability are some of the properties that biodegradable systems in microencapsulation can provide for a broad spectrum of applications. The controlled release of encapsulated active agents is a research field that, over the years, has been constantly innovating due to the promising applications in the areas of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile industry, among others. This article presents an overview of different polymers with potential for microcapsule synthesis, namely, biodegradable polymers. First, natural polymers are discussed, which are divided into two categories: polysaccharide-based polymers (cellulose, starch, chitosan, and alginate) and protein polymers (gelatin). Second, synthetic polymers are described, where biodegradable polymers such as polyesters, polyamides, among others appear as examples. For each polymer, this review presents its origin, relevant properties, applications, and examples found in the literature regarding its use in biodegradable microencapsulation systems.


The prediction of stock price movements is considered as a challenging task for financial time series analysis. The difficulty of predicting the trends lies in the dynamic temporality and noise in the stock data. The Echo State Network (ESN) is a popular time series prediction model that considers the temporality of the stock time series, but ESN often falls into the dilemma of over-fitting due to the existence of many unnecessary neurons in the hidden layer. To predict the stock price movements, in this paper, we propose Multi-objective Diversified Echo State Network (MODESN). MODESN assigns a diversity requirement to the ESN such that the network is able to maintain better generalization ability. Experiments are performed with Shanghai Composite index to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Compared with classical Echo State Network, the proposed MODESN usually achieves higher accuracy and avoids over-fitting. The experimental results indicate that MODESN performs favorably compared with alternative methods.


For decades, the traditional path to teaching career has involved entering the classroom immediately after graduating from college.  However, the demographics reveal that about half of modern teachers filling the nation's classrooms are second- career teachers. These are professionals who finished a special program for teachers and passed the licensure exam for teachers. This study was conducted to uncover the factors that attracted professionals to choose teaching as a second career. A total of 41 DBET students of SLSU-Tomas Oppus from SY 2011-12 to SY 2013-14 were purposively chosen as respondents of this longitudinal study. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, and mode. Findings reveal that more female than male students in SLSU-Tomas Oppus chose teaching as second career. At an average age of 30, they previously worked with an average monthly income of P8, 000.00. Social and economic status, enjoyment and knowledge derived from working with adolescent and personal satisfaction were the respondents' major reasons for choosing teaching as a second career. This study, therefore, provides evidence that personal satisfaction and social concern are motivating factors for choosing teaching as a profession.   Keywords - Teacher Education, Second Career Students, Descriptive-Survey, Southern Leyte, Philippines Â


Feature extraction is critical for TLS traffic analysis using machine learning techniques, which it is also very difficult and time-consuming requiring huge engineering efforts. We designed and implemented DeepTLS, a system which extracts full spectrum of features from pcaps across meta, statistical, SPLT, byte distribution, TLS header and certificates. The backend is written in C++ to achieve high performance, which can analyze a GB-size pcap in a few minutes. DeepTLS was thoroughly evaluated against two state-of-the-art tools Joy and Zeek with four well-known malicious traffic datasets consisted of 160 pcaps. Evaluation results show DeepTLS has advantage of analyzing large pcaps with half analysis time, and identified more certificates with acceptable performance loss compared with Joy. DeepTLS can significantly accelerate machine learning pipeline by reducing feature extraction time from hours even days to minutes. The system is online at https://deeptls.com , where test artifacts can be viewed and validated. In addition, two open source tools Pysharkfeat and Tlsfeatmark are also released.


Radon exposure at specific workplaces like water works, radon spas, tourist mines and show caves were evaluated in Austria within pilot studies (2004-10) and have been regulated in an ordinance since 2008. In this article, the major results and experiences in radon measurements and dose assessments at those workplaces by the accredited AGES laboratory are presented.


This instance of gaseous cholecystitis is reported to illustrate the value of roentgenography in what appeared at first to be an uncomplicated choledocholithiasis. The patient, a 50-year-old white butcher, entered the hospital in January 1947. He had been in excellent health until the age of 52, when a mild diabetes mellitus developed, which was controlled by diet. In mid 1945, an attack of mild aching in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen occurred , without nausea or jaundice. The attack lasted for one day. There was no history of an idiosyncrasy to fried or fatty foods. On Jan. 18, 1947, about four hours after a roast pork dinner, the patient experienced a severe, steady, non-radiating pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, with no nausea, vomiting, or chills. The pain subsided during the night, but a dull ache persisted. Two days later (Jan. 20), the patient was awakened at five o'clock in the morning by a recurrenee of severe right upper quadrant pain, which continued with diminishing i...


Maxwell's equations and the thermal equation for heat flow are examined and scaling criteria are developed which show that it is possible to construct scaled physical models in which the electromagnetic and thermal phenomena of the full scale system can be modelled simultaneously. Simultaneous modelling is made possible by simulating electromagnetic frequency and thermal events on different time scales. It is also shown that simultaneous modelling of electromagnetic and thermal phenomena can be carried out when the electrical conductivity of the medium of the full scale system is temperature dependent. The electrical and thermal properties of oil sand and the general problem of in-situ recovery of oil the reform have been used to guide the development of the modelling criteria. The results obtained can be applied to a large class of other problems as well as the electromagnetic heating of food stuffs and biological tissue.


Differential imaging is a postprocessing method to obtain high contrast, often used for exoplanet searches. The coherent differential imaging on speckle area nulling (CDI-SAN) method was developed to detect a faint exoplanet lying beneath residual speckles of a host star. It utilizes image acquisitions faster than the stellar speckle variation synchronized with five shapes of a deformable mirror repeatedly. By using only the integrated values of each of the five images and square differences for a long interval of observations, the light of the exoplanet could be separated from the stellar light. The achievable contrast would reach almost the photon-noise limit of the residual speckle intensities under appropriate conditions. CDI-SAN can be applied to both ground-based and space telescopes.


Abstract Purpose: To determine the possible effects of 125I-to-DNA distance on the magnitude and mechanism of Auger-electron induced-double-strand break (DSB) production. Materials and methods: We have synthesized a series of 125I-labeled Hoechst (H) derivatives (125IE–H, 125IB–H, 125I-C8–H and 125I-C12–H). While all four molecules share a common DNA minor groove binding bis-benzimidazole motif, they are designed to position 125I at varying distances from the DNA helix. Each Hoechst derivative was incubated at 4°C in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) together with supercoiled (SC) 3H-pUC19 plasmid DNA (ratio 3:1) ± the •OH scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (0.2 M). Aliquots were analyzed on agarose gels over time and DSB yields per decay of 125I atom were determined. Docking of the iodinated compounds on a DNA molecule was carried out to determine the distance between the iodine atom and the central axis of DNA. Results: In the absence of DMSO, the results show that the DSB yields decrease monotonically as the 125I atom is distanced – by 10.5 Å to 13.9 Å – from the DNA helix (125IEH: 0.52 ± 0.01; 125IB–H: 0.24 ± 0.03; 125I-C8–H: 0.18 ± 0.02; 125I-C12–H: 0.10 ± 0.00). In the presence of DMSO, DSB yields for 125IEH (0.49 ± 0.02) and 125IB-H (0.26 ± 0.04) remain largely unchanged indicating that DSB are entirely produced by direct effects. Strikingly, 125I-C8–H or 125I-C12–H, did not produce detectable DSB in the presence of DMSO under similar conditions suggesting when 125I atom is positioned > 12 Å from the DNA, DSB are entirely produced by indirect effects. Conclusion: These results suggest that at a critical distance between the 125I atom and the DNA helix, DSB production switches from an 'all' direct to an 'all' indirect mechanism, the latter situation being comparable to the decay of 125I free in solution. These experimental findings were correlated with theoretical expectations based on microdosimetry.


In this paper, we describe, implement, and validate the decomposition of the Complex Cross Ambiguity Functions (CCAF) of spoofed Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals into their constitutive components. We advance prior work in [1] and [2] by specifically accounting for correlation of thermal noise across the code delay and Doppler measurement space and by increasing the pre-detection integration time to reduce its overall impact. We also characterize the CCAF distortion by code cross-correlation and thermal noise. The method is applicable to spoofing scenarios that can lead to Hazardous Misleading information (HMI) and are difficult to detect by other means. It can identify spoofing in the presence of multipath and when the spoofing signal is power matched and offsets in code delay and Doppler frequency are relatively close to the true signal. Spoofing can be identified at an early stage within the receiver and even applicable for dynamic users.


This paper describes the application of the Compaq Continuous Profiling Infrastructure (DCPI/ProfileMe), a powerful tool for the analysis of program execution on Tru64/Alpha. In particular, DCPI/ProfileMe assists the analysis of the CPU and memory system behavior of a program. It does not address input/output or thread communication and synchronization behavior.


A generalized methodology has been developed and successfully applied to determine diffusion coefficient of alkane solvent–CO2–heavy oil systems with consideration of swelling effect. Theoretically, a one-dimensional and one-way mass transfer model incorporating the volume translated Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) has been developed to describe the mass transfer from alkane solvent–CO2 mixture to heavy oil, which accounts for the oil swelling effect resulted from gas dissolution. The heavy oil sample has been characterized as three pseudocomponents, while the binary interaction parameter (BIP) correlations are tuned with the experimentally measured saturation pressures. Both apparent diffusion coefficients for gas mixtures and individual diffusion coefficient of each component of a mixture are determined once the discrepancy between the measured and calculated dynamic swelling factors of heavy oil has been minimized. The volume translated PR EOS with the three characterized pseudocomponents and ...


This research aims to study the factors that influence development for the survival of business organizations in Thailand. Sample populations are 484 Limited companieswhich have been operating in Thailand for not less than 20 years. Using a sample size with the source of Business Top 1000. (2015-2016): Sustainable Development Strategies.The CEO Spectrum, Special Issue, by collecting data from representatives of the companies executive management, the five factors used in the 'Structural EquationModel' are Leadership, Management, Knowledge Management, High Performance and Organization Survival. The Survival of the organization is evaluated by using themeans of a quantitative research tool as an Estimations questionnaire. Data analysis, using statistics for Social Science by Descriptive statistic and Inferential statistics withComputer Program and Linear Structural Equation Model Analysis Program present the causal factors that can influence the survival of the organization. The results of the research showed the structural equation model causal factors that influence the development for the survival of business organizations in Thailand. The consistency of an index model that blends in with the empirical data can be seen from x² = 151.51, df = 125, p-value = 0.054, RMSEA = 0.021, GFI = 0.971 and AGFI = 0.946. The results of the analysis show that Management and High PerformanceOrganization can directly influence the positive performance towards the survival of the organization with a statistical significance at 0.01 with a path coefficient equalto 0.27 and 0.26 accordingly, whereas knowledge management does not have direct positive influence to the survival of the organization with a path coefficient equal to0.007 and lastly all the variables are interrelated and can explain the survival of the organization at 23 percent.


We examined variation in measurements and scalation of 114 specimens of Murphy's tree skink Emoia murphyi from five island groups of the southwest Pacific. In the largest sample (Niuafo'ou) males were significantly longer than females. Populations from Futuna, Samoa, Niuafo'ou, Vava'u and Ha'apai showed little morphological divergence, and there were no geographic trends in scalation. We conclude that the various populations are conspecific. The lack of morphological discontinuity suggests that the lizards dispersed between the far‐flung island groups recently, and makes more likely the possibility that Polynesian seafaring rather than natural spread was the agent of dispersal. The source population—whether within or beyond the known distribution of E. murphyi—is at present indeterminate.


Data presented about past medical history, examination and diagnosis of severe atopic bronchial asthma in 62 year patient. After basic treatment and add on treatment with omalizumab complete control of disease was achieved.


Allelopathy is a relatively young discipline of study that is defined as a direct or indirect helpful or harmful influence of one plant on another by chemical substances emitted into the environment. At the doses used, aqueous leaf and flower extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L. had a negative effect on percent seed germination and seedling survival of Vicia faba L. In the M1 generation, there was a gradual decrease in both traits from lower to higher doses. M2 generation recovered to some extent, but not to the extent that it could be controlled.


Stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician quartz arenites and related rocks is traced from central Nevada to central Utah, and correlations with northern Utah rocks are suggested. Following accumulation of thick, fossiliferous Pogonip carbonate rocks, miogeosynclinal regressive Kanosh argillites and the Watson Ranch tongue of the Swan Peak quartzite were deposited in west-central Utah and along the southwest flank of the Tooele arch, a Middle Ordovician emergent element west of Provo, synchronous with Chazyan Swan Peak argillite and quartzite deposition in northern Utah. After subsequent accumulation of the Crystal Peak dolomite, the basal regressive phase of the Eureka quartzite was spread westward from central Utah, culminating in the fossiliferous undaform edge Copenhagen form tion in central Nevada. Continued emergence caused deep erosion in part of north-central Nevada and moderate to slight erosion elsewhere. Transgressive Trentonian Eureka quartzites, with several distinct members of approximate time-rock value, were deposited in thickness over much of Nevada and western Utah, and probably into central Utah. At least sporadically developed in northern Utah, the Eureka quartzite may be thickly developed there, represented by rocks now considered as type Swan Peak and close correlatives. Continued transgression forming latest Trentonian and early Cincinnatian carbonates was interrupted, probably by widespread emergence, so that Richmondian dolomites lie on Eureka quartzite and other Middle Ordovician and Lower Ordovician rocks.


Human action recognition from a video scene has remained a challenging problem in the area of computer vision and pattern recognition. The development of the low-cost RGB depth camera (RGB-D) allows new opportunities to solve the problem of human action recognition. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of recent approaches to human action recognition based on depth maps, skeleton joints, and other hybrid approaches. In particular, we focus on the advantages and limitations of the existing approaches and on future directions.


Azo-compounds were introduced into a G-pro bio-inspired artificial signal transduction system to simulate the transmembrane receptor of this system.Ten azo-benzene artificial receptor intermediates,such as azo-PheOMe(6a),azo-ValOMe(6b),azo-GluOMe(6c),azo-SerOMe(6d),azo-ThrOMe(6e),azoPheOEt(6a′),azo-ValOEt(6b′),azo-GluOEt(6c′),azo-SerOEt(6d′),and azo-ThrOEt(6e′),were prepared.The 1 H NMR spectra of these products were studied,and the results showed an agreement with the proposed structure.The UV absorption spectra were tested under different conditions in two different solvents(chloroform and methanol).Photoinduced cis-trans isomerization behavior of the azo-compounds was investigated.The trans-state of 6awas converted into cis-state by photoisomerization under irradiation of UV-light at 365nm.The reverse process to the original state was carried out under irradiation at 427nm.The recovery time of these compounds was different,and their UV-Vis spectra were dissimilar.


A facile strategy for fabricating polypyrrole–chitosan (PPy–CS) hollow nanostructures with different shapes (sphere, cube and plate) and a wide range of sizes (from 35 to 600 nm) is described. These hollow structures have been fabricated using silver bromide as a single template material for polymer nucleation and growth. PPy–CS hollow nanostructures are formed by reaction with an etching agent to remove the core. These hollow nanostructures have been extensively characterized using various techniques such as TEM, FT-IR, UV–vis, and XRD.


Coherent medium theory for a master equation description of transport on random lattices is extended to includes scattering in clusters larger than two sites (or one bond) exactly. Bond and site-averaged numerical calculations for the square lattice show some features of transport are improved by this method but that larger clusters are needed in order to obtain exact long-time properties.


Graphene, the one-atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) carbon material, has attracted tremendous interest in both academia and industry due to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. For electronic applications, the challenging task is to make it as a semiconductor. Bottom-up synthesis of semiconducting one-dimensional (1D) nanometer-wide graphene strips, namely graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), has attracted much attention owing to its promising electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. In this regard, we report the fabrication of a cove-type 2D GNRs networks (GNN) via the interconnection of 1D self-assembled GNRs on the surface of Au(111). The cove-type 2D GNRs networks (GNNs) was fabricated from the GNR, 5-CGNR-1-1 , synthesized using the precursor of DBSP. Annealing of high-density self-assembled GNRs on the surface of Au(111) through two-zone chemical vapour deposition (2Z CVD) successfully generated 2D interconnected structure with high yield via the fusion and ladder coupling reactions of GNR chains . In order to validate the later fusion reaction, we have also synthesized the GNR, 7-AGNR-1-1, using the precursor of DBBA . The GNNs, which consists of hybridized metallic-like and semiconducting GNRs, is a new class of carbon-based materials. Further, we applied this material for thermoelectric (TE) applications and found that a very low cross-plane thermal conductivity of 0.11 W m -1 K -1 , which is the lowest value among the carbon-based materials as well as inorganic semiconductors, while maintaining the cross-plane electrical conductivity of 188 S m -1 .


With "good health and well-being" being set as one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), this paper proposes the application of pinch analysis, a quantitative method originally applied to conserve scarce resources in source-demand allocation networks, for identifying gaps in health care service delivery. This method is also found to be useful for health care infrastructure capacity planning and policy testing. The major contribution of this method in this context is identification of marginalized sections and testing specific policies targeted towards them, which will justify release of financial aid and infrastructure development for appropriate sections. We explored this concept for investigating the in-patient health care delivery system in the context of developing nations, where the health care facilities (both public and private) thrive by offering services at drastically different prices. A novel framework is developed in this paper, supported by a case study of Kolkata, India where both the gaps and surplus in the health care services faced by different sections of population are identified. In order to offset these gaps, we offer recommendations for possible policy implementation. A few hypothetical scenarios are also examined in order to understand the importance of pinch analysis for policy testing. We conclude by proving that pinch analysis can be a robust integrated decision-making framework for the health care sector, especially in resource-constrained communities.


Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated containment policies have led to negative mental health consequences in the general population. Aims: This study investigated the association between perceived social support and depressive symptoms in Korea. Methods: Data from the Korea Community Health Survey conducted from August to November 2020 was used for this cross-sectional study. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and perceived social support was assessed based on the number of contacts that participants had identified as being available in case participants needed isolation due to COVID-19 exposure. This study included the general adult populations aged 19 years and older. The relationship between the perceived social support and depressive symptoms was analyzed using multivariable liner regression analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on income. Results: Analysis of the data obtained from 225,453 participants indicated that PHQ-9 scores were highest in the group with 'no' perceived social support, followed by 'low', 'middle', and 'high' perceived levels of social support. Compared to individuals with 'high' perceived social support, those with 'middle' (β: .10, p-value <.001), 'low (β: .07, p-value .010), and 'no' (β: .34, p-value <.001) perceived levels of social support showed poorer depression scores. The magnitude of the relationship found was particularly strong in the low-income group. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals' depression scores varied according to their perceived level of social support. Strategies that address the need of vulnerable individuals are required to reduce the potentially negative mental health consequences of the pandemic.


As in the case of the measurements near the magnetic axis we find that for the two displacements considered the output of the BQ-coils is of opposite sign when (k+jum)/jum or (m-nq)/m is negative. Note that this holds for jum much smaller than 1/b because of the condition | k | b « l . We compared these theoretical results with measurements taken in the screw pinch device SP III (see Fig. 1 and Ref. [2 ]). The strong oscillation in the median plane of the torus around the eccentric equilibrium position (m = 1, k = 0 mode) complicates the analysis of the slowly growing kink mode (presumably m = 1, k = 1/R). Measurements on a screw pinch discharge with fjiE = 0. 55 are shown in Fig. 2. Because of the difference in position along the column no straightforward conclusions can be drawn; however, the deviation of the measurements is clearly associated with the onset of an instability at 10 jus. Results for a screw pinch at JUR =0.7 are shown in Fig. 3. A comparison of the streak picture and the B0 measurements shows a strong outward motion up to 5 jus followed by an inward motion and an onset of an instability at about 8 /us. Since in the horizontal plane the strong m = 1, k = 0 motion and the kink instability are superimposed and since the instability affects the Be-field by a factor 1-q «0.4 less than the m = 1, k = 0 motion it is difficult to separate the two effects. Even the measurement of Be at 6 = 90° is influenced by the m = 1, k = 0 motion, presumably by secondorder effects. This explains the decrease in B0 from 2 to 8 AXS. The following inward and upward motion is directed towards the probe and would cause one to expect an increase of Be (dashed line). The field is, however, observed to decrease (full line) as predicted by the described theory.


PURPOSE:To obtain the subject new antibiotic useful as a therapeutic agent for mycotic infection, having high antifungal activity, low toxicity and high water solubility. CONSTITUTION:An antifungal antibiotic of the formula (R1 is H, OH or methyl; R2 is H or OH; R3 is H, methyl or hydroxymethyl; X1 is MeVal or Val; X2 is allo-Ile or Mets O; with the proviso that a case where R1 and R2 are H, R3 is methyl, X is MeVAl and X2 is allo-Ile is omitted). The compound is preferably obtained by culturing Aureobasidium pullulans (FERM-BP-l,938) by shaking culture or submerged aerated culture at 15-30 deg.C at pH4, extracting the whole culture mixture with an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate and separating and purifying the extract by a method such as column chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography.


Certain transistors, operating class C, have the combined properties of power amplifier and frequency multiplier. Utilizing these transistors, power gains in excess of 10 dB can be obtained for ×4 and ×5 narrow-band UHF transistor frequency multipliers.


Are sexist jokes funny? Do feminists have a sense of humour? Wilhelm, and Melanie Verwoerd explore some of the complex questions around joking, gender and justice


Based on Zigong meteorological data from 1955 to 2006,tendency method,accumulated anomaly method and Mann-Kendall method are adopted to analyze the characteristic of climatic change.The research shows:In the background of global warming,Zigong climate has changed.In recent 52 years,the annual average temperature has a weak increasing trend.The annual precipitation has a weak decreasing trend.Autumn has a notable warming-dry trend.Spring has a notable wetting trend.In recent 10 years,Zigong has a clearly climate warming trend.


Abstract presented at the Annual meeting of the North American Society for Pediatric Exercise Medicine held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 11-14, 1994


This paper gives a solution to solve the interference problem of electronic nose (e-nose), which is ill-posed due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of its instable behavior. Traditional methods for interference suppression are component correction frameworks, which are laborious or little efficient. With interference (especially background interference and sensor drift), the distribution of test data obtained in practical application is different from that of the previous training data. From the viewpoint of machine learning, a novel domain correction and adaptive extreme learning machines (DC-AELM) framework with transferring capability is proposed to solve the serious interference problem in e-nose. The framework consists of two parts: 1) DC, which makes the distributions of two domains close and 2) AELM, which realizes the knowledge transfer at the decision level and makes the robustness of the prediction model improved. This method is motivated by the idea of transfer learning, especially from the perspective of domain correction and decision-making, to realize the knowledge transfer for interference suppression. A background interference data set obtained by our designed e-nose and a public benchmark sensor drift data set are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed DC-AELM method.


We report on a scaling test of several mesonic observables in the non-perturbatively O(a) improved Wilson theory with two flavors of dynamical quarks. The observables are constructed in a fixed volume of 2.4 fm × (1.8 fm)3 with Schrodinger functional boundary conditions. No significant scaling violations are found. Using the kaon mass determined in [1], we update our estimate of the Lambda parameter to Λ(2)/mK = 0.52(6).


The huge amount of biological sequences accumulated in the world nucleotide and protein databases leads to the necessity of efficient tools for structural genomic and functional analysis. This scientific area requires powerful computing resources for exploring large sets of biological data. Multiple sequence alignment is an important method in the DNA and protein analysis, and is generally the alignment of three or more biological sequences of similar length. As a result of the processing, homology can be derived and the evolutionary relationships between the sequences can be explored. The goal of this paper is to propose parallelization and optimization of the multiple sequence alignment software MSA_BG in order to improve the performance, for the case study of the influenza virus sequences. The objective is code optimization, porting, scaling and performance evaluation of the parallel multiple sequence alignment software MSA_BG for Intel Xeon Phi (the MIC architecture). For this purpose a parallel multithreaded optimization including OpenMP has been implemented and verified. The experimental results show that the hybrid parallel implementation utilizing MPI and OpenMP provides considerably better performance than the original code.


This research seeks to apply to problems caused by not allowing the District Boards mediation Conflict Resolution Education System answers.

The Organic Law of Intercultural Education at its Art.65 provides: The District Boards are the body responsible for resolving conflicts educative system. Have an interdisciplinary formation of three professionals will be appointed directly by the authority competent professional: the District Director, the Head of Human Resources and Chief Legal Counsel, who may impose penalties according to the offense, which may be: Suspension time without pay; and destitution the office. "

As the board notes complies with the District Director, Head of Human Resources and the Head of Legal Consulting, these are the people who must conduct investigations and penalties for misdemeanors committed and which are set out in the Act before it my proposal is that the law is reformed and mediation before the District Board resolution in which a specialized mediator should participate is established, that the solution to the conflict and the provision in the art.190 of the Constitution guarantee of the Republic of Ecuador says: "it is recognized arbitration, mediation and other alternative methods for conflict resolution. These procedures shall be subject to the Act, in matters in which by their nature can compromise. "
Educational institutions are made up of people who face a series of conflicts and clashes in personal relationships, because human beings are different and we cannot agree on ways of being, thinking and acting.

For this reason, it is important that the District Boards of Conflict Resolution, which is the body responsible is conflict resolution education system, which in interdisciplinary conformation instead of three be appointed four including a Specialized Agent, as the District Director, the Head of Human Resources and the Head of Legal Department have the power to impose the following sanctions:
- Temporary suspension without pay
- Removal from office

To not go to these lengths is needed in the District Boards of a Specialized Conflict Mediator to help resolve conflicts in a peaceful and harmonious way and reach voluntary agreements. Given that mediation is an alternative method, as it is extra-judicial or different legal or conventional channels of conflict resolution, and is creative because it promotes the search for solutions that meet the needs of the parties, and involves not restricted what the law says.

It is also considered that mediation is an ideal place to fix the type of conflict in which the opposing parties must continue to maintain the relationship after method. Such is the case of teachers who every day are seeing the faces between teachers, parents, students and authorities, so it is crucial that reach voluntary agreements through mediation, to avoid difficulties in back, and get to have a lasting peace


Throughout the years most countries have incurred in borrowing money in order to finance many of their operations. Those loans and their accumulation have either benefited or impaired those countri ...


The growth of zinc sulfide single crystals by a sealed tube vapor phase method is described. In this system the parameters that are studied are the evaporation temperature, the temperature schedule during a run, the temperature gradient along the length of the tube, and, finally, the ambient pressure of H2S in the tube. The resulting crystals are of a rodlike, distorted rodlike, or platelike habit, and the dominant habit, in any given run, is responsive to variations in the experimental parameters. An altogether different habit is observed in runs performed in a vacuum. The structure of the crystals varies from pure hexagonal to reversed cubic; most of the crystals exhibit stacking faults to various degrees. The structure is a function of the growth temperature.For crystals grown in an H2S ambient, the mechanism proposed is an initial growth of a fine rod followed by a thickening of the rod and its possible subsequent development into a plate. The whisker growth is probably not a nucleation process and ma...


In this study, the number concentrations of atmospheric particles were measured in Qingdao during the Spring Festival of 2013. Size distributions of number concentrations of atmospheric particles were investigated in terms of impacts of weather conditions(e.g., fog, haze, rain and snow) and fireworks. The results showed that particles 1.0 μm in number concentrations contributed more than 95% of the total suspended particles in Qingdao atmosphere. During fog and haze days, the number concentrations of particles were significantly higher than those of clear days, and especially there was a significant increase of fine particles in number concentration. The increase was more obvious for 0.3 ~ 1.0 μm particles in haze days and 0.5 ~ 2.0 μm particles in fog days. Rainfall and snowfall were found to remove particles from the atmosphere to a certain extent, especially for 2.0 μm particles. During the Spring Festival, the particles from the fireworks were mainly distributed in the 1.0 μm size range, and the number concentrations of particles were 3 times higher than those of the non-fireworks level.


Microtia is a term applied to congenital anomalies of the auricle, ranging from mild structural abnormalities to complete absence of the external ear and auditory canal. Microtia may occur as an isolated condition or in association with other malformations such as facial clefts, cardiac defects, renal abnormalities, anophthalmia, and limb reduction defects. Surgical reconstruction of the absent auricle is difficult, and the results are often unsatisfactory. Prosthetic rehabilitation is indicated where surgical procedures may not provide predictable aesthetic results. In recent years, significant developments in digital dentistry have seen the widespread application of CAD/CAM fabrication techniques in the production of intraoral implant restorations. The use of digital technologies, however, has not permeated the field of maxillofacial prosthetics to the same extent. This report documents the use of existing dental CAD/CAM technology in the fabrication of an extraoral prosthesis and demonstrates the benefits of employing digital technology in the field of maxillofacial prosthetics.


The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts George Wallace wearing a "Wallace Campaign" button dragging an elderly African American man labeled "race issue" out of his house. The man's wife is trying to hold onto her husband, but Wallace is carrying him off the porch.


The life history of Anatrachyntis terminella (Walker) is described for the first time. Larvae of this moth infest the egg-sacs of the spider Nephila edulis (Koch), feed on the eggs and pupate in the silk of the egg-sac. The life history of the moth is discussed in relation to its effect on the spider.


An educational institution has a significant role in society. For children's schooling, a school, its environment, teachers and curriculum hold a valuable position. Pre, Primary and secondary levels of school curriculums, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities are more valuable in one's conceptual growth. In Pakistan, multi types of curriculums are being taught in different educational institutions. Some institutions are under state supervision and on the private level, some are under international education systems, some educational institutions are under religious sects, some schools have mixed type of curriculum; religious and international. All these institutions, train their students according to their educational aims and goals. In a single society, multi types of curriculums and objectives mean the preparation of students having different schoolings, mental approaches and different educational destinations. Their preferences, social directions, heroes, struggles, activities and even cultural norms (materialistic and non-materialistic) become different. So there is a need to highlight the impacts of different schoolings by different educational institutions in Pakistan. The main objective of this study is to elaborate on the cause of social stratification due to different educational curricular activities and schoolings. The research methodology of this paper was qualitative and views of some teachers and experts were quoted at the end. Original Research Article Jasvi; AJESS, 8(2): 1-11, 2020; Article no.AJESS.50352 2


ABSTRACT: Socialising a puppy is a challenge at the best of times, but particularly more so during lockdown. Veterinary and behaviour professionals can help owners prevent problem behaviours developing by raising awareness of canine body language, setting up first clinical exams to be positive experiences and providing tips on how owners can adapt social experiences to the individual.


Nowadays, there are many commercial software's used in the installation of photovoltaic systems. This software's have been designed to respond the gr eat power systems. In this study, software that is prov ided for users are interested in solar power systems has bee n developed. The software consists of two parts. In t he first part; selection and design options to determine the daily energy needs of the living area are submitted for u sers. In the other part, appropriate system requirements are det ermined by load calculations. In addition instant system ef ficiency can be dynamically tested by using measurement data. By using software are designed for a photovoltaic system wit h the low power, model application was made with data of Tokat city for requirement of a standard house.


: Dynamic phenomena in electric power systems require fast and accurate algorithms for processing signals. The processing results include synchrophasor parameters, e.g., varying amplitude, phase or frequency of sinusoidal voltage or current signals. This paper presents a novel estimation method of synchrophasor parameters that comply with the requirements of IEEE/IEC standards. The authors analyzed an algorithm for measuring the phasor magnitude by means of a selected artificial neural network (ANN), an algorithm for estimating the phasor phase and frequency that makes use of the zero-crossing method. The original components of the presented approach are: the method of the synchrophasor magnitude estimation by means of a suitably trained and applied radial basic function (RBF); the idea of using two algorithms operating simultaneously to estimate the synchrophasor magnitude, phase and frequency that apply identical calculation methods are different in that the first one filters the input signal using the FIR filter and the second one operates without any filter; and the algorithm calculating corrections of the phase shift between the input and output signal and the algorithm calculating corrections of the magnitude estimation. The error results obtained from the applied algorithms were compared with those of the quadrature filter method and the ones presented in literature, as well as with the permissible values of the errors. In all cases, these results were lower than the permissible values and at least equal to the values found in the literature.


Fuel cell, an electrolyte electrode assembly (24) and a pair of separators (26, 28) for sandwich-type receiving said electrolyte electrode assembly (24), said electrolyte electrode assembly (24) a pair of electrodes (38, 40) and a (between the electrodes 38 , electrolytes employed 40) (36), and wherein the fuel cell further comprises: a plurality of fluid holes (30a-d, 32a-d, 34a-d; 168a-e, 170a-e, 172a-e; 182, 184) which are arranged outside the electrodes (38, 40) and extending through the separators (26 , 28), extend so as to pass at least one fluid, comprising an oxygen-containing gas or a fuel gas or a coolant, by the separators (26, 28); and at least one fluid flow field (42, 46, 50) selectively connected to the fluid holes (30a-d, 32a-d, 34a-d; 168a-e, 170a-e, 172a-e; 182, 184) is connected, each are useful as a fluid supply port or fluid discharge aperture, to cause the fluid in the case of the oxygen-containing gas and / or of the fuel gas along a circular surface of the respective electrode (38, 40) and / or in the case of ...


Previous large-N research suggests that globalization could have either positive or negative consequences for labor rights in developing nations. This article examines the ways in which domestic political institutions and interests conditions the effects of economic globalization. It develops several hypotheses regarding the impact of domestic factors on labor rights outcomes and uses the case of Costa Rica to assess these hypotheses. The result is that although segments of the Costa Rican economy and labor force have benefited from industrial upgrading in recent years, the enclave nature of the export-oriented economy and the historical repression of organized labor render difficult the achievement of some internationally recognized core labor rights. The article concludes by discussing some of the issues for future research that are highlighted by the Costa Rican case.


This article studies the accuracy of two versions of Kydland and Prescott's (1980, 1982) procedure for approximating optimal decision rules in problems in which the objective fails to be quadratic and the constraints fail to be linear. The analysis is carried out using a version of the Brock–Mirman (1972) model of optimal economic growth. Although the model is not linear quadratic, its solution can, nevertheless, be computed with arbitrary accuracy using a variant of existing value-function iteration procedures. I find that the Kydland–Prescott approximate decision rules are very similar to those implied by value-function iteration.


Using extensive test data for both normal and high strength (silica fume) concrete, covering a wide range of types and sizes of aggregates (including lightweight aggregate), rates of loading, ages at testing, with cylinder compressive strengths, fc, of up to 94 MPa, a relationship has been established between the modulus of rupture and cylinder splitting strengths. By using this empirical relationship in conjunction with the previously reported theoretical correction factor of Raoof and Lin, with the latter relating the true uniaxial tensile strength of concrete to the traditional cylinder splitting strength, very simple relationship(s) between modulus of rupture and the true uniaxial tensile strength have been proposed for both normal and high strength concrete. It is now possible to estimate (using very simple formulas, which are amenable to hand calculations using a pocket calculator) the uniaxial tensile strength of concrete, ft, by either using the cylinder splitting or the modulus of rupture tests, with the agreements between the predictions of ft by these two different traditional indirect tests being practically reasonable. In particular, it is now shown that, over the range 22 < fc < 94 MPa, the traditional modulus of rupture, MOR, is always greater than the corresponding true uniaxial tensile strength, ft, with the ratio MOR/ft being dependent on the magnitude of the corresponding cylinder compressive strength. As regards the traditional cylinder splitting strength, f't, on the other hand, the ratio ft/f't is dependent on the ratio f't/fc, with the true uniaxial tensile strength, ft, for associated cylinder compressive strengths within the range 22 < fc < 94 MPa, always being greater than the traditional cylinder splitting strength, f't. The presently reported work is believed to have come some way to resolve the longstanding problem of determining the true tensile strength of concrete which has eluded researchers since the early years of the 20th century. 1) Professor of Structural Engineering 2 Formerly, PhD Student, Civil and Building Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Leics. LE11 3TU, UK


A 2-yr study was conducted to investigate the distribution and retranslocation of boron (B) in field-grown broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Two broccoli cultivars were grown under various B treatments (no supplemental B, broadcast B, and broadcast B together with one to several liquid applications to the surface of the soil immediately surrounding the stem base) at three Ontario locations where the soils differ markedly in both texture and hot-water-soluble B concentration. Yield responses to B application and external symptoms of B deficiency were not observed. In the absence of supplemental B, the B concentrations of the different plant parts were not correlated with either extractable soil B or plant-organ age (which would have reflected primary translocation via the transpiration stream). Supplemental B at rates of 3.0–4.5 kg ha−1 enhanced the B concentration in xylem sap and eliminated the increasing B gradient up the shoot or induced the formation of a decreasing gradient up the shoot. Flo...


Continuing our work of measuring intermolecular distances in 13 C, 2 H-labeled polycarbonate using rotational-echo double-resonance 13 C NMR with 1 H dephasing, we report average nearest-neighbor interchain ring-carbon to ring-deuterium and ring-carbon to methyl-deuterium distances of 2.6 and 3.2 A, respectively. The short ring-ring distance indicates that the phenyl groups are tightly packed, consistent with the observation that cooperative intermolecular motion is required for ring flips


An all-MOS linear voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) chip with 520-kHz/V sensitivity is presented in this paper. This circuit converts an input voltage into frequency by charging and discharging a capacitor. An all-MOS voltage window comparator (VWC) with reduced propagation delay is designed to improve the linearity of traditional VFCs. The propagation delay of the VWC is discussed to resolve the tradeoff between bandwidth and linearity of VFC. The proposed VFC is verified on silicon using the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company 1P5M 0.25-mum process. The measurement results show that the linearity error is less than 1%, and the sensitivity is 520 kHz/V at an input voltage range from 0.1 to 0.8 V


Two Cases with Dysferlinopathy Gaye Eryaflar1, Yaprak Seçil1, Yeflim Beckmann1, Ayflen ‹nceo¤lu Kendir1, A. Gülden Diniz2, Mustafa Baflo¤lu1 1 Clinic of 1st Neurology, Izmir Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey 2Clinic of Pathology, Izmir Dr. Behcet Uz Children Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey Dysferlinopathy includes a rare spectrum of muscle disease characterized by two main phenotypes [Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and limbgirdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD 2B)] and results from a mutation in the gene that codes dysferlin protein (DYSF gene, 2p13). In this report, we present two cases with dysferlinopathy whose diagnoses were confirmed by clinical and muscle biopsy findings.


Objectives The purpose of this study is to report a case of improving various symptoms such as polyarthritis, dyspnea, fatigue, heat sensation. In addition, the promising explanation on the perspective of the heat and cold syndrome could be elicited. Methods Dokhwaljihwang-tang was prescribed for an...


Adsorbed Ce on a Mo(110) surface was observed by RHEED in order to elucidate the growth mode and the structural change with increasing film thickness. Ce was deposited at room temperature and succeeded by annealing at 800° C under ultrahigh vacuum. The 1st Ce monolayer on Mo(110) surface was composed of a distorted γ-Ce(111) layer. The second Ce monolayer grew on the 1st Ce layer with the structure of γ-Ce(111) with no distortion. Further deposition resulted in growth of isolated 3D crystals on the above mentioned Ce double layers. These facts suggest that Ce grows on Mo(110) surface with Stranski-Krastanov growth mode at high temperature (800° C). The first two monolayers as well as the 3D crystals of Ce grew epitaxially, with the Nishiyama-Wassermann orientational relationship of (111)[11̄0]Ceł(110)[001]Mo.


We study the dynamical Casimir effect in an electromagnetic cavity containing a Kerr medium. We obtain approximate expressions for the time evolution operator as well as for the number operator in the Heisenberg representation. We have found that the generation of photons from quantum vacuum is strongly affected by the presence of the Kerr medium, sharing physical features with the case of two two-level atoms in a cavity with oscillating walls. The nonlinear medium produces a saturation effect in the photon generation which shows strong oscillations whose frequency increases with the intensity of the nonlinear medium. We expect that these results could be relevant for any experimental study involving the dynamical Casimir effect that is willing to incorporate Kerr nonlinearities.


This dissertation discusses the monetary policy from central banks before and after the global financial crisis of 2008 focusing on both conventional and unconventional measures that were undertaken. The first chapter addresses the channels of monetary policy and the context and circumstances that led central bankers to rely on non-standard policies such as Quantitive and Credit Easing after they discovered that standard policy and decrease of interest rate at the zero bound were not enough to stimulate aggregate demand and stabilize the economy. To assess the effectiveness of non-standard monetary policy we analyze the cases of two central banks: The European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve System (Fed) on the context of structure, targeting, independence and transparency. The effect of non-conventional measures in the formulation of macroeconomic variables and the stabilization of the global economy is demonstrated in this dissertation.


In recent years,excessive medical treatment draws common concern of medical ethics circles.Excessive medical treatment is not only an ethics problem,but also an economic phenomenton at the same time.The article thinks,economics displays of excessive medical treatment is a doctor leads the demand,the direct cause of formation is the medical demand lacking flexibility,the market environment is monopolizing competition.At last,articles proposed the ethics and economic countermeasure of checking excessive medical treatment.


Three new dihydrostilbenes, stilbostemins P–R (1–3), and a new dihydrophenanthrene, stemanthrene G (4), were isolated from the roots of Stemona japonica together with three known bibenzyls, 3,5-dihydroxy-2′-methoxy bibenzyl (5), 3,3′-dihydroxy-2,5′-dimethoxy bibenzyl (6), and 3,5,2′-trihydroxy-4-methyl bibenzyl (7). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 5 and 6 exhibited strong antifungal activities against Candida albicans.


Magneto-Hall and magnetoresistance formulas, correct to order 8, are derived for the case in which both single-carrier and mixed-carrier effects are important. Also, a new magneto-Hall coefficIent Is Presented: P — (~ )(~)2/(~ ) 1 Values of'P for varIous scattering mechanisms are calculated and compared with experiment.


AbstractThis paper develops the theory of an intelligent planning unit (IPU) as a new thought process. The theory of an IPU is designed to (1) enable the complex built environment system to be more intelligent; (2) standardize the complex physical entities and processes at a modular scale; (3) accumulate the knowledge at different levels of complexity for IPU refinement and control; and (4) provide the decision-makers with timely and accurate information for better decision-making. An IPU can be developed by breaking down the physical entities and processes in the complex built environment system into carefully planned units (even nanoscale units). An IPU can be implemented in three phases (i.e., IPU planning, IPU application, and IPU network). This paper illustrates the theory of an IPU as a holistic approach using the smart photovoltaic system blind as one of the sustainable management strategies. The IPU case scenario illustrates the strategy, design, replication, combination, interaction, and refineme...


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Intestinal lymphatic system has gain-renewed interest for delivery of hydrophobic drugs, macromolecules like peptides, proteins and vaccines. It offer several advantages including avoidance of first pass metabolism, selective treatment of diseases and infections of the mesenteric lymphatics, enhancement of the absorption of the large molecules such as peptides/particulates and inhibition of cancer cell metastasis (Paliwal 2009). A major function of the intestinal lymphatics is to facilitate the absorption of long chain fatty acids via re-esterification and reassembling them into chylomicrons within the enterocytes. Exogenous compounds absorbed via the intestinal lymph are generally transported in association with the lipid core of intestinal lipoproteins thereby requiring coadministered lipid to stimulate lipoprotein formation and to deliver the content in the systemic circulation through well known transcellular mechanism of lipid transport (O'Driscoll 2002). This study was aimed to develop, compritol cored methotrexate (MTX) loaded emulsome which could solubilize and retain MTX within multiple bilayers of lecithin purposely specific for treatment of intestinal lymphosarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTX loaded EML was prepared by cast film method. Briefly, CA and PC in different molar ratio were taken in a round-bottom flask and dissolved in minimum amount of chloroform. The chloroform was then evaporated until complete dryness under reduced pressure using rotary flash evaporator to form a thin lipid film on walls of the round-bottom flask. The dried film was hydrated with 10 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS pH 7.4) containing 10 mg MTX and homogenized by ultasonication (Soniweld, India) for 10 min at 40% frequency to obtain nanosized EML. The free unentrapped drug was removed by passing the dispersion through a sephadex G-50 column. The so obtained EML dispersion was lyophilized using 100 mg sucrose as cryoprotectant in 1 mL dispersion stored at -50°C for 5 h and then kept under vaccum for 36 h. The lyophilized formulations were stored at refrigerated temperature till further use. The MTX-loaded EML were optimized and studied for their particle size and shape to correlate structural resemblance with chylomicrons, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro release in simulated pH conditions of gastrointestnal tract to assess its potential as oral formulation and storage stability at various temperatures. The thermal analysis was performed to observe modifications in crystalline behavior of lipid. The in vivo study protocol was designed for estimating both blood plasma profile and lymphatic concentration of the MTX after intradudonal administration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION