This paper discusses the issue of wastewater treatment in developing countries, especially in Latin America, and presents a detailed case study of the use of stabilization pond systems in Honduras. Ten pond systems in Honduras were monitored during dry and wet seasons to develop a database for performance, improving designs, and developing more appropriate effluent standards based on local conditions. The pond systems were monitored for flow rates, helminth eggs, Shigella species, Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, and conventional parameters, including BOD5 and suspended solids (SS). Pond sludges were also monitored for helminth eggs, and percent total solids, volatile solids, and fixed solids. Results show that the majority of ponds have higher flow rates (with lower hydraulic retention times) and much higher organic loading rates than those assumed by designers. Nevertheless, all of the systems monitored removed 100 percent of the influent helminth egg concentrations and satisfy the World Health Organization microbiological guidelines for Category B irrigation with wastewater effluents. Shigella species were not detected, and Escherichia coli and fecal coliform removal were highly variable. The removal of BOD5 and SS was typical for stabilization pond systems, and organically overloaded ponds did not exhibit significant difference from underloaded ones. Sludge analyses showed that all pond sludges are heavily contaminated with helminth eggs and that several ponds are in need of desludging. Planning for system expansion, and adequately financing operation and maintenance, including pond desludging, are major issues within municipalities for long-term sustainability. The study concludes that at this time treatment objectives in municipalities should focus on helminth removal, with the objective of using pond effluents for agricultural and aquaculture reuse to enhance long-term sustainability of pond systems


In accordance with the present disclosure, a method for fabricating a symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell is described. The method includes synthesizing a composition comprising perovskite and applying the composition on an electrolyte support to form both an anode and a cathode.


The inevitability of arising in equations of kinetics and hydrodynamics irreversibility not contained in original equations of classic mechanics is substantiated. It is established that transfer of information about the direction of system evolution from initial conditions to resulting equations is the consequence of losing information about the position of an individual particle in space, which takes place at roughening description. It is shown that the roughening with respect to impact parameters of colliding particles is responsible for appearance of the irreversibility in resulting equations. Direct equations of kinetics and hydrodynamics are the result of roughening distribution functions with respect to impact parameters of particles, which have not yet reached the domain of their interaction. The direct equations are valid for the progressive direction of timing on the time axis pointing from the past to the future. Reverse equations of kinetics and hydrodynamics are the result of roughening distribution functions with respect to impact parameters of particles, which have already left the domain of their interaction. The reverse equations are valid for the progressive direction of timing on the time axis pointing from the future to the past.


Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a kind of heterogeneous vesicles released by essentially all cell types, which plays an important role in intercellular communication and in the regulation of physiological process (or pathology). EVs mainly includes microvesicles (50–1000 nm), apoptotic bodies (50–5000 nm) and exosomes (30–150 nm), based on distinct biogenesis pathways. Microvesicles are formed by direct budding of the plasma membrane, in which ARF6 and RhoA are important regulators. In addition, oncosomes are also a kind of microvesicles, which are specifically released by tumor cells and contain many specific molecules of tumor cells. When cells undergo apoptosis, they could also release a population of EVs called apoptotic bodies. This kind of EVs is formed through outward blebbing and fragmentation of the cell membrane. Exosomes are derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and released by cells upon fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane. Exosomes have complex formation and regulatory mechanisms, including endosomal sorting complex dependent and non-dependent mechanisms. Many researchers have shown that EVs with different types and different cell sources may have different components and functions. EVs mainly carry the bioactive molecules of donor cells, such as proteins, DNA or RNA, and target nearby or remote cells to perform different biological functions, thus affecting the physiological and pathological processes of recipient cells. Cells can also discharge their waste by EVs. By transporting cargoes to extracellular, EVs can regulate the amount of intracellular cargoes, thus affecting the survival status of cells. This approach can be beneficial to cells (removing harmful substances) or harmful (transporting drugs outside the cell). Secondly, some key molecules in EVs can be regulated by donor cells according to their state. So, EVs can also reflect the state changes of donor cells, and have the potential as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Due to their stable existence in body fluids and derived from various tissues of the body, EVs can not only be a new biomarker of liquid biopsy, but also reflect the heterogeneity and the genesis or development of diseases. As a natural endogenous material, EVs can also serve as a potential drug delivery carrier, and have the advantages of low immunogenicity and crossing the blood brain barrier. In addition, EVs have many other applications. For example, they can be an alternative to cells as a therapeutic agent, as well as targets of disease treatment. This review summarizes the following parts: Firstly, biological origin, biological composition, biological characteristics, and biological functions of EVs. Secondly, the isolation and characterization of EVs. Thirdly, the application of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases were introduced. At present, the heterogeneity, biological composition and the formation mechanism of EVs need to be further studied, so that it can be better applied in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The effective isolation method is also necessary for its clinical application. It is believed that with the development of various biological technologies, these problems will be gradually solved, the biological function of EVs will be also clearly understood, and EVs based application in diseases will make new breakthroughs.


Photographic measurements of a 120 ton single burst event and a 720 ton multiburst event were made as part of DNA Project MISER'S BLUFF in June and August 1978 at Planet Ranch, Arizona. This report incorporates a pictorial history of the two resulting dust clouds together with triangulated data plots of the cloud track, rise history, cloud width, and stem characteristics.


The demographic situation in Luxembourg in 1985 is reviewed. Separate consideration is given to fertility, nuptiality and divorce, mortality, and migration. Significant trends include the continued decline in fertility among the foreign population, a new peak in the number of divorces, and a decline in infant mortality to under 10 per 1,000 for the first time.


Endorsements. Acknowledgements. Introduction Philippe De Lombaerde and Lakshmi Puri. Part I: Aid for Trade: Global Perspectives. 1. Aid for Trade and Development UNCTAD. 2. Perspectives on Aid for Trade David Luke, Luca Monge-Roffarello and Sabrina Varma, UNDP. 3. Aid for Trade, Aid Effectiveness and Regional Absorption Capacity Philippe De Lombaerde, UNU-CRIS, and George Mavrotas, GDN. 4. What does the European Experience tell us on Aid for Traide? Sanoussi Bilal and Francesco Rampa, ECDPM. 5. Aid for Trade for Sustainable Development Adil Najam, UNEP. 6. Aid for Trade: Supporting the Use of Standards Lorenza Jachia, ECE. 7. Building Productive Capacities for Trade Competitiveness: Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and UNIDO's Response UNIDO. Part II: Aid for Trade: Regional Perspectives. 8. Aid for trade and Public-Private Partnerships in the Asian and Pacific Region Marc Proksch and Noordin Azhari, ESCAP. 9. Promoting Aid for Trade in Western Asia ESCWA. 10. Building Africa's Supply Capacities and Competitiveness through Aid for Trade UNECA. 11. Aid for Trade: Strengthening Latin American and Caribbean International Linkages and Regional Cooperation ECLAC. Statistical Annex. Index.


Wave propagation in sandwich structures containing periodic cores and local resonators are studied. The effect on wave attenuation is emphasized. It is found that within certain frequency bands wave is forbidden from propagating through the structure with periodic cores or with resonators. It is also found that for the structure consisting of two different core materials periodically placed along the beam length, the location and range of the stop band can be tailored by the physical properties of the core. Also, with fixed core properties, the lattice constant becomes an important factor in controlling the location of the stop band. Moreover, the coupling of the two mechanisms can effectively enlarge the width of the stop band and enhance wave attenuation. It is evident that resonators are easier to use for filtering disturbances with low frequencies.


We demonstrate the transmission of 26 channels at 100 Gb/s (corresponding to a total capacity of 2.6 Tb/s) over a 401-km-long unrepeatered link with a spectral efficiency of 2 b/s/Hz. This is obtained thanks to the association of polarization-division-multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying signals detected in a coherent receiver and an optimized amplification scheme, consisting in high-power booster and third-order remote optically pumped amplifier.


The concepts «heron», «horn», «head», «tousle», «lily», «crest», «crown» in a number of Indo-European languages are united by the similar phonetic structure of the words that convey them. Appropriate words, realia and images at different times were used in the traditional culture of France, implicitly delivering the meaning «chosen». The lexemes in such cases could be preceded by the morpheme tri-, the images tripled, which gave such combinations the meaning «the most chosen».


Wang Nian-Sun is an outstanding Qing scholar of textual criticism and semantics; his studies on pre-Qin, Qin and Han ancient texts have been widely acknowledged and adopted by scholars to this day. However many people investigate the great scholar's studies, the research materials so far have been limited to the ones that have been published, such as the "Guangyashuzheng" and the "Dushuzazhi". This paper introduces Wang's block-printed edition of the "Guanzi", which is one of his collated works preserved in the Shanghai Library now, and compares it with his "Guanzizazhi". It is found that 344 entries of the book are not included in the "Guanzizazhi", which makes a complete review necessary. Taking the full contents of the newly discovered materials into account, this paper attempts to evaluate the work's significance in textual criticism and semantics. As a first-hand material, this reliable edition helps readers to comprehend the "Guanzi" and Yin Zhi-Zhang's annotations and to research into Wang's scholarship of the "Guanzi" more accurately.


Poems done by some outstanding Chinese poets like Dai Wangshu,Xu Zhimo,Lin Huilin,and He Qifang are an embodiment of the certain social and cultural background of China,how to bring about a reproduction of these culture-bearing poems in English language? Poem translation involves translating both the poem itself and the poetic senses it carries,which requires in the translator proficiency in both English and Chinese language as well as a thorough grasp of the poetic senses,however,loss of poetic sense may still occur due to the differences of the two languages,so various kinds of strategies are applied to compensate the loss.Through translating poems done by the outstanding Chinese poets,the article probes into ways of how to make the loss of poetic senses of Chinese new poems compensated in English,i.e.how to make them reincarnated in English.


Designing a product needs to consider, as soon as possible, the constraints due to the different manufacturing domains through a co-operative work of the different actors. The co-operation of the designer and the process planner is aided by indicators of machinability. So that the negotiation between the two actors will be effective. The know how of the machiner and process planner is integrated. The part deflnition, particularly the part geometry, is been added to by proposals of the indicator. A model of an indicator of machinability is presented and discussed. An indicator for choosing or proposing the surfaces adapted to the part flxturing has been implemented and presented here.


The paper bases filter backwashing on mechanical stir and hydraulic effect,and studies effluent concentration of reaction zone,the relation between effluent concentration and backwashing time are also analyzed.A mathematical model of backwashing progress and the equation of backwashing are set up and the theoretical backwashing time is obtained.At last the accuracy of 18~20 min theoretical backwashing time is discussed by comparing experimental result with theoretical result.


Simulation-optimization inventory models are widely used in inventory management studies, including for perishable good. A good inventory management is required to save inventory cost. We use simulation approach to take into consideration of uncertain demand and lead time to obtain a better result of optimal order quantity that minimizes inventory cost. Simulation result shows that simulation-optimization models generates lower total inventory cost. The simulation provides information of objectives in inventory management: (1) how much to order and (2) when to order with minimum cost which gives valuable information in business decision making.


Through using the method of high speed photograph, the author makes comparative analysis on the loss of horizontal velocity damage for our elite male triple jumpers. The result shows that our jumpers have consciousness of takeoff in advance during the last phase of run up, it leads to stride length of two steps bigger enough, and velocity declines. It also makes the hop with the smaller angle of landing and the bigger angle of taking off. This is the main reason to cause the loss of horizontal velocity.


For the condensation of anions such as phosphate and ADP to form ATP and water, nature employs sophisticated supramolecular systems to overcome coulomb repulsion and activation barriers. For an attempt to create a simple, analogous chemical system, the dimerization of vanadate is probably the simplest model. We have investigated Zn-benzylcyclene which favors the dimerization thermodynamically as shown by NMR titration. Moreover, EXSY NMR experiments reveal that the vanadate dimer is also kinetically stabilized with respect to hydrolysis by complexation with Zn-cyclene.


This study aimed to 1) investigate the potentials of integrated sustainable creative tourism development on the basis of Thai identity way of life in Bangkoknoi district, Bangkok   2) develop integrated sustainable creative tourism in Bangkoknoi district, Bangkok . The research was conducted with qualitative and participatory action research methods. The data were obtained from 32 key informants belonging to the  public sector, private sector, population and the tourists visiting Bangkoknoi district.
            The study founded that 1) Bangkoknoi community had the potentials of resources, sustainable management, community participation and awareness raising to develop integrated sustainable creative tourism on the basis of Thai identity way of life. 2) The creative tourism brand of the destination:  "A Happy day in Bangkoknoi" was comprised of 5 sub – brands with their strategic programmes and projects for the implementation of the development. The 5 sub – brands were 1) Creative Geo – natural tourism brand, studying fresh water ecosystem of Chao Phraya river basin, with the purpose to preserve nature 2) Creative Thonburi Historical brand to preserve local history 3) Creative art and cultural brand, studying 3 schools of Thai art to preserve art, culture and spirituality 4) Creative riverside way of life brand, visiting canals and orchards, with overnight in local homestay to enhance local social development and 5) Creative multi cultural society and food tourism brand to enhance local economy and income distribution. As a whole, these five creative tourism brands would be developed with the application of the creative tourism business model to encourage tourist's participation in creative activities for the fulfillment of their experiences.


On average, from 2000 to 2025, Britain will need almost four million additional households. How can these be provided without the endless development of the countryside, or stretching already strained urban resources? This work tackles these issues.


IMPROVING THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS' SPEAKING SKILLS
THROUGH INFORMATION GAP ACTIVITIES AT SMP N 2 SLEMAN IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2010/2011
By
Oviana Puspitasari
06202244020
ABSTRACT
This research study is aimed at improving the students' speaking skills
through information gap activities at SMP N 2 Sleman. To limit the aspects to be
analysed in this study, the researcher formulates three research questions: (1) How
are the information gap activities implemented in the second grade of SMP N 2
Sleman?, (2) How can information gap activities be applied to improve the students'
speaking skills?, and (3) How are the students' responses to the implementation of
information gap activities?
The study was action research in two cycles. In the study, the researcher
collaborated with the English teacher and the second grade students of SMP N 2
Sleman. Data of this study were qualitative in nature supported by quantitative data.
Qualitative data were obtained from the results of classroom observation and
collaborators' discussion. Quantitative data were obtained from pre-test and post test
results. The instruments for collecting the data were observation guides, interview
guides and the pre-test and post test batteries. The data were in the form of field
notes, interview transcripts, and the scores of the students' pre-test and post test. A ttest
was used for the analysis of the quantitative data.
The findings of the data analyses show that (1) The implementation of
classroom English during the information gap activities can improve the students'
speaking skills; (2) The implementation of information gap activities through jigsaw
tasks in the forms of pair and group works activities can improve the students'
speaking skills; (3) The use of feedback to correct the students' pronunciation can
help the students to improve their speaking skills; (4) The use of time duration is
effective to control the students in finishing their works on time; (5) There is an
increase of average scores of 5.1111 from 26.8333 (pre-test) to 31.9444 (post test).
According to the t statistic, the difference is significant at p <0.05.


Landmark research that began a generation ago has found that veterans from the Vietnam era with serious posttraumatic stress disorder have shown surprisingly little improvement in their condition even when treated. In a recent article from the New York Times, Doctor Charles Marmar, chairman of psychiatry at NYU Langone Medical Center and director of the NYU Veterans Center noted that, "A significant number of veterans are going to have PTSD for a lifetime unless we do something radically different. More than 18% of those with PTSD have died by retirement age, about twice the percentage of those without the disorder." Fortunately, new interventions are being developed that are proving to be both rapid and effective. A unique method of Reconsolidation Enhancement by Stimulation of Emotional Triggers (RESET Therapy) is described here, which combines neuroacoustical stimulation with patient recall of traumatic memories. The therapy goal is to reset emotional memory circuits to pre-trauma levels during the reconsolidation experience, thereby resulting in significant reduction of symptoms. We present in this article a PTSD case study that exemplifies RESET in action along with our theory of the mechanism of action for this therapeutic intervention.


email@example.com ABSTRACT While social network analysis has become a popular tool to understand social relationships at work, there aren't many reported cases in the literature on how to more robustly use these analyses to identify structural pathologies in organisations.  Here we suggest to combine Social Network Analysis (SNA) and the Viable System Model (VSM) diagnosis, to identify organizational pathologies. We suggest a heuristics to integrate these two theories and associated tools; and an example of how to use it, from a well-documented Action Research project, which included participative methods for VSM diagnosis, and questionnaires for collection of connectivity data for SNA. We prove that by following it, we can do more insightful VSM and SNA diagnostics and also more clearly identify of organizational pathologies. This enhanced way for identifying organizational pathologies can contribute to the emerging new interest in applications of the VSM in management, by providing even more robustness to the structural analysis of organizations. The document then opens new avenues for the study of organizational pathologies, and invites to a discussion of further and more advanced applications on the integration of the VSM


This paper studies the factors affecting the technology-transfer within international research and development (RD the apparent type of tie is general, usual, and functional tie, and the hidden one is the national culture.


The At-tartil method familiarizes students with reading the al-quran directly (without spelling) by including/practicing reading tartil according to ulumul tajwid and ulumul ghorib rules. A qualitative approach was used in this study to determine a research process that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observable behavior and an approach that describes the reality of an event in detail, depth, and comprehensively. From the Results of observation and interviews conducted by the wahid hasyim elementary school Sidoarjo, it can be concluded that learning the al-quran using the at-tartil method, which students follow, requires careful and planned preparation before starting the learning process. As to learning the al-quran in the at-tartil way in elementary school, Wahid Hasyim Sekardangan Sidoarjo to improve students' al-uran reading skills in reading tartil according to the rules ulumul tajwid and ulumul ghorib in elementary school Wahid Hasyim Sekardangan Sidoarjo. Because based on the results of interviews and observations of the author, around 85% of the students could understand and master the learning material on the method at-tartil in the al-Quran in class. Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that the level of success in learning the al-quran using the At-Tartil method is excellent and optimal for Implementation by the wahid hasyim elementary school Sidoarjo.


— This work is aimed at considerations of soft soils, their origin, behavior against applied tensions and the observation of methods that enhance their safety for civil constructions, such as roads, buildings and bridges on this type of soil, making its construction use. Therefore, case studies on soft soils will be presented, in order to understand their mechanical properties and data referring to some techniques that were developed in the study of geotechnical engineering, for the improvement stabilization - of these soils, such as landfills on: geosynthetics and enriching of soft clays with Deep Soil Mixing (DSM). This article was based on rigorous bibliographic research, including considerations on the attributes, origin and performance of soft soils, generalized display of some improvement methods. Synthetically, a description of two improvement methods was carried out, observing the case studies of both, commenting on how an application of these best cases is made in a legitimate case and in a virtual simulation, with a justification of having an understanding of solutions that uses used, in order that the soft soil masses are useful.


In the southeast of the Ordos Basin,the Upper Paleozoic gas reservoir maily includes Taiyuan Formation,Shanxi Formation,the lower Shihezi Formation and the upper Shihezi Formation and lithology is mainly quartz sandstone.Based on microscope petrographic study,the main diagenetic types of the reservoir are compaction,pressure dissolution,cementation and metasomatism,fracture and dissolution,and four major diagenetic stages can be identified in study reservoir.The first stage is precocious rock early stage and shallow burial diagenesis,whose performances are that the clastic particles present a point-line contact relation and a large number of siliceous cement forms.The second stage is fracture and dissolution,which is the strongest diagenesis in this area and quartz and feldspar are generally affected then a great many crack forms,meanwhile a lot of pores appear.The third stage is the late deep burial diagenesis,whose performances are that the quartz clastic particle dissolves and early crack forms then the recrystallization happens,making the dissolution pore and fracture heal,and multiple growing increased edges form as well as a lot of siliceous cement.The fourth stage is the formation of late tectonic stress fracture,late carbonate and gypsum mineral salts.Two phases of gas inclusions are identified.The first phase of gas inclusions was formed in the late stage of early diagenesis.This period of inclusion hasa higher gas/liquid,which is generally about 20 percent,and fluoresce inclusions are seen.The formation temperatures of inclusions are between 130℃ and 140℃ and the salinity is between 1.0 wt %.and 2.0 wt%.The second phase of the natural gas inclusions forming in late diagenetic later period are distributed in late fractures and the late sparry calcite and quartz cement.The organic inclusions in later sparry calcite and quartz cement are more,and the planar distribution,distributed in calcite or plagioclase cleavage plane,which are maily gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions.This inclusion's gas/liquid ratio is small,generally less than 10% while most of them are the organic gaseous and brine forming the gas and liquid these two phase inclusion with the parcel body wall is thin and the color is shallow.Inclusion's formation temperature is between 160℃ and 170℃ and its salinities are between 3.0 wt % and 4.0 wt %.Studies suggest that the first stage represents the early gas's primary migration and reservoir injection events,while the second stage represents the natural gas's massive secondary migration and gas accumulation event.


The importance of wind power generation has risen in the last years so much to be considered the most important and affordable renewable energy source with a growing rate faster than other mainstream technologies in the word. Due to the lack of land resources and some environmentalist opposition, the wind strategy is now looking at offshore installations. This requires new criteria to set out the appropriate architecture for future offshore grids. The use of HVAC Cables and LCC (Line Commutated Convertion) and VSC (Voltage Source Conversion) technologies stress the importance of extending the long-term expansion planning to the var support. Coping adequately with the problem of the voltage security assessment in a long-term expansion planning, is the purpose of this work. In this paper a model for the reactive expansion planning is proposed in the presence of a meshed AC/DC grid.


The food and nutrient intake of 157 (99 girls and 58 boys) adolescent Nigerian high school students have been surveyed to determine the contributions of different food groups to their intakes of carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. Twenty four hour dietary recall technique was used to obtain details of food intake and questionnaires were administered to obtain information on frequency of instant noodles consumption. The results showed that cereals was the most commonly consumed food by adolescents. Their mean intake in terms of energy was found to be below RDA while intake in terms of protein was found to be above RDA. Protein intake was found to be significantly higher among the male subjects than the female subjects (P<0.01). Calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C intake were found to be above RDA while iron intake was below RDA. It was also discovered that a larger percentage of adolescents (i.e. 79.62%) consume instant noodles and it contributes a considerable percentage to the energy, nutrients, vitamin and mineral intake of adolexcents.


Double-fed induction generator is a mainstream model in wind power generators,from the fed motor basic principle of doubly,the mathematical mode of a double-fed induction generator is established,and the system is also simulated when the wind speed changes.Using the stator flux directed to vector control,the independent regulator basic principles of torque and power of double-fed induction generator is analyzed.Its operation when double-fed wind turbines in the power grid failure is studied,through hardware making the double-wind turbine have more capacity with low voltage ride-through.When the power grid in temporary failures,the wind turbine also can maintain parallel operation.


When the Liability for Damages Act came into force in 1972, vicarious liability was laid down in law, a principle that previously had only been found in case law where it was severely restricted. Vicarious liability, which is found in chapter 3 § 1 in the Liability for Damages Act, means that an employer is liable for indemnity for damages that his or her employees have caused others during work. This thesis aims to investigate the scope of vicarious liability, which is how far an employer's liability reaches.

The thesis starts with a brief description on fundaments and principles of the law of tort. Subsequently follows an investigation regarding the reasons behind the placement of liability, the conditions for the enforcement of vicarious liability and the scope of an employer's responsibility. This section examines for instance the meaning and scope of an employee, an employer and the concept "during work". Finally, an investigation will be conducted regarding the possibility of an employer to be granted mitigation of damages and under what circumstances an employee is personally liable, whole or in part, for damages that he or she has caused during work.

The main reasons behind the placement of liability is that an employer usually has the best position to, through supervision and control, prevent damages from taking place. An employer can also, unlike an employee, take out a liability insurance in the business and thus protect itself from claim of damages. At the same time the liability insurance helps the injured party to receive compensation.

It is only employees who are covered by vicarious liability. Those who are self-employed are not covered. To determine whether the perpetrator is an employee, the civil law definition of the term "employee" is used, which consists of several criteria's that speak for or against the existence of an employment relationship. For vicarious liability, the concept of an employee has been expanded to also include assistants equivalent to employers, who on behalf of another person have performed work at circumstances similar to those found in an employment relationship.

For vicarious liability to exist, it is required that there is a close connection between the injurious action and the employment of the employee. It can for instance consider at what place and during what time the damage was caused, but also what opportunities the employer had to prevent the injury.

Overall, employers are through vicarious liability extensively liable for indemnity for injuries that has been caused in his or her business. For an employee to be liable for injuries that has been caused during work, there need to be strong circumstances speaking for it. Such liability arises only in severe exceptional cases.


It is essential to detect islanding in microgrid operation.To overcome the blind detection zone of the active frequency drift(AFD)method,an adaptive AFD method is provided.This method makes the pro and con frequency chance of output current of inverters,and detects the change of frequency to adjust the positive feedback of the phase at the same time.Simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed method can find the obvious frequency shift direction automatically and increase the speed of anti-islanding detection with different loads accurately.There is no blind detection zone with this algorithm.In addition,the characteristics of using the proposed method in multiple converters system are explored.It provides theoretical guidance for multiple microgrids system.


The role of security policy, one of the most important notions of information security, is considered.
Review of the most used models of security policy in security information systems such as discretionary
policy, mandatory policy, and role-base policy are given in this article.


By a direct CFT computation, the spectrum of the topological B-model is compared to Ext groups of sheaves. A match can only be made if abstract vector bundles on holomorphic submanifolds are twisted by the canonical $\mathrm{Spin}^c$ structure of its support in describing physical branes.


[Purpose] Although high visceral fat mass is a strong risk factor for metabolic syndrome, it remains unclear whether high visceral fat accumulation is related to skeletal muscle fat content. We were in-terested to understand whether high intramuscular fat content is an independent risk factor for exercise habits. Thus, we examined the relationship between skeletal muscle attenuation, exercise habits, and maximum oxygen uptake. [Methods] Total 43 healthy athletes and 44 non-athletes (age, 21.3 ± 1.1 years) were recruited. Visceral fat area (VFA) around the naval was evaluated via computed tomog-raphy (CT). Skeletal muscle fat content was determined by attenuat-ing the CT value. Skeletal muscle CT was evaluated at the erector spinae, psoas major, gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior. [Results] The muscle with the greatest mass was the tibialis anterior, followed by the erector spinae, psoas major, gastrocnemius, and soleus; however, no significant differences were observed in muscle fat mass between athletes and non-athletes. A significant correlation was confirmed only between the VFA and psoas major (r = -0.414, p< 0.001). However, a significant correlation was confirmed between the large psoas muscle and maximum oxygen uptake. [Con-clusion] Differences in intramuscular fat were observed in the erector spinae, psoas major, gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior. These data suggest that the skeletal muscle fat content affects the muscle fiber type, aerobic capacity, and VFA. [Aims] Recently, it has been reported that the exercise implemen-tation rate of young women is low. Exercise habits and sufficient skeletal muscle mass are necessary for healthy and active life throughout the lifetime. However, the effects of past exercise habits on body composition and muscle strength have not been adequately studied. Thus, this study aimed to examine whether there is a difference in body composition and muscle strength among young women with and without exercise habits. [Methods] Subjects were 17 women (age: 35.7 +/- 2.6 yrs., height: 158.3 +/- 4.2cm, weight: 54.6 +/- 9.6 kg). We separated them into two groups by using questionnaire answers: the group with exercise habits (EH group, n = 9) and the non-exercise habit group (NEH group, n = 8). Whole body and regional skeletal muscle mass, and bone strength were measured as body composition. Grip strength, knee extension torque, back muscle strength and the number of sit-ups for 30 seconds were measured as muscle strength. Physical activity data for a week was obtained. [Results] There were no significant differences between the two groups in body composition and muscle strength ( p = 0.089 - 0.966). In the EH group, the number of steps, walking time, physical activity time above 3 METs were significantly higher/longer ( p = 0.003 - 0.031) than the NEH group. [Conclusion] We could not find any differences due to exercise habits in body composition and muscle strength in young women. anthropometric data and the results of New physical fitness test of Japanese ministry of education and science. [Meth-ods] Anthropometric and physical fitness data were obtained from elementary, junior high and high school students (250,422 boys and girls) at Shizuoka prefecture in 2016. Their physical fitness levels and anthropometric data were sampled in every birth months, grades, and sex. The subjects were divided into 3 groups based on each birth months: Jan to Mar (Early-birth group: EB), Sep to Nov (Autumn group: AU), 2nd Apr to Jun (Spring group: SP). In addition, this study was calculated in each grade and sex as follow. "The differences of the total physical fitness tests score (δ) = mean of SP - mean of EB" [Results] Both height and the total physical fitness tests score were significantly lower for EB than SP in all grades, ex-cept for the girls of eighth grades. In addition, an increasing tendency of δwas observed in the secondary sexual characteristics periods. [Conclusions] From these results, it was found that the tendency of physique and the physical fitness tests score were lower for EB than SP. It was also suggested that the differences of the physical fitness tests score would be related to the secondary sexual characteristics. a and 2017, respectively. PA was quantified by steps and time spent performing moderate to vigorous PA measured using a uniaxial accelerometer (Lifecorder EX). Results The daily steps and the time in MVPA were increase with aging in weekdays, while the PA in weekends were decrease with aging in both boys and girls (p<0.05). The weekends had significantly fewer daily steps and less time in MVPA than weekdays on both boys and girls (p<0.05). The total time in PA in 4-years-old children was positively associated with daily steps, MVPA and the total time in PA in 5-year-old children for boys (p<0.05). The PA outcome (daily steps, MVPA and the total time in PA) in 4-years-old children was positively associated the PA outcome in 5-years-old children for girls (p<0.05). Conclusions The difference in PA between weekdays and weekends was increase with aging for the development preschool children, especially in boys, it was revealed that the tendency was remarkable. [Background] The motor ability that a child wants to acquire is not limited to physical strength measurement items. Children's motor skills are often measured in fitness test form. When motivation during daily exercise is high, a child's performance is better than a test. I want to examine the wonderful motor ability in a voluntary movement. [Aim] An attempt to explore the developmental process of motor ability by capturing the excellent motor ability that appears in spontaneous movement.[Method] We used GPS sensors to capture movement such as the speed, distance, and movement trajectory and measure steps with an activity meter. The movement of four boys and four girls in a kindergarten was recorded. [Result] The travel distance during the kindergarten's hours was an average 4117.8m for boys and 3165.0m for girls, and the steps taken were: male average 6982.0 steps, and female average 7340.0. The correlation between the speed of movement and the moving distance and the steps was not so high, but the correlation between the moving distance and the steps can been seen. Correlation was found by the height and moving speed and distance, and the weight and moving speed and distance. The place in the kindergarten where the child plays from the movement trajectory was also identified. [Conclusion] Using a GPS sensor as one of the ways to know the actual condition of the child's motor ability and activity, it can be suggested that it is possible to recognize a different aspect from the physical fitness measurement and the activity meter. Daito, Japan Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences and distribution characteristics in BMI and CRF of Tibetan and Han children. Methods: The sample comprised 2043 Tibetan in Lasa, China and 2400 Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from other regions of China. Results: The minus 2Z-Score, M(0)Z-Score, and 1Z-Score of BMI-for-age among Han children aged 7-18 exceeded the values of Tibetan children. The 3rd, 50th, and 97th percentiles of V ・ O 2 max-for-age of Tibetan children aged 7-18 were higher than those of Han children, especially among the children above 15 years. Conclusion: The main percentiles of CRF among Tibetan children were higher than Han children, especially among the children above 15 years. run HF group showed significantly faster reaction times in the ST than those of the LF group and tended to be quicker at accounts in the CT( p =0.08), whereas the 50 m run and standing long jump HF groups were significantly quicker than the LF groups at accounts in the CT. The children who ate BF daily tended to be quicker during the CT than their counterparts( p =0.06) and had a significantly higher percentage of correct answers. The children who consumed milk or dairy products were significantly faster in the ST than the other children. [Conclusions] PF was associated with augmented CF in these children. Eating BF daily and the consumption of milk or dairy products may have a positive association with CF; however, their relationship with CF remains unclear. daily PA, the boys and girls in the large group spent more time in light and moderate PA than those in the small group. For physical fitness, the boys and girls in the large group performed better in the ball-throwing test than those in the small group. The boys in the large group also performed better in the standing long jump test than those in the small group. [Conclusions] Our findings suggest that playground size might affect daily PA and physical fitness of preschool children. [Aim] Isolated rearing can induce profound behavioral and neuro-chemical abnormalities in rats. However, the influence of rearing environment on the levels of neurotransmitters remains unknown. We measured brain levels of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA), as well as physiological indices (core body temperature and body weight) and emotional behaviors, in rats from different rearing environments. [Methods] Male Wistar rats were obtained on postnatal day 28 and either housed individually (social isolation) or group-housed for 4 weeks, in plastic cages with ambient temperature 23 degrees Celsius and a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle (lights on between 7:00 and 19:00 h), with free access to food and water. After 1 month the rats underwent open field tests and a social interaction test (SIT) or were sacrificed. Cell bodies of 5-HT, DA and NA and several projection area were immediately removed from the brain after the rats were sacrificed, and 5-HT, DA, and NA levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatogra-phy. [Results] Isolation-reared rats showed decreased levels of 5-HT in the caudate, putamen and amygdala, and increased levels of NA in the paraventricular hyp


The document presents the main results of research on the trade and utilization of the by‐catch retained and landed in Abidjan by purse seiners in the eastern Atlantic. According to this research, the retained bycatch highly contributes to food security and has large social and economic importance for the local population. A part of the fish landed in Abidjan by purse seiners was directed to other cities in Ivory Coast and also to some other countries like Burkina Faso and Mali. The tuna remaining in Abidjan was mainly (95%) utilized by the garbaindustries (garbadromes). These garbadromes generated between six and nine thousand jobs and are accessible to almost all the population, particularly for young people. However, the sustainability of this trade cannot be effective without an appropriate retention policy for tropical tunas in the Atlantic Ocean that should be adopted by ICCAT.


During the mid-1980s, development planners realised that people's participation was imperative for the success of any development project. These projects were addressed to the people who had to be the main actors of their own development. An Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environment Sanitation Project (IRWS & ES), sponsored by the World Bank, was one such programme that laid heavy emphasis on community participation.


This paper introduces a new survey of switch-reference in the languages of North America. The survey's purposes are to provide a broad basis for future analysis of switch-reference (SR), spur further research on the languages included, and help revitalization efforts with a better understanding of what SR looks like and how it works. The survey catalogs 33 facts about SR morphology, semantics, and syntax, organized around central questions in SR research. The paper discusses the major findings based on the survey, some of which have major implications for theories of switch-reference: SR is found in nearly 70 American language varieties, mostly in the western United States and Mexico, often spreading by areal diffusion. Cross-linguistically, SR usually indicates subject co-reference across clauses. It is associated with every type of clause juncture except disjunction and is found throughout the verbal morphology. Morphological homophony with case is not due to a common semantic core.


The utility model discloses a method for rebuilding the stereopicture made by the X ray volume photograph, which is characterized in that the method is based on the positioning principle of digital photograph measurement, the multi X ray area array image data is shot on a considering object, a plurality of identity points with known three dimensional position are shot on the X ray picture when the X ray picture is shot, the conversion relationship of two coordinate systems which are the coordinate of the identity point in the rebuilt rectangular coordinate system of the three dimensional image produced by the volume photograph and the coordinate of the identity point in the coordinate system of the X ray picture is used to determine the path and the position of each X ray photograph beam,all the voxel of the considering object passed by each X ray beam is attained, the gray scale value of a voxel g is solved by listing the RADOM equation set based on the voxel g and pixel G on the same X ray path, and the three-dimensional volume picture is rebuilt by the gray scale value of the voxel g.


One of the challenges in designing wireless ad-hoc broadcast networks is to minimize the total power consumed. While many studies are available in the literature, they all invariably ignore message corruption due to possible crosstalk with the inherent assumption of ideal division multiplexing. In this work, we develop an interference model and incorporate it in the problem formulation. This proposed model is based on incorporating an additional power cost that should be incurred by transmitting nodes to compensate for the effect of interference at the receiving nodes. We focus on the scenario where transmitting nodes share the same medium and use it at the same time. We compare the solutions with and without interference and analyze the applicability, benefits and shortcomings of each.


Excerpt To the editor: Berger, Gottschalk, and Zaret (Ann Intern Med88:145-154, 1978) provide interesting data on the usefulness of combining thallium-201 and technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate ...


Evidence of outcomes of the early years is highly dependent on what is considered as an outcome, the curriculum and relationships children experience, and the research designs and methods used to ascertain the value of early childhood education. This article reports from an original study in New Zealand that used narrative inquiry to interview young adults about their interests as children, ways these interests were stimulated and responded to, and the trajectory and outcomes of the interest in their lives-to-date. The findings suggest that interests provided sources of motivation, achievement, enjoyment and satisfaction in their lives, sustained the participants during difficult times, and led to a range of outcomes. This article argues that the evidence base for early childhood education needs to incorporate a broader view of what counts as outcomes and considers children's interests thoughtfully as part of what matters. It also needs to include qualitative methodologies in studies seeking evidence of outcomes to enable the richness of human life experience and the social and cultural contexts of children's upbringings to be captured.


Abstract Replicating an earlier study with men, four groups of college women (hostile-insightful, hostile-noninsightful, friendly-insightful, friendly-noninsightful) were evaluated for accuracy of judgments of hostility regarding their dormitory sisters. The normalized mean ranking was the criterion, and the mean discrepancy between S's judgments of her peers and the group assigned value constituted her inaccuracy score. Results duplicated the earlier study with the rank order from most to least accurate being friendly-insightful, friendly-noninsightful, hostile-insightful, and hostile-noninsightful. The chief factor was objective possession of hostility while insight and the self concept appeared to have little effect. Women appear to be more accurate in perception of other women than men are in perceiving other men.


Architecture was taught at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts from 1819 to 1968, by which time the Ecole had outlived its reputation. To the champions of the International Style "Beaux-Arts" was virtually a term of abuse: authoritarian, academic, and stifling to individual talent.A new and more thoughtful approach to the Beaux-Arts is contained in these essays which discuss the organization and teaching methods of the Ecole, in particular the elaborate competition by which one student a year won the Prix de Rome; the ideals of practical planning and fitness for purpose which it inherited from Neoclassicism; the neglected subject of polychromy; and the relation between a literary giant, Victor Hugo, and one of the key Beaux-Arts buildings, Labrouste's Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve. The book is illustrated with original drawings from the Ecole's archives and a wealth of photographs.Robin Middleton is Head of the Faculty of Architecture and History of Fine Art at Cambridge University and author of the chapter, "Hifforff's Polychrome Campaign." Other chapters were written by Joseph Rykwert, Werner Szambien, Georges Teyssot, Annie Jacques, Neil Levine, Catherine Marmoz, David Van Zanten, L. Bergdoll, and Helen Lipstadt.


This paper discusses lyrical works of the periods of the First World War, the Great Patriotic War and the local military conflicts of the 20th century written in a genre of a poetic prayer. A profound continuity is shown to exist between them. Similar world perception in poets is noted, which is expressed in genre parallels, motives and images.


For the first time a possibility of chaotic regime for a robotic equation is investigated, using equation for a model of robot with one degree of freedom with viscous and dry friction and hard-spring rigidity. The transient motion was not excluded in this investigation. A chaotic regime is discovered in a particular scan, with enhanced rigidity, for the critical length parameter Lc which exceeds the upper limit of L in the standard parameter range by a factor of ~50. In the chaotic regime a pronounced period three window is found.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide nail trimmers and similar devices used to trim, file, smooth, and/or polish nails, skin, and the like of a user.SOLUTION: A nail care device includes: a housing 12 defining a slot extending through the housing and to a cavity; a drive mechanism disposed within the housing 12 and including a drive member extending into the cavity; and a drum assembly 22 configured to be removably engaged with the drive member, the drum assembly including an abrasive drum configured to be received within the cavity and a hub configured to extend to an exterior of the cavity and the housing 12.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1


Interaction between a charged surface and an electrolyte solution causes the formation of an electrical double layer (EDL), which has been a subject of extensive studies for more than a century. The present paper provides a simple EDL model, based on the idea that the dipole moments of water molecules at the charged surface are predominantly oriented towards the surface while all orientations are equally probable for water dipoles far away from the charged surface. Therefore, the model takes into account the spatial variation of the permittivity near the charged surface as well as the finite size of counterions and builds an analogy to the Stern Model.


A single individual of andromeda goby, Didogobius schlieweni Miller, 1993, was observed and photographed at Sigacik Bay (Aegean Sea, Izmir), representing a first record for the Turkish marine fish fauna. The finding also considerably expands the known distribution range of the species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.


In Scritti in Onore di Orsolina Montevecchi , Bologna 1978, pp. 373-376, the author published a note entitled "Was re-rolling a papyrus roll an irksome and time-consuming task?", in which he described experiments with rolls cut from rolls of wall-paper, on the basis of which he concluded that re-rolling a roll was much easier and quicker than had been supposed, and that the secret lay in letting the roll do the work of rolling through its natural tendency to roll up. Among the great find of papyri at Dishna, not far from the better-known Nag Hammadi, were a number of papyrus rolls. Now that what has so often been claimed as one of the signal disadvantages of the roll has been eliminated, this chapter perhaps looks again at the question of why it took so long for the codex to replace the roll. Keywords: Bologna; codex; Nag Hammadi; papyrus rolls


This study evaluates the individual effects of electron‐impact ionization, attachment, and photoionization on streamer propagation to provide a deeper understanding of the streamer propagation mechanism and useful knowledge to obtain the best set of input data for verification and validation studies. The results show that streamers with higher electron‐impact ionization rates have higher propagation velocities and lower electric fields, while those with higher attachment rates have slower propagation velocities and higher electric fields. Streamers with higher photoionization rates have lower electric fields at the head, but the velocity remains largely unaffected. The effects of different rates of ionization, attachment, and photoionization have been analyzed using an analytical solution called the diameter‐speed relation.


We investigated whether self-ratings of health are affected by a symptom rating. A diary including a one-item self-rating of health ("pre–self-rated health"; 1 = excellent, 7 = very poor), a subsequent 26-item rating of symptoms, and thereafter a second (identical) health rating ("post–self-rated health") was completed by 820 persons 21 times. Self-rated health worsened significantly (p < .0001) after the symptom rating, from 2.72 pre–self-rated health (95% confidence interval: 2.70–2.74) to 2.77 post–self-rated health (95% confidence interval: 2.75–2.79) and more so in persons who reported more symptoms (b = .058, p < .05). The results support the notion that subjective health perception is influenced by attending to symptoms, especially so in persons with a high symptom burden.


PHIFACT is a multi-level Boolean optimization program characterized by a controlled time-area trade-off. Its first phase, the Boolean phase, uses Boolean techniques of decomposition and merging to carry out a structural analysis and, in particular, to detect shared circuit parts. Its second phase, the restructuring phase, carries out a systematic exploration of the area-time design space by applying a user controlled sequence of transformations minimizing a parameterized cost function. The obtained results show the feasibility of full Boolean computations and open the way to an important family of new structural analysis techniques.<<ETX>>


It is well known that several behavioral risk factors fulfill the evidence criteria and therefore are categorized as carcinogenic by the IARC and/or the WCRF [1,2]. In this issue of Acta Oncol, Botteri et al. quantitate and report on the associations between lifestyle changes and influence on cancer risk [3]. Though the well-defined associations between risk factor exposures and risk of disease imply that reduced exposures can improve health, quantification of the potential for risk reduction is important to motivate individuals for changes and to plan and prioritize public health interventions. Further, dose-response effects may vary and be discontinuous and the timing of exposure may influence the individual's risk. For each risk factor, one can hypothetically define a lifetime risk exposure between 0% and 100% or 0–1 with a defined relative risk for each state of exposure. Thus, individuals that make healthy and risk-reducing changes, can be expected to have at least a marginally higher risk than individuals that were never exposed, for example, to smoking or have been overweight. Until recently, former smokers (e.g. if quitting before the age of 30) were considered to have the same life expectancy as never-smokers [4]. These results are not fully in line with deductive reasoning and recent observations indeed suggest that former smokers have a somewhat increased risk, which supports a model that sums exposure in a lifetime risk perspective [5,6]. Limited evidence exists in this area and as such the study by Botteri et al. provides an important novel contribution based on epidemiological approaches [3]. In this prospective cohort study conducted in Scandinavia, which is renewed for some of the most detailed and updated health registers, the results are based on 100,000 invited participants and 30 years of observation time. Some of the findings reflect the agerelated course of lifestyle, life-situation, and tendencies of society [3]. This can be exemplified by BMI that generally increases with age, less time for physical activity in individuals around the age of 40 reducing numbers of daily smokers after more than half a century of targeted initiatives from authorities. In addition to lifestyle changes, additional exploitation of data could be to examine what characterizes and motivates the minority of participants who are successful to learn from their experience. For instance, despite the calorie-dense temptations in modern society, Botteri et al. document successful weight loss and other risk factor improvements in a subset of study subjects. While the study by Botteri et al. includes large amounts of data, participants were enrolled and baseline registered in 1991, followed up in 2003, and morbidity data were retrieved in 2012 [3]. Though risk behavior and personal habits have been demonstrated to be relatively stable during a life course, significant changes can occur, risk factors may be added and/or disappear during 12 years of a person's life, which corresponds to about 20% of a typical adult lifespan. Whenever it is possible to use cohort studies to address changes between risk factor categories, this has the potential to contribute with new knowledge to support understanding of health-promoting factors. However, as pointed out by Botteri et al. most cohort studies were not designed for this purpose and may be underpowered to study lifestyle changes, for example, related to the observed lack of association between increased level of risk factors and cancer risk. In addition, while the questionnaires applied in the study are validated, the associations identified are proxy measures that explain only part of the variation [7,8]. In 1991, the internet was only just emerging and a 486 pc had MB memories. Today our phones have GB memories and in studies initiated today, we may have a much higher data collection frequency than three data points in 20 years available. We may daily monitor and track health data such as physical activity and risk exposures such as UV-light. Additionally, more granular data such as pulse, blood oxygen saturation, and availability of bioimpedance can be longitudinally registered, which allows for more precise behavioral risk factor estimates. Because of the long latency time of cancer, currently, e-health studies mainly concern diseases as, for example, diabetes and Parkinson's disease, except for secondary prevention of melanoma with apps monitoring moles [9,10]. Multiple opportunities are available and need to be considered in future studies with the potential for more precise risk factor estimates and developments toward precision prevention and evidence-based advice for expected benefits from lifestyle changes.


We discuss the possibility that the critical behavior of the experimental random-field Ising model may be interpreted as a constrained behavior. Emphasis is given to the problem of a first-order phase transition which seems to be present in some experimental and theoretical results.


Bumblebees (B. terrestris) were trained to fly through an experimental setup containing two tunnels which led to a single feeder. A variety of patterns were fitted onto the tunnel walls, each producing a different pattern of optic flow onto the retinae, in order to test for differences in flight behaviour and decision making as a response to the visual cues presented in the tunnels. The results showed a strong aversion towards tunnels that lacked longitudinal optic flow, through which flights were highly uncontrolled and significantly faster. Fairly controlled but slow flights were found in tunnels lacking any optic flow, presumably due to the bumblebees applying contrast adaptation. Tunnels providing strong optic flow cues were preferred and showed highly controlled flights. Differences in response in terms of direction might be an indication that bumblebees utilize different sensory cues or strategies when commuting towards the nest or towards a food source. (Less)


ii Dedication
 iii Acknowledgements
 iv Table of Contents
 vi List of Figures
 ix Chapter
 1
 1 1
 M.A.C Cosmetics: The Original
 1 1.1
 Introduction
 1 1.2
 Cause Marketing
 5 1.3
 Extant Literature
 11 1.4
 M.A.C
 18 1.5
 Chapter Outline
 22 Chapter 2
 25 2
 Theoretical and Methodological Underpinnings
 25 2.1
 Introduction
 25 2.2
 Using Practice Theory in Historical Accounts
 25 2.3
 Field
 30 2.4
 Habitus
 32 2.5
 Struggle, Capital, and Change
 33 2.6
 Autonomous and Heteronomous Production
 35 2.7
 Culture
 37 2.8
 Limitations of Bourdieu's Theory
 38 2.9
 Gender
 39 2.10
 Drag
 40 2.11
 Method and Sources
 42 2.12
 Methodological Limitations
 48 Chapter 3
 49 3
 Make-up Art (Cosmetics) Limited: "Canada's M.A.C.nificent make-up company"
 49 3.1
 Make-up, Art, Cosmetics
 50 3.2
 Cosmetics Mavericks
 63 3.3
 A Very Fashionable Brand
 70 3.4
 M.A.C, the Toronto Fashion Field, and the Mass Media
 75 3.5
 AIDS in Fashion
 79 3.6
 Conclusion
 85


Objective To explore the relationship between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and the severity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods The serum hsCRP levels were tested in 72 cases who underwent coronary angiography (CAG), ACS was present in 54 and absent in 18 cases as normal control group, the results of the two groups and different numbers of diseased coronary vessels in ACS group were analyzed. Results the serum hsCRP levels were (1.474)±1.063 mg/L, 5.753±4.168 mg/L, 12.140 ±6.679 mg/L,respectively,for the normal control gronp ,the unstable angina pectoris group and acute myocardial infarction group.hsCRP levels in the ACS groups were significantly higher than that in normal control group .In the ACS group, the serum hs CRP levels were 5.513±2.458 mg/L, 8.321±4.785 mg/L, 12.423±4.104 mg/L, respectively, for the 1-vessel-disease group, the 2-vessel-disease group and 3-vessel-disease group. The hsCRP levels of the three groups were significantly higher than that of the normal control group. Conclusion the hsCRP level was closely associated with ACS as a indication and predictor for the severity and prognosis of coronary heart disease.


This research aimed to know the influence of applying recitation learning method on students abilities in understanding of  historical facts. The abilities were seen from student learning outcomes in written test. This was a quantitative research with experiment method. Data obtained from the learning tests result of students grade X IPS 1 SMAN 13 Padang. Population of this research consisted of three classes, and the sample consisted of two classes: grade X IPS 1 as experiment group and grade X IPS 3 as control group. The result of this research indicated that there was an influence of the application of recitation learning method on the historical learning outcomes of students grade X IPS 1 SMAN 13 Padang. The analysis of normality test showed that the population of the two samples normally distributed, while the homogeneity test showed that the sample had a homogeneous variant. Therefore, we can conclude that there was an influence of the application of recitation learning method on the historical learning abilities (outcomes) of students in SMAN 13 Padang.


Mushroom residue is a new substrate replacing peat moss and vermiculite mix for cucumber seedling production in China.Nutrient solution for this special seedling soilless mix is need for using this new resource for cucumber seedling production.Different nutrient solution recipes were tested on cucumber seedling production using mushroom production residue and vermiculite mix with completely randomized experiment design.The results showed that the nutrient solution Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O ∶ KH2PO4 ∶ KNO3 = 329 ∶ 97.33 ∶ 219.33 best promoted cucumber seedling growth.This is the first nutrient solution recipe for cucumber seedling production using mushroom production residue and vermiculite mix.


This discursive research paper is appraising issues pertaining to legal compatibility of sukuk in the heart of Islamic finance. Sukuk serve a powerful tool for Islamic financial institutions to mobilise funds from the Islamic capital market, and to extend financing through Islamic capital market operations. In Shari'a values, sukuk have to represent the ownership of either underlying assets or usufructs or services of the business entity based on asset securitisation concepts, where the return is justified by risk taking coupled with risk mitigation principles. Nevertheless, the present state of sukuk practises is detached from its ideal values because to some extent a western legal framework is not supportive enough for sukuk operations in the Islamic capital market to comply with Shari'a values. As a result, the structure of sukuk is heavily influenced by conventional bonds practises governed by the western legal framework. Due to that fact, in this research, sukuk structures are scrutinised to examine legal impediments inherent in sukuk contract. This research portrays that western legal system is not supportive enough for sukuk to protect the rights of sukuk holders in the event of sukuk defaults. Regulatory and financial implications are suggested as anticipations to any future sukuk defaults. The objective of this research paper is to sustain sukuk development in the Islamic capital market, where Shari'a and western legal framework can be in a harmony to govern sukuk operations.


The monomer-dimer equilibrium of methylene blue (MB, Scheme I) has been investigated by means of UV-Visible spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. The self aggregation of MB in water has been investigated by recording absorption spectra in the wavelength range of 450-750 nm, and in different ionic strengths using concentrated KCl solutions in the temperature range of 20-90 °C. Chemometrics analysis of the spectral data gave a dimerization constant, individual spectra of the monomer and dimer forms of the dye molecule. The quantitative analysis of the data of the undefined mixture was carried out by simultaneous resolution of the overlapping spectral bands in the whole set of absorption spectra. The dimerization constants of MB determined by mathematical deconvolution of the thermometric spectral titration data show dependency on temperature variations. The concentration range of MB was 6.00 x 10 -5 -3.00 x 10 -4 M. Utilizing the van't Hoff relation, which describes the dependence of the equilibrium constant on temperature, the thermodynamics parameters ΔH° and ΔS° of the aggregation process were determined. The compensation effect was verified by the thermodynamics results of the dimerization process of the dye.


A multi-Lorentzian-splitting algorithm is used to distinguish the 1H NMR signal of free PEG from that of grafted PEG, therefore allowing monitoring of the grafting process in situ.


Sidebar application or user interface applications such as web pages, receive the content from the plug-in module of a set. User interface, processes the display content to manage some user interaction with the content, thus, extract these features from the plug-in module. Thus, the plug-in module can be independent of the device, in some cases it can be used to display in other interface and / or other devices, the same content or the corresponding content. One or more plug-in modules based on the user's activities, including the interaction with web browsing or document on the local system, their contents were automatically acquired, may be designed so as to be implemented.


In general terms, products used for oral hygiene contain anti-microbial effect substances which can decrease caries incidence through a mechanism of plaque build-up control, suppressing thus cariogenic species or through the inhibition of the bacterial mechanism.1 Since 1970 changes in the mean index of caries have been spectacular. In this field, fluoride plays a main role, through the action exerted by three mechanisms: de-mineralization inhibition (when present in liquid phase), re-mineralization enhancement as well as inhibition of bacteria found in the dental plaque.2 Fluoride exerts its main anti-caries effect on the enamel of teeth; it can also exert an antimicrobial effect, which, although subtle, can be extremely important. Although fl uoride cannot directly alter microflora composition it can act by preserving plaque's microbial homeostasis, exerting a stabilizing effect upon sugar concentration and pH variation during oscillatory conditions.1 Infl uence exerted by a xylitol and fl uoride based mouthwash on the in vitro enamel remineralization of primary teeth


In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for the vision-based object identification and tracking by autonomous vehicles. In order to estimate the velocity of the tracked object, this algorithm fuses information captured by the vehicle's onboard sensors such as cameras and inertial motion sensors to determine the velocity and position of the object of interest in the world coordinate. However in this multiple sensor fusion based tracking system, the measurements from the same target can arrive out of sequence. This is called the "out-of-sequence" measurement (OOSM) problem. In this paper the 1-step-lag OOSM solution from Bar-Shalom is implemented to solve the problem. The target tracking performance with the OOSM solution is demonstrated through experimental results.


This paper describes the development of a multilaser, multi-camera PIV system for the investigation of shock wave/boundary layer interactions. The PIV system uses up to four 1k×1k pixel CCD cameras and two dualcavity Nd:YAG lasers to capture large field-of-view images of the entire interaction, or four-image time sequences. The large field-of-view images – encompassing the upstream boundary layer, separation shock, separated flow and the nominal reattachment region – are ideal for investigating the global structure of the interaction. For the time sequences, the time between PIV frames can range from 30 to 150 μs. In this paper, two-image time-sequences are demonstrated, where the delay time was 40 μs. To validate the PIV technique in this flow, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the response time of the seed particles through an oblique shock. Titanium dioxide particles were shown to have a particle response time constant of about 2.6 μs, which is sufficiently small that most of the flow features in the interaction will be faithfully reproduced. Our preliminary results show that this system can produce high quality PIV data that can reveal new and interesting details of the flow structure. In the future, this system will provide a powerful tool for investigating the physics of shock-induced turbulent separation. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Shock-induced turbulent boundary layer separation is a critical issue in the design of nearly all supersonic/hypersonic aircraft, missiles and projectiles. This phenomenon is problematic because it is associated with high fluctuating pressure and heat flux loads, which can lead to structural fatigue and thermal problems. Of particular concern is the unsteadiness of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions (SWTBLI), which can be characterized as exhibiting a broad range of frequencies and scales of motion. Of particular interest is the low frequency, large-scale motions of the shock foot, since it is this type of unsteadiness that has proven to be the most difficult to describe with computational and theoretical models. Erengil and Dolling studied the correlation between the wall pressure fluctuations beneath the incoming boundary layer and the shock foot velocity. They concluded that the small-scale motion of the shock is caused by its response to the convection of turbulent fluctuations through the interaction. The large-scale motion is a result of the shock's displacement due to the expansion and contraction of the separation bubble; however, no mechanism was identified for the cause of the separation bubble's low frequency, large-scale pulsating motion. Beresh et al. used planar flow visualization and fast response pressure measurements to monitor the shock foot location in a compression ramp interaction. They visualized the flow by using planar laser scattering (PLS) from a seeded alcohol fog. In that study the seeding density was sufficiently high that the shock foot could be seen in most of the images. Double-pulsed image pairs, separated in time by 15 to 30 μs, showed that large-scale structures in the upstream boundary layer would greatly distort the outer region of the separation shock, but the shock foot did not move appreciably in this time scale. This result was consistent with previous studies using wall pressure measurements, which reported shock frequencies that did not exceed 10 kHz. They concluded from this that largescale structures in the outer part of the boundary layer were not primarily responsible for the motion of the separation shock. This observation differs from the observations of Wu * Graduate Student † Associate Professor, Senior Member AIAA ‡ Professor, Fellow AIAA Copyright © 2002 by Y.X. Hou, N.T. Clemens and D.S. Dolling. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission.


The dragon fruit plant (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose) family of cactaceae has been cultivated at Indonesia and increasingly popular for the community. Unique and interesting fruit shape, red of shell and green turtle similar to the turtle's of dragon, it was sweet, sour and fresh, contain chemical compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin A vitamin E and polyphenols that can lowered blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose level, it also prevent spreading of cancer cell. In this study, had been done examination of simplicia characteristics, phytochemical screening and test the antioxidant activity for the dragon fruit ethanol extract and the fresh dragon fruit juice by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The dragon fruit ethanol extract obtained by maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The fresh dragon fruit juice obtained by refining the flesh dragon fruit, added water, squeezed, filtered, dried use freeze dryer to obtain a viscous juice. The dragon fruit ethanol extract and fresh dragon fruit juice were tested antioxidant activity against DPPH as free radical after incubation for 60 minutes at room temperature and a wavelength of 516 nm. The result of macroscopic characteristics simplicia was small pieces of brown to blackish, it was caramel smell, sweet and sour. in the visible presence microscopic was epidermis, parenchyimal cells, rapida crystals, sistolit, tissue transporter with a thickening of the stairs, amylum and trachoma. The simplicia and fresh dragon fruit juice have the water content value 7.65% and 14.62%, the water soluble extract value of the simplicia and fresh dragon fruit juice 63.93% and 64.23%. the ethanol soluble extract value of the simplicia and fresh dragon fruit juice 57.96% and 54.33%, the total ash of simplicia value was 4.56%, and the acid insoluble of simplicia ash value was 0.04%. The result of phytochemical screening of dragon fruit flesh contain glycosides, triterpenoida/steroida and flavonoids. The result of antioxidant activity test for radical DPPH from the fresh dargon fruit juice at 4000 ppm scavenger 42.89%, 5000 ppm scavenger 51.39%, 6000 ppm scavenger 63.62% and IC50 4751.427 ppm. The dragon fruit ethanol extract at 1000 ppm scavenger 55.46%, 1500 ppm scavenger 79.56%, 2000 ppm scavenger 93.64% and IC50 975.501 ppm.Vitamin C at 4 ppm scavenger 51.07%, 5 ppm scavenger 65.77%, 6 ppm scavenger 69.71% and IC50 4.027 ppm. The results of statistic test from the data above shown fresh dragon fruit juice, dragon fruit ethanol extract and vitamin C have not differences antioxidant activity. Keyword: Dragon fruit, Antioxidant, DPPH. Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR ISI Halaman JUDUL .............................................................................. i LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ....................................................... iii KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................ iv ABSTRAK ............................................................................ vi ABSTRACT ....................................................................... vii DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................... viii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................ xiii DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................. xiv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................... xv BAB I PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar belakang ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Perumusan masalah ................................................... 3 1.3 Hipotesis analisis ........................................................................ 3 1.4 Tujuan penelitian ........................................................................ 4 1.5 Manfaat penelitian ....................................................................... 4 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................. 5 2.1 Uraian tumbuhan ................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Daerah tumbuh ........................................................ ........ 5 2.1.2 Sistematika tumbuhan ........................................... 6 2.1.3 Nama asing ......................................................... 6 2.1.4 Nama daerah .................................................... 6 2.1.5 Morfologi tumbuhan ................................................ ....... 6 Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.1.6 Kandungan kimia ..................................................... ...... 7 2.1.7 Kegunaan................................................................. ...... 7 2.2 Ekstraksi ......................................................................... ...... 8 2.3 Radikal bebas .................................................................. ...... 9 2.4 Antioksidan ..................................................................... ...... 10 2.4.1 Vitamin C ................................................................ ...... 11 2.4.2 Vitamin A ................................................................ ...... 12 2.4.3 Polifenol ................................................................. ...... 13 2.4.4 Flavonoid ........................................................ 14 2.5 Spektrofotometri UV-Visibel ........................................... ...... 14 2.6 Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode penangkapan radikal bebas DPPH ......................................................... ....... 15 2.6.1 Pelarut .................................................................... ....... 16 2.6.2 Pengukuran panjang gelombang serapan maksimum ....... 16 2.6.3 Waktu pengukuran ................................................... ....... 17 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ........................................................... 19 3.1 Alat ........................................................................................... 19 3.2 Bahan ........................................................................................ 19 3.3 Penyiapan bahan tumbuhan ..................................................... 20 3.3.1 Pengumpulan bahan tumbuhan ...................................... 20 3.3.2 Identifikasi tumbuhan ..................................................... 20 3.3.3 Pembuatan simplisia ....................................................... 20 3.4 Pembuatan larutan pereaksi ................................................... 21 3.4.1 Pereaksi Bouchardat ..................................................... 21 Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.4.2 Pereaksi Mayer .............................................................. 21 3.4.3 Pereaksi Dragendroff ...................................................... 21 3.4.4 Pereaksi Molish .............................................................. 21 3.4.5 Pereaksi asam klorida 2 N .............................................. 22 3.4.6 Pereaksi asam sulfat 2 N ................................................ 22 3.4.7 Pereaksi natrium hidroksida 2 N .................................... 22 3.4.8 Pereaksi timbal (II) asetat 0.4 M .................................... 22 3.4.9 Pereaksi besi (III) klorida 1% .......................................... 22 3.4.10 Pereaksi kloralhidrat ...................................................... 22 3.4.11 Pereaksi Liebermann-Burchard ..................................... 22 3.4.12 Pereaksi DPPH 0,5 mM ........................................ 23 3.5 Pemeriksaan karakteristik simplisia ......................................... 23 3.5.1 Pemeriksaan makroskopik ............................................... 23 3.5.2 Pemeriksaan mikroskopik ................................................ 23 3.5.3 Penetapan kadar air ............................................... 24 a. Penjenuhan toluen .......................................................... 24 b. Penetapan kadar air simplisia ......................................... 24 3.5.4 Penetapan kadar sari yang Larut dalam air ....................... 25 3.5.5 Penetapan kadar sari yang larut dalam etanol .................... 25 3.5.6 Penetapan kadar abu total .................................................. 26 3.5.7 Penetapan kadar abu yang tidak larut dalam asam ............. 26 3.6 Skrining fitokimia ........................................................................ 26 3.6.1 Pemeriksaan alkaloid .......................................................... 26 3.6.2 Pemeriksaan glikosida ....................................................... 27 Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.6.3 Pemeriksaan triterpenoid/steroid ..................................... 27 3.6.4 Pemeriksaan flavonoid ..................................................... 28 3.6.5 Pemeriksaan tanin ........................................................... 28 3.6.6 Pemeriksaan saponin ........................................................ 28 3.6.7 Pemeriksaan antrakinon ................................................... 28 3.7 Pembuatan sari buah naga segar dan ekstrak etanol buah naga ..................................................................... 29 3.7.1 Pembuatan sari buah naga segar ............................... 29 3.7.2 Pembuatan ekstrak etanol buah naga .......................... 29 3.8 Pengujian kemampuan antioksidan secara spektrofotometer UV-visibel ............................................................................. 30 3.8.1 Prinsip metode penangkapan radikal bebas DPPH ....................................................................... 30 3.8.2 Pembuatan larutan DPPH 0,5 mM ............................ 30 3.8.3 Pembuatan larutan induk ............................................... 30 184.108.40.206 Pembuatan larutan induk sampel uji ............... 30 220.127.116.11 Pembuatan larutan induk vitamin C ................ 30 3.8.4 Pembuatan larutan uji ..........


Objective To summarize the clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) associated with syringomyelia. Methods Clinical records, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and MRI were analysed retrospectively in 9 patients with concurrent TBM and syringomyelia from May 2006 to May 2010 in Changsha Central Hospital. Results There were 9 patients (6 men and 3 women) with subacute or chronic onset of TBM associated with syringomyelia. The age of onset of these 9 patients were ranged from 16 to 43 years. Six patients had fever and headache or cough at onset who subsequently developed weakness and numbness of the lower extremities and (or) fecal and urinary incontinence 5-110 d later. Three TBM patients developed weakness and numbness of the lower extremities and (or) fecal and urinary incontinence 6 months to 1 year later after the completion of treatment with antituberculous drugs. There was no correspondonce between signs and symptoms. The characteristic segmental dissociated sensory disturbance was not typical. Before antituberculotic treatment, leukocyte count in CSF was moderately increased [(5-420) × 10 6/L], protein level of CSF was increased (2.50-4.16 g/ L), while the level of glucose (1.07-2.15 mmol/L) and chlorine (101-119) mmol/L in CSF decreased. After the treatment with antituberculous drugs, the protein level of CSF in 4 cases was still increased (0.72-1.55 g/L) while others became normal. Longitudinal lesions with different types such as bead-like, sausage-like, spindle-like or slender cavitates were found in the central of spinal cord. The cavitates showed long T1 and long T2 signals as same as signals of CSF and were not enhanced on MRI. At the lesion site subarachnoid space appeared narrowed. Spinal meninges revealed enhancement on enhanced MRI. The cavitates presented multilocular in cervical cord (5 cases), thoracic cord (8 cases), lumbar cord (6 cases), or cervical cord to lumbar cord (4 cases). The severity was not parallel to the diameter as well as the length of the cavitates. Conclusion Syringomyelia can be an early or delayed complication of tuberculous meningitis. The clinical syndromes of tuberculous meningitis associated with syringomyelia may be atypical. The cavitates are mainly found in the thoracic cord and are usually multilocular and multisegmental. The symptomatic severity may not be parallel to neuroimaging changes. Improving the understanding of this disease and performing MRI without delay are helpful for early diagnosis.

 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2011.05.016


This paper indicates that the authorized foreign books(process block)should belong to foreign books, and probes into the description of this kind of books.


The strong link between T‐cell metabolism and effector functions is well characterized in the murine system but hardly investigated in human T cells. Therefore, we analyzed glycolytic and mitochondrial activity in correlation to function in activated human CD4 and CD8 T cells. Glycolysis was barely detectable upon stimulation but accelerated beyond 24 h, whereas mitochondrial activity was elevated immediately in both T‐cell populations. Glucose deprivation or mitochondrial restriction reduced proliferation, had only a transient impact on "on‐blast formation" and no impact on viability, IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐4, and IL‐10 production, whereas TNF was reduced. Similar results were obtained in bulk T cells and T‐cell subsets. Elevated respiration under glucose restriction demonstrated metabolic flexibility. Administration of the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐glucose suppressed both glycolysis and respiration and exerted a strong impact on cytokine production that persisted for IFN‐γ after removal of 2‐deoxy‐glucose. Taken together, glycolytic or mitochondrial restriction alone compromised proliferation of human T cells, but barely affected their effector functions. In contrast, effector functions were severely affected by 2‐deoxy‐glucose treatment.


Objective:To develop a high-throughput effective extraction method for rhynchophylline from the fermentation strain treated by microorganism fermentation combined with ultrasonic.Methods:The uncariar rhynchophylla powder was treated by microorganism fermentation and ultrasonic,then the rhynchophylline was extracted by 70%ethanol.The contents were measured by uv spectrophotometry.Results:The extraction ratio of rhynchophylline treated by fermentation or ultrasonic treatment or fermentation combined with ultrasonic treatment were higher than that without treatment.The extraction ratio was much higher in group of yeast fermentation or yeast fermentation combined with ultrasonic treatment,which were 2.598 times or 2.857 times that in the control respectively.Conclusions:Yeast is the appreciated fermentation strain for increasing the extraction ratio ofrhynchophylline.The higher extraction ratio of rhynchophylline could be obtained when yeast fermentation combined with ultrasonic treatment.This study provided a new,convenient,and cost-effective method for rhynchophylline extraction,which should be applied and spread in production.


The article is on education and social mobility of female non-academic staff of tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Descriptive survey research design was used. The population comprised 4,704 female non-academic staff of pubic tertiary institutions in Rivers State but a sample size of 600 was adopted using proportionate stratified sampling to selected the number of respondents; instrument for data collection was designed modified Likert format of strongly agree, agree, strongly disagreed, disagree. Three hypotheses were formulated using variables of embarking on further academic studies, higher placement and higher educational qualifications. Simple linear regression was used to test all the hypotheses and the results were as follows: R = 0.761, being for Ho1, R = 0.826 for Ho2 and R = 0. 901 for Ho3. Therefore, it is important for the female non-academic of tertiary institutions in Rivers State to further their studies for proper placement in the society.


Bulbs of'Gander' tulip subjected to usual precooling (15°C 3W+5°C 8W) were planted in beds with or without soil cooling tubes in early autumn. Soil cooling at 15°C reduced bud blasting and increased cut flower length and weight, but delayed flowering. When the bulbs were planted in late September and their temperatures were varied by changing the distance between bulbs and cooling tubes, the bulbs kept at 18-20°C resulted in 100% flowering in mid November without delay. Exposure of the bulbs to ethylene just after the lifting ensured high flowering percentages and improved cut flower quality even when they were grown under high soil temperature conditions. The bulbs planted in late September, kept below 20°C by soil cooling for 2 weeks and then transferred to an ambient condition resulted in the same flowering percentage and cut flower quality as those kept below 20°C by continuous soil cooling until their flowering.


Background: Tobacco use is called the single most cause of preventable cause of death all over the world. The various study confirmed that smokeless tobacco use is directly related to oral cancer and pre-cancer. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use varies widely in different countries and states based on age group, gender, with varied socioeconomic, cultural and educational backgrounds. Context: Bengali female population. Aim: Explore the pattern of smokeless tobacco use and oral mucosal changes caused by it. Methods: 155 women aged 15 years and above were selected. Face-to-face interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Data were summarized and statistically, analysis was done. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test and univariate logistic regression done. Results: The prevalence of current smokeless tobacco use was found to be 18.7%. On univariate logistic regression, it was found that there was a significant association between smokeless tobacco use and less educated females, odds ratio 0.4209 (0.1855–0.9550) family income less than 10,000, odds ratio 3.9773 (1.3047–12.1242), and oral changes odds ratio 0.2693 (0.1027–0.7061). Conclusions: Health care providers, as well as social workers, should give all efforts to bring the women from behind the curtain and educate them about the hazards of smokeless tobacco use.


5 Hair transplants can be placed into recipient sites created by punches or into small linear incisions created by scalpels. With punches, tissue is placed into the void caused by tissue removal. When using scalpels and small incisions, there is no tissue removal. The option that recreates nature is preferable. The method causing the least amount of scar tissue and causing less alteration is scalp morphology. It is of utmost importance to maintain the integrity, appearance, and feel of the scalp. Prevention of scarring will create the best aesthetic and most natural results. It has been noted by some that grafts inserted into holes where tissue is removed does not look as natural as follicular units placed into incisions. On the other hand, experienced surgeons who employ punches report high patient satisfaction. A satisfied patient in which punches are used or an unhappy patient on whom incisions are used should not obscure the facts. The method that is most effective must be determined without regard to expense (to the patient or surgeon), number of technicians needed, length of surgery, or ease of performance. Only truth will combat error. Patients considering hair transplantation look to us as physicians who can provide results of the highest quality. The skills needed to create these results must be recognized and learned. The factors below explain, on a mathematical, anatomical, and theoretical basis, the disadvantages of tissue removal and advantages of small incisions.


Simple Summary This study focuses on the desert locust, a critical insect pest species for agriculture. We aimed at investigating how to induce RNA interference by feeding in this species. RNA interference is a gene-silencing mechanism that promises to contribute to pest control strategies. We studied cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as potential dsRNA/siRNA delivery systems. We found CPPs that can complex with dsRNA and siRNAs, as well as protect them from the degradation of midgut enzymes. In addition, we report that intra-hemocoelic injection of naked siRNAs does not trigger a gene-silencing response in the desert locust but, for siRNAs complexed with one of the investigated CPPs, it does. Although we could not find a suitable CPP to induce RNAi by feeding in the locust, our results stimulate future research on this topic. In addition, our findings contribute to the understanding of the RNA interference response and its complexity in insects as well as emphasizing the importance of research in living insects when it comes to dsRNA/siRNA oral delivery systems. Abstract RNA(i) interference is a gene silencing mechanism triggered by double-stranded (ds)RNA, which promises to contribute to species-specific insect pest control strategies. The first step toward the application of RNAi as an insecticide is to enable efficient gene silencing upon dsRNA oral delivery. The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria is a devastating agricultural pest. While this species is responsive to dsRNA delivered by intra-hemocoelic injection, it is refractory to orally delivered dsRNA. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of five cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to bind long dsRNA and protect it from the locust midgut environment. We then selected the CPP EB1 for further in vivo studies. EB1:dsRNA complexes failed to induce RNAi by feeding. Interestingly, we observed that intra-hemocoelic injection of small-interfering (si)RNAs does not result in a silencing response, but that this response can be obtained by injecting EB1:siRNA complexes. EB1 also protected siRNAs from midgut degradation activity. However, EB1:siRNA complexes failed as well in triggering RNAi when fed. Our findings highlight the complexity of the dsRNA/siRNA-triggered RNAi in this species and emphasize the multifactorial nature of the RNAi response in insects. Our study also stresses the importance of in vivo studies when it comes to dsRNA/siRNA delivery systems.