Objective:To know the influence of dosage of chemotherapy drug on therapeutic efficacy of breast cancer.Methods:In vitro chemosensitivity test was performed on 96 patients with breast cancer treated by surgery and primary culture of tumor cells.Results:Although advanced and relapsed breast cancer patients had stronger ability of drug-resistance(P0.01),buildup of chemotherapeutic dosage could raise their therapeutic efficacy(P0.01).Conclusion:Advanced and relapsed breast cancer patients would benefit from high dose chemotherapy(HDC) regimens.


DISSERTATION/THESIS/RESEACH PAPER/CREATIVE PROJECT: The Electronic Properties of Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Graphene Nanoribbons STUDENT: Albert DiBenedetto DEGREE: Master of Science COLLEGE: Sciences and Humanities DATE: July 2017 PAGES: 163 The goal of this research is to study the electronic properties of hexagonal boron nitride and graphene nanoribbons. By studying these properties, it is easy to see how these materials pertain to energy storage and device fabrication. Both of these nanostructures are two-dimensional and can be characterized based on their edge shape, either by armchair or zigzag edge. The energy band structures, density of states, conductance and local density of states are calculated using a Tight-Binding Model with Huckel Theory and Green's Function Theory. In addition, Density Functional Theory will be used to compare results to the Tight-Binding Model. This third theory gives a detailed, new perspective on the electronic structure of these nanoribbons.


The threshold energy for the chemiluminescent reaction between NO and O3 to give NO*2 and O2 has been measured using a photon detection crossed molecular beam machine. A supersonic NO beam was crossed at 90° by a quasieffusive ozone beam allowing better collision energy resolution than in previously published work. The data were fit using a cross section function of the form σ ∝ [1−Ethr/E]1.5 where Ethr=2.0±0.2 kcal/mol. Taking reactant internal energy into account, the pure translation energy threshold is calculated to be 2.6±0.2 kcal/mol. In addition, a low resolution chemiluminescence spectrum is reported for four collision energies between 4.5 and 8.6 kcal/mol.


Degraded character recognition is a challenging problem in the field of Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The performance of an optical character recognition depends upon printed quality of the input documents. Many OCRs have been designed which correctly identifies the fine printed documents. But, very few reported work has been found on the recognition of the degraded documents. The efficiency of the OCRs system decreases if the input image is degraded. In this paper, a novel approach based on gradient pattern for recognizing degraded printed character is proposed. The approach makes use of gradient pattern of an individual character for recognition. Experiments were conducted on character image that is either digitally written or a degraded character extracted from historical documents and the results are found to be satisfactory.


An efficient algorithm using maximum a posteriori-Markov random field (MAP-MRF) based approach for recovering a high-resolution image from multiple sub-pixel shifted low-resolution images is proposed. The algorithm can be used for super-resolution of both space-invariant and space-variant blurred images. We prove an important theorem that the posterior is also Markov and derive the exact posterior neighborhood structure in the presence of warping, blurring and down-sampling operations. The posterior being Markov enables us to perform all matrix operations as local image domain operations thereby resulting in a considerable speedup. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method


In this article, a partially delay-dependent controller is designed to analyze the guaranteed performance analysis of a class of uncertain discrete-time systems with time-varying delays. By constructing suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii Functional (LKF), sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the system to be robustly stochastically stable in mean square sense by using Wirtinger-based inequality and convex reciprocal lemma. The proper cost function is chosen to guarantee an adequate level of performance. The derived conditions are expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which can be easily solved by LMI Toolbox in MATLAB. Further, the advantage of employing the obtained results is illustrated via numerical examples. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 113–122, 2016


A flexible copper clad laminate and a method for producing same are disclosed. The flexible copper clad laminate comprises: a non-conductive polymer substrate; a polymer-containing adhesive layer positioned on at least one surface of the non-conductive polymer substrate; a nickel-containing plating layer positioned on one surface of the polymer-containing adhesive layer; and a metal plating layer positioned on one surface of the nickel-containing plating layer.


Objective
To summarize the imaging features of renal leiomyoma and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Methods
The imaging features of 6 cases with renal leiomyoma were analyzed retrospectively from January 2005 to December 2016. There were 5 males and 1 female, aged 26-77 years old. All of 6 cases had been diagnosed by surgery and pathology. Plain and enhanced scan of CT were performed in all 6 cases. Two cases received MRI plain scan, and 1 of them received MRI enhanced scan at the same time.

Results
In total, 7 leiomyoma lesions were discovered, 5 located in the right kidney and 2 in the left kidney. There were 5 lesions situated at the border of the kidney, 1 in the renal parenchyma, and 1 in the renal pelvis. Five lesions showed high density and 2 showed equal densities in pictures of CT scan. There was 1 lesion with uneven thickness, cystoid variation and necrosis, while 6 other cases were uniform. All 7 lesions showed progressive delayed reinforcement in enhanced scan of CT, 6 of them were evenly enhanced and 1 of them was not. MRI scan was performed in 2 cases, and 3 lesions were detected. Two lesions showed equal signal with MRI, which were low T1WI and slight high T2WI for 1 and equal T1WI and obvious low T2WI for another. One lesion showed unequal signal with mixed T1WI and T2WI, and the low signal tumor envelope was seen around the lesion in T2WI. Two cases showed flecked calcifications in the tumor. MRI enhanced scan revealed a homogeneous delayed enhancement in 1 lesion.

Conclusions
The main imaging features of renal leiomyoma are soft tissue masses that occur at the renal margin, with uniform density or signal and delayed reinforcement in enhanced scan of CT or MRI. Although diagnosis depends on histopathological examination, learning about these futures will contribute to select more appropriate treatment options as early as possible and reduce unnecessary nephrectomy.

Key words:
Kidney neoplasms; Leiomyoma; Tomography, X-ray computer; Magnetic resonance imaging


The present invention provides an apparatus for Kometa ring liquid and / or pasty products, the first weighing unit for weighing the first product (41), for metering the second product second a metering unit (42), is provided by the first weighing unit (41) is provided by a first duct (1) and the second weighing unit that opens into the first orifice (11) (42), a second orifice (21 opening the second duct (2) and a third orifice that opens into) a third duct (3), and a nozzle (B), apparatus, said third duct (3) is first weighing unit (41 ) and is constructed as provided by the second weighing unit (42), thus a mixture of the first product and the second product, characterized in that it is discharged by said third orifice (31), an apparatus 本発明はまた、関連する計量方法に関する。 The present invention also relates to weighing involved. 【選択図】 図6 .FIELD 6


It is essential that broadband communication networks are survivable. Failure of links or nodes could have disastrous consequences in a very high speed network carrying large volumes of data, for the user, for the service provider and for the network operator. Hence, restoration mechanisms are required which automatically reconfigure routes to avoid the location of a failure. In this work, a backbone ATM mesh network is considered whereby Virtual Paths are cross-connected at special ATM switching nodes. Initially, the means of performing restoration given a certain spare capacity distribution which does not guarantee comprehensive recovery, is examined. This encompasses the preparation required in advance of a failure, and the actual execution of restoration. A network design scheme is subsequently described which enables provisioning of spare capacity for complete restoration from particular failures: the expected Virtual Path traffic demands and routing must be known a priori.


Vent sexing was developed in Japan and brought to North American poultry producers in the 1930s. Vent sexing is a skill that takes a long time to develop. It involves holding the chick upside down in one hand, expelling the fecal material, and everting (turning outward) the vent area. The producer can then look for the presence or absence of a rudimentary male sex organ. This process sounds much easier than it actually is. To accurately sex chicks in this way, you need to be well trained and to have had a great deal of practice. There are very few schools that still teach chick sexing.


Five patients with Down syndrome (DS) and infantile spasms were examined in a four‐year interval. Previous reports of this association have been infrequent except during experimental treatment with 5‐hydroxytryptophan, a precursor of serotonin. Malformations of the brain in DS are associated with an increased incidence of epilepsy, and both gross and cytoarchitectural anomalies have been described. The severity and distribution of these central nervous system anomalies presumably predispose to the infantile spasms. The contribution of altered serotonin metabolism is uncertain.


The invention relates to the technical field of electronic communication, and particularly relates to a multi-card identification anti-collision method. Digit information of each radio frequency card digital identifier is read and recorded, read-write operation is performed on radio frequency cards corresponding to the digit information having uniqueness, and the radio frequency card suitable for the current scene can be rapidly found through simple screening. If all the radio frequency cards corresponding to the digit information having uniqueness do not meet the task requirements issued by a reader, the radio frequency cards can be screened and ordered according to the digital identifier of each radio frequency card and the digit information thereof, and read-write operation is performed on the first radio frequency card after screening and ordering so that the situation of leak reading and failure of identification when the reader receives multiple radio frequency card signals can be effectively avoided. According to the multi-card identification anti-collision method, a function module frame can be formed by establishing function modules, and implementation can be performed by computer programs stored in a computer readable storage medium.


Aspect-level sentiment classification aims to distinguish the sentiment polarity of each aspect in a given sentence. It is more complex than text-level sentiment classification in that it is a finegrained task. Existing methods, which formulate this task as predicting the sentiment polarity of a provided (sentence, aspect) pair, tend to ignore the relationship between the sentiment polarity of aspects. In this paper, we propose a sequence prediction model with a sentiment polarity fusion module which sequentially predicts the sentiment polarity of each aspect within sentence. Besides, we use the temporal attention mechanism to keep track of what has been focused on, which discourages repeated attention to the context words with strong sentiment polarity when predicting the sentiment polarity of different aspects. Experimental results on five benchmarking collections illustrate that our proposed model outperforms a range of baseline models by a substantial margin, and further demonstrate that the relationship between the sentiment polarity of aspects is helpful to solve the aspect-level sentiment classification.


It is an exceptional delight to be present on an occasion where one receives multiple perspectives of the opportunities and challenges of the Indo-Pacific from a multiplicity of eminent personalities, who are either holding or have held public office, and, more importantly, steered national policies to positive logical conclusions. The inaugural Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue 2018, held in New Delhi, on 21 and 22 February 2018, was one such event where views from India, Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom (UK) were aired in the opening session and set the stage for the dialogue. The speakers included Admiral RK Dhowan (Retd), Chairman National Maritime Foundation (NMF); Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chief of the Naval Staff, India; Admiral RC Wijegunaratne, Chief of Defence Staff, Sri Lanka; Stephen Lovegrove, Permanent Secretary of Defence, United Kingdom; Nirmala Sitharaman, Hon'ble Defence Minister, India; and Nitin Gadkari, Hon'ble Minister for Road Transport & Highways, Shipping and Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, India.


This paper presents a novel approach for modeling LAV-terrain systems in a dynamic simulation environment, which is based on results from the research and development of advanced technologies by the Computer Modeling and Simulation team of General Dynamics Land Systems-Canada (GDLS-C). The presented soil-tire model has been developed based upon the application of terra-mechanics and is being uniquely integrated with a full 8x8 LAV model in ADAMS/View, with incorporation of large tire deflections and multipassing effect. It is shown that the highly efficient soil-tire model is capable of dynamically predicting soil sinkage, tire deflection, wheel slip, rolling resistance, drawbar pull and actual torque created at each soil-tire interface, as required by the mobility analysis of LAV systems over soft terrains. INTRODUCTION Predicting the performance of Light Armored Vehicle (LAV)-terrain systems in a dynamic virtual environment has remained a challenge over the past decade. The uncertainty of soil characteristics, the unavailability of reproducible terrain data and the manifold effects encountered at soil-tire interfaces, such as sinkage, multi-passing, slip and the elastic rebound of soil, make the modeling of LAV-terrain systems an extremely complicated and tedious process. However, given that the deformability of soil may significantly affect vehicle mobility, modeling soil-tire interactions is imperative in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of simulation results. The modeling of soil-tire interactions were based upon the knowledge of the physical processes invoked at soil-tire interfaces under different loading and terrain conditions. This necessitated the efforts conducted in experimental investigations [1-3] in support of the development of effective approaches to predict vehicle performance over soft terrains. Over the past decade, a variety of soil-tire models and their applications were reported by researchers considering different scenarios from different perspectives [4-15]. While significant progress has been made in modeling rigid wheel-soil interactions [7, 8, 10-13], there have been computer simulation models developed as independent software packages, such as AS 2 TM by AESCO [9] and NWVPM by VSDC [16], for modeling both rigid wheel and elastic tire-soil interactions. Most of the reported models may be considered as application of the terramechanic principles developed from early studies [17-18] along with vehicle mobility analysis approaches detailed in [19]. It is noted that the majority of the reported soil-tire models assume small or rigid wheels, with their applications limited to mobile robotic platforms, planetary vehicles and other types of light off-road vehicle systems. Very few of the soil-tire models were reported to be integrated with commercial software to simulate heavy vehicle-terrain systems. Nevertheless, new versions of certain software start incorporating soil-tire models as its experimental features [20]. Efficient soil-tire programs for military vehicles with large deformable tires, although in high demand, have not yet been brought into a dynamic virtual environment as a mature product. This paper presents a unique approach for modeling LAVterrain systems in a dynamic simulation environment (ADAMS), with results showing the feasibility of predicting the mobility of LAVs over deformable terrains. CONCERNS There are a number of concerns that require attention in soil-tire model development as shown in Figure 1. One is due to the statistical scattering of soil characteristics. The Proceedings of the 2010 Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS) Development and Integration of a Soil-Tire Model for LAV-Terrain Systems, Zhang, et al. Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited, GDLS approved, Log No. 2010-77, dated 07/13/10 Page 2 of 10 measurements are usually not reproducible, which may affect terrain parameter identification and model validation, especially when experimental means are not available or efficient. Another is due to the multiple effects of soil-tire interactions, such as soil sinkage, tire slip, soil rebounding, multi-passing, tire loads and tire kinematics, which are dynamically coupled together, making the modeling process extremely complicated, which may significantly affect the model efficiency and accuracy. The third one is the complexity of computing tire forces, requiring considerable amount of coding effort, especially when the limitations of software come into effect. Figure 1: Concerns in soil-tire model development The GDLS-C soil-tire (GDLS-C ST) model uses reported terrain data [19, 21] and the state-of-the-art approach to compute drawbar pull and other forces created at soil-tire interfaces, incorporating the multiple-effect of soil-tire interactions and multi-passing as well. Nevertheless, GDLSC ST model was required to be integrated with ADAMS in support of mobility analysis of LAVs over soft terrains. ASSUMPTIONS Bekker's methodology [18] indicates that, at any point of soil-tire interface, the stress may be decomposed into two components, one acting normal to the interface, and the other acting in the tangential direction of the interface. In essence, the forces and the moment of forces about the tire center can be computed by integrating the stresses along soil-tire interface. This is the backbone of the GDLS-C soil tire model. Figure 2 shows the assumptions for normal stress ) (θ p and shear stress ) (θ τ distribution along an elastic tire-soil interface. It is assumed that both normal and shear stresses on the tire circumference along the soil-tire interface start from zero at point C (the point coming into contact with soil defined by angle 1 θ ) and increase in a linear manner (at different rates) as the point moving backward until it reaches point B (defined by angle c θ ), where the normal stress achieves its maximum value and remains constant throughout the flat portion AB, while the shear stress keeps increasing in a nonlinear manner along portion AB until it reaches its maximum value at point A (defined by angle c θ − ). Both normal stress and shear stress decrease linearly to zero from point A to D along the AD portion of interface. Figure 2: Illustration of GDLS-C ST model Primary assumptions of the GDLS-C ST model include: • Homogeneous terrain conditions • Pressure-sinkage relationship characterized by [18]: • Soil sinkage modulus: Kc and KΦ • Soil sinkage exponent: n • Shear displacement-shear stress relationship [19] • Tire force/torque equilibriums at each time instant Additional assumptions of the GDLS-C ST model include: • Constant wheel slip along flat portion AB • Linear shear displacement along AB • Constant normal stress along flat portion AB • Liner normal stress distributions along BC and AD • Liner shear stress distributions along BC and AD • Variable tire inflation pressure depending on terrain Homogeneous terrain conditions are required by the application of Bekker methodology [17-18]. The use of pressure-sinkage (p-s) and shear displacement shear stress (sd-ss) relationships provides the chance of using a few number of parameters ( 1 k , 2 k , n , etc.) to characterize terrain properties. Iterative numerical algorithms are developed to achieve force and torque equilibriums with the Proceedings of the 2010 Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS) Development and Integration of a Soil-Tire Model for LAV-Terrain Systems, Zhang, et al. Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited, GDLS approved, Log No. 2010-77, dated 07/13/10 Page 3 of 10 use of monotonic functions. The core part of model development is the linearization of the stress distributions, except ) (θ τ BC , along each of the three portions of the soiltire interface, namely, AD, AB and BC as shown in Figure 2. Definitions of symbols used by GDLS-C ST model are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Symbols used by GDLS-C ST model Symbols Meaning of symbols θ Angular location of a point at soil-tire interface 1 θ Front contact angle 2 θ Rear contact angle c θ Angular location of front/rear end of flat portion z Soil sinkage of a point at soil-tire interface A z Maximum soil sinkage ' A z Elastic rebound of soil D z Unrecovered soil sinkage ) (θ AB P Normal stress along AB as a function of θ ) (θ BC P Normal stress along BC as a function of θ ) (θ AD P Normal stress along AD as a function of θ ) (θ τ AB Shear stress along AB as a function of θ ) (θ τ BC Shear stress along BC as a function of θ ) (θ τ AD Shear stress along AD as a function of θ c k Pressure sinkage modulus as defined in [19] φ k Pressure sinkage modulus as defined in [19] n Soil sinkage exponent as defined in [19] δ Tire deflection ω Rotation speed of tire W Tire load T Torque applied by transmission line (per tire) e T Effective torque created at soil-tire interface V Translational speed of tire at its center b Width of tire r Tire radius x Relative location of a point at flat portion AB It should be mentioned that the GDLS-C ST model was required to model large tire subject to large load over deformable terrain and to be integrated with LAV models in ADAMS/View. The current model does not incorporate lateral tire dynamics, which may not be a major concern in most of the mobility analysis of LAVs. FORMULATIONS The general formulations used to compute the vertical forceW , rolling resistance R , thrust F , drawbar pull DP and the effective torque e T , are shown as follows. Vertical force (tire load):


Objective To prospectively study the influence of atorvastatin on serum hepcidin level in maintenance hemodialysis( MHD) patients. Methods We assigned 32 MHD patients equally into experiment group and control group. Patients in the experiment group took 20 mg atorvastatin orally per night for 12 weeks,and those in the control group without atorvastatin and other lipid modulating drugs. Before and after experiment,the level of serum hepcidin,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein( hsCRP),interleukin 6( IL-6),triglyceride( TG),cholesterol( TC),low density lipoprotein( LDL-C),high density lipoprotein( HDL-C),hemoglobin( Hb),hematokrit( Hct),ferritin( SF),transferrin saturation( TSAT) were determined. Meanwhile,15 healthy subjects were enrolled as healthy control group,and their serum hepcidin,hsCRP and IL-6 were determined. Results Compared with healthy control group,the level of serum hepcidin,hsCRP and IL-6 in 32 MHD patients were significantly elevated( P 0. 01). In the experiment group,after atorvastatin treatment for 12 weeks,serum hepcidin decreased by 20. 5%( P 0. 05),IL-6 decreased by 32. 2%( P 0. 05) and hsCRP decreased by 31. 7%( P 0. 05). When compared with the control group after 12 weeks,the level of serum hepcidin decreased by 13. 4%( P 0. 05),the level of IL-6 decreased by 34. 2%( P 0. 05) and the level of hsCRP decreased by 29. 9%( P 0. 05). The level of TG,TC and LDL-C were significantly reduced( P 0. 05),and the level of HDL-C,Hb and Hct significantly increased( P 0. 05) after atorvastatin treatment in experiment group. While all indicators had no significant changes( P 0. 05) in the control group,and the level of TSAT and SF had no statistical difference( P 0. 05) in the experiment group. Conclusion Conventional-dose atorvastatin may decrease the level of serum hepcidin in patients with MHD.


An attractor is a transitive set of a flow to which all positive orbit close to it converges. An attractor is singular-hyperbolic if it has singularities (all hyperbolic) and is partially hyperbolic with volume expanding central direction [16]. The geometric Lorenz attractor [6] is an example of a singular-hyperbolic attractor with topological dimension ≥ 2. We shall prove that all singular-hyperbolic attractors on compact 3-manifolds have topological dimension ≥ 2. The proof uses the methods in [15].


Objective To study the result of therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis(below the age of 70) with alternative use of Salcatonin and Bisphosphonate and Calcium and Vitamin D 3 and proper sports at the same time.Method 103 cases of postmenopausal osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis (below the age of 70) were treated with Salcatonin for 1~3 months and given Calcium and Vitamin D 3 at the same time.After 1~2months,had Bisphosphonate(Alendronate) for 3~5 months.At meantime had Calcium and Vitamin D 3 and proper sports.And then 1~2 months' rest.This circle was repeated.Results After 1.5~3 years' repeated therapy circle,bone pain was obviously relived,effective rate was up to 80%.BMD was obviously improved.BMD of lumber vertebra was increased by 8.0%(P0.05).BMD of hip was increased by 6.2%(P0.05).Fracture rate dropped yearly.Conclusion alternative use of Salcatonin and Bisphosphonate and the use of Calcium and Vitamin D 3 at the same time for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis (below the age of 70) can relieve bone pain,reduce fracture rate and elevate BMD efficiently.


Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and morbidity around the world. However, only one pharmacological treatment is currently available, the tissue pasminogen activator or rtPA. Preclinical studies demonstrated the high terapeutic potential of hypothermia to mitigate the effects of stroke, but this therapy has not been successfully translated to the clinics due to the side effects associated to cold (shivering, arrhythmia, or pneumonia among others), and due to the lack of non-invasive methods to assess brain temperature. The present work provides new data about the therapeutic potential of focal brain hypothermia as alternative to systemic cooling, the use of non-invasive magnetic resonance thermometry to measure brain temperature, and the possible implication of RBM3, a cold shock protein, in the molecular processes underlying the protective effect of cold.


In the article on the basis of classical equation , which describe the processes of heat exchange, a mathematical model is offered for the calculation of average temperature of metal at hot rolling of sheets, which takes into account all of principal items of thermal balance and corresponds substantially to the experimental data.


One of the major issues in the process of EU eastward enlargement has been the ability of the candidate countries to assume membership of the Schengen zone and to effectively guard the external border of the Union post-accession. The debate is inextricably linked with the development of the EU as an 'area of freedom, security and justice' which has resulted in increasing EU action in matters related to illegal immigration and organised crime, and arguably a reproduction of the Schengen repressive logic within the EU. In this context, a condition of membership for candidate countries is the full implementation of the EU acquis on illegal immigration and border controls. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the challenges facing these countries towards the achievement of this goal. The analysis will focus on the Czech and Slovak Republics, until recently in different accession 'waves', and Poland, a 'first-wave' country with a different geopolitical position. The paper will attempt to demonstrate that the attainment of the highly repressive EU acquis in the field - which is mainly the result of a consistent securitisation of migration in EU policy discourse and legislation - not only fails to correspond to a clearly defined problem, but also poses to candidate countries a series of multifaceted challenges (legal, socio-political, economic, organisational and last, but not least, symbolic) which, if disregarded, may create more problems than those the acquis attempts to address.


The present invention relates to processing a lens (12), in particular for the carrier means (10) during the machining or finishing process the eyeglass lens (12), the lens is received in said carrier means and having lateral edges (21). Said carrier means (10) comprises a body (14) and having a connecting member (24), for the connecting member (14) is releasably connected to the lens body (12) is received. Directed toward the body surface (14) of the connecting member (24) and said body (14) together form a transverse edge around the lens (12) received (21) and received by the lens (12) (30 ) protective cover (15). According to the invention, the connecting member (24) is releasably connected to the body (14).


Metaphors can be viewed as central to the task of accounting for how we think about things, make sense of reality, and set the problems we try to solve. How then can we learn about the HRD view of the world from our use of metaphor? How do we in HRD limit our thinking by using certain metaphors? What alternative metaphors might suggest new ways of approaching HRD? This article contains an argument for completing an analysis of HRD metaphor, a fourstep framework for that analysis, and the findings of a partial application of those steps based on recent HRD literature. Issues for HRD are raised and discussed.


The lenght of the cargo path, the speed and acceleration (deceleration) of some crane motions represent the main factors on which the duration of the duty cycle of a crane depends. From the point of view of shortening the duration of the duty cycle of a crane, it is very important to achieve the vertical and horizontal motion of a crane simultaneously. By evaluating the physical parameters of the superimposed horizontal and vertical motions, one can define the theoretical bases for the time calculations of port and mobile cranes path. The author's time calculations of the port and mobile cranes path is based on the research on the elementary flow of goods, time calculations of the horizontal components of the crane motion as well as on the evaluation done by means of emphirical formulae. The theoretical principles of such a research can be used in practice too and are, therefore, adapted to the electronic computers calculations.


The design of an ion receptacle intended for the simultaneous recording of 28 and 30 masses and a glass device for the filling system which serves for storing the CO analyzed and filling the mass spectrometer with it is described. A method is presented for the precision recording of the oxygen isotope ratio in carbon oxide and a method for the determination of the absolute O/sup 16// O/sup 18/ ratio based on the use of S/sup 32//S/sup 34/ = 22,200 ratio from troilite of an iron meteorite as a standard. (auth)


Introduction: During radiotherapy, high accuracy in the dose delivery is required because there is a strong  relationship between the absorbed dose, local tumor control and particularly the normal tissue damage. In  many institutions, in vivo dosimetry using diodes is performed to check the actual dose delivered. In general,  the uncertainty in the dose delivered should fall within  ± 5% of the prescribed dose as recommended by the  International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU).  Materials and Methods: The combined entrance and exit dose measurements have been performed for brain  tumors by diode detectors. In vivo detectors used in this study were P-type semiconductor diodes used for  determination of absorbed dose and exit transmission (T ex ). A Perspex water phantom (30×30 cm3 area and  thickness  ranging  from  5  to  30  cm)  and  a  farmer  type  ionization  chamber  (0.6  cm3)  were  used  for  the  measurements.  The  calibration  and  correction  factor  are  calculated  and  the  relevant  curves  have  been  obtained. The SSD correction factor (SSD = 80 cm for all set-up), directional dependence and temperature  dependence ( 0.1) was observed.  Discussion and Conclusion: In vivo measurements have been shown to be very useful as a check of the dose  delivered to a given patient.


Stress analysis of Pseudo-Plastic flow between rotating cylinders is studied in the narrow gap limit. The Galerkin projection method is used to derive dynamical system from the conservation of mass and momentum equations. Flow parameters were obtained using IMSL and also verified by Mathematica Software. Stresses are computed in a wide range of the Pseudo-Plastic effects. Azimuthal stress was found to be far greater than other stress components. All stress components increased as Pseudo-Plasticity decreased. Furthermore, complete stress and viscosity maps are presented for different scenarios in the flow regime.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


The present work describes an action developed by the Institutional Program for Teaching Initiation Scholarships, of the Chemistry Degree course at the Federal University of Santa Maria in a public school, where a thematic workshop entitled "The Chemistry present in the Electronic Devices" was held. It consists of an exploratory qualitative research that aimed to work with different didactic resources, aiming to provide students with contextualized and interdisciplinary learning of chemical concepts. This argument is based on the defense of the need to introduce, in the classroom, pedagogical instruments and methodologies that allow the qualification of the use of chemical language by students. For that, we used some didactic resources for the development of the workshop, among them are: demonstrative lecture with the aid of experimentation, reading and discussion of Scientific Dissemination Materials, the application of a didactic game and the creation of posters aimed at raising awareness of students regarding the correct disposal of electronic waste.


Because each federal laboratory is unique in makeup and mission, each of us approaches the challenge of commercializing our technologies in a unique way. Sharing these unique procedures, as well as successful and unsuccessful transfer experiences, with one another can give us new insights into our own problems and challenges. This paper will discuss the technology commercialization processes used at the NASA Lewis Research Center. It will focus on experiences and strategies that suggest ways to deal with challenges brought on by the changing federal research environment. One such challenge is finding new sources to fund projects that develop the `bridging technologies' necessary to convert the aerospace technology to commercial technology.


Objective: The aim of this study is evaluating the pharmacy profession from the perspective of the female pharmacists working in different areas of the pharmaceutical sector, also addressing the job satisfaction of the female pharmacists. * Sorumlu Yazar / Corresponding Author: Miray Arslan e-posta / e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, Tel. / Phone: +90 432 444565/21148 Gönderilme / Submitted: 15.01.2020 Kabul / Accepted: 01.04.2020 Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg., 44(2): 220-232, 2020 Arslan ve ark. 221 Material and Method: The population of the study consists of female pharmacists working in different fields of the pharmacy profession in Ankara. The qualitative interview method was used in the study and semistructured questions were asked to the participants. After the interviews were completed, the data obtained from the short notes and voice recordings held during the qualitative interview were analyzed by the researchers and thematic analysis was conducted. Result and Discussion: In the study, three main themes were determined: Vocational Preference, Difficulties Encountered and Job Satisfaction. When the identified themes and sub-themes were evaluated, it was seen that gender difference did not cause any negativity in the practice of the pharmacy profession. It has been observed that the job satisfaction of female pharmacists depending on the field in which they work, and the job satisfaction of the academic female pharmacists, in particular, is very high. When job satisfaction is taken into consideration financially, it is determined that the group with the highest level of satisfaction is women working as a community pharmacist. It is thought that the results obtained in this study will guide both the individuals who will make a career choice and the members of the pharmacy professionals who are indecisive in the selection of the working area.


This paper proposes a method for determining the points of connection of charging stations for electric vehicles based on renewable energy sources in low voltage networks. It is assumed that during the absence of charged electric vehicles, charging stations can generate electricity to smooth out the load peaks of the nearest transformer substation or sell to the external grid. This method is based on solving a multi-criteria optimization problem. To this end, the work investigates the target function, including the minimization of electricity losses, voltage losses, the cost of installing and operating additional devices.


A unified approach based on the ranks of the residuals iS developed for testing and estimation in the linear model, The methods are robust and efficient relative to least squares methods. For ease of application, the strong analogy to least squares strategy is emphasized. The procedures are illustrated on examples from regression and analysis of covariance.


PURPOSE: A data operation method of a terminal and terminal supporting the same are provided to prevent the limit of a data output area by outputting the data of various application programs. CONSTITUTION: A display unit includes display units(141,142). A storing unit(150) stores an application program. The application program outputs data on the display unit. A controller(160) confirms a display attribute of the application selected by schedule information. The controller outputs data on the display unit according to the selected application program activation.


PURPOSE
To clarify the radiographic appearance of the initial change an dprogression in Crohn disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between 1984 and 1992, nine patients (seven men and two women, aged 16-34 years; mean, 20 years) with Crohn disease, who had evidence of only aphthous erosions or ulcers at the initial examination, underwent repeated radiography for up to 7 years 11 months (median, 4 years).

RESULTS
In all patients, the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and colorectum were involved, and the esophagus was affected in three patients. Subsequently, four of the nine patients had lesions that progressed from aphthous lesions to overt Crohn disease, including ileitis in two patients, colitis in one, and ileocolitis in one. Time intervals between the first visit and the progression varied from 9 months to 3 years 6 months. In all eight patients who underwent nutritional treatment, regression of the lesions was recognized, but three of the lesions progressed during interruption of the nutritional diet.

CONCLUSION
Crohn disease may initially appear as diffuse aphthous lesions in the gastrointestinal mucosa.


Reading is primarily an intellectual activity of learning new things, developing new ideas and it provides a sense of completeness. Newspaper is a wonder of modern science it carries news and views of home and abroad to us. Newspaper reading is a habituated reading which influences readers to discover and enter the store house of knowledge in daily basis. The aim of present study is to investigate the level of newspaper reading habits of students. The target population of the study consist 1 st year to postgraduate students of science commerce and arts faculties of World University of Bangladesh. On the basis of questionnaire survey the study made some possible recommendation to improve the newspaper reading habits of the respondents.


The field of Dutch medical diagnostics is changing. New regulations and competition create a need for optimization of the business processes. The logistics in the medical diagnostics business have to meet demands from both the clients and the medical labs. Because of these strict demands, decisions on big changes are difficult. A lack of information on the effects of decisions to improve the logistics, and a lack of information on what other units in the logistic chain are doing, result in vague discussions. This study focuses on group support and better use of available information in simulation based software, as a possibility to improve the decision process on the logistics. The expected benefits are to find a better way to explore decision options that improve client service quality and flexibility on both sides, as well as saving costs. However, making better use of information in the decision process is not so easy. Incomplete information, the nature of the information, system complexity, and the endless possibilities created a situation that is difficult to optimize using conventional optimization methods. Methods that focus on an analytical approach to isolated problem solving have limited relevance for the business, as the problem is not isolated and there is no single solution. The use of simulation-based Decision Enhancement methodology is a way to explore the complexity of the system and the dynamics of the organizational units represented by the stakeholders. The DE methodology is strongly focused on creating understanding of the system as a whole, and facilitate actual decision forming. A case study was performed at the SSDZ diagnostics labs, in order to find out more about the information needs of the stakeholders. The organization's logistics have an important role in getting materials (sample tubes) to the different diagnostics labs inside the building. The study helps us to understand the issues that medical diagnostics logistics face, and how IT could be used to improve them. The goal of the project was to evaluate the use of Decision Enhancement methodology, in the form of a simulation-based Decision Enhancement Studio to give insight in existing data, to support changing business inter-actor workflow planning questions, suitable for the use in a Dutch medical diagnostics environment. The research has used a prototype DE Studio, that facilitates and enhances decisions on logistics. For creating this type of IT tooling, a literature review has come up with a number of important practical design concepts for creating tooling in a multi-actor healthcare environment. Knowledge and information about actual issues in medical diagnostics logistics were obtained by means of interviews and document gathering. This resulted in a description of the relevant environment of the lab, relevant processes within the lab, a set of data to base simulation runs on, and KPIs that provide actors in the decision process with some information relevant to them. The availability of data, and the KPIs, clearly shaped the actual implementation of the DE Studio. The use of scenarios was chosen to explore different logistic policies. By making these scenarios operational, they had the function of an example, of what the effects of larger decisions could look like. The evaluation of the DE methodology was performed by means of individual interviews, backed by the analysis of audio and video recordings of the DE sessions. Insights obtained from the DE Studio evaluation included that participant involvement in the decision process, and understanding of the logistics system, had increased. Also, the integration of data provided by the DE Studio contributed to a better way for the participants to communicate ideas, and focus their combined attention as a group. The conclusion of the research is that the DE approach is usable and useful in facilitating challenging decisions on the future of the logistics in the context of the research. However, the DE approach does pose some requirements on the attitude of the organization towards change. If change is welcomed across organizational units and levels, the DE Suite can be improved and expanded, in order to add more resolution of the simulation results. This research into the design of components would be useful for adapting and customizing DE methodology in similar organizations.


This article shows how the struggle between secularist and Islamist forces has entered Tunisia´s universities since the introduction of democracy in 2011. In the new political freedom, Islamist voices have become more powerful at the campuses. The Islamist student organization UGTE for the first time ever won the elections over the student councils in November 2015. A future constant rise and stabilization of Islamist power over academia could be backed up by the current weakness of the secular parties in parliament. Furthermore, since democratization, universities have become targets of Salafist violent protests and are affected by the temporary curfews imposed after recurrent terrorist attacks by The Islamic State (IS) in the country.


Several nuclear weapons programs have or are pursuing the implementation of multi-unit operations for tasks such as disassembly and inspection, and rebuild. A multi-unit operation is interpreted to mean the execution of nuclear explosive operating procedures in a single facility by two separate teams of technicians. The institution of a multi-unit operations program requires careful consideration of the tools, resources, and environment provided to the technicians carrying out the work. Therefore, a systematic approach is necessary to produce safe, secure, and reliable processes. In order to facilitate development of a more comprehensive multi-unit operations program, the current work details categorized issues that should be addressed prior to the implementation of multi-unit operations in a given weapons program. The issues have been organized into the following categories: local organizational conditions, work process flow/material handling/workplace configuration, ambient environmental conditions, documented safety analysis, and training.


Apnea syndrome is one of the common problem for many peoples both males and females and it was the main cause for many diseases such as polycythemia,hypertension,headache …. Etc. So we have study some biochemical variable,cholesterol,HDL,LDL,TG,GOT,GPT and LDH, in three patients groups

Hypertension and apnea
DM and apnea
Only apnea
Control group

The results indicates that there is a very high relationship between these parameters and apnea. It seems that LDH was decreased while both GOT and GPT was increased. In case of lipid profile the results show exaggerated increasing inall parameters in both groups of DM with apnea and hypertension with apneabut there is a small variation between normal volunteers and apnea groups.


The present invention is excellent in storage stability of the composition before curing, and after curing, it forms a cured film excellent in hardness, antifouling adhesion to oil, oil repellency, scratch resistance, transparency, water repellency, adhesion, smoothness and uniformity. It provides an energy ray curable composition. This is a high energy ray curable composition containing following (A) component-(D) component. (A) 100 parts by weight of polyfunctional acrylate, (B) 1 to 30 parts by weight of organoalkoxysilane having an aliphatic unsaturated bond, (C) 1 to 100 parts by weight of colloidal silica, (D) fluorine having an aliphatic unsaturated bond 0.2 to 20 parts by weight of the compound. High energy ray curable composition, polyfunctional acrylate, organoalkoxysilane, colloidal silica, fluorine compound, storage stability


The article presents the considerations regarding a city bus combustion engine performanceparameters in dynamic type approval tests and in real operating conditions when servicing an urban bus line. A comparison of the designated engine operating time shares with respect to load and crankshaft rotational speed was made. The analysis included the ETC and WHTC tests, which showed significant discrepancies in the work areas of internal combustion engines in these test when compared to actual driving conditions. The details of the type approval tests used and the method of their denormalization for the drive unit were presented. The vehicle used for this research was an eighteen meter city bus equipped with a CI engine with a displacement of 9.2 dm 3 . The latest PEMS mobile equipment technology was used to conduct the road measurements. This allowed the emission indicators for CO, HC, NO x and PM to be determined, including specific emissions. The obtained values were then compared with the Euro V limits.The analysis of the test results was supplemented with the calculation of fuel consumption using the carbonbalance method.


This paper reports the pressure−temperature conditions for the three-phase aqueous liquid + hydrate + vapor equilibrium in the structure I hydrate forming water + methylfluoride water system and for the four-phase aqueous liquid + hydrate + liquid hydrocarbon + vapor equilibrium in the water + methylcyclohexane + methylfluoride system. The pressure and temperature ranges of the present measurements are from (0.267 to 3.582) MPa and from (273.5 to 296.2) K in the water + methylfluoride system and from (0.185 to 2.703) MPa and from (273.7 to 294.2) K in the water + methylcyclohexane + methylfluoride system. The crystallographic structure of the hydrate formed in the water + methylcyclohexane + methylfluoride system at 279.7 K was determined to be structure H based on the X-ray diffraction measurement. The phase equilibrium data suggest the formation of structure I simple methylfluoride hydrate at temperatures above 289 K in the system with methylcyclohexane.


Mechanical theorem provers are becoming increasingly more powerful, and we believe that it is time to reexamine whether certain tasks that have formerly been accomplished by other means, can now be performed by a theorem prover. One such task is classiication in concept description languages. Terminological Knowledge Representation Systems (or Concept Languages) provide a means for expressing knowledge in the form of concepts and roles. These languages have formal model-theoretic semantics, and this provides a means for investigating soundness and completeness of inference algorithms. One reasoning faculty ooered by such languages is subsumption checking. Subsumption checking for concept languages is most commonly done using a tableau calculus for the underlying logic. In this paper, we examine the performance of a rst-order theorem prover coupled with a nite-model nder for subsumption checking. This is a complete reasoning system, as concept languages have the nite-model property. This combined approach permits increased expressive power in the language over traditional approaches. It has been implemented and the performance compares favorably with several other well-known concept language systems. The comparison is based on inferential completeness and soundness. Computation of the subsumption hierarchy of the concepts| also known as classiication| is also a yardstick in this comparison. Some novel strategies to make classiication more eecient for clause inputs are also presented.


A three-dimensional stiffness coefficient matrix for constant cross section curved beams is derived. This matrix relates the beam end point rotations and translations to the internal moments, torques, shears, and axial forces. The stiffness matrix is transformed into a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system by means of a coordinate transformation matrix. The transformation matrix is derived by rotating the orthogonal coordinate axis through three consecutive rotations. Finally an example problem, simulating a spherical dome is worked to demonstrate the application of the curved beam stiffness matrix coefficients.


In the last few years great technological advances could be accomplished in radiotherapeutic treatment of tumours. The relatively new field of particle ir radiation is more and more established as a superio r treatment technology, since the first clinical faci lity went operational in 1990. This is because the benefits of much more accurate dose delivery with r espect to conventional treatment outweigh the disadvantages of the higher expense by far. It allo ws tumour tissue to be treated more targeted, whils t surrounding tissue is spared. However, patients can only benefit from the higher accuracy, if it is possible to determine their exact location in the t reatment machine and align them so that the radiati on dose is delivered precisely onto the tumour. Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop automated methods that ensure a high degree of accuracy and reliability in x-ray-guided patient al ignment measurement. Since the methods shall be utilized in different treatment systems and for dif ferent regions of the body, they are required to be versatile as well as tolerant with respect to non-o ptimal image quality. In addition to an approach th at is based on direct image comparison and a backwardprojection approach for 2D-3D registration, a new, combined method is presented, which is intende d to provide improved reliability. By using a radiometric registration of simulated X-ray images, the method is further improved. Besides the registration procedure, a novel similarity measure fo image comparison is presented, which serves to improve the reliability over other existing measure s. Besides the alignment measurement, the calibration of the X-ray camera systems used plays a crucial role for the achievable accuracy. Hence, an automatic calibration method is proposed, which includes the detection of calibration markers in Xray images and allows estimating the influence of stochastic errors in a Gauß-Helmert Model. The cali br t ons for single viewing angles are integrated into a model for the rotating treatment device. Est ima ing the path of the motion of camera components allows determining the camera parameters and their random errors at arbitrary device settings. Furthermore, the influence of stochastic errors of different system components on the measured patient alignment is evaluated. Uncertaint ies of the measurement system are determined for operational treatment devices and can be used e.g. to adjust the safety margins for the tumour definition in the treatment planning process.For th e first time, an approach is presented, that allows self-diagnosis of the measurement system. Based on a concept similar to a Hidden Markov model, observations of the intermediate results of individ ual system components are used to perform a wholesystem diagnosis and to provide conclusions on prob able error causes. For evaluation of the presented methods, both phant om and clinical data from different particle therapy centres are used. Common metrics are used t o compare the presented registration methods with each other and with other existing approaches. Marker-based gold standards allow quantifying the achievable accuracy. With the new registration method, reduction of the error rate of the patient alignment measurement can be achieved for clinical data. It is shown, tha t t e proposed similarity measure is very robust in comparison to many other measures for registration of X-ray images. It should also be suitable for use in other image registration applications. The metho d of geometric calibration and the proposed error propagation for other involved system components al low determining the errors to be expected from alignment measurement and patient positioning. The approach for self-diagnosis is able to reliably detect erroneous measurements of the patient alignm ent. Furthermore, it is able to trace back a faulty measurement to its cause. Inhaltsverzeichnis 5


A technique is described for steering an antenna beam from boresight using a pair of dielectric wedges. The technique has been developed particularly for the application of a direct broadcast satellite television receive antenna, but would also be usable in other applications. A practical version has been designed and constructed, and the measured performance of this is compared with predictions.


The purpose of the invention is, with respect to a laminated wiring board formed by stacking a resin laminate on a ceramic laminate, to reduce debonding at the interface between the resin laminate and the ceramic laminate and reduce warpage of the laminated wiring board. A laminated wiring board (1) is provided with: a ceramic laminate (2) formed by stacking a plurality of ceramic layers (2a to 2d); and a resin laminate (3), which is stacked on the ceramic laminate (2), and which is formed by stacking a plurality of resin insulating layers (3a to 2c). The resin laminate (3) is formed so that the periphery is thinner than the central portion. With this configuration, it is possible to mitigate residual stress acting on the interface periphery which would become the origin of interfacial debonding between the resin laminate (3) and the ceramic laminate (2), and therefore, it is possible to reduce interfacial debonding between the resin laminate (3) and the ceramic laminate (2). In addition, by making the periphery of the resin laminate (3) thinner, the volume of the resin laminate (3) is decreased, and therefore, warpage of the laminated wiring board (1) can be reduced.


Bengbu Ancient Residence Expo Park is named after the collection of ancient buildings in Fujian, Zhejiang, southern Anhui and the Three Gorges reservoir area, and is called the "open-air museum" of Chinese ancient dwellings. From "collection" to "activation", in order to further promote the visual and living inheritance of the park's intangible cultural heritage art, especially to deeply explore the way of the intangible cultural heritage culture of ancient dwellings developing in the same frequency with the new era society, this paper uses a variety of narrative strategies such as serial narration of thematic stories, visual communication, and "ancient dwellings+" tourism culture IP, aiming at activating the charm of ancient dwellings. The "collection and activation" of Chinese ancient dwellings has polished the local characteristic cultural business cards and promoted the ecological development of regional economy.


This paper presents algorithms, heuristics and lower bounds addressing optimization issues in many-to-many multicasting. Two main problems are addressed: (1) a precise combinatorial comparison of optimal multicast trees with optimal multicast rings, (2) an optimized sharing of network resources (i.e., nodes and links) among multiple multicast groups that coexist. The former is central to the choice of multicast protocols and their performance, while the latter is crucial for network utilization. The first problem is treated as a comparison of Steiner tree and traveling salesman problems on the same input set. The underlying integer programming problems are solved to optimum by using cutting-plane inequalities and the branch-and-cut algorithm. In addition to these exact solutions, fast heuristics are presented for approximate solutions. The second problem is formulated as a packing problem in which the network tries to accommodate all the multicast groups by optimizing the utilization of resources. Precise mathematical programming formulations, lower bounds and a heuristic for the underlying optimization problem are presented. The heuristic aims to accommodate multiple multicast groups while avoiding bottlenecks on the links for higher throughput. The heuristics and exact algorithms are implemented on various networks and multicast groups. The simulations show that multicast trees can be built by using 25% fewer links than the rings, both for optimal and suboptimal constructions. The packing heuristic is also implemented and its performance is compared to the constructive lower bound.


A new global path planning approach based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for a mobile robot is presented. Consider path planning as an optimization problem with constraints. The constraints are the path can not pass by the obstacles and the optimization target is the distance of the path is shortest. The obstacles in the robot's environment are described as polygons and the vertexes of obstacles are numbered from 1 to n. The particle swarm optimization is used to get a global optimized path. Simulation results prove the effectiveness and practicability of this approach.


Currently mycobacterium tuberculosis is major health issue to the Indian population as well as global. According to WHO around 8 million cases of Tuberculosis occur each year, which resulting in approximately 3 million deaths and the situation is more complicated due to emergence of multidrug-resistant TB. It is the leading cause of death worldwide and results from a single infectious agent, ranking over HIV/AIDS.


We analyze quantum algorithms for cloning of a quantum measurement. Our aim is to mimic two uses of a device performing an unknown von Neumann measurement with a single use of the device. When the unknown device has to be used before the bipartite state to be measured is available we talk about 1{yields}2 learning of the measurement, otherwise the task is called 1{yields}2 cloning of a measurement. We perform the optimization for both learning and cloning for arbitrary dimension d of the Hilbert space. For 1{yields}2 cloning we also propose a simple quantum network that achieves the optimal fidelity. The optimal fidelity for 1{yields}2 learning just slightly outperforms the estimate and prepare strategy in which one first estimates the unknown measurement and depending on the result suitably prepares the duplicate.


Among the multitude of actually proposed loco-regional flaps and their variants, we describe our options and technical viewpoints for common coverage problems in hand surgery, according to the guidelines of functional anatomy. Special emphasis is placed on newer techniques such as microsurgical free flaps, venous flaps, and reverse flow vascularisation.


Purpose: The purpose of this cadaveric study was to evaluate the conformity of the anatomically preshaped proximal humerus internal locking plate system (PHILOS) to the humeri of the Korean and anatomical features of nine locking screws for the proximal humerus. Materials and Methods: This study included 20 adult humeri (average length 30.2 mm) with no deformity or previous surgery. PHILOS was applied to the lateral surface of the proximal humerus according to the contour. Then, the distance from the outer surface of the plate to the greater tuberosity and bicipital groove was measured. After K-wires were passed through the proximal locking guide, the intra-osseous length of K-wire and the configuration of the K-wire exit were evaluated. Results: The overall conformity of PHILOS was excellent at the lateral aspect of the proximal humerus. The tip of the plate had an average distance of 3.6 mm (range, 1.4?6.6 mm; standard deviation [SD], 1.27) from the greater tuberosity and 2.5 mm (range, 0.0?4.6 mm; SD, 1.24) at the bicipital groove and the average intra-osseous length of K-wire through the locking guide was 41.1 mm (range, 23.5?53.7 mm). K-wires were evenly penetrated through the humeral head. On H8 and H9, the bottom hole of PHILOS is closely located at the most inferior area of the humeral articular surface. The bicipital groove was pierced by K-wires of H5, which was the middle hole of PHILOS in four cases (20%). Conclusion: PHILOS had excellent conformity with the proximal humerus and K-wires through the locking guide were evenly penetrated through the humeral head. However, much care should be taken in piercing of the bicipital groove in H5.


We present a theory of mental architecture and development focusing on general intelligence (g). The theory integrates psychometric and developmental theories of intelligence into an overarching framework. The paper first focuses on the composition of g. It is shown that g involves attention control, flexibility, working memory, cognizance of mental processes, and inference. We then present a model of intellectual development involving four cycles - episodic, realistic representation-based, rule-based, and principle-based thought - and summarize several studies showing how the processes involved in g interact in each cycle. We then present research aiming to increase intelligence. Finally, we discuss the implications of this theory for psychometric, cognitive, and developmental science and show how it solves long-standing theoretical and practical problems not solved by other theories, such as the decreasing likelihood of attaining high intelligence, the differentiation of abilities with development, and the training fade-out problem.


Localizing sounds and detecting events in different room environments is a difficult task, mainly due to the wide range of reflections and reverberations. When training neural network models with sounds recorded in only a few room environments, there is a tendency for the models to become overly specialized to those specific environments, resulting in overfitting. To address this overfitting issue, we propose divided spectro-temporal attention. In comparison to the baseline method, which utilizes a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) followed by a temporal multi-head self-attention layer (MHSA), we introduce a separate spectral attention layer that aggregates spectral features prior to the temporal MHSA. To achieve efficient spectral attention, we reduce the frequency pooling size in the convolutional encoder of the baseline to obtain a 3D tensor that incorporates information about frequency, time, and channel. As a result, we can implement spectral attention with channel embeddings, which is not possible in the baseline method dealing with only temporal context in the RNN and MHSA layers. We demonstrate that the proposed divided spectro-temporal attention significantly improves the performance of sound event detection and localization scores for real test data from the STARSS23 development dataset. Additionally, we show that various data augmentations, such as frameshift, time masking, channel swapping, and moderate mix-up, along with the use of external data, contribute to the overall improvement in SELD performance.


CONCLUSIONS:
1. The prevalence of COPD is high in males compared to females.
2. BMI is inversely correlated with the severity of the COPD.
3. COPD is associated with increased circulating levels of CRP and other inflammatory markers.
4. Intensity of the systemic inflammation increases with increase in the severity of airflow obstruction.
5. Airflow obstruction is associated with cardiac injury in patients with COPD.


This paper examines the impact of inflation targeting (IT) adoption on macroeconomic outcomes (unemployment, inflation, exchange rate, and its volatility) and banking concentration by comparing the non-EUR European countries that adopt an IT strategy to non-EUR European countries that do not adopt an IT strategy for the period of 2005–2015. The results suggest that IT has no impact on inflation, unemployment, and the exchange rate raises the systemic risk. Moreover, in non-IT countries, central banks are more concerned to minimizing the exchange rate volatility to better protect the debtors with foreign currency (EURO) loans.


Complex viscosities of Athabasca bitumen (Alberta, Canada) and Maya crude oil (Mexico) samples, along with their permeates and retentates obtained by nanofiltration at 473 K through 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, and 200-nm ceramic membranes, were investigated over the temperature interval of 298−373 K. The pentane−asphaltene content of the samples varied from 1.5 wt % to 57.2 wt %, whereas the asphaltene-free composition of the samples did not vary from the feed composition (within experimental error). At temperatures of <323 K, part of the maltenes of both of these hydrocarbon resources is solid. The solid maltene fraction is a function of temperature. If this additional solid is taken into account, the experimental relative viscosities for both Athabasca bitumen- and Maya crude-related samples fall on a single master curve, over the entire temperature interval, irrespective of the asphaltene content. The rheological behavior of all feed, permeate, and retentate samples is consistent with that of a slurry that is c...


What has not been factored into these projections is that steel companies will continue to innovate and develop new property packages which on a cost basis cannot be met by other materials. Even some of the most expensive potentially high volume steels, such as TWIP steels, are still a small fraction of the price of composites. That being said it is likely that the future of the automotive sector will be to develop hybrid material solutions as in the coming decade weight reduction will no doubt push the limit for steels.


The relevance of the article is that the forensic characteristics should be based on the study of materials of criminal cases and proceedings, as well as have a direct practical direction. That is, to solve specific tasks of the investigation: to provide opportunities for the development of versions, to build correlations between individual elements, to ensure better planning of the investigation, and so on. Otherwise, it will really be a "phantom", ie an ineffective tool of investigation. At the same time, scientists continue to investigate illegal acts in terms of constructing their forensic characteristics. The scientific article is devoted to the study of some aspects of the investigation of criminal offenses against public order. The peculiarities of forensic characteristics as an element of the methodology of investigation of a certain category of criminal offenses are considered. The author emphasizes that the forensic characteristics should be based on the study of materials of criminal cases and proceedings, as well as has a direct practical direction. That is, to solve specific tasks of the investigation: to provide opportunities for proposing versions, building correlations between individual elements, ensuring better planning of the investigation, and so on. Otherwise, it will really be a "phantom", ie an ineffective tool of investigation. At the same time, scientists continue to investigate illegal acts in terms of constructing their forensic characteristics. In our opinion, this is really important for the methodology of investigation of any criminal offense, so we will try to solve the problem of its construction in the studied category of actions: against public order. The notion of forensic characteristics is formulated as a set of data on forensically important features and properties of an illegal act, which is due to the natural connections between its individual elements and provides construction and verification of versions to solve specific problems of criminal proceedings.


Mahisar chaur, situated in north-eastern part of Samastipur district of Bihar, is spread over 607.29 ha area with an average water depth of 2.5-3 m. The chaur was flood prone and remained inundated with water for most part of the year and hence was not suitable for agriculture. With collective efforts of land owners, a drainage canal along with sluice gate was constructed to manage the flow of water in the chaur to take up both the agriculture and fishery enterprises in the chaur. Now the chaur is being successfully utilized for fishery by a cooperative society of land owners during the period of water logging (June/July to October) and for agriculture, by individual farmers during November to April. The present study investigated into income and employment generation and management practices of chaur (floodplain) in Samastipur (Bihar), India for suggesting suitable measures to improve production and productivity from the resource. For the purpose, primary data was collected from 60 sample respondent by personal interview method with the help of pre-tested questionnaire specially designed for the study. Fishery and agriculture was the two enterprises undertaken by land owners in the chaur. During rainy season when entire chaur isinundated with water fisheries is practised with community participation while agriculture is practiced during rabi season by individual farmers on their land holdings. Cropping intensity in chaur was 199.05 percent which indicate about two time use of same area for different economic activity. The overall net income from both the agriculture and fishery in chaur was INR 43,041.94 (US$ 791.08) per hectare per annum and employment generation was 78.11 man days per hectare per annum. The contribution of agriculture in total income was 69.52 percent while that of fisheries was 30.48 percent. Retention of water in central part of the chaur for rearing of juveniles caught during draining out of chaur may improve fish productivity which in turn may increase income and employment opportunity and share of fisheries in total income.


While social media creates the opportunity for exposure and engagement with cross-cutting political views, they may not always be well-received. Drawing on research related to tie strength, the need to belong, and affective intelligence theory, the present study examined how a combination of social and emotional factors informed how social media users respond to exposure to cross-cutting political views. Survey participants ( N = 288) were presented with scenarios where they were exposed to cross-cutting views on a self-identified important political topic with a close friend and an acquaintance. Social media response strategies assessed included public (comment), private (messaging), ignoring (scrolling past), hiding (muting), and unfriending–unfollowing. The tie strength of the person posting and emotions toward a political topic were identified as salient factors. Results indicated that if the cross-cutting view was shared by a strong tie, participants were more likely to respond by engaging publicly or private messaging, while cross-cutting views shared by weak ties were more likely to lead to ignoring the post as well as the decision to hide or unfriend. Participants also identified how they felt about the political topic selected (enthusiasm, aversion, or anxiety). Anxiety was largely unrelated to the identified response strategies, while aversion predicted the same responses regardless of tie strength. Enthusiasm predicted public and private response for both ties, and predicted ignoring (negative), hiding, and unfriending for close friends.


The present paper is a record of observations on the molluscan faecal pellets of fourty species inclusive of thirty-three gastropods, three polyplacophores, two scaphopods and two cephalopods. They were all collected from various parts of Chiji-wa Bay on the western coast of Kyushu Island and its adjacent regions. Before passing into the description, I wish to express my cordial thanks to Dr. Taiji KIKUCHI, Mr. Akio T AKI and to other members of the Amakusa ~arine Biological Laboratory, Kyushu University, for their kind help and facilities given to me during my work at the Laboratory. Thanks are also due to Dr. Takasi ToKIOKA for his edi torial advices and criticisms.


The structural features of normal and abnormal embryo attachment systems of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the volume of incubation fluid in the brooding chamber increased 15 minutes after egg-laying, immersing the embryos in the incubation fluid and thus the egg envelop became very sticky immediately. The egg stalk was largely formed within 30 minutes and completed within 80 to 140 minutes after egg-laying, so that the egg envelop became strongly adherent to the ovigerous hairs. In normal embryos, the egg stalks were highly twisted and the embryos were attached to the ovigerous hair by the egg stalk or funiculus. Many villiform were found on egg stalks and a lot of mucus was also found on the ovigerous seta. In abnormal egg stalks, villiform were never found, though numerous epibionts were attached to the embryo surface and egg stalk. The mucus of ovigerous hair and the villiform of egg stalks may contribute to egg attachment. Because of the epibionts the structure of egg investment coat egg stalk and funiculus were changed, enhancing the attrition between embryos and making embryo respiration difficult. The death and loss of embryos occur because of the above reasons.


The blood insulin levels of insulin resistant monosodium glutamate induced mice (IR-MSG)and hyperglycemic monosodium glutamate mice (HG-MSG) markedly increased ( P<0. 01 ), and the weight index of pancreas significantly decreased ( P<0. 01 ), accompanied with overt inflammatory infiltration in the exocrine part of pancreas. Besides, insulin and glucagon in the islets also markedly increased with irregular distribution ( P<0.01 ). Compared to IR-MSG mice, HG-MSG mice showed overt hyperglycemia and much lower blood insulin. Moreover, the weight of pancreas in HG-MSG mice markedly decreased ( P < 0.05 ), along with less insulin and more glucagon in the lessened and contracted islets, suggesting that the injury of pancreas in the HGMSG mice might be more severe, which may result in hyperglycemia.

Key words:
Monosodium glutamate;  Hyperglycemia;  Insulin resistance;  Obesity;  Glucagon


This paper is a product of the research about "Advertisement impact in Facebook, Tik Tok and Instagram in Arlington Virginia community" developed in the Francisco Jose de Caldas University in 2022. Introduction: Over time, generations have been changing and developing new consumer trends. In the same way, companies have been evolving to be able to adapt to the different trends to reach the target audience using diverse ways of advertising. Method: This paper makes use of databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Index-K as sources of information to guide the research of social media use. Using statistics and articles we determine the main aspects that guide the behavior and the use of the different social media platforms in the different age groups. Results: This Paper shows that depending on the age group the use of social media is different; the youngest users prefer platforms where they can share videos or images. Conclusions: As people grow, people are more attracted by platforms like Facebook where they can find social interaction, information and they can share different type of content. Limitation: This paper is focused on people that live in Arlington a small city in the state of Virginia. The information found can be a basis for analyzing users' behaviors on different platforms.


Phoronida is one of the smallest and least familiar phyla. A brief review on the distribution of Phylum Phoronida from India along with current observations on Phoronis psammophila is presented in this article. The aim of the study is to document the records of phoronids from Indian coast.


The author is a widely respected international specialist who mixes orthodox and unorthodox solutions according to how he perceives development policy has worked in the past. In this article, he shows that there are two pieces to the development puzzle, each difficult. One is the development of the right institutions, by no means something economists know about fully. The other is to develop leading industries. Both require the attention of government.


05/12/502 Introduction Some ideal op amp confi gurations assume that the feedback resistors exhibit perfect matching. In practice, resistor non-idealities can affect various circuit parameters such as common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), harmonic distortion and stability. For instance, as shown in Figure 1, a single-ended amplifi er confi gured to level-shift a ground-referenced signal to a common mode of 2.5V needs a good CMRR. Assuming 34dB CMRR and no input signal, this 2.5V level shifter exhibits an output offset of 50mV, which can even overwhelm the LSB and offset errors of 12-bit ADCs and drivers. In ideal single-ended and fully differential amplifi ers, only the input differential level affects the output voltage. However, in real circuits, resistor mismatch limits the available CMRR. Consider this circuit confi gured to attenuate a ±10V signal to a ±2V signal. Using typical surface mount resistors with 2% matching (1% tolerance), the worst-case CMRR contribution from the resistors is 30dB. With 0.01% tolerance, 0.02% matching, the worst-case CMRR contribution from the resistors is 70dB. A limiting factor in the CMRR equation is:


Zenggong acted as the local officer once at eight different ancient administrative divisions,organized and commanded twice activities of providing disaster relief,one was in 1069 when he served as Tongpan in Yuezhou,and sent relief to a drought disaster area;the other was in 1075 when he served as Zhizhou in Hongzhou,and sent relief to a pestilence disaster area.He wrote four articles about providing disaster relief.He wrote Jiu Zai Yi and Yi Cang in 1068 after a violent earthquake in Hebei,later he wrote Ying Zhou Xing Zao Ji,which recorded Lisu's experience in sending relief to an earthquake disaster area in Hebei.He wrote Yue Zhou Zhao Gong Jiu Zai Ji in 1079,which recorded Zhaobian's measures about sending relief to a great drought and pestilence disaster area in Shaoxin,so far Zenggong's idea and practice of providing disaster relief has been practically significant.


Summary
The western Caucasian endemic Gentiana paradoxa Albov, from the ancient region of Colchis, is described and illustrated, and its place in the genus Gentiana discussed. Cultivation notes are provided.


In order to study various aspects of students' understanding of atomic orbitals, we have built a 3D virtual environment - "Virtual Water" - to support the learning of some concepts of physics and chemistry at the final high school or first-year university levels. It focuses on the microscopic structure of water and explores, among others, concepts related to atomic and molecular orbitals. To evaluate that software, we have made a qualitative study with 20 first-year students of science and engineering courses at the university of Coimbra, Portugal. Having been asked to describe their views about how they conceive electrons in an atom before seeing "Virtual Water", students revealed some misconceptions. We have tried, with partial success, to overcome them by making students explore our virtual environment.


injection cartridge intraocular implant (IOL) comprising a flexible tubular reception chamber (2) of oblong cross-section open at the back and delimited by a wall (3) of which is arranged to constitute a receiving surface (3a) for a flexible intraocular implant introduced into said chamber and an injection cannula (5) arranged in the extension thereof with which it communicates via a compacting chamber (4 ) funnel-shaped, characterized in that the wall (3) defining the proximal portion of the receiving chamber (2) is provided with two longitudinal slots (6,7) of which the media are arranged in a plane (PP) passing through the center of said surface or reception range (3a).


The research outlined had as primary objective the testing of managers' perceptions of those areas taught in the business policy programmes. A significant finding is the cognitive linking of strategy and structure without prior exposure to the literature or concepts. Among top managers this linking was related to resource orientation, a conclusion previously held by Bower (1970). The perceptual positioning of a political orientation suggests that the emphasis given to intra-organizational political strategies is of little relevance to managers who prefer organizations without a political atmosphere. Finally the 'fire-fighting' aspect which often makes the case-study method pedagogically exciting is questioned, because the aspect is closely related to the functional duties of executives rather than the strategic nature of the executive function. 'Fire-fighting' problems are per se short-term and are radically different to strategic problems which require a broader long-term view.


This paper examines the estimation of the Stochastic Conditional Duration model by the empirical characteristic function and the generalized method of moments when maximum likelihood is unavailable. The joint characteristic function for the durations along with general expressions for the moments are derived, leading naturally to estimation via the empirical characteristic function and generalized method of moments. In a Monte Carlo study as well as an empirical application, these alternative methods are compared with quasi maximum likelihood. These experiments reveal that the empirical characteristic function approach outperforms the quasi maximum likelihood and generalized method of moments in terms of both bias and root mean square error. Copyright The Author(s). Journal compilation Royal Economic Society 2008


The commercial success of a new product is influenced by the time to market. Shorter product lead-times are of importance in a competitive market.This can be achieved only if the product developmen ...


The invention relates to a method for preparing a high-efficiency modified polyacrylic acid-graft copolymer water-reducing agent, and belongs to the field of water-reducing agent. The water-reducing agent is obtained by copolymerization of a mixture (a) of polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate monomer and acrylic acid monomer, a monomer (b) of unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivative thereof or a mixture of unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivatives thereof, and a monomer (c) of unsaturated sulfonic acid or salt thereof, in the presence of persulfate as initiator, followed by neutralization with an alkaline solution. The invention utilizes comonomer of unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivatives thereof to control the polymerization activity of monomers in the copolymerization system and the distribution of carboxyl groups in the main chain of comb-like molecular structure, and efficiently overcomes the problem of poor dispersion and retention properties in the prior art. The synthetic water-reducing agent has the advantages of simple operation process, good dispersion and retention properties, low production cost, etc.


The theme of this work corresponds to the way research methods and techniques are used in the context of Library and Information Science (LIS). Its objective is to consider the state of the art with regard to methodological issues as a way of contributing to the debate on the appropriateness of considering the existence of a methodological disciplinary field. To do this the taxonomies used to categorize research methods and data collection techniques between 1925 and 2010 have been inspected. An analysis revealed that research methods have varied over time and the perception of the adequacy of the different studies is strongly related to the type of research adopted (exploratory, descriptive, correlational or explanatory). The article concludes that comparisons are useful when the same classification system is used and that librarians are increasingly sophisticated and disciplined with respect to the methodologies used.


Percent fruit set, fruit size, total seeds/berry, developed seeds/berry, percent developed seeds/berry, and percent pollen stainability were examined in 4x × 5x and 5x × 4x progenies derived from Vaccinium ashei Reade/V. corymbosum L. pentaploid hybrids backcrossed to V. corymbosum. All fertility parameters indicated that the BC1 progenies were more fertile than the pentaploid hybrids. Pollen stainability indicated that the BC1 derivatives were less fertile than the parental species. All fertility parameters were significantly and negatively correlated with chromosome number, which ranged from the tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) to pentaploid (2n = 5x = 60) levels within these progenies.


In present Era, knowledge acquisition and extracting potential information in any field is very complex and voluminous. Information rich Data mining is data processing using sophisticated data search capabilities and statistical algorithms to discover patterns and correlation in large pre-existing database. The frequent pattern supports designing building block and to find out associations rules and prompt relationship between databases. Most important challenges in the framework of the uncertain database are how to handle the security and assigned probability value for each product. It reduces the complexity of stepping up process. To fulfil the gap between existing approach and progressing application requirement, a detailed pragmatic study was conducted. This study evaluates the overall work which is related to the privacy of data classification and visualization and frequent item pattern.


In 2013 the World Council of Churches adopted the pilgrimage theme for its policy in the coming years. In this article the implications of the WCC's use of the pilgrim metaphor is explored and analyzed. It is argued that, in order to present themselves credibly as involved in a Pilgrimage of Justice and Peace, Christian faith communities should embody – at least – the demanding virtues of hope, humility, and the relativization of self-identity.


Using the technique of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy about 100 direct l-type resonance transitions for CF35 3Cl in the first excited state of the doubly degenerate vibration v 6 have been observed in the range of 2–18 GHz. These transitions are observable due to a mixing of states with Δl = Δk = ±2 by the l-type (2, 2) interaction. In addition to the (2, 2) interaction it was necessary to include two further off-diagonal contributions to explain the spectrum: the (2, -4) interaction, which contributes to the splittings of the transitions with G = |k - l| = 3, and either the (2, -1) or the (0, 3) interaction corresponding to two different reductions of the effective Hamiltonian. The unitary equivalence of both sets of parameters has been demonstrated. The transitions show hyperfine splittings owing to quadrupole rotation-vibration interactions. In a simple approach the theory of Aliev and Hougen has been applied to explain the hyperfine structure patterns and to determine the (2, 2) quadrupole l...


In recent years, a new method for dealing with recurring drinking and driving problems has been finding its way into state programs: the use of ignition-interlock systems. These devices are essentially Breathalyzers linked to a car's ignition system. The driver has to blow into it in order to start the car. To date, 35 states have passed legislation authorizing their use, but how they are used varies from state to state. The effective use of interlocks depends on the administrative aspects of a program, as well as the technological strength of the device. A 1997 University of Maryland study indicated that being in an interlock program reduced the risk of an alcohol traffic violation of past multiple offenders within the first year by about 65%. However, follow-up research suggests that the interlock's effect on behavior is not permanent and that once the devices are removed, the rate of alcohol-related arrests begins to climb. A sidebar reviews anti-circumvention features of new devices.


This article explores some weaknesses of existing approaches to defining "evangelical" for the purpose of quantitative identification, classification and comparison of evangelical organizations. It builds an argument for the necessity of a different way of looking at the definitional task. An approach to definition is described which is broad enough to encompass variations among organizations but can be applied narrowly to differentiate organizations from each other without excluding fringe organizations and without relying on sufficient or dominant characteristics. "Evangelical" as a descriptive characteristic is shown to be ambiguous but "evangelical" as a class of organizations sharing a limited number of necessary characteristics and a large number of general characteristics remains useful.


Recently the field of signal processing advanced a lot with the advent of enabling computational solutions and signals perceived in the form of an image are being interpreted and analyzed with ease. Waveforms generated by signal acquisitions modules can be analyzed as an image or their corresponding numerical functions to extract the scrambled pertinent information. As to date, there is no significant work done to automatically set parameters and segment waveform image considering its unique characteristic. In this study, we have proposed automatic parameters setting and segmentation method based on Intersecting Cortical Mode (ICM) which enables maximum entropy gain from waveform images. We used the ICM as a base and developed a novel method which is natural for waveform images. Characteristics of pixel values used to deduce corresponding segmentation parameters. The experiment is done on UCI-5000-Waveform database generator (version 2) dataset, images captured from the oscilloscope and Berkeley segmentation dataset and benchmark. Our method outperformed for subjective and objective evaluations also had shown the consistent assignment of parameter values. This paper has bridged the gap of analyzing waveform images with the state of the art novel automatic method, minimized loss of pertinent signals and paved the way to unstructured data manipulation in signal processing.


Project ESTEEM (Earth Science Teachers Exploring Exemplary Materials) is a Harvard-based program designed to improve the quality of earth-science teaching in American schools. Project ESTEEM is a cooperative effort between the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and the Harvard's Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and is funded by the National Science Foundation. Over a three-year period, one hundred and twenty master earth-science teachers will be become agents in this program. During an intense summer program, these precollege teachers examine, present, and evaluate the best activities for earth-science courses. After peer review, these materials are assembled into resource books which provide the basis for inservice workshops conducted by ESTEEM agents across the nation. Following the summer phase of the program, the agents are committed to conduct workshops in their own district, state, or region for other, less well prepared teachers. In the first full year of operation, over 100 work...


This qualitative research examines female culture of poverty among family-leading women supported by Sari Welfare Organization. To carry out the study, the theory of culture of poverty by Oscar Lewis and the hermeneutic approach of Geertz are combined to clarify the nature and aspects of culture of poverty among women. Exploiting a qualitative methodology, 28 women were interviewed in depth and the data were analyzed in a thematic way. The idea of culture of poverty which has first been coined by Oscar Lewis is a meaning-oriented subjective, normative-value system which has led to the emergence and development of a feeling of poverty among people and has fortified and reproduced their disability and poverty. The findings of this study included the general elements of the culture of poverty as low literacy, housing and so on and also explored specific elements which were labeled as female culture of poverty. These elements were: irresponsibility, disparticipaton, hiding, gender prejudice, ethnic vulnerability, re-marriage (forced or deliberate), the low risk taking. These items showed that female culture of poverty and its reproduction had different dimensions.


The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic response (OKR) work cooperatively to compensate for the eye position during head movement. The floccular region of the cerebellar cortex regulates the amplitude and timing of these reflexes through the inhibitory synaptic outputs of Purkinje neurons. Both the VOR and OKR undergo adaptive changes, when the retinal slip causing the blur of visual image occurs continuously. Long-term depression (LTD), a type of plasticity at the synapses between parallel fibers and a Purkinje cell, in the flocculus, has been proposed to contribute to the adaptation of VOR and OKR. The progress in the study on cerebellar LTD has revealed numbers of molecules involved in LTD. Glutamate receptor-like molecule δ2 (GluD2) and delphilin are proteins specifically expressed at the postsynaptic membrane of Purkinje neurons and involved in LTD. GluD2 knockout mice show failure of LTD induction and impaired adaptation of VOR and OKR. On the other hand, delphilin knockout mice show facilitation of the LTD induction and the enhanced adaptation of OKR. These results suggest that the cerebellar LTD is involved in the adaptation of reflex eye movements. In addition, a delayed OKR is observed in the GluD2 knockout mice, which seems to be caused by the abnormal Purkinje neuron activities.


This paper uses a dynamic CGE model to assess the i ntertemporal and spatial dimension of technology spillovers embodied in international tra de within a climate and trade policy framework. Three are the main contributions of the study. First, to include endogenous factorbiased technical change based on trade flows in a C GE model, particularly for energy and capital. Second, to analyse the implications of spe cific spillovers embodied in trade of capital goods (machinery and equipment), and third, to high light the implications of accounting for indirect effects induced by spillovers. We find tha t explicitly modelling trade spillovers reveals significant effects thanks to the transmiss ion mechanisms underlying imports of capital commodities. We then assess the net contrib ution of modelling trade spillovers within three policy scenarios. The aggregated net effects of spillovers are rather small confirming findings from previous studies. However, there are important international and intersectoral redistribution effects due to technology transfers r presented as embodied spillovers.