Objective The purpose of the present study was to discuss the method to avoid spillage by means of adding chemotherapeutic drugs into sealed transfusion bottles.Methods 90 penicillin sealed bottles of the same batch number were randomly divided into the test group and the control group,each with 45 bottles.Standard method according to Basic Nursing was used to add chemotherapeutic drugs into transfusion bottles in the control group.Drugs were added into transfusion bottles under negative pressure in the test group.The operating time was measured,the spillage volume of puncture site was calculated and microbial detection of syringe was observed in the two groups.Results There was a significant difference in the spillage volume of puncture site between the two groups (P 0.05),Conclusions The spillage volume of puncture site was reduced significantly by means of adding chemotherapeutic drugs into transfusion bottles under negative pressure.This can decrease chemotherapeutic professional exposing risks and drug wastage.

Key words:
Negative pressure; Chemotherapeutic drug dispensing; Spillage


The recent emerging generation of flexible energy storage devices has accelerated the research pace in terms of new materials, new processing techniques and new designs that can meet the demands of mechanical stability upon bending or stretching at an acceptable cost, without compromising their electrochemical performance. Among all the materials currently explored, biomass derived materials have received extensive attention due to their attractive properties such as renewable, low-cost, earth-abundant and multitudinous structures. Herein, in this review, we focus on fundamentals and applications of the special biomass material-bacterial cellulose (BC) in flexible electrochemical energy storage systems. Specifically, we summarized the recent advances of the attractive utilization of BC as stretchable substrates, carbonaceous species and scaffolds for flexible core components construction. Finally, several perspectives related to BC based materials for flexible electrochemical energy storages are proposed based on the current researches and our own evaluation, aiming to provide possible research directions in these fields.


BACKGROUND
The threat of oral cancer has generated growing concern among the military health community that its beneficiaries have access to appropriate printed health materials. This study addresses the reading level and content adequacy of printed oral cancer literature collected from 82 United States Air Force (USAF) dental clinics.

METHODS
Materials were subjected to a readability formula and information content analysis.

RESULTS
Readability ranged from 7th to 13th grade, consistent with the lowest grade level (high school) required for USAF personnel. Adequacy of the content of materials was highly variable.

CONCLUSION
Few oral cancer items were retrieved, most were old, and many included misleading or incorrect information.


A mesh is a discretization of a geometric domain into simple elements, Meshes find use in different fields like Finite Element Methods, Computer Graphics, or Geographical Information Systems. Although different applications have different requirements, it is commonly established that a good mesh needs quality (nice shaped) and small enough elements to provide accurate results. Often these applications require the incremental adaptation of a mesh to the interactively insertion/deletion of domain elements.

Achieving a quality mesh requires choosing a quality measure for its elements and a refinement process guided by it which inserts additional vertices into the mesh. Many quality measures have been studied. The minimum angle and the maximum angle are the most developed. Among the existing refinement algorithms, those based on Delaunay triangulation have received a lot of attention in recent years. Moreover, an improvement process can be applied to the obtained refined mesh in order to optimize the position of its additional vertices.

In this thesis we propose methods that combine Delaunay refinement and improvement techniques to achieve a quality mesh on planar domains and terrains. This combination represents the main difference with existing refinement methods which apply improvement processes as a second step after the refinement process. Our methods insert and move points into/to an optimal position and delete vertices when it is possible. In two dimensions, we generate and modify meshes with good quality considering minimum angle and aspect-ratio criteria, and area based constraints. In terrains, we study the problem of approximating a terrain from a set of grid data points so that the elements of the mesh have good quality where possible. Moreover, we have developed an object-oriented framework for implementing mesh generation and mesh refinement processes based on the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and Design Patterns. The framework, exploiting the benefits of reuse, provides an environment which enables new components to be deployed and assembled easily.


The ever dynamic world of social network is progressively about innovation and this headway in advancements has been an amalgamation of several advantages and disadvantages. The most quickly developing segment of the web is the social media life. The simplicity of correspondence with the individuals living far with the rise of social media life is deserving of acclaim. These applications are presently even broadly utilized for advancing organizations or occasions. Speaking of social media, Twitter has emerged out to be the most influential social media platform. Therefore, it has common possibility to be the premise of future ego-centric networks and information exchange frameworks, notwithstanding novel types of internet administrations misusing the properties of human social connections. In this respect, our research focuses on study of information flow within ego-centric network with real data set extracted from Twitter user handle. Our proposed model performs high-level soft analysis via community detection techniques based on network homophily. This is followed by applying of various diffusion models to study information diffusion rate in ego network.


Few studies have dealt with biodiversity, composition and dynamics of temperate reef fish. The present study area is a 25 km stretch of coastline (53 km 2 ) on the west Portuguese coast that has recently been assigned as a Marine Park (Marine Park of the Arrabida Nature Park), for which basic information on composition of the marine communities is very scarce. From a biogeographical perspective, mainland Portugal is in a transitional zone where many species of cold- and warm-water fish reach their southern and northern limits of distribution respectively. This situation contributes strongly to a high level of biodiversity in the Lusitanian province, and also makes it very sensitive to climatic oscillations such as those predicted as part of global warming. This study analysed the fish community composition in the marine park and ascribed a hierarchical importance for the coastal sectors and the different habitats present. The results reflect the heterogeneous nature of the substrata present and their significant differences in biodiversity values and in the occurrence of rare species. For each species, dispersion and abundance indexes were calculated and species that require particular attention are noted. Appropriate management measures are suggested. Procedures for the implementation of these measures must be suited to a situation where basic biological information is scarce. This research is included in a broader project aimed at building a long-term database of the fish communities in this area, assessing the main factors influencing their structure and distribution patterns, and monitoring reserve effects in the long term.


Fractional representation methods for finite-dimensional linear time-invariant (FDLTI) systems have been developed in an algebraic framework of principal ideal domains. The concept of coprime fractional representations has been generalized to discrete-time non-linear systems by Hammer (1985, 1987), by viewing the Bezout identity as the basis of the definition of coprimeness. In this paper, we view the role of (right) coprime fractional representation in representing the set of all stable input-output pairs of a (possibly unstable) non-linear system. This notion of coprimeness is shown to be equivalent to that of FDLTI systems. Using coprime fractional representations of non-linear systems, we obtain a characterization of the stability of non-linear feedback systems. This characterization is similar to that obtained in the case of FDLTI systems. We also obtain a parameterization of all non-linear and time-varying stabilizing controllers for linear (possibly time-varying) plants which has the same form as t...


A new scheme for packet transaction in a router is used, which provides load sharing among multiple network processors for various traffic patterns by introducing an OCGRR scheduler at the output port of the core router and multiprocessors . A feedback control mechanism prevents processor overload. The incoming traffic is scheduled by using a mapping formula derived from the robust hash routing ( HRW scheme). For the individual flow mapping no state information need to be stored, but for each packet, a predefined set of fields like a mapping function is computed over the identifier vector. To the HRW scheme an adaptive extension was provided to cope with biased traffic which possesses minimal disruption property. We use a scheduling algorithm called OCGRR to overcome the difficulty of handling different traffic patterns which influence the performance of load sharing scheme at the output port of the core router and the multiprocessors sharing its work.OCGRRt defines a stream to be the same-class packets from a given immediate upstream router destined to an output port of the core router. Each stream within a class can transmit a number of packets in the frame based on its available grant .provide, but only one packet per small round, thus reducing the inter transmission time from the same stream and achieving a smaller jitter and startup latency. Thus we introduce the OCGRR algorithm concept with the adaptation algorithm for sharing load with different traffic patterns like text , audio , video . We also verify and demonstrate the good performance of our scheduler by comparison with other algorithm in terms of packets dropped , queuing delay, jitter, and start-up latency.


Healthcare represents an industry where any errors have the potential to lead to significant consequences such as unintended patient injury or death. Teams of healthcare professionals work together to complete patient care activities across several hospital environments including operating rooms, trauma centers, and care floors. While most healthcare tasks are patient-facing, some tasks such as cardiac telemetry monitoring occur without much patient interaction. Even so, cardiac telemetry monitoring represents a task where errors result in patient harm or death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vigilance decrement using a healthcare visual search task based on cardiac telemetry monitoring. Results of this study were viewed through the lens of resource theory of vigilance. Findings from this study include a decrease in correct detections and false alarms with increased workload which supports previous vigilance decrement research as well providing directions for future research.


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Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) support the largest fishery by volume on the United States East Coast, while also playing an important role as a forage species. Managers' and stakeholders' increasing concerns about the impact of Atlantic menhaden harvest on ecosystem processes led to an evolution in the assessment and management of this species from a purely single-species approach to an ecosystem approach. The first coastwide stock assessment of Atlantic menhaden for management used a single-species virtual population analysis (VPA). Subsequent assessments used a forward projecting statistical catch-at-age framework that incorporated estimates of predation mortality from a multispecies VPA while analytical efforts continued toward the development of ecosystem models and explicit ecological reference points (ERPs) for Atlantic menhaden. As an interim step while ecosystem models were being developed, a series of ad hoc measures to preserve Atlantic menhaden biomass for predators were used by managers. In August 2020, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission formally adopted an ecological modeling framework as a tool to set reference points and harvest limits for the Atlantic menhaden that considers their role as a forage fish. This is the first example of a quantitative ecosystem approach to setting reference points on the United States Atlantic Coast and it represents a significant advance for forage fish management. This case study reviews the history of Atlantic menhaden stock assessments and management, outlines the progress on the current implementation of ERPs for this species, and highlights future research and management needs to improve and expand ecosystem-based fisheries management.


We provide additional material to support the main paper. We credit the used assets by citing their web links and licenses in Section A, and continue by describing the experimental setup and used hyperparameters in Section B. We compute Precision and Recall metrics on ImageNet in Section C, and we further compare BigGAN and StyleGAN2 backbones for IC-GAN on ImageNet in Section D. We provide additional qualitative results for both IC-GAN on ImageNet in Section E and IC-GAN off-the-shelf transfer results on other datasets in Section F. Moreover, we provide results when training BigGAN with class balancing on ImageNet-LT in Section G. Finally, we show further impact studies such as the choice of feature extractor (Section H), the number of conditionings used during training (Section I), matching storage requirements for unconditional counterparts of BigGAN and StyleGAN2 and IC-GAN (Section J) and the qualitative impact of neighborhood size k for ImageNet, as well as quantitative results for ImageNet-LT and COCO-Stuff (Section K).


X-ray screeners have to know which items are prohibited and what they look like in x-ray images of passenger bags (knowledge-based factors). In addition, effective x-ray screening requires the abilities to cope with bag complexity, superposition by other objects, and rotation of objects (image-based factors). Knowledge-based factors are expected to be highly dependent on training whereas image-based factors are related to visual-cognitive abilities and aptitudes (Schwaninger, Hardmeier, & Hofer, 2005). To test to what extend these two factors are influenced by training, 334 screeners took two x-ray screening tests before and after two years of recurrent computer-based training (CBT). The Prohibited Items Test (PIT) measures rather knowledge-based factors, the X-Ray Object Recognition Test (X-Ray ORT) image-based factors. The results showed indeed a much better detection performance in the PIT after two years of training. Thus, CBT can increase the knowledge of prohibited items and what they look like in x-ray images of passenger bags substantially. The increase in detection performance in the X-Ray ORT was much smaller. This indicates that image-based factors are indeed related to visual-cognitive abilities and aptitudes that can be increased by CBT less effectively. The implications for selection and training of x-ray screeners are discussed. Introduction Airport security has become very important in recent years. Since airports are confronted with new threat dimensions and a constantly increasing passenger flow, reliable and efficient detection of different threat items in x-ray images is an essential airport security task. During high passenger flow, screeners have only a few seconds to decide whether a bag is OK or whether it has to be hand-searched. Schwaninger, Hardmeier, and Hofer (2005) could show that detecting threat items in passenger bags includes both, knowledge-based and image-based factors. That is, a screener has to know which items are prohibited and what they look like in x-ray images of passenger bags (knowledge-based factors). There are many threat items that look quite different in reality than in an x-ray image, which makes them difficult to recognize without training (Schwaninger, 2005b). Another difficulty results from the fact that some threat items look quite similar to harmless objects. Again other threat items like improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are normally not seen at checkpoints and without specific training they are therefore rather difficult to recognize. These knowledge-based factors are expected to be highly dependent on training since results from object recognition studies show that one can only recognize shapes if they are similar to the ones encountered before and stored in visual memory (for an overview see Schwaninger, 2005a). However, the interpretation of x-ray images is much more complex and is also dependent on imagebased factors such as bag complexity, superposition and rotation of the target object itself. If a bag is close-packed it is more difficult to detect a threat item within a short time because other objects can distract attention. Furthermore, the threat item can be superimposed by other objects in the bag, which can hamper detection performance as well. Moreover, if a threat item is shown in a rotated view it becomes harder to recognize it. A previous study from Schwaninger et al. (2005) showed large individual differences for novices and screeners regarding how well they can cope with such image-based factors.


In order to survey the effect different levels of pre and postpartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on milk production, milk composition, plasma mineral concentration and health status twenty four Holstein cows were used in a split-plot in time design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement as a completely randomized design. Before calving, cows were divided into two groups of 12 each, one group was fed by a diet of -100 DCAD (meq/kg DM) and another group by +100 DCAD (meq/kg of DM). After parturition animals in each group were divided into two group of 6 each and one group fed a diet of +200 DCAD (meq/kgDM) and the other fed a diet of +400 DCAD (meq/kgDM). Feed intake was recorded weekly and blood samples were collected on days -12, -2, +2and +12 of parturition. Prepartum feeding of the diet with -100 meq/kg DM DCAD increased plasma concentration of Ca, Mg, Cl and S. After parturition, feeding the diet with +400 DCAD increased significantly (P<0.01) DMI, fat corrected milk production, milk fat and total solid concentrations and plasma Na and K concentrations . Prepartum DCAD did not affect plasma mineral concentration, DMI, and milk production of lactating cows. No case of milk fever was observed in dairy cows. However, different levels of DCAD did not significantly affect retained placenta and hypocalcemia incidences, their risks were reduced for animals fed anionic diets. So it was concluded that low level of DCAD on late gestation can be useful to improve animal health and high of DCAD after parturition had positive effect on animal performance.


Through personal practice in sinking well construction in pump station of underpass bridge approach engineering in Dai town,the author introduces the constitute and construction technology of sinking well,proposes preventive measures for its common problems,and illustrates the characteristics of sinking well's subsidence method,in order to offer a reference for other similar engineering.


Local identity has been considered as one legitimate concern in the rise of the "culture" of globalization. The establishing of malls in the city of Yogyakarta which is well-known as 'the city of culture' has provoked discourse about local identity since malls are often considered as a symbol of globalization. Some say that traditional market, one of the icons of the city, will not be able to compete with the modern one, and it could be marginalized and eventually eliminated by the global market. But, malls should not merely be regarded as menace for local identity especially if it is seen as a 'cultural moment'. Malls could become a place of encounter among local cultural products as well as with global elements which might result an empowering multiculturalism.


This paper investigates the design of asynchronous switched nonlinear H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ filters for a class of continuous‐time nonlinear switched systems with mismatching switching laws and L2$$ {L}_2 $$ norm‐bounded disturbances. In this context, the switched nonlinear system is modelled as a switched Takagi–Sugeno (T‐S) model with nonlinear consequent parts, that is, where unmeasured nonlinear terms are kept in the nonlinear consequent parts in order to circumvent the occurrence of unmeasured premise variables, which is usually faced in conventional T‐S modeling without nonlinear consequent parts. In this framework, asynchronous switched T‐S filters with unmeasured nonlinear consequent parts are proposed to estimate unmeasured and/or disturbed system's outputs, even when the filter's switching law mismatches the switched nonlinear system's one, which can be in practice unknown or imprecisely measured. Based on a candidate multiple Lyapunov function, combined with a H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ criterion, conditions are proposed in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities for the design of the considered asynchronous switched T‐S filters with unmeasured nonlinear consequent parts. Compared with previous related works, these conditions have the advantage of being dwell‐time‐independent and less conservative, thanks to the incremental quadratic constraints employed to deal with the unmeasured nonlinear consequent parts. Furthermore, acknowledging that T‐S models are only representing nonlinear ones on subsets of their state space, an optimization procedure to estimate the filtering error's domain of attraction is developed. Two illustrative examples are considered to validate the proposed results. An academic one is presented to illustrate the improvements brought in terms of conservatism by the proposed switched T‐S filter design methodology with regards to previous related studies. Then, a case study illustrates the effectiveness of this proposal from a switched nonlinear mass‐spring system inspired from related literature.


In the present scenario of industries, Welding processes becomes increasingly popular. Right from the Manual metal arc welding process to Electron beam welding process, welding undergone tremendous technological innovations over the years. As the requirements are becoming more stringent, advanced technologies are being invented to fulfill that. The end benefit of technologies are depends on the characteristics of the weld which is produced. Weld should be sound enough to meet the functional requirement of the welded structure. The main quality characteristics are weld bead geometry such as weld penetration, HAZ, fusion and metallurgical and mechanical properties of the welded joints. Weld bead geometry is mainly depends on the type of welding process. This paper reviews the influence of different welding processes on weld bead geometry.


The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) adaptive optics (AO) system will be an integral part of the telescope, providing laser guidestar generation, wavefront sensing, and wavefront correction to every instrument currently planned on the 25.4 m diameter GMT. There will be three first generation AO observing modes: Natural Guidestar, Laser Tomography, and Ground Layer AO. All three will use a segmented adaptive secondary mirror to deliver a corrected beam directly to the instruments. The Natural Guidestar mode will provide extreme AO performance, with a total wavefront error less than 185 nm RMS using bright guidestars. The Laser Tomography mode uses 6 lasers and a single off-axis natural guidestar to deliver better than 290 nm RMS wavefront error at the science target, over 50% of the sky at the galactic pole. The Ground Layer mode uses 4 natural guidestars on the periphery of the science field to tomographically reconstruct and correct the ground layer AO turbulence, improving the image quality for wide-field instruments. A phasing system maintains the relative alignment of the primary and secondary segments using edge sensors and continuous feedback from an off-axis guidestar. We describe the AO system preliminary design, predicted performance, and the remaining technical challenges as we move towards the start of construction.


Asteroids, comets and interstellar dust are possible sources of the particles that constitute the dust in the inner solar system. Each of these components gives rise to particular, characteristic features, the amplitudes of which can be used to estimate the size of the associated source. The asteroidal component feeds the dust bands and the Earth's resonant ring, while the cometary component may account for the large scale height of the zodiacal cloud observed at 1 AU Previous discussions of the observed strengths of these various features indicated that the source of about one third of the thermal flux observed, for example, in the IRAS 25/xm waveband is asteroidal, while two thirds is cometary. However, a variety of assumptions go into this calculation (the size-frequency distribution of the particles is particularly significant) and we now know that the result is highly dependent on these assumptions. The zodiacal cloud is also the source of the IDPs collected on Earth. Because of strong gravitational focusing by the Earth of particles in low e and I orbits, it is probable that the majority of IDPs originate from asteroids, particularly those asteroids in the Themis and Koronis families.


The problem of detecting a shift in the percentile of a Birnbaum–Saunders population in a process monitoring situation is considered. For example, such problems may arise when the quality characteristic of interest is tensile strength or breaking stress. The parametric bootstrap method is used to develop a quality control chart for monitoring percentiles when process measurements have a Birnbaum–Saunders distribution. Through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the behavior and performance of the proposed bootstrap percentile charts. Average run lengths of the proposed percentile chart are also investigated. Illustrative examples with the data concerning the tensile strength of the aluminum sheeting are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A reflective beam splitter grating and an interference lithography system, which grating comprises a reflection grating spectroscope the trough of the reflecting surface and the light-blocking region is located in the periphery of the trough grating, said grating region comprises a periodic distribution trough grating structure, the grating structure having a trough-shaped reflecting surfaces and non-reflective areas, said groove forming an angle between the reflection surface and the grating substrate surface. The reflective spectral modulation of the grating to achieve maximum ± order light, such that light reflected off of the beam having the highest energy efficiency, by the interference pattern of the reflective grating spectroscope obtained, having a good quality boundaries can be accomplished splicing pattern precision, so that large format interferometric lithography technology has been significantly improved.


The authors reply here to Godbout and Bélanger's critique of their work on political sophistication and economic voting. Principally, the authors stress the importance of using contemporaneous economic assessment and candidate preference measures in assessing their relationship. They also emphasize the empirical support for their key contentions that less sophisticated citizens tend not to credit/blame government for their own economic circumstances, and that more sophisticated citizens tend to focus on actors other than the president when attributing responsibility for the national economy. Finally, the authors stress the variety of contexts, both outside the United States and outside the domain of economic voting, in which their theory has found support.


PURPOSE: A stand-by power saving power supply and a method of controlling the power supply are provided to cut power supply to circuits other than a starting switching circuit in power-saving mode so as to minimize consumption of power. CONSTITUTION: A power-saving power supply includes a starting switching circuit(40), a controller(50), and a feedback circuit(30). The starting switching circuit has the first remote control receiver(42) that provides starting power to a stand-by mode power supply in response to a power-on signal. The controller receives a control signal received through the second remote control receiver(26) to perform a function corresponding to the control signal. The feedback circuit converts the starting switching circuit into a stand-by mode or power-saving mode in response to a power-off signal from the second remote control receiver or a main power switch.


1.1 An interest in the methodology of a scientific subject may be justified on various grounds. First, and perhaps more naturally, it may be the result of a concern in the local epistemology of a specific branch of knowledge, by a practitioner of that science. Second, it may be legitimately linked to the search for information by a general epistemologist wishing to obtain evidence on the logical structure of a scientific subject, for cognitive purposes. A third and somewhat less legitimate reason for interest is that of the philosopher of science who ascribes himself the task of prescribing methodological rules to scientists; even if he knows that they may resent this attitude and regard it as a serious impediment in the search for methodological pluralism. Some aspects of the methodological problem will be discussed in this paper, from a historical-critical perspective, with specific reference to economic science as practised in this country. The purpose is both to understand why there are different positions in the matter of method in the philosophy and in the historiography of economics, two scientific subjects which explore the same object of study from various points of view, and also to establish whether the contrast can be overcome and on which conditions. Our hope is to contribute to the transformation of the philosophy of economics into a non-prescriptive philosophy of history of economics.


Introduction. The current trend of shifting the time of delivery to an older age requires the improvement of methods, algorithms for diagnosis, and choice of management for organ-preserving treatment of uterine fibroids. There are few reports in which data obtained using preoperative imaging methods are compared with the results of histological examination of leiomyomata. The aim of the study was to investigate the features of morphotype and clinical course of the disease in patients with common and cellular uterine leiomyoma. Materials and methods. We divided 80 patients with uterine leiomyoma into 2 groups after comprehensive clinical and morphological examination and treatment. Group 1 involved 50 patients with conventional uterine leiomyoma; group 2 included 30 patients with cellular uterine leiomyoma. All patients had a patient-specific personalized three-dimensional mathematical and graphical model of uterine fibroids built before surgery. Leiomyomata were subjected to a standard pathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical study with Ki-67 antibody, and Van Gieson picrofucsin to assess fibrosis. Results. The frequency of dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, primary infertility, and endometrial hyperplastic processes significantly exceeded (p<0.05) those in the group of patients with cellular myoma. In 64.6% of patients of group 2, the indications for surgery were location of myomatous nodes and their enlargement; in group 1, the percentage of such patients was 26.0% (p<0.05). Large uterine fibroids and multiple locations of nodes were detected in more than 50% of patients in group 2, while those in patients of group 1 were determined only in 14%. In patients with conventional leiomyoma, the Ki-67 index was 0–1–2%, whereas in patients with cellular leiomyoma it was 3–4–5%. In group 1, the fibrosis area was 20–40%; in group 2, this indicator reached up to 10%. Conclusion. Uterine cell myoma is characterized by rapid growth, large node sizes, a higher frequency of both submucosal location and infertility, a combination with hyperplastic endometrial processes, uterine bleeding, pronounced pain syndrome, and a younger age. Keywords: uterine leiomyoma, conventional uterine leiomyoma, cellular uterine leiomyoma, 3D modeling, surgical navigation


Based on the analysis of the panel data of China's listed firms from 2000 to 2006,this paper tests the relationship with SYS GMM through establishing the dynamic structure model.We find out that the theory of coinsurance and that of internal capital market both can not explain the change of special capital structure of China's listed firms.Capital structure and diversification strategy of China's listed firms interact each other.The increase of diversification might increase information asymmetry between the creditor and the company,then enhance the debt ability of the company,and cause the decrease of diversification while the increase of capital structure restricts diversification in return,and makes it decrease.In addition,diversification leads to the decline of the profit and size of the company,which shows that the increased debt financing from diversification is mainly transferred to the key industry of the company,but doesn't gain good performance.Thus the relationship between diversification and capital structure might not have the relationship of management strategy,and the influential course between diversification and capital structure might infringe the creditors' and investors' benefit.


At first sight, an ecocritical study of American art entitled "Nature's Nation" may call to mind the lavish canvasses of the Hudson River School or Ansel Adams's pristine Yosemite prints. Yet what to make of a high chest of drawers from the 1760s, a woven robe by a Tlingat artist from Alaska, or Alexander Gardner's Civil War photographs and their ecological underpinnings? The monumental exhibition catalogue Nature's Nation unites these (and many more) objects in an eye-opening, unapologetical...


Ultrasound imaging probes are widely used for several types of diagnosis applications. Since in most cases the duration of clinical examination can be quite long, the surface temperature of the probe head, in contact with human body, must be kept under control. International Safety Standard IEC 60601-2-37 sets an upper limit for the surface temperature in still air of 50°C (43°C if measured when coupled thermically and acoustically with a test object having thermal and acoustical properties mimicking those of an appropriate tissue). The temperature rise is caused mainly by joule heating effect inside the active piezo-transducer and could be very important under some operating conditions (i.e. CW, Continuous Wave doppler; PW Pulsed Wave doppler; CFM, Colour Flow Mapping). In the present work we focus our attention on a disk-type probe, which is widely used in CW and PW operating conditions. In particular we present a 2D-axial symmetry FEM for the probe, capable to predict both the operative temperature values at different driving signal frequencies, both the heating dynamics. Moreover, the FEM is validated through comparison with specialized thermocouple surface temperature measurements. Finally a correlation between electric power and surface temperature is evaluated.


Submitted for the DFD16 Meeting of The American Physical Society Modeling Shock Train Leading Edge Detection in Dual-Mode Scramjets FOLUSO LADEINDE, ZHIPENG LOU, State Univ of NYStony Brook, WENHAI LI, TTC Technologies, Inc. Centereach, NY — The objective of this study is to accurately model the detection of shock train leading edge (STLE) in dual-mode scramjet (DMSJ) engines intended for hypersonic flight in air-breathing propulsion systems. The associated vehicles have applications in military warfare and intelligence, and there is commercial interest as well. Shock trains are of interest because they play a significant role in the inability of a DMSJ engine to develop the required propulsive force. The experimental approach to STLE detection has received some attention; as have numerical calculations. However, virtually all of the numerical work focus on mechanically(i.e., pressure-) generated shock trains, which are much easier to model relative to the phenomenon in the real system where the shock trains are generated by combustion. A focus on combustion, as in the present studies, enables the investigation of the effects of equivalence ratio, which, together with the Mach number, constitutes an important parameter determining mode transition. The various numerical approaches implemented in our work will be reported, with result comparisons to experimental data. The development of an STLE detection procedure in an a priori manner will also be discussed. Foluso Ladeinde State Univ of NYStony Brook Date submitted: 07 Aug 2016 Electronic form version 1.4


The complex unsteady aerodynamics of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) poses significant challenges to the simulation tools. Dynamic stall is one of the phenomena associated with the unsteady conditions for VAWTs, and it is in the focus of the study. Two dynamic stall models are compared: the widely-used Gormont model and a Leishman–Beddoes-type model. The models are included in a double multiple streamtube model. The effects of flow curvature and flow expansion are also considered. The model results are assessed against the measured data on a Darrieus turbine with curved blades. To study the dynamic stall effects, the comparison of force coefficients between the simulations and experiments is done at low tip speed ratios. Simulations show that the Leishman–Beddoes model outperforms the Gormont model for all tested conditions.


Abstract Domain walls in crystals with preceding incommensurate phases are discussed. The factors which stabilize the incommensurate phases with decreasing temperatures, prior to the commensurate phase, affect the spatial variation of the order parameters in the commensurate phase. In the type-II incommensurate phase like in NaNO2, the spatial variation of order parameters shows the "overshoot" and the "oscillation" in approaching the equilibrium values in the domains. In the type-I incommensurate phases like in K2SeO4, the Lifshitz invariant makes the feature of domain walls different according to how two domains are disposed. The domain wall kinetics will be briefly mentioned for the type-II case, using a lattice model.


St. Giacomo della Marca (St. James of the March), one of the pillars of the Observant movement, died in 1476. He preached in Italy and parts of Eastern Europe for over forty years and was very successful in persuading people to turn from sin to virtue and in promoting peace and harmony among factions in a city.1 Although a critical edition of his ninety-nine Sunday Sermons in Latin was published in 1978, there is, to my knowledge, no English translation of any of these sermons. The goal of this article is to sample the style of this reform preacher through his Sunday Sermon 52 on the Ineffable Mercy of God, for the First Sunday of Pentecost. I preface my annotated translation of this sermon by comments about its style, sources, etc.


INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairments in childhood Posterior Fossa Tumour (PFT) survivors are well documented. Yet, there is limited knowledge about the extent of difficulties with linguistic processing in this patient group, which could impact negatively on long-term care and rehabilitation practices. METHOD: 12 patients (16-21 years at test; 4 male), at least 12 months post-PFT resection, were recruited as part of the larger ongoing study. They were assessed using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th edition, Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA), Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RPM) and Purdue Pegboard test (PPT). RESULTS: Group mean performance on the Core Language Scale (CLS) and separate language indices were in the lower average range, with at risk/borderline performance in reading, listening comprehension and structured writing. Patient scores ranged from very low (-2SD) to above average (+2SD) and performance was predicted by age of diagnosis, tumour histology and treatment. Medium to strong correlations were found between language processing and non-verbal IQ (CLS and RPM r = 0.6), motoric speech (Expressive Language Index and FDA r = 0.7), and manual dexterity (FDA and PPT preferred hand r = 0.8), indicating interdependence across these domains. CONCLUSION: Young people treated for PFT in childhood display long-term deficits in both receptive and expressive language skills that are associated with reduced non-verbal IQ. Expressive language abilities are strongly underpinned by motoric speech and manual dexterity skills. Rehabilitation support of PFT survivors, aimed at improving language and communication abilities, is vital for smooth transition into adulthood.


Over the last decade, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has developed into a versatile tool for adaptive, scale-based modal decomposition. EMD has proven to be capable of decomposing multivariate signals with cross-channel mode alignment. However, the algorithms for envelope identification in multivariate EMD come with a computational burden rendering it unsuitable for the large computational demands of multidimensional signal processing. The current work introduces an alternative approach to multivariate EMD, and by combining it with existing fast and adaptive algorithms, paves the way for performing multivariate EMD on multidimensional signals.


A child aged 5±1 years with abnormally developed mandibular incisors was discovered during the analysis of a skeletal assemblage from the late medieval/early modern necropolis of Macael Viejo (c. 13th–16th, Almería, Spain). The mandibular right deciduous incisors (81 and 82) were found to have developed a rare abnormality – a fused crown and single root. The identification, descriptions, and differential diagnoses of the anomaly were performed using morphological analyses and radiographic means. This article aims to present a case of fusion of two adjacent primary teeth displayed by a non-adult and analyse the applications and the potential of microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT) in the analysis of tooth crown and root canal morphology in dental anomalies.


Thromb Haemost 2013; 11: 435–43. 6 Beyth RJ, Quinn LM, Landefeld CS. Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin. Am J Med 1998; 105: 91–9. 7 Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ, Nelson ME, Wells PS, Gould MK, Dentali F, Crowther M, Kahn SR. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis; 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141: e419S–94S. 8 Shireman TI, Mahnken JD, Howard PA, Kresowik TF, Hou Q, Ellerbeck EF. Development of a contemporary bleeding risk model for elderly warfarin recipients. Chest 2006; 130: 1390–6. 9 Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, Waterman AD, Culverhouse R, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF). Am Heart J 2006; 151: 713–9. 10 van Walraven C, Mamdani MM, Wells PS, Williams JI. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2001; 323: 655–8. 11 Sauer WH, Berlin JA, Kimmel SE. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104: 1894–8. 12 Hackam DG, Mrkobrada M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and brain hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Neurology 2012; 79: 1862–5.


This study examines whether actual trader position-based sentiment index is useful for predicting returns in the S&P 500 index futures market. The results show that large speculator sentiment is a price continuation indicator, whereas large hedger sentiment is a contrary indicator. Small trader sentiment hardly forecasts future market movements. Moreover, extreme large trader sentiments and the combination of extreme large trader sentiments tend to provide more reliable forecasts. These findings suggest that large speculators possess superior timing ability in the market.


The present paper aims to introduce the author's study on treating coal-washing wastewater with carbide slag and PAM coagulants for reducing wastewater pollution and its recycled use through treatment both in lab- and full-scale experiment. Our experiment results show that the carbide slag-PAM is highly efficient in coal-washing wastewater treatment in full conformity with the state Wastewater Discharge and Recycled Use Standards. The experiment results and the corresponding theoretical analyses also indicate that the coagulation mechanism of wastewater with carbide slag is able to provide sufficient Ca~(2+)instead of OH~-. The provided Ca~(2+) is coagulated with coal slime through double-layer compressing to make the coal slime destabilized. However, both OH~-and Ca(OH)_2 do not play any important role in coal washing wastewater. Meanwhile, the coagulation mechanism is also investigated.


All ceramics and powder metals, including the ceramics components that Sandia uses in critical weapons components such as PZT voltage bars and current stacks, multi-layer ceramic MET's, ahmindmolybdenum & alumina cermets, and ZnO varistors, are manufactured by sintering. Sintering is a critical, possibly the most important, processing step during manufacturing of ceramics. The microstructural evolution, the macroscopic shrinkage, and shape distortions during sintering will control the engineering performance of the resulting ceramic component. Yet, modeling and prediction of sintering behavior is in its infancy, lagging far behind the other manufacturing models, such as powder synthesis and powder compaction models, and behind models that predict engineering properties and reliability. In this project, we developed a model that was capable of simulating microstructural evolution during sintering, providing constitutive equations for macroscale simulation of shrinkage and distortion during sintering. And we developed macroscale sintering simulation capability in JAS3D. The mesoscale model can simulate microstructural evolution in a complex powder compact of hundreds or even thousands of particles of arbitrary shape and size by 1. curvature-driven grain growth, 2. pore migration and coalescence by surface diffusion, 3. vacancy formation, grain boundary diffusion and annihilation. This model was validated by comparing predictions of the simulationmore » to analytical predictions for simple geometries. The model was then used to simulate sintering in complex powder compacts. Sintering stress and materials viscous module were obtained from the simulations. These constitutive equations were then used by macroscopic simulations for simulating shrinkage and shape changes in FEM simulations. The continuum theory of sintering embodied in the constitutive description of Skorohod and Olevsky was combined with results from microstructure evolution simulations to model shrinkage and deformation during. The continuum portion is based on a finite element formulation that allows 3D components to be modeled using SNL's nonlinear large-deformation finite element code, JAS3D. This tool provides a capability to model sintering of complex three-dimensional components. The model was verified by comparing to simulations results published in the literature. The model was validated using experimental results from various laboratory experiments performed by Garino. In addition, the mesoscale simulations were used to study anisotropic shrinkage in aligned, elongated powder compacts. Anisotropic shrinkage occurred in all compacts with aligned, elongated particles. However, the direction of higher shrinkage was in some cases along the direction of elongation and in other cases in the perpendicular direction depending on the details of the powder compact. In compacts of simple-packed, mono-sized, elongated particles, shrinkage was higher in the direction of elongation. In compacts of close-packed, mono-sized, elongated particles and of elongated particles with a size and shape distribution, the shrinkage was lower in the direction of elongation. We also explored the concept of a sintering stress tensor rather than the traditional sintering stress scalar concept for the case of anisotropic shrinkage. A thermodynamic treatment of this is presented. A method to calculate the sintering stress tensor is also presented. A user-friendly code that can simulate microstructural evolution during sintering in 2D and in 3D was developed. This code can run on most UNIX platforms and has a motif-based GUI. The microstructural evolution is shown as the code is running and many of the microstructural features, such as grain size, pore size, the average grain boundary length (in 2D) and area (in 3D), etc. are measured and recorded as a function of time. The overall density as the function of time is also recorded.« less


A new paradigm of Indian Subcontinent prime roles in governing Global Heat contents and Temperature (GHT) and North Atlantic Hurricanes (NAH) etc. is presented in this work. It is established here that huge GHT rise rate of 16.48 ZJ (Zeta Joules = 1021 Joules) after 1965/70 from about 2 ZJ before 1960 is due to an un-natural, un-scientific and un-logical human reversal of one of these roles. Henceforth, almost all the Global Hazards and Calamities are being continuously nourished by this huge continuous GHT rise, which is being continuously pushed up and up by Indian blocking of Freon feed to Divinely established Global Air Conditioner (GAC). This Freon was, the water irrigating South-eastern Pakistan by its eastern three rivers diverted to India under Indus Basin Water Treaty 1960 (IBWT), fully functional since 1970. A few terrible aftermaths of this activity are pointed out for some vision of the situation of its global gravity along with revisit and review of assumptions and estimates of capabilities of the only window open for its human control. The reversal of IBWT will slow down the GHT growth by 14.235 ZJ (80%), but for its complete blockage and the drainage of its already 50 years heaped terrible GHC since 1970, the vitality of optimal mobilization of irrigation of other two parts of Pakistan irrigation system with estimated 9.893 ZJ & 15.78 ZJ Global heat dissipation potentials is elaborated in this wok. Immediate intervention and optimal mobilization of all resources are needed to regain 1960 climate status in minimum 42 years (earliest by 2074) and avoid big bang banging by its nurtured GHT continuous growth. At the end, some recommendations are presented for safe existence of life on this Globe by its calamities control through this strategy.


Dexmedetomidine is a selective and poten t á2-adrenoceptor agonist, with hypnotic, analgesic and sympatholytic properties. 1 In surgical patients, it reduces the use of other anesthetics, minimizes sympathetic response to nociceptive stimuli and improves intraoperative hemodynamic stability. 1 In contrast with many anesthetic agents, dexmedetomidine preserves spontaneous ventilation. This property makes dexmedetomidine a useful adjuvant to general anesthesia during procedures requiring spontaneous ventilation, such as upper airway surgery and manipulation. 2 One case report described administering dexmedetomidine as the only anesthetic for three adults needing upper airway operations. 3 Also Shukry et al 4 reported that dexmedetomidine was useful anesthetic agent in childrens anesthesia. In the pediatric population, dexmedetomidine has been reported effective in various clinical scenarios, including the provision of sedation during mechanical ventilation, prevention of emergence delirium after general anesthesia, procedural sedation during noninvasive radiologic procedures, including magnetic resonance imaging, and in the control of withdrawal after the prolonged use of opioids and benzodiazepines. 5-13 But, there are very few data related to dexmedetomidine ABSTRACT Backg round: In paediatric patients dexmedetomidine has been reported to be effective in various clinical settings including provision of sedation during mechanical ventilation, prevention of emergence delirium after general anaesthesia, sedation during non invasive radiological procedures. However very few data of its use in newborn is available. Patients & Methods: Sixteen new born patients of age 2-28 days were studied. Anaesthesia was induced with 1 mgkg -1 ketamine intravenously. Dexmedetomicline 1 µ gkg -1 was infused within ten minutres. Maintenance infusion was started as 0.5-0.8 µ g kg -1 h -1 until the end of surgery ortrcheel intubation was done all patients were mechanical ventelated with O 2 +H 2 O safberane 0.1-0.2%. Non invasive systolic & chastake blood pressure, heart rate, SPO 2 , DETCO 2 , inhated & end trial sevophrame conc and body temperature were monitored. Results: No significant difference was observed in the measured values of haemodynamic parameter at different intervals and the base line values. No patient had hypotension bradycardia hypertension hypoxia or respiratory depression. Patients had mild hypothermia during post-operative period. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine 1 µ gkg -1 followed by maintenance dose of 0.5 µ g kg -1 h -1 as an adjacent to sevoflurane anaesthesia in new born undergoing laparatomy provides haemodynamic stability during heightened surgical stimulate.


If the first casualty of war is truth, the first casualty of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for patients nearing death is human dignity. Although the pandemic has claimed *6800 Canadian lives, *60,000 people have died in Canada since the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Given the insidious nature of this virus, care for patients dying of any cause has been distorted in ways previously thought unimaginable. Because of public health restrictions, patients are dying alone. Even for the sickest of sick, whether they are dying in palliative care units, medical or surgical wards, intensive care units, hospices, or long-term care facilities, limited visitation polices are being strictly enforced. The primary contact these dying patients have is with health care providers, with whom touch can only be experienced through layers of latex, eye contact through layers of goggles and plastic shields, and human presence through layers of anxiety, caution, and fear. A recent systematic review reported that hospitalized patients placed in isolation for medical reasons are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, anger, and loss of self-esteem; health care providers spend less time with them, impacting patient safety with an eightfold difference in adverse events related to supportive care failures. Other studies have shown that loneliness is a risk factor for mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, chronic distress, and insomnia. Our own research has shown that lack of social support, symptom distress, and not feeling valued or respected can undermine a dying patient's sense of dignity. Those who are isolated or avoided are especially vulnerable, inclined to feel that they may not only have a contagion, but that they are a contagion. Families barred visitation are denied the opportunity to bear witness, advocate for optimal health care, and must forgo final goodbyes. Not having access to their dying loved ones may put families at risk for complicated grief. Not being able to follow a path of least regret leaves many questions unanswered. Did their loved ones receive the best care possible? Were they in pain? What were they thinking about in those final weeks and days of life? Was someone with them when they died? As if that were not enough, the pandemic has meant that families must forgo community rituals of mourning. Funerals have been reduced to graveside services of 5 to 10 people, with live streaming alternatives the only option for those wishing to virtually pay their respects. After an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in 2002–2004, the SARS commission final report noted that ''those left behind had no opportunity to confront the reality of death and to honor the life of the deceased'' (p. 943), with the proviso that ''funeral rites must obviously carry lower priority than the need to contain the virulent public health threat'' (p. 942). [Funerals and the suffering of families. SARS Commission Final Report; Volume III. Spring of Fear. archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/sars/report/ v3-pdf/Vol3Chp5v.pdf] These distortions in the process of death and dying foreshadow similar distortions in the process of grieving, and could mean higher risk of various psychiatric morbidities such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation. The pandemic has seen health care providers being forced to engage in what some have called impoverished care, wherein the obligations toward patient care must be weighed against obligations for self-protection and that of one's family. A recent study out of China described the experiences of physicians and nurses with no infectious disease expertise recruited to care for patients with COVID-19. They reported exhaustion due to heavy workloads and protective gear, fear of becoming infected and infecting others, feeling powerless to handle patients' conditions, accompanied by a sense of being fully responsible for patients' well-being. The pandemic has seen health care providers confronting multiple concurrent deaths, moral distress, helplessness, and burnout. It is too early to say what complications, such as depression, Posttraumatic Distress Disorder (PTSD), substance abuse, or suicide, will manifest. With dignity under assault, now is the time to be mindful of the ABCD's of dignity-conserving care: A for attitude, B for behavior, C for compassion, and D for dialogue. Our research has shown that the way dying patients perceive themselves to be seem, reflective of health care provider attitude toward them, is the most ardent predictor of


The collection of essays in this volume spring from a two-day workshop we ran through the University of Warwick in the summer of 2016, a gathering that was itself the result of unlikely and unplanned convergences. We assembled in Venice as an assortment of North American and European literary scholars with a wide range of specialisations and period interests: contingency seemed, in fact, both our topic and inherent to our practice. But as the world rumbled in great leaps that summer towards political changes most of us could only fear, the sense that literary critics might be well-placed to discuss what could not be planned or anticipated felt strangely real. Our common ground was an interest in literary form, in how that might engage things being or being thought otherwise than they are, and in the history of this thinking as both a critical and a creative imperative. For some of us, this involved tracking the history of that thinking – at least back to the 1700s – for others, it involved a more theoretical, philosophical, or topological investigation into the properties of events in language and language as an event. There is a fair body of work about a topic adjacent to ours: that of literature and chance. That pairing is a paradoxical one. Events that appear by chance in literature are always planted there; accidents represented in fiction are by definition premeditated. Critics like Jesse Molesworth have shown this to be true for the eighteenth century, and Julia Jordan and Mark Currie have explored it for the twenty-first. Contingency, however, differs from chance in the way it brings temporality into focus, in the ways it can be modelled in language, and in the role it has played as a key term in debates about the reception of meaning. For most of the authors in this collection, its defining feature lies in the suggestion that things that have already happened might have been otherwise. This is what makes it so central to Niklas Luhmann's systems theoretical view of the modern world. In his terms, our worlds are characterised by the sense that even the things we take as given can be explored as systems that are made. The Anthropocene, marriage, the law: we populate


A proposal methodology using electrochemical techniques and carbon paste electrodes (CPE) were applied to evaluate the oxidation mechanisms of galena and identify secondary species on its surface, in a medium that simulates typical physicochemical environment of the calcareous soils. This study was conducted at the larger interval of potentials, carried out beyond that data reported in the literature. The secondary species were observed with scanning electron microscopy technique. The results showed that with the proposed methodology was possible evaluate to quickly the oxidation mechanisms of galena due to instantaneous formation of secondary phases on the galena mineral surface and a simulated medium. Galena (PbS) mineral is initially oxidized to sulfide intermediate species deficient in metal, followed by formation of a passive film of anglesite (PbSO4). The subsequent formation of cerussite (PbCO3) was carried out mainly by precipitation mechanism; meanwhile an electrochemical oxidation to cerussite occurs when the passive film of anglesite is dissolved from the galena surface. Finally, the formation of compact elongated structures with nanotubes shape was observed (likely phases of PbO 2 ) to more positive potentials (E λ+ ≥ 1.8 V).


This ethnographic research was performed at an Institute for rehabilitation and integration of people with Neurological Syndromes, the Instituto Veras, located in the Botafogo neighborhood of the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. The intention of this work is to demonstrate a vision about creating a world of people with Neurological Syndromes in a specialized place. Therefore, it aims to understand control techniques, educational and therapeutic methods, considering the forms of normalization and construction of the bodies produced in that Institute.


Background: This study was conducted to identify the level of gender sensitivity and gender equality consciousness among dental hygiene students and to confirm the necessity of gender equality programs in the curriculum. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was conducted with some dental hygiene students using the Gender Sensitivity tool and Korean Gender Egalitarianism Scale for Adolescents (KGES-A). Results: First, the gender equality consciousness of the students who took women ' s studies was high in the areas of educational life and socio-cultural life, and that of the subjects of grandparent families and Catholic was found to be high in the domestic life area. Second, the gender sensitivity of the subjects who took women ' s studies was found to be high in all sub-areas. In addition, the gender sensitivity of females was higher in the areas of sexual identity, non-violence, and self-reflection than that of males. That of 4-year college students was higher in the areas of sexual identity, openness to gender roles, and non-violence than that of 3-year college students. In addition, the gender sensitivity of Catholic students was high in the areas of sexual identity and openness to gender roles. Third, gender equality consciousness was found to have an effect depending on whether subjects took women ' s studies, family type, family type, and religion, and gender sensitivity was found to have an effect depending on whether subjects took women ' s studies or gender. Conclusion: Since dental hygienist is a profession that targets humans, education that can instill equal awareness and values of humans is important. To inspire gender sensitivity and gender equality consciousness in a prospective professional, it is necessary to conduct programs and education related to gender intelligence within dental hygiene curriculum.


This special edition originated in the 19th Annual Conference of the Women's History Network: Performing the Self: women's lives in historical perspective, held on the 10–12 September 2010 at the University of Warwick. Attended by 120 delegates from five continents over three days the conference explored the myriad of ways that women performed selfhood in past societies. The topics ranged across time, from medieval performances of gender and race to representations of the closing of the Greenham Common peace camp in 2002, and across place, incorporating women from Europe, America, Asia, Australia and Africa. The concept of performance is central to a number of fields including anthropology, psychology, linguistics, politics and theatre studies. This multi-disciplinary focus was reflected in the attendance from scholars across a variety of branches of the humanities and social sciences, including literature, art history, theatre studies and sociology. Although performance may be a contested concept, the variety of meanings of the term, across the disciplines, invited participants to view numerous realities and to interpret them in multiple ways. This focus on interdisciplinarity was also mirrored in the plenary papers. Professor of Politics,


A preliminary conceptual design of a space-based solar pumped iodide laser emitting 1 megawatt of laser power for space-to-space power transmission is described. A near parabolic solar collector focuses sunlight onto the t-C4F9I (perfluoro-t butyl iodide) lasant within a transverse flow optical cavity. Using waste heat, a thermal system was designed to supply compressor and auxiliary power. System components were designed with weight and cost estimates assigned. Although cost is very approximate, the cost comparison of individual system components leads to valuable insights for future research. In particular, it was found that laser efficiency was not a dominant cost or weight factor, the dominant factor being the laser cavity and laser transmission optics. The manufacturing cost was approx. two thirds of the total cost with transportation to orbit the remainder. The flowing nonrenewable lasant comprised 20% of the total life cycle cost of the system and thus was not a major cost factor. The station mass was 92,000 kg without lasant, requiring approx. four shuttle flights to low Earth orbit where an orbital transfer vehicle will transport it to the final altitude of 6378 km.


Nowadays, the processing of existing data sets from networks and climate models offer several possibilities for applications in different disciplines. These data can be used in different temporal and spatial resolutions and can be important for decision making also in terms of climate change discussion. But not only original climate data i.e. air temperature or precipitation are demanded from several disciplines and purposes. In addition, these allow us to process them and produce valid information for applied climatology or biometeorology, not only from the original data but also from processed data (a.e. calculation of thermal indices) (Matzarakis, 2007). The main advantages of these data (measured or modelled) can limit their use, because of the huge size and complexity of processing. Since the files are so huge, commonly used software packages cannot handle these data easily or the software is to expensive.


During the investigations solvent refining tests were conducted using co-solvents of different concentration as well as carrying out a reference process without a co-solvent. The laboratory stand used for modelling the technological process allowed to carry out the solvent refining continuously, simulating a production process in the petroleum rafinery lube oil plant. The feed stock used in the investigation was fraction obtained during petroleum vacuum distillation serving to produce a base oil. The investigation of the solvent extraction process was conducted using formamide as a co-solvent in the amount of 10% (m/m) and 15% (m/m). In addition, the extraction process without formamide was carried out as a reference process when comparing both the yield of the obtained raffinates and quality of the products received when a co-solvent was applied. In all the solvent refining tests the same technological parameters were applied. Basic physico-chemical properties of the produced raffinates were determined. It was found that despite using the same technological parameters in the extraction processes, changing only the proportion of co-solvent from 0 to 10% (m/m), raffinates of different yield and quality were obtained. The lowest yield was observed during the process in which only furfural was applied, i.e. in the reference process for those with the use of a co-solvent, and during that process a raffinate of 49.7% (m/m) yield was obtained. The highest raffinate yield – 72.2% (m/m) was obtained in the process with 10% (m/m) of formamide. In the process with 5% (m/m) of a co-solvent a raffinate of 62.5% (m/m) yield was obtained. When comparing the performances obtained, it can be stated that an addition of a co-solvent in the proportion of 5% (m/m) will cause 12.8% (m/m) increase in the amount of the raffinate obtained, and 10% (m/m) addition of a co-solvent will bring 22.5% (m/m) increase of the refining process yield. This increase in the raffinate output leaded to with the lowering of its quality in regard to all the investigated parameters.


Image segmentation is a primary step in many computer vision tasks. Although many segmentation methods based on either color or texture have been proposed in the last decades, there have been only few approaches combining both these features. This work presents a new image segmentation method using color texture features extracted from 3D co-occurrence matrices combined with spatial dependence, this modeled by a Markov random field. The 3D co-occurrence matrices provide features which summarize statistical interaction both between pixels and different color bands, which is not usually accomplished by other segmentation methods. After a preliminary segmentation of the image into homogeneous regions, the ICM method is applied only to pixels located in the boundaries between regions, providing a fine segmentation with a reduced computational cost, since a small portion of the image is considered in the last stage. A set of synthetic and natural color images is used to show the results by applying the proposed method.


The Providence College Glee Club sang to a capacity audience last Sunday afternoon at Newton College of the Sacred Heart. In its first joint concert of the year the Glee Club did a very creditable job of representing the college and gave promise of jvhat should be a most success-, ful season. The concert was held in the Newton College auditorium, a hall of remarkible acoustical qualities and included i wide variety of numbers ranging rom the religious Veni Jesu to the •ery popular ""Some Enchanted Eveling" from South Pacific. As the audience left the hall many vere overheard remarking on the alented offerings of Lucien Olivier. P. C.'s freshman baritone soloist who received an ovation after singing Gounod's "Aria" from Faust. Everett Morrison. '51. was the soloist of the second half of the program and was. as usual, very well rereived. He sang the difficult "Aria" from Pagliacci by Leoncavallo with great effect and stage presence. Mortimer Sullivan. '51. another recent addition to the college's completely renovated Glee Club, was outstanding in his rendition of Bach's Chorale, Jesus Joy, at the concert grand. The Reverend Leo S. Cannon. O.P.. directed the P. C. Glee Club and aftervards received the congratulations of nany of those present, including rep-esentatives of the Monsanto Chemical (Continued on Page 5)


Strategies to limit the detrimental impact of human population growth must seek not only to limit the number of humans on the planet but also to provide for the reservation of the biological diversity that population growth threatens to destroy. Balancing human numbers with biological support systems is the key to finding a sustainable future. Efforts to protect biological diversity can further the population debate by identifying the real effects and limits of population growth, and by identifying the relationship between biological degradation and human population growth.


In dynamic semantics three styles of quanti cation have been proposed that involve two di erent ways of interpreting free and quanti ed variables: (1) Variables as denoting single partial objects; (2) Variables as ranging over a number of alternative total objects. I will show that the rst view leads to problems of underspeci cation and the second to problems of overspeci cation. I will propose a new style of dynamic quanti cation in which variables are interpreted in a way that avoids these problems: (3) Variables as ranging over a number of alternative de nite objects (concepts). By relativizing quanti cation to ways of conceptualizing the domain, we avoid the cardinality problems which arise when we quantify over concepts rather than objects. 1 Quanti cation in Dynamic Semantics In dynamic semantics, sentences describe transitions across a space of information states. Information states are generally de ned as sets of possibilities (here worldassignment pairs) and meanings are state transitions. Updating with sentences may reduce the size of the states or may yield richer states. Atoms or negations narrow down the alternatives under consideration by eliminating the world-assignment pairs that do not satisfy the information contents of these sentences. Existentially quanti ed sentences instead add structure to the state by setting up new items as potential topics for further discourse: 9x adds x and selects a number of possible values for it; the fact that in the output state(s) x is de ned means that recurrences of x in later sentences can have the e ect of anaphoric reference. Information about variables is generally modeled in one of the following two ways: 1. Variables are interpreted as single partial objects. The introduction of new items is de ned in terms of global extensions that involve adding fresh variables and assigning them as possible values all elements of the universe of discourse. All of the values which variables can take are considered simultaneously. 2. Variables are taken to range over a number of total objects. The introduction of a new item is de ned in terms of individual extensions that lead to the states resulting from adding a variable and assigning it a single element of the This paper has grown out of Aloni 1997. Partial objects are the structured entities that constitute the interpretations of variables in information states. In Dekker 1993, they are de ned as functions that assign to each possibility in a state the value of the corresponding variable in that possibility. A partial object is called total if it is a constant function. In the picture below, the partial object corresponding to the interpretation of the variable x is represented by the vertical column below x.


O ne response to the history of Greek and medieval thought about the virtues might well be to suggest that even within that relatively coherent tradition of thought there are just too many different and incompatible conceptions of a virtue for there to be any real unity to the concept or indeed to the history. Homer, Sophocles, Aristotle, the New Testament and medieval thinkers differ from each other in too many ways. They offer us different and incompatible lists of the virtues; they give a different rank order of importance to different virtues; and they have different and incompatible theories of the virtues. If we were to consider later Western writers on the virtues, the list of differences and incompatibilities would be enlarged still further; and if we extended our enquiry to Japanese, say, or American Indian cultures, the differences would become greater still. It would be all too easy to conclude that there are a number of rival and alternative conceptions, but, even within the early Western tradition, no single core conception. The case for such a conclusion could not be better con-


The reconstitution of CD4+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) was evaluated in clinical cancer trials that involved the adoptive transfer of in vitro cultured autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in conjunction with IL-2. Reconstituting Tregs present in peripheral blood following adoptive transfer were phenotypically and functionally similar to conventional Tregs. Treatment of patients with non-myeloablative (NMA) chemotherapy in conjunction with total body irradiation (TBI) (n=46) prior to adoptive transfer lead to significantly lower levels of circulating Treg cells one to two weeks after cell transfer compared to patients who received NMA alone (n=24), both when evaluated as the percentage of T cells (median 0.98% vs 6.3%, P<.0001) as well as the absolute cell count (2.3/µL vs 45/µL, P<.0001). The intensity of TBI negatively correlated with Treg reconstitution. The frequency and absolute numbers of circulating Tregs one to two weeks post therapy was directly correlated to the number of administered IL-2 doses in the patients receiving NMA alone, but not in the patients receiving NMA plus TBI. Finally, the ratio of Treg cells to total CD3+ T cells was significantly lower in the clinical responders than in non-responders in both NMA (2.4% vs 16%, P<.01) and NMA plus TBI (0.56% vs 4.6%, P<.0001) groups. These findings suggest that strategies that limit Treg reconstitution may enhance clinical responses in cancer patients receiving adoptive immunotherapy.


Background: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) , which targets psychological flexibility, and illness perceptions i terventions, appear to improve quality of life in chronic disease. Purpose: To optimize interventions for muscle disor ders, after controlling for disability level, the relative influence of illness perception s and psychological flexibility on life satisfaction and distress was investigated. Methods: Data were collected via online questionnai res. Regression analyses examined relationships between disability level, psychologic al flexibility (experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion and valued living) and illness per ceptions, and outcomes (crosssectionally and 4 months later). Results: Illness perceptions and psychological flex ibility, but not disability level, were cross-sectionally associated with all outcomes. In prospective analyses psychological flexibility was most strongly associated with life satisfaction and anxiety; while illness perceptions were most strongly associated with depr ession. After controlling for variance in time 1 dependent variables, psychologic al flexibility alone was predictive of life satisfaction and anxiety at time 2. Conclusions: Targeting psychological flexibility ma y improve outcomes in muscle disorders.


Modern technology has completely changed the techniques of teaching and learning the language in addition to the instructor's role and learner's expectations from instructor. The instructor with the help of technology can revolutionize learning outcomes (Sharma, 2009). Students who want to learn English as a second language need to integrate all the main language skills to be more proficient and more successful (Ybarra & Green, 2003). For this purpose, they need to use modern technology and other aiding tools. These tools would make their learning interesting and motivating. It is a fact that modern technology has changed our lives altogether and it can be exploited to get desired results in teaching learning process as well. The technology has lessened the labour on the part of instructor and made the learner more resourceful and independent. The term New Technology is very vast and broad. It can facilitate communication and give access to the learning material in which computer is indispensable (Davies & Hewer, 2012). In addition to this there are many other software, tools and techniques that play a vital role in making teaching and learning process rapid and effective. In order to reap the fruit of modern technology, students need to have computer and internet literacy.


Three basin-sloping erosion surfaces, interpreted as submarine seismic sequence boundaries, are spectacularly exposed along the Guadalupe Mountains' western escarpment. Each surface has about 300 m of basin margin relief over 2 to 3 km and displays 30 to 80 m of local channeling and/or listric-shaped relief. The upper (post-Grayburg) and lower (post-Victorio Peak) surfaces truncate predominantly flat-bedded, shoaling-upward bank (or low-angle ramp) dolomite strata. The middle surface (post-Cutoff) locally cuts through the deep marine drape of 300 m relief of the 75-m thick Cutoff formation. The post-Grayburg surface is listric-shaped and truncates about 140 m of Grayburg in a basinward distance of 1.5 km. This post-Grayburg erosion surface marks a major change in Permian carbonate sedimentation from earlier bank strata to the steep foreslopes of 400 + relief of the Goat Seep-Capitan reef complex. Erosional retreat of the Grayburg and Victorio Peak bank margin may have been 100 m to 1 km or more. Evidence of submarine erosion includes deep marine facies directly overlying the erosion surfaces, the regional improbability of hundreds of meters of sea level lowering, and the lack of recognition of subaerial or coastal features. The erosion processes remain uncertain. Retrograde slumping is favored for the listric-shapedmore » post-Grayburg surface. Bottom-hugging density currents were likely important for the lower two surfaces and perhaps for all three surfaces. Bare and eroded slopes are increasingly being recognized in modern submarine environments. They are likely more abundant and important in the geologic record than has been recognized to date.« less


To facilitate the potential applications of organic solar cells (OSCs), highly cost-effective processing fabrication of solar cells and modules is an important prerequisite. However, process development has received little attention...


Alfven wave propagation in a helicon plasma is being studied in the Auburn Linear Experiment for Space Plasma Investigations. The helicon discharge provides the high-density plasma necessary to propagate Alfven waves. Shear Alfven waves are produced in this discharge by means of an inductive coil positioned to oscillate the magnetic field perpendicular to the background field lines. The waves are detected by means of a second inductive coil positioned down the plasma column. Initial investigations demonstrate the propagation of shear Alfven waves within the plasma through the localization of the oscillations along the magnetic-field lines and the expected phase velocity of the waves.


The present medical institution cooperate each other, such as specialty skills or regional peculiarity. However, when disasters, such as an earthquake, an institution may not have function as a medical institution and the balance of the medical service at the time will usually unstable. Restoring medical service, each medical institution also becomes to be stable. In this research, we express relation of the medical institutions as a medical network. Moreover, we get the simulation of the degree of relation of a medical institution. By expressing a medical network, it becomes clear where it needs medical services. And it becomes possible where we should focus to advance restoration by medical network simulation. Keywords-queue; simulation


Abstract Coke formation on preoxidized iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) specimen was studied in a 15% methane-hydrogen gas (CH4-H2) atmosphere at 1,00°C by thermogravimetry. Ground specimen of different surface finish were investigated also. An accelerated heterogeneous reaction resulted when the Fe specimen were preoxidized, resulting in a heavy coke deposition. This resulted from formation of an active "metallic" surface generated by the reduction of preoxidized scales. For Ni specimen, acceleration resulting from preoxidation was small. The different surface activities between the preoxidized Fe and Ni specimen were not attributed to the different surface areas. Based on the test results, a practical remedy to alleviate deposition of coke in high-temperature cracking environments was proposed.


Of 60 patients with mitral stenosis referred as proper candidates for commissurotomy, less than half (27) proved suitable after further study. One half of these (13) had a good postoperative result as judged not only clinically but by objective physiologic measurements. The latter represent the best criteria for the effects of surgery since subjective impressions may be unreliable. Eight subjects originally advised to undergo surgery would now be rejected inasmuch as myocardial insufficiency and not mitral block was their predominant difficulty. Clinical criteria appear as yet inadequate for the selection of the proper candidate for mitral commissurotomy, as there is no good clinical means of establishing in every instance the presence of pulmonary hypertension which remains the best evidence of a significant degree of mitral block.


Digestion of cellulosic biomass solids to form a hydrolysate may be conducted with integrated catalytic reduction during digestion to transform soluble carbohydrates in the hydrolysate into a more stable reaction product. Such integrated catalytic reduction may be conducted using a slurry catalyst. Biomass conversion systems for performing integrated catalytic reduction can comprise: a hydrothermal digestion unit that contains a slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen; an optional hydrogen feed line that is operatively connected to the hydrothermal digestion unit; and a fluid circulation loop comprising the hydrothermal digestion unit and a catalytic reduction reactor unit, the catalytic reduction reactor unit also containing the slurry catalyst.


The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing that it has issued an order in the form of a letter to W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc., reclassifying the nonabsorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) surgical suture intended for use in soft tissue approximation and ligation, including cardiovascular surgery, from class III (premarket approval) to class II (special controls). Accordingly, the order is being codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).


This paper introduces the conception,origin and development of safety culture.The main research orientations are summarized based on the current research and application of safety culture at home and abroad,and the major research methods are enumerated by literature review.


The balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) has been seen as important during tumor invasion and progression. The determination of these components needs a special strategy of tissue preparation. This analytical problem has not been considered for prostatic tissue.


The paper scrutinizes the conceptual descriptions and evaluation of sustainable development of Uzbekistan with the status quo of economic analyses and its sectoral overview as whole. As the objectives, descriptions of the concept of sustainable development are analyzed and classified through current theoretical views. Furthermore, analysis the systematic view of the dimensions of sustainable development is provided while methods of systematic scientific literature analysis, general and logical analysis, comparison and generalization were used for the research. Investigation concludes with sustainability issues with analyzes and solution on the system levels where they develop and manifest themselves, one can consistently formulate respective aims of the sustainable development policy for separate dimensions (economic, ecological, social, and institutional) of sustainable development on each of these levels of economic development policy, thus obtaining the complex of the aims of sustainability policy.


The present invention discloses a method for implementing a call queuing for multi-session, which includes: receiving a session call initiated by a user terminal, obtaining the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) address of the session call; according to the URI address, determining whether there is already an another session call initiated by the user terminal corresponding to the URI address, and if there is, allocating the same call identifier as that of the another session call to the session call; and queuing according to the allocated call identifier. The present invention also correspondingly discloses an application server and a system for implementing a call queuing for multi-session. The present invention enables to perform multiple sessions in a call process at the same time. Therefore, the call queuing method allows selecting appropriate service mode between the user terminal and the agent according to situation at any time, improves the first call resolution rate of the call center and the user satisfaction effectively, and saves the network resources.


Plant physiology is an important course for life science speciality.With the aim at the plant physiology theoretical and practical characteristics,educational reform measures such as developping students′ interests in plant physiology,planning teaching contents well and combining multifarious teaching methods were introduced to improve teaching effect.


Single-pass flow-through (SPFT) tests were conducted to study the effects of aqueous organic material on the dissolution kinetics of synthetic sodium meta-autunite, Na{sub 2}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 2}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2}] 3H{sub 2}O, as a function of pH ( 7 -10) and temperature (25 ? 70 C). System conditions were identical except for the chemical composition of the buffer which consisted of either the organic 0.05 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) buffer, or the inorganic 0.1M ammonium hydroxide (NH{sub 4}OH) buffer solution. Both systems exhibited an increase in the release rates of uranium with increasing pH and temperature. However, the release of uranium was 10-1000X greater in the presence of aqueous organic material. Additionally, saturation limits for secondary uranyl-phases were typically met under inorganic conditions, but rarely achieved within the organic environment. The results highlight the importance of aqueous organic material and secondary uranyl-phases on the long-term fate of uranium in the environment.


The possibility that desiccation tolerance in mosses may be dependent on an ability to process species of activated oxygen was investigated using the tolerant sand-dune moss Tortula ruraliformis (Besch.) Grout and the sensitive minerotrophic flush species Dicranella palustris (Dicks.) ex. E. F. Warb (D. squarrosa (Starke) Schp.). Mosses were desiccated in low and high irradiance and responses of these plants compared to those of dark-desiccated and hydrated control plants


Van Heuven and Haan (2000, 2002) did experimental work investigating the functional hypothesis that phonetic/prosodic interrogativity marking is stronger in inverse proportion to the (number of) lexico-syntactic markers used for the expression of a particular question type. If statements (ST) are taken as the unmarked structure, wh-questions (WH) signal interrogativity by means of both inversion and a wh-word, yes/noquestions (YN) by means of inversion alone and declarative questions (DE) have no special lexico-syntactic means to signal interrogativity. Hence, the functional hypothesis was that the prosodic signalling of interrogativity would be stronger for DE-questions, less so for YN-questions and even less so for WH-questions, as illustrated by the sequence in (1).


Abstract: Our ten-year study examined the association between compassionate love (CL)—other-centered love, as well as compassionate self-love, and spiritual coping (SC)—the use of spirituality (connection to a Higher Presence or God) as a means to cope with trauma, and gender differences in 177 people living with HIV (PLWH). In a secondary data analysis of six-monthly interviews/essays, we coded five criteria of CL and rated the benefit of CL giving, receiving and self for the recipient. Synergistically, we rated longitudinal SC based on coding of 18 coping strategies. Overall, mean CL towards self was very high, followed by CL receiving and giving, while mean SC was moderately high. Women, in comparison to men, perceived higher benefit from SC and giving CL to others. Overall, CL towards self had the strongest association with SC, more pronounced in women than in men. Beyond gender, only CL for the self was a significant predictor of SC. Although there was a moderate association between SC and the perceived benefit from giving CL, after controlling for gender, this association was present in men only. Conversely, receiving CL from others yields a stronger association with SC in women than in men. Women perceived to benefit significantly more from SC and giving CL to others compared to men, whereas no gender differences were found on perceiving benefit from receiving CL from others or oneself. In conclusion, although women perceive more benefit from giving CL to others than men, this does not explain the higher benefit from SC among women. Ultimately, both men and women perceive to benefit more from SC the more they


The first zoeal stage of Heptacarpus rectirostris (Stimpson, 1860) is re-described and illustrated in detail from laboratory-hatched material. The first zoea of H. rectirostris is more closely related to that of H. futilirostris than to H. camtschaticus, H. pandaloides, and H. geniculatus by having the pterygostomial spine and two anteroventral denticles on the carapace. The former two species, however, can be readily distinguished by the presence (H. futilirostris) or absence (H. rectirostris) of the posterolateral spine on the abdominal somites 4-5. A provisional key to the first zoeas of Heptacarpus for which larval studies are known from Korea and adjacent waters is provided. A list of larval descriptions within the Hippolytidae from Korea and adjacent waters is also included.


This thesis depicts the tourists' rights regarding the usage of aviation and evaluates their level and effectiveness. Air passengers may sign a contract with air companies or travel organizations but its proper execution can be breached or overturned without their liability or consent. Acute irritating situations before, during or after the flight, in the fields of an individual or organized air trip, such as death or injury of a passenger, loss, detriment or destruction of his baggage, delay or cancellation of flight and denial of embarkation, destroy tourists' plans and cause damages, hardship and inconvenience.


Semantic image segmentation is a basic street scene understanding task in autonomous driving, where each pixel in a high resolution image is categorized into a set of semantic labels. Unlike other scenarios, objects in autonomous driving scene exhibit very large scale changes, which poses great challenges for high-level feature representation in a sense that multi-scale information must be correctly encoded. To remedy this problem, atrous convolution[14]was introduced to generate features with larger receptive fields without sacrificing spatial resolution. Built upon atrous convolution, Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP)[2] was proposed to concatenate multiple atrous-convolved features using different dilation rates into a final feature representation. Although ASPP is able to generate multi-scale features, we argue the feature resolution in the scale-axis is not dense enough for the autonomous driving scenario. To this end, we propose Densely connected Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (DenseASPP), which connects a set of atrous convolutional layers in a dense way, such that it generates multi-scale features that not only cover a larger scale range, but also cover that scale range densely, without significantly increasing the model size. We evaluate DenseASPP on the street scene benchmark Cityscapes[4] and achieve state-of-the-art performance.


THE STATEMENT is frequently made that transformational generative grammar is closer in its concerns to traditional grammar than to structural linguistics. In his Cartesian Linguistics, Chomsky sketches the linguistic theories of the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries —"Cartesian linguistics"—which provide the historical and intellectual foundations for traditional grammar. His aim is not to explain modern linguistic theory, but rather to place contemporary linguistics within its proper philosophical tradition. He attempts to characterize the central ideas of the Cartesian period and demonstrate their relevance to modern linguistics. A basic notion of the Cartesians, among whom Chomsky includes Descartes, Cordemoy, the Port-Royal grammarians, and Humboldt, is that the creative aspect of language cannot be explained in mechanistic terms, and an adequate theory of language must account for this fact. Humboldt's attempt to develop a theory of general linguistics reflects the Cartesian emphasis on the creative aspect of language. The Cartesians also recognized the distinction between the underlying structure of a sentence and its surface form. The Port-Royal grammarians seem to be the first to formulate, and realize the inadequacies of, the concept of phrase structure. Perhaps the central notion of the Cartesian period is that the underlying forms of language are universal. Differences among languages are explained by the fact that each language maps the deep structure into the surface structure in its own way. Although transformational grammar has developed independently of Cartesian rationalism, the conclusions of the two traditions are much the same. Rather than a mere cataloguing of data, both the Cartesians and transformationists attempt to