The present paper is mainly aimed at introducing a novel notion of stability of nonlinear time-delay systems called Rational Stability. According to the Lyapunov-type, various sufficient conditions for rational stability are reached. Under delay dependent conditions, we suggest a nonlinear time-delay observer to estimate the system states, a state feedback controller and the observer-based controller rational stability is provided. Moreover, global rational stability using output feedback is given. Finally, the study presents simulation findings to show the feasibility of the suggested strategy.


Abstract. Introduction. Validity and reliability evaluations of the Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (EQ-i: YV[S]) with children and adolescents from different countries have shown variations in the structural model proposed by Bar-On. Objective. To examine the psychometric properties of EQ-i: YV[S] with a Colombian' sample. Method. We randomly selected a sample of 1355 children and adolescents between 8 and 14 years old (Mage = 10.80; SD = 1.41). We conducted exploratory (n1 = 416) and confirmatory (n2 = 939) factor analyses (EFA, CFA), reliability, internal consistency, and predictive validity. Results. The EFA explained 27.6% of the variance. The AFC indicated a multidimensional structure with four factors and 21 items obtained the best fit (χ2 = 334.358; df = 183; RMSEA=0.030; CFI=.951; TLI=944; NFI=.899) with acceptable internal consistency (ω = .57,.75). EQ-i: YV[S] factors explain 18.5% of the observed variance in problem-centered coping scores. Conclusions. The psychometric fit of the inventory supports evidence of its usefulness for screening processes in clinical or educational assessment.


Preparation of zero-dimensional and one-dimensional nanostructures of polyaniline (PANI) were achieved by using swollen liquid crystals (SLCs) as 'soft' templates. The monomer (aniline) was first entrapped in SLCs by replacing the oil phase (cyclohexane) with a mixture of aniline and cyclohexane. Zero-dimensional nanostructures of PANI were obtained by thorough mixing of APS with the mesophases. One-dimensional nanostructures were prepared by allowing slow diffusion of APS through the mesophase. PANI nanostructures were extracted from the mesophase and were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and conductivity measurements. A plausible mechanism for the formation of the nanostructures has been proposed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40800.


Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a generic term used to describe a heterogeneous condition, as it is a single overall diagnosis, incorporating deficits that impact academic achievement. Rather than limiting learning disorders to diagnoses particular to reading, mathematics and written expression, the DSM criteria describes the shortcomings in general academic skills and provide detailed specification for the areas of reading, mathematics, and written expression (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5 2015). Several researchers have investigated that the individual with SLD encounter severe learning problems and have difficulty in scholastic achievements due to working memory deficits specifically in visual and spatial memory (Mammarella, Daniela Lucangeli, and Cesare Cornoldi, 2010).


tured the growth trajectory of the republic. The second is that the liquidation of the Anglo-Argentine Connexion liberated the republic from foreign exploitation, but Peronism was prevented from implementing its full programme which was subsequently sabotaged after 1955. The resolution of this debate depends heavily on the correct identification of the class basis of Peronism, and the two Argentine volumes under review reflect this preoccupation in current research. Murmis and Portantiero argue that in the decade before 1943 the group with the most radical industrial programme was none other than the ruling oligarchy, though one cannot help wondering if their policy was more clearly articulated merely because they were the ones in power. The second essay divides Argentine trade unionism into three categories: old unions founded well before 1943 (railways, printing, state employees); new unions formed after 1943 (chemicals, electrical engineering, tobacco); parallel unions created after 1943 but in industries with a pre-existing trade union structure (textiles, metallurgy). It is suggested that at critical moments of early Peronism such as 17 October 1945 only the new and the parallel unions took to the streets in support of Peron. In volume 2 Skupch gives an interesting synthesis of the decline of British hegemony, though with only a dozen references to the voluminous documentation in the Public Records Office in London. Panaia and Lesser suggest that military direction of industry between 1943 and 1947 imposed a narrowing influence which prevented the industrialization from matching national requirements more widely conceived. All four essays are offered in a tentative and cautious spirit but the overall thinking is unsympathetic to Peronism which is viewed as central in distinguishing Argentina, not only from other Latin American republics, but also from other nations which emerged from the Atlantic Economy with growth rather than stagnation as their normal condition. Yet there is a danger of the current focus on Peronism becoming an obsession, and it is good to have Professor Ferns' reminder that there are other approaches to the study of this enigmatic country.


Part 1 Regional Perspectives: Debt, Democracy and Neoliberalism in Latin America, M. Foley The Changing Political Economy of the Caribbean, M. Demar Centralisation and Delayed Capitalism in Subsaharan Africa, A.T.K. Gadzey State, Petroleum and Democratisation in the Middle East and North Africa, M. Dorraj The Political Economy of Growth in Southeast and Northeast Asia, R.F. Donner and G. Hawes The Changing Political Economy of China, R. Gamer. Part 2 Issues: Foreign Aid in the 1990s, J. Newark The Third World Agenda in Environmental Politics, M.A.L. Miller The (Un)changing Political Economy of Gender, Z. Arat.


We are the first to provide empirical evidence on di erences in the individual costs of job loss for migrants compared to natives in Germany. Using linked employer-employee data for the period 1996-2017, we compute each displaced worker's earnings, wage, and employment loss a er a mass layo in comparison to a matched, nondisplaced, control worker. We find that migrants face substantially higher earnings losses than natives due to both higher wage and employment losses. Di erences in individual characteristics and di erential sorting across industries and occupations can fully explain the gap in wage losses but not the employment gap a er displacement. Laid-o migrants are both less likely to become reemployed and work fewer days than laid-o natives. In terms of channels, we show that i) migrants sort into worse establishments and ii) migrants' slightly lower geographic mobility across federal states may explain part of their lower re-employment success; iii) our results suggest that competition from other migrants, rather than natives, negatively contributes to migrants' costs of job loss.


Currency depreciation is said to worsen the trade balance before improving it, hence the J-curve phenomenon. Since introduction of cointegration and error-correction modelling, researchers have tried to distinguish the short-run effects of currency depreciation from its long-run effects. A few studies that have investigated the experience of Malaysia, have relied upon aggregate trade data and have found no strong support for a significant relation between the real value of the ringgit and the Malaysian trade balance. In this article, we disaggregate the data by country and consider Malaysia's bilateral trade balance with her 14 largest trading partners. Using bound testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modelling, we provide some support for the J-curve hypothesis.


The complexing constant for hexacyano-iron complexes, both Fe(2) and Fe(3), are exceptionally large. The derived transition metal salts or double salts containing alkali metal ions are only slightly soluble. The various nickel compounds examined in this study, i.e., those predicted to have been formed in the Hanford waste scavenging program, are typical examples. In spite of their relative stability towards most reagents under ambient conditions, they are all thermodynamically unstable towards oxidation and react explosively with oxidants such as nitrate or nitrate salts when heated to temperatures in excess of 200{degree}C. 42 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.


Dentistry played an important role during World War (WW) 1 and WW 2. The significance of military dental treatments was not recognised initially, but during the first years of WW 1, the commanders realized well its importance. With progressing the war the need for organised military dental service became more and more emphasised. Both WWs had a considerable effect on dentistry, as novel methods (e.g. in oral surgery), materials and tools were implemented during this era. Dentistry developed rapidly throughout the years of the WWs and the improvement continues in our days too.


In essence, the intellectual property right is exercised by permitting an authorized use of the copyrighted works. The technological innovation of...


The recent research work on single polymer composites based on polyethylene and polypropylene are reviewed. The traditional preparation methods, melt impregnation, powder impregnation, and solution impregnation are compared with novel sophisticated ones, hot compaction and co-extrusion-hot compaction. The inefficient traditional methods resulted in low fiber volume fractions and thus low mechanical properties. For the hot compaction method, because using neat fiber as the precursor, high efficiency and mechanical properties can be achieved, however, the processing window is narrow, only a few degrees. In contrast, the co-extrusion-hot compaction method may achieve both a high efficiently and a wide processing window, however, the mechanical properties are somewhat lower. In addition, the applications of the single polymer composites are introduced.


Supernumerary teeth (SNTs) refer to extra teeth over normal numbers. SNTs can influence adjacent teeth and structure. Therefore, it is important to find SNTs before they cause problems and to decide when to extract them. Etiology of SNTs has not exactly been found, but it has been proposed that genetic and environmental factors are associated. SNT appears as a single unit in most cases and multiple SNTs usually occur as a part of a syndrome. Non-syndromic multiple SNTs are rarely seen. This report is to document the occurrence of multiple supernumerary premolars in a father and his three sons. Heritage is an important factor in SNT development so familial history is important for early detection of SNT.


In the process of human aesthetic awareness,aesthetic transference and philosophical abstraction has a natural thought convergence.Aesthetic empathy,which is in the real position of aesthetic appreciation,is the "perfusion of life "from aesthetic subject to object.Aesthetic empathy carries not only strong subjective characteristics of emotional experience,but profound philosophical connotation in abstract logical thinking as well.Abstraction is the thinking foundation of aesthetic empathy,while aesthetic empathy is the objective evidence of philosophical abstraction.


Abstract One characteristic of Brazilian neo‐Pentecostal ministries that draw on the Faith Movement is an accentuation of performative and metonymic linkages between supernatural power and ritual. While sharing elements with a broader transnational Faith movement, this Prosperity theology and its associated practices emerge out of the contemporary sociocultural context of Brazilian 'popular' religions as they relate to a consumer economy. The paper addresses the role of particular kinds of objects and material media in the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Such symbolic media configure a distinctly Pentecostal projection of local‐global relations. The analysis also considers an example of temple architecture and the construction of a Biblical theme park by the Universal Church in Rio de Janeiro. The symbolic and metonymic treatment of physical space builds up connections between believers, temporality, certain forms of historicity, and sacred geography in a way that resonates with other activities in the Church.


Background.  The purpose of this study was to compare delivery mode and neonatal outcome in breech pregnancies diagnosed antepartum (Dx group) with those diagnosed on admission for delivery or intrapartum (No‐Dx group).


Along with the rapid development of science and technology, the need for fast and accurate information is needed by every company. To manage information requires good and sophisticated technology. The technology needed is not only in the form of hardware (Hardware) and also in the form of software (Software), but has great value for those who use it. One of the support to make it happen is to process company data using a computerized system. In this research method, the method used is the waterfall method as a pattern of system development. until now has not been computerized, while the information system is very supportive and provides satisfying services for customers. For this reason the author discusses the design of a sales information system at the Sono Snack Shop with a program that facilitates the shop. The design of this information system is the best solution to solve the problems that exist in this store, and with a computerized system can be achieved an activity that is effective and efficient in supporting the activities of this store.


ABSTRACT The transnational climate movement mobilized massively around the 2015 Paris Climate Summit (COP21) – despite a growing consensus within the movement that the UN was unable to solve the climate crisis. Extensive ethnographic fieldwork is the basis for exploration of the profound effect this consensus had on the movement around and beyond COP21. Firstly, it facilitated a historic degree of unification within a previously divided movement, around a desire to focus less on influencing official negotiations, although the degree to which negotiations should be ignored, and what actions should focus on instead, created new cleavages. Secondly, organizers experienced that mobilizing around a summit whilst trying to ignore it is problematic, thus limiting strategic options and presenting an 'efficacy dilemma'. This, finally, limited the movement's success, and fueled desires for a transnational climate movement beyond COPs. Whether those desires can be realized without the organizational benefits of summit mobilizations remains unanswered.


The pre-precipitation processes of γ' and γ'' intermetallic phases and their effects on age hardening processes in an alloy 718 have been examined in relation to both solution treatment and aging temperature. The results were analyzed mainly in terms of the behaviors of quenched-in excess vacancies as well as constituent atoms of γ' and γ'' precipitates, Ti, Al and/or Nb, around as-grown dislocations. Dislocation dipoles linked to each other formed remarkably during the early stage of aging in the specimen solution-treated at higher temperature. The dislocation dipoles disappeared almost simultaneously with the initiation of γ' and/or γ'' precipitations, and eventually age hardening started. In the specimen solution-treated at the lowest temperature the most rapid age hardening occurred due to the γ' and γ'' intragranular precipitations under the adequate migration of the constituent atoms without the formation of the dislocation dipoles. The initiation of precipitation hardening in the early stage of aging was confirmed to depend greatly on the behavior of the constituent atoms associated with the excess vacancy migration around as-grown dislocations. It is concluded that the formation of dislocation dipoles suppresses the γ' and or γ'' precipitations due to the segregation of the constituent atoms to the dislocation dipoles, and the mechanisms of the segregation and dissipation of the constituent atoms around the dislocation dipoles are discussed.


A simple, highly efficient and ecofriendly approach for the preparation of biologically potent pyranopyrazoles and 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones are described here. A Ti-grafted polyamidoamine dendritic silica hybrid catalyst was successfully synthesized, and its catalytic performance was studied in two important multicomponent reactions such as Biginelli reaction and pyranopyrazole synthesis. Studies demonstrate that the crystalline pore wall structure of the dendritic silica hybrid catalyst makes adsorption of reactants easy. Combining the Lewis acidic and Lewis basic properties of the silica surface facilitates and accelerates the synthesis of the desired products in high yields. The key advantages of the present method are the excellent yield of the products, low catalyst loading, shorter reaction times, facile work-up, and purification of the products by non-chromatographic methods and the reusability of the catalyst.


I was quite pleased to learn that a respected scholar of Chinese history, Mark Elvin, had written a review essay of my book The Uniqueness of Western Civilization (2011). Elvin's estimation is that Uniqueness is "an alpha-delta book--with some very good and some unnervingly bad components." He sees a "fundamental cleavage" between those who explain the rise of the West in terms of some deep-seated quality in Europe's culture going back to ancient times, and those who stress "conjunctural" developments, "numerous historical currents of significantly different characters," and "relatively short-lived but world-transforming" episodes. The manner in which Elvin words these two approaches suggests that his sympathies are closer to the latter; though he would have us believe that he is a reasonable and fair-minded judge. Having read and cited some of Elvin's work, I would say that his intellectual frame is socialistic, materialistic, secular, and multiculturalist. All of us have cultural biases, so let me concede that I prefer the West to any other civilization. At the same time, my book cites over 850 different sources in its effort to demonstrate the uniqueness and superiority of the West. This is not a task much welcomed in our current academic establishment, where students are regularly taught that "diverse" cultures are pretty much equal in value. In this world, writing that the West is superior is deemed "extremist"--apart from the evidence. Elvin refers to those on the "Eurocentric" side of this debate as "the uncompromisingly pro-European cultural extremists," whereas he distinguishes "the extreme proponents of the other [revisionist] perspective" from the more reasonable, and liberal-minded proponents (like him). Elvin calls one of my arguments "dangerous." After a meager sentence on the "alpha" side of the book--"Duchesne probably wins most of his case on economic issues relating to the comparison between Europe and China, even if only narrowly"--he dedicates the entire review to the "delta" components. I will reply seriatim to his main criticisms: 1. Elvin challenges all my central arguments explaining how and why the West was unique, yet he barely cites any words from what is a 500+ page book. Of the nine occasions in which he cites short phrases or one-line sentences, five come from the two-page Preface. The five sentences from the Preface are the basis of his most critical remarks, which consist in large measure of words taken (sometimes verbatim) from his earlier publications, i.e., a chapter in Hans Ulrich and Gunter Dux (2010), a chapter in Carrithers, Collins and Lukes (1985), and a "Comment" in Bernholz and Vaubel (2004). It is almost as if Elvin had already formulated a refutation of my book years before it was published! 2. I never argued that anthropology was inherently flawed as a discipline per se. I explicitly praised as uniquely Western the anthropological idea that all cultures should be studied from a "universal" (or less Eurocentric perspective) with "equal respect and liberal-mindedness." I criticized anthropologists for attacking the Western Enlightenment as "ethnocentric," in that they don't even pause to reflect on the fact that their own discipline is Western. I asked, for example: "Is not the emphasis on cultural pluralism a form of universalism that requires modes of reflective reasoning (metacultural, historical, and anthropological) that are/were unavailable in other cultures and that threaten/have threatened the particular traditions and standards of diverse cultures?" (19-31, 32). 3. Elvin wonders whether I am "advocating creationist idealism" in criticizing evolutionary materialism. To the complete contrary, I dedicated two whole sections, "The Exclusion of Sociobiology," and "Progress and the State of Nature," to argue that the same evolutionary materialists who stress the material conditions of life (geography, biodiversity, technology, relations of production, etc. …


Title TRUE Gene silencing法を用いたcyclin D1の発現抑制による頭頸部扁平上皮癌細胞の増殖抑制 [論文内容及び 審査の要旨] Author(s) 飯塚, さとし Citation 北海道大学. 博士(医学) 甲第11650号 Issue Date 2015-03-25 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/58861 Rights(URL) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.1/jp/ Type theses (doctoral abstract and summary of review) Note 配架番号:2132 Additional Information There are other files related to this item in HUSCAP. Check the above URL. File Information Satoshi_Iizuka_abstract.pdf (論文内容の要旨)


Abstract Eichmeier A., Baranek M., Pidra M. (2010): Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogeny of partial coat protein domain in Czech and Italian GFLV isolates . Plant Protect. Sci., 46 : 145–148.The genetic diversity of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) was evaluated in 4 isolates sampled from naturally infected grapevines from South Moravia (Czech Republic) and 2 Italian isolates from Bari (Italy). Conserved regions within sequences in databases were found and new primers corresponding to these regions were designed and tested for RT-PCR amplification of the CP codifying region. After sequencing of obtained amplicons the similarity of isolates was analysed via alignments of sequences and by means of dendrograms. Keywords : Grapevine fanleaf virus ; grapevine; coat protein; sequence Abbreviations : RT-PCR = reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; CP = coat protein; MP = movement protein; 3'-NCR = non-coding region; VPg = genome-linked viral protein; nts = nucleotides Grapevine fanleaf virus


Investments in public transportation in Texas contribute to the state and local economy by improving transportation options, which in turn creates benefits for individuals, businesses, and governments. Many different agencies provide public transportation services in Texas. Each of these agencies buys goods and services on an individual basis. The purpose of this research is to quantify the purchasing power of public transportation in Texas and to estimate the economic impact on state and local economies. The research also documents how cooperative purchasing can leverage buying power to reduce the cost of equipment, goods, and services and reduce the time and expense for administration of procurement activities for public transportation providers. Case study examples illustrate opportunities for public transportation providers to leverage buying power through cooperative purchasing.


RUCTOSE FOUND IN SUCROSE AND HIGH-FRUCTOSE CORN syrup,bothofwhichcontainroughlyequalamounts of glucose, has been the subject of intense debate. Products containing fructose are preferred by consumers and cooks over those containing only glucose, owing to the intrinsically greater sweetness of fructose and its abilitytoimprovetheappearanceandtextureofbakedgoods. As a result, sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup are added not just to sodas, energy drinks, and sports drinks favored by adolescents and adults but also to juice drinks consumed by infants and toddlers and to snacks, processed meats, sauces, and many other foods consumed by people of all ages.


These three components of a symbolic competence should lead teachers to view language and culture, that is, grammar and style, vocabulary and its cultural connotations, texts and their points of view, as inseparable. In turn, language learners should slowly understand that communicative competence does not derive from information alone, but from the symbolic power that comes with the interpretation of signs and their multiple relations to other signs. REFERENCES


This article examines the interlinkages between rural credit and other agrarian structures. The research is based on primary field survey data which is classified on the basis of labor-exploitation criteria and acreage grouping. The research shows that pre-capitalist relations substantially withered away primarily due to state intervention for land and agrarian reform under the Left Front Government. It also found the operation of market mechanisms (instead of personalized relations) in the determination of informal rates of interest and an inverse association with collateral value. This is reflected in the declining value of the weighted average interest rate (WARI) with ascending class status. Furthermore, it found that the WARI without collateral is lower than the WARI with collateral, the latter being confined only to lean seasons and emergency. An incidence of high interest rate is related to low marketable collateral and vice versa.


Semi-autonomous driving is a huge technological step, but it also introduces a range of new challenges. Real-time control, selection and development of hardware platform, data transfer and development of algorithms are just a small collection of technical challenges to fully take advantages of such a system. The focus of this paper is analysis of some aspects of semi-autonomous driving, the corresponding limitations and the way ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) 5G networks allow to overcome them.


In different hydrothermal conditions, the dissolving mechanism of Al, Si, and Ca ions in PFAH2O, PFANaOHH2O, PFACa(OH)2H2O system have been systematically studied by using the instrumental analysis methods of spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that temperature, time and the amount of OH- are the main factors influenced the dissolubility of fly ash; The dissolving ratio of SiO2 have been calculated in PFACa(OH)2H2O system at 100 ℃, 12 hours. The dissolving ratio of SiO2 of high calcium high sulfate fly ash is higher than that of common fly ash. The dissolving ratio of SiO2 may be a method describing the reactivity of PFA; the reaction between PFA and Ca(OH)2 may be a topochemical reaction.


The program says that this is going to be the history and status of APL\360. It will mostly be the history of APL, and I think that is reasonable because APL\360 is part of the history. I suspect that there will be many other APL\something-or-others before too long. Most of you know that the whole thing was started by Ken Iverson. You may not know that he started it as far back as 1957 when he was teaching at Harvard, and there were certain motivating factors then which it seems have consistently threaded through the rest of the history of APL until now, and I would like to mention what I consider to be the three main lines of continuity, as it were.


Objective The aim of the present study is to compare the accuracy in using laboratory data or clinical factors, or both, in predicting probability of dying within 7 days of hospice admission in terminal cancer patients. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 727 patients with terminal cancer. Three models for predicting the probability of dying within 7 days of hospice admission were developed: (i) demographic data and laboratory data (Model 1); (ii) demographic data and clinical symptoms (Model 2); and (iii) combination of demographic data, laboratory data and clinical symptoms (Model 3). We compared the models by using the area under the receiver operator curve using stepwise multiple logistic regression. Results We estimated the probability dying within 7 days of hospice admission using the logistic function, P = Exp(βx)/[1 + Exp(βx)]. The highest prediction accuracy was observed in Model 3 (82.3%), followed by Model 2 (77.8%) and Model 1 (75.5%). The log[probability of dying within 7 days/(1 − probability of dying within 7 days)] = −6.52 + 0.77 × (male = 1, female = 0) + 0.59 × (cancer, liver = 1, others = 0) + 0.82 × (ECOG score) + 0.59 × (jaundice, yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.54 × (Grade 3 edema = 1, others = 0) + 0.95 × (fever, yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.07 × (respiratory rate, as per minute) + 0.01 × (heart rate, as per minute) − 0.92 × (intervention tube = 1, no = 0) − 0.37 × (mean muscle power). Conclusions We proposed a computer-assisted estimated probability formula for predicting dying within 7 days of hospice admission in terminal cancer patients.


Electron distribution functions have been calculated from a powerful numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation in the case of a positive column of low-pressure Hg — rare-gas discharge. The most important electron-atom collisional processes occurring in the plasma have been taken into account (elastic collisions, inelastic collisions including excitation, direct and stepwise ionizations, and also superelastic collisions). Coulomb interactions as well as atom-atom collisions leading to the creation of new electrons in the discharge (Penning reactions and Hg metastable-metastable ionizing collisions) are also considered. Then a comparative study of numerous methods of electrondistribution-function determination available in the literature has been carried out in the case of a Hg-Ar mixture followed by a discussion on the influence of several collisional processes on the electron-distribution-function calculation. The influence on the distribution-function calculation of the rare gas (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, or Xe) mixed with Hg has also been discussed in the case of a lowpressure positive-column fluorescent lamp discharge. I. INTRODUCTION The aim of kinetics modeling of metal-vapor-rare-gas lamp discharges, which is a necessary complement to experimental investigations, is to predict the optimal operating conditions of these devices. The operating conditions of low-pressure lamp discharges are generally dependent on several external parameters such as tube diameter, discharge current, partial pressure of metal vapor, and also composition and pressure of buffer rare gas. Among the basic quantities required for discharge modeling, the electron energy distribution is probably one of the most important because electrons are responsible for most energy-transfer phenomena in the gas and therefore for light produced by the discharge. For these reasons and also in order to avoid some more or less important errors in the determination of the parameters depending directly (e.g., reaction rates) or indirectly (e.g. , densities of electron and excited species) on electron distribution, it is preferable to evaluate the electron-distribution function as precisely as possible. In the literature, numerous studies have been devoted to the determination of electron energy distribution in the positive column of fluorescent lamps. The easiest way to obtain electron energy distribution is to assume an a priori shape (Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, two-group distribution, etc. ) However, the drawbacks of these usual approximations of electron energy distribution, concerning more particularly the distribution tail, are well known (see, e.g. , Ref. l). Another way to determine the electron energy distribution — different from the usual experimental method based on differentiation of Langmuir probe characteristic which is, however, not precise enough — is


From sites B and E in the DEV model, a closed circuit can be made in which the active sites of trypsin are found. In the presence of a substrate, the hydrophobic amino acid sequence near to the cleavage site of the substrate enters into the trypsin closed circuit. This closed circuit is considered to be a channel for information transfer. Information transfer can start from anywhere in the molecule and enters into the closed circuit. The mode of transfer is unique to biological catalysis, in contrast to chemical catalysis which operates by a one way transfer of information.


Early neurological worsening is common in minor subcortical strokes (SS) and may lead to a poor outcome. We aimed to describe clinical and imaging features associated with progression.


Breast density descriptors were estimated from ultrasound tomography (UST) and digital mammogram (DM) images of 46 anthropomorphic software breast phantoms. Each phantom simulated a 450 ml or 700 ml breast with volumetric percent density (PD) values between 10% and 50%. The UST based volumetric breast density (VBD) estimates were calculated by thresholding the reconstructed UST images. Percent density (PD) values from DM images were estimated interactively by a clinical breast radiologist using Cumulus software. Such obtained UST VBD and Cumulus PD estimates were compared with the ground truth VBD values available from phantoms. The UST VBD values showed a high correlation with the ground truth, as evidenced by the Pearson correlation coefficient of r=0.93. The Cumulus PD values also showed a high correlation with the ground truth (r=0.84), as well as with the UST VBD values (r=0.78). The consistency in measuring the UST VBD and Cumulus PD values was analyzed using the standard error of the estimation by linear regression (σE). The σE value for Cumulus PD was 1.5 times higher compared to the UST VBD (6.54 vs. 4.21). The σE calculated from two repeated Cumulus estimation sessions (σE=4.66) was comparable with the UST. Potential sources of the observed errors in density measurement are the use of global thresholding and (for Cumulus) the human observer variability. This preliminary study of simulated phantom UST images showed promise for non-invasive estimation of breast density.


To learn Chinese is the basis for foreign students to understand Chinese culture while a better knowledge of the culture can help them to appreciate the cultural connotations of the Chinese language.So the Chinese Culture Course to foreign students is necessary.The teaching proves that the contents need to be appropriate,the language be simple and easy to accept if good communication with the students is expected.And to enhance the culture identity of the foreign students,it is of necessity to be better carried out with self-study by the students themselves,combining interesting contents,understanding of the culture and language learning as a whole.


On the platform of LabVIEW,using CLFN to call dynamic link library(DLL) is a good method.Generally the DLL has no parameter to input.How to write and call dynamic link library with inputting parameters,by means of a real example,is discussed in this paper in order to extend its functions.


On average, women still earn considerably lower wages than men in all OECD countries. This is confirmed by the recent OECD Employment Outlook 2012. A measure of unequal pay for women compared to men is the so-called gender pay gap. It is reported as the difference in the median earnings of men and women relative to the median earnings of men. Table 1 presents the gender wage gaps for selected years and OECD countries. The numbers refer to the gross earnings of full-time employees.


Background

The normal knee kinematics during asymmetrical kneeling such as the sitting sideways remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify in vivo kinematics during sitting sideways of normal knees.
Methods

Twelve knees from six volunteers were examined. Under fluoroscopy, each volunteer performed a sitting sideways. A two-dimensional/three-dimensional registration technique was used. The rotation angle, varus-valgus angle, anteroposterior translation of the medial and lateral sides of the femur relative to the tibia, and kinematic pathway in each flexion angle was evaluated.
Results

Bilateral knees during sitting sideways showed a femoral external rotation relative to the tibia with flexion. Whereas the ipsilateral knees showed valgus movement, and the contralateral knees showed varus movement. The medial side of the contralateral knees was more posteriorly located than that of the ipsilateral knees beyond 110° of flexion. The lateral side of the contralateral knees was more anteriorly located than that of the ipsilateral knees from 120° to 150° of flexion. In the ipsilateral knees, a medial pivot pattern followed by a bicondylar rollback was observed. In the contralateral knees, no significant movement followed by a bicondylar rollback was observed.
Conclusion

Even though the asymmetrical kneeling such as sitting sideways, the knees did not display asymmetrical movement.


The present invention relates to a butting contact method for forming a semiconductor memory device. In the present invention, in forming the butting contact of the semiconductor memory device, it characterized in that the dry etching in-situ process using an etchant for the hard mask layer and the lower control gate layer of the same etching. It has the etching selectivity ratio is low characteristics for the etch teuneun the material hard forming a mask layer forming material and the control gate layer film, cloth, does not induce undercut at the boundary portion of the conductive layer and mask layers to obtain good profile It can be so. Then, by using the etchant with the type of one etched 1 can be shorter than the overall processing time because by etching the hard mask layer and the control gate layer to step process, the generation of particles also can minimize the productivity and reliability of the semiconductor device, more can be improved. Semiconductor, butting contact, and the floating gate, control gate, ONO


The"Man-orientation" principle has been a common concern in collegiate education. The characters of ontemporary undergraduates drive teachers to adapt and improve their educational methods. One of the ways to improve the quality of education is to introduce the inspiration principle of Organizing Behavior Theory into the education. Through a cientific application of the four inspiring elements: goal, emotion, example and organization, teaching will become more efficient and more productive in education. However, some rules must be followed in order to put these inspiration principles into practice and virtually get students inspired.


According to the demand of IPTV service's development,it is necessary to improve on managing the IPTV terminal effectively.Based on the existed IPTV terminal management system,the ping diagnosis and traceroute diagnosis through script are designed,and the fault diagnosis capability on set-top box's terminal side is carried out.The test result showes that the ping diagnosis and traceroute diagnosis fit the terminal management platform's needs,and satisfies the IPTV terminal management system with fault diagnosis capability.


Objectives/Hypothesis: Surgery is considered to be the mainstay of treatment for glomus jugulare tumors. A subset of patients are poor surgical candidates based on age, medical problems, tumor size, or prior treatment failure. The purpose of this study was to review our results with stereotactic radiosurgery (gamma knife treatment) in this group of patients, with particular attention to adverse reactions and symptom relief.


The purpose of this essay was to see how the construction of elderly immigrants as a problem in healthcare and elderly care has been described in the relevant literature. In the course of doing so I tried to answer the following questions; What is said to be the expected problems or difficulties in work with eldely immigrants? How are the expected members of the problemgroup defined and identified? Whos perspective dominates the description of the problem, the users or the investigators? These questions were hard to answer and I had to conclude that the problem was not clearly defined; there was only an assumption of a problem. This, however, has not been a hindrance in the category of elderly immigrants being claimed to be a group with problems that need research and further investigation. The dominating perspective is that of the investigators as they are the ones who define and identify who is a part of the problemgroup.


First-order shear deformation theories, one proposed by Reissner and another one by Mindlin, are widely in use, even today, because of their simplicity. In this paper, two new displacement based first-order shear deformation theories involving only two unknown functions, as against three functions in case of Reissner's and Mindlin's theories, are introduced. For static problems, governing equations of one of the proposed theories are uncoupled. And for dynamic problems, governing equations of one of the theories are only inertially coupled, whereas those of the other theory are only elastically coupled. Both the theories are variationally consistent. The effectiveness of the theories is brought out through illustrative examples. One of the theories has striking similarity with classical plate theory.


FRENCH CROSS, SWEEP TURNING 1⁄2 RIGHT, TOUCH, TRIPLE FORWARD 1-2 Step right forward, step left forward &3-4 Turn 1⁄4 left and step right foot to side, left step across right, turn 1⁄4 right and step right foot forward 5-6 Sweep left foot around turning 1⁄2 right, left toe touch next to right 7&8 Step left forward, right step behind left foot in 3rd position, step left forward 1-8 Repeat previous 8 counts


The known pathological changes in Q fever are sparse and relatively nonspecific. The most conspicuous pathological findings are confined to the lung,1and, although recently granulomas have been described in the liver,2in general other organs show even less specific findings. In a fatal case of Q fever the bone marrow has been described as showing an increase in fat and a depression of the myeloid element,3while in another case it was found to have a relatively normal erythromyelopoietic series.1Lillie et al. have described small nodules of lymphocytes and "vague nodules of epithelioid cells and fragmenting leukocytes in the splenic pulp and bone marrow of monkeys."1 Recently, in sections made from a bone marrow clot in a case of Q fever, the authors encountered changes believed to be an angiitis. Report of a Case A 32-year-old white man entered the hospital on Feb.


MCP gene of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus(ISKNV)of Siniperca chuatsi was sequencedThe open reading frame of the gene is 1362 nucleotide long,encoding a putative protein of 453 amino acids with 4961 kDThe 5'noncoding region has a TATA box and CAAT motifAlignment of amino acid sequences and a phylogenetic tree of MCP genes of the iridoviruses had been constructedThe results indicated that the group of iridoviruses(including ISKNV,red sea bream iridovirus,sea bass iridovirus,grouper iridovirus and African lampeye iridovirus)that produce hypertrophic cells in the lamina propia,epidermis and within organs such as spleen and kidney are different from the viruses of the genus Ranavirus and Lymphocystivirus


Until recently, the interaction between language and religion as topics relevant to bilingualism or multilingualism has been relatively little explored, although there is an extensive body of research on religious language. This chapter first provides an overview of earlier work, much of it on the translation of sacred texts into various languages. Past research has also identified the linguistic consequences of the spread of various religions, particularly with respect to choice of ritual language and orthographic systems. The language use patterns and practices historically characteristic of different religious traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Quakerism, are reviewed. The chapter then describes the linguistic effects of missionary activity in several postcolonial settings, concentrating mainly on those pertaining to Christian groups. Other recent research has examined the linguistic consequences of linkages between regionally prominent languages and dialects and religious practice in diverse international locations. Relationships between immigration and language maintenance and shift in religious domains are also discussed. The chapter concludes by noting that recent political events, interest in conversion efforts of religions other than Christianity, and growing recognition of the academic legitimacy of the field of language and religion predict a likely increase in applied linguistic research in this area.


The article presents the author's approach to understanding the essence of mental modeling. It also presents defined phasing, timing modes and procedural characteristics of psychological counseling in the resource modeling. Within the time modes there are allocated and briefly described the nine types of mental modeling: from a more or less adequate to the type of destructive. On the basis of this scheme there is a carried out analysis of the situation of psychological counseling. It describes the steps, methods and results of the work with the client.


This paper addresses the problem of real-time speaker change detection in broadcast news, in which no prior knowledge on speakers is assumed. Our speaker segmentation is a "coarse to refine" process, which consists of two stages: pre-segmentation and refinement. In the pre-segmentation stage, a new approach based on Gaussian mixture model-universal background model (GMM-UBM) is proposed to categorize feature vectors into three sets, i.e. reliable speaker-related set, doubtful speaker-related set and unreliable speaker-related set, in order to enhance the effect of the reliable speaker-related feature vectors. Then potential speaker change boundaries are detected based on a novel distance measure. In the refinement stage, incremental speaker adaptation (ISA), which is suitable for real-time requirement, is proposed to obtain considerably precise speaker models so that the potential speaker change boundaries can be confirmed and refined. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach yields satisfactory performance.


The building sector accounts for almost 40 percent of the global energy consumption. This reveals a great opportunity to exploit renewable energy resources in buildings to achieve the climate target. In this context, this paper offers a building's energy system embracing a heat pump, a thermal energy storage system along with grid-connected photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors to supply both electric and thermal energy demands of the building with minimum operating cost. To this end, the paper develops a stochastic model predictive control (MPC) strategy to optimally determine the set-point of the whole building's energy system while accounting for the uncertainties associated with the PVT energy generation. This system enables the building to 1-shift its electric demand from high-peak to off-peak hours and 2sell electricity to the grid to make energy arbitrage.


In order to study the discharge mechanism of SF6 from micro point of view,this paper establishes the fluid model of SF6 discharge by particle continuity equation coupling poisson equation,which is solved by finite element method.Among the equations,the particle equation is established by electron,positive and negative ion continuity equation.The ionization,adsorption,compound and spread among charged ion and neutral gas molecules are taken into consideration.The simulation result shows that there are three stages of SF6 discharge: electron avalanche;electron avalanche transformed into streamer;streamer discharge.


The impact of grit grade and source on the seed germination, early morphology and health of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) germinants and on soil pH was investigated in a greenhouse trial. Seed germination, germinant morphology and health were best in the coarse (2.0-6.0 mm) grits, and grit source had no effect. Germination percentage, germinant size and number of healthy germinants were lowest in the fine (0.2-2.0 mm) grits, and there was significant variation among grit sources. The pH of the soil was increased in three grit sources within this grade, and in one by nearly two pH units. Results for the mixed (0.2-6.0 mm) grits were closer to those obtained for the coarse grits for all variables except soil pH, but grit source effects were significant. The pH values for this grade were almost identical to those obtained for the fine grits.


Acute diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality to children around the world, due to heavy dehydration and fluid loss. The prevalence of using antibiotic in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea is still high but the accuracy of using antibiotic is still low events requires precision of therapy to suppress the morbidity. One aspect relating to this is the rationality of its antibiotic use. The purpose of this study is to know the description of the use of antibiotic and the rationality evaluation of antibiotic use on pediatric patients with acute diarrhea at inpatient care faculty of RSUD Kardinah Tegal City period 2016.
This research is a non-experimental research. Data were collected retrospectively and analyzed descriptively. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. 68 data of medical records were obtained. This research was conducted by evaluating the rationale use of antibiotic use based on the proper indication, proper medicine, proper dosage, proper medicine delivery and proper length of medicine delivery. Data obtained compared to Hospital Formulary and World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guidelines (WGO 2012).
The results showed that of 68 patients, the antibiotic use on pediatric patients with acute diarrhea at inpatient care facility of RSUD Kardinah Tegal City period 2016 is Ceftriaxone by 20,59%, Cefotaxime by 50% dan Metronidazol by 1,47%. Evaluation in use of antibiotics on pediatric patients with acute diarrhea according to Hospital Formulary is 100% and according to World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guidelines (WGO 2012) is proper indication by 85,29%, proper medicine by 85,29%, proper dosage by 91,18%, proper medicine delivery by 100% dan proper length of medicine delivery by 97,05%.
Keywords : Acute diarrhea, antibiotic use, rationality evaluatios, pediatric patients.


The use of bale shaving facilities containing geese symbols and some accessories in them in the implementation of ceremonies especially mamukur in Bali and of course contain the philosophy in them. Based on the results of the study can be described as follows: The shape of the goose is a type of large poultry, which can sort food and be considered purified animals and placement behind the shaving bales. There are several functions of the swan symbol in the bale shave in the mamukur ceremony which can be obtained, among others: the religious function consists of two, namely; function in scale, as a means for placement of puspasarira. The noetic function, as a means of delivering Sang Hyang Atma to the natural world or achieving deliverance. In addition to the function of religion, it also has a cultural function which is an art that has been inherited by the ancestors which implies philosophy and local wisdom. The last function of the swan symbol in the bale shave is the aesthetic function which refers to the concept of satyam (truth), siwam (purity), sundaram (beauty).


. The purpose of vocational education is to cultivate high-quality skilled talents suitable for the needs of society. Practice teaching is an important teaching method to improve students' practical ability and operational skills, and it is the process of testing students to apply theoretical knowledge to practice. In order to comprehensively improve the practical ability of students majoring in software technology in higher vocational colleges, aiming at the deficiency of the current practical teaching mode, this paper puts forward the mode of integrating competitive projects into the practical teaching of professional courses, and verifies the mode with a practical project case. The verification conclusion is that the practical teaching mode can effectively improve the students' ability of comprehensively applying various knowledge and teamwork ability. The practical ability, independent learning and thinking ability play a positive role in enhancing students' employmentcompetitivenessandimprovingteachers'teachingandresearchlevel, whichprovidesanewideaforthepracticalteachingofsoftwarecourses.


Crovalimab (RO7112689) is a novel anti-human C5 antibody engineered with Sequential Monoclonal Antibody Recycling Technology (SMART Ig)(Fukuzawa et al., Sci Rep. (2017) 7(1):1080), resulting in significant half-life extension and enabling infrequent SC dosing using small volumes (1mL - 4mL) in C5 mediated diseases. To establish pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), safety, efficacy, and optimal dose of crovalimab, we conducted a four-part adaptive clinical trial (Figure 1) in healthy volunteers (Part 1), treatment naïve PNH patients (Part 2, Part 4) and in eculizumab pre-treated patients (Part 3, Part 4). The conventional PK metrics to determine optimal target inhibition is drug concentration, however this has some limitations when considering an abundant fluctuating soluble target such as C5. Therefore, we proposed to characterize C5 inhibition by quantifying the level of crovalimab free paratopes (i.e. the concentration of free crovalimab antigen-binding sites not bound to C5) and to illustrate how it can be used to estimate the available binding capacity reserve of crovalimab.
 Total crovalimab concentration, free C5 and total C5 protein levels (measuring free C5, C5 bound to one crovalimab Fab arm, or two C5s bound to the two crovalimab Fab arms) were measured using validated assays. In assuming steady state conditions at every measurement time for the binding of crovalimab with C5 (due to the rapid binding of C5 with crovalimab), a mathematical model based on law mass action principle was used to describe the equilibrium between free C5, free crovalimab and crovalimab bound to one or two C5 molecules. Available crovalimab free paratope was estimated from the model in using total C5 and total crovalimab concentrations collected in the COMPOSER trial. Paratope level was expressed in C5-binding ability concentration equivalent (i.e. how much additional C5 could be bound). Relationships between total concentration time course, free C5 and available free epitopes were evaluated using graphical analysis. To complement these analyses and using the mathematical model, a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify key antibody properties driving the level of available free crovalimab paratopes.
 In COMPOSER Part 2, the longitudinal time course of crovalimab free paratope concentration (Figure 2) shows that 170mg SC weekly provided a median reserve of free paratopes that allows binding around 120µg/mL of additional C5 corresponding approximatively to two times the baseline C5 levels observed in Part 2 (i.e. 129µg/mL). Therefore, if the level of C5 in the circulation doubled from baseline, e.g. during infection, there would be a sufficient binding capacity to block the activity of these new C5 molecules at least for 75% of the patients (Figure 2). In COMPOSER Part 3, the observed median reserve of free paratopes was lower during the first 60 days after crovalimab initiation (Figure 2). This is driven by the remaining presence of eculizumab and the binding of both crovalimab and eculizumab to C5. Eculizumab and crovalimab bind different C5 epitopes and switching patients from eculizumab to crovalimab induces formation of drug target drug complexes (DTDC). DTDCs clearance was estimated to be ten times faster than crovalimab-C5 complexes clearance resulting in a drop of free paratope level during the first 60 days. Washout from eculizumab is not feasible in PNH patients. To increase the availability of crovalimab free paratopes after switching, crovalimab dose and regimen was optimized and is currently tested in COMPOSER Part 4 (Figure 1).The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the main driver of free paratopes availability were the recycling efficiency of free crovalimab after endocytosis and the clearance of crovalimab while the affinity of crovalimab to C5 had little effect.
 Free paratope concentration enables characterization of available binding reserve of crovalimab. The capacity to adequately control C5 increase due to the SMART-Ig engineering is expected to result in a better control of breakthrough hemolysis in PNH patients compared with an antibody without this technology. For soluble targets, this approach provides more stringent criteria than antibody concentration as it defines the capacity of the drug to bind free target at any time. Therefore, this metric should prove helpful in guiding dose selection for monoclonal antibodies binding a soluble target.

 Sostelly: F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Soubret:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment, Equity Ownership. Bucher:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Buatois:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Charoin:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Jordan:Roche Diagnostics GmbH: Employment; F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Equity Ownership. Klughammer:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag: Employment, Equity Ownership. Dieckmann:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Fukuzawa:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Employment. Gotanda:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Employment. Shinomiya:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Employment, Patents & Royalties: (WO2018143266) A PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR USE IN THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF A C5-RELATED DISEASE AND A METHOD FOR TREATING OR PREVENTING A C5-RELATED DISEASE. Yoon:Kyowa Hako Kirin: Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Genentech, Inc.: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy; Yuhan Pharma: Research Funding; MSD: Consultancy. Panse:Alexion: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Blueprint Medicines: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MSD: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Boehringer Ingelheim: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chugai: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Nishimura:Chugai: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alexion: Honoraria, Research Funding. Röth:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Alexion: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bioverativ: Consultancy, Honoraria; Apellis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Nagy:Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Peffault de Latour:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; Alexion: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.


We propose a natural model of evolving weighted networks in which new links are not necessarily connected to new nodes. The model allows a newly added link to connect directly two nodes already present in the network. This is plausible in modeling many real-world networks. Such a link is called an inner link, while a link connected to a new node is called an outer link. In view of interrelations between inner and outer links, we investigate power-laws for the strength, degree and weight distributions of weighted complex networks. This model enables us to predict some features of weighted networks such as the worldwide airport network and the scientific collaboration network.


3D streamer image in a resistive plate counter (RPC) were taken by using a glass RPC, an image intensifier and a CCD camera. Observations were simultaneously made for self-discharge in top and side view, operated in the streamer mode with various gas mixtures(Ar/butane/HFC134a). The analysis of the streamer image might be useful for us to design the pickup strip width for the readout. We report on a shape of the streamer in the top and side view as a function of gas mixing ratio.


In this paper, stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are used to model ultra-wideband (UWB) indoor channels. We show that the impulse responses for timevarying wireless channels can be approximated in a mean square sense as close as desired by impulse responses that can be realized by SDEs. The Expected Maximization and Extended Kalman Filter are employed to recursively identify and estimate the channel parameters and states, respectively, from online received signal measurement data. The state variables represent the inphase and quadrature components of the UWB channel. Both resolvable and non-resolvable multipath received signals are considered and represented as small-scaled Nakagami fading. The proposed models together with the estimation algorithm are tested using UWB indoor measurement data and the results are presented.


Summary Autoprothrombin I, autoprothrombin II, and autoprothrombin II-A have been derived from bovine prothrombin and concentrated. Autoprothrombin I is formed when thrombin is used to activate prothrombin which has been chromatographed on IRC-50 or diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The activation is inhibited by calcium ions, and goes more rapidly as the alkalinity is increased up to pH 9.7. During the activation the liberation of acidic groups predominates over that of the basic groups. In activation mixtures proline, alanine, threonine and valine were found as N-terminal amino acids. The activity was identified with a fraction that contained N-terminal valine, but an alteration can be made with IRC-50 so that the activity is all retained with a change in N-terminal amino acid. The activity is tentatively ascribed to a molecule that has a sedimentation constant of 3.8 in an ultracentrifuge. The autoprothrombin I was found to be soluble in ammonium sulfate solution at 50% of saturation and precipitated when the salt concentration is at 70% of saturation. There was very little loss of activity associated with drying from the frozen state at pH 8.0. Acetone precipitation destroyed the activity, and acidification predisposed to a loss in activity. All prothrombin preparations we have worked with develop autoprothrombin I activity in the presence of platelet factor 3 and calcium ions, but not, if the calcium ions are not there. The solubility of the protein is the same as when obtained by thrombin activation or by separation from serum. Autoprothrombin II is formed when purified thrombin is used to activate non-chromatographed prothrombin. The activation is inhibited with calcium ions, and there is a pH optimum between 7 and 8. During activation nonbuffered solutions become acidic. The activity is identified with a fraction in which the N-terminal amino acid is proline and the C-terminal amino acid is tyrosine. The activity was concentrated in a fraction that was practically homogenous upon ultracentrifuge analysis. The sedimentation constant is near S = 3.7 (tentative). The activity is easily precipitated at 50% of saturation with ammonium sulfate. No activity was lost upon dialysis or drying from the frozen state around pH 7 to 8. The concentrates with autoprothrombin I activity are precipitinogenic against antiprothrombin and anti-bovine serum. The autoprothrombin II of serum is also precipitated at 50% of saturation with ammonium sulfate. Autoprothrombin II-A is an anticoagulant that was found to be closely related to autoprothrombin II in physical chemical characteristics. The anticoagulant had arginine as N-terminal amino acid and tyrosine as C-terminal amino acid. After IRC-50 resin chromatography the autoprothrombin II-A protein was found to be changed and had autoprothrombin II activity, N-terminal proline and C-terminal tyrosine. The autoprothrombin II-A activity was retained during dialysis and during drying from the frozen state. The sedimentation constant found with the ultracentrifuge was 3.8. The activity was also found in concentrates from serum. Autoprothrombin II corrects the recalcified clotting time of PTC deficient plasma. Hemophilia A blood clots rapidly with autoprothrombin II. The recalcified clotting time of hemophilia A plasma is also brought to the normal range with concentrates of autoprothrombin II. In general the prothrombin utilization does not seem to be increased when the procoagulant is added to hemophilic blood or plasma.


Células-tronco embrionárias em neurologia – ensaios clínicos atuais sobre transplante em doença de Parkinson e doença de Huntington Dear Editors, We read with interest the manuscript published by Batista et al. 1. These authors added very important information regarding the field of restorative neurosurgery. Here we want to extend the scope of current perspectives by further recent and interesting information on clinical trials in Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's (HD) diseases. Since 1987 an estimated 450 patients with PD and HD have been transplanted stereo-tactically with human fetal mesencephalic tissue 2,3. Clinical outcome has been variable, ranging from case reports of PD patients dropping out medication following transplantation up to negative results in two prospective FDA-approved randomized double-blinded sham-controlled trials. Analyzing the results across studies, it became apparent that accurate, unambiguous processing was needed for efficient cell isolation, transplantation and follow up, in performing centers, instead of using different protocols; however few efforts have been made to standardize the procedure. In 1994 a Network of European CNS Transplantation And Restoration (NECTAR) was founded, aimed at a concerted effort to develop efficient, reliable, safe and ethically acceptable transplantation therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Parkinson's and Huntington's disease (nectar-eu. net). NECTAR's aimed to bring together European groups who share the common goal of protecting, repairing and restoring the central nervous system damaged through degen-erative disease or injury, it celebrated its 20 th anniversary in 2010 in Freiburg at the annual network conference. Many NECTAR members are involved in TRANSEURO – a European FP7 research consortium created with the principal objective of developing an efficient and safe treatment method for Parkinson's disease suffering patients using fetal cell based transplants, starting a new human transplantation trial. In accordance with the TRANSEURO PD transplantation program, selected patients should be aged between 30 and 60 years, be in an early to moderate disease's stage (more than 4 but less than 10 years) with a DOPA or Apomorphine significant positive motor response and no serious co-morbidities. A comprehensive list of criteria can be found in transeuro.org.uk. We presented last year a comprehensive guide of the necessary pre-operative preparation, and a detailed surgical protocol with state-of-the-art technical modalities for PD and HD neuronal transplantation 2. The clinical experience gained in PD has been transposed to Huntington's disease. A Phase II multi-centric European study for the treatment of HD with intracerebral fetal neuron transplantation was initiated in 2001 4. …


Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a rare malignant tumor of soft tissue. It occurs preferentially in adolescents and young adults. CCS shows a predilection forthe deep soft tissues of the lowerextremities close to the tendon and aponeuroses which is associated with a high propensity of local recurrence and distant metastases. The histogeneous source is uncertain, which restrained the establishing of a practical prognosis system and an appropriate treatment strategy. Early diagnosis and extensive excision were crucial to improve the prognosis of clear cell sarcoma. The tumor size was related with metastasis, and it was a key factor on tumor prognosis. There was no supportive evidence on the therapeutic effectiveness of chemotherapy in the treatment of clearcell sarcoma. This review summarized the recent progress on the pathological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis analysis of clearcell sarcoma.


Summary: The cardioprotective effects of betaxolol were studied in a rat model with heart failure induced by autoimmune myocarditis. Twenty‐eight days after immunization, Lewis rats were divided into four groups; 0.1 mg/kg betaxolol per day (group 0.1), 1.0 mg/kg betaxolol per day (group 1), 10 mg/kg betaxolol per day (group 10), and vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose, group V) (all groups, n = 13). After oral administration for 1 month, the heart weight, the mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in the left ventricle, the plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration, the mean blood pressure, the heart rate, the central venous pressure, the peak left ventricular pressure, the left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure and its first derivative ±dP/dt, and the area of myocardial fibrosis were measured. Betaxolol reduced the heart rate, the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide mRNA expression and the atrial natriuretic peptide concentration [group N (normal rats), 367 ± 4 beats/min, 100%, 100% and 78 ± 7 pg/ml, respectively; group V, 391 ± 9 beats/min, 761 ± 68% versus group N, 317 ± 42% versus group N and 4374 ± 312 pg/ml, respectively; group 0.1, 387 ± 10 beats/min, 621 ± 78%, 288 ± 41% and 2875 ± 331 pg/ml, respectively; group 1, 323 ± 9 beats/min, 442 ± 84%, 148 ± 12% and 884 ± 51 pg/ml, respectively; and group 10, 312 ± 8 beats/min, 97 ± 18%, 92 ± 9% and 453 ± 53 pg/ml, respectively], and increased survival (group V, 62%; group 0.1, 69%; groups N, 1 and 10, 100%). Betaxolol did not significantly alter the heart weight, the hemodynamic parameters or the area of fibrosis. These observations suggest that betaxolol may improve the survival rate by reducing sudden death and changing the atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide mRNA expression in patients with heart failure.


Because of the advantages of dealing with large-scale unlabelled data, unsupervised learning has recently attracted more attention for person re-identification. Particularly, the combination of the unsupervised learning paradigm with contrastive learning shows promising efficiency in network optimization. This work adopts the successful camera-aware contrastive learning approach and further explores its capability on the camera proxy level to improve the data pair consistency. Thus, it is more robust to the camera change, which still challenges the unsupervised person re-identification. This work proposed a Camera Proxy-based Contrastive Learning framework, which explicitly considers inter-camera scenario and intra-camera scenario. Moreover, this work is motivated by the strategy of selecting a hard negative sample in triplet loss learning and further extends it to contrastive learning for both negative and positive pair creation on the camera proxy level. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework over state-of-the-art approaches on purely unsupervised re-identification.


DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131583 Department of General, Vascular, and Transplantation Surgery (Nawrot I, Ciąćka T and Szmidt J), 2nd Department of Clinical Radiology (Rowiński O), Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Banacha 1a, Poland Correspondence to: Ireneusz Nawrot, Department of General, Vascular, and Transplantation Surgery, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Banacha 1a, Poland (Tel: 48-22-5992467. Fax: 48-22-5991502. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com) Clinical practice


In the Reversed Field Pinch experiment RFX a highly sheared E×B flow is observed in the edge region, with shear value close to the value required for turbulence suppression or reduction. Recent observations have shown that almost 50% of particle flux due to turbulence is due to intermittent events which tend to cluster during magnetic relaxation phase. These events have been associated in RFX to vortex like structures whose rotation direction depends on the local value of the mean E×B flow shear.


The Norwegian national curricula for primary and secondary education are currently undergoing reforms, which will be implemented from 2020. The underlying documents regarding the reform are studied in this article, and conclude that learners should be provided with beneficial conditions to develop values and knowledge to manage their lives well. An essential notion is 'deep learning' whose implication seems to be acquisition of more in-depth knowledge and understanding of subject areas. The present article argues that learning is about making connections, whether it be noticing connections between isolated subject areas, or, perhaps, between theoretical concepts and practical tasks. Further, the article argues that interdisciplinary approaches extend knowledge as they typically work across subject areas and support learners in discovering disciplinary connections. Claims are made that interdisciplinary strategies have the capacities to facilitate various learning styles, motivation and variation. Such facilitations are required in education that is democratic and which targets all learners. Hence, the article argues that interdisciplinarity and deep learning are concepts that work together, and in which critical thinking and creativity are core elements. The argumentation is based on the four official documents NOU 2014:7, NOU 2015:8, Report to the Storting 28, The Standing Committee on Education, Research and Church Affairs' recommendation to the Storting 19 S, as well as, data findings discussed in a master study which discusses teachers' perceptions of interdisciplinarity and learning.


The radio control system based on the three elements antenna array with noise suppressionfunction is considered. Using of three elements allow to narrow the sector of space reviewing and to simplifythe block diagram. The proposed system provides suppression of the noise by means of simple technicalmeans including situation, when frequencies of the noise and useful signal coincide


This paper analyzes the fiscal and administrative mechanisms of the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century. The author tries to explain the reasons for the high level of poll tax collection. He argues that in the eighteenth century, one of the main conditions for the stable operation of the fiscal and administrative system was the presence of efficient non-state tax collectors, in place long before the reforms of Peter I. To substantiate this point of view, the author reconstructs the fiscal history of the odnodvortsy, smallholders with an intermediary status between the nobility and the peasantry. After odnodvortsy were added to the direct tax census, state tax collectors became too few in number and unable to control them and collect taxes efficiently. This is explained by the fact that odnodvortsy did not have the peasantry's tradition of mutual help and refused to redistribute the tax burden of insolvent smallholders among unrelated families. However, the government's development of the bureaucratic apparatus in the eighteenth century failed to address the fiscal problem of odnodvortsy properly.


Tuberculosis (TB) is a rare cause of biliary stricture that is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Patient present with obstructive jaundice, which may be confused with hepatobiliary malignancies. Suspicion of the disease with knowledge and awareness and establishing tissue diagnosis along with advent of image guided FNAC, endoscopic brush cytology and PCR testing of bile, diagnosis of hepatobiliary TB can be made without the need of laparotomy. Biliary TB is a potentially curable condition when diagnosed preoperatively requiring antituberculosis therapy & avoiding surgery [1]. Surgery is most often required for relief of biliary obstruction [2]. Failure to obtain preoperative tissue diagnosis may lead to histological diagnosis of biliary TB only after major surgery.

TB of lower end of common bile duct (CBD) and periampullary region often forms pseudotumour and strictures mimicking cholangio carcinoma [3]. Hepatobiliary TB may be caused by three ways: (1) Spread of caseous material from the portal tracts into the bile ducts (most often), (2) Secondary inflammation-related tuberculous periportal lymphadenitis, (3) Spread of caseous material through the ampulla of Vater and ascending along the CBD [4]. Benign biliary strictures fall into two etiological groups: Traumatic (Post operative, Blunt, or Penetrating injury) and Nontraumatic (Sclerosing cholangitis, Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, Chronic pancreatitis, Mirizzi syndrome) [5]. Various other benign conditions are Eosinophilic granuloma, Duodenal papillitis, Infestations due to Ascaris lumbricoides and Clonorchis sinensis. Tuberculous biliary stricture is due to the secondary endo luminal inflammatory process and scarring. Tuberculous biliary stricture involves all parts of the biliary tree, but commonly involving CBD [6].

We came across five cases of Tubercular biliary stricture in last six years. All the patients had no specific clinical findings & there was lack of constitutional symptoms of TB such as fever and night sweat, absence of past history of TB, negative tuberculin skin test, lack of radiological evidence of old or active TB. CBD was involved with either stricture or pseudo tumour [Table/Fig-1].

[Table/Fig-1]:

Findings of five cases in present study

The factors like (1) a past history of TB, (2) other systemic manifestations like pulmonary or generalized lymph node involvement, (3) associated involvement of other abdominal organs, (4) mild jaundice, (5) abdominal pain more than an abdominal mass, (6) image guided FNAC or biopsy in suspected cases, and (7) the geographic area where the patient resides might help in differentiating biliary TB from biliary tract malignancy [7]. Preoperative diagnosis of TB as the cause of obstructive jaundice is extremely difficult often compelling major resectional surgery such as whipples pancreatoduodenectomy. In most of the cases, final diagnosis is reached in the postoperative period by the histological finding of caseation necrosis and epitheloid granuloma formation and Langhans giant cells [1]. All the patients in our study were put on ATT. Patients without surgery showed improvement and are on regular follow up. My research review on various documented articles reflects the need to diagnose this disguising condition with various available investigations keeping TB in mind [Table/Fig-2].

[Table/Fig-2]:

Comparison of various published literature with the present study

There are several proposed investigations for preoperative diagnosis, for example, detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB) after staining or culture in the biliary fluid aspirate during ERCP, FNAC, and frozen section [18]. PCR technique for Mycobacterium TB from biliary fluid is helpful because of its sentivity [6]. The tubercular biliary stricture can be cured with antitubercular medications with excellent prognosis. In few reported cases, the biliary stricture does not resolve with medical therapy alone and requires surgical intervention and biliary metallic stent placement [1]. Whipples pancreastoduodenectomy is done for distal CBD stricture and choledochoduodenostomy is required in multiple strictures. Sequential placement of multiple plastic stents has been shown to be effective, as the stents both enable biliary drainage and act as dilators [17] . Although favourable results can be achieved by medical therapy and with repeated stenting of the bile ducts, long-term follow-up is required due to the risk of post-treatment cicatricial stenosis [5] .

If preoperative diagnosis is established, major surgery can be avoided, which increases morbidity and mortality. Patients presenting with a short history with relatively good health from tuberculosis endemic country like India, tubercular biliary stricture should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis. These benign lesions should be differentiated from malignant masquerade, equally keeping in mind not to mistake malignant lesions for benign lesions.


P2P file streaming has become very popular in online video sharing. Under the video on demand (VoD) setting, peers in the network may be interested in different portions of the same video. It is a new challenge to distribute the server load to peers under the VoD setting while at the same time maintaining the streaming performance, i.e., low latency and good fluency. Our approach is to use techniques in social recommendation to spread information on which portions are currently popular. However, peers might not always reveal the truth, because of privacy issues or selfish behavior. In this paper, we describe and discuss a synchronized large-scale P2P VoD system in which each peer can only communicate with one other peer in one round. We assume the video to be streamed is divided into M consecutive chunks and only one chunk can be transmitted due to network bandwidth every communication. We decentralize the whole system such that each peer has no extra information about the network or how other peers behave, and can only communicate with its own neighbors independently without the help of tracker to obtain robustness. Moreover, the model we consider is fully dynamic: peers leave and join the network frequently. We show by experiment that even under the bounded connection, bounded transmission and distributed setting, our protocol ensures that almost all peers in the dynamic P2P VoD network can achieve low latency and good fluency in different kinds of network topologies. We also analyze the streaming performance when peers behave differently (selfish vs. unselfish). We show that peers have little incentive to be selfish in our protocol, which means that our protocol is in a sense self-enforcing.


China is never lack of the tradition of libertarianism, which presented itself in as early as the Warring States Period and the Spring and Autumn Period. The material foundation of the Classical Libertarianism is the manufacturing and commerce of the Qi society, with a catalyst of the libertarian attitude towards the state government. The Classical Libertarianism of the State of Qi led to a prosperous academia and atmosphere of freedom. The Jixia Academy brought up many outstanding philosophers, who in turn help to establish a lively environment of "a hundred schools of thoughts". This is the Jixia Style prior to Wei Jin Style.


To evaluate whether the treatment by combination of anti-tumor polypeptide HM-3 and gemcitabine of experimental Lewis lung cancer is more efficient than the treatment with either reagent alone. Experimental Lewis lung carcinoma model was set up to compare the anti-tumor activity by using HM-3 or gemcitabine alone or their combination,to calculate the synergistic value of q by Burgi's law formula and Guinness rules respectively and to determine whether the effect of combination is better than either reagent alone. Treatment by combination of HM-3 and gemcitabine showed a better effect in tumor inhibition rate,in which the respective inhibition rate of G4,G5,G6 group were 88. 3%,89. 4% and 88. 5% respectively. And displayed a significant inhibitory effect compared with the control,G3 and G4(**P 0. 01). The anti-tumor effect of combinatory usage of HM-3 and gemcitabine is better than that of either reagent alone. By analysis with Burgi's law formula and Guinness rules,the improved effect was determined to be a synergistic effect of the two compounds.


The paper addresses the illustrated postcard of the Soviet era as a means of representing the heroes of Russian history. It is noted that the processes of sacralization of certain characters significant in a specific cultural and historical context, understood in a broad sense, occurred in several directions — creation of the myth of the "hero of the people", the myth of a leader, as well as the reinterpretation of folklore and mythological plots. The images of folk heroes were associated with people's liberation movements, or feats committed during current events, such as the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War. Another key section of the visualization of history using a postcard came to be the creation of mythotexts dedicated to the leaders of the state, primarily V. I. Lenin and I. V. Stalin. Along with the real historical characters, the heroes of Russian fairy tales and epics were used in the creation of a historical picture. The study shows how, using a postcard, elements of the visual image of the hero were formed, highlighting how illustrated postcard acted as an ideal means of broadcasting and animation of visual images, a tool for creating stable visual clichés. The author comes to the conclusion that in the case of a historical postcard, the compensatory function of culture was carried out — the replacement of the religious system of values with a set of sacralized images of a different origin — as well as that the postcard of the Soviet era may be considered at present as an artifact of historical memory and a significant visual source of historical information.


The atmospheric corrosion behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy exposed in industrial and marine atmosphere environments for 36 months has been investigated by weight loss test, tensile strength test, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and optical microscope. The results of weight loss and tensile strength showed that, compared with industrial atmosphere environment, 6061 presented higher corrosion susceptibility in marine atmosphere environment. XPS analysis indicated that the major constituents of corrosion products formed in industrial atmosphere environment were aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, and aluminum sulfate. In marine atmosphere environment, corrosion products mainly contained aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, and aluminum oxide. Surface morphologies analysis revealed that the corrosion products formed in industrial atmosphere environment were agglomerated and uneven. The corrosion products formed in marine atmosphere environment presented polygon shape, and revealed some broad cracks. Cross‐section morphologies analysis manifested that 6061 suffered pitting attack in both types of atmosphere environments, and the intensity of pitting attack in marine atmosphere environment was much more serious than that in industrial atmosphere environment.


The dispersion relations for waves in a cylindrical waveguide with a lining of DNG material are examined for the case where both the permittivity and the permeability of the material are frequency dependent. Comparisons are made with the simpler configuration of a parallel-plate waveguide with a similar lining.


Based on the thorough analysis about the study of domestic and foreign related research on active distribution netw ork( ADN) and the impact of distributed generation on the traditional distribution netw ork. Load forecasting,planning-design and operation control of distributed control effect on new energy access to active distribution netw ork w ere discussed.Theory about a netw ork of active distribution netw ork and energy exchange layout design including distributed new energy w as proposed. The idea of application of large data technology to the active control system w as put forw ard. Information acquisition system and active distribution system( ADS) planning design w ith new energy and design of active control system based on the technology of large data w ere carried out.


There were 4 losses of 3 animals until the first week of the postoperative period and another after 19 days after surgery. In the subsequent animals there were no infection, hematoma or sutures dehiscence. Conclusion: The study enables the conclusion that the experimental laryngofissure in rabbits is a safe method that may be used for laryngological studies.


Privacy-preserving problem is considered in building decision tree.Considering three different conditions: on single-party data,on horizontally partitioned data and on vertically partitioned data,the paper respectively discusses how to build decision tree in private.


Objective To explore the clinical value of the dual-source CT virtual endoscopy(CTVE) by the ECG gating technique in the assessment of thoracic aortic dissection(AD).Methods Data from 50 patients diagnosed as having thoracic aortic dissection aneurysms using dual-source CT were retrospectively reviewed.CTVE images were reconstructed at a workstation.Imaging features including the scope and configuration of the AD tear and intimal flap were reviewed according to CTVE.Evaluated results of CTVE images were divided into the clear(n=40)and unclear(n=10)tear groups in order to identify the association between concentration of contrast media and display of the tear.The difference was analyzed in the CT value of the true lumen near the tear between the two groups.Results There were 22 patients with Stanford type A AD and 28 with type B among a total of 50 patients,and CTVE revealed 40 cases in the clear tear group(80%),and 10 in the unclear group(20%) including 4 without display and 6 with poor display of the tear.No difference was shown in the mean CT value of the true lumen near the tear between the two groups(P0.05).However,the marked artifact and noise were identified in the area of the tear in the lumen.16 fusiform or oval tears and 24 irregular ones in CTVE images were shown in the clear tear group.In CTVE images,the torn intima could be clearly shown in 45 cases(90%),spiral ones in 35 and the others in 10.Conclusion Dual-source CTVE an display the three-dimensional structure of the tear and intima of thoracic AD.Poor display of the tear is not associated with the concentration of contrast media.


The global pharmaceutical industry is currently worth over two trillion US dollars, with a steadily growing single-digit growth outlook in the coming years. The aim of the study is to analyze the economic changes taking place on the Polish pharmaceutical market in relation to the successive legislative changes regulating the shape of this branch of the economy. The materials used for the analysis are legal acts regulating pharmaceutical law, reports and economic brochures on the pharmaceutical market. Foreign and domestic literature presenting economic changes on the Polish pharmaceutical market is described. Despite significant changes, which were a response to specific needs or problems occurring in the healthcare sector, due to the characteristics of this part of social policy, instead of the existing complications, new ones were created.


Accurate sex determination is a critical aspect of individual identification in various fields, including anthropology, forensic science, and archaeology. Various parameters from the skull, mandible, pelvis, and long bones are commonly utilized for this purpose. Recently, the potential of the maxillary sinus as a sex-discriminatory parameter has been studied by Khaitan et al. through the analysis of lateral cephalometric radiography. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the sex determination formula devised by Khaitan et al. for the adult population of Surabaya, Indonesia. For this purpose, 130 digital cephalometric radiographs of outpatients in the DHDC Dental Office in Surabaya, Indonesia, were assessed. The maxillary sinus height and width were measured to derive the maxillary sinus index (MSI) and calculate the discriminant score (D) for sex identification. This study revealed that the maxillary sinus's average height in males was 37.111+5.13 mm, while in females, it was 34.538+4.36 mm. Males had an average maxillary sinus width of 44.152+4.11 mm, while in females it was of 38.849+3.33 mm. The MSI values for males (1.204±0.14) were higher than for females (1.135±0.10). The discriminant scores showed notable variations between males and females, with an 86% success rate for females and 27.8% for males. The present study provides evidence that the Khaitan formula can serve as a valuable complementary approach for sex determination in females. Sex determination based on the MSI is thought to be a population-dependent parameter in forensic sciences and requires careful interpretation in its application.


Despite exercising enormous power in criminal cases, the behavior of individual criminal prosecutors is almost completely unstudied by quantitative empirical scholars. Because prosecutors enjoy wide discretion in the decisions they make and often work in autonomy, it is possible that their decisions are influenced by bias. This paper presents evidence of gender-based bias among federal prosecutors. I find that while female and male prosecutors exhibit small and statistically insignificant differences in their treatment of defendants overall, they appear to favor defendants of their own gender. Being assigned a prosecutor of the same gender lowers a defendant's base offense level (a proxy for charging severity), reduces the probability that a defendant will be charged with an offense carrying a mandatory minimum, and reduces a defendant's sentence length.


ASE broadband light source based on erbium-doped fiber(EDF),as an excellent broadband light source,has attracted much attention.The output spectral characteristics of ASE broadband light source based on EDF with single-and double-pass configurations are respectively investigated experimentally.With the central pump wavelength of 1480 nm,the influences of EDF length and pump power on output spectral width and flatness are studied for both the single-and double-pass configuration ASE sources.It is found that the power of ASE source located in the L-band,especially in the wavelength range of 1570~1620 nm, for the double-pass configuration may be enhanced,giving a wider and flatter spectrum in whole C-and L-bands by comparing to the output spectra for the single-pass configuration.All the experimental results will be helpful for the developments of ASE broadband light source.


Reaeration in combined wind/stream driven flows was experimentally studied in a laboratory wind-water tunnel. Wind velocities, stream flow properties, and oxygen transfer rates were measured under a variety of cocurrent and countercurrent flow conditions. For pure open channel flows and pure wind-driven flows, respectively, the results of oxygen transfer measurement can be scaled by the simple forcing parameters and show good agreement with other laboratory studies. For wind/stream combined flows, the transfer velocity depends on the stream flow condition and wind shear velocity. Based on the magnitude of the bottom-shear induced transfer and the wind-shear induced transfer velocity, a criterion was proposed to determine the dominant mechanism for gas transfer in combined wind/stream driven flows. A simple additive model is developed for the reaeration coefficient in combined wind and stream flow-influenced environments. Also, the effects of tidal flow on reaeration in tidal estuaries are briefly discussed.


The 105 Range and Direction Finding (RDF) Radar Station, Cox Peninsula, Northern Territory, was established as the second radar site in Darwin during the Second World War. The site was established as a consequence of a dire and urgent need to identify Japanese aircraft squadrons that were conducting bombing raids on Darwin and surrounds, which had commenced in February 1942. 105 RDF used a Modified Air Warning Device (MAWD) that allowed detection of planes up to 150 miles away. This paper tells the story of the camp where the 119 men who operated 105 RDF lived for nineteen months in a remote and isolated corner of the Northern Territory, at the front line of Australian defence. The harsh bush conditions were adapted with the erection of a number of buildings, including a mess, kitchen (with a fridge for cold beer) and a recreation hut. The remnant archaeological pattern at 105 RDF provides evidence for the habitation of this area and the intention of Australian Defence to protect the location of 105 RDF, to ensure it remained unknown to the Japanese.


The consumption of Avocado fruit is not toxic to the system and is hepatoprotective. The presence of biologically active ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, minerals and vitamins, readily accounts for antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic dyslipidemic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidative properties of P.americana fruit. The observed properties of avocado fruit extract may be attributed to the normalization of glucose metabolism, inhibition of lipolysis in addition to its potential FRSA. The extracts from leaf of P.americana by dichloromethane or methanol and extracts from fruit by dichloromethane or methanol possessed hypolipidemic activity in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Thus, these extracts may be useful in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemia. Our results also concluded that the fraction and sub-fraction of the fruit of Avocado tested for antidiabetic activity have shown appreciable results in ameliorate the blood glucose level and related other complications. Hence these findings also may open the door for a new, alternative, leading drug for treating diabetic patients in future.