Based on the phase angle of motion vector,a video watermarking scheme was proposed.In this paper,the phase angle section from 0 to 2π was divided into two different angle section sets.Besides,every angle section was then divided into two parts.By judging whether the embedded watermark information is 0 or 1,and the phase angle of the motion vector belongs to left part or right part in the angle section set,the motion vector was rotated by a fixed tiny value.In this way,the watermark was embedded.The experimental results show that after embedding the watermark,there is no difference between the original image and that of embedded watermark.The fluctuation of PSNR was controlled within a limited area,and by noising,filtering,deleting,rotating and other way,so the watermark could be extracted accurately.Simulation results show that the scheme has little impact on video quality,and has strong robustness.


Describes an extension of cellular automata to simulate heat conduction process. The offered algorithms is rather the tool for the direct simulation of a process than for the solution of partial differential equations. Its essential feature is the absence of any partial differential equations used widely for the description of heat conduction. Moreover, Fourier's law (or any of its generalizations) is not even used. Instead, the equations of state for a medium are applied immediately together with a rule of updating of cell's states which follows from thermodynamic laws applied to interacting systems. The interaction is described in terms of Gibbsian state space. One‐dimensional heat conduction in a stationary layer is considered as an example. Shows that steady‐state temperature distributions are linear in the case of solids in full correspondence with the classical theory. At the same time, these distributions are significantly non‐linear in water, especially under sufficiently large gravitational force or in regions of phase transitions.


The European Medicines Agency's Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee has issued statements regarding limiting the use of high-dose oestradiol creams by women experiencing the genitourinary syndrome of menopause, and such statements carry much medicolegal weight. Although a low dose is most often used, some clinicians opt to use higher dose creams with close monitoring of the patient. The committee should publish the evidence behind these statements or amend its official position.


As new cyberattacks are launched against systems and networks on a daily basis, the ability for network intrusion detection systems to operate efficiently in the big data era has become critically important, particularly as more low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices enter the market. This has motivated research in applying machine learning algorithms that can operate on streams of data, trained online or "live" on only a small amount of data kept in memory at a time, as opposed to the more classical approaches that are trained solely offline on all of the data at once. In this context, one important concept from machine learning for improving detection performance is the idea of "ensembles", where a collection of machine learning algorithms are combined to compensate for their individual limitations and produce an overall superior algorithm. Unfortunately, existing research lacks proper performance comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous online ensembles. Hence, this paper investigates several homogeneous and heterogeneous ensembles, proposes three novel online heterogeneous ensembles for intrusion detection, and compares their performance accuracy, run-time complexity, and response to concept drifts. Out of the proposed novel online ensembles, the heterogeneous ensemble consisting of an adaptive random forest of Hoeffding Trees combined with a Hoeffding Adaptive Tree performed the best, by dealing with concept drift in the most effective way. While this scheme is less accurate than a larger size adaptive random forest, it offered a marginally better run-time, which is beneficial for online training.


internal reflections; hence rays cannot emerge freely at right angles to the plate. Further, if a plate of brown phlogopite be rotated in its own plane when in an oblique position, it exhibits axis-pleochroism, the axial colours being the same as those observed when the plate is examined with a nicols prism or a dichroscope. The varieties which show this axis-pleochroism in ordinary light to best advantage are the rich brown phlogopites, which show the pronounced axial tints on the base. A plate of coloured museovite or ordinary biotite, if examined in the manner here described, shows no pleochroism. A basal cleavage plate of brown phlogopite therefore provides an instance of a mineral which exhibits axis-pleochroism when examined in ordinary light, without the use of a polarizer or a dichroscope.


Exchange-biased ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}/\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}$ bilayers, examined by variable angle and temperature ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), exhibit a sudden onset of a unidirectional and fourfold anisotropy below the ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$ N\'eel temperature. This unexpected fourfold symmetry arises from frustrated perpendicular coupling between the ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$ and the Fe overlayer in the presence of twinning in the antiferromagnet layer. These data are consistent with earlier polarized-neutron-reflectometry results. The FMR data show a clear reversal in the direction of the unidirectional anisotropy as a function of cooling field, switching sign at ${H}_{\mathrm{FC}}=13\mathrm{kOe},$ which is consistent with the onset of positive exchange bias observed in conventional magnetometry experiments. The low-temperature FMR linewidth reflects the in-plane symmetry of the resonance itself, exhibiting surprising divergence in the hard directions. Temperature-dependent FMR measurements reveal a sharp reduction in the resonance field below the N\'eel point due to the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic coupling.


In this paper, we examine whether the use of expertise ratings can help crowd-sourcing systems. We show, using simulations, that a crowd-sourcing system based in social navigation works better when users' expertise levels are taken into account.


A core from a crater lake on Isla San Cristobal (Chatham Island) reaches a time shown by radiocarbon dating to be more than 48,000 years Before Present. A continuous pollen record of the last 10,500 years is preserved in the top three meters of sediment. Changes in the vegetation of the island are recorded for this period. But these changes represent alterations in the proportions of taxa present rather than invasions or extinctions.-The flora of the island did not alter much. From 10,500 to more than 48,000 years B.P., the lake held no water, which seems to suggest that the climate was much drier than now. In ancient times (possibly during the last interglacial period) the lake did hold water. Peculiarities of its setting, a closed basin in the clouds, suggest that the climate of this early wet period was similar to that of postglacial times; but the pollen assemblages of the ancient lake sediments show striking differences to those of the postglacial period. In addition, a different species of Azolla occupied the lake and Myriophyllum, not known from the lake in postglacial time, was abundant. The two lake episodes were apparently separated by a climatic catastrophe sufficient to effect widespread extinction. Although the pollen spectra of the ancient times were different from those of the postglacial period, all of the taxa represented (except the water plants) can be found in Galapagos surface samples from places other than near the modern lake. Since the climates of the two episodes are thought to be similar, this suggests that the vegetation of each episode has been much influenced by the fortunes of dispersal in the periods of early colonization.


ROP can usually be effectively treated if detected in the severe acute disease phase, but detection currently requires a series of resource-intensive examination by ophthalmologists with expertise in ROP. Less than 10 % of premature infants at risk (in the US defined as <1,500 g birth weight or gestational age 30 weeks or less or, if birth weight between 1,500 and 2,000 g, at the discretion of the neonatologist) require treatment. However, with around 15 million premature infants born each year worldwide, this disease poses an increasing threat, in particular in countries with developing neonatal health care systems. The greatest numbers of premature infants at risk for ROP-related blindness is reported to be in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, central Asia and eastern Europe with an estimated 30,000 developing visual impairment or blindness worldwide each year. 1


It is suggested that further research should aim to produce guidelines for best practice which would help in better monitoring of costs for the works and also improve project completion times.


Background and Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an acidic soft drink on the microhardness of different restorative materials. Materials and Methods: One hundred twelve restoration samples, twenty-eight in each material group (Ketac Molar, Ketac Nano, Filtek Silorane and Filtek Z250), were prepared. After the baseline microhardness measurement, four experimental procedures were applied daily as follows: Group I, samples were immersed in a cola drink (Coca-Cola) for five minutes over five cycles; Group II, a remineralization agent (Tooth Mousse-GC) was applied as an additional step to the procedure for Group I; Group III, a cola drink was applied once a day for twenty-five minutes; and Group IV, the samples were kept in artificial saliva as a control. Following the treatment procedure (1, 7 and 30 days), the microhardness was re-measured, and the data were statistically analysed (p<0.05). Results: The microhardness of Ketac Molar could not be measured after cola drink exposure due to surface deterioration. The differences in Ketac Nano in all experimental procedures were significant (p<0.05). In contrast, Filtek Silorane was a unique material that was not affected by cola drink exposure. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the soft drink influenced the microhardness of the restorative materials tested. Additionally, the highest deleterious effect was found for conventional glass ionomer. A detailed ultrastructural analysis is necessary to complement these results.


Chronic exposure to stress has been demonstrated to increase the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders. Given the importance of effective therapeutic ways to overcome stress-related deficits,the present review focused on the therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment (EE) against chronic stress-induced cognitive-behavioral impairments. Chronic stress exposure has been shown to modify neuronal function and morphology in corticolimbic structures such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and amygdala, three brain regions greatly involved in mood regulation, fear processing, and cognition. It has been reported that chronic stress reduces brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and its mRNA expression on the PFC, suggesting that downregulation of BDNF is a possible mechanism that mediates the effect of stress on anxiety or depression-like behaviors. There is an increasing demand for findings of effective intervention methods for alleviating the detrimental effects of chronic stress. EE is a beneficial intervention for improving anxiety and depression-like behaviors. A large body of research revealed that exposure to EE improves several conditions, including degenerative diseases, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, anxiety, and depression. This article will provide an overview by discussing the influences of chronic stress on cognitive function and beneficial therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment (EE) against chronic stress.


Among the Lucanidae brought together in Deli (East-Sumatra) by Dr. B. Hagen and presented by him to the Leyden Museum, I found a male specimen of minor development, belonging to the genus Aegus, which was at first sight unknown to me. A careful examination, however, convinced me of its close relationship with Aegus capitatus Westw., a species represented in Dr. Hagen's collection by a few males and females, but I could not decide whether it was the extreme varietas minor of this species or that of a new one. I wrote therefore to Mr. Neervoort van de Poll asking him to look at the matter, and most courteously he sent me from his extensive collections all connecting links between my specimen and the varietas major of Aegus capitatus. Taking into consideration that among the described forms of the male of this species the smallest form (that what I regard as the true var. minor) is not to be found, I thought it not without interest to publish a detailed description of it. With the higher developed forms it has some important characteristics in common, viz.: the shape of the inner edge of the mandibles with the conical basal tooth on a level below that of the surface; the shape of the fore margin of the head between the mandibles (broadly and angularly emarginate, the emargination terminating in a produced point at each end); the shape of the hinder angles of the thorax (subangular, not emarginate); the conformation of the lateral margin of the second and following abdominal segments (thickened and glossy, widened out on the last segment where this margin is notched at the apex).


A protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Brassica napus mesophyll protoplasts is described. A strain with a neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene and a KCS gene under control of a napin promoter was used at co-cultivation. Transformed protoplasts were regenerated to fertile and morphologically normal transgenic plants. Transformants were confirmed by PCR of the nptII gene and NAP/KCS expression cassette, and Southern blot analysis. Seeds of the transformants showed a changed fatty acid profile: two transformants had a higher erucic acid level and differed significantly from that of B. napus. Genetic analysis of the progeny revealed that the kanamycin resistance introduced was inherited in a Mendelian fashion.


A General Accounting Office (GAO) Report, issued in March 1989 on the subject of Status, Costs, and Issues Associated with Defense's Implementation of Ada [GA089], states that "Ada was designed for use in realtime computer applications and is being used successfully in some applications. However, Ada has not worked well in critical real-time applications applications that have severe time and memory constraints and/or precise timing control." In this category falls real-time systems proper (with hard deadline scheduling requirements) and others such as embedded systems, concurrent systems, and distributed systems that have critical performance requirements. On page 29 of this report, under the heading Promised Benefits of Ada Not Yet Achieved for Some Critical Real-Time Applications, some of the problems experienced with what they call software requiring "very fast or tightly controlled computer processing" are enumerated.


Objective: To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CHD) and stroke. Methods: 1125 residents and 912 patients followed up after 5 years were screened in Beijing for DM, CHD, examining the relationship between BMI and the incidence of DM, CHD and stroke. Results: All the residents were divided into four groups by BMI and the incidence of DM, CHD and stroke increased significantly with the increasing of BMI. Conclusions: BMI was closely related to the incidence of DM, CHD and stroke.


The effect of chilling on translocation in higher plants was reviewed by separate consideration of path, sink, and source-cooling effects. The response of the sink to chilling indicates that the effect is mainly due to the inhibition of a metabolic process, while the response of the path to chilling suggests that the effect is mainly due to physical damage such as alteration of membranes. Sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. shows a rapid recovery of translocation during chilling, and bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. shows a very slow recovery; northern and southern ecotypes of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense L., resemble beet and bean, respectively. Differing bases for chilling-inhibition mechanisms in the subdivisions of the translocation system are suggested by the analysis of kinetics of inhibition and recovery during localized chilling of these parts.


We agree that neither the effect of sex nor the effect of raw vegetable consumption reached statistical significance. In the new version of the manuscript, we have made all the necessary changes to clearly distinguish significant from non-significant results. However, we still mention the effects of these two factors because they were close to statistical significance (lower limits of the credibility intervals equal to 0.92 and 0.93, respectively) and are in favour of an important increase of the probability of seropositivity in men versus women and in subjects eating raw vegetables at least once a week versus subjects eating raw vegetables less often.


The Kuban cultural studies school is young; its uprise is associated with organization of the department for postgraduate studies in Krasnodar State University of Culture and Arts, and inception of the Thesis Board with a specialization in theory and history of culture.


The televised wars of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have established the war correspondent as a prominent cultural presence. This prominence—and in some cases even celebrity—of men and women like Peter Arnett, Christiane Amanpour, Kate Adie and John Simpson has not only attracted the attention of scholars and sparked reflection in the media themselves; it has also led to a conspicuous surge of reporters' memoirs and autobiographies as well as an increased appearance of war correspondents in fictional representation. War correspondents figure in popular television programmes, in feature films and, as the ensuing discussion will show, in novels. While academic study of war reporting focuses on factors that determine the professional field (like political and military strategies of media ''management'', media ownership or new technologies that make instant reporting possible), fictional representation tends to emphasise different facets: it exploits the aura of adventure and heroism with which the profession is endowed in popular perception or, when of a more serious nature, shows the predicament of individual correspondents torn between professional ideals and the human values in which they believe. Arguably, such emphasis on the war reporter's human dimension has been encouraged by the way correspondents have appeared on television and presented themselves in books since the 1990s: as professional observers and commentators, of course, but also as individuals positioned in scenarios of war that threaten their own


Centria University of Applied Sciences Kokkola-Pietarsaari Unit Date May 2014 Author Mohammad Mohibur Rahman & Joel Salmela Degree programme Degree Programme in Tourism Name of thesis Sustainability and Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism Development in Jakobstad Kalajoki Supervisor Katarina Broman Pages 77 + 11 Commissioner Tiina Pelkonen/ Tourist Information Office, Jakobstad Tourism is not always about business. It can also affect the society in various other ways. There are socio-economic impacts of tourism for both host community and travelers' community. These impacts can be positive as well as negative. By upholding tourism, a certain area can become financially solvent and the host community can endorse a better lifestyle. The aim of this research was to examine the tourism situation and future prospects of the chosen touristic destinations in forms of sustainability concern, social and economic impact. The research methods used in this thesis were both quantitative, an online survey, and qualitative, semi-structured interview. The respondents of the quantitative online survey were not picked by the researchers, but were random, spontaneous participants. However, the interviewees of the qualitative research were tourism field professionals, who have vast experience and have worked with tourism directly and indirectly. The research conclusions were made by combining the findings of both of the conducted researches. From the research findings it can be seen that there is a lack of concern in terms of environment and sustainability issues. In the chosen destinations the situation is not alarming yet, but as both of the destinations are showing development in tourism, considering the future, both need to focus more on sustainable development and creating environmental awareness among the local inhabitants, as well as incoming tourists.


Michael Lieb's book investigates Milton's "sacral poetics" against the background of modern anthropological theory, classical and Hebraic thought, and the concepts of the sacred held by the poet's near contemporaries. Milton's epic, he suggests, "is the most priestly of poems," the "product of a true hierophant," "a testament to all that the holy represents." The holy shaped Milton's "outlook and defined his vision as significantly as any other experience that found expression in his writings," and accordingly, "future considerations of Milton's works must take into account the holy as a phenomenon of crucial importance to his outlook. His full range of poetics simply cannot be understood unless the numinous plays a part. Nor, for that matter, can his stance as polemist be sufficiently appreciated if it is divorced from the traditions of the holy that he embraced" (p. 328). Citing Octavio Paz's arguments that "the sacred is the original feeling from which the sublime and poetic stem" and that as revelation "the poetic and the religious 'have a common origin' grounded in 'our constitutive "otherness," ' " Lieb attempts to place Milton "precisely in the tradition of the poet as the discloser of 'the other'. . ." (p. xviii). In developing this argument, Lieb emphasizes the priority of revelatory experience over rationalism and sectarian dogma. The poetics "that constitutes this tradition [of the poet as the discloser of 'the other'] runs counter to the parochializing tendencies of all who would 'tame' Milton by subjecting him to that tyranny of paradigm that has dominated Milton criticism over the years and that has domesticated him with such labels of convenience as 'humanist,' 'puritan,' and 'rationalist.'" In this way Milton's "original poetic vision [has been] relegated to the demands of the dogmatic" (p. xviii). Against such "secularizing and demythologizing points of view," Lieb endeavors to demonstrate "the extent to which Milton's religiosity not only aligns him with an outlook that is fundamentally sacral but causes him to become, in Paz's terms, the poet of'the other' par excellence" (p. xix). Just as William Kerrigan and Joseph A. Wittreich, Jr., "have estab-


This paper investigates the projective synchronization problem of a new Lorenz-Stenflo system. Firstly, the existence of the projective synchronization for the Lorenz-Stenflo system is proved. Then, two single input controllers are proposed, by which the projective synchronization problem of such system are realized. Finally, numerical simulations are used to verify the validity and effectiveness of the theoretical results.


Normally in suicidal hanging, only characteristic ligature mark(s) is present on the neck. However, the presence of other injuries on the body of deceased raises suspicion about the manner of death. The present study is a retrospective analysis of injuries present on the deceased other than ligature marks (non-ligature injuries) in suicidal hanging cases, which were autopsied at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, during a nine-year period from 2006 to 2014. The cases were analyzed with regard to sex, age, nature of injury, location, and the circumstances in which the injuries were produced. Out of total 2,409 suicidal hanging deaths, in 119 (4.93%) cases, non–ligature injuries were present. Males (56.03%) outnumbered females (43.7%). The commonest age group involved was 21-30 year (48.7%). The most common injury was abrasion (42.9%).The most common body part involved was upper limb (45.4%). In most of the cases, injuries were sustained during bringing down the body for the purpose of rescue by relatives (29.4%) and by self-infliction (28.6%).


Objective To evaluate application of carboxymethylcellulose-crystal violet plaque forming assay to determine the titer of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV). Methods To perform a plaque forming assay, RSV was inoculated onto Hep-2 cell monolayers when achieving 100% fusion, a single layer nutrient carboxymethylcellulose was added to cover cells and cultured for 5 days, crystal violet was used instead of neutral red to stain cells for counting virus plaque. Results The plaques by application of carboxymethylcellulose-crystal violet forming assay were revealed after 5 days on Hep-2 cell monolayers, the plaques of RSV were round in shape, 1.0 mm in diameter. Conclusion The carboxymethylcellulose-crystal violet forming assay could be a new method to determine the titer of RSV.


This paper investigates disentanglement as a result of evolution according to a class of master equations which include dissipation and interparticle interactions. Generalizing an earlier result of Diosi, the time taken for complete disentanglement iscalculated (i.e., for disentanglement from any other system). The dynamics of two harmonically coupled oscillators is solved in order to study the competing effects of environmental noise and interparticle coupling on disentanglement. An argument based on separability conditions for Gaussian states is used to arrive at a set of conditions on the couplings sufficient for all initial states to disentangle for good after a finite time.


The paper forecasted market demand for packing bags of bituminous based on the analysis of current situation of domestic production and demand.


The ultrastructure of young growing cells of Ohara is described. The cells showed many features typical of plant cells. The nuclei of larger cells invariably contained groups of close·packed, heavily staining microtubular elements. Typical wall microtubules were always found, and large internodal cells contained filaments possibly involved in cytoplasmic streaming. Vacuolation in young internodes apparently commenced by extensive dilation of elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. In other cells, close apposition of endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasmic inclusions indicated possible secretion of material into the organelles had been occurring. Golgi bodies with intercisternal elements were often grouped together, sometimes with interconnected cisternae. Isolated reticulate membrane systems, similar to those found at the reticulate face of golgi bodies, were sometimes seen in vacuolated cells. The golgi bodies might have been involved in vacuolation; they were also seen in association with coated vesicles that appeared to be involved in wall deposition. A large number of different cytoplasmic inclusions were found, whose nature and function is obscure. These sometimes contained crystal.like bodies.


In this paper we present an approach for modeling and simulation of a new acceleration sensor using VHDL-AMS. The sensor consists of four capacitive segments and one mass segment, aligned in a semicircle. Each capacitive segment includes fixed and movable combs. Any acceleration causes a rotation and a displacement of the seismic mass coupled with moveable combs. The capacity altered with these movements is measurable. Modeling of the sensor is achieved using analytic equations for capacity changes, currents and torques derived from the sensor geometry. So the development of digital hardware and mixed-signal simulation could start before the sensor is available in silicon. Besides rotational movements also displacements in x- and y-direction are considered for capacity calculation.


The paper assesses the voucher scheme for Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) services in Uttarakhand with respect to awareness generation, delivery of services to clients and role of stakeholders in implementation. Data was collected from interview of stakeholders and review of records from the state government, Voucher Management Agency (VMA) and private nursing homes. The scheme was successful in reaching out to poor women in a short span. Majority of them were satisfied with the services received at the private nursing homes. Active involvement of community health workers and effective monitoring have helped in achieving the objectives of the scheme.


We review the first experiment on dynamic transport in a phase-coherent quantum conductor. In our discussion, we highlight the use of time-dependent transport as a means of gaining insight into charge relaxation on a mesoscopic scale. For this purpose, we studied the ac conductance of a model quantum conductor, i.e. the quantum RC circuit. Prior to our experimental work, M. Büttiker, H. Thomas and A. Prêtre [14] first worked on dynamic mesoscopic transport in the 1990s. They predicted that the mesoscopic RC circuit can be described by a quantum capacitance related to the density of states in the capacitor and a constant charge relaxation resistance value equal to half of the resistance quantum h/2e, when a single mode is transmitted between the capacitance and a reservoir. By applying a microwave excitation to a gate located on top of a coherent submicronic quantum dot that is coupled to a reservoir, we validate this theoretical prediction on the ac conductance of the quantum RC circuit. Our study demonstrates that the ac conductance is directly related to the dwell time of electrons in the capacitor. Thereby, we observed a counterintuitive behavior of a quantum origin: as the transmission of the single conducting mode decreases, the resistance of the quantum RC circuit remains constant while the capacitance oscillates. A Coherent RC Circuit 2 Table 1. List of symbols. e elementary charge h Planck constant ~ reduced Planck constant kB Boltzmann constant ne electronic density μe electronic mobility τRC RC time τd dwell time τ0 roundtrips time inside the cavity C geometric capacitance Cq quantum capacitance Cμ electrochemical capacitance capacitance Rq resistance of the charge relaxation RK von Klitzing constant Rc contact resistance f Fermi-Dirac distribution ǫF Fermi energy N density of states μL,R electrochemical potential of the left, right reservoir ω angular frequency si,j scattering matrix T transmission probability R reflection probability r reflection amplitude ∆ energy level spacing in the cavity ∆ renormalized energy level spacing by Coulomb interactions ~Γ width of the energy level vd drift velocity l circumference of the catvity φ accumulated phase in the cavity gdc dc conductance of the 2DEG gac ac conductance of the 2DEG G conductance Z impedance Vi electric potential of the reservoir U electric potential in the cavity Vg gate voltage X,Y in-phase and out-of-phase signals φ phase of the signal A Coherent RC Circuit 3


The utility model relates to a device for whole cigarette smoke exposure, and belongs to the technical field of exposed gas cultivation. The device comprises a cigarette smoke exposure bottle (6) and a smoke leading-in pipe stopper (7), wherein a smoke outlet (3) is arranged on the cigarette smoke exposure bottle (6); the lower half part of the smoke leading-in pipe stopper (7) is arranged in the cigarette smoke exposure bottle (6); and the smoke leading-in pipe stopper (7) is composed of a smoke inlet (1), a mixed air inlet (2), a smoke and air mixing cavity (4) and a diluted smoke conveying passageway (5). Compared with the prior art, the device for whole cigarette smoke exposure has the advantages that the structure is simple, the operation is convenient, the experimental difficulty is reduced, the cost is low, and the device can be connected to a linear smoking machine conveniently to obtain bacteria or cells.


Details in the stridulatory movement of Gryllus campestris were investigated using an improved high resolution miniature angle measurement system. The following resuRs were obtained: During the closing (sound producing) stroke, the speed of the plectrum always has the same value (within measuring accuracy) at a given position. Plectrum speed is directly proportional to tooth spacing, which is known to vary along the file. The only exception to this rule were occasions when closing velocities of precisely 2 times the standard value were found. In between values were never recorded. While temperature has a large effect on the opening speed and duration, the closing speed has a very small Qlo (0.07) which is equal to the Q~o of the resonance frequency of the harp. When the harps are removed, the proportionality between tooth spacing and scraper velocity is lost; the velocity is much increased (up to 3-fold) and the variance of the speed is enhanced 5-fold. These results are discussed with respect to 3 hypothetical models explaining the function of the sound generator system. The model describing the cricket sound generator as a clockwork with an escapement system is capable of accommodating all experimental data without any extra assumptions.


The regioselectivity in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of Muenchnones, imino-Muenchnones and phospha-Muenchnones with alkynes is studied by experimental and computational methods.


A glass window in a pressurized flow loop has allowed observation and documentation of the progression of localized CO{sub 2} corrosion. Low-angle lighting was found to optimize the visual appearance of the corroded surface. A photographic record of the propagation of localized corrosion was made along with measurements of iron counts, water pH, flow rates, temperature, and coupon weight loss. This paper describes the experimental procedure, test conditions, results, and observations made during progression of the CO{sub 2} corrosion.


External representations have a great impact on what and how students learn. One key manner in which environments can operate upon novices' knowledge is through helping them ground their problem solving in an understanding of the situation embodied by the problem. In this paper, students' difficulties in microeconomics problem solving were investigated, along with the ways traditional representations such as supply and demand graphs interfere with students' situational understanding. Fourteen gifted students in grades 7 through 9 were videotaped solving a few economics problems similar to those found in typical introductory economics courses. How they used the diagrams to help themselves construct an understanding of the situation was studied. It was found that students who experienced minor impasses relied on the notation to overcome them, even though that sometimes led the students into worse errors. In contrast, when the notation did not offer any support for the reasoning, students fell back on reasoning about the situation in the world and were often more successful. Based on these results, it is argued that not only must the initial problem solving in a domain be based on novices' understanding of the world, but also that the notation used for the problem solving must encourage students to use this understanding to guide planning and to overcome impasses throughout the problem solving. Eight figures illustrate study data. (Contains 27 references.) (Author/SLD) **************************************************1..,-,-*************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION Office or Educational Research and Improvismed EDUCATiONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or ofganization originating a 0 Minor changes have Peon made to improve reproduction oustrty Points of view or opinions staled in ihis docv ment do not necessarily represent official OERI position or pohcy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY DO 06146 TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Using informal knowledge in formal domains: Intuitions and notations sometimes clash Douglas C. Merrill, Brian J. Reiser The School of Education and Social Policy Northwestern University Date: March 27, 1994 Poster presented at AERA. 1994. Address correspondence to: (After April 18, 1994) Douglas C. Merrill (Before April 18. 1994) Douglas C. Merrill SESP Northwestern University 2115 North Campus Drive Evanston. IL 60208-2610 e-mail: dmerrillAils.nwu.edu The RAND Corporation 1700 Main Street Santa Monica. CA 90407-2138 e-mail: dmerrilltirand.org RUNNING HEAD: INTUITIONS AND NOTATIONS


Objective:To elucidate the function of hypoxia,and investigate the underlying mechanisms whereby hepatic carcinoma cell migration is regulated.Methods:Under hypoxia microenvironment,the migration of MHCC-97L hepatic carcinoma cells were detected using wound healing assay.Then we analyzed the migration of MHCC-97L cells after blocking Wnt5a expression using siRNA.Results:The mRNA transcription of HIF-1α and Wnt5a in MHCC-97L cells were upregulated under hypoxia microenvironment.HIF-1α siRNA suppressed the mRNA transcription of Wnt5a in MHCC-97L cells under hypoxia microenvironment.Wnt5a siRNA were capable of retarding hypoxia-induced MHCC-97L cell migration.Conclusion:It is demonstrated that hypoxia promotes MHCC-97L cell migration via HIF-1α and Wnt5a signaling.These findings could provide a rationale for designing novel therapy based on inhibition of hepatic carcinoma metastasis.


The prospect of a special issue on semiconductor memories might very well evoke an initial reader response that falls somewhere short of fervent. After all, isn't the subject amply treated in the trade and professional press? Product announcements and advertisements of new devices abound. What more can be said on the subject?


ments by Soviet literary critics are perhaps reported in excessive detail, particularly in view of Professor Brown's own awareness that "what the critics, operating on strict and narrow ideological assumptions, find in an American work is probably quite different from what many Soviet readers find" (p. 319). Regrettably, Professor Brown does not speculate on what the Soviet readers' reactions to American literature might be. The book's value would also have been enhanced by some statistics on Soviet publication of American writing. Yet these are minor shortcomings. Professor Brown has succeeded in producing a thorough study of a difficult and important subject.


In this paper, the efficacy of an effective fluid model (EFM) is studied for replicating the effects that hydrodynamics has on the interaction between level ice, modeled as a semi-infinite Kirchhoff-Love plate, and a downward sloping structure, modeled as a rigid and immobile body. The proposed EFM is based on a distributed frequency-independent added mass and damping coefficient, as well as a damper located at the point of contact with the structure. The optimal value of the three coefficients of the EFM is obtained by minimizing the error of the predicted breaking length and maximum contact force over a range of ice velocities when compared to a true hydrodynamics ISI model that is based on incompressible potential flow. The resulting effective hydrodynamic ISI model has greatly improved performance compared to an ISI model that only accounts for hydrostatics, even when the parameters of the system are changed. Moreover, it is much easier to implement and has significantly faster calculation times than the true hydrodynamic ISI model.


This paper introduces temporal image fusion. The proposed technique builds upon previous research in exposure fusion and expands it to deal with the limited Temporal Dynamic Range of existing sensors and camera technologies. In particular, temporal image fusion enables the rendering of long-exposure effects on full frame-rate video, as well as the generation of arbitrarily long exposures from a sequence of images of the same scene taken over time. We explore the problem of temporal under-exposure, and show how it can be addressed by selectively enhancing dynamic structure. Finally, we show that the use of temporal image fusion together with content-selective image filters can produce a range of striking visual effects on a given input sequence.


Taking the small watershed in Beibei district of Chongqing for example,this paper analyzes surface runoff,discusses the relationship between the type of land utilization and surface runoff and studies the key point of land utilization of Beibei.The runoff generated on construction land and forest land accounts for 49.84% and 23.57% of the total,respectively.As for the distribution of runoff network in the research area,the surface runoffs under Level 4are mostly covered by construction land.There are 114 catchment points of Level 1surface runoff,33 catchment points of Level 2and 18 catchment points of Level 3.Catchment points of Level 1are mainly distributed in the hill bodies on both sides of Beibei and covered by forest land;catchment points of Level 2and Level 3are mainly located from the boundary of the city in the direction of the Jinyun Mountains to the mountain foot with an elevation of 200-500 m.Therefore,from the point of view of protecting the balance and health of city surface water,it is the key area of Beibei city expansion.


Many Japanese manufacturers are implementing various production revolution programs for their survival in the ever more severe business environment. Among those diverse programs, this paper investigates two that are attracting considerable attention in practice: 'outsourcing' of production function, and 'cell production system' introduced in many assembly lines. Both of these activities are expected to generate sizeable performance improvement results, the former by concentrating management resources on core business areas while cutting off non-core operations of the business, and the latter by making a leap in productivity at assembly lines. This paper first discusses concepts of 'outsourcing' and 'cell production system' in order to clarify often-forgotten key points to be noted in adopting them, while paying attention to the mechanism of how each of these concepts achieves business performance results. The paper presents viewpoints needed in evaluating these concepts from managerial viewpoints and considers each viewpoint citing practical cases. This paper then goes on to present three basic principles to be remembered in implementing truly fruitful productive innovation, giving views on managerial guidelines for implementing them.


In the middle of the 19th century, the Arts and Crafts movement emerged in England. The development of the movement in England, USA, Germany is described. The influence of the ideas of the novel News from Nowhere by William Morris on the emergence of the idea of a garden city by Ebenezer Howard and on the preservation of the historical heritage of cities is shown. Describes the influence of Peter White on the emergence of Arts and Crafts in the United States, on the formation of the Chicago School, as well as the worlds first manifestation of modern in the architecture of Louis Sullivan. Shows the influence of Gustav Stickley on the birth of the American folk style of a residential building and his contribution to the modernism of Irving John Gill. The features of the Arts and Crafts in Germany are described, the role of Hermann Mutesius in the evolution of the movement from rejection of industrial production to unification with it and the establishment of the German Werkbund is emphasized. The influence of Mutesius ideas on the German art of the 1920s is shown. A description of the aesthetic direction of the movement, which received the name modern, is given and examples of it in Belgium, Germany, Austria, Scotland are given. The importance of movement as the basis for the birth of modern architecture is emphasized.


: With the advent of the era of big data, the significance of electric power information communication within power enterprises has grown increasingly important. This paper delves into the development of electric power information communication in the context of the big data era, focusing on the perspective of data security. Initially, we analyze the impact of the big data era on enterprises, along with the opportunities and challenges brought about by big data. Subsequently, we underscore the importance of electric power information communication in terms of data security and discuss the security threats currently faced by electric power information communication. Moreover, we explore the developmental trends in electric power information communication and propose several solutions and recommendations to bolster data security in this domain. Lastly, we summarize the primary content of this paper and provide insights into the future prospects of electric power information communication development.


This paper offers a pragmatic approach to the production of learning content. A production-cycle for learning content consists of four activities: acquisition, structuring, representation, and management. Based on our experience in a postgraduate educational program, employing web-based courseware, we show the challenges of and indicate solution strategies for each of these activities. Based on the generalized language XML, the underlying activity of the project is the development of a dynamic Learning Content Management System (dLCMS). The dLCMS employs a set of so-called learning objects. Learning objects are reusable components that can be combined in different ways to produce new courseware. Drawing on domain-specific knowledge and employing the dLCMS, we explore ways to integrate such learning objects into efficient and user-friendly educational multimedia. Introduction In the context of a distance-learning project called VIL, we analyze and suggest strategies for the acquisition, structuring, representation, and management of learning content. The analyses and strategies suggested are based on our experience in defining and realizing the VIL project. The project puts to work a web-based courseware for a postgraduate educational program in Occupational Health and is a complement to classroom teaching and on-the-job training. The aim of the VIL project is: i) easy access to learning material for academic professionals from different geo-cultural parts of Switzerland (the end-users), ii) high content attainability of basic and problem-orientated knowledge, iii) flexible support of different learning strategies, iv) careful integration of a CSCW groupware for collaborative learning, Tele-Tutoring and communication between students, and v) consistent quality assessment of the distance education. Whereas we study an application for a postgraduate distance-learning program, we believe that the strategies offered have general applicability to the production of learning content. In the VIL project, we examined alternative ways for rapid low-cost production of new courseware and found an answer in the so-called learning objects [1]. These are reusable components that can be recombined in multiple ways to produce new courseware. To benefit from the full potential of learning objects, such as reusability, component categorization, and high levels of interactivity, we chose not to use a standard authoring tool. Instead, we decided to develop a proprietary dynamic Learning Content Management System (dLCMS). For each of the activities in content production – acquisition, structuring, representation, and management – we next describe prevalent challenges and suggest solution strategies. For the first two activities – acquisition and structuring – our work is in a more mature state than for the third activity – representation. For the fourth activity – management – our work is mainly oriented towards the practical realization of a dLCMS. As our process is still an ongoing one, with a shared focus on representation and on management, we are still not able to draw a clear line between these two activities. The body of this paper offers a four-step production-cycle ordered by the activities of content production. Step 1: Acquisition The postgraduate distance learning program is interdisciplinary and draws on teachers from professions such as medicine, psychology, economics, social and natural sciences, lecturing in German, French, and English language. According to their individual teaching style, they employ material reaching from paper-copies to PowerPoint presentations. In a first step, the challenge was to acquire appropriate learning material from each individual teacher [2]. Hence, we suggest the following strategy (see also Fig. 1):


Americans in Europe are often assumed either to rernain monolingual
in English or to become "elite bilinguals." In this paper, the Situation
for American parents of school-age children in Denmark, Finland, and
Sweden is examined and compared to each other and to the situations of
Finns, Turks, and Vietnamese in these and other parts of the Nordic
region. The Americans turn out to be among the most frequent users of
the majority languages in the countries they are living in, compared to
the other three groups studied, while the children have attained a high
level of skill in both languages. In some respects, then, they do live up to
the label of "elite bilinguals," but the dominance ofthe majority language
in the lives ofboth parents and children is perhaps unexpected, considering
that they enjoy more choice than other groups in regard to becoming
bilingual


1. The DNA sequence of the radC gene suggests an open reading frame of 297-bp. 2. To identify the gene product, radC was subcloned in an expression vector, pKK223-3 and the RadC protein identified by the maxicell method as a polypeptide of approximately 11 kDa.


This thesis is submitted to Newcastle University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Published Work. It includes a series of published papers as well as new unpublished work. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to epidemiology, particularly in relation to the description and analysis of malformations and birth defects. Chapter 2 gives a brief introduction to the complex topic of cardiovascular malformations, in particular the problems of definitions and terminology and the importance of diagnostic hierarchy of multiple malformations. Chapter 3 describes the paediatric cardiology database and the preliminary studies which produced the first five published papers. Chapter 4 presents 10 important papers on aspects of the epidemiology of cardiovascular malformations – which together form the main part of this thesis. Chapter 5 presents a systematic review of published studies of the prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations which investigates whether there is any evidence of a real difference between populations. It finds wide variation in the reported prevalence at live birth of all congenital cardiovascular malformations (2-30 per 1000 live births) and of individual malformations and concludes that differences are almost certainly explained by various types of ascertainment bias. Specific malformations predicted to show least susceptibility to ascertainment bias show least variation in reported prevalence. The review makes recommendations for consistent methodology for future reports to allow proper comparison between different populations. Chapter 6 looks forward to consider the directions in which research might go in the future, looking in particular at outcome research and its use in performance analysis, and at future investigations into the aetiology of malformations.


An analysis of the fraction of strongly localized excitons (FSLE) for a number of InGaN/GaN quantum wells emitting from violet to green, as a function of temperature, and a number of wells grown under the same conditions is reported. The analysis is based on the Huang–Rhys parameters, obtained from different phonon replica intensities and measured using photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). It is suggested that the FSLE is related to separately localized excitons rather than tightly localized excitons due to potential fluctuations, concluding that the overall exciton localization is a result of a competition between these two types of localization centres.


Each nation has to focus on continuous increase in per capita income as without growth of national income, sustainable development cannot be achieved. Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient condition for development of the nation as development requires increase in standard of living of the common people which has to be accomplished by reduction of poverty, unemployment, underemployment and inequality in distribution of wealth & income. The regulatory control and supervision is necessary for long term sustainable growth but may not be sufficient condition for it. India is the best suited example of it where regulation and growth are there side by side, they are acting as complementary rather than contradictory


Issues of safety and security will require organizations to introduce new job classification for the Information Ranger. As the workgroup replaces the work group, organizations must reinvest some of the productivity gains in the organization to compensate employees for the loss of opportunities to interact with each other. The new technology can help managers deal with issues of control, coordination, and the needs of the special employees. However, administrators must recognize that some affects of the information technology can be dysfunctional.


In South Africa, most, poor households rely on food purchases than production, the regularity of quality food intake relates directly to cost and access. The compromised access to food status exposes most households to a shortage of essential vitamins and minerals in the human body that define hidden hunger. Hidden hunger is a silent killer with a potential to afflict irreversible health effects as well as socioeconomic consequences that can hinder an individual"s development and welfare. Iron, iodine, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies are the most widespread hidden hunger outcomes that are common contributors to poor growth, intellectual impairments, perinatal complications and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In 2003, the food fortification program was introduced in South Africa to assist in alleviating the micronutrient deficiency problem. This study assessed the composition of household food baskets and the implications on food security, with special focus on how food fortification affects a household"s diet in the uMsunduzi Local Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. A random sample of 200 households was selected for data collection from an urban and peri-urban residential area. A structured questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews collected data. Descriptive statistics presented the relationship between household-level characteristics, on one hand, and food fortification awareness and food security, on the other. Demographic results showed that there were 26 percent of unemployed and 37 percent of pension holding household heads where 60 percent have a secondary level of education. It was also observed that households who were unaware and those aware of food fortification had a significant association in food purchasing patterns, household monthly income, household food expenditure, media recognition, garden ownership as well as price, brand, and considerations of child preference when purchasing food. Binomial regression models estimated predictors of food fortification awareness and of household fortified food purchasing. Results showed that age of head of household, employment status, price consideration, food fortification logo identification and household size had a significant effect on household fortified food purchasing. On the other hand, age, employment status, household medical issues, the frequency of shopping, food basket decision-maker and household monthly income significantly affected awareness of food fortification. Price was found to be a leading influencing factor of purchasing decision-making as opposed to nutrition value. However, the modern consumer purchasing decision-making processing is slowly changing as they are beginning to care and are curious about the nutritional value of their foods and contribution it


Within the emerging field of evolutionary psychology a consensus is developing that the triggering of emotions is integral to the human response to threats. This understanding of human psychology underlies a vigorous debate within the contemporary activity of climate change communication regarding the efficacy of the emotions of fear vis-à-vis hope for mobilising human behavioural change. Noting the contours of this debate and the paucity of radical future vision casting within contemporary western political discourse, the article examines how images of terror function within the 'Little Apocalypse' passage in Matthew 24 and potential insights this offers to our contemporary situation. Building upon this biblical reflection, the article contends that the Christian practices of preaching and singing have significant power to shape communal imaginative visions of alternative futures. As such, these practices are critical gifts that the church can offer the environmental movement and broader society in this moment of time.


Dual-Energy Contrast Enhanced Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DE-CE-DBT) has the potential to deliver diagnostic information for vascularized breast pathology beyond that available from screening DBT. DE-CE-DBT involves a contrast (iodine) injection followed by a low energy (LE) and a high energy (HE) acquisitions. These undergo weighted subtraction then a reconstruction that ideally shows only the iodinated signal. Scatter in the projection data leads to "cupping" artifacts that can reduce the visibility and quantitative accuracy of the iodinated signal. The use of filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction ameliorates these types of artifacts, but the use of FBP precludes the advantages of iterative reconstructions. This motivates an effective and clinically practical scatter correction (SC) method for the projection data. We propose a simple SC method, applied at each acquisition angle. It uses scatter-only data at the edge of the image to interpolate a scatter estimate within the breast region. The interpolation has an approximately correct spatial profile but is quantitatively inaccurate. We further correct the interpolated scatter data with the aid of easily obtainable knowledge of SPR (scatter-to-primary ratio) at a single reference point. We validated the SC method using a CIRS breast phantom with iodine inserts. We evaluated its efficacy in terms of SDNR and iodine quantitative accuracy. We also applied our SC method to a patient DE-CE-DBT study and showed that the SC allowed detection of a previously confirmed tumor at the edge of the breast. The SC method is quick to use and may be useful in a clinical setting.


A new ligand N,N′ bis(2 aminoethtyl) oxamide condensation O aminobenzaldehyde Schiff base (H 4L) and its homobinuclear complexes with Cu(Ⅱ), Ni(Ⅱ) are synthesized. Their composition and struture are studied by element analysis, IR, UV visible spectra and room temperature magnetic susceptibility. Room temperature magnetic shows antiferromagnetic spin coupling effect between the metal ions by oxamido bridging.


Insulating blanket resists temperatures up to 1,500 degrees F (815 degrees C). Useful where high-temperature resistance, flexibility, and ease of installation are important - for example, insulation for odd-shaped furnaces and high-temperature ducts, curtains for furnace openings and fire control, and conveyor belts in hot processes. Blanket is quilted composite consisting of two face sheets: outer one of silica, inner one of silica or other glass cloth with center filling of pure silica glass felt sewn together with silica glass threads.


Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease and one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. This disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and almost affects always the lungs. It transmitted from person to person by air and, although it is curable, if is not detected and treated in time, it can be fatal. To detect this disease, there are several types of methods, the largest used in the world being the smear microscopy. This is because this method characterized by being simple and quick to detect the presence of the bacillus by microscopic evaluation. This method consists of dyeing the tubercle bacilli using an appropriate technique. This may be possible because mycobacteria are acid-fast bacilli (BAAR), which means that they are able to capture fuchsine or auramine in their wall, and retain it even with the action of bleaches. The appropriate technique for this process is the coloring of Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). The Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP) has a sample preparation prototype that makes use of the ZN staining method, which has worked, but requires a redesign to improve their performance. This paper, with the financing of the Vice-Rector for Research of the PUCP, deals on the equipment that performs the staining automatically for seven samples.


Seeks to provide answers to the questions: How can institutional purchasers of services be sure that the quality of a service will be acceptable over the period of the contract? Can they predict the future quality of a service? How should they monitor service quality? Reviews audit methods and awards and assesses their uses and limitations for purchasers and providers of services. Observes that many audit frameworks for services are adapted from product quality experience and not from systematic research into factors critical to service quality. Contrasts these frameworks with research into what practising service managers found to be important for service quality. Proposes that, in most cases, purchasers should adapt auditing frameworks for their particular purposes drawing on such research and their own and providers′ experience. Concludes that the validity of existing audit frameworks as predictors of service quality is questionable, especially for wide‐scope, long‐term service contracts with a high pr...


Structural divergence presents a challenge to the use of syntax in statistical machine translation. We address this problem with a new algorithm for alignment of loosely matched non-isomorphic dependency trees. The algorithm selectively relaxes the constraints of the two tree structures while keeping computational complexity polynomial in the length of the sentences. Experimentation with a large Chinese-English corpus shows an improvement in alignment results over the unstructured models of (Brown et al., 1993).


An experiment of oxidation and weightlessness was carried out to research on the corrosion of the graphite mould for sintering diamond.The influences of antioxidant components,total phosphate concentration and antioxidant impregnation process on the anti-oxidation of graphite moulds were mainly investigated.The results show that the oxidation resistant agent developed by compound phosphate with an addition of metal fluorides and nitrides can remarkably increase the anti-oxidation and compressive strength of graphite moulds.When the total phosphate concentration exceeds 25%,it can reach the best anti-oxidation to employ the vacuum hot pressing anti-oxidant impregnating technology.


Secondary aluminum processing produces considerable amounts of dross, which cannot be directly exploited for aluminum recovery. The objective of this study is to examine the possibility of industrial co-operation between the aluminum and cement industries. It is shown that it is possible to use dross stemming from secondary aluminum processing to substitute raw materials in the raw meal with aluminum oxides, such as bauxite and kaolin. Experimental measurements were carried out in order to characterize aluminum dross, the raw meal and clinker produced with the use of aluminum waste. Cement was industrially produced and issues relating to the industrial production are considered. The work examines the situation in Greece regarding environmental, legislative and economical issues. The solution appears to be economically viable and could solve a large problem for the Greek aluminum industry.


In Guinea, it is estimated that 50% of maternal deaths resulted from complications arising from illegal abortions. Two hospital surveys were conducted in Deen and Donka, Conakry, respectively, to determine the prevalence of complications related to illegal or unsafe abortions and establish a proportion of adolescents within this high-risk group. The first study was prospective and covered the period of January-December 1992 and revealed 83 patients with complications resulting from illegal abortions, 31 (37.35%) of which were adolescent girls. Complications of induced abortion identified were infection (50%), hemorrhage (37%), and medicinal poisoning (12%). Out of the 83 patients, 10 died from complications. The second study was retrospective and covered the period 1990-93 and revealed 94 patients with complications associated with illegal abortion. Adolescent girls represented 31.9% of the cases, of which 80% were single and 40% were schoolgirls. The most frequent complications among adolescents were hemorrhage (50%) and infection (37%). The death rate was 20%. Proposed strategies to address this issue include: sex education, improving access of adolescents to family planning services, and establishing structures for the re-admission of girls who leave school due to pregnancy.


This research investigates the impact of short video advertising on pay-later online shopping by examining the role of Online Customer Experience (OCE) and its relation to perceived benefits, perceived risks, trust propensity, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness. The study reveals that while perceived benefits, perceived risks, and trust propensity do not significantly influence OCE, it plays a crucial role in shaping customer satisfaction and re-purchase intentions. Additionally, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness significantly impact OCE, emphasizing the importance of user-friendly platforms and highlighting their usefulness in creating a positive online shopping experience. These findings offer valuable insights for marketers to optimize OCE, enhance customer satisfaction, and drive future purchases.


Background: Oral sub mucous fibrosis (OSMF) a chronic progressive disorder of oral cavity characterized by inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the sub mucosal tissues. Reported data published revealed an estimate of 5 million OSMF patients in India and increased over past four decades from 0.03% to 6.42%, seen commonly in younger 20-40 years age group. In Ayurvedic classical texts, no any direct references about the disease quoted, can be considered as Anukta Vyadhi (Unexplained disease) and on understanding the disease condition OSMF can be considered as Vata Pradhana Tridoshaja Mukharoga Vyadhi which needs management locally and systemically. Material and Methods:Ayurvedic literature, modern texts as well as the data web-based search engines, journal, were used to search for relevant literature and information. Result:Habit of areca nut or betel quid and tobacco chewing, excessive consumption of chilies, autoimmunity, genetic, environmental factor and dietary deficiencies are the main etiological factors. Excessive and constant use Kashaya, Katu Rasa, Ruksha, Tikshna and Ushna Dravyas, lead toDosha Prakopa and Vikruta Dhatu formation corresponding to biochemical abnormalities/functional abnormalities and structural defects. So Vata-Pitta Pradhana Tridosha alleviating local as well as systemic treatment should be done. Conclusion:The fundamental principles of Ayurvedashouldbe applied for achieving regain of the normalcy of oral mucosaand restoring the normal function by its preventive and curative approach.


The nature of the geological mechanisms allowing mineralising fluids to flow from depth and form localized mineral deposits is uncertain and a matter of debate. Traditional assumptions of fluids travelling through highly permeable faults raise interesting questions about the existence of highly permeable faults at depths below the brittle-ductile transition, for example. A recent model of multi-physics oscillation can explain the behaviour of impermeable shear zones in such environments, under specific conditions where temperature sensitive endothermal reactions trigger in-situ release of fluids that lubricate the fault and lead to their reactivation. The response of such systems can be of various nature, including slow creep, one-off reactivation events, or episodic reactivation events during which the permeability increases by several orders of magnitudes and allows fluids from depth to flow upwards. In this contribution, we review briefly the previous studies on this chemo-mechanical oscillator and place the findings in the context of mineral exploration. We extend the parameter sensitivity analysis to the main two dimensionless parameters controlling the chemical reactions, the Arrhenius and Damkohler numbers, to understand how they affect the location of episodic slip instabilities in the global parameter space. We show that lower values of the Damkohler number reduce the range of Gruntfest values in which the oscillator operates and we propose some fitting relationships between the main parameters in various interesting areas of the parameter space.


The massive and irrational consumption of antibiotics for several decades, combined with their high rates of excretion as parental compounds, is becoming a serious problem once it leads to an increasing concentration of antibiotics in active form in the environment. This is becoming progressively more alarming due to development and spread of antibiotic resistance, that leads to the lack of functions of these drugs that once saved millions of lives. Thus, microencapsulation of antibiotics may be a promising solution to this problem. With this technique the amount of the administered antibiotic required to cure the infections is reduced, since it allows less drug doses and a small amount per dose. In this work, metronidazole (MNZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) loaded ethylcellulose microparticles were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique (w/o/w). UVVis spectrophotometry methods for MNZ and SMX determination were developed and validated. The methods presented good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.995, and good precision results with coefficients of variation values lower than 5%. In case of MNZ, the limits of detection were 1.29 mg/L for PBS pH 2 and 0.92 mg/L for PBS pH 7, while the limits of quantification were 4.30 mg/L and 3.06 mg/L, respectively. For SMX, the limits of detection were 1.19 mg/L for PBS pH 2 and 0.37 mg/L for PBS pH 7, while the limits of quantification were 3.97 mg/L and 0.92 mg/L, respectively. It was concluded that is possible to encapsulate MNZ and SMX using ethylcellulose through a double emulsion process. The product yield was 71.4% for MNZ and 95.7% for SMX. Drug loadings of 1.1% for MNZ and 7.8% for SMX were obtained and encapsulation efficiency was 4.6% in case of MNZ and 32.1% in case of SMX. SEM analysis revealed round microparticles with smooth and porous surface and mean particle sizes of 0.50 μm (SMX) and 1.26 μm (MNZ) were obtained. In vitro release studies in PBS buffer at pH 2 and pH 7 showed a first initial burst release, a constant sustained release of the remaining antibiotic, and a constant concentration after complete release of antibiotic. MNZ microparticles exhibited, for both pH values, a fast initial release (≈ 80% after 3 h) and a sustained behavior until complete MNZ release at around 20 h. In case of SMX loaded ethylcellulose microparticles, different release profiles were observed for the two studied pH values. At pH 2, SMX microparticles showed a slower release profile, reaching low % of release (≈ 40% after 2 h). It means that these microparticles are a good approach for the delivery of SMX in the gastrointestinal tract, once the antibiotic is not significantly released in the stomach. Regarding pH 7, SMX microparticles exhibited a fast initial release (≈ 30% after 15 min) and it was observed 80% of release after 5 h. Complete SMX release occurred at around 16 h. In the future, the development of safe and efficient microencapsulation techniques for antibiotics will require in-depth investigations of both the biological and technological fields.


INTRODUCTION The rapid evolution of networked organizations has led to a rise in global and virtual teams. An organization's success is highly dependent on the use of such teams in projects focused on new product development, application software development, supply chain integration, and many other activities. Further, globalizing the innovation process using virtual resources has become an important way to access diverse sets of knowledge and has become an imperative for companies seeking to succeed in a global market (Santos, Doz & Williamson, 2004). Advances in communication technology have reshaped the manner and frequency of daily interactions between coworkers and customers. Telephones, videoconferencing, e-mail, and groupware have made it possible for people to collaborate without meeting face-to face (FTF) (Zaccaro & Bader, 2002).


The article reveals the mental health crisis among young adults, according to the Rhode Island Young Adult Survey. Topics discussed include vulnerability of young adults as they face social and emotional challenges, COVID-19 pandemic as an added stressor of young adulthood, increase in anti-Asian sentiment, xenophobia and racial discrimination exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic that lead to traumatic stress and psychopathology, and harm caused by technology to mental health.


Human Resources is seen as an important asset a company has, since man is a dynamic resource and always needed in every process of production of goods and services. Human Resources is a strategic element in determining whether or not an organization healthy. Planned human resource development and sustainable is an absolute necessity, especially for the future of the organization. Human resource management is a means to improve the human quality, by improving human resources, improve well performance and organizational results, so as to realize what the objectives of the organization, so it is also necessary that the role of the leadership of the organization. Be aware that Human Resources is the basic capital in the process of development agencies or institutions, then the HR management needs to establish an organizational culture in which it is believed could form loyalty to the employee. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between organizational culture and loyalty of employees at PT. SpanSet Indonesia. This study using SPSS version 22 to help the processing of data with a sample of 75 employees and the data were analyzed using Spearman Rank analysis. Keywords: organizational culture, employee loyalty


Most of the time, many countries in tropical region are covered by cloudwhich obstruct the acquisition of high resolution optical image from satellite. Thus,the application of large scale mapping for coastal erosion assessment is difficult to becarried out. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be used for acquisition of highresolution image due to its ability of flying at low altitudes and under cloud cover.This study aims to improve the methodology of data acquisition for assessing erodedcoastal area by using UAV system designed for large scale mapping. The objectivesof this study are (i) to improve the methodology of data acquisition for large scalecoastal erosion assessment using UAV with rapid and low cost, (ii) to assess theaccuracy of the digital photogrammetric products obtained with different groundcontrol points (GCP) configurations and flying altitude, and (iii) to identify andassess coastal areas due to erosion based on the large-scale orthophoto produced.Two improved methods were introduced in this study: (i) rapid data acquisition andprocessing, low cost and accurate mapping using UAV, and (ii) modification of theend point rate (EPR) and linear regression rate (LRR) calculation methods byincluding two new parameters namely the sea water and wave level to detectcoastline changes. The modified EPR and LRR methods in detecting the coastlinechanges of Crystal Bay, Alai, Melaka and Kampung Seri Pantai, Mersing, Johorwere evaluated through statistical model, namely t-test and compared with otherstudies of similar area for validation and verification. Several configurations of GCP,check points (CP) and flying altitude were used to produce the digital elevationmodel (DEM) and orthophoto which were then processed photogrammetrically.Subsequently, the coastal erosion assessment was performed and the coastlinechanges of private properties, buildings and residential areas was identified. Theresults show that the best GCP configuration to produce coastal erosion mappingscale of 1:14000 is 25 points. Meanwhile, the best flying altitude is 300m withaccuracies of ±0.002m, ±0.004m and ±0.389m in Northing, Easting and Heightrespectively. Furthermore, this study shows that most of the coastline, privateproperties, buildings and residential areas are affected by the coastal erosion. Basedon the modified EPR and LRR calculation methods in determining the coastlinechanges, it is evident that the coastline change rate is significant. In conclusion, thisstudy shows that the UAV system offers many advantages such as its ability to fly atlow altitude, low cost, rapid data acquisition and processing in detecting coastlinechanges and accurate results.


In the course of our research on transition metal complexes
with anticancer activity,1 a series of mononuclear Cu(II),
Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes with selected 6-benzylaminopurine
derivatives, namely 6-(2-hydroxybenzylamino)purine 2OHBAP,
6-(3-fluorobenzylamino)purine 3FBAP,
2-(3-hydroxypropylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine BOH
and 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-metylpurine OLO,
has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis,
electronic, infrared and mass (FAB+, ESI+) spectral data,
magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity data. On the
basis of data resulting mainly from a single crystal X-ray
analysis, a composition of the prepared complexes is following:
[CuCl3(2OHBAP+)2]Cl.2H2O, [CuCl3(3FBAP+)2]Cl.H2O,
[PdCl3(BOH+)].H2O, [PdCl3(OLO+)].H2O, [PtCl3(BOH+)].H2O,
[PtCl3(OLO+)].H2O. Cytotoxic activity of the complexes as well
as the starting compounds was determined by a calcein AM assay
on various human tumor cell lines.


English Abstract: Hybridity has become a central characteristic of accountability in public governance. Contemporary service delivery is increasingly defined by the mixing and layering of public, market and social accountability regimes operating as overlapping "hybrid" accountability arrangements. Although hybrid accountability is not a new phenomenon, recent trends have accelerated the process of hybridisation, particularly in welfare state governance. In this symposium, we seek to advance our understanding of the under-theorised concept of hybrid accountability and empirically examine what is actually going on. In this introductory article, we put forward a definition of what hybridity means in public welfare governance and explore its origins and dynamics. We then present the papers of this symposium, showing how they go beyond fixed and static typologies to grasp the dynamics of interactions between actors, values and mechanisms under hybrid accountability. We conclude by reflecting on a future research agenda for studying hybrid accountability arrangements.


The high and large lucidum can be got by the system of bag removing,non-woven fabric binding and packing and soil burial after the mycelium overgrow with birch sawdust alternative compost compared with wood segment cultivation,the system have the advantage of low cost and environmental protection.And the yield of lucidum have approached or over the wood segment cultivating system.


Preimplantation period of embryo development is one of the most sensitive phases in mammalian ontogeny, and disturbances at this developmental stage can result in poor pregnancy outcomes (in both embryos resulting from natural conception or from biotechnology procedures). Results of experimental studies have shown that maternal physiological condition and external environmental factors can significantly influence preimplantation embryo development, indicating a communication between the early embryo and its environment. The study of communication between the early embryo and surrounding environment has been mainly focused on protein signaling molecules such as growth factors and cytokines. However, small-molecule ligands, such as biogenic monoamines, have been shown to influence preimplantation embryo development as well, and results obtained in mouse and rabbit models indicate that biogenic monoamine receptors are expressed in preimplantation embryos. Several adrenergic, dopamine serotonin and histamine receptors were detected in mouse and rabbit ovulated oocytes and preimplantation embryos, and in mouse embryonic stem cells. Although the physiological role of biogenic monoamine receptors in early embryonic cells is not fully understood, experimental data indicate their involvement in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival under physiological as well as unfavorable or pathological conditions (e.g. during maternal stress).


This study examined the acoustic correlates of primary and secondary stress in Indian English. Together with the patterns of lexical stress placement, the parameters of syllable duration, pitch slope, intensity and spectral balance were examined in six noun-verb pairs. Two L1 backgrounds (Hindi and Malayalam) were examined. Results showed that lexical stress placement varied substantially across the speakers, but was in the majority of cases on the same syllable as in American or British English. Second, speakers relied on (in order of importance) differences in intensity, spectral balance, duration, and pitch slope to distinguish primary from secondary stress. The results also showed that Indian English differs from other varieties in the phonetic realisation of the primary-secondary stress distinction.


We deal with mechanisms of heat transfer in a gas-solid fluidized bed. Heat transfer due to heat exchange by direct contact from a heat transfer tube immersed in the bed to fluidized particles was studied by means of visualization of contact of the fluidized particles to the heat transfer surface. The results show that the duration of contact of fluidized particles was almost uniform over the tube circumference and was hardly affected by the flow rate of fluidizing gas. On the other hand, the contact frequency between the particles and heat transfer tube was evidently influenced by the gas flow rate and particle diameter, as well as the location on the tube circumference. Using the visualized results, the amount of heat conducted to fluidized particles during the contact was estimated. This result showed that unsteady heat conduction to the fluidized particles plays an important role in the heat transfer, especially at the condition of incipient fluidization


Mealey proposes two categorical classes of sociopath, primary and secondary. I criticize this distinction on the basis that "type" constructs of this kind have proved unrealistic in personality taxonomy and that dimensional systems capture reality much more successfully. I suggest how such a system could work in this particular context.


In this paper we discuss the following combinatorial optimisation problems: Probleml. Max f = min [aixi+bi]where ai,n,m are positive integers and bi is integer, n≤m,To solve them, two criteria of one kind of optimal solutions are developed for problem 1 and 2 respectively. Two subgradient algorithms are also described, thev cart find an optimal solution quickly.


svypxcon calculates and prints predicted values and 95% confidence intervals for linear or logistic model estimates for a continuous X variable corrected for the survey sampling scheme (weights), adjusted for covariates. Default prints predicted values and confidence intervals; model estimates and graph can be shown. Optionally a quadratic or a quadratic and cubic term can be added to the model. An interaction between X and a nominal variable can be estimated and graphed. Dummy variables are created for the nominal variable with the lowest category defaulting to the reference group.


We have written this note in response to demand from DFID for guidance on third-party verification of Payment by Results (PbR), built on our experience as the monitoring and verification (MV) team for the DFID Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Results Programme (see Box 2). The intention of this note is to support DFID and other organisations when commissioning third-party verification services as part of PbR contracts; we suggest therefore that this note is read alongside guidance on other aspects of resultsbased commissioning. We think our learning will be useful to commissioners of PbR, but you should keep in mind that the WASH Results Programme may differ from other PbR programmes in ways that are relevant for verification (see Box 2). We encourage you to reflect on how the programme you are considering differs from the WASH Results Programme and how that shapes application of the lessons outlined here.


BACKGROUND Nose and paranasal sinuses tumors are diseases easily identifiable that may be found in a routine exploration and some of them are fortuitous findings. OBJECTIVE To identify that kind of tumors and groups of age most common localized in nose and paranasal sinuses. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Ear, nose and throat patology files were reviewed from January 1993 to December 1997, in order to corroborate each patient tumor origin. RESULTS A hundred twenty-four patient tumors were detected, 89 benign tumors, 35 malignant tumors. Inflammatory polyps were the benign tumors most common identified, while lymphoma was the most malignant tumor often described. Benign tumors were predominantly found in patients from the third to sixth living decade. Malignant tumors were principally found on the sixth living decade. Significant differences were not found about gender prevalence in both kinds of tumors. There is a major incidence of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma cases in our country than in foreign populations. In this study the group of age most affected by nasal and paranasal sinuses tumors was from age 40 to 59.


You can learn a lot about rivers, lakes, estuaries, and oceans by looking down at them from the sky. Scientists use a technique called remote sensing to measure the amount of light or heat energy reflected and emitted from the Earth. Sensors can be on satellites or mounted on airplanes, helicopters, or drones. Scientists use this information to map the quality of water in the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary. Remote sensing helps scientists see where and when there might be problems for human health or for the plants and animals living in the estuary.


APPLICATION OF SMALL REACTOR 4S. 4S (Super safe, small and simple) fast reactor has been developed from 1998 with a joint work between CRIEPI and Toshiba. The main basic design concepts of 4S are long life core (10-30 years), negative void reactivity during core lifetime, passive safety design, easy and simple operation, less maintenance work and so on. To obtain these objects, a metallic fuel was selected and the annular reflector surrounding the whole core was selected for the burning control instead of control rod and other innovative technologies were applied, such as RVACS for decay heat removal. The electrical output of 4S is 10-50 MWe and its output will be used to provide electricity or heat to household, industry, seawater desalination for small city or community, and to mining and so on. For example, 4S with 50 MWe can product a fresh water of 200,000 m 3 /day. If the water consumption is 0.2 m 3 /day/capita, 1 million people can use its fresh water. 4S is a small reactor, however, there is a big market for the various utilization as a single or multiple purpose. At the present time, Toshiba and CRIEPI continues the preparation work for the US-NRC Pre-Application review for the future commercialization in the world.


Bob's enthusiasm and active participation in standards from modest beginnings for the Z24 Committee in the 1950s to the important needs for national and international standards in the 1960s to the 1990s was truly remarkable. Bob was a most‐conscientious and detailed reader of drafts, redrafts, and new editions of documents for IEC/TC 29, ISO/TC 43 and SC 1, ISO/TC 108, and our four ANSI S‐Committees. He collected and used his own experiences and even conducted his own experiments to obtain data to support his proposals. Among other areas, Bob worked for 50 years on national and international Standards related to instruments, measurements, terminology, and scales and ratios for plotting. Bob was noted for his perseverance; if he believed in something, he had to make it happen. Some things that Bob had to make happen were the use of A‐weighting and time‐average for measurement and evaluation of environmental noise; here he was quite successful. Bobs achievements over a 50‐year Standards history helped to pu...


Welcome to this online symposium on Humanely Ending the Life of Animals. Finding the most humane way to end the life of animals slaughtered for food or killed after they have been used in biomedical research is a fundamental problem in animal welfare which is also highly contentious. There is a lack of consensus on which methods cause the least possible suffering. One of the most commonly used methods to kill both livestock (pigs and poultry) and laboratory rodents, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas, is particularly contentious. Whilst it is widely accepted that exposure to CO2 causes some welfare compromise, the severity of this and the improvement offered by alternatives is hotly debated. The viability of alternatives is also a contentious issue many potentially humane alternatives are regarded by many as impractical.


Peritoneallymphatic flow in normal and uremic rabbits was measured by estimation of the disappearance of the radiolabelled 1311–albumin from the peritoneal cavity. The results show that lymph flow rate from the peritoneal cavity is not steady and depends on dialysate volume, its tonicity, and protein content. During peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal lymphatic flow is lower at the beginning of an exchange. Peritoneal lymphatic drainage is higher in uremic rabbits compared to normal controls.


It often happens that, on one of the prominent locations in a modern town, an item originating from distant prehistory is discovered. It also happens that life continued in the same location or in its vicinity in a subsequent era, because human experience was capable of recognizing the advantages of the locality for permanent settlement. Nonetheless, on the global level, there is hardly any settlement that has been continuously used for living, ever since the first human settlements were established. Vinkovci is a global exception.


A Passive House's airtight, well-insulated building envelope can lower operating energy use but also increase the possibility of overheating during the summer. The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) Excel modelling tool for Passive Houses treats the entire structure as a single thermal zone; this simplification may be in part to blame for the instrument's poor capacity to forecast the risk of overheating. The current study offers new information on two subjects. First, we compare PHPP's overheating evaluation method to that of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers' (CIBSE) 'TM59' standard, which involves conducting dynamic energy modelling at the room level. Our results support the idea that PHPP underestimates overheating. In the analysed case, glazing solar heat gain coefficient, and air change rate were some of the most crucial factors affecting compliance. Second, we highlight the usefulness of parametric design for compliance.


Ijen caldera complex is a volcano that has a 7 km diameter elliptical caldera which only leaving a northern caldera wall curving towards the southward. Ijen crater as a youngest volcano and still active today stratigraphically composed of lava flow, pyroclastic flow sediments, and pyroclastic fallout. Threats that arise if an eruption occur is pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic fallout, lava flow, lahar flow, and water of ijen crater. The existance of vulcanic activity of Ijen crater impact positively to the society which live around the Ijen mountain region. Their economy rest on sulphur mining and the soil fertility which is used to potato, cabbage and coffee crop cultivation. If this happen it could be a serious threat for the environment, include the population settled around volcano and along the river upstream in the lake of this crater and is a catastrophe. The disaster can be huge because water volume of large enough crater lake and very acidic, besides the result of explotion such as hot clouds, phreatic eruption in the form of lava eruption is also possible to happen.


To give an overview of the current status including problems and efforts about pharmacovigilance in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) safety surveillance.


Objective To study serum bone γ-carboxyglumatic acid containing protein(BGP) in workers exposed to lead.Methods Blood lead(BPb),urine lead(UPb),serum BGP were detected respectively in the lead-exposed workers(n=73) and non-lead exposed workers(n=73).Results Compared with the control group,the level of BPb and UPb increased significantly in the lead-exposed group(P0.01).Serum BGP in the lead-exposed group(4.75±3.28) μg/L,was significantly lower than that of the control(7.91±3.56) μg/L(P0.01).There was a negative correlation between BGP and BPb(P0.01),while no correlation was found between BGP and UPb(P0.05).Serum BGP level decreased along with the increase of years exposed to lead(P0.01).Conclusion Serum BGP decreased in workers exposed-lead,which is suggested that lead could induced metabolic disturbance of osteoblasts.


Abstract This paper studies the problem of predicting occurrences of a significant event in a discrete-event system. The predictability of occurrences of an event in a system is defined in the context of formal languages. The predictability of a language is a stronger condition than the diagnosability of the language. An implementable necessary and sufficient condition for predictability of occurrences of an event in systems modeled by regular languages is presented.


Since 1987 the first computer virus appeared in the world,there has been thousands of viruses.The viruses are increasing at the speed about two thousand kinds each year.The viruses haunt computer field,causing great damages.Nowadays domestic computer field is infected with.Trojan Horse virus,which affects the safety of internet and the proper uploading of internet information.So preventing computer virus is an important task to ensure the safe operation of campus network.On this purpose,the paper puts forward measures against computer viruses.


Abstract : Our project focuses on developing multimedia systems to support human learning, based on cognitive principles and guidelines from cognitive science. The question is not so much whether multimedia makes a difference, but rather how can it best be deployed to make a difference? Our project focuses on developing multimedia systems to support human learning, based on cognitive principles and guidelines from cognitive science. The question is not so much whether multimedia makes a difference, but rather how can it best be deployed to make a difference? Specifically, what combinations of media and methods of interaction are most effective for learning, and why? Cognitive science has made significant advances in understanding human learning and training issues. Based on these advances, we can make strong hypotheses about how to construct effective interactive multimedia learning environments. We are using these hypotheses as the basis for a principled approach to the development of multimedia training systems and, in turn, further advance our understanding of learning and of media through careful assessment of the systems. In our initial investigations summarized here, our focus has been primarily on whether encouraging learners to interact in different ways with the system affects their learning, learning rate, and or transfer to new problems.


With the development of commercial economy of the Qing Dynasty, the class of merchants grew up to be a bigger group. In order to maintain the ruling order, the ruler on the one hand advocated "understanding merchants" and "benefiting merchants" to improve the legal status of the merchants, but on the other hand enhanced the control of merchants' associations and activities with law and policies. This essay holds the view that the ultimate objective of the ruler was to control merchants and their activities.