In this paper, we have studied the characteristics of NAND Flash memory in SONOS Poly-Si Thin Film Transistor (Poly-Si TFT) device. Source/drain junctions(S/D) of cells were not implanted and selective transistors were located in the end of cells. We found the optimum conditions of process by means of the estimation for the doping concentration of channel and source/drain of selective transistor. As the doping concentration was increased, the channel current was increased and the characteristic of erase was improved. It was believed that the improvement of erase characteristic was probably due to the higher channel potential induced by GIDL current at the abrupt junction. In the condition of process optimum, program windows of threshold voltages were about 2.5V after writing and erasing. In addition, it was obtained that the swing value of poly Si TFT and the reliability by bake were enhanced by increasing process temperature of tunnel oxide.


The article presents a brief overview of contemporary discussions on the transformation of historical memory in digital culture, and above all in video games. The representation of the heroic and tragic narratives in games, most often related to World War II and World War I, respectively, differs significantly. The former uses a realistic strategy of representation and emphasizes visual detailing, linear plot construction, and the synchronization of in-game, fictional, and historical time. Authenticity is perceived here through the realism of details. The tragic narrative uses a deconstructivist strategy of representation, characterized by animated or impressionistic graphics and by positioning war itself as the main enemy, not national armies or individual soldiers. Thus, authenticity is understood through a reference to the existential nature of the war experience. The realistic strategy prevails in contemporary popular culture, but the heroic narrative is increasingly intertwined with the tragic. As a result, the balance between the desire to normalize the war and its problematization shifts significantly in the space of culture. The article analyzes Western historiography by examining the games "Verdun 1914–1918", "The Trenches", "Brave Hearts" and others. The authors conclude that the influence of digital culture and video games on the perceptions of the past cannot be reduced exclusively to consumerism or the popularization of academic knowledge. It implies an active transformation of the very ways of interacting with the past, a change in established genre norms, an increase in interactivity, democratization, and aestheticization. These trends are inextricably linked with broader transformations of the modes of historicity in public consciousness at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries.


In bygone years the Indian Museum 'was indebted to the members of the Bengal Pilot Service for numerous and often very valuable collections of zoological nlaterial obtained at the Sandheads off the mouth of the River IIughli. Numbers of specimens are registered as presented by the Commissioners of H. M. Pilot Brigs and foremost among those whose names are recorded as donors are A. J. Milner, W M. Daly and J. Barnet. Nowadays the Pilot Brigs are replaced by modern steamships. one of which, the S.S. 'Fraser,' has recently been provided 'with a bearr:trawl for such marine investigation as the exigencies of the service may permit. The results alrea.dy obtained are of grE:at interest and tend to shO'w that our knowledge of the fauna which lives at the mouth of the Gangetic Delta at depths of about 20 fathoms is still very deficient. Recent acquisitions among Decapod Crustacea include an example of the rare Penaeid Atypopenaeus compress1:1Jes (Henderson) and specimens of the t,vo interesting crabs ,vhich are referred to below.


This study aimed: a) raise the sociodemographic data of the participants of the Open University of the Third Age - EACH USP b) characterize the reasons reported by the elderly as to attend the program, and c) assess the impact of intergenerational relations in the academic environment. For collecting data it was used a socio-demographic questionnaire, two open questions to assess the impact of intergenerational relations in the academic environment and a scale to determine the reasons by order and by level of satisfaction that each represented. The group composed of mature adult and elderly at an average of age of 62.20 years (SD = 5.26 years) was basically made by females (95%). The reasons to attend Open University was more interested in investing in their own development with the increase of information and self-development associated with social relations, as more than 50% said that increase knowledge was the first reason that brought to the program, followed to increase social contact. As to the degree of satisfaction that each variable accounted for, regardless of how ordered the reasons, most of the respondents declared themselves satisfied and very satisfied with their involvement in the program. In the context of intergenerational contact, everyone who is associated with younger said they had advantages and gains, and has changed their perception positively. We concluded that the program is achieving its goals and giving them an effective response to theirs needs of its participants.


The invention The ground unit and is mounted on a mounting substrate, wherein the non-earthed portion having a non-earthed portion, the substrate, coupled to the first radiation electrode and the other end of said first radiation electrode formed on the substrate by contact or non-contact power feeding electrode, and said first radiation and having one end at least l of the second radiation electrode formed in a conductor pattern on a chip antenna, and the non-earthed portion having a terminal electrode coupled to the contact or non-contact on the electrode, the second end of the radiation electrode an antenna device, characterized in that coupled to the contact or non-contact with the terminal electrode and the other end is an open end, it added between the chip antenna and / or the second radiation electrode and the ground area. Ground, non - contact portion, the mounting substrate, the first radiation electrode, a feeding electrode, a terminal electrode, a chip antenna conductive pattern, the second radiation electrodes, the open end, the space portion.


Remotely sensed images have different geometrical distortion caused by change of orbits or posture of platforms. Precise registration of these images is very important in multi-temporal processing. There have been reported a lot of registration methods for multi-temporal processing of images. These methods require ground control point (GCP) pairs for describing the relative geometrical discrepancy between images, and for determining the transform function from one to another. Selection of GCP pairs is essential in these methods. It is, however, difficult and time consuming to select them precisely. Inadequate selection of them causes registration error. For reduction of error in registration and time for selecting GCP pairs, we propose an automatic registration method ART. In this method, we assume that only small change occurs in the scene during the period between the first and the second sensing. The proposed method ART consists of three stages of processing, that is, taking initial GCP pairs, detection and division, and local Affine transformation (ATF: Affine TransFormation). In the first stage, we take three GCP pairs on both images for making initial triangles T1 and T2. In the second stage, residual discrepancy after ATF of T2 to T1 is evaluated in the detection procedure. We use spatial correlation as a key for measuring discrepancy in the sense of spatial structure. If the residual discrepancy is detected, T1 and T2 are divided into two sub-triangles. These procedures are iteratively applied to the triangles until the geometrical distortion between the images is sufficiently corrected by local ATF. The third stage of ART is application of local ATF to each divided triangle. In this paper, we describe the principle and the procedures of the proposed method. The validity of this method is confirmed by numerical simulation and application to actual airborne images.


Rapid development in terms both of volume and quality of service has taken place in the Korean payment system since the mid-1980s, when the interbank financial information network was launched. New horizons for its further evolution were opened up by the construction of BOK-Wire, an interbank RTGS system that was brought into operation by The Bank of Korea in December 1994. Although for some years development efforts were concentrated mostly on the construction of additional payment systems, more recently greater attention has been given to ways of making transfers and settlements faster and more secure. In today's presentation, the development of Korean payment systems and the role of The Bank of Korea will first be briefly introduced. Next I will explain major policy initiatives already undertaken or in the process of introduction to upgrade the stability and efficiency of the payment systems. The explanation will focus on the background to their implementation and on problems that emerged in the process of their introduction and how these were solved, rather than on a detailed description of the systems themselves.1


Purpose – To audit all the clinical audits conducted by the anaesthetic department at the Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, from August 2004 to July 2005 against recommendations published in the paper "Improving the reporting of clinical audits in the NHS".Design/methodology/approach – The standards used were a central system of recording ongoing and completed projects, adequate methodological details with each audit, action plan with each audit, follow‐up of action plan and closing the loop for each audit.Findings – A problem was identified regarding unfinished projects when trainees move on to other hospitals. Changes have been made to solve that problem.Research limitations/implications – Only audits from one department were audited. If all the audits from the whole hospital are examined, more problems with reporting audits may be found.Practical implications – A structured audit programme driven by local issues has enabled the study department's services to improve continuously.Originality/valu...


A magnetic device (1) provided with a magnetic core (10) that comprises the following: a main magnetic-core body (12) that has, in at least one place along the magnetic path thereof, an air gap (16) for preventing magnetic saturation; and a magnetic-bias-applying member (14) that comprises a different material from the main magnetic-core body (12) and is positioned inside the aforementioned air gap (16). Said magnetic device (1) is characterized in that the magnetic-bias-applying member (14) is formed by shaping a composite magnetic material into a slab, said composite magnetic material containing a powdered hard magnetic material, a powdered soft magnetic material, and a binder. This magnetic device has good DC superimposition characteristics and low magnetic-property variability.


Epidemiologic studies of rare diseases may produce surprising findings and raise ethical issues. This is illustrated in this study performed in 171,977 consecutive Taiwanese newborns (including 90,288 boys) from July 2006 through June 2008 by measuring dry blood spot and then leukocyte -galactosidase A ( -Gal A) activities and finally by detecting mutations in the GLA gene involved in Fabry disease. Schematically, two phenotypes of this disease are known: the classic form, with systemic involvement and very low -Gal activity in males; and the later-onset form ( 40 years of age), with some residual -Gal A activity, which is dominated by cardiac involvement. All 11 newborns who had 5% of normal mean -Gal A activity were boys who had GLA mutations. In the group of 66 newborns (64 boys and 2 girls) with -Gal A activities between 5% and 30%, 61 hemizygous boys and 2 heterozygous girls had GLA mutations. Among the group of 12 newborns (11 boys and 1 girl) with -Gal A 30%, only 1 boy had a previously reported mutation, identified in a family with later-onset renal disease. In total, 72 male and 2 female newborns had GLA mutations, an overall frequency of approximately 1 in 1250 boys and approximately 1 in 40,840 girls. Four boys were "predicted" to have the classic phenotype, a frequency of about 1 in 22,570 newborn boys. In contrast, the estimated frequency of the lateronset phenotype is approximately 1 in 1390 male newborns mutations. Three families provided information on other members of the kindreds, two with classic and one with later-onset phenotype. All three families had previously undiagnosed symptomatic family members, including one heterozygous female with ESRD and two males with renal involvement. This is undoubtedly the positive side of such studies. A second study was performed more recently in 110,027 Taiwanese newborns between January 2008 and January 2009 by using a similar protocol (plasma -Gal A activity was measured) (1). The results of this study confirmed those of the previous screening. A high prevalence of the cardiac variant Fabry mutation IVS4 919G3A, first discovered in Japanese patients, was found among newborns (approximately 1 in 1600 boys) in both studies. This splicing mutation was most common (82% of patients). The alternatively spliced transcript was normally present in small amount ( 5% of normal transcript) in most human tissues. However, the G3A transversion enhanced the percent expression of the alternatively spliced -Gal A variant and included a 57-nucleotide intronic sequence that caused a frameshift mutation, resulting in a truncated enzyme polypeptide that had no detectable enzyme activity. The clinical significance of this splicing mutation remains to be fully clarified. Of interest, Lin et al. (1) have investigated 9 grandfathers and 11 grandmothers carrying this mutation, as do their respective grandsons. Among the 9 maternal grandfathers, only 3 had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, compared with none of the 11 grandmothers. These results should be compared with those reported in 2006 from Torino, Piedmont, Italy, by Spada et al. (2). They screened 37,000 consecutive newborns with similar methods and identified 12 infants with GLA mutations, including 11 who had molecular lesions that expressed residual activity consistent with the later-onset phenotype. The overall frequency of Fabry mutations was approximately 1 in 3100 Caucasian boys. Mutation analysis predicted that one of the newborns had the classic phenotype (1 in approximately 37,000), whereas 11 of the newborns were predicted to have the later-onset phenotype (1 in approximately 3400). The prevalence of the classic form is close to that found in previous estimations, whereas that of the later-onset phenotype seems to be higher than commonly thought. In Taiwan, the frequency was 2.5 times more frequent than in the Italian population. These studies raise many ethical and clinical issues. What can be said to the parents of neonates harboring a GLA mutation suggestive of a later-onset disease? The clinical consequences of some mutations, if any, cannot be predicted. The ethnic background should be taken into account. If clinical consequences can be expected, when to start evaluating the cardiac condition and when to consider enzyme replacement therapy, if necessary? What are the psychologic consequences of the screening on the mutation carrier and his/her family? The ethical issues raised by early detection and prediction of later-onset genetic Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at www.cjasn.org.


Abstract We test the hypothesis that the Tea Party won the House for Republicans in 2010. We find no support for this hypothesis. Instead, we find that variables long cited in the literature on congressional elections—in particular, the incumbent's previous electoral performance, the normal party vote in the district, candidate spending, and challenger experience—best explain the results of the 2010 elections.


A multi-disciplinary workshop is performed in nutrition and health based on the integration principle of opening,diversity,expansion,and demand orientations.Meanwhile,the teaching teams also need an integration in relation to teaching methods,assessment,construction of workshops and an application-oriented educational system.


Understanding the discrepancy between IgE sensitization and allergic reactions to peanut could facilitate diagnosis and lead to novel means of treating peanut allergy.


Microarray technology is one of the most challenging methods of influenza A virus subtyping, which is based on the antigenic properties of viral surface glycoproteins – hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. On the example of biochip for detection of influenza A/H5N1 virus we showed the possibility of using multisegment RTPCR method for amplification of fluorescently labeled cDNA of all possible influenza A virus subtypes with a single pair of primers in influenza diagnostic microarrays.


Child welfare as a system has a very difficult role to fill in our society. Often, the system and the workers are the recipients of the blame for what goes wrong in the total community. One of the reasons for this is that child welfare in this country is a residual rather than an institutional system. Essentially, this means the system and the workers, who are it's representatives, do not get involved until there are problems. While the system gives verbal recognition to the complex duties that workers must accomplish, little attention has been paid to some of the underlying causes of worker dissatisfaction and reduced effectiveness with clients. This article examines areas of difficulty for workers arising from the disparity between articulated and demonstrated values in child welfare. The areas of conflict which are discussed include: (1) saying that children belong at home while allocating more funds for out-of-home placements; (2) stating that child welfare has a family focus while directing activitie...


The effects of the processing parameters including laser power, welding speed and defocused position on the welded seam shape in CO 2 laser welding of a superalloy (GH140) has been studied. The characteristics of the microstructures and the hardness of the laser welding joint are also analyzed briefly.


Richard Prass, MD, PhD, Department of Otolaryngology, and Hans Luders, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, have developed an acoustic (loudspeaker) facial nerve electromyogram monitoring system. The use of this monitoring technique has facilitated the dissection of the facial nerve during acoustic neuroma surgery. The stimulus probe is flush-tipped with insulation that reaches to the end. The flush tip prevents widespread electrical current in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid. A reference electrode is placed on the patient's forehead. The recording system consists of bipolar wires placed directly in the facial muscles using a 22-gauge needle. The response is amplified, and an acoustic response is delivered back into the operating room over a loudspeaker for immediate recognition on the part of the operating surgeon. Three types of activity have been identified: burst activity, which results from direct manipulation of the facial nerve; train activity, which results from stretching the nerve;


The process of formation of optimal logistical systems in the strategic management process of sustainable development of the enterprise has been found out. It is decisive for every year's relevant, up-to-date process for the formation of optimal logistic systems for the process of strategic management of development of corporate business. The properties of the logistic system are presented, among which there are the following: integrity and separation; interconnection of elements; organization of a set of elements; integrative qualities; complexity; hierarchy; structuring. The tasks of estimating the economic efficiency of the logistical system have been singled out. They are such: formation of the concept of economic efficiency of logistical systems on the basis of the systems approach; detection of effect-forming factors; formation of the system of the economic efficiency indicators of the logistical system; development of methodology of quantitative estimation of economic efficiency indicators of the logistical system; development of methodology for qualitative estimation of economic efficiency indicators of the logistical system; development of the mechanism for distributing the economic effect between participants of the logistical process; revealing and mobilization of reserves in order to increase the economic effect of logistics. The basic principles of forming the optimal logistical systems in the strategic management process of sustainable development of the industrial enterprise, including integrity and separation, interconnection of elements, organization of a set of elements, integrative qualities, complexity, hierarchy and structuring, have been analyzed. For building up the optimal logistical systems, the enterprises, which are examined, have been suggested to create separate structural subdivisions, which will be accountable for the logistical direction. There are the main directions, which have been offered, of improving logistical systems to ensure the principles of sustainable development. These directions are regarding the economic component (commercial and sustainable, financial and sustainable, organizational and sustainable, production and technical and sustainable, and innovation and sustainable directions); regarding the social component (personnel and income sustainable directions); regarding the ecological component (resource and environmental sustainable directions).


Introduction Prokaryotic genomes are enormously diverse. The genome contents of prokaryotes are remarkably variable even among closely related species. Such genome plasticity is considered as a major player in the bacterial adaptation to various environmental and host constrains [1]. The driven forces of such variations are typically constituted of genomic repeats that engage in recombination events, either dependent on (homologous recombination) or independent of RecA (illegitimate recombination). Recombination among genomic repeats allows for antigenic and tissue tropism variation, but it may have negative consequences, such as replication pausing. Recent reports have identified two major classes of genomic DNA repeats in bacteria; short low complexity repeats and long repeats. The first class constitute of different groups of relatively short-sequence repeats SSR such as microsatellite sequences. The second class includes transposable elements such as insertion sequences (ISs) [2]. Studies of DNA repeats in bacteria were done on small sets of samples that were studied separately, where the researchers were attempting to discover the relationship between these repeats and the biological function of a given bacterium. This project aims to identify and analyze the DNA repeats and segmental genomic duplications in the genome of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. The analysis will focus on discovering bacterial clusters based on DNA sequence repeats and explore its associations with biological features.


The fully printable carbon triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cell (C-PSC) has already demonstrated good efficiency and long-term stability, opening the possibility of lab-to-fab transition. Modules based on C-PSC architecture have been reported and, at present, are achieved through the accurate registration of each of the patterned layers using screen-printing. Modules based on this approach were reported with geometric fill factor (g-FF) as high as 70%. Another approach to create the interconnects, the so-called scribing method, was reported to achieve more than 90% g-FF for architectures based on evaporated metal contacts, i.e., without a carbon counter electrode. Here, for the first time, we adopt the scribing method to selectively remove materials within a C-PSC. This approach allowed a deep and selective scribe to open an aperture from the transparent electrode through all the layers, including the blocking layer, enabling a direct contact between the electrodes in the interconnects. In this work, a systematic study of the interconnection area between cells is discussed, showing the key role of the FTO/carbon contact. Furthermore, a module on 10 × 10 cm2 substrate with the optimised design showing efficiency over 10% is also demonstrated.


College of Scienceand Mathematics, Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, VI 00802,US Virgin IslandsSeveral morphotypes of the relatively large bacterium, Epulopiscium sp. were collected from the intestines of three species ofsurgeonfish (genus: Acanthurus) from shallow waters around the island of St Thomas, in the eastern Caribbean Ocean. Thiswas the first comprehensive study of any of these bacteria from the Atlantic Ocean. They were chemically fixed at theUniversity onSt ThomasIsland,Virgin Islands andsentto the first author(J.N.G.). Each sample was examined underphase-contrast microscopy with a light microscope. Most cells contained two daughter cells that were very phase-bright; hence, werelikely true endospores. They varied from very small, at the ends of the cell, to one-third the length of the cell length to over-lappingatthecentre.Afewcontained onlyonedaughtercell orendospore.Basedontheir sizes,shape,andnumberof daugh-ter cells, they best fit two of the morphotypes described previously.Keywords: first report, bacterial endospores, daughter cells, phase-contrast light microscopy


The present paper presents the results of a study of a number of dissections of the reproductive system of the cherry case bearer, Coleophora pruniella CI. while making observations on the general morphology and biology of this species. The work was done while located at the Peninsular Branch Experiment Station at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. The Male (Fig. I) The reproductive system of the male is decidedly more simple than that of the female and its essential features agree with those described for other Lepidoptera.


Electrochemical sensors based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with WO3 as a sensing electrode were fabricated using either Pt or Au electrodes. The sensors were studied in the temperature range 500-700°C in the presence of different concentrations (300-1000 ppm) of NO2 and CO in air. The response to NO2 was very stable with fast response time (within 20 s). The best sensitivity was observed at 600 and 650°C using Pt and Au electrodes, respectively. At all temperatures investigated a cross sensitivity to CO gas was also noticed. The response to CO was decreased using Au electrodes. The role played by WO3 as a sensing electrode was investigated. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.


In the fabrication of system-in-package (SiP) devices, wafer bonding is a common yet very important process. The technologies widely used nowadays for wafer bonding include direct wafer bonding and intermediate layer bonding. Fusion bonding, one of the direct wafer bonding techniques, requires a processing temperature up to 800–1000°C to create strong covalent bonds between wafers. Some devices, however, cannot withstand such high temperature. Also, the stress generated due to different coefficients of thermal expansion is directly associated with the bonding temperature. Therefore, a low temperature wafer bonding technique is in demand. In this study, an innovative adhesive bonding method is proposed. Patterned trenches are fabricated on one side of the wafer and completely filled with silicone adhesive. The proposed wafer bonding method has several advantages over the traditional adhesive boning method. The trenches provide air escape paths. It also enchances the adhesion strength of the bonded wafers. Test vehicles are fabricated to demonstrate the proposed wafer bonding method with trenches. Shear tests are conducted to measure the mechanical performance of the proposed method. Results show that, when the sample is sheared perpendicularly to the trenches, the shear strength of the sample is 25% higher than that of the sample without trenches.


The hardware architecture of a deep-neural-network-based feature point extraction method is proposed for the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in robotic applications, which is named the Feature Point based SLAM Network (FPSNET). Some key techniques are deployed to improve the hardware and power efficiency. The data path is devised to reduce overall off-chip memory accesses. The intermediate data and partial sums resulting in the convolution process are stored in available on-chip memories, and optimized hardware is employed to compute the one-point activation function. Meanwhile, address generation units are used to avoid data overlapping in memories. The proposed FPSNET has been designed in 65 nm CMOS technology with a core area of 8.3 mm2. This work reduces the memory overhead by 50% compared to traditional data storage for activation and overall by 35% for on-chip memories. The synthesis and simulation results show that it achieved a 2.0× higher performance compared with the previous design while achieving a power efficiency of 1.0 TOPS/W, which is 2.4× better than previous work. Compared to other ASIC designs with close peak throughput and power efficiency performance, the presented FPSNET has the smallest chip area (at least 42.4% reduction).


This paper analyzes the relatively unchangeable knowledge and changeable knowledge of the land value assessment business. It designs the main framework based on C/S dynamic architecture for frozen spot, hot spot for document, method and data, and provides the dynamic evolution mechanism. The scheme based on component, C/S dynamic architecture and hot spots dynamic treatment supports dynamic evolution.


The interactions in ternary system Yb-In-S were studied by physicochemical methods. Twelve sections of the ternary system, which were shown to be quasi-binary, were used in triangulation. The ternary system is triangulated into 13 pseudo-ternary systems. Ternary compounds Yb 3 InS 6 , YbInS 3 , Yb 3 In 5 S 1 2 , YbIn 3 S 6 , YbIn 2 S 4 , and YbIn 4 S 7 were found.


Demand response - changing prices to reduce consumption at peak demand - creates value when it encourages electricity consumers to reduce load at peak times by either curtailing energy-using activities or shifting them to off-peak times. Load that is reduced during times when the power system has encountered critical conditions (in the form of higher prices on wholesale markets or stress from supply insufficiency) will carry greater value than load that is reduced during normal times.


A 50 keV proton injector utilizing a dc microwave source has been used to operate a 1.25 MeV continuous wave (cw) radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator. RFQ injection places stringent requirements on beam properties including centroid control, emittance, and phase-space matching. The ion source chosen for these applications is based on a microwave discharge operating at 2.45 GHz with an on-axis magnetic field near 875 G. The injector employs a space-charge-neutralized, two-solenoid-lens, low-energy beam transport (LEBT) system. Proton injector development with a 1.25 MeV RFQ has resulted in meeting the RFQ 75 mA design current specification in cw mode. Details of the ion source and LEBT operation are presented, and simulations for ion beam extraction and transport are compared with the injector measurements. The proton injector has been converted to 75 keV beam operation for injecting into a 6.7 MeV cw RFQ.


Moored subsurface temperature measurements from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array are subject to errors resulting from vertical motion of the instrumented mooring line. The magnitude of the errors depends on both environmental conditions and mooring design. This report describes a method for estimating these errors using subsurface pressure data to determine vertical excursions of the mooring line. For taut-line moorings examined, typical mooring motion-induced temperature errors are largest in the upper thermocline, with root mean square (RMS) errors of 0.15(–0.45(C. Slack-line moorings typically have larger RMS errors (0.3 (–1.1(C), in some cases with maxima at the lowest instrumented depth. These errors are correctable using processing procedures developed in this report.


The proposal is for a printed circuit board arrangement (1) for an electrical device, especially a control or regulating device for an electromechanical system, having at least one metal base plate (2). There is also a substrate (10) supporting the tracks for electrical components (2, 11) fitted thereon, where the substrate (10) is laminated on the base plate (2), and terminals (4) for electrical connections to the printed circuit board arrangement (1). The base plate (2) takes the form of a housing for the electrical device and/or a mechanical system and the substrate (10) is on the base plate (2) in the inner regions, with the preponderantly surface-fitted electrical components (2, 11) lying in regions on the substrate (10) in which thermal contact with heat-dissipating means can be made.


JW Marriott Hotels & Resorts, part of Marriott International, has announced the opening of the JW Marriott Phu Quoc, Emerald Bay in Vietnam. It is the..


MH21 research consortium of Japan conducted off-shore drillings to survey gas hydrate in Tokai-oki and Kumano-nada area in early 2004 and recovered drill cores of gas hydrate bearing sediment successfully. Mechanical properties of sandy core samples containing natural gas hydrate have been investigated by tri-axial compression test. The increase in tri-axial compressive strength against pore saturation of gas hydrate has been confirmed. The trend of strength increase shows good agreement with the previous results obtained from Toyoura sand containing laboratory-formed synthetic gas hydrate. The secant elastic modulus at 50% of peak strength of natural samples, however, lowered comparing with synthetic gas hydrate sand. No significant relationship has been confirmed between Poisson's ratio and pore saturation of gas hydrate. This relationship can be supported by the same results which have been obtained from the test of Toyoura sand containing synthetic gas hydrate with regard to Poisson's ratio.


The invention discloses a system for payment on the internet safely. The system is made up of paying gateway, business terminal software, the client terminal software and website calling component. Through the call to the browser and the component on the website, each part of the system cooperates and completes the payment of bank card. The communication between the parts of the system uses public key certification safety technology, and embeds the personal code processing model of the third side (bank) in the client terminal software, ensures the safety of transaction. The system supports the magnetism bard card transaction of bank and the standard IC card transaction.


ABSTRACT This nationwide retrospective cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) and demographic, forensic, and clinical factors associated with its practice among Greenlandic forensic psychiatric patients. We collected data from electronic patient files, court documents, and forensic psychiatric assessments. We defined APP as two or more concurrent prescriptions of antipsychotic medication. The study population of 74 patients had a mean age of 41.4 years, and 61 were men. All included patients had either schizophrenia or another ICD-10 F2-diagnosis. We used unpaired t-tests and Chi2 or Fisher's exact test. The prevalence of APP was 35% (n = 26), and there was a significant association between APP and a prescription of clozapine (Chi2, p = 0.010), olanzapine (Fisher's test, p = 0.003), and aripiprazole (Fisher's test, p = 0.013). Furthermore, we found a significant association between APP and prescription of a first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) (Chi2, p = 0.011). Despite recommendations in guidelines, the use of APP is common practice. The majority of forensic psychiatric patients suffer from severe psychiatric disorders, often with other comorbidities, including substance use disorder. The severity and complexity in mental health render forensic psychiatric patients at high risk of APP treatment. Further knowledge on APP use is crucial to secure and further improve the psychopharmacological treatment for this group of patients.


We present the MultiScript Phonetic Search algorithm to address the problem of language learners looking up unfamiliar words that they heard. We apply it to Arabic dictionary lookup with noisy queries done using both the Arabic and Roman scripts. Our algorithm is based on a computational phonetic distance metric that can be optionally machine learned. To benchmark our performance, we created the ArabScribe dataset, containing 10,000 noisy transcriptions of random Arabic dictionary words. Our algorithm outperforms Google Translate's "did you mean" feature, as well as the Yamli smart Arabic keyboard.


Transition metal perovskite oxide membranes and their unique properties have attracted great attention recently and have been developed into one of the research frontiers in condensed matter physics and materials science. Free of constraint imposed by the underlying substrate, freestanding membranes exhibit extraordinary structural tunability and flexibility far exceeding the bulk materials and epitaxial films clamped on substrates, which substantially extends the explorable regime in the phase diagrams. Moreover, high‐quality oxide membranes, even down to a single unit cell, can be synthesized and stacked/integrated with any materials for novel artificial heterostructures and electronic applications. The exceptional structural tunability and stacking ability in oxide membranes provide new knobs to explore the spontaneous symmetry breaking in oxides, providing a fertile playground for emergent primary ferroic/multiferroic properties and electronic applications. Here, the recent progress is briefly reviewed and the promising outlook for future research in ferroic perovskite oxide membranes and their applications is discussed.


The ever-increasing demand for higher system thermal efficiency necessitates the operation of power generation cycles and heat conversion systems for chemical processes at progressively higher temperatures. As the system operating temperature increases, fewer and fewer materials are available with the required mechanical properties and environmental compatibility. This dearth of materials is particularly acute in structural applications at temperatures above 700°C in liquid Fluoride Salt Cooled High-Temperature Reactors (FHRs) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems where liquid fluoride and/or liquid chloride salts are used for their high thermal capacity and low thermal conductivity to store and transport heat. It has been shown that fluorides and chlorides can degrade the properties of the material used for storage and transport due to corrosive effects thus affecting the performance and lifetime characteristics. Thus, materials used for storage and transport for fluoride/chloride-salt must at the minimum have good compatibility with the salt by exhibiting low corrosion rates at the required temperatures. In addition, since many of the components will be subject to stresses in service, they need to have sufficient strength to resist plastic deformation, and the resistance to time dependent creep deformation at these temperatures, and stress levels. Achieving the combination of these properties required for higher temperatures is particularly challenging considering traditionally, the expected lifetime of some of the components used in these systems are from 30 years (CSP) to 80 years (FHRs). Although 316 stainless steel and associated redox corrosion reduction techniques are being considered for use in the first generational systems, use of 316SS is limited to operating temperatures up to ~ 650°C, thereby resulting in lower reactor efficiencies . Hastelloy ® N, developed at ORNL in the 1950s-60s for molten salt service is currently the leading candidate FHR structural alloy but has inadequate creep properties at high temperatures. Using a computationally-guided approach, Oak Ridge National Laboratory had developed new high strength alloys strengthened by γ ' precipitates (about 2X the strength of Hastelloy ® N ) in small laboratory-scale heats that show good resistance to corrosion by fluorides and improved creep rupture life at temperatures up to 850°C ( U.S. Patent Application No. 13/833,357 entitled "High Strength Alloys for High Temperature Service in Liquid-Salt Cooled Energy Systems"-granted U. S. Patent


The present invention provides an outside air temperature without depending on the discharge flow rate of the pump device and a control method and stability control. The method of controlling the pump device comprising: a discharge port so that the output rate of the gas discharged standard rotational speed of the motor driving signal; measured by the temperature sensor is mounted on the pump body to discharge the discharged gas temperature at the outlet or the temperature of the pump body; correcting the drive signal, and; calculating an output signal based on the temperature signal of the temperature sensor included in the temperature of the gas associated with the actual flow discharged by the discharge gas outlet the drive signal is output to the motor is corrected so that the actual flow rate consistent with said standard flow rate.


Background: Among the problems that the patients experience during the recovery period of drugs is the problem with sexual activity. This Article tries to explore of sexual activity among Iranian drug users in relapse process. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with qualitative approach using a content analysis method, in which deep and semi-structured interviews were performed with thirteen participants (ten drug users and three therapists). All interviews were analyzed by content analysis method, and Guba and Lincoln criteria were considered throughout the study to ensure its accuracy. Results: The results emerged as three main themes: sexual lassitude, sexual impotence and avoidance of sexual contact. Discussion: Results showed that sexual problems could of factors play a role in the relapse process in clients and need to be taken into consideration in their caring, treatment and rehabilitation planning. [Naiemeh Seyedfatemi, Hamid Peyrovi, Amir Jalali. "Sexual activity in relapse process among Iranian drug usersA qualitative study". Life Sci J 2013;10(5s):410-414] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 74


The authors (J. Biol. Chem., 211, 757, 1954) h-.ve determined the levels of 14 individual free amino acids in normal chorio-allantoic membranes at 9, 15, and 17 days of incubation. The influence of influenza virus infection was studied in 15 day old membranes over periods of 15 to 48 hr. Decreases in the concentrations of histidine, lysine, arginine, and serine were noted. These observations have now been extended to include the first infectious cycle, thus making it possible to follow progressively the changes in these four amino acids over a period of 48 hr. The allantoic sacs of 15-day-old embryonated eggs were inoculated with 0.1 ml freshly harvested, egg adapted, PR8 strain of the influenza A virus. After 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 hr of incubation at 36 C, eggs were randomly selected and the chorio-allantoic membranes removed for microbiological assay of amino acids and for the estimation of virus infectivity according to the method of Henle (J. Exptl. Med., 90, 13, 1949). Changes in free amino acid levels and of viral titers are shown in table 1. The values for each of the time intervals up to 8 hr represent averages of four experiments in each of which composites of membranes from 16 embryonated eggs were analyzed. The virus titer increased from 10-5 l ID5o/ml at 1 hr after inoculation to 10-6 4at the end of 8 hr. The titer at the end of the first hour is probably a more accurate estimate of the initial titer of the membrane than at 0 hr, since it has been pointed out by Henle (J. Exptl. Mled., 86, 423, 1947) that /' to 1 hr is 1 This study was supported in part by funds provided under Contract No. AF 18 (600)-615 with the United States Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Field, Texas. required to reach maximum adsorption of virus. With respect to the four amino acids, histidine, lysine, arginine, and serine, significant changes in these did not occur during the 8-hr period.


We show that as soon as h → ∞ with X → ∞, almost all intervals (x − h logX, x] with x ∈ (X/2, X] contain a product of at most two primes. In the proof we use Richert's weighted sieve, with the arithmetic information eventually coming from results of Deshouillers and Iwaniec on averages of Kloosterman sums.


The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is the principal cognitive test battery used for military classification-that is, for assignment of individuals to specific job categories. Successful entrance into a specific job category requires satisfactory completion of relevant training. Therefore, it is necessary that the ASVAB accurately predict the likelihood that individuals will complete training. Presently, the U.S. Navy classifies enlisted personnel based on a unit-weighted linear combination of scores derived from a subset of tests currently composing the ASVAB test battery. This research explored the development of new classification models estimated by using linear regression, logistic regression, discriminant analysis, and artificial neural networks, and it compared their classification accuracy with models developed using unit- weighted regression. Models were estimated and cross-validated using data from individuals admitted into the Navy's Air Controlman training during fiscal year...


Because of the car bottom restrict,the Yu Chai 4E oil tanks are made of top tank,inside tank,bottom tank,and welded by MAG fusion welding process.Because of adopting handicraft welding process and welding sews very long,welding quantity is very unsteady,the welding sews are easy opening in customer use process.To change the construction of the welding sews,and design a CNC automation welding machine according to the actual circumstance of the oil tank,the 4E oil tanks are welded by automatic welding process.Welding quantity is very steady,the breakdown rate of the welding sews in customer use process is reduced,and the labor rate of production is increasing.


Gedikpasa has received more than its fair share of the damage wrought by theindustrialization policies that influenced Turkey in almost every field in the second half of thetwentieth century. As a result, Gedikpasa, known as the residence of the past, has gone througha forced industrialization process. We can see in the case of Gedikpasa how the relative advantagesof some of its districts compared to certain areas of the Historical Peninsula turned intodisadvantages over time, and that proximity to the city's administrative and economic center isnot always an advantage, and geographic location in this respect may be a burden. ThereforeGedikpasa has ceased to be a place where different cultural identities live together and hasbecome a place where different economic identities exist and have a mutual complementaryrelationship. Although it has lost the identity it once had, which was based on social inclusion,Gedikpasa has not entirely lost its original identity. We can instead say that it has gone through aqualitative transformation. As a district where workplaces, public buildings and houses becamenested within one another, Gedikpasa is an example of the transformation historical districtsunderwent in the last century. In this study, I describe the social and spatial degradation processin the historic city area of Gedikpasa created by industrialization. I examine the negative resultsof this process from the standpoint of traditional production and social structure, and make suggestionsfor their solution.


MetaCompose is a music generator based on a hybrid evolutionary technique that combines FI-2POP and multi-objective optimization. In this paper we employ the MetaCompose music generator to create music in real-time that expresses different mood-states in a game-playing environment (Checkers). In particular, this paper focuses on determining if differences in player experience can be observed when: (i) using affective-dynamic music compared to static music, and (ii) the music supports the game's internal narrative/state. Participants were tasked to play two games of Checkers while listening to two (out of three) different set-ups of game-related generated music. The possible set-ups were: static expression, consistent affective expression, and random affective expression. During game-play players wore a E4 Wristband, allowing various physiological measures to be recorded such as blood volume pulse (BVP) and electromyographic activity (EDA). The data collected confirms a hypothesis based on three out of four criteria (engagement, music quality, coherency with game excitement, and coherency with performance) that players prefer dynamic affective music when asked to reflect on the current game-state. In the future this system could allow designers/composers to easily create affective and dynamic soundtracks for interactive applications.


The video lectures course is intended for full-time and part-time students enrolled in "Pedagogical education" direction, profile "Primary education" or "Primary education - Additional education". The course consists of four lectures on the section "Elements of Mathematical Logic" of the discipline "Theoretical Foundations of the Elementary Course in Mathematics" on the profile "Primary Education". The main lecture materials source is a textbook on mathematics for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions Stoilova L.P. (M.: Academy, 2014.464 p.). The content of the considered mathematics section is adapted to the professional needs of future primary school teachers. It is accompanied by examples of practice exercises from elementary school mathematics textbooks. The course assumes students productive learning activities, which they should carry out during the viewing. The logic's studying contributes to the formation of the specified profile students of such professional skills as "the ability to carry out pedagogical activities for the implementation of primary general education programs", "the ability to develop methodological support for programs of primary general education." In addition, this section contributes to the formation of such universal and general professional skills as "the ability to perform searching, critical analysis and synthesis of information, to apply a systematic approach to solving the assigned tasks", "the ability to participate in the development of basic and additional educational programs, to design their individual components". The video lectures course was recorded at Irkutsk State University.


Based on the analysis of the present situation in Shanxi Province Fitness Qigong,this article discussed the factors that restricted the development of Shanxi Province,and put forward the relevant Suggestions of Fitness Qigong.Such as: play the management's control functions,to mobilize all positive factors of society,realize diversified,integrated development model,take active measures.Though creating the new method,the communication of competitive activities,the depth of investment promotion,the strengthen of scientific research,the expansion of audience,and gradually promote Fitness Qigong.Ultimate realization the sustainable development of Shanxi Province Fitness Qigong.


Described is research to assess the use of foamed bitumen and bituminous emulsion treated materials with deep in situ recycling. Heavy Vehicle Simulator and laboratory test results on these materials are discussed. The HVS data are used to develop preliminary structural design models for effective fatigue and permanent deformation, and to determine damage factors.


The study of spatial distribution of tree populations has proven to be important for revealing how individuals are horizontally organized in the environment, facilitating the structural understanding and forms of colonization and dispersion of propagules. The present work aimed at studying the pattern of spatial distribution of tree species Copaifera arenicola [(Ducke) J. Costa e L.P.Queiroz] and its structural relation with the altimetric profile in a Caatinga fragment in Ribeira do Pombal municipality, Bahia. Census of all individuals in the area with circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 6 cm was performed. The spatial distribution analysis was conducted for the whole population using Ripley K univariate function, with maximum search radius (h) of 128 m. 409 individuals were found, corresponding to absolute density of 89.49 ind. ha -1 and 0.681 m². ha -1 of basal area. The group of C. arenicola individuals corresponds to a stable population in expansion phase, presenting higher number of young and medium individuals. The pattern of spatial distribution of individuals in the area under study was the uniform arrangement. None of the altimetric classes of the area had a different influence on the structure and distribution of arboreal individuals.


Pre-operative anaemia is present in 20–40% of patients scheduled for major elective orthopaedic procedures1–3. Pre-operative anaemia has been linked to post-operative infections, poorer physical functioning and recovery, decreased quality of life, and increased length of hospital stay and mortality1–6. It is not, however, clear whether anaemia is a modifiable risk factor of poorer outcomes and not simply a marker of other conditions that confer increased risk3.


Nonclassicality filters provide a universal method to visualize the nonclassicality of arbitrary quantum states of light through negativities of a regularized Glauber-Sudarshan $P$ function, also denoted as nonclassicality quasiprobability. Such filters are introduced and analyzed for optimizing the experimental certification of nonclassical effects. An analytic filter is constructed which preserves the full information on the quantum state. For balanced homodyne detection, the number of data points is analyzed to get the negativities of the nonclassicality quasiprobability with high statistical significance. The method is applied to different scenarios, such as phase randomized squeezed vacuum states, single-photon-added thermal states, and heralded state engineering with array detectors. The generalization to visualize quantum correlations of multimode radiation fields is also considered.


Naval Architecture for Non-naval Architects is all about learning and understanding the basic techniques and knowledge of naval architecture. The course enables you to be successful within the maritime industry. The main topics include: • Ship and shiptypes • Hullform of a ship • Shipdesign • Stability • Ship resistance and propulsion • Ship constructions • Ship motions & vibrations • The yard process • General knowledge in naval architecture LEARN, UNLEARN & RELEARN with Mr Bos's leading global expertise


A process that uses the field-scale model DRAINMOD to simulate the hydrologic response of a watershed to peat mining is presented. An eastern North Carolina watershed has been proposed as the site of a peat mining project. Within the watershed are several distinct soils, land uses, and drainage characteristics. Land use, drainage, and even soil characteristics change as peat soil is mined and reclaimed. The hydrologic response of this watershed is determined for each year of the proposed mining project by combining the field hydrology model with a simple reservoir model, a spreadsheet program, and a statistical program. Results show that peat mining alone increases the annual runoff volume and peak outflow rates. However, by mining land in small sections, by reclaiming the land for agricultural and forest uses, and by installing water retention reservoirs, the annual runoff and peak daily flows from the watershed can be reduced to the magnitude of those presently occurring on the unmined site.


Lizards provide an excellent model system for studying signal evolution. However, the scientific literature on lizard social behaviour displays a strong taxonomic bias, with disproportionate attention to certain lineages, such as iguanids (Carpenter & Ferguson, 1977; Stamps, 1977; Ord et al., 2001). Although the family Scincidae is one of the largest and most diverse lizard lineages (ecologically, geographically and morphologically), the social behaviour of scincids has received far less attention than many other groups. Small skinks are thought to lack obvious social displays (Done & Heatwole, 1977; Stamps, 1977), but recent research has revealed that skinks exhibit complex social characteristics, including stable social aggregations (Greer, 1989; Gardner et al., 2001), kin recognition (Bull, 2000; Bull et al., 2000, 2001), female mate choice (Cooper & Vitt, 1993), mate guarding (Olsson & Shine, 1998), and aggressive territory defence (Jennings & Thompson, 1999). Skinks occur virtually worldwide, but are most diverse in Australia (>300 species: Cogger, 2000). Nevertheless, we have been able to locate in the literature comprehensive descriptions of behavioural repertoires (ethograms) for only three species of Australian skink (Carlia rostralis: Whittier & Martin, 1992; Whittier, 1994; Lampropholis guichenoti : Torr & Shine, 1994; Ctenotus fallens : Jennings & Thompson, 1999), as well as for one North American species (Eumeces inexpectatus : Perrill, 1980). Before we can understand and interpret the evolution of behavioural traits in lizards, we need to document patterns in a large number of phylogenetically divergent lineages. Ethograms for a range of species are necessary before we can undertake comparative studies. This study aims to provide a thorough account of the behaviours displayed by males of an Australian skink, Carlia jarnoldae, under a range of circumstances, and to explore their probable function. We observed males in naturalistic outdoor enclosures in one of four treatments: while alone, with a female conspecific, with a male conspecific, or in the presence of a "predator". We describe the behaviours observed during these trials, and discuss the functional significance of various behaviours by examining the degree to which they are performed in the different treatments.


Entangled pairs of photons are an essential element in many aspects of the emerging field of quantum information processing. Examples include secure communication using quantum keys and quantum repeaters. While both atomic and solid-states systems are likely to contribute to these next-generation devices, a particularly bright source of photons are those from semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), such as an InAs QD in GaAs. QDs are often called artificial atoms, but with tens of thousands of atoms and a strain-driven formation process the electronic-state symmetry within a QD is often reduced from ideal. Fig. 1 depicts the energy level diagram of a QD. The 2-electron, 2-hole biexciton state, |XX), can decay by two different paths, through either of the electron-hole, exciton states |Xh) or |Xv). When the QD is asymmetric, these two exciton states are split by the fine-structure splitting, ¿pg. The |XX) and |X) emission spectra now consist of doublets. The emission is polarized along the QDs axes of anisotropy, here the [110] and [110] crystal axes, denoted H and V in Fig. 1. Since the 6ps exceeds the linewidths, the two decay paths are essentially distinguishable and photon entanglement from the decay is limited. Thus the reconstructed density matrix of Fig. 3(d) contains mostly diagonal elements. This matrix is constructed from a series of polarization-resolved photon-photon correlation measurements [1]. Here we show for the first time a way to create the necessary electronic-state degeneracy and entanglement. With our approach, QDs could serve as a chip-based deterministic source of polarization entangled photons that delivers pairs on-demand.


The permanent-electro magnetic suspension (PEMS) technology takes advantage of the attractive magnetic force between the magnet and the iron core and reduces the power consumption eventually to zero. However, the current of the zero-power PEMS system fluctuates around zero due to disturbances and suffers from the electronic nonlinearity. This work presents that the 2 µs turn-off delay (one electronic defect) of the integrated circuit (IC) L298N (one commercial full-bridge pulse-width-modulation (PWM) inverter produced by STMicroelectronics) leads to the nonlinear current-duty cycle characteristic, which undermines the control stability and limits the PWM frequency of the zero-power PEMS system. Moreover, the nonlinear mechanism is experimentally and theoretically analyzed for the critical PWM frequency and the sensitivity transition. Furthermore, this work proposes the compensation algorithm to overcome the electronic nonlinearity. It is demonstrated that the three-piece linearization approach stabilizes the PEMS system with only a few milliampere current and outperforms the two-piece counterpart with stronger robustness and smoother dynamics under the current-step-change test, especially for the PWM frequency higher than the critical value. Besides, the breakthrough of the critical PWM frequency by the compensation algorithm is of great significance for the dynamic performance of the high-speed PEMS transportation system.


Using spectroscopy from the Large Binocular Telescope and imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope we discovered the first strong galaxy lens at zlens > 1. The lens has a secure photometric redshift of z = 1.53  ±  0.09 and the source is spectroscopically confirmed at z = 3.417. The Einstein radius (0.″35; 3.0 kpc) encloses 7.6 × 1010 M☉, with an upper limit on the dark matter fraction of 60%. The highly magnified (40×) source galaxy has a very small stellar mass (∼108 M☉) and shows an extremely strong [O iii]5007 Å emission line (EW0 ∼ 1000 Å) bolstering the evidence that intense starbursts among very low-mass galaxies are common at high redshift.


Resume: An approach for researching fingers' movement with an aim to create a formal notion of sign language fingerspelling units (dactyls) is considered. Then an informational parametric model of a human arm is suggested that describes possible movements during fingerspelling process. 10 fingerspelling alphabets are analyzed mutually compared for exact and partial similarity as well as notable distinctions. The example of a .Net-based software application is then provided that teaches proper Ukrainian fingerspelling.


In recent years, several catastrophic wildfires in North America have been attributed to electrical faults. As a result, there is now a spotlight on the role of electrical grids in these natural disasters. Attempts to mitigate the effects of power grid faults in drought regions include major changes to grid operational procedures, such as the removal of automatic reclosing. This paper examines the operational ramifications of these changes. A study is performed to analyze over a decade of outage data examining the impact of automatic reclosing on normal power grid operation and performance. We conclude that for a majority of faults, the initial reclosing attempt is successful. This implies that many power system faults could be cleared by one reclose attempt without incurring significant additional fire ignition risk. However, if the initial reclose attempt is unsuccessful, subsequent reclose attempts appear to have lower probability of success and could be avoided without significantly impacting reliability.


Neck pain is amongst the leading causes of disability across all health conditions globally, and technologies such as movement analysis could represent valuable tools for supporting the assessment and rehabilitation of people with neck pain. In recent years there has been a proliferation of software for head tracking but applications in rehabilitation engineering have so far been limited, possibly because such software is rarely validated. With this work we introduce the design of FATIMA (Facial Analog for Testing Image-based Motion Analysis), a robot mannequin head that can be used as a calibration rig for face and head tracking software. In this case, we test the validity of an open-source head tracking software which uses a standard camera. We imposed to the robotic head movements mimicking rotation and flexion-extension of the neck, of varying amplitudes and speeds, and we observed correlations and agreement between the control signal and the head tracking software output. Our results support the validity of such software (available online and free), and our robot can also be used for other applications such as education, biofeedback and social human-robot interaction.


Background: Lethal toxic encephalopathy of shigellosis (Ekiri syndrome) is a rare complication of the shigella infection presented with fever, severe toxicity, seizure and diffuse brain edema, coma and death in the absence of dehydration and is nearly always lethal. This report is about a child who has survived the Ekiri syndrome. Case presentation: A three-year old child was admitted to the emergency ward because of fever, one attack of generalized tonic-clonic seizure, drowsiness and diarrhea with no signs of dehydration. The differential diagnosis was meningitis, shigellosis and atypical febrile convulsion. All test results for blood, urine, stool and cerebro-spinal fluid samples were normal except for serum sodium (119 mmol/l) and stool exam (many RBCs). He was treated with anticonvulsants because of the recurrent seizures and ceftriaxone with probability of shigellosis. The emergency brain CT scan showed diffuse brain edema. After 48 hours the consciousness was improved. Stool culture showed the growth of Shigella flexneri. Second brain CT scan revealed a dramatic decrease of the brain edema. Conclusion: Because neurological symptoms are among the extra intestinal complications of the shigellosis, it is recommended to put this disease in the list of differential diagnosis of unexplained neurological signs in endemic areas and consider the specific medications in the treatment programs.


............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables.................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Review of Literature ......................................................................................... 5 Information Processing Theory ...................................................................................... 5 Cognitive Load Theory................................................................................................. 13 Paivio's Dual Coding Theory ....................................................................................... 25 Cognitive Style ............................................................................................................. 31 Task Classification........................................................................................................ 40 Francis Dwyer's Studies ............................................................................................... 53 Lloyd Rieber's Studies.................................................................................................. 60 Summary and Hypotheses ............................................................................................ 65 Chapter 3: Research Methodology ................................................................................... 69 Research Design ........................................................................................................... 69 Participants.................................................................................................................... 70 Instruments.................................................................................................................... 71 Group Embedded Figures Test ................................................................................. 71 Chinese character tutorial ......................................................................................... 71 Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 72 Testing .......................................................................................................................... 73


The purpose of this study was to investigate the recognition and satisfaction with the menu quality of food services in an immigration detention center. The survey was conducted from January 22, 2010 to April 22, 2010 by questionnaires. A survey with 265 respondents was conducted and data analyzed by the SAS Program. In analyzing leftovers, the most common was kimchi (37.61%), followed by breads (21.52%), and beans/bean curd (17.99%). The common cause for leftover were undesirable taste (31.84%), sickness or a lack of desire for eating (19.85%). In terms of cooking methods, stir-frying, broiling, and frying were highly preferred to steaming, boiling, and salting. In the analysis of preferences in the taste and satisfaction of food service, there were significant differences in hot, sour, bitter, and light tastes (p


A spatial integer computational model for longitudinal forces was established of CRTS Ⅱ slab ballastless track on continuous beam bridge,and a solution method of the model was given.The influences of frictional factor of sliding layer,flexible stiffness of foundation plate and longitudinal resistance of fasten on additional expansion and contraction forces were analyzed about CRTSⅡ slab ballastless track on long-span continuous beam bridge.Analysis results show that the additional expansion and contraction forces of rail and foundation plate decrease with the diminution of frictional factor of sliding layer and longitudinal resistance of fasten,the additional expansion and contraction forces of rail,pier and abutment decrease by increasing flexible stiffness of foundation plate.


Parallel Job Scheduling - A Status Report.- Scheduling on the Top 50 Machines.- Parallel Computer Workload Modeling with Markov Chains.- Enhancements to the Decision Process of the Self-Tuning dynP Scheduler.- Reconfigurable Gang Scheduling Algorithm.- Time-Critical Scheduling on a Well Utilised HPC System at ECMWF Using Loadleveler with Resource Reservation.- Inferring the Topology and Traffic Load of Parallel Programs Running in a Virtual Machine Environment.- Multi-toroidal Interconnects: Using Additional Communication Links to Improve Utilization of Parallel Computers.- Costs and Benefits of Load Sharing in the Computational Grid.- Workload Characteristics of a Multi-cluster Supercomputer.- A Dynamic Co-allocation Service in Multicluster Systems.- Exploiting Replication and Data Reuse to Efficiently Schedule Data-Intensive Applications on Grids.- Performance Implications of Failures in Large-Scale Cluster Scheduling.- Are User Runtime Estimates Inherently Inaccurate?.- Improving Speedup and Response Times by Replicating Parallel Programs on a SNOW.- LOMARC - Lookahead Matchmaking for Multi-resource Coscheduling.


Sir, There is a clear and interesting dichotomy in the responses to my critique of megatrials (July Journal). Clinical scientists tend to agree enthusiastically with my points concerning the limitations of this methodology, while epidemiologists, biostatisticians, public health professionals and other professional 'number-crunchers' regard the same writings as outrageous, controversial and mistaken (Letters to the editor, November Journal). This dichotomy relates to a genuine divergence in approach. Clinicians tend to be interested in obtaining estimates of therapeutic effectiveness that are valid predictions of what will happen in their patients. Megatrials are not appropriate instruments for this job,1 and metaanalyses are even worse.2 By contrast, number-crunchers (and managers) tend to be interested in obtaining estimates of effectiveness with the highest possible degree of statistical precision — even when it is unclear exactly what these numbers mean in practice. A megatrial is not primarily defined by its size, but by its methodology: this point is quite clear in the early papers that launched the megatrial methodology.3 A megatrial is a 'large' randomized therapeutic trial that employs simplification of protocol to pursue the primary goals of maximizing size through facilitated recrutiment and compliance. This size brings both increased statistical power and balancing of uncontrolled confounders between allocation groups. It is the method of simplification that I have called a methodological mistake because it usually leads to poor experimental control and heterogeneous patient recruitment.4 In his letter, Tom Fahey does not acknowledge the crucial distinction between, on the one hand, performing technically and statistically correct randomzied trials (which is a relatively straightforward logistical matter of following standard practice), and, on the other, the much more difficult 'scientific' and 'clinical' requirements that must be satisfied for studies to be valid and applicable. I cannot understand the reluctance to admit that most randomized trials (like most published reasearch) are useless for most clinicians — being worthless at best and misleading at worst. For instance, when the protocol conflates a variety of ancillary treatments that influence the outcome, when trial management differs from actual practice, when the study population contain diagnostically and prognostically heterogeneous subjects, or when the trial is performed on the wrong people, then the trial results will not be predictive and cannot be taken at face value.4,5 Fahey's failure to make this distinction between statistics and clinical science is shown when he states that 'empirical studies have demonstrated that bias (systematic error) is greatest when inadequate randomization occurs...' and that 'poorly randomized trials yield exaggerated treatment effects of between 30% and 40% when compared with properly randomized trials.' I'm afraid 'empricial studies' cannot show anything of the kind, because the sources and magnitude of bias are not a fixed quantity but entirely depend upon the specific circumstances of each trial and on factors such as its level of experimental control and patient selection. So, the magnitude and direction of any effect of poor randomization depends upon the amount of uncontrolled bias and the nature of the 'poor randomization'. There is no conceivable reason why the sum of specific and various experimental errors should always amount to minus 35% whatever the study! General purpose trial 'quality' checklists entriely miss the point. In evaluating a randomized trial of, say, the chemotherapy of leukaemia, there is no substitute for detailed knowledge of both chemotherapy and leukaemia. Certainly it would be most unwise to turn over the job of evaluating clinical research to teams of biostatisticains armed with checklists.2 Megatrials have an important but secondary role in clinical research. Before performing a megatrial, clinical scientists must already have done most of the hard work in establishing the causal nature of the therapeutic effect and the major potential sources of bias and confounding. Only then can a megatrial be designed that simplifies without distortion. The valuable megatrials of the past have conformed to this pattern of science first, megatrial later — it is only the recent, managerially driven megatrial mania that has led some people to put the cart before the horse. The time is ripe to fight back and ressert that the validity and applicability of clinical measurements should never be sacrificed to statistical exactness.6


How to Cite (APA)_________________________________________________________ Paula, A. de, Neto, Emmendoerfer, M. L., & Corrêa, S. C. H. (2020). Entrepreneurship Education Guidelines in the Public Sector: The perspective of government schools. Journal of Accounting, Management and Governance, 23 (3), 405-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.51341/1984-3925_2020v23n3a7 _____________________________________ Received: May 25, 2020 Revised: June 15, 2020 Accepted: July 17, 2020 Published: November 16, 2020 ABSTRACT Objective: In the evolution process of Public Administration, the Government Schools have a preponderant role in reinvigorating the skills of civil servants who will have to deal with the transversal theme of entrepreneurship. Thus, this study aims to analyze the extent to which the Government Schools investigated potential guidelines for entrepreneurship education in the public sector. Method: An empirical qualitative-exploratory study was carried out, involving the multiple case study method, with three renowned Brazilian Government Schools of the executive branch at the three federative levels as the locus. In-depth interviews, guided by script, recorded, and transcribed, were carried out with the strategic representatives of these institutions, generating a corpus of textual analysis treated by the IRAMUTEQ software with the appropriate content analysis. Results: Developing entrepreneurship education guidelines in the public sector based on context constructs (macro, meso and micro); in the profile of the civil servant (student); entrepreneurial education; in the legal and regulatory framework; the adequacy of the infrastructure and the competence of the facilitator (teacher). Originality / Relevance: Analogously to a mix of educational planning instruments, there is a possibility to systematize educative training actions there are capable of favoring specific entrepreneurial andragogy for public employees. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: Importance of demystifying the theme of entrepreneurship in the public sector, as well as observance of the role of Government Schools in the staff of modern and effective public management. Social / Managerial Contributions: Greater guarantees for generating public value through intrapreneurship that would resignify the intra-organizational processes of government bodies.


WHAT AN HONOR—not only to have my book on Wallace Stevens singled out for attention, but also to have it be the provocation to these fantastic essays. This is the greatest professional recognition I have ever had, since the seriousness of the essays seems to me to be continuous with the ambitions of my book. Those ambitions are such that almost any essays would have been much appreciated; that I must respond to these superb arguments raises the honor to an entirely different level. And I get the pleasure of having to figure out how to respond without too naked a display of self-defensiveness. The essays fall into two groups: Edward Alexander and Jeffrey Blevins seem relatively content to accept my basic arguments so that they can extend them into other philosophically charged grammatical inquiries, while Allen Dunn and Barrett Watten focus on challenging fundamental features of the central arguments in the book. But Alexander and Blevins also provide very useful clarifications of my efforts to use philosophy in order to characterize powers distinctive to poetry, only to supplement this sympathy by severe reservations about how I go about finessing both empiricism and idealism. So they give me an opportunity to elaborate aspects of the conceptual and imaginative force of Stevens' poetry.


In this paper, SiC MOS capacitors were fabricated and annealed in Ar/O2 = 9:1 ambient with different temperature, and the annealing effects on the reliability and performance of SiC MOS capacitance were investigated. We found that annealing in Ar/O2 ambient is capable to improve the reliability of gate oxide. When annealing in higher temperature, defects near SiO2/SiC interface are reduced, but the gate reliability deteriorated. It is difficult to obtain the best performance and reliability under the same conditions. There is a trade-off between Dit and reliability to adjust the annealing conditions.


The purposes of this study are to study on integrated design in the interaction of design management and suggest the way to manage it continuously through the securing of enterprise competitiveness and various communication. This study analyzes 12 spaces of 4 enterprises applying spatial marketing located in capital area by focusing on documentary consideration, website materials collection, precedent studies analysis and journal as well as enterprise's experiential service space so as to examine the integrated design of design management's interaction. For the method of analysis, it is divided into formative characteristic, using characteristic, innovative characteristic, eco-friendly characteristic, telonomy, satisfaction, economic feasibility and business value based on the check-list which is the factors of integrated design evaluation as well as into satisfaction, common and dissatisfaction. As the result, all of 4 enterprises showed satisfaction for formative characteristic. Also, it was confirmed that NHN showed the highest satisfaction. And, for the message of enterprise management, it focuses on the space creative and smooth communication is possible in the spatial expression. In addition, for the efficient delivery of the message of enterprise integrated design management, 8 design factors will be satisfied in many quarters so as to improve enterprise's positive image and confidence.


There is probably nothing magic about the 1930s except perhaps a romantic notion that "things got done better in the good old days". Mitch Albert of Railroad Aggregates Inc. examines a mix of US railroad related activities from the past and present to identify different ways of creating economical rail transport for both the railroad and the mineral supplier.


Earthquake load is turning into an extraordinary worry in our nation as on the grounds that not a solitary zone can be assigned as earthquake safe zone. A standout amongst the most critical viewpoints is to develop a building structure, which can oppose the seismic power productively. Study is made on the structure in all zones on low bearing soil to discover the most upgraded answer for create an effective safe earthquake safe building.


Objective: This study explored benefits of a bibliotherapy program using picture books for self-growth supporting married Immigrant Women settle down as a healthy member of the Korean society. Method: This intervention program was implemented on twelve married immigrant women (and another twelve women as a control group), and their self-esteem and social competence before and after the intervention were examined. In addition, the researcher kept observation journals and conducted post-program interviews with the participants after the completion of the program to understand the changes in family relationships. Result: The results of this study are as follows: (1) the self-esteem scores of participants had increased after the intervention program, however, there was not significant differences between control and experimental groups, (2) the experiment group made more progress in improving social competence, and (3) the study confirmed through qualitative analysis that the program made positive contributions to improving the participants' quality of family relationships. Conclusion: Based on these results, implications for further research and practices were discussed.


The combination of skeletons and Finite Elements (FE) analysis has recently shown its great potential in disordered porous media characterization. A full protocol for creating simplified skeleton-based FE models of large-scale disordered porous media and evaluating their stiffness is presented in this paper. The method uses a sequence of image processing tools. Known algorithms such as curve and surface thinning and shape classification have been improved or adapted to the specific field of porous media analysis. New techniques such as thickness map matching and surface marching cubes triangulation have also been combined. Finally, results from a clinical study on trabecular bone samples emphasize the improvements of the new beam/shell skeleton-based model in comparison to current FE processes.


The cationic starch with quaternary amino groups was prepared with 3chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammorium chlorate(CHPTMA) as cationics in the present of alkaline by dry process.The effects of the mass ratio of starch to CHPTMA,the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to CHPTMA,pre-processing time,reaction temperature,water content,the delivered ratio of sodium hydroxide between starch and CHPTMA,were investigated.When NaOH was delivered respectively in starch and CHPTMA with the ratio of 3.0,the reaction efficiency could be greatly improved at low reaction temperature.


To research the influence of optical switches on the optical true time delay network (OTTDN), the delay differences between the bar and cross states of a series of 2x2 optical switches are measured, and the results show that the average delay difference between the bar state and cross state is about 5.4ps. To verify this effect, a 2bit optical delay line based on 2x2 optical switches is constructed and measured. The time delay error is measured to be 5.34ps. Both analysis and experiment indicate that by replacing 2x2 optical switches with 1x2 optical switches, no error caused by optical switches remains.


Summary Using a base-specific staining method, three Japanese cultivars of Momordica charantia were investigated. The present method using enzymatic digestion produced a high level of well-spread metaphase chromosome complements. The cultivars investigated showed the same somatic chromosome number 2 n =22. In condensation behavior from prophase to metaphase, most chromosomes of all cultivars in this study had early condensing segments at the proximal regions. Moreover, at prophase or earlier stage of metaphase, most chromosomes observed had decondenced segments at the distal regions in both arms. Judging by the determination of centromere positions, the chromosome complements at mitotic metaphases in three cultivars consisted of 22 metacentric chromosomes. Moreover, similar sizes and shapes of the chromosomes indicated that the karyotypes of M. charantia cultivars were symmetrical. In contrast, fluorescent staining showed different sizes and numbers of chromycin A 3 (CMA) positive and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) negative (CMA + DAPI  ) satellites among cultivars. Four CMA + DAPI  satellites were observed in M. charantia ʻ Abashi-goya ' and M. charantia ʻ Naga-goya, ' while two satellites were obseved in M. charantia ʻ Shiro-goya. ' All satellites were located at one end of sat-chromosomes. In ʻ Shiro-goya, ' a large size difference of satellites was found between two sat-chromosomes, which might be homologous chromosomes with polymorphism. Moreover, faintly CMA + DAPI  sites were shown at the proximal regions or primary constrictions of most chromosomes


MANET is an infrastructure-less network made up of distributed nodes. It is a self-organized spontaneous and dynamic network. In mobile ad hoc network, due to temporary cooperation among nodes, and lack of enough knowledge between each node in advance, it is difficult to establish trust. So, in MANET nodes are divided into number of clusters for establishing temporary network in order to perform certain actions more easily. In cluster based model, each cluster consists of one special node called cluster-head (CH). It maintains the communication among all the other nodes of its own cluster. It also communicates with other adjacent CHs through the gateway nodes. Gateway node can connect only two adjacent cluster-heads and is responsible for the purpose of inter cluster communication. Therefore clustering approach is dynamic and efficient enough to be applicable in the ad-hoc networks. But the efficient resource utilization and flexible trust computation at intra and inter cluster level are the most challenging issues for large scale cluster based MANET. Several trust based clustering protocols have been developed for MANET, but in practice most of them are inefficient to satisfy the above mentioned requirements due to high overhead and low flexibility. In this paper, we have designed a new reliable and enhanced trust management scheme for cluster based ad-hoc network based on Beta Reputation rating technique. In our scheme, trust calculation is done in two stages, i.e., for intra and inter cluster level within the ad-hoc network. In both of the cases, we compute the direct and indirect trust for the cluster-members (CMs) and cluster-heads (CHs) respectively. The recommendation (indirect) trust will be needed whenever the direct communications between member nodes are absent. In our work we have applied beta reputation rating for the calculation of indirect trust. The direct trust between two CHs at inter cluster level is calculated through the gateway node because there is no direct communication between any two CHs. The recommendation information between CMs and CHs are avoided during direct trust computation. The mathematical analysis in this work shows that, our trust management scheme is resilient against the deceptive behaviour of malicious cluster-members (CMs) and cluster-heads (CHs) both at the intra and inter-cluster levels. Through the effective implementation of trust value computation, we have been able to reduce the memory space requirement, which ultimately results in reduced consumption of the transmission and reception power of cluster-members (CMs) and cluster-heads (CHs) and better resource utilization.


Land surface temperature (LST) is required by a series of surface studies and usually estimated using thermal infrared remote sensing data. In this paper, we propose a method to retrieve LST for MODIS data using its mid-infrared bands 22 and 23. As the central wavelengths of bands 22 and 23 are quite close, we assume that (1) band-averaged surface e-missivities are equal in these two bands, and (2) the Planck integration between these two bands comply to a statistical relationship. Based on these two assumptions, land surface temperature is retrieved after atmospheric correction on the radiance images. A test case is selected to estimate LST using our proposed method. The estimated LST image shows good consistency with the corresponding standard MODIS land surface temperature product, with the relative errors of ±1%. The experiment results suggest this methodology is effective to retrieve MODIS land surface temperature quickly.


by D. KIYAGA-MULINDWA University of Botswana and Swaziland, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana. 24 ix 79 Referring to the 19th-century travellers' accounts on Africa, Clark (1970) saw the diverse customs and economies of the African herdsmen, cultivators, and hunters these accounts recorded as providing an essential link between the prehistoric past and the new, independent Africa. Such a view recommends Africa as an archaeologist's paradise, with living examples of continuity, variation, and change in culture. It may, however, oversimplify the complexity of Africa. In the Birim Valley of eastern Ghana, for instance, one of the problems one identifies in considering the oral data and matching these data to the archaeological record is the identification of ethnic, political, and linguistic groups in the region's past. As this is considered further it can be seen as a problem not merely in the interpretation of the Birim Valley data, but also in the reconstruction of the general patterns of settlement and cultural change in the region now occupied by the Twi-speaking peoples. When attention is given to the logic of discernment of various cultural groups denoted in traditions and in the literature, it becomes clear that considerable contribution could be made to the comprehension of the West African past through clarifying and rationalizing the terminology for cultural groups in the area. In attempting this rationalization, it becomes necessary to reconsider the terminology that has developed over time. To someone familiar with the historiography of Ghana, the question "Who are the Akan?" must seem overworked. It has been asked so often, and so many answers have been given, over a period of some 50 years of scholarship that a resurrection of the debate may seem an unrewarding exercise. Certainly the majority of students of "the Akan" would agree that the discourse has reached a point where it is "your answer or mine." Nevertheless, one can still make a few comments, particularly in light of the fact that some of the generally accepted definitions of "Akan" confound our understanding of the history of the region in the period before A.D. 1400. The origin of the term "Akan" is obscure. The term has been appearing in print for over 400 years, and its usage has changed with time. Failure to recognise these shifts in usage and meaning has contributed much to the confusion that envelops the pre-15th-century history of the peopling of Ghana. The term "Akan," as it is generally used today, groups together large numbers of people who may now appear relatively undifferentiated but whose forebears-certainly before the 15th centurywere of diverse origins and different cultures. The term "Akan" therefore obscures the processes through which various groups have reworked varied cultural forms toward more general patterns. Observers of Ghanaian peoples since the 15th century have contributed to this generalised usage of the term "Akan" by discarding, for the sake of coherence, any data reflecting variations. For example, Balmer (1969[1925]:2-3, my emphasis) says that his aim "has been to give the story in as connected a narrative as possible.... What has been omitted of deliberate intent is matter which, if preserved, would make African history a mere 'chronique scandalense.' Such stuff were best dropped clean out of mind." The general tendency in studies on the "Akan" has therefore been to emphasise similarities among peoples so designated with a view to proving their common origin. This has not only masked the structures of the pre"Akan" communities-upon which later communities developed-but also disguised the process of change that these forest communities have experienced outside the more recent and analytical category of "Akan." Diverse and often flawed concepts of "Akan" have infiltrated studies in history, anthropology, linguistics, and even geography (see, e.g., Gray 1975, Curtin et al. 1978, Wilks 1976, Boahen 1966, Boateng 1966). While there has been considerable discussion of "Akan" origins, arising particularly from critiques of the works of Meyerowitz (1952a, b, 1962), the debate has focussed on the origins of the "Akan" as if everyone knew who they were. As a result, no voice has been raised questioning the application of the term "Akan." A consideration of the varying usages of the term therefore seems appropriate. The term "Akan" has, at different imes, been used to denote (a) a race or "stock," (b) a language group or a people speaking those languages, and (c) a state, nation, or "tribe" (Brown 1929).2 Problems arise from this multiple usage of the term particularly when it is found in a single work. Herskovits (1962:31) warned against the confusion of physical form with cultural and linguistic usage, pointing out: There is, perhaps, no word that has been more looselv used in writings on Africa than the word "race." It has been used to designate tribal-that is, politico-cultural-groupings, as in the "Bemileke race" or the "Shona race." Its most notable misuse, perhaps, is found in the appellation "Bantu race," used to name a vast number of peoples who differ inphysical type and culture, but speak languages that have certain features in common.


One kind of coal according to the present invention, Muzhi, plant stalks coal gas reaction apparatus with nitrogen free oxygen for producing oxygen during mass production utilizing low power plants, coal, hydrocarbon composition within the reaction apparatus: Electric when spontaneous combustion of coal is heated to a temperature control state, and one hundred tons in weight relative to the disc milling, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen-hydrogen synthesis gas coal, and this nitrogen-free coal 55% gas used to set up the original bOILER replace the original jet gas turbine plant for burning coal position, no nitrogen gas directly into the coal burning power generation turbine plant, thermal power generation boiler gas flow to maintain the normal operation of the power generating turbine, saving nearly 45% of coal. At the same time extra nitrogen-free low power using compressed gas coal, coal-liquefied distillation process for a combustion engine, no coal or gas state into the nitrogen gas line network used to replace a large number of petroleum products. Readily embodiment of the present invention, only one billion tons of coal domestic saving, over two hundred million tons of oil.


Apart from the ethical, moral, and legal problems that beset the study of individuals in their natural settings, investigations of various kinds of criminal conduct engender special difficulties and snares that set limits on the scope of the research effort and the reliability of findings.


A novel PET with ICT based substituted calix[4]arene fluroionophore was synthesized and used for detection of Cu(2+) and F(-) by emission spectra. The detection limit of the synthesized receptor was found to be 4.16 nM for Cu(2+) and 2.15 nM for F(-). Moreover, this probe has been applied for recognition of Cu(2+) in blood serum and F(-) from waste water.