Aims. We present a pilot study on non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) line-formation computations for the isotopes 3 He and 4 He in the mercury-manganese star κ Cancri. The impact of NLTE effects on the determination of isotopic abundances and the vertical stratification of helium in the atmosphere is investigated. Methods. Modern NLTE line-formation computations were employed to analyse a high-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio ESO-VLT/UVES spectrum of κ Cnc. The atmospheric parameters were determined from fitting the hydrogen Balmer lines and the spectral energy distribution. Multiple He i lines were investigated, including He i λ4921 A and λ6678 A, which show the widest isotopic splits. Results. Half of the observed He i lines in the spectrum of κ Cnc show significant NLTE strengthening, the effects are strongest in the red lines He i λ5875 A and He i λ6678 A. NLTE abundances from individual He i lines are up to a factor of ∼3 lower than LTE values. Helium is found to be stratified in the atmosphere of κ Cnc. While the LTE analysis indicates a step-like profile of the helium abundance, a gradual decrease with height is indicated by the NLTE analysis. A 3 He/ 4 He ratio of ∼0.25–0.30 is found. With the available data it cannot be decided whether the two isotopes follow the same stratification profile, or not. Conclusions. This work implies that NLTE effects may be ubiquitous in the atmospheres of HgMn stars and may have a significant impact on abundance determinations and the interpretation of the vertical abundance stratification of elements.


ABSTRACT This study discusses about the positivation of the dignity of animal life in the Brazilian legal
system and a criminalization of the practices of animal abuse. It searches through digital,
philosophical and foreign justice system, where it is confronted with the history of the value
given to human rights, with the current acknowledgement given to cruelty and practices of
animal abuse; which is reflectes about the implications faced to the Brazilian justice system.
The first part addresses issues of environmental nature, classification of wildlife and questions
about respect for dignity beyond human life, from the ancient Greece to the present day with
the contemporary movement for the animal rights. In the second part, the study examines the
constitutional jurisdiction of the Union, States, Federal District and Municipalities for animal
protection and the prohibition of cruelty in the Great Law. It also analyzes the Law on
Environmental Crimes (Law 9.605 / 98), the main infraconstitutional instrument that is the legal
guardianship of the animal life, especially to prevent animal abuse. Finally, this research
presents the appropriate punishments, as well as the position and performance of the Public
Prosecutor's. the State Public Prosecution Office has the constitutional competence to defend
social and diffuse rights, highlighting at this level of environmental issues, especially in related
to such conduct which constitute crimes, in addition to dealing with this environmental
protection in relation to administrative, criminal and civil responsibilities when dealing with
violence and animal abuse.


7201 Background: Lung cancer usually is disseminated at diagnosis and prognosis is poor for most patients. Heavy smokers are known to be at high risk factor for lung cancer and are target population for lung cancer prevention. Sputum has long been considered a potential source of material for biomarker based early detection but no tests have been validated.

METHODS
Chromosome aneusomy was sought in sputum of 114 cases and 110 controls from the Colorado Sputum Screening Cohort Study, which includes heavy smokers with airflow obstruction matched on age, gender, and date of sample collection. Subject characteristics were as follows: mean age 67 (± 8 years), 75% males, 36% current smokers, mean pack-year 71.2 (± 33.5). The FISH probe LAVysion (Vysis/Abbott) was used, including the DNA targets EGFR, MYCC, 5p15 and CEP6.

RESULTS
The multi-target set showed the highest sensitivity (0.78) and specificity (0.95) rates in specimens collected within 12 months of lung cancer diagnosis. The individual probes EGFR, MYCC, 5p15 and CEP6 showed, respectively, decreasing sensitivity rates (0.78, 0.67, 0.62, and 0.29) and increasing specificity rates (0.84, 0.91. 0.86, and 0.95). Combinations of two specific probes (AND) or of any of two probes (OR) have not favorably impacted these coefficients. Proportion of abnormal sputum specimens was higher in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma or small cell carcinoma, both considering the set of specimens collected 12 months prior to disease diagnosis (92%, 75%, 60%) and all specimens (80%, 58%, 44%).

CONCLUSIONS
Chromosomal aneusomy in sputum was demonstrated in a nested case-control cohort to be a promising marker for prediction of lung cancer risk in heavy smokers with airflow obstruction. Evaluation of four DNA targets was more effective than any single marker or combination of markers, and the test had high sensitivity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. [Table: see text].


In the current paper, we deal with to submit the matrix domains of the 4-dimensional binomial matrix on almost convergent and almost null double sequence spaces. Moreover, we examine some properties and tent to compute the $\alpha-$, $\beta(bp)-$ and $\gamma-$duals. Finally, some new matrix classes are characterized and some significant results are given.


Submarine pipelines are widely used to transport offshore oil and gas. Bundling service pipes and cables with these pipelines can cut costs but such 'piggyback' installations can lead to problems w...


This work is concerned with the temporal evolution of the coherent population trapping (CPT) process in the case of additional optical pumping to states not contributing to the CPT superposition states. Special attention is paid to the influence of weak external magnetic fields that can change the laser-atom interaction considerably. The theoretical analysis is completed by experimental observations on a sodium atomic beam, which show good agreement with our theory. The results obtained are of importance for a realistic picture of CPT schemes in practical applications.


We construct the complementary short-range correlation relativistic local-density-approximation functional to be used in relativistic range-separated density-functional theory based on a Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian in the no-pair approximation. For this, we perform relativistic random-phase-approximation calculations of the correlation energy of the relativistic homogeneous electron gas with a modified electron-electron interaction, we study the high-density behavior, and fit the results to a parametrized expression. The obtained functional should eventually be useful for electronic-structure calculations of strongly correlated systems containing heavy elements.


Formation of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and ketopentose phosphate was studied in vitro as affected by epinephrine and cAMP. No effect of epinephrine on the activity of transketolase was found with ribose-5-phosphate as a substrate of the nonoxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate ccyle. Epinephrine and cAMP enhance the formation of ketopentoses and sedoheptulose with glycogen as a main carbohydrate source, which is most pronounced in the experiments with cold preincubation. The phosphorylase system mediate influence of epinephrine and cAMP on the nonoxidative reactions products may be assumed.


The rapid growths of Malang city as education and tourism city makes a higher demand for housing and increases land prices. The number of small housing type-settlement development with no adequate garden or open space is always increase. Housing that lack of greenery has led to many problems such as bad quality of fresh air, lack of playing area for kids and mental problem. On the other side, the widespread of city development has resulted in reduced agricultural space which has led to inadequate domestic food supplies and the declining quality of food crops availability. In the wake of various issues on food and energy security, urban farming by Food Oriented Development (FOD) is a concept of urban development that can make the city as a food provider for its own citizens on an ongoing basis. This concept considers aspects of food security as well as socio-economic considerations in urban physical development. The objective of this research is to get the information of people preference of verticulture model as urban farming method in small housing type-settlement. The questionnaire survey using Likert scale is conducted to measure people perception and preference. This study explores factor analysis for decision-making process. The result indicate that people tend to choose simple and smart system of verticulture model as a vertical garden in private residential. Giving recommendation of the verticulture model, hopefully this study can be implemented in small housing-type settlement in Malang city in order to be self-sufficient in food supply.


EDITOR,--The recent report by the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Psychiatrists highlighting the psychological care of medical patients emphasises the importance of general doctors being able to detect and assess the presence of common psychiatric disorders.1 2 Most patients with psychiatric illness are not seen by psychiatrists, with only just over a quarter of psychiatrically ill patients actually being diagnosed.3 There must therefore be an increased emphasis on the detection of psychiatric illness …


PurposeAfrican countries are endowed with both human and natural resources. These resources constitute integral components for any economic development due to the long-lasting relationship with all sectors in an economy, yet there is an obvious disagreement between growing economy and employment generation in Africa. Though there has been a growing pattern of economic size, particularly the gross domestic product (GDP) among African countries, most of these economies are low in human development. The disagreement between economic growth and employment generation in Africa despite abundant natural resources located on the continent calls for public discourse among scholars. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to examine the peculiar drivers of unemployment intensity in a region characterized by endowed resources.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts two approaches; the authors employed the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator and utilised stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to generate a government efficiency index between the period 1991 and 2017 among sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries.FindingsThe empirical results through the single output-multiple inputs framework indicate that on average, there is a low level of government efficiency towards increasing the objective of human development in Africa. However, in the long run, natural resource endowment has a positive and significant relationship with employment generation for SSA. Hence, the study established that a low level of government efficiency has a long-lasting effect on low human development experienced in Africa.Social implicationsThe need to improve the level of government efficiency towards economic development by making both human and physical capital more effective will spur the exploration of natural resources.Originality/valueThe paper provides an empirical study of the effectiveness and efficiency of government through PMG and SFA in establishing the relationship between government approaches and employment level in selected SSA countries.


Smoothness penalties are efficient regularization and dimension reduction tools for functional regressions. However, for spiky functional data observed on a dense grid, the coefficient function in a functional regression can be spiky and, hence, the smoothness regularization is inefficient and leads to oversmoothing. We propose a novel approach to fit the function-on-function regression model by viewing the spiky coefficient functions as derivatives of smooth auxiliary functions. Compared with the smoothness regularization or sparsity regularization imposed directly on the spiky coefficient function in existing methods, imposing smoothness regularization on the smooth auxiliary functions can more efficiently reduce the dimension and improve the performance of the fitted model. Using the estimated smooth auxiliary functions and taking derivatives, we can fit the model and make predictions. Simulation studies and real-data applications show that compared with existing methods, the new method can greatly improve model performance when the coefficient function is spiky, and performs similarly well when the coefficient function is smooth.


In this developmental investigation of Utricularia foliosa and U. australis by means of scanning electron microscopy we demonstrate the relativity of morphological facts and descriptions. We provide several descriptions in terms of the structural categories "stem" and '"leaf." These contrasting, if not contradictory, descriptions are complementary to each other, i.e., they present different aspects of the unusual complexity of these species. In addition to these structural descriptions, we provide a dynamic description in terms of process morphology. According to this dynamic approach, each form is seen as a process combination. Structural change during ontogeny and phylogeny is a change in process combinations. From this point of view, the unusual process combinations of the two Utricularia species do not pose a morphological problem, although they cannot be clearly assigned to mutually exclusive categories such as stem and leaf. In addition to the clarification of the developmental morphology of the two...


Abstract Learning process development, both in individual and organizational levels, does not occur only in education institutions, but from older people's experience, sharing their knowledge through the reflection stemming from Storytelling in an informal way. Faced with this context, we have analysed the contribution of Storytelling to the reflection process as a way of Organizational Learning, resulting in the proposal of a framework named ERSML Cycle of Organizational Learning (Experience, Reflection, Sense, Meaning and Learning). The results have pointed that in storytelling practices listeners are motivated to reflect through the told and recalled experiences. The ERSML Cycle represents the Reflexive and Experiential Organizational Learning, in which the interaction between the individual and the collective is generated by stories, urging reflection and resulting in learning.


The deformation behavior of AZ81 alloy as-extruded was investigated by compression test using Gleeble1500D thermal simulator system under the temperature of 320 ℃ to 440 ℃ and strain rate of 0.001 s-1 to 1 s-1.The results show that the deformation behavior at elevated temperature analyzed by processing map theory can indicate the microstructure evolving law of the alloy under different deformation condition.The processing maps were calculated according to the dynamic materials model.The characteristic of hot deformation was analyzed,the instability criterion ξ(e)0 shows that the hot deformation performance is good when hot deformation temperature of 320 ℃~440 ℃ and strain rate of 0.001 s-1~1 s-1.The optimum parameters of hot processing are hot deformation at 380 ℃~400 ℃ and strain rate of 0.01 s-1~0.1 s-1.


The article deals with the possibility of the forensic research of various grades of gunpowder. The process of the jet at the time of the shot is considered. The author draws attention of the experts to the incomplete physical and chemical study of the gunpowder for the purpose of the determining the group correlation. It is also recommended to use the microscopic method of examination and to create an illustrated reference database of gunpowder.


Intestinal layer covered by epithelial cells that organized to perform different vital functions starting from nutrients absorption tosense microbes andas a barrier function to induce suitable immuneresponses. Tuft cell and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are response to helminths and initiate type 2 immune response giving enough ability to expel. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 06-05-2019 Date of acceptance: 20-05-2019 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are known as accelerators of social and economic development due to the important role they play in increasing GDP, job creation and entrepreneurship, with all the ways of doing business and especially with the electronic way, and which implements information technology and the Internet for the realization of business relationships with customers. The Internet and information technology are destroying the walls and barriers between countries not only economically but also in every other social aspect, thus influencing the globalization of the international economy and the opening of markets between different countries, facilitating the exchange of goods and services. Over time, e-business began to be applied, which made sales and purchases, ie exchanges between businesses and consumers, online. This means that various businesses in addition to traditional shops began to open virtual stores (read electronic). The development of Internet-based technologies has enabled the development of business organizations that use the Internet to realize a successful business story, also through the creation of a market that grows very quickly both by the way business is realized, as well as by the way business communicates with customers and business customers. Today, most small and medium-sized enterprises have access to the Internet and use it to deliver products and services to consumers. The population in Kosovo, even though they are large Internet users, are reluctant to use the Internet to shop or buy products and services, although the number of small and medium enterprises in Kosovo that apply electronic business remains limited. Since the purpose of this paper is to present the opportunities and challenges of e-business for small and medium-sized enterprises in Kosovo, special attention will be paid to e-entrepreneurship as a concept that adds value not only to the economy but also to Kosovar society.


Abstract We prove a categoricity transfer theorem for tame abstract elementary classes. Suppose that K is a χ-tame abstract elementary class and satisfies the amalgamation and joint embedding properties and has arbitrarily large models. Let λ ≥ Max{χ, LS(K+}. If K is categorical in λ and λ+, then K is categorical in λ++. Combining this theorem with some results from [37]. we derive a form of Shelah's Categoricity Conjecture for tame abstract elementary classes: Suppose K is χ-tame abstract elementary class satisfying the amalgamation and joint embedding properties. Let μ0 ≔ Hanf(K). Ifand K is categorical in somethen K is categorical in μ for all μ .


For an accurate flow metering without considering the influences of flow control devices such as valves and elbows in closed conduits, velocity distribution in the cross-sectional area must be integrated. However, most flow meters, including multi-path ultrasonic, electromagnetic or Coriolis mass flow meters, require assumptions on the fully-developed turbulent flows to calculate flow rates from physical quantities of their own concern. Therefore, a long straight pipe has been a necessary element for accurate flow metering because the straight pipe can reduce flow disturbances caused by flow control devices. To reduce costs due to the installation of long straight pipes, another flow metering technique is required. For example, flow rates can be estimated by integrating velocity distributions in the crosssection of conduits. In the present study, ultrasound tomography was used to find the velocity distribution in the cross-section of a closed conduit where flow was disturbed by a Coriolis mass flow meter or a butterfly valve. A commercial multi-path ultrasonic flow meter was installed in the pipeline to measure the line-averaged velocity distribution in the pipe flow. The ultrasonic flow meter was rotated 180° at intervals of 10° to construct line-averaged velocity distributions in Radon space. Flow images were reconstructed by using a backprojection algorithm (inverse Radon transform). Flow diagnostic parameters were defined by calculating statistical moments, i.e., average, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, based on the normalized velocity distribution. The flow diagnostic parameters were applied to flow images to find whether the parameters could discern flow disturbances in the reconstructed velocity distribution.


The paper addresses the hypotheses on the ethnogenesis of Shors as an ethnos introduced by the Russian researchers since the 18 th century. The author suggest a new understanding of the artedacts that had been used in previous researches, as applied to some ethnolocal groups of Shors, which in the early 20 th century consisted of secondary families seoks and big blood-relation familiestyols.


Auto adaptive cruise control system using laser infrared detection and ranging(LIDAR) was designed.The low cost of the system may motivate their development for the automotive market.The constructions and principles of cush a system were introduced.A single chip microprocessor is used in the system to finish the measuring and warning tasks.The digital interpolating time counting method has been proposed to produce the high precision of distance measuring.


This paper discusses the great strategic significance of moral education for students in normal universities, and puts forward some practical ways for the education in the light of current situation of moral education in normal universities.


Objective To analysis the pathogensis and th er apeutic effect of postoperative nonunion of tibial fracture. Methods 30 cases of tibial fracture admitted from January 1989 to December 2003 were enrolled into study,of which 22 cases underwent limited contac t internal fixation with steel plates,4 cases underwent external stand f ixation, 4 cases underwent internal fixation with interlocking intramedullary na il and bone graft. Result Union were demontrated in all cases by x-ray with 8 months to 3 years follow-up (average 14 months) of whic h union in 6 to 12 months in 17 cases, 12 to 18 months in 11 cases, over 18 mont hs in 2 cases. Conclusion Bone nonunion is caused by com prehensive factors including blood supply, internal fixation materials and opera ting technique. Autoimplantation of iliac bone combined with definite internal f ixation can be regarded as an important treatment.


Polymers have found widespread applications in cardiology, in particular in coronary vascular intervention as stent platforms (scaffolds) and coating matrices for drug-eluting stents. Apart from permanent polymers, current research is focussing on biodegradable polymers. Since they degrade once their function is fulfilled, their use might contribute to the reduction of adverse events like in-stent restenosis, late stent-thrombosis, and hypersensitivity reactions. After reviewing current literature concerning polymers used for cardiovascular applications, this review deals with parameters of tissue and blood cell functions which should be considered to evaluate biocompatibility of stent polymers in order to enhance physiological appropriate properties. The properties of the substrate on which vascular cells are placed can have a large impact on cell morphology, differentiation, motility, and fate. Finally, methods to assess these parameters under physiological conditions will be summarized.


Victorian writers like Matthew Arnold. Further, while this wide-ranging study does discuss Wells's scientific romances, it does not comment on their Englishness, a characteristic which has long been acknowledged. In The Living Novel (1946), V. S. Pritchett remarks in his discussion of "The Scientific Romances": "No Frenchified or Russianised fiction this, but plain, cheerful, vulgar, stoic, stupid and hopelessly romantic English. It is as English as the hoardings". Some acknowledgement of the Englishness of the scientific romances would have provided still more grounding for Shadurski's comprehensive study. Overall, however, The Nationality of Utopia H. G. Wells, England, and the World State is a compelling study, which – with its emphasis on the literary portrayal of Wells's World State – might be read alongsideW.WarrenWagar's classicH. G. Wells and the World State (1961) by anyone seeking a comprehensive understanding of Wells's conception of the World State. Shadurski's study is frequently thought-provoking. His discussion of the back to the land movement and of First World War combatants who fought (quite literally) for the soil of England, for example, reminded me of Rupert Brooke's "The Soldier" (1915), in which the soldier's body would enrich foreign soil with a "richer [English] dust" in the event he is killed and buried abroad. Shadurski's study is hugely relevant to present-day concerns, particularly (as he notes himself) Brexit, which (it might be said) was driven by an isolationist discourse that sees England as a special, even providential, nation. It is also valuable for its discussion of some of Wells's lesser-known works, and of relatively unknown novels in the utopian/dystopian tradition, particularly Benson's The Dawn of All. As a comprehensive and original study of Englishness and the Wellsian utopia (and as much more) The Nationality of Utopia H. G. Wells, England, and the World State is to be highly recommended.


Contrary to Western sovereignty, which implies the homogeneity of its carrier, China proposes "unity in diversity," a space of "Chinese characteristics" that opens up prospects for life in informal compatibility. In this sense, sovereignty cannot even be jeopardized.


The objective was aimed at with this work to charac-terize the parameters in ruminal and metabolic parameters in weaned lambs kept in native pasture. Ten lambs were used – five males and five females – with average body weights medium of 26 kg and 22.5 kg, respectively, and ages between 75 and 95 days old. Lambs were weaned and permanently kept in native pasture. Samples of ruminal fluid were collected during eight weeks, and nine collects. Oxidation-reduction, time of sedimentation-flotation, pH, color, odor, viscosity and motility of protozoa were evaluated. Blood samples were also collected to determine metabolic profiles through concentrations of glucose, triacylglycerids, cholesterol, urea, albumin, aspartate amino transferase and γ -glutamil transferase. Ruminal parameters did not differ between gender at α = .05 except for pH which was higher (P < .05) in females (6.90) than in males (6.80). A similar result was observed in the metabolic parameters, with no statistically significant difference between genders at α = .05. However, albumin concentration was higher on males (2.10mg/dL) than in females (2.02mg/dL). The results suggest that males and females have similar ruminal and metabolic profiles except for a higher pH in females and a higher albumin concentration in males. Key-words: Metabolism, sheep, native pastura, rumen.


OBJECTIVES
We explored how objectively measured global positioning system (GPS) and accelerometer data match with travel logs and questionnaires in predicting trip duration and physical activity (PA).

METHODS
99 participants wore GPS devices and accelerometers, and recorded all trips in a log for 5 consecutive days. Participants also completed a self-administered questionnaire on PA and travel behaviors.

RESULTS
There was good agreement between GPS and log for assessment of trip duration, although log measures overestimated trip duration (concordance correlation coefficient 0.53 [0.47, 0.59]; Bland-Altman estimate 0.76 [0.16, 3.71] comparing GPS to log). Log measures underestimated light PA and overestimated moderate PA compared to accelerometry when greater than zero moderate PA was reported.

CONCLUSIONS
It is often not feasible to deploy accelerometry or GPS devices in population research because these devices are expensive and require technical expertise and data processing. Questionnaires and logs provide inexpensive tools to assess PA and travel with reasonable concordance with objective measures. However, they have shortcomings in evaluating the presence and amount of light and moderate PA. Future questionnaires and logs should be developed to evaluate sensitivity to light and moderate PA.


The National Prosperity is not inherited, it is created.
Michael. E. Porter
Tourism offers an important development and business opportunity for every national economy. In view of the current development level of Macedonian tourism and the existing development potential, tourism is positioned to become one of the leading branches of industry in the Macedonian economy, thus making a significant contribution to the country's development objectives (competitiveness, GDP growth, employment growth, increase in the education level of tourism workers, stimulation of cultural identity, increase in the recognisability of Macedonia in the international environment). The development of our tourism is based on the construction of physical infrastructure, but the area of so-called soft development elements has been disregarded: quality in the broadest sense, development of human resources, promotion of creativity and innovation. Accordingly, the fundamental strategy must be designed so as to take into account integration at local, regional and national levels.


Part of the rehabilitation of the 70-year-old Simon Kenton Suspension Bridge in Maysville, Kentucky included a full sidewalk and deck replacement for the main suspension spans. As an alternate to the planned contract sequence, the contractor proposed a different sequence of deck replacement. To satisfy contractual requirements, an analysis was required to show that the alternate deck replacement sequence would have no adverse effects on the structure. This paper details the 3-D nonlinear analysis carried out to show that this bridge could endure the alternate deck replacement sequence proposed for its renewal.


Institute (ANSI).[1,2] This The performance of an standard allows as many as FDDI LAN depends upon 500 stations to communicate configuration and workload by means of fiber-optic parameters such as the cables using a timedextent of the ring, the token access protocol. number of stations on Normal data traffic and the ring, the number of time-constrained traffic, stations that are waiting such as voice, video, and to transmit, and the frame real-time applications, size. In addition, one are supported. All major key parameter that network computer and communications managers can control to vendors and integrated improve performance is the circuit manufacturers offer target token rotation time products that comply with (TTRT). Analytical modeling this standard. and simulation methods Unlike the token access were used to investigate protocol defined by the the effect of the TTRT IEEE 802.5 standard, on various performance the timed-token access metrics for different protocol used by FDDI ring configurations. This allows synchronous and analysis demonstrated asynchronous traffic that setting the TTRT at 8 simultaneously.[3] The milliseconds provides good maximum access delay, i.e., performance over a wide the time between successive range of configurations and transmission opportunities workloads. for a station, is Fiber distributed data bounded for both types interface (FDDI) is a 100of traffic. Although megabit-per-second (Mb this delay is short for /s) local area network synchronous traffic, (LAN) defined by the that for asynchronous American National Standards traffic varies with the Digital Technical Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 1991 1 Performance Analysis of FDDI network configuration the token by a station is and load and can be as called the token rotation long as 165 seconds. Long time (TRT). Using this maximum access delays are scheme, a station on an nundesirable and can be station ring may have to avoided by properly setting wait as long as n times the the network parameters and THT interval to receive a configurations. token. This maximum access This paper begins with a delay may be unacceptable description of the timedfor some applications if token access method used the value of either n or by FDDI stations and THT is large. For example, then proceeds to discuss voice traffic and real-time how various parameters applications may require affect the performance that this delay be limited of these systems. The to 10 to 20 milliseconds target token rotation time (ms). Consequently, using (TTRT) is one of the key the token access method parameters. We investigated severely restricts the the effect of the TTRT on number of stations on a FDDI LAN performance and ring. developed guidelines for The timed-token access setting the value of this method, invented by Grow, parameter. The results solves this problem by of our investigation ensuring that all stations constitute a significant on a ring agree to a portion of this paper. target token rotation time (TTRT) and limit Timed-Token Access Method their transmissions to meet this target.[4] The token access method There are two modes of for network communication, transmission: synchronous as defined by the IEEE and asynchronous. Time802.5 standard, operates constrained applications in the following manner. A such as voice and real-time token circulates around traffic use the synchronous the ring network. A mode. Traffic that does station that wants to not have time constraints transmit information waits uses the asynchronous mode. for the arrival of the A station can transmit token. Upon receiving the synchronous traffic token, the station can whenever it receives a transmit for a fixed time token; however, the total interval called the token transmission time for each holding time (THT). The opportunity is short. station releases the token This time is allocated either immediately after at the ring initialization. completing transmission or A station can transmit after the arrival of all asynchronous traffic only the transmitted frames. The if the TRT is less than the time interval between two TTRT. successive receptions of 2 Digital Technical Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 1991 Performance Analysis of FDDI The basic algorithm for asynchronous traffic is as follows. All stations on a ring agree on a target Performance Parameters token rotation time. The performance of any Each station measures the system depends upon both time elapsed since last system parameters and receiving the token, i.e., workload parameters as the TRT. On token arrival, shown in Figure 1. There a station that wants to are two kinds of system transmit computes a token parameters: fixed and userholding time using the settable. Fixed parameters following formula: cannot be controlled by THT = TTRT TRT If the value of THT is the network manager and positive, the station can vary from one ring to transmit for this time another. Cable length and interval. After completing the number of stations transmission, the station on a ring are examples of releases the token. If a fixed parameters. It is station does not use its important to study network entire THT, other stations performance with respect on the ring can use the to these parameters; if remaining time through performance is sensitive successive applications of to them, each set of fixed the algorithm. parameters may require a different guideline. Note that even though the System parameters that stations attempt to keep can be set by the network the TRT below the target, manager or the individual they do not always achieve station manager include this goal. The TRT can various timer values. Most exceed the target by as of these timers influence much as the sum of all the reliability of the ring synchronous-transmission and the time it takes to time allocations; however, detect a malfunction. The these allocations are key settable parameters limited so that their sum that affect system is less than the TTRT. As a performance are the TTRT result, the TRT is always and the synchronous time less than twice the TTRT. allocations. In this paper, the The workload also has performance was studied a significant impact on under asynchronous traffic performance. A guideline conditions only. The or recommendation may be presence of synchronous suitable for one workload traffic will further but not for another. The restrict the choice of key workload parameters TTRT, as discussed later in are the number of active the section Guidelines for stations and the load per Setting the Target Token station. By active we mean Rotation Time. stations on a ring that are either transmitting Digital Technical Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 1991 3 Performance Analysis of FDDI or waiting to transmit. A key productivity metric is ring may contain a large not the throughput under number of stations, but low load but the maximum generally only a few are obtainable throughput under active at any given time. high load. This latter Active stations include the quantity is also known as currently transmitting the usable bandwidth of the station, if any, and network. And the ratio of stations that have frames the usable bandwidth to the to transmit and are waiting nominal bandwidth (e.g., for the access right, 100 Mb/s for an FDDI LAN) i.e., for a usable token is called the efficiency of to arrive. The load per the network. For instance, station varies with the if we consider a set of number of stations, the configuration and workload interval between bursts, parameters with a usable the number of frames per FDDI bandwidth of at most burst, and the frame size. 90 Mb/s, the efficiency is 90 percent. Performance Metrics The response time is the The quality of service a time interval between the system provides is measured arrival of a frame and by its productivity and the completion of its responsiveness.[5] For an transmission, including FDDI LAN, productivity is queuing delay, i.e., from measured by its throughput, the first bit in to the and responsiveness is last bit out. This metric measured by the response is meaningful only if a time and maximum access ring is not saturated, delay. because at loads near or above capacity the The productivity metric of response time approaches concern to the network infinity. With such loads, manager is the total the maximum access delay throughput measured in for a station, i.e., the megabits per second. time interval between Over any reasonable time wanting to transmit and interval and for most receiving a token, has more loads, the throughput is significance. equal to the load. For Another metric that is example, if the load on a of interest for a shared ring is 40 Mb/s, then the resource such as FDDI is throughput is also 40 Mb the fairness with which /s. But this does not hold the resource is allocated. if the load is high. For Fairness is particularly example, if there are three important under a heavy stations on a ring, each load. Given such a load, with a 100-Mb/s load, the the asynchronous bandwidth total arrival rate is 300 is allocated equally to all Mb/s and the throughput active stations. However, is considerably less-close the FDDI protocols are to 100 Mb/s. Thus, the fair only if the priority 4 Digital Technical Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 1991 Performance Analysis of FDDI levels are not implemented. For an FDDI network with In the case of multiple a ring latency D (i.e., priority implementation, the time it takes a bit it is possible for two to travel around the stations with the same ring) and a TTRT value priority and the same of T, the efficiency load to have different and maximum access delay throughput depending are computed using the upon their location.[6] following formulas: Low-priority stations (1) that are close to highpriority stations may get n(T-D) better service than those Efficiency =_______ farther downstream. We nT+D assumed a single priority implementation to keep (2) the analysis simple. Since Maximum access


Viral hepatitis is caused by five distinct viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E), which have different routes of transmission and varying courses of disease (table 16.1). According to the Global Health Estimates, deaths from acute and chronic hepatitis in 2012 were the tenth leading cause of death and the sixteenth leading cause of disability. In 2013, an estimated 1.45 million persons (95 percent uncertainty interval 1.38 million to 1.54 million) died from viral hepatitis; this estimate includes deaths due to acute hepatitis, as well as hepatitis-related liver cancer and cirrhosis (Stanaway and others 2016). Furthermore, while deaths from infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis are decreasing, deaths from hepatitis increased by 63 percent between 1990 and 2013. Most (96 percent) hepatitis deaths are caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)—these two viruses cause chronic, lifelong infection resulting in progressive liver damage leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (figure 16.1). The burden of hepatitis infection is not equally distributed globally. Mortality rates from hepatitis are highest in West Africa and parts of Asia; in absolute numbers, East Asia and South Asia account for the greatest number of people dying from hepatitis—51 percent of the total number of deaths. Effective interventions exist to prevent transmission of viral hepatitis (table 16.2). Safe and effective vaccines have been developed to prevent hepatitis A, B, and E, and protection from hepatitis B infection by immunization also prevents hepatitis D. Hepatitis B and C chronic infections can be treated effectively. The new direct acting antiviral (DAA) medicines for hepatitis C can cure more than 90 percent of those with chronic infection with a two to three month course of treatment. Hepatitis C treatment could also reduce hepatitis C transmission because people who have been cured do not transmit the infection. There is no cure for chronic hepatitis B, but effective antiviral treatments can suppress viral replication and prevent disease progression.


To properly evaluate the performance of ventilation system, the interaction among ventilation rate, indoor air-quality, and cooling/heating load should be analyzed. In this study, an integrated simulation tool based on TRNSYS will be suggested to analyze the performance of ventilation system. Some modules to calculate the changes in indoor concentration of pollutants with ventilation system and to decide the operation mode of ventilation system were newly developed. In addition, the developed modules were coupled with building load and heating/cooling simulation modules. To verify the developed integrated simulation tool, the comparison study between simulation and field study were accomplished. The simulation tool developed in this study can be used to predict the performance of ventilation system with high accuracy.


An access device for preventing copyrighted contents from being transmitted to an external network and a method therefor are provided to prohibit packets including the copyrighted contents from being sent to the external network in itself, thereby inhibiting leakage of the copyrighted contents to the external network. A packet header analyzer(310) analyzes the header of a packet received from a device of a home network. A copyrighted content sensor(340) senses whether the packet contains copyrighted contents. If destination address of the packet is an address on an external network, an address translator(320) translates source IP(Internet Protocol) address of the packet into an IP address having a type supported from the external network. A mapping table generator(350) generates a mapping table which manages a mapping relation between the source IP address and the converted IP address. A packet delivery unit(330) delivers the packet to the supported IP address.


For steel box girder of Yangpu Bridge,fatigue stress monitoring and fatigue life prediction were implemented.Monitoring data of strain-time were obtained from the strain transducer disposed on the bridge.After the monitoring data of stress-time were calculated from the monitoring data of strain-time,the rain flow count method was adopted to obtain day stress spectrum.On this basis and by using correspondent fatigue criteria,fatigue life prediction of steel box girder of bridge was discussed.The research result shows that(1) utilizing the recorded data of stress-time(strain-time) to estimate the fatigue life of the actual bridge is an accurate and reliable method due to the supposition and simplification of vehicle load spectrum and finite element model;(2) The places which are easy to fail in the beam are the welding conformations because the stress focuses in such conformations which leads to the result that the stress is larger than that of the other places.According to the corresponding fatigue criterion,the welding conformations of steel box girder of Yangpu Bridge have good properties of resisting fatigue and those conformations will not fail.


Generally, the oral absorption of peptide and protein drugs is typically poor. This has been attributed to their extensive hydrolysis and poor membrane permeability characteristics. To overcome these delivery problems, we synthesized lipophific derivatives of peptides and proteins such as tetragastrin, insulin, human calcitonin and lysozyme by chemical modification with various fatty acids. A significant increase in the intestinal absorption of these lipophilic peptides was observed in comparison with native peptides. In addition, these derivatives were more stable than the parent peptides in homogenates of the various intestinal mucosae Furthermore, the mechanisms whereby intestinal absorption and stability of these peptides was improved by acylation were discussed in this review article. In summary, this chemical modification approach may be useful to improve the intestinai absorption of peptides and proteins.


The paper investigates the causality between financial development and urban-rural income disparity(URID)with M2/GDP and urban-rural Gini Coefficient.The following results are found:one-way causal relationship between financial development and URID exists;the direction of causality for the relationship is from financial development to URID both in the long run and the short run,however,financial development does not narrow URID,but widen URID;the URID has a self-reinforcing "inertia",and it is not the Granger cause of financial development,either in the short run or long run.


Flocking behavior is an exercise in both control and coordination. Members need to move in near-perfect time with each other to maintain a safe, but compact, distance amongst themselves. This balance could have a number of useful applications, ranging from automated vehicles to power grid coordination. Moreover, per Reynolds (1987), flocking behavior can be summarized as an algorithm, which automated systems can easily consume. Inspired by this premise, the group blueprinted a robot flock using Turtlebot3 Burgers and Robot Operating System, or ROS. To begin, the group created an algorithm in Scratch, a graphical programming language. Per Reynolds' model, as long as each individual member knows and follows the algorithm, a flock will form without any outside influence. The group theorized that this modular approach would bide well with the ROS system of nodes and messages. By deeming each member a flocking node and having a remote "master" perform functions such as localization, the ROS framework would naturally support robot flocking. However, after transcribing their program to C++, the group found some ongoing issues in development. They struggled to adapt ROS's message commands into their program, and the Burgers' given localization program had trouble supporting a multi-robot flock. Regardless, with further research, the group still believes that ROS can give rise to a viable flock.


V(D)J recombination generates a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors by somatically recombining different gene segments. The reaction is catalysed by the proteins RAG1 and RAG2 which bind and cleave recombination signal sequences flanking each gene segment. However, V(D)J recombination is a daring approach since it involves the breaking and rejoining of the genome, posing a threat to genome stability. Indeed, mistakes do occur, highlighted by 35-40% of lymphoid cancers bearing hallmarks of errors during antigen receptor production. Additionally, mutation of the RAG proteins can cause immunodeficiency, the severity of which reflects the importance of the altered residue(s) during recombination.

Here, I study the RAG proteins in two different ways: using naturally occurring or artificial mutations. Firstly, I analysed two RAG1 mutations identified in an immunodeficient patient. Both mutations lead to a severe decrease in recombination in vivo, and analysis of the reaction in vitro revealed that one mutation disrupts the recruitment of the accessory protein HMGB1 to the RAG complex. Together with studies of recombination in HMGB1 deficient cells, this revealed a critical in vivo role for HMGB1/2 during V(D)J recombination. Next, I used artificially generated RAG2 mutations in a bespoke in vivo assay to map the region of the RAG2 C-terminus that inhibits an aberrant reaction, namely reintegration, where recombination by-products are reinserted into the genome. This identified four residues in the RAG2 acidic hinge which are vital to suppress this dangerous reaction. Finally, I generated novel chromatin substrates, containing the H3K4me3 modification, to test a model for how the RAG proteins maintain genome integrity. This led to the unexpected discovery that the RAG2 C-terminus inhibits binding and cleavage of nucleosome substrates which lack the H3K4me3 modification. Together, these studies provide novel insights into the function of RAG proteins.


A study was conducted in the Laboratory of Entomology, D.M. College of Science, Imphal during May to June, 2013 at 28.5 ±2.0 0C and 78.5± 3.0% relative humidity to study the biology and morphometry of Callosobruchus maculatus .The life cycle consisted of egg, four larval instars (L1, L2, L3 and L4), pupa and adult. The eggs hatched in 6-7 days. The larval duration varied from 18-22 days. The morphometric measurements revealed that the average length and breadth of egg were 0.47± 0.08 mm and 0.12± 0.21 mm respectively. The mean length and breadth of L1, L2, L3 and L4 were 0.60± 0.03 mm, 1.19± 0.05 mm, 2.43± 0.15 mm, 3.64± 0.18 mm and 0.22± 0.03 mm, 0.77± 0.02 mm, 1.22± 0.08 mm, 2.00± 0.11 mm respectively. The average length of male pupa and female pupa was 4.07± 0.00, 4.57± 0.07 mm and breadth was 2.35± 0.07 mm, 2.60± 0.06 mm respectively. The average length and breadth of male and female adult was 3.21± 0.06 mm, 3.70±0.12 mm and 1.91± 0.05 mm, 2.17±0.05 mm respectively. The life cycle took 45-48 days for completion.


Photochemical air pollution has recently been identified as a European as well as North American phenomenon. This paper examines periods of visibility reduction at Dublin Airport and suggests that summer hazes are associated with long-range transport of pollutants from continental and British sources. Back trajectory analyses of air masses during a number of episodes appear to imply that transport beneath a stable, inverted layer may occur in certain meteorological circumstances, particularly involving passage over a cool sea surface. Major donor areas are probably in the Paris Basin, Ruhr, Low Countries, the English Midlands and London area.


This document discusses QoS resource allocation in mobile networks with Cross-Application Signaling Protocol [1]. CASP separates signaling message delivery from the discovery of the next suitable CASP node. When the discovery is done by scout messages, it may introduce considerable latency in the (re-)registration procedure in handover cases. Therefore, advanced discovery mechanisms are recommended.


An analytical formulation of the outage probability in terms of bit error rate specification for variable bit rate (VBR) multiclass services in the uplink of a multirate DS-CDMA-based cellular system is presented. The analytical framework is formulated for the general case in which different traffic classes have different spreading gains and within a class the users can have different spreading gains. Each user has multiple spreading codes with different data rates. The analytical work leads to the determination of the capacity region of a multirate DS-CDMA system with VBR traffic. Numerical results of the capacity region corresponding to typical parameter values are also presented.


Summary form only given. The objective of this study was to determine the water and filler content of five different hybrid glass ionomers (GI) after aging in distilled water at 37 /spl deg/C for 7 days. The materials were A.) Encapsulated and B.) hand mixed Variglass (Caulk Dentsply, Milford, DE) C.) Photacfil Aplicaps (ESPE Premier, Norristown, PA) D.) Fuji II capsules (GC corp., Tokyo, Japan) and E.) Vitremer (3M, St. Paul, MN). Based upon the mass loss with increasing temperature and the residual mass, the percent water and filler content of the materials were determined. Comparison of the results using ANOVA and the Tukey test (p <.05) reveals that the water content is significantly different for every material and the filler contents are different for every material except C and D.


Dalbavancin, a semi-synthetic glycopeptide with enhanced antibiotic activity compared to vancomycin and teicoplanin, dimerises strongly in an anti-cooperative manner with ligand binding.


We report on the study of cleaved-edge-overgrown line junctions with a serendipitously created narrow opening in an otherwise thin, precise line barrier. Two sets of zero-bias anomalies are observed with an enhanced conductance for filling factors $\nu > 1$ and a strongly suppressed conductance for $\nu 1$ arises from weak tunneling of quasiparticles between the $n = 1$ edge channels.


This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Event Detection in Video Visual Semantics Experimentation with Nominal Event Detection Impact of Nominal Events in Keyword-Based Search of Video Clips Summary


The existence of a Kähler form give strong topological constraints via Hodge theory. Can we get similar constraints on algebraic maps? Let f : X → Y a proper morphism. Our goal is going to be to linearize the problem. For this lecture, we will assume f is projective and smooth, to simplify the problem. In fact, we will assume X and Y are nonsingular. So our map factors X → P × Y → Y and df is surjective. Equivalently, there exists a line bundle L on X which restricts on every fiber to an ample line bundle. If X ⊆ P is a projective, nonsingular variety, tehn there's a universal hyperplane section {(x,H)|x ∈ H} ⊂ X × (Pn)∗ and call it X , we have a map X → (Pn)∗. This is not smooth, and we call this map h. Define X∨ to be the set of hyperplanes tangent to X. Then h−1((Pn)∗ \X∨)→ (Pn)∗ \X∨, we have a smooth projective morphism.


The concept of a weakly intrusive ambient soundscape (WISP) is presented as a means to provide a peripheral awareness of processes beyond a user's immediate attention. The WISP is a component in a larger environment for ubiquitous computing, centered around a conference room scenario. The experiences from a demonstration prototype indicate that the choice of sounds and the intensity of their presentation can greatly influence the way the WISP is perceived. The work relates in various ways to the sonification of data and audio-based techniques for maintaining peripheral awareness.


Modern electronic technology is developing rapidly, traditional passive jamming is not effective when facing the Ka-band radar seeker using pulse compression technology. This paper introduces two kinds of active coherent methods including intensive deception jamming (IDJ) and smart noise jamming (SNJ) against the Ka-band radar seeker. These methods can work in the radar frequency band, covering the original echo signal from the time domain and frequency domain to deceive the non-cooperative radar. In addition, the MATLAB R2018a simulations verify the effectiveness of the jamming to the 35.75Ghz linear frequency modulation (LFM) radar signal. Finally, the paper designs the digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) hardware platform. Results show the effectiveness of these two jamming methods by the upper computer.


Proton transmission through single-layer CVD graphene in graphene/proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) sandwich structures is found to be more than 100 times faster than for any other cation. Ion transmission rates were measured for protons and a series of other cations including Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+ using a four-electrode method in which two platinum electrodes drive ionic current through the membrane and two reference electrodes installed in Luggin capillaries sense the transmembrane potential difference induced by the forced ion flow. Characterization studies including confocal Raman microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for graphene on Nafion, and defect visualization by etching through defects for graphene on copper, are also reported. All findings are consistent with a defect-based mechanism for transmission through graphene of all cations except protons, which likely follow a different mechanism, perhaps involving high-rate transmission through sites at which transmission of other i...


In this paper, two-stage procedures for comparing several exponential populations with a control are developed under the assumption of unknown and unequal variances. Conventional techniques using Bonferroni's inequality as given in Mukhopadyay and Hamdy (1984) are used to derive multiple comparison results. By exploiting recent techniques given in Lam (1987, 1988), improvements on multiple comparison results are obtained. The results can be applied to selecting the exponential population with the largest (or with the smallest) location parameter using the indifference zone approach in Bechhofer (1954) or the subset selection approach in Gupta (1956).


S>The solution of the low equation for the scattering amplitude of scalar mesons on a fixed nucleon which can be in two states different in mass was investigated. It was found that for the energies omega n < 2 mu contributions of many-particle states to the scattering amplitude are not essential. The connection of the resonance solution with the nonphysical pole of the amplitude is considered. (auth)


Contrary to public belief, the most common electrical phenomenon produced by a power plant's steam turbines, turbine-driven compressors, and pumps isn't sparks or lightning bolts. It's static electricity. The physical effects of static electricity-greater vibration and higher temperatures-can damage bearings, shaft journals, couplings, and gears enough to cause a forced outage. A few inexpensive instruments in the hands of a well-trained technician can prevent "frosting" and "worm tracks" in your babbitt bearings. We'll start the training right now.


The article is devoted to the reflection of the world picture and linguistic picture of the world in phraseology of language, which brightly expresses national perception of the world, national culture, mentality of nation, way of life, consuetudes and traditions.


In this proposal the authors describe an exciting panel for CHI 2008 on Longitudinal Usability Data Collection. Collecting usability data over time is increasingly becoming best practice in industry, but lacks "thought leadership" in the current literature -- very few articles or books exist addressing the topic. To inspire academic research and share best practices with practitioners, we propose a panel to debate some key questions that arose from the CHI 2007 SIG on the same topic.


Invariant procedure of detection structures on images assumes identical process of processing of parameters of everyone pixel. Among such procedures by the most simple what are applied at statistical processing are. One of possible variants invariant identification of structures is considered on the basis of comparison histograms distribution of brightness at measurement the sizes of a window the analysis.


The use of many multiphase metal alloys reaching superior strength is impeded by a poor resistance to damage and fracture. In order to relate the fracture properties to the elastic and plastic behaviour and distribution of phases, it is essential to develop micromechanical models that properly capture the elementary damage mechanisms occurring in the different phases at the various length scales as well as the stress and strain partitioning among the phases. For the sake of illustrating the importance of modelling the stress transfer and accounting for the initial crack-like shape of voids, the ductility of a quasi cast aluminium alloy has been investigated experimentally and modelled. In contrast with classical void growth based analysis of ductile fracture, three key aspects of the particular mechanisms of fracture in cast Al alloys have received special attention: (i) a void nucleation condition that takes into account the stress partitioning among the elastic inclusions and the plastically deforming matrix, (ii) a proper description of the initial penny shape of the crack, (iii) a coalescence criterion incorporating the effect of the current void shape and void spacing.


Exosomes, membrane bound nano-vesicles secreted by the cells, has great potential to advance cell-based therapies for ischemic cardiovascular diseases by overcoming its limitations- such as viabili...


Fund placement optimization policy and debt management are the composition of short-term debt and long term debt used by the company. Therefore, the main problem of the debt management is treasury cash management arrangements which aim to maximize the utilization of cash without neglecting the company"s liquidity. The company has cash based on variety of motives that the transaction motive, motive of precaution and speculation motive. Model Miller and Orr used in this study was to determine the cash optimum, where the model assumption Miller and Orr, cash flow in to and out irregular in both time and amount for each period but the distribution of daily cash flow ( the difference between cash coming in and cash out) is normal. The conclution of this study are a model of Miller and Orr shows the characteristic activities of the funding requirements, combined with the risk analysis decisions more optimal relative, because of the potensial gain from excess funds more leverage and the potensial high cost of funds on debt management more minimal.


: The aim of this project is to design an automated greenhouse using raspberry pi. A greenhouse is a covered area where plants grow and cultivate. In modern society ,the consumption of fruits and vegetables has become the norm. A variety of fresh fruits and vegetables should be accessible at all times. However, the northern climate prevent the growth of certain fruits and vegetables ,especially during winter. There are some important parameters to be monitored inside the greenhouse are temperature, relative humidity ,moisture and water pumping motor. This system helps to grow fruits and vegetables organically. This shows that how the embedded wireless system has been for future vision in the monitoring system. Internet of things (IOT) will play a major role in day to day life in the future. The system will provide smart interface to the
farmers. This smart system can increase the level of production than the current scenario. This system will realize smart solution for agriculture and efficiently solve the issues related to farmers. The environment will not be the barrier for production and growth of any plant and can overcome the problem of scarcity of farming production.


The paper mainly deals with the major functions of four-character Chinese expressions and the circumstances for adopting them. In addition, the proper way of using these expressions are stated.


Groups use procedural structures to organize their efforts in meetings. These structures are affected by group members' preferences for the degree of procedural order they want in a meeting, as well as by the communication media available in the meeting environment. Analysis of thirty partially distributed experimental groups that met over a series of four sessions was conducted by using two methods. Questionnaires were administered to ascertain perceptions of satisfaction and procedural practices. Content analysis was used to determine actual procedural behavioral patterns. Results indicate that members' preferences for procedural order do appear to affect the patterns of their actual structuring behaviors, but do not affect their satisfaction with the group process.


This study aims to determine the factors of student's learning difficulties and the implementation of problem-based learning to student's mathematical understanding. Subjects in this study is the student of class VIII A SMP Muhammadiyah 6 Yogyakarta. The techniques of data collection used observation and interview to determine the factors of learning difficulties and evaluation methods to determine student's mathematical understanding ability. Type of research used is single subject research with basic design of A-B. The results of this study indicate that the student's learning difficulties experienced by students is caused by social factors that is from a classmate. Furthermore, problem-based learning can improve student's mathematical understanding. It can be seen from the average score obtained by the student before the treatment given that is 28.5 and increased to 94 after treatment.


ABSTRACT In an effort to better prepare science teachers to engage in high-leverage practices, this study investigates the choices and rationales of preservice science teachers in planning elicitation strategies and describes how their understandings about the elicitation of students' ideas changed over time. Four cohorts of preservice science teachers engaged in a cycle of modified lesson study focused on the elicitation of student ideas. Findings suggest that the participants focused on revising the elicitation task to achieve greater task clarity and student participation and to provide more opportunities for individual thinking. One notable outcome of the study is the need for a greater conceptual distinction in science teacher education between elicitation practices in which resources for student thinking are identified and assessment practices that seek students' progress toward learning goals.


Four experiments examined the effect of spaced repetition of study words on completion of word fragments with only one solution and word fragments with multiple solutions. Recognition was used as test of explicit memory in the first two experiments. The study words were presented either once or three times. Repetition was found to increase recognition memory substantially, and to affect fragment completion performance only marginally. This was true for both single- and multiple-solution fragments, showing that competition among responses is not critical for the magnitude of the repetition effect in fragment completion. This finding, that the repetition effect is marginal also when the type of cues provides an occasion for repetition effects to show up, suggests that the real effect of repetition on perceptual priming is borderline. It is proposed that memory from the first presentation eliminates necessary processing of items when they are re-exposed, and that the repetition effect thereby is reduced.


Lamellar crystals of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) with three different stereoregularities were grown isothermally in thin films, and the growth rates in the b-direction were estimated. Melting of the isothermally crystallized samples was also investigated with DSC, and equilibrium melting temperatures of the samples were estimated. Because of the existence of stacking faults, the (010) surface of sPP crystals should have a considerable amount of steps in the range of crystallization temperature (T c ) adopted in this study. Nucleation at such steps should be advantageous according to the nucleation theory. Because the amount of the faulted boundary, and hence the steps, increases with increasing supercooling (ΔT), the growth of sPP should be accelerated at the lower T c compared with other polymers, such as polyethylene. However, the accelerating trend was not recognized. At the same time, the existence of Regime I growth, as modeled in the original nucleation theory, is doubtful on the growth surface with the steps. However, the discontinuity that should be attributed to the Regime II to Regime I transition was observed in the plot of logarithmic growth rate vs. 1/T c (ΔT). According to these results, it is doubtful that the formation of a new surface is the barrier for secondary nucleation, at least for sPP.


In this paper, performance measurement of surface mount assembly equipment isdiscussed. It can be used to understand and apply IPC9850 standard, at the same time, can help usersto improve the capability on evaluation, choice, maintenance, adjustment, and process analysis ofsurface mount assembly equipment.


The clamping mechanism of hydraulic injection molding machine and characteristics were introduced. The clamping circuit of injection molding machine needed high pressure to maintain stable mode-locked,therefore the high voltage clamping circuit of a single role pressure cylinder type was designed. After the completion of the mode-locked,the pressure relief ways of throttle valve was used to avoid pressure mutations. The working principle of injection molding machine clamping circuit was described,and the simulation of the system was made based on AMESim software. Through the simulation,an ideal result was obtained,which could give a referenced function to the actual design of a clamping circuit.


The paper presents a new, nondestructive method of determination of the air-tightness of metal packagings of transistors. This method is based on the thermoacoustic approach with a microphone detection. Thermoacoustic approach means that the sound is generated by the periodical temperature of the element caused by the periodical electric power dissipation in it. In the paper both the experimental thermoacoustic frequency characteristics as also the theoretical approach applied for numerical interpretations of experimental data are presented and discussed.


The invention relates to a device for generating power by utilizing osmosis energy. The device adopts the principle of pressure-reducing osmosis for power generation, and is characterized in that seawater with high osmosis energy is introduced into a membrane component, fresh water enters one side of the seawater through an osmosis membrane under the action of osmotic pressure so as to obtain high-pressure diluted seawater; and one part of the high-pressure diluted seawater is used for recovering the water pressure, and the other part of the high-pressure diluted seawater is used for generating power. The device has the advantages that the influence of the performance of the membrane on the power generation is extremely large, a self-made membrane component capable of eliminating concentration polarization and a self-made forward osmosis membrane with high osmosis flux are adopted as a core of the membrane component, the power-generating power can reach 3-4W/m , and the industrial application value is large.


This article is about the notion of problem in philosophy in order to explain, for education, the concept of false problem. For this purpose, it seeks presenting from philosophy resources of Henri Bergson and Gilles Deleuze, the importance of this concept to the educational field - practical and methodological - denouncing educational prejudices that enable the production of false problems. Thus, the article is, at the same time, an appreciation of the notion of problem in the field of education and a critique of coercive devices that prevent the student formulating problems in the classroom.


The human cornea acts as a protective covering for the eye and plays an important role in light transmission into the eye for vision. Corneal defects due to trauma, infection, or disease can have detrimental effects on the vision, and severe cases lead to vision loss. Twenty-three million people are estimated to be affected by corneal blindness worldwide. Treatment involves corneal transplantation surgery, but there is a severe shortage of donor corneas worldwide. Furthermore, patients with severe pathologies risk rejecting conventional corneal transplantation, thus leaving them untreated. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapies to replace traditional corneal transplant surgery. This review focuses on recent potential biomaterials development for corneal regeneration and repair. It includes cell-based therapies, cell-free regeneration-inducing biomaterials, and injectable or in-situ gelation-based biomaterials for patients with a high risk of graft failure. It also consists of the emerging role of exosomes and extracellular vesicles in corneal infections and regeneration.


The guide to police administration,which has an important function on the administrative objective to increase the harmonious factors and to reduce social conflicts under the background of setting up the harmonious society in China,and which is a wide range application in practice.There are some problems on the theory and practice of the guide to police administration now because of some reasons such as lacking clear academic position.Administrative law principles should be implemented into the guide to police administration,such as legal reservation principle,legal preferential principle,equal principle,proportion and trust protest principle,so on,to perfect the procedure and relief system and promote good progress of the guide to police administration.


In the article, the author gives an example of the politicization of the urban myth. In accordance with the hypothesis, the author believes that in the interests of their own legitimation, the authorities seek to control meanings and memory. And it is the myth that holds the city identity together. The empirical base of the article is the materials of the campaign on September 11, 2022 for the elections to the city council of Yelets, Lipetsk region. The uniqueness of this campaign lies in the attempt of the authorities to appeal to the urban identity of the United Russia candidates. Purpose of the work: to present how the concept of "We are from Yelets" is present in the political practice of the authorities during the election campaign. Research methodology: sociological method, case-study method, which allowed the author to note both general and specific features of the past electoral campaign. As a result, the author came to the following conclusion, the authorities, using the concept of "We are from Yelets" conducted a campaign for their own legitimization. However, such activities are difficult to assess in terms of efficiency. On the one hand, the authorities have achieved a certain result, allowing them to control the majority of parliamentary seats. But on the other hand, in a number of constituencies the authorities failed to win their candidates over using patriotic mythology. The involvement of this mythology in political agitation by other political forces (KPRF and LDPR) confirms the author's argument: it is not possible to completely control urban political discourse only with the help of the concept "We are from Yelets".


There is no single agreed definition of quality in healthcare, in part because of the huge range of settings within which care is delivered. However, there is agreement that quality care can be characterized by several different but interrelated concepts. In 2001, the Institute of Medicine defined six dimensions of healthcare quality: safety, effectiveness and appropriateness, patientcenteredness, timeliness and accessibility, efficiency, and equitability. These domains continue to underpin international definitions, interpretations, and frameworks, including the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare's three pillars of healthcare quality: patient centeredness, care that is driven by information, and care that is organized by safety. The National Quality Board in the U.K. has updated its "Shared Commitment to Quality" document in 2021, emphasizing the domains of safety, effectiveness, patient centeredness, and equitability as key pillars of its framework, but adding leadership and financial sustainability of service delivery to these pillars. New emphasis on digitally-enabled care, strategies to reduce the workload of emergency departments, and grow systems that support greater out-ofhospital care probably reflect at least, in part, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare delivery in the U.K. While we think we know what high-quality care looks and feels like in our daily work as healthcare professionals, this is actually highly contextual and more subjective than it appears, and may be viewed very differently by the community, patients and families, funders, health departments, and politicians. The practices of radiology and radiation oncology are the crossroads of multiple disciplines in healthcare, and radiology, in particular, spans the community– specialist care divide. Both specialties are highly technology-


As professors of Culturally Relevant Teaching, we seek to expand pre‐service teachers' understanding of cultures through critical examination of personal cultural backgrounds, as well as, of those diverse groups who historically have experienced oppression in US society and its educational system. We share the story of how we develop and implement the course, setting it in the context of our teaching for a social justice‐oriented teacher education program in a predominantly White, rural, state university college. We indicate the literature from which we developed the course content and its activities; we analyze pre‐service teachers' awareness of their cultural identities; and, describe the implications of this knowledge for teaching as reflected in the cultural autobiographies and narratives pre‐service students write at the beginning and end of the course. We hope this study will be helpful to other multicultural educators implementing similar courses.


Improving cold-resistant ability of tea plant is an important aspect for developing alpine tea garden.Seed propagation is an effective method to improve cold-resistant of introduced cultivars(varieties),while seed viability is a key factor influencing on the quality of tea plant seedlings.Ninhydrin reaction and TTC quantitative analysis were used to test amino acid permeability and Dehydrogenase Activities under three different storage conditions,at room temperatures,in cooling chamber of refrigerator and stacked with haulm and soil in tea garden.The result showed that the best quality of seed viability and seed germination rate was observed by the method of stacking with haulm and soil,which was a simply method of seedling propagating for alpine tea garden.


Stroke is one of the main causes of disability in Western countries. Damaged brain areas are not able to provide the fine-tuned muscular control typical of human upper-limbs, resulting in many symptoms that affect consistently patients' daily-life activities. Neurological rehabilitation is a multifactorial process that aims at partially restoring the functional properties of the impaired limbs, taking advantage of neuroplasticity, i.e. the capability of re-aggregating neural networks in order to repair and substitute the damaged neural circuits. Recently, many virtual reality-based, robotic and exoskeleton approaches have been developed to exploit neuroplasticity and help conventional therapies in clinic. The effectiveness of such methods is only partly demonstrated. Patients' performances and clinical courses are assessed via a variety of complex and expensive sensors and time-consuming techniques: motion capture systems, EMG, EEG, MRI, interaction forces with the devices, clinical scales. Evidences show that benefits are proportional to treatment duration and intensity. Clinics can provide intensive assistance just for a limited amount of time. Thus, in order to preserve the benefits and increase them in time, the rehabilitative process should be continued at home. Simplicity, easiness of use, affordability, reliability and capability of storing logs of the rehabilitative sessions are the most important requirements in developing devices to allow and facilitate domestic rehabilitation. Tracking systems are the primary sources of information to assess patients' motor performances. While expensive and sophisticated techniques can investigate neuroplasticity, neural activation (fMRI) and muscle stimulation patterns (EMG), the kinematic assessment is fundamental to provide basic but essential quantitative evaluations as range of motion, motor control quality and measurements of motion abilities. Microsoft Kinect and Kinect One are programmable and affordable tracking sensors enabling the measurement of the positions of human articular centers. They are widely used in rehabilitation, mainly for interacting with virtual environments and videogames, or training motor primitives and single joints. In this paper, the authors propose a novel use of the Kinect and Kinect One sensors in a medical protocol specifically developed to assess the motor control quality of neurologically impaired people. It is based on the evaluation of clinically meaningful synthetic performance indexes, derived from previously developed experiences in upper-limb robotic treatments. The protocol provides evaluations taking into account kinematics (articular clinical angles, velocities, accelerations), dynamics (shoulder torque and shoulder effort index), motor and postural control quantities (normalized jerk of the wrist, coefficient of periodicity, center of mass displacement). The Kinect-based platform performance evaluation was off-line compared with the measurements obtained with a marker-based motion tracking system during the execution of reaching tasks against gravity. Preliminary results based on the Kinect sensor suggest its efficacy in clustering healthy subjects and patients according to their motor performances, despite the less sensibility in respect to the marker-based system used for comparison. A software library to evaluate motor performances has been developed by the authors, implemented in different programming languages and is available for on-line use during training/evaluation sessions (Figure 1). The Kinect sensor coupled with the developed computational library is proposed as an assessment technology during domestic rehabilitation therapies with on-line feedback, enabled by an application featuring tracking, graphical representation and data logging. An experimental campaign is under development on post-stroke patients with the Kinect-One sensor. Preliminary results on patients with different residual functioning and level of impairment indicate the capability of the whole system in discriminating motor performances.


Resource recovery from solid waste is of immense benefit for any society in terms of sustainability and economic diversification. It directly addresses the problem of waste overload as well as resource scarcity. This study assesses the efforts made by Lagos State of Nigeria to recover resources from solid wastes since 2007. It highlights the different programs and policies of the state in resource recovery and carried out a questionnaire survey of the citizens' awareness and response to the government efforts. While the residents are conscious of the government position and are ready to get involved in its actualization, there is however, a very low level of implementation especially in the infrastructure. The study concludes that to improve the Lagos State resource recovery model, there is a need to approach it more globally, starting with the redirection of the polity towards a circular economy and encouraging inclusiveness especially with the private sector.


Abstract. Senoaji W, Rahardjo BT, Tarno H. 2021. Proteomic approach: Identification of Nephotettix virescens vector protein transmitting the tungro virus in rice. Biodiversitas 22: 2750-2755. As a vector of tungro virus, Nephotettix virescens is one primary pest in rice cultivars. Associated Rice Tungro Spherical Virus provides a helper component for Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus acquisition produced the severe symptoms in rice. The vector proteins encoded by the virus become a poorly understood transmission of plant viruses, particularly in semi-persistent mechanisms. It is essential to develop new molecules to interrupt the transmission mechanism of plant viruses by insect vectors. This study aimed to detect the helper proteins in vectors with proteomics. Protein separation was performed using SDS-PAGE, and then was identified by the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to find the candidate proteins. The result showed that actin was identified in N. virescens as responsible protein that related to transmitting tungro viruses into the plant.


The research program in nuclear physics in the Physics Division spans a broad range of activities and contributes to many of the major questions in the discipline. Activities may be roughly divided into three broad categories. Research with the tandem-linac in heavy-ion physics is doing well, though laboring under severe budgetary constraints, and outside use of the facility has increased substantially. Progress on the construction of the full ATLAS facility is coming along expeditiously and it is expected to be completed on schedule in 1985. In medium-energy physics, activities are continuing at LAMPF, as well as other accelerators, though considerable effort was devoted this year to the preparation of a proposal for a national electron accelerator facility.


Generally, size and shape of the body of animals were used to determine sexes. Under laboratory conditions at 25 – 28 0C, rearing springtail in the plastic bottle containing plaster of Paris-charcoal substrate was established to investigate the sexual dimorphism which was in agreement with hypothesis. It was found that the both sexes of Xenylla sp. were separated by the body size and female body size was longer and bigger than male. In addition, the pattern of pigmentation on the body and color body were as the main characteristics to separate sexes in Xenylla sp. Female was bright yellow whereas male of the same age had darker body due to distribution of pigments. For sex ratio, it was found that an apparent predominace of males over female in the ratio of 1.63: 1, respectively. Based on this study, it indicated that Xenylla sp. was dioecious and non parthenogenitic species and possible to use the combination of body size and color to determine the sexes.


Introduction: The S100 protein family plays an impor tant role in several types of tumors. One of the family members is the S100A12 protein, recently known as a new marker in tumorigenicity and gastric cancer research. Considering the diagnostic importance of S100A12 and the relatively high prevalence of gastric cancer in Iran, this study aimed at examining the expression of S100A12 in the tissues of such patients. Method: The expression of S100A12 in 79 Gastr ic Cancer patients was examined using immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue cells, and 50 non-tumor samples were selected for comparison with tumor tissues. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS v16 and chi-square test with a confidence interval of 95 percent. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between tumor tissues and non -tumor tissues with regard to the expression of S100A12 protein, with tumor cells showing significantly lower expression. Based on clinicopathologic results, S100A12 protein indicated a negative correlation with tumor dimensions, tumor invasion depth, metastasis stage of tumor, and no significant correlation with other clinicopathologic features, like age, sex and metastasis to lymph nodes. Conclusion: The results showed that the low expression of S100A12 as a new marker was associated with tumor formation and Gastric Cancer progression.


Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction to Book Series Part I. Using a Cognitive Orientation to Guide Reflection 1. The School Counselor as Reflective Practitioner 2. The Fundamental Principles of Cognitive Therapy Part II. Targets and Techniques of Cognitive Counseling 3. Helping the Student Understand and Embrace the Thought-Feeling Connection 4. Identifying Cognitive Distortions 5. Reformulating Dysfunctional Thoughts Part III. From the Eyes of the Cognitive-Oriented Expert 6. School Counselors Reflecting In and On Practice 7. Practice in Procedural Thinking References Index


Electrophysiological devices are critical for mapping eloquent and diseased brain regions and for therapeutic neuromodulation in clinical settings and are extensively used for research in brain-machine interfaces. However, the existing clinical and experimental devices are often limited in either spatial resolution or cortical coverage. Here, we developed scalable manufacturing processes with a dense electrical connection scheme to achieve reconfigurable thin-film, multithousand-channel neurophysiological recording grids using platinum nanorods (PtNRGrids). With PtNRGrids, we have achieved a multithousand-channel array of small (30 μm) contacts with low impedance, providing high spatial and temporal resolution over a large cortical area. We demonstrated that PtNRGrids can resolve submillimeter functional organization of the barrel cortex in anesthetized rats that captured the tissue structure. In the clinical setting, PtNRGrids resolved fine, complex temporal dynamics from the cortical surface in an awake human patient performing grasping tasks. In addition, the PtNRGrids identified the spatial spread and dynamics of epileptic discharges in a patient undergoing epilepsy surgery at 1-mm spatial resolution, including activity induced by direct electrical stimulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the power of the PtNRGrids to transform clinical mapping and research with brain-machine interfaces. Description PtNRGrids offer high spatial resolution and cortical coverage and reveal functional organization and neuronal dynamics. Cortex in high resolution Recording brain cortical activity with high spatial and temporal resolution is critical for understanding brain circuitry in physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, Tchoe et al. developed a reconfigurable and scalable thin-film, multithousand-channel neurophysiological recording grids using platinum nanorods, called PtNRGrids, that could record thousands of channels with submillimeter resolution in the rat barrel cortex. In human subjects, PtNRGrids were able to provide high-resolution recordings of large and curvilinear brain areas and to resolve spatiotemporal dynamics of motor and sensory activities. The results suggest that PtNRGrids could be used in the preclinical and clinical setting for high spatial and temporal recording of neural activity.


Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of two general distribution functions is studied when they cross once. The restriction of having a crossing point on two distribution functions turns out to be a dual problem of unimodal ordering. The isotonic regression procedure for unimodal ordering is employed to estimate two distribution functions under the restriction. The proposed estimator has strong consistency. A real data is analyzed for illustrative purpose.


The third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) ponatinib exerts a strong anti-neoplastic effect in all stages of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) as well as in Philadelphia(Ph)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is capable of suppressing the kinase activity of BCR-ABL1 carrying any


Summary The marine and estuarine crab Hymenosoma orbiculare has been found living in fresh water in Lake Sibayi. Experiments have been carried out to determine whether H. orbiculare normally exposed to sea water can live and breed in low dilutions of sea water. The zoeae are the most sensitive stage but they possess a marked acclimation ability. Preliminary experiments indicate that H. orbiculare from subtropical waters have a much higher upper lethal temperature than crabs from warm temperate regions. The size of H. orbiculare is not salinity dependent, as was previously thought. It appears that H. orbiculare living in Lake Sibayi do not constitute a distinct physiological race.


Abstract : In 1898 J. Kuerschak observed that the area of a regular 12-gon is = 3r square. This is variously generalized in the plane and in space. (Author)


In this paper, we propose an efficient and fast numerical method of finding a stationary solution of large systems of aggregation–fragmentation equations of Smoluchowski type for concentrations of reacting particles. This method is applicable when the stationary concentrations steeply decrease with increasing aggregate size, which is fulfilled for the most important cases. We show that under rather mild restrictions, imposed on the kernel of the Smoluchowski equation, the following numerical procedure may be used: First, a complete solution for a relatively small number of equations (a "seed system") is generated and then the result is exploited in a fast iterative scheme. In this way the new approach allows to obtain a steady-state solution for rather large systems of equations, by orders of magnitude faster than the standard schemes.


We have developed a 15-17 GHz free electron maser (FEM) capable of producing hgh power pulses with a phase stability appropriate for linear collider applications. The electron beam source is a 1 ps, 800 kV, 5 kA, 6cm-dia annular electron beam machine calld BANSHEE. The beam interacts with the TM, mode Raman FEM amphfier in a corrugated cylindrical waveguide where the beam runs close to the interaction device walls to reduce the power density in the fields. We studied the phase stability by analyzing the dispersion relation for an axial EL, in which the rf field was transversely wiggled and the electron trajectories were purely longitudinal. Detailed particle-in-cell simulations demonstrated the transverse wiggling of the rf mode and the axial FEL interaction and explicit calculations of the growing root of the dispersion relation are included to venfy the phase stability. Background and Research Objectives Future linear colliders require microwave power sources in the 10-30 GHz frequency range with output powers of at least several hundred megawatts. The klystron has historically been the source of choice for accelerator applications. For output power levels above several hundred megawatts, new approaches are needed for microwave power generation. One example is a microwave tube based on a large diameter annular electron beam instead of the small diameter solid beam used in a klystron [ 11. More power can be transported in an annular beam because the space charge limiting current in an annular beam is higher than in a solid beam of the same voltage and current. A second important issue is that at high power, the rf power density becomes too high for the standing-wave, rf cavities used in high frequency klystrons. Free-electron lasers and FEMs have demonstrated high peak power and extraction efficiencies. An FEL or FEM offers the possibility of a way to avoid the fundamental mode power density limitation by operating in a higher-order mode in a large-diameter microwave structure. * Principal Investigator, e-mail: email@example.com


This article explores the linguistic peculiarities of the Soviet chastushki which vividly illuminate a range of popular and officially encouraged images of the new Soviet woman. Chastuski have appeared in the Russia countryside during the 1850s-60s as a unique vehicle for expressing candidly the true opinions and concerns of the Russia`s lower classes, and their feelings and ideas that could not otherwise be stated. Russian women have been highly active in the composition and performance of the personal and frank chastushki. The chastushka was neither a static nor a pure folk genre. As a genre, the chastushka has existed in Russia for about a century. Chastushki classify by regions of origin as well as its types. Soviet chastushki have many differences compared with the traditional chastushki. Especially there is no morpho-syntactical parallelism in Soviet chastushki. This article mainly focuses on this point - the rhythmic structure and functional sentences of Soviet chastushki. The chastushka is formally a quatrain, which means a stanza of 4 lines, rhymed or unrhymed. While both rhymed and unrhymed chastushki may be encountered, the former is heavily prevailed. Whereas they do allow for a certain degree of metrical freedom, the chastushki seem to be much more restricted in this respect than other Russian poetical forms. As a result, it is possible to represent the underlying rhythmic structure of Soviet chastushki. In addition, a lexical semantic analysis was attempted in this article. Official values were encoded in Soviet chastushki by means of appropriation : the lyrical genre was turned into a vehicle for the recognition of previously unnoticed jobs and a source of some satisfaction to women. In traditional chastushki a large number of Russian women have expressed their love, romance, marriage, family relationship, and other facets of personal life. Many Soviet chastushki, however, have featured the young women who were proud of their achievements and who enjoyed the opportunity to work with men and to compete with them.