Objectives To compare the correlations of histological class inferences based on clinical manifestations and laboratory tests between rheumatologists and nephrologists, to determine the associations of clinical and laboratory data with histological classes and to develop an instrument that can assist histological class identification in lupus nephritis (LN). Methods Retrospective study based on medical records of 80 systemic lupus erythematosus patients (SLICC criteria classification, 2012) who underwent kidney biopsy between 2010 and 2017. Two rheumatologists and two nephrologists received clinical and laboratory data and answered questions regarding which histological class was expected on kidney biopsy. Kappa (K) coefficient was used to assess agreement between evaluators. A decision tree was constructed using the chi-square interaction detector and logistic regression was performed for the development of the proliferative histological class predictor instrument. Results The mean age and disease duration were 33 ± 10.3 years and 11.5 ± 6.7 years, respectively. The level of agreement between the evaluators and kidney biopsy was poor (global K 0.364 ± 0.029; p < .001). Analyzing clinical and laboratory variables as predictors of proliferative histological class, patients with abnormal urinary sediment and positive anti-dsDNA antibodies presented 13.96 and 4.96 times higher risks of presenting class III or IV, respectively (p < 0.001). Our instrument has a sensitivity of 87.8% and specificity of 80%, using abnormal urinary sediment, anti-dsDNA antibodies, and serum creatinine as variables. Conclusions Rheumatologists and nephrologists with experience in treating LN generated evaluations that correlated weakly with kidney biopsy. When kidney biopsy is unavailable or is contraindicated for medical reasons, instruments based on clinical and laboratory predictors may be helpful.


The main purpose of this paper is to familiarise the reader with how foreign investors are protected in Uzbekistan under its BITs. Thus, the paper will analyse BIT clauses of Uzbekistan and investor-state dispute resolution mechanisms available under Uzbek BITs. Throughout the following paper, the reader will notice that although Uzbek BITs contain some provisions inherent in modern BITs in terms of investor-state dispute settlement there is still room for improvement. Therefore, recommendations for improvement will be provided at the end of this article.


Numerous studies are reported in literature on performance evaluation and rehabilitation of building however, limited studies are reported on performance based design of new buildings. Displacement based design procedure is a new method which is not available in Indian building design codes. An effort has been done to investigate the Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD) for four, eight and twelve story regular RC frame buildings proposed by Priestley et al, using Indian code Response Spectrum for Zone V which is considered as a very high intensity seismic risk zone for life safety and collapse prevention performance levels. Nonlinear time history analysis is carried out for available ground motion and compared with the performance levels (in terms of drift, displacement). Observations show that design displacement reduction factor should be different for life safety and collapse prevention levels. The effective damping increases as the height of the building increases and is higher for collapse prevention.


Finding meaningful patterns is one of the most investigated fields of computational biology. Generalized Center String (GCS) problem is one of the problems that were established and Bpriori Algorithms have been proposed to solve GCS. In this paper we present parallel Bpriori Algorithms based on existing approaches. These algorithms are SIMD on Cube-Connected network, where the size of alphabet set is two. We consider these algorithms theoretically. Also, time complexity is estimated based on probabilistic analysis.


The invention relates to the technical field of medicament, particularly to a medicine for treating vitiligo, and a preparation method and the application thereof. Aiming at solving the problem existing in medicine for treating vitiligo in the prior art, the invention provides a medicine for treating vitiligo, which has the advantages of good curative effect, instant effect, use of raw material fully taken from the nature, safety, reliability, and no toxic and side effects, and the medicine is prepared on the basis of the photosensitive function, the anti-oxidation function, the antibacterial function and the anti-allergic function of all the plant extraction constituents. The invention has a technical scheme providing a medicine for treating vitiligo. The medicine for treating vitiligo comprises the following materials in parts by weight: 0.2-25 parts of semen cassia polysaccharide; 5-150 parts of moringa oleifear seed oil; 10-90 parts of perilla seed oil; and 1-10 parts of perilla leaf oil. After using the medicine of the invention, chromatosis of different levels can occur within 7-14 days, and the pigment is regained with an average of 1-2 months. The medicine for treating vitiligo has the advantages of good curative effect, instant effect, use of raw material fully taken from the nature, safety, reliability, and convenience in use.


Nonlinear acoustic waves are investigated from the viewpoint of a wavepacket. The wavepacket is defined as a portion of a wave that travels at an independent phase speed c = c + flu', where c is the sound speed, ]3 is a constant related to the propagation nonlinearity, and u' is the acoustic particle velocity. During travel the wave distorts during travel because of the nonlinearity, and undergoes absorption due to the effects of viscosity, heat conduction, and relaxation. Some of the most interesting phenomena associated with nonlinear acoustic waves are the result of the combined effects of nonlinear propagation (and the resulting distortion of the wave) and of absorption. These effects are especially at work in shock problems. The mathematical approach begins with the notion of cumulative wave distortion, and its development from a nonlinear wave equation. Novel time domain expressions for acoustic absorption are then developed which are valid for both linear and nonlinear acoustic waves. These theoretical concepts, for nonlinear propagation and for absorption, are then combined into a propagation model which is then evaluated numerically in the spatial domain. Several specific and diverse examples are emphasized, including: pulse selfdemodulation, oceanic parametric sonar, enhancement of ultrasound heating by sound-sound nonlinear interaction, and the formation and evolution of acoustic shoci:s without the need for the so-called equal-area rule in weak shock theory. Experimental data are used to verify both the theory and the computational icsults.


The impact strength, thermal stability and morphology of polypropylene (PP) composites filled with pottery stone (PTS) and magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) were investigated. PP/PTS composites were prepared by melt mixing of PP with four loadings of PTS (5, 10, 15 and 20 phr) and each PP/PTS composite with two loadings of MOS (3 and 5 phr) on a twin screw extruder, followed by injection molding into the impact test specimens. The SEM images show a particulate form of PTS particles and a needle-shaped particle with high aspect ratio of MOS. It is found that the impact strength of PP increased with increasing PTS and MOS loading levels. This is because PTS and MOS provide high ability to transfer energy from one phase to another. The thermal stability of PP was improved by shifting the Tonset, Tend set and %char residue towards higher values. Moreover, SEM images of the fractured surfaces show that PTS and MOS are well dispersed in the PP matrix.


The article covers the problems in the sphere of principle rights, privileges and protection of single fathers in the Russian Federation. The status of single fathers in the foreign countries is studied as well. The authors list the Russian centers for psychological and educational support of the single fathers and suggest the most appropriate measures of state assistance to this category of citizens.


Power system stability analysis is usually performed in a deterministic framework in which the time domain response of the power system is studied for certain specific disturbances to determine the adequacy of the system. However, the occurrence of disturbances and their attendant protective switching sequences are random processes and it would be more meaningful to determine the probability of stability for a power system. An approach for such a determination is presented in this paper. The probability of steady state stability is relatively easier to determine because of the linearization of the system equations. The probability of transient stability, on the other hand, is much more difficult to obtain analytically because of the nonlinear transformations required. However, a Monte Carlo simulation method to determine transient stability probability is shown to be feasible.


Non-convulsive status epilepticus had always been a diagnostic dilemma to emergency physicians. The challenge falls in its elusive nature and the subtlety of physical findings. Understanding the essence this disease process and the approach to it will result into a rewarding outcome for the patient and the physician. In this brief review we are trying to shed some light on that ambiguous neurological emergency and try to come up with a facilitated way of dealing with this common source of morbidity and mortality. Discussion Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a term used to refer to a prolonged seizure without an overt motor signs. It's also defined as an altered mental status or change in the behavior from baseline with continuous epileptiform EEG changes. A review of literature showed that till now there is no acceptable definition. [1] NCSE are thought to be responsible for about 25% of the status epilepitcus. [2] De Lorenzo et al conducted a retrospective study in which 164 patients were subjected to a continuous 24 hours EEG monitoring after seizure treatment. He found that 14% of the patients had a NCSE and about 48% of the patient had a persistent seizure activity on EEG. [3] Treiman et al also in a similar manner found that 25% of the patient had NCSE after treatment for GCSE when monitored by EEG in his study that included 384 patients. [23] NCSE diagnosis has always been a diagnostic challenge to emergency physicians as there are no definitive diagnostic criteria, and due to the hectic nature of the emergency department its sound to difficult to do full neurological exam and in-depth medical history. [4] NCSE encompasses a group of syndromes that varies from self-limiting to refractory form. Absence SE and partial complex SE are the 2 major types that are commonly known although some recent data from medical literature had shown other subtypes. Clinical suspicion and EEG findings are mainstay to establish the diagnosis. Clinically, high index of suspicions should be kept in cases of: [5]  Prolonged postictal states  Absence of other clinical explanation for the patients with altered mental status  Stroke patients that seemed worse than expected  Subtle signs (blinking, twitching, fluctuating sensorium. Etc.). www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.244 Index Copernicus Value: 83.27 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i8.103


IntroductionDevelopmental coordination disorder affects a child's motor abilities and participation across environments. This study aimed to review systematically the effectiveness of interventions...


Objective To study the protective effect of sodium oxybate (SO) against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and the expression of fos protein and its implication in MCAO rat.?Methods The reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)model was established in rats to investigate the role of SO in ischemia injury. The scores of neurological deficits were determined by Longa EZ method in MCAO rats. The fos protein positive neurons revealed by immunohistochemistry were counted in the PC and Cpu areas.?Results The scores of neurological deficits and the count of fos protein positive neurons were markedly decreased by SO in a dose-dependent manner when the dosage of SO was increased from 50 to100 and 200 mg·kg~-1 (P0.01).?Conclusion SO can protect MCAO rats against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the protective effect is related to the expression of c-fos.


The focus of this paper is on the early phases of ER-modeling consisting of the primary conceptualization of the underlying application domain. To this end we introduce a process model for the generation of meaningful concepts for a domain description. In virtue of its close relation with cognitive activity, this process model also enables the modeler as well as the user to comprehend the concepts of the resulting domain in a natural way. Beyond this goal, natural conceptualization opens the possibility for the introduction of a uniform representation enabling the efficient combination of knowledge obtained from different stake holders during a modeling process.


The effect of coadsorbed CO on potassium surface diffusion on Ru(001) has been studied using coverage grating−optical second harmonic diffraction method. The enhancement of the first-order diffraction peak at 0.06 ML of CO coadsorption coverage demonstrates the very strong electronic interaction between these coadsorbates. At an initial potassium coverage of 1.0 ML, the activation energy for the diffusion of K increases from 2.7 kcal/mol on the clean ruthenium surface to 17.0 kcal/mol in the presence of 0.06 ML CO. At 280 K, the diffusion rate coefficient drops from D = 6.4 × 10-10 cm2/s on clean ruthenium to D = 1.5 × 10-14 cm2/s as a result of CO coadsorption. CO and K stabilize each other upon the formation of Ky−COx surface complexes that increase the apparent activation energy for potassium diffusion, thereby slowing its diffusion rate.


About a quarter of non-human primate species are threatened by extinction in the near future. Loss of habitat, disease and illegal hunting, especially for the bushmeat trade, are major causes of concern. Here, we develop an identification tool for primate genera using diagnostic nucleotide positions in the epsilon globin gene, apolipoprotein B gene and mitochondrial 12S rRNA. We identified 111 diagnostic nucleotide positions suitable for genotyping by a minisequencing assay in a microarray format. To show the applicability of the microarray, we typed 70 non-human primates representing all primate infraorders. Sixty-five samples were assigned to the correct infraorder, and 32 were assigned to the correct genus (the highest level of taxonomic resolution attempted here). Our results show that it is feasible to distinguish among a high number of primate taxa if the system allows hierarchical assignation of the samples at different taxonomic levels and includes both taxon-specific and redundant positions.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an ideal disease for therapeutic vaccine strategies. While the leukemia cells are usually stealth-like, avoiding T cell recognition, they can be manipulated through ligation of CD40 on their surface to become very effective antigen presenting cells (APCs). Ligation of CD40 leads to expression of CD80, CD86 and upregulation of CD54. Other biochemical changes occur upon ligation of CD40, including upregulation of CD95, DR5, and expression of Bid, predisposing the leukemia cells to death-receptor-induced apoptosis. CLL cells can be made to express CD154 (CD40-ligand) using a replication-defective adenovirus. A phase I clinical trial with autologous CLL cells transduced to express murine CD154 previously demonstrated tolerability and clinical activity with this strategy (Blood 96:2917, 2000). More recently, a recombinant CD154 (ISF35) was produced, based on the human CD154 backbone, incorporating murine sequences needed for expression on CLL cells and with the proteinase cleavage site removed. We evaluated this new transgene in a phase I clinical trial, expecting to have similar tolerability to the murine CD154. Transduction of CLL cells results in expression of ISF35, ligation of CD40 on transduced and bystander cells, and the resultant downstream changes needed for antigen presentation and sensitivity to death receptor-induced apoptosis. We conducted a phase I study of a single infusion of autologous CLL cells transduced to express ISF35. Three dose levels were evaluated with 3 patients (pts) each: 1×108, 3×108, & 1×109 transduced cells. Infusions were well tolerated, no acute infusion-related toxicities were observed. ISF35-related toxicities consisted of grade 1–2 flu-like symptoms that occurred several hrs after the infusion and consisted of fever, arthralgia, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue lasting 2–4 days and resolving in all cases. There were no dose-limiting toxicities at any dose level. Biologic responses were seen at all doses, there was no dose-response relationship. There were consistent decreases in absolute lymphocyte counts at all dose levels, indicating a therapeutic effect. This was not dose-related, and ALC returned to pre-treatment level after 1–2 months post-infusion. There was consistent induction of CD95 and DR5 expression on bystander cells in vivo by 3 days following infusion, which lasted 2–3 weeks. Furthermore, consistent induction of Bid expression in bystander cells was seen by wk 1, also lasting 2–3 wks. Finally, consistent increases in absolute T cell counts (both CD4+ & CD8+) were seen, peaking 1–4 wks post infusion. These results demonstrate that ISF34-transduced autologous leukemia cells can be given safely at up to 1×109 transduced cells, without dose-limiting toxicities, and resulting in phenotypic and biochemical changes in bystander leukemia cells in vivo that render the cells able to present antigen and priming them for death-receptor-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, clinical responses were seen with reduction in leukemia counts and increases in absolute T cell counts. We expect that multiple, sequential doses will be needed for maximal therapeutic effect with this strategy. Given these results, we have developed a phase II trial of repeated doses of autologous ISF35-transduced leukemia cells for patients with CLL.


Early psychosis is a relatively new area of practice in the field of mental health. Early intervention for people with psychosis is increasingly being recognised as a crucial component of quality care. Rehabilitation interventions in early psychosis assist in promoting recovery and involvement in community life, reduce the development of disability and facilitate the achievement of personal goals. The development of models of care and best practice in early psychosis intervention has been promoted by the Commonwealth of Australia. This paper describes a model of care and best practice in early psychosis intervention — the Early Psychosis Programme — which has been implemented in an integrated mental health service.


The widespread deployment of high-speed internet access is ushering in a new era of distributed computing, in which parties both contribute to a global pool of shared resources and access the pooled resources to support their own computing needs. We argue that system designers must explicitly address the self-interest of individual parties if these next-generation computing systems are to flourish. We propose strategyproof computing , a vision for an open computing infrastructure in which resource allocation and negotiation schemes are incentive-compatible, and individual parties can treat other resources as their own. In this paper we outline key guiding principles for the vision of strategyproof computing, define the strategyproof computing paradigm, and lay out a systems-related research agenda.


Adenohypophyseall hormone production is mainly regulated through stimulatory and inhibitoryy hypothalamic peptides and target-gland hormones. Additionally, paracrine regulatoryy feedback loops within the pituitary have been suggested, with folliculo-stellate (FS)) cells as the potential intermediates. We recently showed TSH receptor (TSHR) expressionn in FS cells of the human anterior pituitary and speculated that receptors for other adenohypophyseall hormones might also be expressed by FS cells. Using RT-PCR, we thereforee evaluated the expression of receptors for TSH, GH, ACTH, LH, FSH and PRL in a murinee FS cell line, TtT/GF. Transcripts of TSHR, GHR and ACTHR were detected in this celll line. LHR, FSHR and PRLR expression, however, could not be demonstrated. We concludee that TtT/GF cells express some, but not all, receptors for anterior pituitary hormones.. This indicates that FS might act as mediators in the paracrine regulation of at least somee of the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.


Recent large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated efficacy of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in both preventing and treating heart failure (HF). SGLT2i‐induced reversal of left ventricular remodelling has been proposed as a mechanism contributing to this effect.


We compute the zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points of a two-dimensional torus. To this end we establish an explicit formula for the number Cnpqq of ideals of codimension n of the algebra Fqrx, y, x ´1 , y ´1 s of Laurent polynomials in two variables over a finite field of car dinality q. This number is a palindromic polynomial of degree 2n in q. Moreover, Cnpqq " pq ´ 1q 2 Pnpqq, where Pnpqq is another palindromic polynomial, whose integer coeffi cients turn out to be non-negative and which is a q-analogue of the sum of divisors of n. Each coeffi cient of Pnpqq counts the divisors of n in a certain interval. We also write the generating function of the polynomials Cnpqq as an infinite product; this allows us to give arithmetical interp retations of the values of Cnpqq and of Pnpqq at q " ´1 and at roots of unity of order 3, 4, 6.


Immunological relationships among pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), its subunits and equine pituitary gonadotropmns (LH and FSH) were examined. For this purpose a homologous double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) for PMSG was developed and characterized. Levels of PMSG in serum samples collected from 2 mares during the first trimester of pregnancy were measured in the RIA and were found to be similar to values previously reported using bioassay and heterologous RIA techniques. Compared with PMSG which has been isolated from serum, preparations of this gonadotropin isolated from endometrial cup tissue were found to give parallel but slightly less potent (X0.3-0.9) inhibition curves. Extremely small amounts of PMSG were detected in pregnant mare urine. Isolated PMSG subunits were found to have a low degree of nonparallel cross reaction in the PMSG RIA; assay of heterologous subunit combinations revealed the importance of the a-subunit for immunological recognition. Antisera to PMSG subunits were tested in additional RIAs. When PMSG-o antiserum was used, all equine gonadotropins showed parallel inhibition curves, but these preparations demonstrated much less cross reaction with PMSG-$3 antiserum. Equine pituitary gonadotropins showed significant cross reactions in the PMSG RIA while those of other species gave minimal and nonspecific cross reactions. These data, in conjunction with data obtained from RIA5 employing antiserum to eLH and eFSH, demonstrate a very close immunological relationship between PMSG and eLH.


The availability of new therapies over the past 2 decades has dramatically changed the practice of medicine. The introduction of medical devices has ushered in the era of minimally invasive procedures, thus fundamentally changing many surgical disciplines and creating new sub-specialties. Nowhere has the impact of new device technology been more dramatic than in the discipline of interventional cardiology. In addition to driving the growth of the medical device industry, device development has spawned entire new industries devoted to the coordination and administration of clinical trials. For a company to market a new high-risk device in the United States it must obtain approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) based on the ability to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.1 For a new interventional device like a drug-eluting stent, this is typically accomplished by performing large, multicentered, randomized controlled studies. These studies are performed by clinical investigators at research institutions on highly selected patients that may represent a small sector of the population for which the device is being developed. FDA approval is typically limited to the patient population studied, which is specifically outlined in the package labeling and instructions for use. Nevertheless, it is generally understood that after market release, devices are commonly used outside the narrow confines of the pivotal study's selection criteria by operators with a wide spectrum of training and experience at institutions lacking the infrastructure or competency of the research institutions where the pivotal trials were performed. It is assumed that the benefits of device use demonstrated in the pivotal trials can be generalized to a wider patient population in the general clinical community. Whereas large resources have been devoted to the early development and clinical evaluation of new medical devices, few resources have been focused on post-market surveillance, which is the systematic evaluation of …


We obtain a bounded generation theorem over $\mathcal O/\mathfrak a$, where $\mathcal O$ is the ring of integers of a number field and $\mathfrak a$ a general ideal of $\mathcal O$. This addresses a conjecture of Salehi-Golsefidy. Along the way, we obtain nontrivial bounds for additive character sums over $\mathcal O/\mathcal P^n$ for a prime ideal $\mathcal P$ with the aid of certain sum-product estimates.


The COVID-19 era requires research and development into eco-friendly immune technologies in human life. However, such research is limited because of a lack of interest. Therefore, in this study, sub-critical extracts extracted from Rubia hexaphylla leaves, Cymbopogon citratus, and Dioscorea japonica with physiological effects were tested for their ability to enhance immunitye and antioxidant activity in the body. Cell viability experiments, cytokine secretion induction experiments, nitrogen oxide induction experiments, and cytokine content measurements in mouse serum and NK activation experiments were conducted to verify the effects of improving immunitye and antioxidant activity in the body. First, the cell survival rate of all samples was found to be over 95%. Second, it was confirmed that the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α in the macrophages of all samples were increased, especially for RCD 3, at concentrations of 1000 μg/mL. Third, the nitrogen oxide content of all samples was increased in the nitrogen oxide induction evaluation, especially for RCD 3, at the highest concentration of 1000 μg/mL. Fourth, for RCD 3, IL-2 and TNF-γ were the highest measured in the measurement of the cytokine content in the mouse serum. Fifth, in the NK activation experiments, the positive control group of the samples was all found to have higher activity than the negative control group, with more than 60% cell activity in RCD 3.


1. Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 2004), 140. 2. Anthony G. Russell, Between Two Flags: John Mitchel & Jenny Verner (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2015), 104. 3. James Joyce, Finnegans Wake (London: Penguin, 2000), 62.25. 4. Anne Fogarty, "Remapping Nationalism: The Politics of Space in Joyce's Dubliners", in Dubliners, James Joyce; The Dead, John Huston. ed. Pascal Bataillard & Dominique Sipiere (Paris: Ellipse, 2000), 80–93. 5. http://slavery.georgetown.edu/report/ . 6. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/08/no-confederate/535512/ . 7. "To be Clear, White Supremacy is the Foundation of Our Country. We Won't Destroy it by Toppling Statues" runs one article by Crystal Marie Fleming, a professor of sociology and Africana at Stony Brook https://www.theroot.com/to-be-clear-white-supremacy-is-the-foun dation-of-our-c-1797990783 .


Passive influx of 45Ca2+ into non-growing corn root tissue (Zea mays L.) was increased as a result of actions (cutting, rubbing, chilling, heating, acidifying) or agents (cyanide, uncouplers) known to depolarize the cell membrane, and was decreased by actions (washing) or agents (fusicoccin) known to hyperpolarize it. These responses indicate the presence of Ca2+ channels which are voltage controlled. If the injuries were extensive, however, voltage control was lost and hyperpolarization with fusicoccin was expressed by increased 45Ca2+ influx. Control could be regained by tissue washing, and millimolar levels of external Ca2+ would protect against loss of control. Influx of Ca2+ was strongly inhibited by La3+, but only weakly by verapamil. Intact roots showed greater cold shock sensitivity in maturing cells than in growing cells. We conclude that corn roots normally restrict Ca2+ influx by a mechanism linked to hyper-polarization of the plasmalemma.

Calcium ions which enter cold-shocked tissue are partially extruded during the early phase of recovery by a process stimulated by fusicoccin and subject to uncoupling.


The Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees provides a comprehensive checklist of species of bees known from Sub-Saharan Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands, excluding the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) (Eardley and Urban 2010). The checklist has a detailed bibliography of the group, distribution records, and biological associations (visited flowers, host plants, plants used as nests, as well as parasitoids). The database, which was originally built in Microsoft Access, and later managed using Specify Software, was recently migrated to TaxonWorks. TaxonWorks is an integrated, web-based platform designed specifically for the needs of practicing taxonomists and biodiversity scientists, and maintained by the SpeciesFile Group. TaxonWorks has a variety of tools that were designed to help import, manage, validate, and package data for future exports (e.g., in the Darwin Core-Archives (DwC-A; GBIF 2021) or Catalogue of Life's COL-DP formats). Although TaxonWorks has batch upload functionality (e.g., in Darwin Core-Archive, BibTeX format), the complexity of the original dataset (Fig. 1) required special handling, and a custom migration was built to transfer the data from the original format. TaxonWorks could now be used to produce a paper-style catalogue or share the data via the TaxonWorks public interface, TaxonPages.


Haors or depressions between the natural levees of rivers - are areas of special socioeconomic and ecological significance in Bangladesh. Despite the growing rhetoric about women's empowerment especially in the disadvantaged regions and vulnerable contexts such as the haors, there has been strikingly limited research on the subject. This study focuses on the women's status including their needs and aspirations in an internationally significant haor area of the country. The Government of Bangladesh declared Tanguar haor as an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) and devoted to ensure the conservation and regeneration of natural resources by introducing a co-management project. In this context, this study aims to explore the status and nature of gender (im)balances in the project area, and to identify gender specific problems and needs with a view to identifying development interventions that may ensure meaningful involvement of women in terms of their role and rights in reproductive activities, productive activities, and community management and organizational activities. The fieldwork tools consisted of a questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews, and Uncontrolled Observation. Some major findings and observations include: (a) Patterns of persistent discrimination along the gender-lines are noticeable especially in terms of household resource use, community decisions, and political activities. (b) Community management and organizational activities essentially require higher participation of women with increased capacity and leadership among the female members to ensure better performance of the community. (c) The culturally and politically determined contexts which guide women's control over tangible and intangible assets were found to be generally unfavourable.The study made suggestions on the basis of the findings and explanations, and also focused on the possible strategic needs to improve roles and contributions of women in the targeted communities.


A method includes placing a patient's foot in a boot comprising a cam buckle, a pad, and a retention strap. The retention strap is placed over the top of the foot, and the pad is arranged relative to the top of the foot. A user Presses on the pad so as to position the foot within the boot. While pressing on the pad, tension is applied on the retention strap to advance the retention strap through the cam buckle. The cam buckle is configured to automatically limit movement of the retention strap through the cam buckle when tension on the retention strap is released. Tension on the retention strap is released to cause the cam buckle to impede the retention strap from receding through the cam buckle.


The 'spurious'thermoluminescent glow from ground samples of flint is responsible for dating errors in the region of 10 000 years for grains less than 45 μm diameter or of 4000 years for larger grains. The glow is partly tribothermoluminescence and partly regeneration thermoluminescence and the conditions in which these arise or are accelerated have been found. It is shown that if thin polished slices are used rather than powder, the amount of such glow is negligible.


Abstract β-Chloro-β-nitroolefin derivatives 2 were prepared from the reaction of β-nitroolefins 1 with HCl / DMF / Oxone system in moderate to good yields. Dedicated with admiration and affection, to Dr. Eung K. Ryu on his 60th birthday.


By quenching from the melt, single phase solid samples of the alloy system AuxPti_x have been prepared. The magnetic susceptibility has been measured between 77 and 450 at various field strengths. These measurements confirm the results of an earlier investigation which was supposed to be influenced by phase segregation in the samples. The experimental susceptibility, extrapolated to = 0 , is compared with a theoretical estimation based on recent relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Coherent-Potential-Approximation calculations. The reasonable agreement between the experimental and theoretical susceptibilities give clear evidence that the strong concentration dependence of the susceptibility in Au^Pt! -x is primarily caused by the change of the density of states at the Fermi level with composition and that the nearly linear variation of the experimental susceptibility in the middle of the composition range is not caused by phase segregation.


It has been suggested that continuous nasogastric feeding may be metabolically less efficient, giving a poorer nitrogen balance than intermittent feeding in the postoperative period (Campbell et al. 1983). The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of continuous and intermittent feeding on N balance and other biochemical indices. for N. was and the for estimation of y-glutamyltransferase and tests determine the small intestine due to a bulk-flow effect by the active transport of solute from the lumen into the mucosa However, of enhanced water uptake from hypotonic solutions (Wapnir have suggested that the osmolality of the luminal contents may play a major role in water absorption. We have examined, using a steady-state perfusion technique, net water and electrolyte transport from potable spring water (W); Quoshe, a still-orange squash drink (S); Lucozadeg, a carbonated glucose drink (L); and Dioralytes, a commercially available glucose-electrolyte solution (D), in the normal human jejunum (n 8). A multilumen tube was positioned in the jejunum with the perfusion port just distal to the ligament of Treitz. The tube used incorporated a 150 mm 'mixing' segment and a 300 mm 'test' segment. Transit through the 'mixing' segment altered the composition of all solutions. W increased its mean (SD) osmolality from 10 (5) mosmol/kg to 98 (49) mosmol/kg; S (256 ( 5 ) mosmol/kg) remained moderately hypotonic (249 (19) mosmol/kg) with respect to plasma; the osmolality of D dropped from 299 (5) to 282 (9) mosmoVkg but remained essentially isotonic with plasma; hypertonic L dropped from 63 I (5) to 488 (53) mosmol/kg. In the Lipolytic rate in vivo may be estimated by measuring the entry rates of either glycerol or non-estefied fatty acids (NEFA). It has been proposed that NEFA entry rate will underestimate total lipolytic activity because fatty acids may be .recycled within adipocytes (Vernon, 1981) and therefore glycerol entry rate represents a better estimate of the rate of lipolysis in vivo. The present study examines the effects of the lipolytic agent noradrenaline (NA) on lipolysis by simultaneously measuring glycerol and NEFA entry rates. Four adult a of barley concentrate and hours. The sheep received continuous via of either g pg/kg live a of h. The infusions commenced at 18.00 hours and blood samples were taken after 15 and 39 h. During the final 12 h, [~-'~CIpalmitic acid and were also infused in order to measure the metabolism of NEFA and glycerol. The mucosal surface pH of rat proximal jejunum is significantly more acid than neutral luminal fluid or incubation media both in vivo and in vitro (Lucas, 1984). Intestinal derangement may cause the mucosal surface to become neutral. To test this, the effect of Escherichia coli enterotoxin (STa) on the surface pH of rat proximal jejunum in vivo was investigated. The pars oesophagea, the smallest region of the gastric mucosa in the pig, surrounds the cardia and is covered with stratified, squamous, non-glandular epithelium. Although this region is the major site of gastric ulcers in pigs of 2 months and older, little information is available about its earlier development. In the present study the pars oesophagea was examined in 105 Large White x Landrace pigs from seventeen litters which were either reared by the sow until 49 d, with no access to solid food, or reared by the sow for 21-35 d, given access to solid food at 14 d and entirely dependent on solid food after weaning. The solid food used throughout the experiment was Pig Creep Starter Crumbles + Mecadox (Barastoc Products, Victoria, Australia); it contained 220 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg and 40 g crude fibre/kg. Grains used in the diet were hammer-milled (screen size 4 mm).


Divergent thinking is a form of creative thinking.A variety of solution is a concrete expression of divergent thinking.We should guide students to explore the problems and to foster innovative thinking ability of students.


he sympathetic nervous system of the heart is critically involved in the maintenance of cardiovascular homoeostasis by regulating cardiac contractility, conduction, heart frequency and peripheral vasoconstriction.1 It has been shown that a dysfunctional cardiac sympathetic nervous system exerts detrimental effects on the structural and functional integrity of the myocardium, leading to a marked increase in the morbidity and mortality of patients with cardiac disease.2 Myocardial imaging with 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), an analog of norepinephrine, is useful for detecting abnormalities of the sympathetic nervous system of the heart in patients with heart failure.3,4 Because the washout rate (WR) evaluated by 123I-MIBG scintigraphy is known to reflect the degree of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity,4 a high WR has useful prognostic value in patients with cardiovascular disease.5,6


Generalized network flow problems generalize normal network flow problems by specifying a flow multiplier ?((v,w)) for each arc (v,w). For every unit of flow entering the arc, ?((v,w)) units of flow exit. We present a strongly polynomial algorithm for a single-source generalized shortest paths problem, using a left-distributive closed semiring. This permits use of a dynamic-programming routine similar to the Bellman?Ford algorithm, given a guess for the value of the optimal solution. Using Megiddo's parametric search scheme, we can compute the optimal value in strongly polynomial time. The algorithm's running time O(mn2logn) matches the previously best known, but the algorithm is simpler, is based on the well-known theory of closed semirings, and directly works with the given graph. All previous polynomial-time algorithms were based on interior-point methods or directly solved the dual problem and translated the solution back to the primal problem. Using this generalized shortest paths algorithm, we present fully polynomial-time approximation schemes for the generalized versions of the maximum flow, the nonnegative-cost minimum-cost flow, the concurrent flow, the multicommodity maximum flow, and the multicommodity nonnegative-cost minimum-cost flow problems with running times independent of the size of the flow multipliers' representation.


ABSTRACT In Esth 3,2-4 and Jonah 1,6-12 we find fateful confrontations between the main character (Mordecai and Jonah, respectively) and a group of bystanders (the servants of the king; the passengers on the ship). In both instances, information that the hero conveys during his exchange with the bystanders is revealed in retrospect by the narrator, using an expression unique to these two narratives: "for he had told them…." In this article I propose that each narrative contrasts the hero's self-identity with the manner in which his identity is understood by his interlocutors. The rhetorical technique of retrospection serves the narrator in emphasizing the conflict. The centrality of the question of identity in each exchange, and the use of the same rhetorical device and identical words in each case, lend support to the possibility of reading these as analogous narratives. The article concludes with a discussion of the significance of this analogy.


The invention relates to a jack with a limiting switch. The jack comprises a worm wheel and worm transmission mechanism and a screw rod, wherein the worm wheel and worm transmission mechanism and the screw rod are arranged in an outer casing, a worm wheel of the worm wheel and worm transmission mechanism is serially connected with the screw rod is a coaxial way, the worm of the worm wheel and worm transmission mechanism is externally connected with an input motor, the upper part of the outer casing is provided with an upper travel switch and a lower travel switch, a retaining block is connected between the upper travel switch and the lower travel switch by penetrating through the outer casing and the screw rod, and the retaining block is in contact with or separated from the upper travel switch and the lower travel switch. The jack has the advantages that when the motor drives the worm wheel and worm transmission mechanism to drive the screw rod to move up and down, the retaining block connected with the screw rod is respectively in contact with the upper travel switch and the lower travel switch, the travel switches feed the signals to the input motor, and then the input motor is controlled to stop rotating or reversely rotate, so the abrasion caused by the overtravel movement of the screw rod is effectively prevented; the travel of the screw rod is adjusted through adjusting the distance between the upper travel switch and the lower travel switch, so the applicable range is wide; the structure is simple, the cost is low, and the operation is convenient.


The corona virus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Corona virus is a group of related virus which is responsible for producing disease in mammals and birds. Corona virus is responsible for producing COVID-19 disease which produces respiratory illness in human. The objective of this article is that to identify the history of the corona virus, classification of corona virus, structure of corona virus, SARS CoV-2 control, prevention and possible treatment of corona virus disease (COVID-19) using plasma therapy. The world health organization (WHO) declared 'pandemic' situation because of the spreading of corona virus disease (COVID-19). As of December 2019, this epidemic had spread to 213 countries with 85 lakh confirmed cases, including 4.5 lakh deaths at 18 June 2020. There are various drugs and treatments are used to treat COVID-19 such as convalescent plasma therapy. The convalescent plasma therapy is method to transfer plasma of patients which is recovered from virus infection to the corona infected patients. The convalescent plasma contains antibodies against corona virus. The convalescent plasma therapy is not fully effective treatment for COVID-19 disease. The convalescent plasma therapy has great potential to treat COVID-19 disease in early stages but large scale in-vivo study is required to get a significant data to prove the efficacy of the treatment.


The cellular stress response pathway regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor is critical to the maintenance of genomic integrity and to the prevention of oncogenic transformation. Intracellular levels of p53 are tightly regulated by an autoregulatory feedback loop comprised of p53 and MDM2. It might be predicted that disruption of this loop, either through p53 mutation or overexpression of MDM2, would be a negative prognostic marker for cancer development, likelihood of relapse, or response to therapy. In fact, although MDM2 overexpression is common in cancer, it can be both a positive and a negative predictor of outcome in different tumors, and its significance as a biomarker remains controversial. Data from a number of different tumor types are reviewed for the predictive significance of MDM2 expression, along with evidence for different mechanisms of MDM2 overexpression in these different tumors. In light of the biological complexities underlying the p53-MDM2 loop, it is, perhaps, not surprising that no simple paradigm exists that is generally applicable. Much work remains to be done to elucidate the basic mechanisms underlying the physical interactions between the two proteins, the role of protein modifications in altering those interactions, and also the genetic and transcriptional deregulations by which protein levels are altered in human cancers. Only in this way will truly biologically relevant predictive factors emerge. Introduction The p53 tumor suppressor is central to the process by which a cell senses and responds to a variety of potentially oncogenic stresses, and it thereby prevents a damaged and potentially malignant cell from developing into a full-blown cancer. When exposed to stress such as DNA damage, different signal transduction pathways are activated, resulting in modifications of thep53protein.Thesestabilizep53, and intracellular levels rise. At thesametime, theyactivatep53asa transcriptionfactor. It, then, directs stress-specific transcriptional response programs, leading to growth arrest, senescence, or apoptosis (1, 2). Underscoring the critical role of p53 to this process is the observation that it is mutated in approximately half of all cases of cancer. p53 not only induces these response programs, but it also tightly regulates its own intracellular level through an autoregulatory feedback loop with MDM2. Activated p53 induces the transcription of MDM2, which binds to p53 and inactivates it, and which functions as an ubiquitin E3 ligase to target p53 to the proteosome for destruction (3). As a negative regulator of p53, it might be predicted that MDM2 is a proto-oncogene, and that overexpression of MDM2 would be oncogenic by preventing the accumulation of activated p53. Indeed, there is considerable evidence to support this hypothesis. Mice overexpressing Mdm2, for example, develop tumors at an increased rate, in particular, tumors commonly seen in transgenic mice with mutant p53, such as thymic lymphomas and sarcomas (4). In humans, overexpression of MDM2 is common in a variety of different tumor types (5). In many different tumor types, the loss of p53 is a poor prognostic marker. Likewise, as the functional equivalent of the loss of p53, the prediction is that MDM2 overexpression also correlates with poor prognosis, and can be a useful prognostic tool. The purpose of this review is to examine and summarize data from different human tumors in which it has been attempted to translate this prediction into the clinical realm. A goal of cancer biology is the identification of biomarkers predictive of disease or therapeutic response. Cancer is a complex disease, however, resulting from the deregulation of diverse interacting pathways. Translational studies, in which it is attempted to link alterations in simple biomarkers with distinct disease phenotypes, must be interpreted with caution. Although overexpression of MDM2 is common in cancer, its value as a prognosticmarker remains unclear, depending on tumor type, tissue of origin, and other factors. Indeed, whereasMDM2overexpression does correlate with poor prognosis in some tumors, a paradox is that it correlates with good prognosis in others. The major theme of this review is that a simple and reductionist approach to the interpretation of a single biomarker in tumors is unrealistic and often misleading. Several different tumors types will be used as examples to point out the difficulties inherent in attempting to extrapolate interpretations of very complex biological pathways and systems from simple markers. As will also become clear throughout this review, MDM2 itself presents unique challenges that limit its utility at present as a Received 5/15/03; revised 10/1/03; accepted 12/11/03. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Requests for reprints: Carlos Cordon-Cardo, Division of Molecular Pathology, Room S-801A, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021. Phone: (212) 639-7746; Fax: (212) 794-3186. E-mail: email@example.com Copyright D 2004 American Association for Cancer Research. The abbreviations used are MDM2, human gene and oncogene; MDM2, human protein and isoform; mdm2, mouse gene; Mdm2, mouse protein. Vol. 2, 1–8, January 2004 Molecular Cancer Research 1 Research. on September 6, 2017. © 2004 American Association for Cancer mcr.aacrjournals.org Downloaded from prognostic marker in the absence of both better reagents and a more profound appreciation of the biology underlying MDM2 deregulation and its relationship to the p53-MDM2 axis. Mechanisms of MDM2 Overexpression in Human Cancers Upstream of exon 1 of MDM2, the P1 promotor site regulates the constitutive expression of the full-length MDM2 mRNA. Within the first intron of MDM2, the p53-responsive P2 promotor site regulates the damage inducible expression of an alternatively spliced mRNA species. MDM2 protein overexpression generally results from gene amplification and the concomitant appearance of double minutes (hence, the name murine double minute). Although protein overexpression in the absence of gene amplification has also been observed, activating mutations have not. This suggests that either: (a) MDM2 overexpression can be p53 independent in some cell types; (b) MDM2 preferentially binds to and targets for destruction transcriptionally inactive p53; (c) MDM2 overexpression is, in some settings, a ''readout'' for transcriptionally active p53; or (d) there are pools within a cell of active and inactive MDM2 that do not directly correlate with overall MDM2 expression but which may reflect different isoforms or modified forms of the protein. Likewise, altered rates of transcription, mRNA stability, enhanced translation, and diminished destruction of the protein all will affect intracellular levels of MDM2. The relative importance of these different mechanisms of MDM2 overexpression in the absence of gene amplification is not known, nor is it clear how they impact on normal MDM2 function and the p53-MDM2 autoregulatory feedback loop.


A power tool, g a hammer drill, has a first mode of operation in which a first set drive balls 113a are urged into engagement with drive pockets 115a of a small diameter driven gear 13c by portion 121a of actuating shaft 121. In a second mode of operation a second set of drive balls 113b are pushed radially outwardly by portion 121a into engagement with large driven gear 13d. When portion 121b of the actuating shaft 21 is radially inward of drive balls 113b the drive balls move radially inwardly disengaging with drive pockets 115d so that no drive is transmitted to drive shaft 5. In a third mode of operation the portion 21b of the actuating shaft 21 is radially inwardly of both sets of drive balls 113a, 113b both sets are disengaged from the drive pockets 115a, 115b and no rotary drive is transmitted between the driven gears 13c, 13d and the drive shaft 5. Thus the overload clutch in the first mode transmits drive to the shaft 5 below a first predetermine torque and stops drive above the first torque while in the second mode it transmits drive below a second predetermined torque and stops torque above the second torque and in the third mode the overload clutch cuts off drive to the shaft 5 in response to a mode change mechanism (126, 128, fig 11A).


The pattern specialty of new type inserted bits and their main technical specifications and application cases are introduced following the drilling techniques and rock characteristics of continental scientific drilling. The problems encountered in deep hole and hard rocks core drilling are solved well.


The present invention discloses an intelligent POI search service system based location information; the present invention include a mobile gateway, WAP / WEB server, the server stores the geographical information of the geographic information database, the mobile terminal, the mobile communication network through the mobile gateway connection with the mobile terminal, WAP / WEB server and the mobile gateway connection, further comprising a user information server, map information integration server, the user information server and map information integration server connection, the map information integration server connected to the WAP / WEB server, GIS data server ; the present invention may adaptively adjust the point of interest information, to simplify the operation of the mobile terminal user, to find the precise point of interest information, and may reduce the workload of the GIS data server to ensure the operation of the intelligent POI search service system stability.


Recent progress of ultrashort pulse lasers and pulse compression techniques has allowed us to generate pulses with duration of the order of 10 fs or less.The development of measurement techniques is also necessary for characterizing the ultrashort pulses. Linear direct measurement combined with photodetectors and oscilloscopes or ultrafast streak camera is no longer adequate to temporally resolve these pulses. Instead, various nonlinear correlation methods based on the nonlinear optical processes with time resolution of subpicosecond or femtosecond are proposed and demonstrated.The basic concept, advantages and limitations of the methods including the recent development are discussed here.


Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an inherited muscle disorder caused by a deletion of the 3.3 kb D4Z4 repeat array in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q35. The only known gene, double homeobox protein 4, in each of the repeat unit was shown up‐regulated in FSHD myoblasts. In this study, we determined whether paired‐like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) which was shown specifically up‐regulated in FHSD was a direct transcriptional target of DUX4. A Pitx1 promoter fragment with a putative DUX4 binding site was inserted to the pGL3‐basic luciferase reporter vector. Co‐transfection of the vector with either pCIneo‐DUX4, pCIneo‐DUX4c or pCIneo‐DUX1 expression vector in C2C12 cells led to a 7.4‐fold increase (n=4, p=1.6x10‐21), 4.3‐fold increase (p=0.002) and no increase of the luciferase activity, respectively. Samples co‐transfected with insertless vector was used as controls. Site directed mutagenesis significantly decreased the luciferase activity in pCIneo‐DUX4 (p=1.7x10‐17) and pCIneo‐DUX4c (p=0.047), respectively. Electro‐mobility shift assay (EMSA) confirmed the specificity of the interaction. This is the first study identifying a direct transcription target of DUX4, which provides a direct link between the genetic defect in 4q35 and the downstream molecular changes specific to FSHD.


A possible solution to minimize the delay in rescuing the coastal areas' ships accident and useful kit for underwater research has been illustrated in this paper. An underwater research and rescue robot has been designed, tested and analyzed for the coast guards and rescue team to save lives. This robot may also be used in research work since Bangladesh has a very large coastal boarder in the Bay of Bengal. Researchers may find this robot useful while doing their research to utilize the resources covered up beneath the Bay of Bengal. However, the robot can also be used in the personal research work. A raspberry pi is used as the communication and control device in this project. Pi camera has been used to get live video streams from the robot to the user. The raspberry pi is directly connected to a router which is in the same network of the central computer via Ethernet cable. User can send command from the computer to raspberry to navigate the robot and also can get the live video stream from the robot. Navigation is controlled by the Brushless motors via Electronic Speed Control (ESC).


A skin care formulation includes a dispersion or emulsion including at least one particle-polymer hybrid and a cosmeti cally acceptable additive. The polymer-particle hybrid includes at least one particle grafted with at least one polymer. The skin care formulation provides improved water-resis tance with limited impact on the sensory feel of the formula tion (such as tackiness).


The paper describes the basic pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical manifestations of both primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, as well as the principles of its diagnosis and treatment. The evolution of views on the concept «cor plmonale» is considered in detail


Since the production of biosynthetic human growth hormone (GH) opened up the possibility of GH replacement in GH-deficient adults, cardiac function has been investigated in a number of studies, both before and after GH therapy. In GH-deficient patients, left ventricular wall thickness and mass have been found to be decreased in comparison with normal control subjects. Furthermore, indices of systolic cardiac function such as fractional shortening, cardiac index, and of diastolic function such as E wave deceleration time have suggested impaired cardiac function in these patients. After 3-12 months of GH replacement therapy, normalization of these parameters seems to take place. In the present study, cardiac function was followed for up to 7 years in GH-treated GH-deficient adults. In a double-blind, crossover study, we performed Doppler echocardiography in 21 GH-deficient patients after 4 months of placebo and 4 months of GH therapy. Some of the patients continued with GH treatment in an open-design study. Thirteen, nine, eight and five of the patients were re-investigated following GH treatment for 16, 38, 60 and 84 months, respectively. Twenty-one age- and sex-matched normal controls were also investigated. Increased heart rate was found in placebo-treated patients compared with controls. After 4 months of GH treatment, heart rate showed a further increase (10%, p 0.05) and seemed to increase further during 16 months of GH therapy. Cardiac index was at the same level in controls and placebo-treated patients, but increased by 20% following GH therapy and remained elevated after 16 and 38 months (p<0.05). After 60 and 84 months of GH replacement therapy no further changes were seen and there were no signs of adverse cardiovascular effects. We conclude that long-term GH replacement in GH-deficient adults normalizes cardiovascular function without detectable adverse cardiovascular effects.


justice system. Categorically organized into four sections, each section is preceded by a clear overview of subsequent articles. The first section concentrates on how past events have affected the perpetuation of crime in addition to how these events have unmistakably molded the criminal justice system. In-depth analyses of social movements, offenders' perception of crime, operative but conflicting value systems, and female criminal trends facilitate an understanding of the historical development of crime. Observations regarding crime patterns are substantiated by research, with methodologies encompassing open-ended interviews and data collection from recent Uniform Crime Reports. The second section focuses on police issues. The reality of police work is illustrated through an examination of the transition from citizen to police officer, in conjunction with an assessment of the difficulties officers face


A strengthened acousto-optic (AO) coefficient of piezoelectric crystal is defined. AO coupled-wave equations of surface acoustic wave (SAW) to plane guide optic wave (PGOW) and to fiber guide optic wave (FGOW) are given respectively. A diffractive efficiency formula of SAW PGOW AO interaction and a back-wave efficiency formula of SAW FGOW AO interaction are given. The formulas indicate that under condition of weak AO interaction intensities of the diffractive wave and the back-wave are proportional to ultrasonic powers. Lithium Niobate (LN) is optimum crystal of SAW PGOW AO device, quartz is optimum crystal of SAW FGOW AO device. A SAW PGOW AO modulator using LN and a SAW FGOW AO modulator using quartz are designed and manufactured. Some curves of the diffractive wave power and the back-wave power vs. electric powers of signals driving the modulators are measured. SAW AO modulators have many advantages, for example small volume, good stability, low energy consumption and it is easy to integrate. The modulators can be used as intensity modulators. The modulators have applications in optic communication and real time signal processing.


The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the electric grid into a new era of reliability, availability, and efficiency. It uses two-way communications, digital technologies, advanced sensing and computing infrastructure, and software abilities to provide improved monitoring, protection and optimization of all the grids' components including generation, transmission, distribution and consumers.


Tetraethoxysilane(TEOS),methyl triethoxysilane(MTES) and caporlactam(CPL) were used to synthesize hydrophobic polyamide 6(PA6)/SiO2 hybrid material by in-situ and anionic ring-opening polymerization method.The outstretched Si-methyl groups on the surface of PA6/SiO2 hybrid material contribute to hydrophobicity.The contact angle θ on the surface of hybrid material is increasing with the increase of the content silica sol(SiO2% mass fraction)and keeps stable at about 130° for SiO2% 8.5.From the transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) spectra,the hydroxyl and ethoxyl groups of the silica sol drawn from partially hydrolysis and polycondensation between TEOS and MTES can react with PA6 precursor.Moreover,X-ray difftaction analysis(XRD) results show that the PA6 and the hydrophobic PA6/SiO2 hybrid materials synthesized in this paper are both of α crystal form,but from differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) curves,the melting point of PA6/SiO2 hybrid material is slightly higher than that of PA6.


AbstractOperational coastal management and planning requires predictions in the short-, medium- and long-term of shoreline changes. In the Caribbean, medium- to long-term beach morphology predictio...


Recounts how their father, the late Malcolm Murchie, was buried according to his wishes in a natural burial without a coffin on whānau trust land at Arowhenua. Describes how the body was cleaned and dressed, how he lay at home with visitors for two days, and how he was transported from Otaki to Arowhenua to the whanau whare, Te Wairua Kaimarire, where his grave was dug and a service held at their wharenui, Te Hapa o Niu Tireni. Recounts his service and final interment, commenting on the openness and minimum environmental impact of the natural burial, and the role of the whānau and his mokopuna (grandchildren) in laying Malcolm to rest. Gives a short glossary of Māori words used.


Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm is a major cause of life‐threatening subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, there are no effective therapeutic drugs for the treatment of aneurysms, partly because the pathogenesis of the aneurysm remains unresolved. Although chronic inflammation of the cerebral arterial wall plays an important role in aneurysm formation, it is not clear what triggers the inflammation. We previously reported that inhibition of the endothelial shear stress sensor, P2X4 purinoceptor, significantly reduces mRNA expressions of known inflammatory contributors to aneurysm formation, leading to suppression of aneurysm induction. We examined here whether inhibition of P2X4 has any influence on cerebral aneurysm 'growth' or not.


When stored in silo's, powdered materials are compressed due to gravitational forces. For cohesive materials such a compression generally leads to an increase of the mechanical strenght of the material powder mass. It may occur that the strength of the material reaches values enough to form stable obstructions that cause serious problems during the discharge of the silo. Being part of a research prject, started at the University of Groningen in 1975 in order to developa device to promote the flow of cohesicve powders from silo's, the work described in this thesis mainly ninteds to increase the insight into this phenomenon. ... Zie: Summary


The statistical properties of m-coherent superposition operation(μa + νa■)m on the single-mode squeezed vacuum state(M-SSVS) and its decoherence in a thermal environment are studied.Converting the M-SSVS to a squeezed Hermite polynomial excitation state,we obtain a compact expression for the normalization factor of M-SSVS,which is the Legendre polynomial of the squeezing parameter.We also derive the explicit expression of the Wigner function(WF) of the M-SSVS,and find the negative region of the WF in phase space.The decoherence effect on this state is then discussed by deriving the time evolution of the WF.Using the negativity of the WF,the loss of nonclassicality is then discussed.


Walking into Fayette County's courthouse in eastern Indiana, one would expect to find the normal sights and sounds of a courthouse—attorneys preparing for trial, clerks assisting individuals, and judges in their chambers. However, the Fayette County courthouse offers something found in only nine of Indiana's ninety-two counties: a syringe exchange program ("SEP"). Located in the courthouse's basement, this program offers vital services to people fighting substance use disorder, such as clean needles, needle disposal, HIV and hepatitis C testing, naloxone to prevent overdose death, fentanyl test strips, immunizations and medical care, and referrals to drug treatment centers. Programs such as Fayette County's SEP only became legal in Indiana in 2018, following the passage of Indiana House Bill 1438, which allows a county to create a SEP. Even with a legal path to the creation of SEPs, only nine counties in Indiana now operate such a program. Although considerable progress has been made in Indiana to reduce the harm of substance use disorder, there are still counties unwilling to provide individuals with these life-changing and lifesaving services.


In this paper, a high pressure cutting oil supply system is implemented to improve the surface roughness of SCM420 spur gear. The degree of surface roughness is closely related to the quality of the SCM 420 spur gear by the chips produced by automatic lathe processing. The implemented system can control the pressure of the cutting oil and remove the chips produced by lathe processing of the CNC machines. By varying the pressure of the cutting oil supply from 5 to 55 bars, the surface roughness of the SCM420 spur gear is measured. It is shown that the implemented system can reduce the surface roughness by 30%.


The purpose of this paper is to present basic characteristics and highlight the differences between post hoc tests, as well as to show their application on concrete data of the research conducted. The said tests are applied on data obtained in the research which found evidence of 240 Serbian hotel ratings, given by their 71,700 guests. Each guest rated: cleanliness, comfort, location, facilities, staff, value for money, and free Wi-Fi in the hotel. A difference in ratings in relation to hotel category was observed and explained using several post hoc tests. The use of those tests is made much easier with the development of numerous statistical software packages. Therefore, clearly differentiating each of the tests allows one to select the most appropriate test in the research process, according to the type of data and research objectives.The paper presents the tests used when one-way analysis of variance, which is a method frequently used in statistical processing of experimental data, finds evidence of the existence of statistically significant differences in values of arithmetic mean in groups of data observed. The task of post hoc tests is to determine which group of data leads to the difference observed. Tests thus presented here are: the Fisher LSD, the Tukey HSD, the Bonferroni , the Newman-Keuls, the Dunnett and the Scheffé test.


Background and Purpose There is little reported of the safety and efficacy of high-dose intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) in combination with heparin anticoagulation in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke. Methods Thirty-two patients with severe hemispheric stroke syndrome caused by angiographically proven middle cerebral artery and/or intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion were treated with 100 mg alteplase by intravenous infusion over 90 minutes within a mean±SD of 226±68 minutes after symptom onset Recanalization was assessed by digital subtraction angiography in all patients immediately after treatment and by transcranial Doppler monitoring (n=30) and/or a third angiogram (n=5) 12-24 hours later. Results Complete or partial reperfusion was observed in 11 patients (34%) 90 minutes after the initiation of alteplase infusion and in 17 patients (53%) within 12–24 hours. Hemorrhagic infarction without clinical deterioration was detected by follow-up computed tomography in nine patients (28%). Fatal parenchymal hemorrhage occurred in three patients (9%) with huge middle cerebral artery infarcts. Serious hemorrhage from the puncture site occurred in two patients (6%). Good clinical outcome correlated with reperfusion (p<0.05) and the presence of grade 2 collateral blood flow (p<0.01). Conclusions When 100 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was given within the first 6 hours of acute stroke together with heparin the incidence of deleterious hemorrhage was <10%. Reperfusion and effective collateral blood flow seem to be two important factors associated with a small infarct volume and good clinical outcome.


This paper analyzes the reading characteristics of readers under the network environment and its influences on the library,and discusses the focus transferring of the service for readers.


Abstract The goal of the paper is to discuss specific features of the in-cylinder heat transfer calculation based on widely used empirical formulas. The potential of in-house codes compared with commercially available software packages is presented. The principles of user models in the GT-SUITE environment are also explained. The results of calibrated models are briefly discussed.


The studies on maize production as affected by green manuring and fertilization were carried out at the Agronomic Research farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during the year 1988. A quadruplicated experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design. The treatments comprised control, green manuring only, full fertilizer dose (150-100 kg NP ha-I), green manuring + fertilizer (!.ith N + full P), green manuring + fertilizer (~ N + full P) and green manuring + full dose ofN and P. Guara was sown as a green manuring crop in the second week of May and burried in the first week of July. Maize variety UM-81 was planted in the second week of August. Various yield components were influenced significantly by green manuring and fertilizer application, alone or in combination and remained superior in performance over control. Whereas the maximum economic returns in the form of net income were recorded in case of treatment where ~ of recommended dose of N fertilizer alongwith full P was applied on a green manured field. This revealed that green manuring can substitute 50% N requirement and can bring increased economic returns in addition to having long term effects on the physical fitness of soil by adding sufficient organic matter into the soil.


Background: Repaglinide is a BCS class-II antidiabetic drug used in treatment of Type-2 diabetes having a very short half-life (almost 1 hour) and absorption window in upper GIT. The aim of the present work is to formulate and evaluate a sustained release formulation of Repaglinide in form of cubosomes and Gastro-retentive in-situ floating gels of cubosomes. Methods: The drug, excipients and formulation are characterized by FTIR. Cubosomes are prepared by Top down approach employing Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as lipid phase vehicle, Pluronic F127 as stabilizer and distilled water as aqueous phase, Repaglinide as active pharmaceutical ingredient. The resultant cubosome dispersion is evaluated for drug release by diffusion studies, subjected to zeta-sizing and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Floating gels are prepared in a manner similar to cubosome dispersion employing gelling agents like Sodium alginate, Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Carbopol 934 B.P. The formulated gels are evaluated for viscosity, gelation property, pH and drug release by diffusion studies. Results: The compatibility studies by infrared spectroscopy showed no interaction between the drug and excipients. Cubosome formulation RF5 containing 25% GMO showed a maximum drug release of 93 % within 5 hours. This formulation exhibits an average particle size of 53.2nm and zeta potential of -70.1 mV. Characteristic cube like structures interspersed with round vesicles were observed when visualized by TEM. The concentration of GMO from above optimized cubosome formulation is used in formulation of floating gels. Sustained release up to 8 hours was observed in gels formulated with carbopol 934, guar gum and Sodium alginate (RFCNG). In vitro release kinetics exhibited sustained release and followed nonFickian diffusion and secondary case 2 by the optimized formulations. Satisfactory viscosity and pH values are obtained. Conclusion: Cubosomes formulated with GMO serves as potential gastro retentive sustained drug delivery vehicle. Further sustained release will be achieved when they are formulated as floating gels. Key-words:Cubosome, floating, Gastro retentive, in-situ gel, Lyotropic liquid crystal, oral drug delivery. ISSN: 2321-4988 INTRODUCTION: Cubosomes are a type of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals [1]. Lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) systems are formed when amphiphilic lipids are added to polar solvents like water or glycerine. In recent years, LLC systems have received considerable attention because of their excellent potential as drug vehicles. Among these systems, cubic[2] phases are the most important and have been extensively investigated for their ability to sustain the release of a wide range of bio actives from low molecular weight drugs to proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. Cubosomes are discrete, submicron; nanostructured particles of bi continuous cubic crystalline phase. At present cubic phases prepared by unsaturated monoglycerides (GMO) or phytantriol (PT) are most frequently investigated liquid crystal structures for drug delivery. The compartmentalization in cubic mesophases can be used to introduce guest drugs of hydrophilic, lipophilic or amphiphilic nature. (Fig 1) Figure 1(a): Internal Structure of a cubic phase (b) Various kinds of drugs accommodated by cubic phase.


The most appropriate type of diets to maintain or lose body weight over the medium to long term has been a matter of controversy and debates for more than half a century. Both voluntarily and coercive food restriction, resulting in negative energy and macronutrient balance and hence weight loss, have not been designed to be maintained for the long term. By contrast, when a classical and traditional type of alimentation is consumed in ad lib conditions (e.g., the Mediterranean "diet"), it generally provides an appropriate nutritional density of essential macronutrients and micronutrients; it is hence appropriate for long‐term use, and it provides several benefits for health if the compliance of the individuals is maintained over time. In this short review, we focus on four specific aspects: first, the need to agree on a clear definition of what is "low" versus "high" in terms of total carbohydrate intake and total fat intakes, both generally inversely related, in a representative individual with a certain lifestyle and a certain body morphology; second, the importance of discussing the duration over which it could be prescribed, that is, acute versus chronic conditions, focusing on the comparison between the fashion and often ephemeral low‐carbohydrate diet (acute) with the well‐recognized traditional Mediterranean type of alimentation (chronic), which includes lifestyle changes; third, the particular metabolic characteristics induced by the low‐carbohydrate (high fat) diet, namely, the scramble up of ketone bodies production. The recent debate on ketogenic diets concern whether or not, in iso‐energetic conditions, low‐carbohydrate diets would significantly enhance energy expenditure. This is an issue that is more "academic" than practical, on the ground that the putative difference of 100–150 kcal/day or so (in the recent studies) is not negligible but within the inherent error of the methodology used to track total energy expenditure in free living conditions by the doubly labeled water technique. Fourth, the potential medical risks and shortcomings of ingesting (over the long term) low‐carbohydrate ketogenic diets could exacerbate underlying renal dysfunction, consecutive to the joint combination of high‐fat, high‐protein diets, particularly in individuals with obesity. This particular diet promotes metabolic acidosis and renal hyperfiltration, which ultimately may contribute to a significant reduction in life expectancy in middle‐age people.


Morpholin-4-ium p-aminobenzoate (MPABA) has been synthesized and crystallized for the first time. The crystal structure of MPABA was solved and found to crystallize in a monoclinic system with a space group Cc. The SHG efficiency was found to be about 11.45 times greater than that of standard KDP. The lower cut-off wavelength and band gap were found to be 327nm and 3.80eV respectively through UV-Vis-NIR spectrum. The dielectric constant and loss were found to be lower than that of important NLO and electro-optic crystals such as DAST, LiNbO3 and KNbO3. Vickers microhardness suggests that this material exhibits reverse indentation size effect. The studies reported suggest that MPABA could be a potential candidate for suitable NLO applications.


A black phosphorus (BP) functionalized optical fiber sensor based on a microfiber coil resonator (MCR) for Pb2+ ion detection in an aquatic environment is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The MCR-BP sensor is manufactured by winding a tapered microfiber on a hollow rod composed of a low-refractive-index polycarbonate (PC) resin with the BP deposited on the internal wall of the rod. Based on the propagation properties of the MCR, the chemical interaction between the Pb2+ ions and the BP alters the refractive index of the ambient environment and thus results in a detectable shift in the transmission spectrum. The resonance wavelength moves towards longer wavelengths with an increasing concentration of Pb2+ ions, and the sensor has an ultra-high detection resolution of 0.0285 ppb (parts per billion). The temperature dependence is 106.95 pm/°C due to the strong thermo-optic and thermal-expansion effect of the low-refractive-index PC resin. In addition, the sensor shows good stability over a period of 15 days. The local pH also influences the sensor, with the resonance wavelength shift increasing as pH approaches a value of 7 but then decreasing as the pH value increases further due to the effect of the BP layer by H+ and OH− ions. The sensor shows the potential for high-resolution detection of Pb2+ ions in a liquid environment with the particular advantages of having a simple structure, ease of fabrication, low cost, low loss, and simple interrogation.


Laser direct metal Deposition (DMD) has attracted considerable attention in recent years and has been developed for use in the aerospace industry with various high temperature materials. In nickel-base superalloys, due to the processing conditions found in DMD, little precipitation of γ' is seen in the as-deposited condition. In order to recover the mechanical properties local aging is required, which could be undertaken using a defocused laser beam if γ′ precipitation is sufficiently rapid. Detailed characterisation of the γ′ precipitation and coarsening response during aging of DMD Waspaloy has been undertaken. Novel in-situ studies were carried out using small angle synchrotron x-ray scattering (SAXS) for studying precipitation and coarsening of γ′ at various temperatures. For some aging temperatures, two populations of γ′ precipitates coarsening at different rates were found. Detailed ultra high resolution SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that the two γ′ populations can be attributed to chemical segregation in the material.


Cryptorchidy in horses as an abnormal condition becomes a serious matter by reason of the great depreciation of money value of the animals which are affected with it. It is accom panied with an ugly disposition, which at times renders their temper uncontrollable and becomes the cause of great difficulties and serious dangers for those who have them in charge. Ex cited by the presence of other animals of their own species, either male or female, the ridgling becomes nervous and noisy, rears and kicks, resists control, makes violent attacks on other animals, and exposes himself by his excitement to numerous accidents. Prevented from satisfying his sexual desire, he often vents his rage upon his driver with foot and tooth in a most treacherous manner. At times it is sufficient for his keeper to have merely touched other horses or mares before ap proaching him to excite him suddenly into a copulative rage. He snorts fiercely, jerking himself and whinnying with the peculiar and the characteristic tone of the animal under sex ual desire, bends his neck convulsively, strikes out with his forefeet, and often, unless held firmly and shortly in hand,


The merits and limitations of parametric and nonparametric methods and the value of historical floods and palaeoflood information are reviewed and discussed. A mixture density estimation procedure based on the Gumbel (EV1) distribution kernel is introduced and a modified maximum likelihood criterion is developed for estimation of model parameters. Using the recorded data and pre-gauging floods in China and a limited number of simulation experiments, the flood quantiles estimated by the proposed model are compared with those estimated by parametric and nonparametric methods. It is found that the mixture density estimation method can fit real data points more closely than can its parametric counterparts, and that it is competitive with the other considered candidates.


The objective of this study was to find out whether  using Famous People Model in writing descriptive  can improve students' achievement in writing descritive text. It was conducted by using experimental research. The population of consisted of 4 classes. Two classes were taken as the sample by using random sampling technique. The class X-1 was as experimental group and X-2 was as the control group. The experimental group was taught by using Famous People Model, otherwise control group was taught by using conventional technique. The instrument for collecting data was writing test. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The result shows that Famous People Model has a significant effect on students achievement in writing descriptive text. The result shows that the t-observed is higher than t-table (3.102 > 2.024 (α-0.05)) with the degree of freedom (n) = 20. Therefore,Famous People Model significantly affects on the students' ability in writing descriptive text.


The dynamics of an electron in a one-dimensional tight-binding model with incommensurate sinusoidal modulation (Harper's model) is studied numerically. The width of a wavepacket of an electron put on a single site at the time t =0 exhibits such asymptotic time evolution as \(\sqrt{\langle\varDelta x^{2}\rangle}\sim t^{\alpha}\), where the dynamical index α takes only three values α=1 for V V c and α=α c (a value near 1/2) for V = V c , where V is the strength of modulation and V c is the critical value. This behavior is in a striking contrast with that in Fibonacci chains, in which α can take any value between 0 and 1 depending on the modulation strength as shown in our preceding paper [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 57 (1988) 230].


A continuing search for effective, economical materials to be used as mulch for newly seeded highway roadsides led to trials with cypress bark, two latex binders, and two formulations of gypsum. All of these materials were placed in trials adjacent to areas mulched with 2 tons of common grass, hay or straw. Cypress bark proved to be vary durable material but plant stands were reduced or eliminated where it was used. Tannic acid is suspected to be the material causing plant suppression. Both latex binders were effective for erosion control with or without added straw mulch. Only 16 plots were mulched with the latex and all were in the southern part of the state. The earlier gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) material seemed to be better suited as a mulch material than the later formulation including a pigment and aluminum sulfate. Plant establishment with the earlier gypsum formulation was 45 to 60 days later than adjacent plots mulched with straw, whether seeded in the spring or the fall. Only on prepared sites were satisfactory stands finally obtained. All trials with gypsum mulch materials on unprepared locations were total failures. The later gypsum formulation, Erocom, used in September 1972, did not protect back-slopes from erosion and plant seedling stands never did reach satisfactory levels. The conclusion is that neither cypress bark nor gypsum are satisfactory mulches. Latexes seem to be promising but more tests are needed before wide-spread adoption can be recommended. /FHWA/


The potential and problems in meeting the need for corn drying fuel with a producer gas generator fueled by corn cobs are summarized. It is concluded that cob systems are very close to economic feasibility. (MHR)


To master English is a clear advantage in Swedish society and throughout compulsory school, the English subject is mandatory in each grade. Language learning is a lengthy and demanding task that re ...


In addition to the better known clinical manifestations suggesting gluten intolerance, recently new disease associations have been reported, such as cardiovascular diseases. The impact of these new associations on coeliac disease (CD) is surely lower than that of other endocrine diseases, anaemia and myeloproliferative disorders. In the literature, references to this subject are few and case studies are often limited. However, these diseases are not negligible and in some cases treatment with a gluten-free diet can be a suitable way to prevent disease development or improve symptoms.


ABSTRACT Creep behaviour of two alloys, namely, classical 316 L(N), labelled as LN, and nitrogen-modified 316 L(N), labelled as an HN, in this present work, have been studied at 575 °C at a stress level of 310 MPa. 3D analyses have been done by using two different X-ray sources. Additions of nitrogen in 316 L(N) have been demonstrated to be beneficial for extending the life of austenitic stainless steels, decreasing the creep damage. Creep cavities have been classified based on their shape, and the growth orientation of cavities is analysed. Even though the total lifetime of LN sample is shorter (649 h) compared to HN (9203 h), it exhibits more cavities. The orientation of the cavities and the complex shape of cavities have been proving that stress direction has a huge effect on the LN sample damage development with a concentration of 10° and 90°.


In this work, we used the CFD software PolyFlow to optimize the extrusion process of polystyrene flow. In this process, the flow of the molten polymer through the die can be viewed as a critical step for the material in terms of shear rate, self heating by viscous dissipation and temperature reached. The simulation is focused on the flow and heat transfer in the die to obtain a uniform velocity profile and a uniform temperature profile.The rheological behavior of polymer melt was described by the nonlinear Giesekus model. The dependence of the viscosity has also to be taken into account for a correct description of the flow. The design of the die has been validated by our numerical simulation.


As a further application of the authors previous discussion of the general two-body problem in the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field, a quantitative investigation of the physical properties of positronium in super-strong magnetic fields is presented. They show that, in magnetic fields, the energy values and electromagnetic transitions rates of positronium can also be reduced by a scaling transformation to those obtained for the hydrogen atom in the limit of an infinite proton mass. Additionally, the annihilation process is considered, and the B dependence of the gamma decay rates is discussed. For magnetic fields B=2.35*1011 G and 4.70*1012 G these quantities are calculated in the adiabatic approximation and are presented explicitly for the lowest-lying states.


do with coal getting. He says " There is plenty of light from big paraffini lamps." I nieed not furtlher detail hiis case. Now in thlese two cases the "light" question does not some in. There are maniy occupations above ground pursued In nio better or even ill worse light. I tlhink the explanation of tlhe causation of nystagmus given is correct. Viewinc the five exceptioiial cases together, it is clear that there are instances of mnen working ud(lergroundwlho suffer from nystagmus, an(l thoughi Inot working at coal getting, are pursuing their avocations in a .maniner tllat is not irrecoileilable witlh the views I have set fortlh as to the prime cause at work in occasioning the disorder. I must pass by many interesting points connected( with treatmeint, and allude only to some of tlhe results, whlichl lend( valuable aid in support of the contentioin as to the part played by thie mlinier's mlcaniner of work in causing his malady. Formerly itwas my practice, after a period of rest in severe cases, or more quickly in sliglhter ones, to advise the patient to seek some work outside of the pit, on the bank, or to obtain some other employment. Increased experience has taught me that leaviing the pit, except temporarily, is unnecessary. I lay particular stress uponl tliis. Included among the 120 cases wvitlh whiclh I have dealt in tllis article-or really 106, because 14 were not actual patients but were included in a special inquiry as to naked lichtswill be found several instances which will bear out the statement that a chanige of work has been followed by improvement, and they have been enabled to continue working underground. All that has leen necessary is that any occupation causingo suclh a constrained position as holing should be discontinued; safety lamps have been used as before. The following is a particularly interesting case. W. B., aged 29, came to me at the Infirmary on November 11th, 1890. lie has worked in the pit for twenty years, and has used safety lamps for fourteen years. He has been suffering from symptoms for about the last two or three months. Quite recently he became worse, an(l was compelled to leave his work, and, thereupon came to me. He was similarly afflicted five years ago, and wvas under my care theni, and recovered. On my advice lie obtainie(d work outside the pit. He continued at this for twelve monitlhs, then he went into the pit, looking after the roadls and ponies. Then for six months he did getting coal dowvn after it had been holed by others, and removing the " spraggs" or wood supports. He did all this work with safety lamps, be it remembered, without finding it, as he says, tryingto his eyes. He thought he might return to his old occupation of holing. He did so, and at the end of four montlhs he was compelled to leave his work and again seek my aid, and(l this notiwithstandiing a respite of getting on for five years since lhe had done holing before. His was a bad specimen of nystagmlus. By treatment, at first at my hands and tlhen at the medical side of the Infirmary undermy friend, Dr. Cocking (for he had also cardiac disease) he has again made a most satisfactory recovery. lie will soon be fit, if he wishes it, to obtain emiployment underground again, but he will not do holing. Whlen the man first came to me five years ago lhe was a "lamp man." Is it to be wondered at that he is now convinced that to the constrained position necessitated inl holinlg is to be attributed his disorder? It is unnecessary to give details of other cases. One of the most recent is a man I saw at Christmas last, of whom my friend Dr. Scott writes: " S. has changed his work to ' dataling;' Ile lays rails down for trams, anid althoughi he is working in quite as bad a light-ordinary lamps (safety)-still his eyes are not so bad." In conclusion, let me say that it has been impossible in the space at my comimand to have either dealt fully with the points mentioned, or indeed to bring out all the evidence and facts, whicll in the course of a long investigation have accumulated in my hands. Many important facts have been omitted; so muchl indeed, is this the case, that it is my purpose shortly to publish in book form my observations in a complete manner, and to illustrate by engravings and photographs the various kinds of work pursued in the pit. For the present, I tlhink I have brought forward sufficient evidence to show that not only is nystagmus met with in the workers with naked lights, and that by no means infrequently, but, further than this, instances have been given of its occurrence in ment, not practical miners, pursuing their work in a good light; that it is impossible to regard, therefore, the use of safety lamps as a sole, or even essential, element in causation, and that even imperfect illumination may be absent. On the other hand, the evidence giveen as to the men seen at work in the pit, the analysis and consideration of the cases, supported as it is by the views of Dranisart, Neiden, and Zieminski, point to the position assumed at work as the prime element in causation. It has been further shown how such a theory is consistent with the symptoms present, anid that the results of treatment so based are eminiently satisfactory.