Dimension analysis uses fitted allometric relationships to estimate whole-tree characteristics from dimensional measurements. Errors in dimension-analysis estimates of forest stand biomass and leaf area are often unreported and rarely analyzed. Errors may arise from measurement error, choice of model, fitting of parameters in models, and spatial variation within a sampled stand. Examination of these components separately will show how efficiency can be most effectively increased and balanced. We used dimension analysis to estimate biomass density and leaf area index for stands of trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota, United States. Estimates had average coefficients of variation ranging from 11% (aspen biomass density) to 23% (spruce leaf area index). Partitioning of these errors showed that error sources varied with species, variable, and site conditions, but most error was due either to parameter estimation ...


The utility model provides a capacitance absorber provided with an alarming function. The capacitance absorber comprises three overvoltage absorbing units connected with a three-phase bus of a power supply system. Each of the overvoltage absorbing units comprises a capacitor, an zinc oxide arrester, and a fuse. The capacitors and the fuses are serially connected between an input end and an output end of the capacitance absorber. One end of each of the zinc oxide arresters is connected with the input end of the capacitance absorber, and the other end is grounded. The capacitance absorber is characterized in that the output ends of the three overvoltage absorbing units are connected with each other, and then are connected with a high voltage sensor; the high voltage sensor is connected with an alarming device. The capacitance absorber can be used to send alarming signals outwardly by the alarming device, when the fuse is disconnected, and then the maintenance personnel can maintain the device timely, and the capacitance absorber can work normally, and therefore the safety of the power supply of the whole power supply system can be guaranteed.


Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0) ABSTRACT A water turbine is one of the most important parts to generate electricity in hydroelectric power plants. The generation of hydroelectric power is relatively cheaper than the power generated by other sources. There are various types of turbines such as Pelton Turbine, Cross-flow Turbine, and Francis Turbine which are being used in Myanmar.


We implement two energy models that accurately and comprehensively estimates the system energy cost and communication energy cost for using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi interfaces. The energy models running on a system is used to smartly pick the most energy optimal network interface so that data transfer between two end points is maximized.


Cloud computing is a technology that utilizes the internet services using a central server with the goal of maintaining a virtual nature of data and applications. The presence of cloud computing will obviously lead to changes in the workings of information technologysystems within an organization. This is because the concepts of cloud computing through virtualization, standardization and other fundamental features can reduce information technology costs, simplify the management of information technology services, andaccelerating service delivery. In general, cloud computing architecture consists of: (1) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), (2) Platform as a Service (PaaS), and (3) Software as a Service (SaaS). Characteristics of cloud computing are: (1) self-service (on demand self service), (2) broadband access (broadband access network), (3) clustered resource (resource pooling), (4) elastic (rapid elasticity), and (5) measured service (measuredservice). While the advantages of cloud computing is: (1) without any initial investment, (2) convert CAPEX into OPEX, (3) flexible and easily developed, (4) focus on the business, rather than information technology, and (5) of control and responsibility of service. Withcloud computing consumers free themselves from the responsibility for managing the stack of computing resources. Levels ranging from SaaS when it is completely free, PaaS while still must make an application, and IaaS are still busy with the operating system. Thiscontrasts with On-Premise to take care of all your own.


With the popularity of the Multi-Media Classroom application,the management and maintenance issues are becoming increasingly acute.Based on the analysis of the existed problems in Multi-Media Classroom management and use in current colleges and universities,diis paper puts forward solutions to construct Multi-Media Classroom on Desktop cloud and conducts empirical researches on the validity.


As for the vague,subjective and dynamic characteristics of e-commerce reputation,a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of e-commerce reputation is proposed.The fuzzy logic description of e-commerce reputation is shown to establish the domain and the fuzzy set of the domain of e-commerce reputation.Fuzzy membership function is used to evaluate each period of e-commerce transactions.For the issue of integrating group views,it puts forward a fuzzy grey relational analytic hierarchy method to calculate the degrees of significance of factors.Numerical example of e-commerce reputation evaluation process is demonstrated,and the results are analyzed.The evaluation results are in good consistency.


Approximation algorithms are used when we know a problem is hard. It is a way to consider optimization versions of function problems. For instance, given a 3-CNF formula, finding a maximal truth assignment is essentialy a MAX3SAT. Approximation algorithms return solutions that are close to the optimal in some way. So, if OPT (x) is the optimal solution for problem x, and A(x) is our approximate solution, one can consider the approximation ratio of algorithm A as


The French Forest Sector Model (FFSM) jointly models the economic dynamic of the French forest sector and the biological dynamic of the French forest resource. To do so, two modules are interconnected. First, an economic module represents producers and consumers behaviors as well as the evolution of wood products prices in a partial equilibrium framework. It represents supply of primary wood products w, their conversion in final wood products p and the demand for final products p. Second a forest resource dynamics module represents forest stock in standing forest and its dynamics. The forest resource dynamics and the economic modules are linked in two. First, wood stock dynamics depend on harvesting rates which derive from the economic module. Second, in the economic module, supply functions depend on available wood stock. The FFSM is likely to become a powerful tool to assess climate policies implications for the forest sector. So far, the FFSM has been used (1) to model the impacts of fuelwood stimulating policies on the sector under uncertainty over the availability of the resource and (2) to compare the implications of two opposite policies: the payment for forest carbon sequestration and the stimulation of fuelwood demand.


In this thesis, we consider the efficient distribution of live and scheduled multimedia content (e.g., radio and TV broadcasts) to mobile users via a ubiquitous wireless Internet. The objective is to design and develop a content delivery system that (1) enables content owners to deliver their multimedia content to a large number of heterogeneous receivers, and (2) enables receivers to continuously receive that content, independent of their location and the network they connect to.


We demonstrate a CMOS compatible fabrication method for large area near-IR fishnet metamaterials. This process involves patterning a template structures using lithography and dry etching, depositing an Au-SiO2-Au stack and template lift-off.


ABSTRACT Objective: Management of an unusual case of a giant invasive prolactinoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Methods: We present complete clinical presentation, imaging, and biochemical features from a unique case of a giant invasive prolactinoma. Results: We report an unusual case of a giant invasive prolactinoma in a 29-year-old man presenting with right eye exophthalmos, headache, and bitemporal vision loss. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large sellar mass with suprasellar extension and extension into the right orbit. An endocrine work-up revealed elevated serum prolactin (32,000 ng/mL). On screening, the patient had high serum calcium, low phosphorous, and high parathyroid hormone. A computed tomography scan from neck to pelvis showed an enlarged left inferior parathyroid gland and bilateral renal calculi. The patient was genetically confirmed to have a MEN1 mutation. The patient was treated with the long-acting dopamine agonist, cabergoline, with escalating ...


OBJECTIVES To develop an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using as substrate a synthetic 22-aminoacid peptide, corresponding to the ribosomal P0, P1 and P2 common epitope. To study the specificity and sensitivity of the method and evaluate the frequency and clinical associations of anti-P antibodies in two groups of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients: (a) unselected SLE patients and (b) SLE patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. PATIENTS AND METHODS The C-terminal 22 aminoacid peptide of the ribosomal P proteins (Lys-Lys-Glu-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Glu-Lys-Ser-Glu-Glu-Glu-Asp-Glu-Asp-Met-Gly-Phe-Gly-Leu-Phe-Asp) was synthesised according to Merrifield's solid phase procedure. Purification of the peptide was performed by preparative high performance liquid chromatography and confirmed by amino acid analysis. Using this peptide, in a concentration 5 μg/ml, an ELISA was developed. The presence of anti-P antibodies was evaluated by western blot using purified ribosomal proteins from rat liver. Sera from 178 consecutive patients with SLE and 28 patients with SLE and CNS manifestations were tested. Sera from 58 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 57 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome were used as controls. The cut off point of the assay was defined using 124 normal sera. RESULTS The specificity of the assay was evaluated by homologous inhibition. Pretreatment of positive sera with soluble 22mer peptide of the ribosomal P proteins resulted in 88% inhibition. The concordance between the peptide assay and western blot was found to be 83%. Thirty three of 178 (18.6%) of the unselected SLE patients had antibodies to P-protein common epitope. Their presence was associated with more active disease (European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement, ECLAM scoring system) (p<0.001), higher levels of anti-ds DNA antibodies (p<0.05) and lower levels of the C4 component of complement (p<0.01). Eleven of 28 (39.3%) patients with SLE and active CNS involvement had antibodies to P-protein. The overall prevalence of anti-P antibodies in active CNS disease patients was statistically significantly higher, as compared with unselected SLE patients (χ2=6.04, p<0.05). These antibodies were found in a high proportion of patients without anticardiolipin antibodies (52.4%) and they were associated with diffuse CNS involvement (psychiatric disorders (71%) and epilepsy (75%)). CONCLUSIONS A synthetic analogue of the common epitope of ribosomal P-proteins can be use as an antigen for the detection of anti-P antibodies. These antibodies are associated with active SLE and CNS involvement particularly in patients without anticardiolipin antibodies.


Scholars argue that Latin American ideologies of mestizaje, or racial mixing, mask ethnoracial discrimination. We examine popular explanations for indigenous or Afrodescendant disadvantage in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru using the 2010 AmericasBarometer survey. Findings show that numerical majorities across all countries endorse structural-disadvantage explanations and reject victim-blaming stances; in seven of eight countries, they specifically recognize discrimination against ethnoracial minorities. Brazilians most point to structural causes, while Bolivians are least likely to recognize discrimination. While educational status differences tend to be sizable, dominant and minority explanations are similar. Both are comparable to African-American views and contrast with those of U.S. whites.


The conventional method of generating initial conditions for cosmological N-body simulations introduces a significant error in the real-space statistical properties of the particles. More specifically, the finite box size leads to a significant underestimate of σ8, the correlation function, and nonlinear effects. I implement a method of generating initial conditions for N-body simulations that accurately models the real-space statistical properties, such as the mass variance in spheres and the correlation function. The method requires running ensembles of simulations because the power in the DC mode is no longer assumed to be zero. For moderately sized boxes, I demonstrate that the new method corrects the underestimate in the mass variance in spheres and the shape of the correlation function. I also argue that subtracting Poisson noise from the power spectrum is a dangerous practice. Code to generate initial conditions to second order in Lagrangian perturbation theory with the new method is available from the author.


In diabetes, activation of monocytes, macrophage differentiation in arterial walls, and foam cell formation are increased contributing to macrovascular complications. Mechanisms regulating these processes are incompletely understood. HODEs are oxidised linoleic acid (LA) derivatives produced non-enzymatically from LDL (oxLDL) or by enzyme 15- lipoxygenase. 9-HODE, (n-6) is pro-inflammatory and may act through the GPR132 receptor, while 13-HODE, (n-7), may have protective effects similar to palmitoleate (also n-7). We studied effects of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) HODEs, LA and α-linolenic acid (C18, n-3, ALA) on differentiation and gene expression in THP-1 cells.

Monocytes were fully differentiated into macrophages with 100nM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), while 1 nM PMA synergized with 30 µM LCFAs increased expression of activation marker CD11b, macrophage morphology and lipid accumulation (oil red-O). Monocyte cell number was decreased by HODEs (p < 0.001) but not LA or ALA. Decreased cell viability was confirmed, and shown to be due to apoptosis (caspase 3/7 activation) rather than cytotoxicity. Monocyte activation (PMA 100 nM or PMA 1nM + 30µM HODEs) markedly increased expression of lipogenic genes FABP4 and PPARγ. Genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (ABCA1 and SCRB) were activated by HODEs. These effects were not seen to be induced by ALA and LA. Stearoyl CoA desaturase, increased in insulin resistance, was decreased in monocytes by 13-HODE, but increased during activation and in macrophages by 9-HODE. 9-HODE specifically increased foam cells (lipid droplets) in differentiated macrophage cultures. Possible mediators of fatty acid effects include long-chain fatty acid receptors (GPR120 and GPR132) and PPARγ. GPR120 was predominantly expressed in monocytes and GPR132 in macrophages (PCR and immuno-histochemistry) with 9-HODE increasing GPR132 expression. A decrease in expression of GPR120 and an increase in GPR132 was observed when treated with HODEs synergized with 1nM PMA.

9- and 13-HODE have specific effects on monocyte activation, macrophage differentiation, lipid transport and signaling genes compared to LA and ALA. Ongoing work with receptor activators/inhibitors and gene silencing will clarify which signaling pathways are involved in the actions of long-chain fatty acid mediators.


A series of carbon-supported 20% Pd-Cu/C catalysts for use in direct methanol fuel cells(DMFC) have been prepared by an impregnation method.The electrocatalytic characteristics of the catalysts with different contents of Cu were compared.The effects of Cu on the crystal structure and the elemental states in the catalysts were investigated by XRD and ICP.The results show that the catalysts had been completely reduced,and the molar ratio of Pd to Cu in the catalysts accorded well with the quantities added.The Pd-Cu/C catalysts were shown to have the face centered cubic crystal structure.This could indicate that the addition of Cu shortened the Pd-Pd distances in the crystal lattice,and therefore —HO2ads and O—O could be better adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst.When NaBH4 was used as the reducing agent,and the atomic ratio of Pd to Cu was 3∶1,the resulting catalysts had an average particle size of 3.4nm and showed the best catalytic performance.The electrochemical active surface area of Pd3Cu/C was 38.9m2/gPd and the oxidation reduction reaction(ORR) activity of the Pd3Cu/C catalyst was much higher than that of the Pd/C catalyst.The electrochemical activity of the Pd3Cu/C catalyst was comparable to that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst.


continental Europe in the seventeenth century, their international family networks, and the impact upon Irish social development of the alienation of this traditional 61ite group from Britain — an alienation which was emphasised by their involvement with the Jacobites and their legendary military prowess in the wars of the century. The Wogans provided particularly colourful illustrations of the characteristics of their class. For example, Nicholas Wogan, having escaped from Newgate before his trial on a charge of high treason arising from his involvement in the 1715 Jacobite rebellion, went on to rescue, perhaps unfortunately for her, James Edward Stuart's bride, Clementina Sobieska, from Innsbruck where she was being detained by the emperor. The author, after referring to the educational significance of the Irish colleges and the Irish merchants trading on the Continent, concludes that 'the fate of the Wogans offers no simple key to the understanding of the phenomenon of the overseas Irish community in eighteenth-century Europe . . . the emigrants' story requires deepening and.qualification'. Historians will await with pleasure and enthusiasm the development of this and other areas of study outlined in this book. Dr O'Brien envisages this book as further breaking the historiographical mould of preceding generations, stating that 'Penal era helped to break this mould and it is the aim of this book to build upon that breakage'. Irish historiography has many moulds, and it is far from clear which one is destined for destruction. Certainly it is a well-worn verity that each generation starts from the platform built by its predecessors, and this is quite markedly true in these studies, which clearly bear the influence of the earlier work of scholars such as Professors L. M. Cullen, J. S. Donnelly and R. B. McDowell and Dr J. G. Simms, as well as the authors of the essays in Penal era and golden age. Giving essays such as these their rightful place in the broad river of Irish historiography detracts neither from their achievement nor from that of their predecessors. Instead it enhances both. Nevertheless, although Dr O'Brien's generalisation that'few civilisations can boast . . . of regions as uncharted and unexplored as those of eighteenth-century Ireland' is unduly sweeping, these essays do indicate both how much remains to be investigated and the availability of scholars competent to do so.


An interesting and easily visible phenomenon in the study of Islamic law is the existence of several concepts in pairs, for example, the concepts of zahir and mind, muhkamat and mutasyabihat, qat'iy and zanni, reason and revelation, as well as idealists and realists and so on. The problem that can arise is how to understand and position these concepts proportionally. Because it cannot be denied that there are parties who see dichotomously the phenomena of the pairing concepts. Can we say that there is no dichotomy between the paired concepts? This was observed by Coulson, who was originally a serial lecture material at Chicago University, United States.


The paper discusses the concept and connotation of the three layers of management, i.e. merchandise management, human resourcesmanagement and culture management and expounds the future trend of development of enterprise management.


This doctoral research study has three research questions: (1) How are the forms of media-educational habitus of future educators shaped? (2) What conditions influence whether or not media education is done in day-care centers? The qualitative study (9/2011-6/2012) consists of six semi-structured interviews with media education teachers in educator training, four focus group discussions with future educators in the second year of their courses and four group discussions with future educators in their third year. The analysis using the documentary method shows two different forms of habitus: 'The day-care center as shelter against 'bad' electronic media' (type I) and 'media education and the inclusion of electronic media as parts of the day-care center' (type II).


The competition of hydrophobic molecules for the cyclodextrin (CD) cavity is well known and reported in the literature. However, it is not so trivial, how inorganic salts, small cations and anions may affect the inclusion complex formation, and thereby the functional properties of CDs. This topic is recently of particular interest for formulators since there are several granted patents and published patent applications on commercially available CD derivatives with certain intrinsic ion contents (in particular chloride and phosphate), such as US patents US7635773, US8410077, US9200088, US9493582 as well as US patent applications US2015284479 and US2015045311. All these documents highlight that the absence of these ions is specifically favored. On the other hand, the patent disclosing the SBE-BCD-based amiodarone formulation (US6869939) states that the advantage of using SBE-BCD is that a wider range of buffers was found compatible compared to other known (surfactant-containing) amiodarone-containing liquid formulations. Suitable buffering agents were enumerated such as phosphate and borate. In Example 10 of patent US6869939, a suitable formulation containing amiodarone HCl (50 mg/mL) in a solution containing 114 mM monobasic sodium phosphate and 30% w/v SBE-BCD is illustrating the advantageous use of phosphate ions in a SBE-BCD based formulation.


A new family of adaptive nonlinear filters that use fuzzy membership functions based on different distance measures is proposed for color image processing. The proposed filters constitute a fuzzy generalization of well known multichannel filters. The principle behind the new filters is explained and comparisons with other nonlinear filters are provided. Color images corrupted with different types of noise are used to assess the performance of the proposed filters. Simulation results indicate that the new filters offer some flexibility and have excellent performance.


Sara and I had a great time out at Wind River Financial today. Wind River is one of our corporate health coaching accounts and today we had the opportunity to talk all about how to build effective meal plans - one of the essential ingredients for healthy...


Aim: The objective of this work is to provide a new occurrence record of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea in the Poxim-Açu River, northeastern Brazil. Methods: Samplings were carried out on October 20th of 2016 at five sites along Poxim-Açu River. At each site five samples were taken with a PVC core of 0.25 m of diameter and all individuals found inside core were sorted by hand. Results: The species was recorded at all sites with densities ranging from 412±169 to 1692±1474 individuals/m2. Conclusion: This record extends the distribution of C. fluminea at northeastern Brazil.


We present here our recent advances in the area of spatial magnetless nonreciprocity. These advances particularly pertain to metasurface-based magnetless nonreciprocal devices. This includes both gyrotropic (Faraday-like) metasurfaces and nongyrotropic (Tellegenlike) metasurfaces, both types of nonreciprocal metasurfaces having their specific interests and applications. At the time when we reported our first metaferrite (in 2011), metasurface science was still embryonic, and the nonreciprocity operation could not be easily combined with other spatial operations, such as generalized refraction or beam forming. Nowadays, the formidable progress in metasurface science and technology enables such multi-operation for the first time, with extremely rich electromagnetic diversity and exciting fabrication challenges. This presentation reports on our voyage in this fascinating field of research.


Recent empirical research has discovered that linkages among fMRI signals of the brain in resting-state have meaningful temporal variations. Most current studies of brain networks assume that these linkages are constant. We propose a model and an accompanying algorithm to infer and track changes in these interaction strengths, thus providing a more comprehensive way to study brain dynamics. The stochastic model employed is akin to one used for neuronal states (DCM) and a Rao-Blackwellized filtering algorithm is set up for tracking purposes. Our results show that time-varying interactions among brain regions can be successfully found which have the potential of providing great clinical value.


A method of integral manifolds is applied to study of twotempo nonlinear systems. The use of this method permits us to solve a problem of decomposition of two-rate controllable and observable systems. Controllability, observability and stabilisability of these systems is investigated. The application of the method is illustrated on example.


The expression of "Righteous among the Nations" is nowadays frequently referred to even by historians or social scientists. But this current use has not been put into perspective. There has been no study or analysis of the creation of the expression which refers to the institutional  title. Rather than sustained studies, there have predominantly been opinions on the matter. In his study of the "American Experience of the Holocaust", the one main author to attempt analysis, Peter Novick, denou...


Abstract Owing to the change in the number of contact tooth pairs, the mesh stiffness is periodically time varying, which leads to additional time-variant coefficients in the corresponding governing equations of a geared dynamic system. The natural frequency of such a system differs distinctly from that of a time-invariant system. However, it has not gained sufficient attention in geared dynamic analysis, and the natural frequency of a geared system is usually assumed to be the average frequency obtained using the time-average mesh stiffness. Whether it is reasonable to obtain the natural frequency of a geared system in this way should be analysed seriously. Thus, the natural frequency of parametric vibration for a spur-gear-pair system will be researched using the Floquet theory in this paper. The influences of the periodically time-varying mesh stiffness parameters (including the mesh frequency and the contact ratio) on the natural frequency will be discussed in detail. Contrasts between the natural frequency and the average frequency for the system in the stable and unstable regions will be processed and the scope of application for taking the average frequency as a substitution for the natural frequency of a geared system will then be presented.


Abstract Concurrent Transmissions (CT) based flooding appears as a highly reliable and low latency mechanism to achieve source-to-sink communication of packets within a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). CT are usually misunderstood, since they are mainly analyzed in the baseband domain. A comprehensive analysis, including the effects of the carrier, demonstrates that they cannot work in simple phase-modulated communication systems due to the beating effect. In contrast, non-coherent frequency receivers offer a very robust behavior. CT applicability in IEEE 802.15.4 is mainly because of two factors: transmissions are usually demodulated as non-coherent MSK (as opposed to coherent OQPSK) and the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), that helps minimizing the error rate.


OBJECTIVE:To investigate the serumpharmacological effects of Compound Banmao Capsule(FBC)on prolifˉeration of SMMC-7721cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma.METHODS:The effects of FBC were investigated in vitro using serum pharmacological approach.Different doses(clinic equivalent dosage,duplation and triplicity)of FBC suspension were irrigated into the rabbit stomachs.The inhibitory effects of FBC serum on SMMC-7721cells was observed by MTT assay.The inhibitory effects at different collecting hours in the clinical equivalent group were also observed.RESULTS:All of the drug serums in the three groups could inhibit the proliferation of SMMC-7721cells(P0.01),with the highest inhibitory rate in triple dosage group;all of the drug serums at different time in clinic equivalent dosage group could inhibit the proliferˉation of SNMC-7721alls(P0.05),and the highest inhibitory rate was at3rd hour.CONCLUSION:The drug serum could significantly inhibit the proliferation of SMMC-7721cells dose-dependently.


The Process of Technological Innovation.- Recent Findings and Hypotheses about the Dynamics of Product and Process Change.- The Innovation Process in Industrialized Countries.- Sappho Revisited: A Re-Appraisal of the Sappho Data.- Research Priorities: Allocation or Resources among R&D Programs.- Expenditures for Research and Development in Business Enterprises of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1971 and 1973.- The Economics of Technological Innovation.- International Division of Labour and Changes in the Industrial Structure: Consequences for Technological Innovations in Germany.- New Technologies and Their Implications for Economic Change in the Federal Republic of Germany.- International Trade and Technological Innovation: The German Position vis-a-vis Other Developed Market Economies.- The Economics of International Technology Transfer.- American Perceptions of Barriers to Innovation.- Government Policies and Technological Innovation.- Government Policy and Technological Innovation: Where do we Stand and Where Should we go?.- Technological Innovation and Federal Government Policy.- In Search of a Useful Theory of Innovation.- Innovation and Institutions.- The Process of Innovation in Five Industries in Europe and Japan.- The Innovation Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany Notes and Recommendations.- Industrialization Policy, Industry Policy and Innovation Policy in the Netherlands.- Antitrust and Patent Policies.- Patent Policies and Technical Progress in the Federal Republic of Germany.- Policy and Technology: The Employed Inventor.- Towards a Technology Policy to Affect Structural Change in Industry: A German Outlook.


We present the results of numerical modeling of the igniter-heater concept for initiation of standoff, cavity free lasing action in the atmosphere when a femtosecond laser filament is used for plasma generation (igniter) and a microwave heater provides electron-collision pumping of electronic states in molecular nitrogen. By solving numerically the kinetic equation for the energy distribution function of electrons, generated in a femtosecond laser filament and heated by a microwave beam, we identify the conditions enabling single-pass, standoff UV-laser from molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere. The plasma density, the minimum amplitude of the microwave field, and the small-signal gain, necessary to achieve the lasing, are determined. We demonstrate that lasing build up time can be minimized and efficiency improved by using elliptically polarized laser pulses for filamentation. It is shown that realization of the filament-igniter, microwave-heater concept of the sky laser at low altitudes would require a ...


In de novo biosynthesis of the extracellulor enzymes-proteinsaes, alpha and gluc-amylases during the synchronized differentiation of Aspergillus niger in submerged culture and surface liquid culture were investigated. Gluc-amylase was synthesized in the stage of presporulation in which phialide formation is involved. Proteinase was synthesized both in the stages of conidiophore formation and presporulation. Alpha-amylase was synthesized during presporulation and sporulation stages, the activity of enzyme lasted for seven days on surface liquid culture. It seemed that the synthesis was occured in de novo partly repressed by the catabolite, and its nature was found to be constitutive since it is produced in non-starch medium. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have shown that presporulating and sporulating body produced diverse types of the proteins whereas the earlier stages of vegetative body showed simpler profiles. The uptake of C-14 uracil into RNA and C-14 glutamate into protein were shown to be vigorous in presporulating body rather than those in sporulating body. Coincidence of alpha-amylase biosynthesis in de novo and sporulation may be significant in the study of differentiation in which gene expression is involved.


Purpose: To evaluate whether complement Factor P (properdin) was present in surgically removed choroidal neovascular membranes of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to investigate whether associated pre- and postoperative clinical characteristics can be correlated. Methods: The study population consisted of 26 AMD patients (26 eyes) with the exclusion criterion of prior treatment of the choroidal neovascular membranes. Factor P was detected immunocytochemically on paraffin sections (7 &mgr;m) by a polyclonal rabbit antihuman antibody. Results: Eleven of 22 assessable membranes showed a positive reaction for Factor P. The average percentage of Factor P-positive cells per membrane ranged from 0.65% to 4.09%. The duration of visual loss was significantly longer (8.6 ± 2.7 vs. 3.9 ± 0.8 months), and the size of postoperative measured area of atrophic retinal pigment epithelium was larger (27.6 ± 7.6 vs. 15.0 ± 6.9 mm2) in patients with Factor P-positive membranes compared with Factor P-negative ones. Conclusion: Factor P was expressed in 50% of choroidal neovascular membranes of patients with AMD. The group with Factor P-positive membranes differed significantly from the Factor P-negative group in key clinical outcomes. Additional studies need to investigate the role of Factor P in the development of AMD for potential therapeutic intervention.


In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of super-resolution reconstruction of low-resolution images, a multi-scale and multi-stage self similar fusion image super-resolution reconstruction algorithm is proposed: firstly, the low-frequency features of the image are obtained by using the feature extraction network and used as the input of two sub networks, one of which obtains the structural feature information of low-resolution images through the coding network, Secondly, the high-frequency features are obtained through the multi-path feedforward network composed of stage feature fusion unit, in which the fusion unit fuses the features of several consecutive layers of the network and obtains effective features in an adaptive way; Finally, the residual block and the batch normalization layer unfavorable to the image super-resolution in the discriminator are removed. Spectral normalization is used in the generator and discriminator to reduce the computational overhead and stabilize the model training. The experimental results show that Our method makes the average PSNR of the reconstructed images on the two test data sets of Remo-A dataset and Remo-B dataset reach 27.95 dB and the average SSIM reach 0.771 without losing too much speed. This model draws lessons from the connection mode of dense network to strengthen the connection between network layers and connect the whole network through multipath connection, so as to make full use of the characteristics of hierarchical network, extract more high-frequency information and improve the quality of reconstruction. The texture of the reconstructed results is more real, the brightness is more accurate and more in line with the evaluation of human visual senses, which shows the effectiveness and superiority of the algorithm. It not only performs faster in reconstruction speed, but also improves the quality of reconstructed image effectively.


We set the formalism to study the way in which the choice of canonical equilibrium initial conditions affect the real-time dynamics of quantum disordered models. We use a path integral formulation on a time contour with real and imaginary time branches. The factorisation of the time-integration paths usually assumed in field-theoretical studies breaks down due to the averaging over quenched randomness. We derive the set of Schwinger–Dyson dynamical equations that govern the evolution of linear response and correlation functions. The solution of these equations is not straightforward as it needs, as an input, the full imaginary-time (or Matsubara frequency) dependence of the correlation in equilibrium. We check some limiting cases (equilibrium dynamics, classical limit) and we set the stage for the analytic and numerical analysis of quenches in random quantum systems.


Soils are central to life on Earth because they provide food, clean water, and air due to their filtering capacity; raw materials; habitats for living organisms; and climate resilience via carbon sequestration, therefore supporting a variety of ecosystem services [...]


This paper investigates a sample of 541 surviving listed firms in 5 industries during the period 2000-2005,explores the charac- ters of Chinese state-ownership,and examines the impact of Chinese state-ownership on the technological innovations of the listed firms in transition economy.Our study contributes to the literature on innovation strategy in transition economies by the conclusion-the company with large state-ownership trends to internal innovation.


Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is among the most promising precursor polymers to produce strong and lightweight carbon fiber. Conformations in solution and the extent of binding to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are critical during gel spinning and for alignment of graphitic layers upon carbonization. Here, quantitative insights into these processes are reported using molecular dynamics simulations at the atomic scale including virtual π electrons and comparisons to experimental data. Common solvents for fiber spinning induce significant differences in PAN conformation in dilute solutions at 25 °C with persistence lengths between 0.5 and 2 nm. Variations in conformation become smaller at 75 °C, in the presence of CNTs, and at higher PAN concentration. "Aging" of PAN conformations in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide at higher temperature is explained and a correlation between extended polymer conformations and increased binding to CNTs is identified in dilute solutions. PAN is overall barely attracted to CNTs under common solution conditions and enters significant surface contact only at higher concentration as solvent is physically removed. The impact of temperature is small, whereby binding increases at lower temperatures. The results provide guidance to control interactions of polymers with CNTs to induce distinct conformations and specific binding at the early stages of assembly.


It is my great pleasure and distinct honor to welcome you to the 19th International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS)! IWQoS is the premier annual workshop dedicated to all aspects of Quality of Service in the areas of networking and communications. This workshop provides an international forum for the presentation and discussion of cutting edge research in this field.

This year, we are introducing a number of "firsts" to IWQoS. For the first time, IWQoS is being co-sponsored by both IEEE and ACM. This is indeed appropriate since IWQoS has long had interdisciplinary technical contributions from both electrical engineering and computer science communities. Also for the first time, IWQoS is being held as part of the Federated Computer Research Conference (FCRC), which allows the attendees from our workshop to mingle with the attendees from other FCRC conferences and workshops. Finally, new this year, we are organizing a special section in the IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (TNSM) to provide a fast-tracking of high-quality papers from this forum for journal publication.


A proven method of converting conglomerate pavement sections into durable roads is by recycling old asphalt pavement and base course into new roadbase using a process called Full-Depth Cold In-Place Recycling (CPR). In CPR, existing asphalt pavement sections are pulverized in-place to full pavement depths, mixed with fly ash and appropriate water content and compacted into a roadbase in a single process. A demonstration of this process on approximately 2.5 miles of roadway consisting two different segments was conducted in August 2004. Subsequently, the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted at different locations on these roads after 1.5-year of project completion. In this paper we present an analysis of the FWD data to obtain the resilient moduli and structural layer coefficients of the stabilized roadbases.


Linoleic acid [9Z, 12Z)]-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid was isolated from the leaves of Cnidoscolus aconitlius, (Euphorbiaceae), a medicinal plant widely used as vegetable and in folkloric medicine in Niger Delta area of Nigeria where it is known as "Hospital too far". The air-dried and pulverized leaves of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius was extracted with distilled methanol, using soxhlet apparatus. Isolation and purification were carried out using column and thin layer chromatographic technique. Structural elucidation using 1H-NMR, 13C-DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and with literature values confirmed the isolated compound as linoleic acid.


The present invention relates to a substrate for a semiconductor package and a semiconductor package having the same. A substrate for a semiconductor package includes a substrate body; a contact pad group including a plurality of contact pads parallely arranged at a determined interval on a surface of the substrate body; dummy contact pads arranged at both sides of the contact pad group, respectively; and solder resist patterns covering the substrate body and having openings exposing the dummy contact pads and the contact pad group. When bumping the semiconductor chip having the bumps to the solders arranged on the contact pads formed on the substrate, the bumping defect caused due to different volumes of each solder can be prevented.


Laquinimod (LAQ) is a new oral immuno- modulatory compound that reduces relapse rate, brain atrophy and disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). LAQ has well-documented effects on inflammation in the periphery, but little is known about its direct activity within the central nervous system (CNS). To elucidate the impact of LAQ on CNS-intrinsic inflammation, we inves- tigated the effects of LAQ on cuprizone-induced demyelination in mice in vivo and on primary CNS cells in vitro. Demyelination, inflammation, axonal damage and glial pathology were evaluated in LAQ-treated wild type and Rag-1-deficient mice after cuprizone challenge. Using primary cells we tested for effects of LAQ on oligoden- droglial survival as well as on cytokine secretion and NF- jB activation in astrocytes and microglia. LAQ prevented cuprizone-induced demyelination, microglial activation, axonal transections, reactive gliosis and oligodendroglial apoptoses in wild type and Rag-1-deficient mice. LAQ significantly decreased pro-inflammatory factors in stimu- lated astrocytes, but not in microglia. Oligodendroglial survival was not affected by LAQ in vitro. Astrocytic, but not microglial, NF-jB activation was markedly reduced by LAQ as evidenced by NF-jB reporter assay. LAQ also significantly decreased astrocytic NF-jB activation in cu- prizone-treated mice. Our data indicate that LAQ prevents cuprizone-induced demyelination by attenuating astrocytic NF-jB activation. These effects are CNS-intrinsic and not mediated by peripheral immune cells. Therefore, LAQ downregulation of the astrocytic pro-inflammatory response may be an important mechanism underlying its protective effects on myelin, oligodendrocytes and axons. Modulation of astrocyte activation may be an attractive therapeutic target to prevent tissue damage in MS.


In this work the effect of functional groups on the reduction potentials of nitrogroup containing pesticides such as dinitramine, bromethalin and isopropalin were studied.Differential pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry, millicoulometry and controlled potential electrolysis were used for the determination of reduction potentials and electrode mechanisms.DME used as working electrode and universal buffer used as supporting electrolyte. Key words— dinitramine, bromethalin and isopropalin, differential pulse polarography, DME, universal buffer.effect of pH, reduction potential. ——————————  ——————————


Although at Spelman College Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions is sometimes taught in an African literature course and in a freshman course on the African diaspora, I have used it with enthusiastic student response in an interdisciplinary comparative literature course on contemporary ^omen's novels that paired novels by women of European descent with novels by women of color.1 We investigated the way young girls negotiate their search for identity in both Nervous Conditions and Margaret Atwood's Cat's Eye. These two novels worked particularly well together because they both focus on a pair of girls, one of whom manages to establish a sense of self and find a space between damaging ideologies of gender and colonialism and one of whom succumbs to mental illness. The pairing of novels by women of color and women of European descent also allowed us to interrogate various American psychological theories of women's development (see Chodorow, Erikson, Gilligan, Mercer, Levinson, and Taylor) and look at some of the criticism of these theories. We followed bell hooks in employing a postmodern critique of essentialism and yet recognizing "the way black identity has been specifically constituted in the experience of exile and struggle" (29). An investigation of the cultural and historical backgrounds of the novels allowed us to find what one anthropologist calls an "ethnoscape,"


14 Background: The preferred choice for molecular marker development is identifying 15 existing variation in populations through DNA sequencing. With the genome resources 16 currently available for bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia ), it is now possible to detect 17 genome-wide insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphisms among bitter gourd 18 populations, which guides the efficient development of InDel markers. 19 Results: Here, using bioinformatics technology, we detected 389,487 InDels from 61 20 Chinese bitter gourd accessions with an average density of approximately 1,298 21 InDels/Mb. Then we developed a total of 2,502 unique InDel primer pairs with a 22 polymorphism information content (PIC) ≥ 0.6 distributed across the whole genome. 23 Amplification of InDels in two bitter gourd lines '47-2-1-1-3' and '04-17,' indicated 24 that the InDel markers were reliable and accurate. To highlight their utilization, the 25 InDel markers were employed to construct a genetic map using 113 '47-2-1-1-3'ב04- 26 17' F 2 individuals. This InDel genetic map of bitter gourd consisted of 164 new InDel 27 markers distributed on 15 linkage groups with a coverage of approximately half of the 28 genome. 29 Conclusions: This is the first report on the development of genome-wide InDel markers 30 for bitter gourd. The validation of the amplification and genetic map construction 31 suggests that these unique InDel markers may enhance the efficiency of genetic studies 32 and marker-assisted selection for bitter gourd. 33


This paper proposes an efficient dental radiograph registration algorithm using Phase-Only Correlation (POC). The use of phase components in 2D (two-dimensional) discrete Fourier transforms of dental radiograph images makes it possible to achieve highly robust image registration and recognition. The proposed algorithm finds correspondence points between two images using the sub-pixel correspondence search using POC and corrects nonlinear distortion based on the Thin-Plate Spline (TPS) model. Experimental evaluation using a dental radiograph database indicates that the proposed algorithm exhibits efficient recognition performance even for distorted radiographs.


SUMMARY

Fifteen insecticides were tested in the laboratory against larvae of Mamestra brassicae, a chrysanthemum pest. Seven of these, methomyl, chlorpyrifos, leptophos, iodofenphos, methamidophos, mephosfolan and fenitrothion were significantly more potent than carbaryl, the standard adopted.

The performance of the insecticides is discussed in relation to selective action against insects and to mammalian toxicity, to identify those which might be suitable for integrated control or chemical control of noctuid larvae under glass.

A technique for monitoring the amount of pesticide deposited on to a target by a Potter Tower sprayer is described.


Deciding how best to t regression splines to data is a dicult non-linear optimization problem. In this paper we present a method for determining good ts using a spacially adaptive local smoothing algorithm (SALSA). We present results that show our method generates models that t as well as those generated by techniques using smoothing splines, and discuss an application of our technique that enables the automatic landmarking of certain object boundaries.


This paper introduces some advantages of gasoline direct injection technology(GDI)compared with port fuel injected system(PFI)and the research situation of the GDI engine by working status of layered control strategy,torque control strategy and injecting gasoline timing control strategy etc.It expounds some technical problems in the development of GDI engine and points out some new technological prospects of GDI.


Content-Based Image Retrieval is used nowadays for generating signatures of images in databases and then comparing these stored signatures with the signature of the query image. In this paper color histogram is used as signature of an image and used to compare two images based on Manhattan distance (L1 norm) and Euclidean distance (L2 norm) distance metrics..In this paper, Corel database is used to evaluate the performance of Manhattan and Euclidean distance metrics. The experimental results showed that Manhattan showed better precision rate than Euclidean distance metric. The evaluation is made using Content based image retrieval application developed using color moments of the Hue, Saturation and Value(HSV) of the image and Gabor descriptors are adopted as texture features.


There is an ongoing digital revolution motivated by the data-driven scientific discovery paradigm. Geophysics has a mixed level of readiness, with some of these technologies already applied, research still emerging, and new opportunities to be discovered.


Abstract Wendy Greenberg. Uncanonical Women: Feminine Voice in French Poetry (1830–1871). Amsterdam–Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B. V., 1999. 181 pp. Ronnie H. Terpening. Lodovico Dolce, Renaissance Man of Letters. University of Toronto Press, 1997. 310 pp. Kathleen M. Glenn, Mirella Servodidio, and Mary S. Vásquez, eds. Moveable Margins: The Narrative Art of Carme Riera. Bucknell University Press, 1999. 331 pp. $48.50.


1051 Background: Matching molecular alterations in patients with breast cancer to targeted therapy may increase response rates. Methods: We analyzed 22 sequential breast cancer patients with next generation sequencing (NGS) profiling of their tumors profiling (FoundationOne) treated on Phase I trials at the Clinical Center for Targeted Therapy at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Objectives included: (1) characterize molecular alterations including mutations, amplifications and deletions, (2) evaluate associations between molecular alterations and response to therapy. Results: Twenty-two breast cancer patients, all female with median age 56 years were included. Twenty-one of 22 of patients (95%) analyzed demonstrated at least one molecular alteration. Twenty-one of 22 patients were evaluable for response to therapy (1 patient had not yet reached restaging). Sixteen patients were treated on Phase I trials with targeted therapy that was either directly or indirectly associated with a molecular alteration. Seven of...


By analyzing influence of Confucian and Taoist cultures on vernacular dwellings in Jiaodong area,especially the influence of "the doctrine of the mean" on the architectural layouts of local dwellings,influence of kindheartedness and social institutions on the spatial sequence of local dwellings,it was pointed out that Confucian cultures enhanced the hierarchy of spaces,boundaries between internal and external spaces,symmetric layouts and orderly rhythm of courtyards;and meanwhile,the influence of Taoist cultures on the formation of villages in Jiaodong area was also analyzed,the natural philosophy implied in local dwellings was highlighted,such as "Dealing with the nature with natural laws","Going in a natural way","Governing by doing nothing that goes against the nature" and "Respecting natural properties".Based on field investigation of existing vernacular dwellings,common and plain cultural value,realistic significance and sustainability of these dwellings were explored to provide theoretical and practical foundation for the design of new folk houses.


In this study, we developed a mathematical model for olefin copolymerization using soluble Ziegler–Natta catalysts in a semibatch reactor to predict the reaction rate and polymer characteristics (i.e., molecular weight, polydispersity, and ethylene content) as functions of the reaction parameters (i.e., time, temperature, pressure, concentrations, and so on) accurately. The proposed model differs from others because it considers the olefin copolymerization as a dynamic process and applies double moments for two reactants (ethylene and propylene) in the presence of hydrogen. To establish the model validity, the copolymerization was performed with VOCl3Al2Et3Cl3 systems with hydrogen as a molecular weight controlling agent. The dynamic model was able to reproduce the experimental data within experimental accuracy and accurately demonstrated the fundamental importance of the polymerization variables on the final properties of the polymer material in the copolymerization of ethylene and propylene with Al/V ratios of up to 28 before synthesis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3101–3110, 2006


Korea is suffering from an ever-increasing population which is resulting in unemployment and underemployment a high dependency ratio and ever-rising living standards which provide less room for savings and investment. This has resulted in acute needs for maternal and child health services at the same time the government has high defense expenditures and little money left over to provide such services. Meanwhile 32% of the Ministry of Health Budget is devoted to family planning. At this time there are more family planning workers than there are public health nurses. Many of these women are qualified nurses who could be retrained to give maternal and child health services. Already the older more willing acceptors have been enrolled in the family planning programs. The workers are now faced with convincing younger women to adopt family planning and these women are reluctant to do so because of the infant mortality rate around 60/1000 live births in 1961-1962. Another survey found that 20-22% of all children born are dead by age 5. Women want some assurance the children they already have will survive before they are interested in family planning. Family planning workers contacted about 170000 women at home and held 16000 group meetings in 1964. These contacts would have been an excellent opportunity to pass on maternal and child health information. IUD follow-up is an excellent time to check for abnormalities. IUD visits have already resulted in iron compounds for treatment of anemia and antibiotics for pelvic inflammatory disease. By increasing the rates of child survival the family planning program will have greater appeal and the number of adopters will increase.


Safety cases are among the state of the art in safety management mechanisms, providing an explicit way to reason about system and software safety. The intent is to provide convincing, valid, comprehensive assurance that a system is acceptably safe for a given application in a defined operating environment, by creating an argument structure that links claims about safety to a body of evidence. However, their construction is a largely manual, and therefore a time consuming, error prone, and expensive process. We present a methodology for automatically assembling safety cases which are auto-generated from the application of a formal method to software, with manually created safety cases derived from system safety analysis. Our approach emphasizes the heterogeneity of safety-relevant information, and we show how diverse content can be integrated into a single argument structure. To illustrate our methodology, we have applied it to the Swift Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) being developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. We present an end-to-end fragment of the resulting interim safety case comprising an aircraft-level argument manually constructed from the safety analysis of the Swift UAS, which is automatically assembled with an auto-generated lower-level argument produced from a formal proof of correctness of the safety-relevant properties of the software autopilot.


Abstract Whole body respiration chambers are characterized by a relatively low turnover rate of air which is a handicap for measuring the energy expenditure associated with physiological phenomena of short duration. This paper presents several mathematic methods, based either on integration or on derivative approaches, which can be used to calculate the instantaneous rates of gas exchange. The methods were then used to calculate and compare total, daily, lying and standing energy expenditure of a steer with its energy cost of standing. The influence of the measurement frequency (1 vs. 5 min) was also tested. Total daily energy expenditure as well as rates over short periods (lying or standing), calculated on the basis of the integration approach, were influenced by the measurement frequency chosen. Additionally, the various equations derived from the integration approach yielded significantly different results. By contrast, the measurement frequency had little influence on the rate of energy expenditure calculated using the derivative approach. The best agreement between results obtained from the derivative approach was achieved at the 1 min measurement frequency, in particular with the higher order equations. This study showed the importance of the mathematical treatment of indirect calorimetry data and of the measurement frequency on the interpretation of instantaneous rates of energy expenditure and of the calculated energy cost of standing.


Abstract : ATED DATA, CIRCUIT TEST DATA, ETC. FOR THE TIME-SHARED B5700 computer has been developed. An Omega-T Systems, Inc., FASPLOT graphic plotter and an in-house developed companion software package, REPLOT, are discussed. The plotter was originally chosen not only because of desirable operating features (high speed, 30 cps on-line operation, tiltable plotting surface, off-line, 30 cps plotting capability through tape input, simple command structure, etc.) but also bacause of its government wide availability through a GSA contract. The software, written in the FORTRAN IV language, is conversational and requires no special knowledge of computer programming. Inquires concerning the software package can be directed to the author. (Author)


We consider two separated oscillators initially in equilibrium and continuously interacting with thermal environments and propose a way to entangle them using a mediating qubit. An appropriate interaction allows for an analytic treatment of the open system, removes the necessity of fine-tuning interaction times, and results in a high tolerance of the entanglement to finite temperature. The entanglement thus produced between the oscillators can be verified either through a Bell inequality relying on oscillator parity measurements or through conditional extraction of the entanglement on two mutually noninteracting qubits. The latter process also shows that the generated mixed-entangled state of the oscillators is an useful resource for entangling qubits. By allowing for influences from environments, taking feasible qubit-oscillator interactions and measurement settings, this scheme should be implementable in a variety of experimental setups. The method presented for the solution of the master equation can also be adapted to a variety of problems involving the same form of qubit-oscillator interaction


A new demodulation technique which can be used for the fiber optic acoustic sensor system using Sagnac interferometer is described. The theoretical limitation in dynamic range of the quadrature demodulation technique can be removed by the proposed BPSK(Binary Phase Shift Keying) demodulation technique. Full demodulation of input acoustic signal is possible with just simple electronics by eliminating the necessity of the high frequency phase modulation. This technique is suitable for digital signal processing of fiber optic sensor systems and can be applicable for other interferometers.


Given its importance to many other areas of physics, from condensed matter physics to thermodynamics, time-reversal symmetry has had relatively little influence on quantum information science. Here we develop a network-based picture of time-reversal theory, classifying Hamiltonians and quantum circuits as time-symmetric or not in terms of the elements and geometries of their underlying networks. Many of the typical circuits of quantum information science are found to exhibit time-asymmetry. Moreover, we show that time-asymmetry in circuits can be controlled using local gates only, and can simulate time-asymmetry in Hamiltonian evolution. We experimentally implement a fundamental example in which controlled time-reversal asymmetry in a palindromic quantum circuit leads to near-perfect transport. Our results pave the way for using time-symmetry breaking to control coherent transport, and imply that time-asymmetry represents an omnipresent yet poorly understood effect in quantum information science.


Vibrations induced by people walking is one of the most important issue in timber floor design. Low natural frequency and low mass require a careful analysis in order to prevent significant annoyance and to guarantee an acceptable human comfort. This paper is concerned with the assessment of vibration performance of a timber-concrete composite timber floor and a cross laminated timber floor used in two timber buildings under construction in Trento (Italy). Different approaches suggested by Standards and literature were employed: analytical methods, numerical analyses and laboratory tests. About analytical methods the uniformed distributed load deflection criterion (ULD), the Eurocode 5 criterion and some criterions from literature were compared, whereas the Vibration Dose Value (VDV) method, as suggested by ISO 10137, was used for the numerical models and the laboratory tests. The numerical analyses were carried out by means of a finite element modelling. The load due to footfall was simulated by static and dynamic vertical forces. The laboratory tests were characterized by thirty walking tests for each floor. Impact testing with modal hammer was also undertaken in order to investigate the dynamic properties of the specimens. All results are compared and discussed.


This work is concerned with the role of inherent antioxidants content of selected mango varieties on the quality and shelf-life of developed mango products. Three mango varieties as gutti, ashina, and langda and two mango products; mango bar and mango fruit drinks were used as factors of this study. The samples of ripe mangoes are collected from several places of Bangladesh. Antioxidant contents of three varieties of mango pulp and microbial loads as influenced by the inherent antioxidant of mango bar and mango fruit drinks with time were assessed. All three varieties contained vitamin A, beta carotene, and vitamin C as antioxidant and their contents were higher in gutti variety than other two varieties; Asina and Langda. These inherent antioxidants were made an effective role to resist microbial load in the mango products like mango bar and mango fruit drink. No microbial growth was observed within three months in the products (mango bar and mango fruit drink) of gutti mango variety except TPC, which showed slight growth after four months of storage. In the product of other two varieties Asina and Langda were affected by microbial growth (TPC) within one and two months consecutively. The study discloses that the inherent antioxidant content of mango varieties had significant effect on the quality and shelf life mango products.


OBJECTIVE To prepare hypocrellin B-loaded apoferritin nanoparticles(HB-AFT NPs)for photodynamic therapy on tumor.METHODS HB-AFT NPs were prepared by taking advantage of the reversibleunfolding and refolding character of apoferritin in different pH environments.The photophysical and photobiological properties of hypocrellin B-loaded apoferritin were measured.RESULETS HB molecules were successfully encapsulated within apoferritincavity.HB-AFT-NPs exhibited higher ROS productionthan free HB.Additionally,phototoxicity of HB-AFT NPs to MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly improved as compared to free HB.CONCLUSION Together these results demonstrate that hypocrellin B-loaded apoferritin might be a potential nanoscale photosensitizer.


Summary Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are defined by anticardioli-pin antibody (aCL) ELISA and prolongation of phospholipid dependent coagulation assays (lupus anticoagulant; LAC). For the binding of aCL to cardiolipin a cofactor, β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI), is necessary. We have investigated whether the same cofactor is essential for LAC activity. Plasma from 6 LAC positive patients and 3 controls was depleted from β2-GPI by means of affinity chromatography. From the 6 LAC positive plasmas, 4 became LAC negative (tested with dRWT) when β2-GPI was depleted and became positive again when purified β2-GPI (200 μg/ml) was added. A dose response curve showed that addition of 50 μg/ml β2-GPI to β2-GPI deficient patient plasma, led to a positive dRWT. Depletion of, and addition of β2-GPI to plasma from controls had no effect on the dRWT. Measurement of β2-GPI plasma levels in 19 LAC positive patients, 40 LAC negative patients and 15 controls showed no difference in β2-GPI levels. These results show that a combination of aPL and β2-GPI is essential not only for binding to cardiolipin, but also for LAC activity and imply that low β2-GPI levels (<50 μg/ml) can lead to false negative LAC tests. These observations may lead to new insights in the pathophysiological complications associated with aPL.


Vascular endothelial damage is a major component of the physiological derangement seen in septicaemia. The sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) are thought to be involved in regulating endothelial permeability, thromboresistance and leucocyte traffic across the blood vessel wall. Modulation of GAG metabolism may therefore be important in causing the capillary leak and disseminated intravascular thrombosis often seen in bacterial sepsis.We have previously shown that the cytokines IL1 and TNF modulate glycosaminoglycan metabolism, resulting in a reduction of heparan and dermatan sulphate from the cell surface of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures (HUVEC).In the present study we have investigated the correlation between neutrophil activation and endothelial cell damage. To perform these experiments we have developed an endothelial model of surface injury using a cytochemical technique to visualise both endothelial GAGS and cellular fibronectin.Results: We have demonstrated that the release of neutrophil proteases and neutrophil heparatinase are determined by the degree of both neutrophil and endothelial activation. When unstimulated neutrophils were added to HUVEC prestimulated with endotoxin, GAGS alone were degraded from the endothelial cell surface. However, when the formyl tripeptide, fMLP, was included in the incubation, we also observed extensive destruction of the protease sensitive fibronectin network. When endotoxin and fMLP were added simultaneously with the neutrophils there was minimal endothelial damage.Conclusion: These results indicate that both neutrophil and endothelial activation is necessary to cause the breakdown of endothelial GAGS and fibronectin. These results may be important in understanding the mechanisms of neutrophil induced endothelial damage in inflammation.


The sequential "stored program"model used for most computers is seriously limiting performance in several ways. This has lead to a search for more efficient ways of doing computations. One of the most important improvements is to start doing computations in parallel. This paper looks at the parallel property of reconfigurable computing and compares it with the traditional approach of extending the standard stored program model with parallel concepts. The paper concludes with the observation that reconfigurable devices naturally leads to different solutions than traditional approaches, and that the granularity concept from the field of reconfigurable computing easily extends to all kinds of parallel structures.


There is a debate as to what modifications of neuronal activity underlie the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease and the efficacy of antiparkinsonian pharmacotherapy. Previous studies suggest that release of GABAergic striatopallidal neurons from D2 receptor‐mediated inhibition allows spreading of cortical rhythms to the globus pallidus (GP) in rats with 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced nigrostriatal lesions. Here this abnormal spreading was thoroughly investigated. In control urethane‐anaesthetized rats most GP neurons were excited during the active part of cortical slow waves ('direct‐phase' neurons). Two neuronal populations having opposite phase relationships with cortical and striatal activity coexisted in the GP of 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats. 'Inverse‐phase' GP units exhibited reduced firing coupled to striatal activation during slow waves, suggesting that this GP oscillation was driven by striatopallidal hyperactivity. Half of the pallidonigral neurons identified by antidromic stimulation exhibited inverse‐phase activity. Therefore, spreading of inverse‐phase oscillations through pallidonigral axons might contribute to the abnormal direct‐phase cortical entrainment of basal ganglia output described previously. Systemic administration of the D2 agonist quinpirole to 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats reduced GP inverse‐phase coupling with slow waves, and this effect was reversed by the D2 antagonist eticlopride. Because striatopallidal hyperactivity was only slightly reduced by quinpirole, other mechanisms might have contributed to the effect of quinpirole on GP oscillations. These results suggest that antiparkinsonian efficacy may rely on other actions of D2 agonists on basal ganglia activity. However, abnormal slow rhythms may promote enduring changes in functional connectivity along the striatopallidal axis, contributing to D2 agonist‐resistant clinical signs of parkinsonism.


Based on the characters of RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete) dam construction and the analyses of concerned factors, the selection and optimization principles of union-grid scheme in the construction process is proposed up. With above principles and intelligent expert-system theories, the intelligent model of union-grid in the construction of RCC dam is set up. The feasibility and validity of the intelligent model are proved by a practical sample at last.


Abstract The influence of different heat treatments on color and antioxidant properties of tomato purees was investigated. The treatments were designed to produce the same total thermal effect against spoilage microorganisms. Although the development of non-enzymatic browning reactions occurred by increasing process temperature, no changes in redness were observed in the heated samples, due to the "masking" effect of lycopene. Also, the heat treatments had equivalent effect on the chain breaking activity of the aqueous and lycopene tomato fractions. However the redox potential values increased as the heating temperature increased. All data together showed that the thermal resistance constant z values for color and chain breaking activity were close to 10°C, but lower than 10°C for reducing properties. Key words Chain breaking activity, color, redox potential, thermal treatments, tomato Introduction Tomatoes are consumed either as fresh or, mainly, as processed products (Rao and others 1998). In particular, heat-based treatments have some undeniable advantages as they contribute to obtain stable and convenient tomato derivatives or to make them suitable for further processing operations. However, processing and storage of commercial tomato-based products may be also responsible for a decrease in some quality attributes, including discoloration or development of unfavorable color and loss of nutrients. In particular, either non-enzymatic browning (i.e. Maillard reaction and ascorbic acid degradation) or carotenoid bleaching are commonly described as responsible for color changes of tomato derivatives (Danziger and others 1970; Nguyen and Schwartz 1999; Shi and Le Maguer 2000). The rates of these reactions are affected by many factors, including the time-temperature conditions applied, during processing and storage, and the chemical and physico-chemical properties of the product (Miki 1974; Lee and others 1977; Schraeder and Karel 1996). The changes in nutritional and sensorial properties of heat-treated foods, though they are inevitable, can be limited by proper design and control of process parameters of key importance. The use of new and unconventional technologies applicable to tomato processing has been investigated by many authors, with reference to their effects on the stability and nutritional quality of tomato derivatives (Porretta and others 1992; Yildiz and others 1993; Kaur and others 1999). However, design and application of proper industrial technological operations in general do not bring into consideration possible changes in the antioxidant capacity of tomato products. Besides their role in controlling oxidative stability of foods, these properties have recently received attention as additional quality attributes in virtue of their potential health promoting capacity. In fact, although the color changes may determine consumer acceptability, a loss in natural antioxidants is considered to be critical for human health, because many naturally occurring antioxidants have been proved to reduce cellular damage (Giovannucci 1999). Although research on the influence of food processing on the activity of naturally occurring antioxidants have not been carried out thus far, several studies reported the positive effect of thermal treatments on carotenoid absorption and in vivo efficiency (Stahl and others 1992; Clinton 1998). It is a matter of fact that processing and preservation procedures can be responsible for different and, sometimes, opposite effects on the overall antioxidant activity of foods, depending on many factors, including chemical structure, oxidation state and standard redox potential of


As the most protracted conflict on the continent, the Somali conflict continues not only to pose an increasing threat to the people of Somalia and the region at large but also to defy various attempts at its resolution. This paper analyses how the root causes, changing dynamics and nature of the Somali conflict impact upon ongoing efforts of the international community for peacemaking and peacekeeping. It identifies both the challenges that these attributes pose for peacemaking and peacekeeping and the approaches for addressing them. The paper also argues for a comprehensive approach to dealing with the various dimensions of the conflict, both internal and external, and underscores the need for a coordinated, sustained and robust international engagement.


Context: Worldwide, cancer is the second leading cause of death, with a rapidly increasing global incidence: it is present in high and in lower-middle income countries (LMICs). Overweight and obesity are also a major global health concern, and while they were once considered conditions specific to the 'Western' world, this geographic patterning has begun to shift. Evidence Acquisition: Given the large body of evidence regarding associations between lower socioeconomic status and greater cancer incidence and mortality, we undertook a narrative review focusing on global cancer burden and risk, and the association between cancer and body composition, particularly in LMICs. Using the MeSH terms 'cancer' and 'body composition', and keywords 'overweight' or 'obesity', and the phrase 'lower-and middle-income countries', we identified relevant articles for inclusion in this narrative review. Results: The key diagnostic mechanism underpinning these associations may be the varied prevalence and distribution of the risk factors most commonly associated to cancer incidence, including smoking, alcohol and diet. Approximately one-third of cancerrelated deaths in high income countries (HICs) are due to dietary and behavioural risk factors, which includes overweight and obesity and physical inactivity, and these same risk factors are prevalent in LMICs, which is where the current, yet minimal, priorities for cancer prevention are aimed at reducing. Conclusions: These data have specific relevance to LMICs in context of increasing levels of obesity, fewer healthcare resources in many LMICs, and lower financial investment into the prevention and management of cancer. Recognising and understanding the process by which cancer risk is linked to body composition parameters and obesity-related lifestyle factors will inform future intervention and prevention efforts. The focus needs to be directed towards implementing and practising such programs across all sectors of the globe, especially within low socioeconomic subpopulations.


The photoreduction of uranyl solutions on illuminated TiO2 suspensions and electrodes has been investigated. The photoreduction leads to the formation, on TiO2, of an uranium oxide having a stoichiometry close to U3O8.Adsorption of uranyl species in the dark was examined. It was found that the degree of adsorption depended on pH and on the formation of uranyl complexes in solution.Initial rates of photoreduction are given for the cases when propan-2-ol, sodium acetate or sodium formate are used as scavengers of the photogenerated holes.With the use of microelectrode theory, it was possible to calculate the photoreduction rates from photoelectrochemical data obtained with TiO2 electrodes. The reduction rates calculated in this way were from 3.5 to 4 times lower with the electrode than with the suspension, in agreement with the larger area available in the latter case.


Abstract The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the syllabification of a selection of medial two- and three-consonant clusters in Finnish and German. Increasing-sonority clusters (e.g.,/tr/) were found to be tautosyllabified in German but heterosyllabified in Finnish. In three-member clusters such as /lst/, the lateral was assigned to the prior syllable and the obstruents to the subsequent syllable in German, whereas the /l/ and the /s/ were assigned to the prior syllable and the stop to the subsequent syllable in Finnish. These results are interpreted in terms of an onset maximization strategy in German and an onset-filling strategy in Finnish. The explanation proposed is based on three claims: the structural analogy between word margins and syllable margins, the unequal strength of onsets and codas, and the sensitivity to frequency. Finnish has too few word onset clusters to develop an onset maximization tendency. Therefore, only one constituent of a cluster is associated with an onset position and the other constituents are linked with coda sites. By contrast, German has enough word onset clusters to support a maximum number of consonants in syllable onset positions.


Moment in Peking is a great work with many cultural translation elements. Due to Lin Yutang's bilingual cultural background and exquisite language skills, the work has achieved the success in the textual communicative function as well as in spreading Chinese culture to the world. The paper analyses three cultural elements, such as character appellation culture, social customs, and religious culture from the perspective of Relevance Theory. Meanwhile, discussions are also combined with translation strategies to dig out the guidance of "Best Relevance" towards cultural translation.


Periodically driven quantum systems manifest various non-equilibrium features which are absent at equilibrium. For example, discrete time-translation symmetry can be broken in periodically driven quantum systems leading to an exotic phase of matter, called discrete time crystal (DTC). For open quantum systems, previous studies showed that DTC can be found only when there exists a meta-stable state in the undriven system. However, by investigating the simplest Bose–Hubbard model with dissipation and time periodically tunneling, we find in this paper that a 2T DTC can appear even when the meta-stable state is absent in the undriven system. This observation extends the understanding of DTC and shed more light on the physics behind the DTC. Besides, by the detailed analysis of simplest two-sites model, we show further that the two-sites model can be used as basic building blocks to construct large rings in which a nT DTC might appear. These results might find applications into engineering exotic phases in driven open quantum systems.


The privatization of collectively used rangelands results in fragmentation of land use in pastoral areas. This affects pastoralists' grazing strategies and results in new institutional arrangements for addressing changing social-ecological systems. Two main systems of grazing management have emerged in the pastoral regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau that offer new perspectives on addressing rangeland fragmentation. One allows the renting of parcels of allocated grazing land to or from others (RTS) and is based on having fenced contracted parcels for each household. The other is a community-based grazing quota system (GQS) in which a grazing use quota is allocated to each household, while the community maintains collective use of the rangeland. We compare two case study villages implementing these two different management systems, operating across household and community scales, and analyze vegetation composition, above-ground biomass, and soil properties as indicators of impacts. Transects reveal that aboveground biomass was higher under the RTS than under the GQS, but species composition shifted to dominance by non-palatable forbs and graminoids. The RTS grasslands had lower carbon and nitrogen density compared to GQS-managed grasslands. These differences are consistent with the herder's perceptions of ecological changes. The general improvement of rangeland conditions under the GQS may be linked to greater herd mobility and the control of livestock numbers through the establishment of community-enforced grazing quotas. Mobility under the RTS is limited to a few parcels, and local regulation of stocking rates is minimal because the system relies on external intervention. The case of GQS suggests that addressing rangeland fragmentation with improved vegetation conditions requires institutions operating at both household and community scales allowing for mobility and regulation of stocking rates.


This study investigates the decoupling of Ukrainian aerospace, defense and electro-engineering industries resulting from the Russian Crimean annexation in 2014. Conceptually, we contribute to global value chain/global production network research by developing the notion of geopolitical decoupling, thus augmenting the existing 2-fold typology. Moreover, the article elaborates a typology of recoupling. Empirically, we investigate patterns of decoupling from Russia and recoupling via alternative production networks as well as patterns of decoupling/recoupling according to the position of companies in the production hierarchy. We found a neat pattern of decoupling from Russia according to tier but profoundly different dynamics of recoupling with the European Union and Asia.


An earlier study by the author on 'Entrepreneurial Heuristics' had shown that entrepreneurial performance (especially in terms of innovativeness which is the essence of entrepreneurship) varies significantly with the types of policies and strategies adopted by the enterprise/entrepreneur during the start-up phase. Such policies and strategies were then designated as 'heuristics' because of their non- formal and evolutionary nature. In an entrepreneurial venture the primary source of such policies, strategies or heuristics is naturally the founder who normally has the maximum influence on the decisions made in the enterprise. Based on this logic, it was decided to undertake a follow-up study to ascertain the extent of such association, if any, between the founder characteristics and start-up policies. Coinciding with the design of the follow-up study, the author obtained data from British enterprises using the same research design. This research investigated two important issues in entrepreneurship: (a ) the relationship between founder-characteristics and start-up policies of the enterprise, and (b) comparison of British and Indian enterprises in terms of their start-up policies and founder characteristics. The present paper deals only with the second part. The first part is mentioned here only to explain the rationale for choosing the variables. There are four sets of variables being investigated in this study: (a ) Background and early experiences of the entrepreneur, (b) Personal policies (traits) of the entrepreneur, (c) Motives of the entrepreneur and (d) Management practices (policies and strategies) of the enterprise. The findings are explained and a few hypotheses generated on cross-cultural perspectives on entrepreneur ship and enterprise management.


The purpose of this research is to produce a video learning content on atomic theory. This research uses the design and development design that employs the ADDIE model. The research instrument used was a questionnaire with a four-likert scale admistered on content experts, linguists, media experts, teachers and 10 students of MA AL-KHAIRAAT Tomini. The validity of the content, language and media aspects was said to be good with scores of 3.25; 3.33 and 3.28 respectively. Meanwhile, the scores obtained from teachers and students of class XI IPA were 3.87 and 3.51, both of which were in the "Strongly Agree" category. The results showed that the atomic theory learning video in the Tialo language was suitable for use in learning activities and could increase the concentration level of students. The theoretical implications of this research, namely the instructional video can increase learning motivation in students and the practical implication is that the instructional video is used as resources for teachers and prospective teachers to be used in the learning process.


[7] ABSTRACT Background: To manage the epidemic of DM effectively without compromising socio-economic development, it is imperative that program managers understand the magnitude of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). The present study was carried out to assess its frequency. Methods: The present study was carried out in the rural and urban areas of district Tumkur, Karnataka. A total of 360 participants were included in this study. Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire, which was administered as a face-to-face interview during house-to-house visits by the second author. Results: The mean age of the participants was 62.68 ± 8.4 years in urban areas and 59.23 ± 6.2 years in rural areas (P = 0.8634). The mean total direct cost incurred on managing diabetes was 408.12 ± 23.37 INR/month in rural areas and 516.31 ± 43.52 INR/month, while as the total indirect cost was 145.88 ± 11.42 INR/month and 155.62 ± 15.15 INR/month, respectively (P < 0.0001). A total of 97 (27%) participants experienced CHE for managing DM. The CHE was seen more frequently with urban participants [54 (30%)] as compared to subjects from rural areas [43 (24%), P < 0.0001]. CHE was seen only in those participants who underwent hospitalization. Majority of the people [126 (70%) in rural and 130 (72%) in urban areas, P = 0.7659] mobilized cash savings to meet this CHE. Conclusion: The present study points to the ever-increasing cost of diabetes care. A significant chunk of people is pushed to the brink of poverty owing to catastrophic health expenditure. There is a glaring deficit of social insurance schemes that needs to be given a boost.


Direct and Large Eddy Simulation of compressible turbulent flows oftentimes requires the specification of dynamic (i.e., time varying) inflow boundary conditions that simulate a turbulent inflow. The paper summarizes several recent methods for generating dynamic inflow boundary conditions for a flat plate turbulent boundary layer using a recycling technique.


There exist several definitions of the mean value and the phase uncertainty of an optical field. We show that one of these definitions is especially simple and intuitive because of its mechanical analogy. On this basis, we also derive the summation rule and the Tchebyshev inequality for random angular and phase variables and a number-phase uncertainty relation.


Integrated coastal zone planning requires the support of engineering tools to perform an accurate analysis of the morphodynamics of the coastal environment. In this paper, a numerical 2DH morphodynamic model is presented as a first step in order to develop an adequate numerical model able to help in the planning and management of the coastal areas. It has been applied to some benchmark tests and the results are presented and discussed. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016.


The invention relates to a preparation method for a water-based multicolored paint. The preparation method mainly comprises the following steps: preparing color paste, preparing base paint, preparing colored paint, preparing a gel solution, preparing a colored grain suspensoid, synthesizing multicolored paint, preparing clear lacquer, and using. The preparation method has the advantages of being simple in preparation process, high in production efficiency and low in cost.


Anthropogenic activities change the natural concentrations of soil trace metals in different land uses with varying magnitudes. Establishment of baseline concentration of metals is important in assessing human impact on metal concentrations in soils over time. A study was conducted to compare Cd and Zn concentrations in different land uses (lowland, upland and non-agricultural) to investigate relationships of Cd and Zn with soil properties and to establish geochemical baseline concentrations of the two metals for three land uses of Madawachchiya – Ranorawa – Elayapattuwam – Hurathgama - Nawagattegama soil association of the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Soils were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), clay, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and HNO 3 acid-soluble Cd and Zn. Land use had a significant effect (p Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 25 (1): 84-95 (2013)


Moisture resistance, referring to the stability of compressive strength and thermal conductivity against the exposure of moisture, is critical to thermal insulation products. So far, seldom reports placed their attentions on the comprehensive investigation of crosslinking and surface coating on the performance of freeze-dried clay aerogel for the purpose of thermal insulation. In this study, the strategies of crosslinking and surface coating have been applied on freeze-dried PVA/clay aerogel, respectively. Both strategies are demonstrated to be effective on the improvement of the moisture resistance of aerogel. In comparison, surface coating endows aerogel with higher compressive strength, thermal resistance and thermal stability owing to the well-preserved house-card structure and rigid silica layers on the surfaces of laminas and bridges. The current results indicate surface coating has a great potential in the preparation of freeze-dried aerogel for the purpose of thermal insulation. POLYM. COMPOS., 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers


PURPOSE: An anti-fouling organic/inorganic composite compound is provided to obtain an antifouling membrane having excellent anti-fouling performance, to extend life and reduce maintenance costs of a membrane such as cleaning costs. CONSTITUTION: An anti-fouling organic/inorganic composite compound comprises an anti-fouling organic/inorganic composite compound, a core formed of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, and an arm connected to at least one Si of the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. A manufacturing method of an anti-fouling membrane comprises: a step of preparing a solution which comprises the organic/inorganic composite compound and a solvent; a step of forming a surface layer by spreading the solution on the surface of a membrane which requires anti-fouling surface treatment.


Physiotherapy treatments will be provided by Master of Physiotherapy students, under close supervision by a qualified physiotherapist.
This service is provided at a very low cost to provide Master of Physiotherapy students with opportunities to gain important clinical experience as a part of their study.
Appointments will be between 30 and 90 minutes to allow time for teaching and discussion.


The sixth/twelfth century geographer, al-Idrīsī, alludes to the presence of the so-called Qur'ān of Uthmān in the great Mosque of Cordoba and a ceremony in which it was brought out and paraded daily after the Umayyads proclaimed themselves caliphs in 317/929-30. Around 552/1157, the same Qur'ān appeared in the processions of the Almohads, a Maṣmūda Berber dynasty from the High Atlas mountains, who also claimed to be caliphs. Ibn ṢāḤib al-Ṣalāt, al-Marrākushī and the unknown author of the ḥulal al-mawshiyya, who describe the Almohad parades, all mention the Qur'ān's Uthmānic antecedents and possession by the Umayyads. Using this as a starting point, this paper will explore the image the Umayyads projected in the Maghrib, and the later significance of Cordoban Umayyad prototypes to the ruling Mu'minid dynasty of the Almohads. This contributes to a larger discussion of the evolution of a paradigm of imperial power in the Islamic west and its manipulation to legitimise a succession of dynasties whose actual origins, ambitions and praxis diverged widely. 1 I would like to thank the anonymous readers of this article for their constructive comments.


This note argues that two passages are worthier of the dramatist if the audience has seen the furies than if it has not. Orestes sees the furies (Choe. 1048–50, 1053–4, 1057–8); the chorus (1051–2, 1055–6,1059–60) does not see them. Does the audience see them? K. O. Müller, on philosophical and antiquarian grounds, thought so. Nearly all scholars today believe not. I agree with Miiller from what Orestes now says to the chorus: ὑμεῖς μν οὐφ ρτε τσδ', γὼ δ' ρ (1061). If the chorus does not see the furies and the audience does not see them either, the ὑμεῖς μν οὐχ ρτε τά7sigma;δ' lacks moment; the chorus cannot find those words of any use and the audience (from what it has heard in the ten lines preceding) cannot find them of interest. There is value in the words only if the audience, seeing what Orestes sees, is being reassured that the chorus does not. Line 1058, κξ μμτων στζουσιν αἷμα δυσφιλς, may be regarded as saying something the audience did not know from its own senses, and the same is true for ὑμεῖ μν οὐχ ρτε τσδ' in 1061 if it says once more that the furies, though real to Orestes, and to the audience as well, are not real to everyone. The opposite reasoning—that if the audience has seen the furies the γὼ δ' ρ (at the close of the line) is unneeded after Orestes has already said three times that he sees them—is not countervailing. For those words are in the less emphatic position, are fewer, and are of less doubtful usefulness, since they lead to λαὑνομαι δ κοὐκτ' ἄν μεναιμ' γώ.


Palabras clave: procedimiento penal acusatorio, soluciones alternativas de conflictos, terminación anticipada del proceso, reparación del daño, impunidad, sistema justicia procedimiento penal. Abstract The accusatory criminal system has been applied throughout the country since June 18, 2016. The present text refers to results in its application in Mexico City. It seeks to know if it has been effective. For this, reference is made to alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, early termination of the process, and opportunity criteria as mechanisms that may lead to impunity in the operation of the system. To find out if criminal proce-edings has achieved the fulfillment of its purposes is necessary to refer to them. Only if the application of the various mechanisms provided for by the law can clarify the facts, protect the innocent, ensure that the guilty party does not go unpunished, and repair the damage, it can be said that the system works properly.


Nobel Laureate economist James M. Buchanan passed away on January 9, 2013, at the age of ninety-three. We want to reflect on some of his key contributions to classical liberalism. In this introduction, I provide some