The structure, formation energy, and energy levels of the various oxygen vacancies in Ta2O5 have been calculated using the λ phase model. The intra-layer vacancies give rise to unusual, long-range bonding rearrangements, which are different for each defect charge state. The 2-fold coordinated intra-layer vacancy is the lowest cost vacancy and forms a deep level 1.5 eV below the conduction band edge. The 3-fold intra-layer vacancy and the 2-fold inter-layer vacancy are higher cost defects, and form shallower levels. The unusual bonding rearrangements lead to low oxygen migration barriers, which are useful for resistive random access memory applications.


We extend the notions of topological stability, shadowing and persistence from homeomorphisms to finitely generated group actions on uniform spaces. These also generalizes the corresponding notions for finitely generated group actions on compact metric spaces. We then prove that an expansive action with either shadowing or persistence is topologically stable. Secondly, we introduce the notions of $\mu$-expansivity, $\mu$-topological stability, $\mu$-shadowing and $\mu$-persistence for finitely generated group actions on uniform spaces to include Borel measures. These notions evidently generalizes the corresponding notions for homeomorphisms. We then show that on first countable, locally compact, para-compact, Hausdorff uniform spaces, a $\mu$-expansive action with either $\mu$-shadowing or $\mu$-persistence is $\mu$-topologically stable. It is to be noted that above mentioned results hold on compact metric spaces.


THE behavioural analysis of primates prepared with experimental brain lesions has flourished during the past twenty years. These studies were initially designed to develop animal "models" of clinical neurological syndromes. The usefulness of such models has been that precise neurobehavioural analysis could be performed, an advantage over the ordinary indefiniteness of clinical material. As a result a good deal is known about the functions in monkey of the part of the cerebral mantle which is usually referred to as "association cortex." One of the major findings has been that the posterior association cortex can be subdivided into areas each of which serves one or another specific sensory modality. Thus cortical loci for taste (Bagshaw and Pribram, 1953), somesthesis (Pribram and Barry, 1956; Wilson, 1957), audition (Weiskrantz and Mishkin, 1958; Dewson et al., in preparation), and for vision (Blum et al., 1951; Chow, 1951; Mishkin and Pribram, 1954) have been delineated. Interestingly, however, these loci are not where one would expect them to be, i.e. immediately adjacent to the primary sensory areas of the modality served. Rather, the sensory specific association areas proved to be some distance from the "parent" primary cortex. Further, a tantalizing result was obtained when the primary sensory systems were circumsected by removals of the cortex intervening between the projection and the sensory specific association areas: little deficit in discrimination behaviour of any sort could be demonstrated. Other forms of disconnexion such as crosshatching the cortex (Pribram et al., 1966) also failed to affect discrimination. Much of the extensive analysis of the problem has been effected by experiments performed in the visual modality. These experiments provide excellent examples of the issues involved. Visual discriminations are seriously disrupted by removals of the inferior temporal convolution. A similar syndrome is not seen after removals of the prestriate cortex. The question therefore arises as to how the inferotemporal


Thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) features many advantages such as small detector size and close tissue equivalence that make it useful for a variety of applications in medicine. In medical imaging the high sensitivity of TLD materials such as LiF:Mg,Cu.P and Al 2 O 3 :C enables risk assessment even for low dose procedures. In radiotherapy, the fact that no cables are required during the measurement allows the use of TLDs inside tissue-equivalent phantoms to verify radiation doses delivered in new treatment techniques. These features make TLD also the most versatile in vivo dosimetry tool allowing dose assessments directly on patients during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. In addition to these clinical uses, TLD is widely employed for quality assurance in medicine. Dosimetric intercomparisons between different centres and spot checks of dose delivered in diagnostic procedures have found their way into many national and intemational guidelines for best practice.


Objective To select a suitable primary culturing method for hippocampus neurons of newborn Wista rats and to discuss the best condition of chemical transfection agents for transfection on hippocampus neuron. Methods The hippocampus of embryo 18 d Wista rats was dissected out and the neurons were cultured and transfected by lipofectamineTM 2000, electric transfection reagents and lipofectamine TM LTX respectively. Expression of green fluorescent protein was observed and the survival rate of hippocampus neurons was determined by trypan blue after transfection. Results Serum-free culture method has a better survival rate and higher purity by MAP2 fluorescent staining. The transfection rates were (14.05±2.32)% for lipofectamineTM 2000, (52.39±1.68) % for electric transfection reagents,(22.87±5.32) % for lipofectamineTM LTX respectively. Conclusion Electric transfection is a most effective transfection method and has higher transfected rates and survival rates for cultured hippocampus neurons.


This position paper discusses the use of symbiotic filtering, a novel distributed data mining approach that combines contentbased and collaborative filtering for spam detection.


This article explores the impact of different types of products and rewards on the amount of funds raised in reward-based crowdfunding (RBCF). Specifically, we have analyzed two different product types, i.e., based on individual ownership or temporary use, and four types of rewards, i.e., prototype, branded promotional item, special edition, and discount. Results of a within-subject survey-based experiment indicate that individual ownership products obtain more funds than temporary use products. In addition, depending on the product type, some rewards are more effective in attracting funds from backers. These outcomes extend the application of Signaling Theory in the context of RBCF, as backers respond to multiple signals connected to both product and reward types because they are related to the likelihood of project realization, and of Self-Determination Theory, as backers are nonprofessionals and contribute their money mainly for the satisfaction of supporting what they consider valuable entrepreneurial projects. The findings of this article advance the scientific understanding of RBCF and provide advice for entrepreneurs on how to properly craft their call for money depending on the type of product proposed to the crowd.


The wetland environment can be used as a source of learning and teaching material, so that learning is carried out based on contextual learning. This study aims to describe the validity of ecology enrichment teaching materials on wetlands subject of wetlands in South Kalimantan based on the results of fish research around the Sirang Island, Riam Kanan Reservoir, Banjar Regency. This research method is research and development with 5 steps, identification of potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, and design revision. The results showed that teaching materials in the form of handouts that were developed as enrichment material for land ecology courses had very valid or were suitable for use. Readability test by 7 students who have passed the wetland ecology course gets very good criteria.


Abstract : A design standard for interior noise of helicopters has been prepared to provide the developer and user with realistic noise limits which consider hearing damage risk, speech intelligibility, mission profile, state-of-the-art in noise reduction, and helicopter weight. The levels selected meet the current hearing conservation limits of the Department of Defense and permit electrically aided sentence intelligibility of 98%. Helicopters below 20,000 pounds are treated separately from those above because of the strong positive relation between internal noise and vehicle gross weight. This standard defines the locations and flight conditions under which noise measurements shall be made for compliance. It also specifies the types of instrumentation and the test procedures to be used to collect interior noise level data. This degree of specificity in the instrumentation and measurements area is intended to insure that data collected by different development and test agencies will be both accurate and consistent. (Author)


This article is based on recognition of the crisis in the paradigm surrounding educational institutions with respect to the emerging subjectivities of youngsters and their digital consumption practices, which calls for a thorough review of what they say and do about information and communication technologies (ICT) and how the intervention of these technologies transforms the world at school, children's patterns of interaction, and the ways in which they construct their own identity. The study was intended to detect and analyze those practices and the discourses of urban school children in the city of Villavicencio (Colombia). The fieldwork included exploratory tasks in two contexts: the school and the Internet, based on scrutiny and participatory observation by recording and sharing in the convergences of children in these leisure spaces as part of an ethnographic exercise. The conclusions point to the existence of leisure spaces that clash, both quantitatively and qualitatively, with formal learning spaces; that is, times for play (socially considered unproductive and deficient) and times for formalized knowledge, which should be approached with rigor, attention and targeting. In dealing with juvenile subjectification processes, the project made it possible to recognize that digital technologies allow for new ways in which children can identify with themselves, with the environment and with others in an interrelationship where subjectivity, intersubjective ties and historically constructed culture unfold.


Abstract:
Background: Intestinal parasites are among the most important infectious agents with an impact on human health. Indeed, in the lack of an available treatment option, these parasites could constitute a real health problem in the population.
Aim: In the present study, we investigated the effect of a synthetic heterocyclic compound on two intestinal parasites (Entamoeda histolytica and Gardia lamblia).
Methods: The parasite isolates tested were collected from outpatients at the General Pediatric Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq, between September 2019 and January 2020. Thus, we studied the in vivo and in vitro pharmaceutical activity of the ingredient on both parasites. The toxicological effects of the substance on some blood parameters and liver and kidney function tests were also studied.
Results: After five days of treatment, the drug's in vivo action on G. lamblia resulted in an inhibition rate of 88.2 percent at a dose of 1 mg/kg. On the other hand, we observed that the influence of this synthetic substance on cultured E. histolytica was very close to the metronidazole effect. The maximum result was at a concentration of 1 g/ml and was obtained after 72 hours of incubation with an inhibition rate of 89.4%. The substance did not affect the blood parameters or the studied liver and kidney functions.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that this substance is highly effective against both E. histolytica and G. lamblia, and that it has no toxic effects on the studied parameters. Therefore, it could be a promising pharmacophore for intestinal protozoan parasites including E. histolytica and G. lamblia and an alternative or competitor to the current medications available.


A Lie algebraic approach to quadratic parametric processes in quantum optics and quantum acoustics is presented. In this approach the Heisenberg-Weyl and symplectic dynamical algebras are used to obtain a general exact solution for the time evolution operator. The solution is then applied to describe quantum mechanically the parametric process of backward-wave echo generation in dielectrics.


Despite the small size of the sub program, Social Worker Assessed Vulnerable Welfare Payment Recipients Income Management is often cited as a preferred approach to this type of initiative, being tightly targeted at a group of people with identified high needs, and demonstrated poor outcomes. Although the program was considered in the two recent major evaluations of income management, specific findings relating to it have tended to be overshadowed by the more general finding of an absence of positive outcomes, and indeed potentially negative effects, from compulsory income management. While the size of the sub program has made evaluation difficult, the two major evaluations of income management have nevertheless made specific findings which suggest that the program has had some positive outcomes for a highly marginal participant group. These findings, along with aspects of the operation of the program, including the role played by social workers, and a proposal to abolish the program, are discussed.


For more than 2 years we have been subjected to COVID-19 outbreaks of varying intensities. These shocks, and the resultant containment measures, have severely damaged both societies and economies, including tourism industries. In 2020, global GDP decreased by 3%. Rough estimates of the total economic costs of the pandemic in 2020 approximate 100% of global GDP in 2019 and encompass the recession costs in 2020, growth losses for the period from 2021 to 2030, the costs of fiscal impulses, changes in government debt and the statistical value of deaths related to COVID-19 as well as losses in education and human capital, which have substantially eroded social resilience (Yeyati and Filippini, 2021). The economic downturn triggered by COVID-19 has often been compared with the effects of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 2008/09, yet such comparisons are flawed as the GFC resulted primarily from a demand shock, whereas the present COVID-19 crisis is more or less a combination of both supply and demand shocks. Delivery chains have been interrupted and millions of people have lost their jobs, at least temporarily, as government measures forced most businesses to close in order to reduce infection risks. The economic downturn, coupled with high unemployment, severe income losses, burning liquidity problems and the mandated closing of shops, hotels, restaurants and the cessation of air or bus transportation have led to a freefall in demand, especially in tourism. These shocks raise important questions about the resilience of current socio-economic systems in general, and particularly in the case of the most affected sub-system: tourism. Tourism has been hit particularly hard, with international arrivals decreasing by 73% in 2020 (UNWTO, 2022); the main reasons for this development being lockdowns, mobility restrictions and income losses triggered by the pandemic and the enacted containment measures. Data for 2020 show that countries including France, Italy and Spain, which have a relative high tourism share, suffered more substantial GDP losses than countries with a lower dependency on contact-intensive services,


Parergon 22.1 (2005) Desire: Writing on Gender Trouble in Fourteenth-Century Egypt'. Uebel looks at the ways in which the Christian West differentiated itself from the Muslim Orient by demonizing Saracen gender and sexuality. Part Three, 'Individual Choices, Strategies of Resistance', considers the ways in which the individual can resist domination. Farmer's 'Manual Labor, Begging, and Conflicting Gender Expectations in Thirteenth-Century Paris' returns us to a rereading of the Genesis creation stories and to the story of Jehanne of Serris to argue that gender binaries were complicated through intersections with the division of labour and social status. In 'Female Homoerotic Discourse and Religion in Medieval German Culture', Ulrike Weithaus argues that in Germany during the same century, the religious poetry of Hadejwich employed homoerotic images that stretched and undermined the dominant patriarchal gender binaries to the point of collapse. The final essay of the collection –Elizabeth Robertson's 'Nonviolent Christianity and the Strangeness of Female Power in Geoffrey Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale' – considers a fictional account of individual resistance. Offering a rereading of the Tale, Robertson argues that gender and religion intersect to challenge dominant essentialist discourses. After reading these 11 essays, I was impressed not only by the breadth of scholarship, but by the enthusiastic response of the writers to the editors' call for the need to avoid simply reading medieval texts and practices through a contemporary grid. Each essay shows precision in detail and care in methodology and terminology. This is a book about difference in more than one sense of the word, and reminds us that we cannot afford to generalise or make easy assumptions. Robyn Cadwallader Department of English Flinders University


This article argues that presidents adopt "pro-liberalization policies" during military interventions for one of two reasons. Presidents' initial choices are most affected by the security conditions in the broad international environment and within the country in question. If presidents initially adopt "non-liberalization" policies, however, liberal internationalist attacks from Congress can often compel presidents to shift to pro-liberalization policies during the course of an intervention. Under these circumstances, presidents use the promotion of democracy to build domestic political consensus and "policy legitimacy" for U.S. interventions. This article tests the argument through an analysis of the universe of cases of the adoption of pro-liberalization and non-liberalization policies during twentieth-century U.S. military interventions.


Human operating error is one of the important factors affecting the reliable operation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) components, however, people always neglect human-operating-error of the existing unmanned aircraft systems and components reliability assessment methods. This article set the problem to the most important position to search, divided the scene of UAV components assignment to the Status debugging monitoring model and Preventive maintenance type. First, analysis of two scenarios UAV components made qualitative analysis of human error using the method of failure mode and effect analysis; and then put forward the two scenarios of human reliability assessment model, used to quantify the probability of human error. In example analysis, it considers the primary factors those affect humans reliability, to calculate and compare the proportion of human error at different situation. Results show that the proposed method can quantify human error probability, and quantitative characterization of human error can affect the reliability of the UAV components.


ance to the operation and control of one or more of the glands of internal secretion, and iron content, both in erythrocytes and blood plasma, cannot be an exception to this rule. This so important a function cannot be left to chance. We see a higher than normal plasma iron content in certain an&emiad and a lower than normal in other types, and this variation is more or less fixed for each type of anaemia. Treatment so far has been startlingly successful, though the number of cases and the duration under observation, are both inadequate to permit a formal statement. So far, however, large doses of ferrous carbonate have given most satisfying results, not only in improving the anaemia but in relieving many of the secondary distressing symptoms of pregnancy. These, heretofore, have been attributed to the pregnancy, but are most certainly secondary consequences of the aniemia. Further studies are in progress to confirm these, and to place the conclusions beyond any possible doubt. These will be embodied in a later report.


Stephan Cohen provides a unique comparative study of three queer youth groups that were active in New York City during the early 1970s, including Gay Youth, Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), and Gay International Youth Society at George Washington High School. Cohen focuses on these three groups due to the related characteristics that they possess, particularly their similar dates of establishment. In this study, Cohen discusses the reasons why youth were excluded from the queer liberation movement and suggests how this isolation forced them to create separate organizations with distinct identities, agendas, and ideologies from their adult counterparts.


Considering the short length of building roofs, a theoretical analysis of the first flush of roof runoff was conducted based on the kinematic wave and pollutant erosion equations. This mathematical derivation with analytical solutions predicts pollutant mass first flush (MFF), mean concentration of initial runoff (MCIF), mean concentration of roof runoff (MCRR) with diversion of initial portion and residual mass available on the bed surface (RS) after the entire runoff under the condition of constant excess rainfall. And the effects of the associated influencing factors (roof length, roof gradient, roof surface roughness, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, and erosion coefficients) on them were discussed while the values of parameters referred to the previous studies. The results showed that for roofs whose length is shorter than 20 m, both the increase in roof length and roof gradient and the decrease in roof surface roughness result in larger MFF and MCIF and smaller MCRR and RS, which is beneficial to water reuse and pollution reduction. The theoretical relationship between the first flush and the influencing factors may aid the planning and design of roof in terms of rainwater utilization or diffuse pollution control.


In geodesy and surveying accurate determinations of distances are of great importance. During World War II many new principles for electronic distance measuring were invented, and some of them have been applied to geodesy. When the greatest geodetic accuracy is needed, however, the electronic methods have, up till now, not always been successful. One of the main disadvantages of purely electronic methods is that ground reflections affect the final results.


ZnO nanostructures were fabricated by a hydrothermal decomposition method of mixing appropriate quantities of ammonia(25%) and zinc chloride solution.The influences of the chemical reactions,the depth-dependent growth and different substrates with horizontal or vertical setting on ZnO nanostructures were compared in our experiment.The structures and morphologies of ZnO samples were investigated by XRD and SEM.Compared with Si substrates,the Cu substrates are better for the growth of good aligned ZnO nanorods with the wurtzite structure.The growth mechanism of ZnO nanorods by the hydrothermal decomposition method was suggested according to the influences of the ammonia pressure on the growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods.


: Plant extracts are a rich source of natural compounds with antimicrobial properties, which are able to prevent, at some extent, the growth of foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of polyphenolic extracts from cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. to inhibit the growth of some enterobacteria and the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus . Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes at two stages of development were analysed for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (in vitro assays) and by cellular antioxidant activity in red blood cells (CAA-RBC) (ex vivo assay). The Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC / MS–TOF) analysis of the polyphenolic extracts revealed high levels of piscidic acid, eucomic acid, isorhamnetin derivatives and rutin, particularly in the immature cladode extracts. Opuntia cladodes extracts showed a remarkable antioxidant activity (in vitro and ex vivo), a selective inhibition of the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, and an inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Our results suggest and confirm that Opuntia ficus-indica cladode extracts could be employed as functional food, due to the high polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity, and used as natural additive for food process control and food safety.


The authors have studied the rate of passage of tritiated water and various ions from plasma into ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and vice versa in normal subjects and hydrocephalic infants.


If we accept that any project which brings about a change within a given area can--at least
potentially--produce an alteration of its landscape, then it is clear that redevelopment and even
more so the construction of new buildings can, both singly and jointly, result in significant
transformations. It is therefore necessary to preventively evaluate how any building project
will affect the appearance of the locality in question, i.e. whether it will enhance or detract
from its landscape. The general problem of landscape quality must be taken into account at
multiple stages and levels of the rural building design process. This means that considerations
relating to the architectural quality of the rural built environment, and its interactions with the
landscape, are complexly interwoven with the theoretical and practical scientific research in
this field, and with the disciplines of land management planning and statutory regulations.
The paper suggests a conceptual model about the relations among such domains, underlining
their strengths and weaknesses and quoting current and ongoing methodological approaches.
The paper performs thus a critical analysis of the role played by scientific research in rural
building design, also by means of a critical review of the state of the art in the field, and
discusses the main fields of research activity pertaining to the analysis of the landscape
structure and to the formulation of design models of rural buildings satisfying requirements of
landscape quality. The theoretical analysis of the above-mentioned relations, supported by
specific closer examinations, also considers their effects on the final outcomes of the design
process.


Imagine that you pledge to not go online for 24 hours. How would you feel? And is your unplugging experience affected by the extent to which you believe in conspiracy theories? In two studies, we invited participants to unplug for 24 hours from all digital media and online content (e.g., internet-based television, radio, digital newspapers, smart phones, and social media apps). In a Chinese sample (Study 1, N = 97) we found that feeling less socially supported and more isolated during the unplugging experience did not affect positive emotions and that unplugging was associated with more negative emotions and lower life satisfaction. This association was replicated for negative emotions in an Australian sample (Study 2, N = 102). Furthermore, there was evidence in both studies that believing more strongly in conspiracy theories was associated with more negative emotions during the unplugging experience. Higher social isolation and lower social support mediated the relationship between conspiracy beliefs and negative emotions during unplugging. Our results suggest that part of the reason people feel negative about unplugging is because they feel they are cut off from social support — an aversive experience that is particularly prevalent among those who embrace conspiracy theories to a greater extent.


although the book may be a bit dense for undergraduate students. Ridgeway's book would be especially interesting, I believe, in conjunction with a discussion of Bem's (2001) autobiographical account of her attempt to have a gender equal marriage. In fact, Framed by Gender should make everyone, even those who hold egalitarian values, think twice about how their own lives, especially within the home, may be part of the persistence of gender inequality.


A successful forest generation is important for several operatorsand a lot can happen on the way from nursery to established plant.Therefore traceability of forest plants is important. Sveaskog iso ...


Multidimensional compositional arrays require special analytical tools to be modeled. Specifically, the variation of the data can be captured by linear combinations of a defined number of parameters, capable of describing the complexity of the data. Usually these models are described as generalizations of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to higher order cases. Here the Candecomp/Parafac(CP) model is defined for compositional data contaminated with extreme observations by using a novel integrated SWATLD-ALS algorithm. Since the SWATLD proceduredoes not find a solution in the least square sense, it is expected to have a better performance in terms of sensitivity to outliers than ALS. However, due to the instability of its loss function, it should not be used alone: we suggest to combine SWATLD and ALS.


This chapter discusses what it's like for caregivers to work at home in contrast to work done by nurses in the hospital. Homes, by their very nature, lack the resources and support of a hospital, and often geography — the physical separation between the home and the hospital — places obstacles in the coordination of care. Unlike bureaucratic settings, which have standard work shifts, care work at home takes place over a twenty-four-hour period and caregivers' schedules are completely different from the schedules of the organizations they depend on for resources, such as delivery companies, vendors, or pharmacies. As is evident from contrasting the bustle of a busy hospital with the atmosphere in many homes, the division of labor and the people who do it are entirely different. In the hospital, nurses work in shifts to provide patient care. At home, there are far fewer people available, and they are in deeply embedded, preestablished familial roles and relationships, as well as existing patterns of housework and childcare. Because home is oriented toward relationships, "private" activities, and provisioning, rather than toward bureaucratic standards, compliance with medical regimens can also be more difficult. Whether or not caregivers received training in the hospital or rehabilitation, most said they were still very anxious, sometimes even overwhelmed and frightened, the first time they had to perform procedures by themselves at home. Caregivers dealt not only with the medical procedures, however, but also with their feelings about the care recipient's overall health and prognosis, and whether the recipient would be able to adapt to new regimens.


A miniature high speed tera- and gigahertz electromagnetic radiation detector/spectrometer has been created. The operation principle is based on the excitation of distinct sets of plasma modes in the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) of semiconductor AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure with embedded nonlinear defect. The technique performs up to room temperature and may be used in variety of applications.


Theoretical and experimental investigations of the intensity- and field-dependent photorefractive response in polymeric composites were presented. Measurements of the decay time constant and the corresponding grating-amplitude were demonstrated in photorefractive composite consists of 1-n-butoxyl-2,5-dimethyl-4-(4'-nitrophenylazo)benzene: poly(N-vinylcarbazole):2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone with a weight ratio 44:55:1. Analysis suggested that two gratings exist simultaneously, one was caused by the photorefractive effect, and the other was caused by the photoisomerization process.


This paper describes a speed-oriented ullralow-voltage and low-power SOI circuit technique based on a differential enhancementand depletion-mode (ED)-MOS circuit. Combining an ED-MOS circuit block for critical paths and a multi-V th CMOS circuit block for noncritical path, that is, the so-called differential ED-CMOS/SOI circuit, makes it possible to achieve low-power and ultrahigh-speed operation of over 1 GHz at a supply voltage of less than 0.5 V. As two applications of the differential ED-CMOS/SOI circuit, a multi-stage frequency divider that uses the ED-MOS circuit in a first-stage frequency divider and a pipelined adder with a CMOS pipeline register are described in detail. To verify the effectiveness of the ED-CMOS/SOI circuit scheme, we fabricated a 1/8 frequency divider and a 32-bit binary look-ahead carry (BLC) adder using the 0.25-μm MTCMOS/SOI process. The frequency divider operates down to 0.3 V with a maximum operating frequency of 3.6GHz while suppressing power dissipation to 0.3 mW. The 32-bit adder operates at a frequency of I GHz at 0.5 V.


Designed initially for use with a method for television band compression by variable-velocity scanning, the performance limitations of a magnetic scanner with negative feedback from a novel source are presented: also, some of the many applications of such a scanner are briefly reviewed.The justification of the presentation relies mainly on the mathematical analysis: however, measurements of current waveforms confirm that the influence of non-linearities and other factors which have been explicitly ignored in the derivation of this analysis is negligible in practice.Consideration is given to the practical application of the results, and it is shown that satisfactory operation can easily be obtained for repetitive scanning rates up to 104 per second with a maximum displacement error (during a change of velocity) of no more than 0.2%.


ABSTRACTA method has been developed for impregnating alginate-based wound dressings with trace elements required for wound healing and for quantifying the transfer from these dressing to wound fluid (for which a substitute—blood serum—was used in these experiments). Under ideal conditions, up to 85% can be carried across from the tow to the wound fluid.


Gravity models are commonly used by geographers to predict migration and interaction between populations and regions. Even though rarely used by ecologists, gravity models allow estimation of long-distance dispersal between discrete points in heterogeneous landscapes. We developed a production-constrained gravity model to forecast zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) dispersal into inland lakes of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin (USA) based on the site and location of lakes and the number and location of boats within 364 counties. A deterministic form of this model was used to estimate best-fit parameters for distance coefficient, Great Lakes boat-ramp attractiveness, and colonization cutoff threshold. A stochastic model thus developed from these parameters allows for random changes in colonization likelihood. The results of our model are highly correlated with the actual pattern of colonized lakes in southern Michigan and southeastern Wisconsin at the end of 1997. Areas of central Wisconsin and...


This paper describes and characterizes an electroporation microchip device and system optimization. This device combines microfabrication techniques, logic circuit, and electrophoresis design to create a multi-function gene transfection device that can be used in a number of medical science research applications. This device consists of two components: a cell-accommodation cavity and electrodes for providing electroporation and electrophoresis electric power. We demonstrated the ability to use electrophoresis force to increase the gene concentration on site-specific surface of cell lines which further enhanced the gene delivery. Meanwhile, the parameters of the electroporation system, which could have an influence on the delivery rate, were optimized by the Taguchi method, resulting in optimized values of 50 mum electrode gap, 80 mug/mL pEGFP-N1 concentration, 6 V applied transfection voltage, and 2-pulse per time with above 95 % confidence. Experimental results showed that the efficiency of gene transfection with an attracting-electric field become much higher than that without an attracting-electric field, and the delivery rate was up to 35.89 % when utilizing GFP genes into NIH-3T3 cells. The electrostatic force can be designed into specific regions, where the DNA plasmids are attracted to provide the region-targeting function. The adherent cells could be manipulated in situ without detachment by this electroporation microchip. The system has several advantages of portable, cost-effective, high transfection rate and easy operation.


Coherence estimation between speech envelope and electroencephalography (EEG) is a proven method in neural speech tracking. This paper proposes an improved coherence estimation algorithm which utilises phase sensitive multitaper cross-spectral estimation. Estimated EEG coherence differences be-tween attended and ignored speech envelopes for a hearing impaired (HI) population are evaluated and compared. Testing was made on 31 HI subjects and showed significant coherence differences for grand averages over the delta, theta, and alpha EEG bands. Significance of increased coherence for attended speech was stronger for the new method compared to the traditional method. The new method of estimating EEG coherence, improves statistical detection performance and enables more rigorous data-based hypothesis-testing results.


Objective: To determine the outcomes, demographics, clinical and surgical characteristics of NWRT in children.Methods: Forty-three children who underwent surgery for NWRT between 1970 and 2016 were included. The charts and surgery notes were evaluated retrospectively and age, sex, complaints and physical findings at presentation, results of biochemical tests, details of surgery, pathologic findings, and the postoperative course were noted.Results: The female to male ratio was 15:28. Distribution according to histological groups were CCSK (n=14), CMN (n=10), RCC (n=7), CN (n=4), angiomyolipoma (n=2), MRT (n=2), sclerosing nephrogenic rest (n=1), renal tubular adenoma (n=1), metanephric stromal tumor (n=1), and renal adenocarcinoma (n=1). Nephroureterectomy was the most frequently used surgical treatment (n=38) (88%). The mortality rate was 21% in malignant NWRT (3 with CCSK, 2 with MRT) and 10% in benign NWRT (2 CMN) during the five-year follow up period.Conclusion: Non-Wilms renal tumors are rare in childhood. The presumptive diagnosis is usually a Wilms tumor. Hypercalcemia may be encountered. A nephroureterectomy is necessary in most cases. NSS can be performed in selected cases and under suitable conditions.


While bromo- and iodocyclizations have recently been successfully implemented, the challenging chlorocyclizations have been scantly investigated. We present a selective and generally applicable concept of chlorination-induced polyene cyclization by utilizing HFIP–chloroiodane networks mimicking terpene cyclases. A manifold of different alkenes was converted with excellent selectivities (up to d.r. >95 : 5). The cyclization platform was even extended to several structurally challenging terpenes and terpenoid carbon frameworks.


This rule updates Medicare regulations to add or conform them to certain self-implementing provisions on coverage of services and payment requirements under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA '90). OBRA '90 was enacted November 5, 1990 and the cited changes to the statute are already in effect. Certain related self-implementing provisions of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA '89), and the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act (MCCA) of 1988, are included as necessary for consistency and clarity of the OBRA '90 provisions.


1
Intracellular Components

2
Basic Growth Patterns: Molds and Yeasts

3
Dimorphism

4
Instability in Growth Pattern: 'Phenotypic Switching'

5
Structures used in Identification of Fungi

6
Conidial Structure and Germination

7
Features of Fungi Associated with Pathogenicity and Virulence

Keywords:

fungal structure and morphology;
basic growth patterns-molds and yeasts;
growth pattern instability-'phenotypic switching';
Coccidioides immitis hyphae;
conidial structure and germination;
yeast pattern of growth;
plasticity in morphology-fungi grown under certain environmental conditions;
fungi features associated with pathogenicity and virulence


The invention addresses the problem of providing a highly durable polyurethane transmission belt and a belt-molding material for manufacturing the transmission belt. As a solution, a polyurethane transmission belt is provided that contains the 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester represented by the following chemical formula (1).


Phyllis Reynolds Naylor writes for both children and adults, and is the author of over a hundred twenty-five books and 2,000 articles and stories. She combines productivity with literary acclaim, culminating in a Newbery Award Medal for Shiloh (1992). Naylor is also well known for the popular Alice series, which presents conflicts between boys and girls in a humorous way. She was born in Anderson, Indiana, and has also lived in Illinois and Minnesota. Naylor published her first book, The Galloping Goat and Other Stories, in 1965. She currently makes her home in Bethesda, Maryland.


May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude MS8.0 brought enormous loss to our country.What about strong seismicity in Chinese mainland after the strong event? This paper discusses this question based on the theory of strong seismic stimulus and characteristics of strong earthquake group preparation,and combining with both parallel computing technology and dynamic seismic tracing.To some extent,the actually strong seismicity after the Wenchuan earthquake validates the study as this paper has shown.At the end of the paper,some characteristics of spatial distribution parameter of spatio-temporal relation of strong earthquakes(At value)before the Wenchuan earthquake were interpreted from a position of mechanism of strong earthquake process.


The rudiments,formulation and development of library ecology is a great progress.Its establishment has very important practical significance,which helps to make creative research in library science.When a modern ecological library is constructed,some factors should be considered such as: sustainable development of the library,creative mechanism of readers feedback of the library service and coordination,humane culture construction of the library,adaptable store system of the library,and dynamic equilibrium of ecological system of the library.


We prove homological mirror symmetry for the universal centralizer JG, associated with any complex reductive Lie groupG. This is a continuation of the author's previous work [Jin1] on proving the result for G of adjoint form.


221 Both insulin resistance and deficient insulin secretion are present in individuals with established type 2 diabetes (1), but the relative roles of peripheral insulin sensitivity and diminished pancreatic c e l l function in the early pathogenesis of the disease remain controversial. Studies of individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes off e r one means to understand the early pathop h y s i o l o g y. Considerable data demonstrate that reduced insulin sensitivity precedes and p redicts the development of diabetes (2,3) and is inherited (4–6). Recently, we (7), and others (5), demonstrated the familiality of insulin secretion, a finding that is consistent with other studies showing impairment in m e a s u res of -cell function in relatives of diabetic patients (8–10). Genetic heterogeneity may help e x p l a i n the conflicting roles of insulin secre t i o n and insulin sensitivity among study populations. However, few studies have examined insulin secretion in the context of insulin sensitivity. Bergman et al. (11) hypothesized and Kahn et al. (12) first demonstrated in unrelated nondiabetic people that insulin secretion is related to insulin sensitivity as a hyperbolic function. Individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) have a high insulin response to glucose when insulin sensitivity is low and vice versa. An apparently increased insulin response to glucose may nonetheless be a b n o rmal in the presence of markedly reduced insulin sensitivity, while a very low insulin response may be appropriate in the setting of high insulin sensitivity (12). Thus, an appropriate measure of insulin s e c retion must account for insulin sensitivi t y. The hyperbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and secretion pro v i d e s one means to compare individuals with d i ff e rent degrees of insulin re s i s t a n c e . When -cell function is measured as the acute (2–10 min) insulin response to intravenous glucose (AIRg l u c o s e), and insulin sensitivity is estimated as the insulin sensitivity index (SI) from minimal model analysis of f requently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) data, an individual's F rom the Endocrinology Section (S.C.E., K.W.), Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the D e p a rtment of Medicine (S.C.E., K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (S.E.K.), University of Washington and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Wa s h i n g t o n . A d d ress correspondence and reprint requests to Steven C. Elbein, MD, Endocrinology 111J/lR, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, 4700 W. 7th St., Little Rock, AR 72205. E-mail: elbeinstevenc@ e x c h a n g e . u a m s . e d u . Received for publication 10 June 1999 and accepted in revised form 13 October 1999. A b b re v i a t i o n s : A I Rg l u c o s e, acute insulin response to glucose; DI, disposition index; FSIGT, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; SI, insulin sensitivity index. A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances. Reduced -Cell Compensation to the Insulin Resistance Associated Wi t h O b e s ity in Members of Caucasian Familial Type 2 Diabetic Kindre d s O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E


In this paper,different flame retarding techniques of polyurethane are critically reviewed.The fire retardants are introduced in the polyurethane either as additives or combined with the reaction nuclei produced in the initial stage of polyurethane decomposition process to form more stable products.The related flame retarding mechanisms are discussed in detail.The techniques for more environmentally friendly flame retardants are also briefly mentioned.Results are useful for designing more thermally stable polyurethane-based materials.


Objectives We aimed to assess associations between depressive symptoms, lifestyle, and somatic symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design A prospective, observational study using a self-designed questionnaire. Setting Three general practitioners' (GP) offices in rural Germany. Participants 271 adult patients without manifest cardiovascular or pulmonary disease with (n = 82) and without (n = 189) hypertension reporting to our GP offices. Main outcome measures The reported increase of depressive symptoms (loneliness, sleeplessness, joylessness, listlessness) prior to the first documented case in Germany on 27.01.2020 (t0) as opposed to patients' health perception during the Corona pandemic (t1) was the primary outcome measure. The secondary outcome measures were changes in physical activity (PA), dyspnea and angina in the two groups. Results Out of 271 patients (50.8 ± 16.8 years, 55.1% females), 1.5% were tested positive for COVID-19. Overall, listlessness (8.5%, p = 0.001), sleeplessness (5.2%, p = 0.001) and joylessness (4.2%, p = 0.003) were increased. Dyspnea significantly increased (9.2%, p < 0.001) and employment status worsened (6.5%, p < 0.001). There were significant associations between the increase of depressive symptoms, weight increase (p = 0.017), and reduction in physical activity (p = 0.046). However, after adjusting for age, hypertensive patients did not show more depressive symptoms (p = 0.704), dyspnea (p = 0.063) or angina (p = 0.432), nor was there any difference in PA (p = 0.906) compared to healthy individuals. Conclusions We demonstrate an association between the deterioration of depressive symptoms, weight gain, and reduced physical activity during COVID-19, both in hypertensives and healthy controls. Hypertension is no driver of symptom deterioration during the pandemic. The trial was registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry (DRKS00022157).


Oxovanadium complexes are presented as new labels for the development of electrochemical immunosensors. The concept was successfully applied to the accurate detection of estradiol, an emerging environmental pollutant, at concentrations ranging from 4 ng L(-1) to 5 μg L(-1).


METHODS: The rheological study was performed on both controlled strain rate (Rheometrics ARES) and controlled stress (Rheometrics SR5) rheometers with parallel plate geometries at a test temperature of 24°C (a 2mm gap being used in all cases to minimize the effect of particle size differences) in most cases with a limited study being performed at 37°C. The light microscopy investigation was carried out using a SMZ-10A instrument in transmission.


A series FDNR-R equivalent circuit using multiple outputs current controlled conveyor(CCCII±) is realized as a building block,The current-mode fifth-order elliptic lowpass filter designed using this equivalent circuit employs all grounded capacitors.Also,the filter parameters are electronically tunable,which is important from integration point of view.


Abstract : This is a final report on a contract whose objective was to provide research support to the Concepts Analysis Agency (CAA) in the solution of large- scale mixed-integer programming models. We assisted in the formulation of a base closing model and provided a solution procedure based on a branch-and-cut algorithm. As a result of this work, we are able to solve relatively small instances of the base closing problem. Further work is needed to provide a customized algorithm that is capable of solving the larger instances in a reasonable amount of time. Integer programming.


causes of death unknown; two brothers dead, causes of death unknown; four sisters and one brother living; has had five children, all dead; two died, aged 20 and 25, from consumption. Personal History.?Has always had a good home and been in comfortable circumstances; his work is for the most part indoors, but he gets plenty of leisure for outdoor exercise; has taken beer rather freely, but seldom drinks spirits; has had gonorrhoea, not syphilis. Had no illness until three years ago, when he had an attack of influenza, which confined him to bed for two weeks. For a year after this he had a rather severe cough, but this was accompanied by but little expectoration, by no night-sweating, and by no loss of weight. He has always had a slight cough since this attack, but otherwise, he said, he has been as well as he was before. ^ Six


Deregulated alternative splicing has been implicated in a wide range of pathologies. Deep RNA-sequencing has revealed global mis-splicing signatures in multiple human diseases; however, for neurodegenerative diseases, these analyses are intrinsically hampered by neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in post-mortem brains. To infer splicing alterations relevant to Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, here we performed intersect-RNA-seq analyses of human post-mortem striatal tissue and of an early symptomatic mouse model in which neuronal loss and gliosis are not yet present. Together with a human/mouse parallel motif scan analysis, this approach allowed us to identify the shared mis-splicing signature triggered by the HD-causing mutation in both species and to infer upstream deregulated splicing factors. Moreover, we identified a plethora of downstream neurodegeneration-linked effector genes, whose aberrant splicing is associated with decreased protein levels in HD patients and mice. In summary, our intersect-RNA-seq approach unveiled the pathogenic contribution of mis-splicing to HD and could be readily applied to other neurodegenerative diseases for which bona fide animal models are available.


We propose a cell structure with monocrystalline floating gate and 6 nm to 8 nm of thermally grown SiO2 interpoly dielectric (IPD) for <;20 nm NAND Flash arrays. This thin IPD avoids the bitline pitch scaling barrier caused by the ONO thickness limitation. Simulations show that, down to the 12 nm node, such cells can be programmed without excessive IPD leakage. The combination of modeling and experimental results indicates that 12nm memory cells with 7 nm SiO2 IPD can achieve 10 years data retention.


A systematic evaluation of the oxygen molecule dissociation on metal and metal alloy surfaces is performed to determine optimal catalytic materials for oxygen dissociation. The study focuses on the physical, chemical, and electrical characteristics at the oxygen−metal interface where the effects of the oxygen molecule and the metal atoms in its neighborhood, as well as the effects of the extended and continuum nature of the catalyst, are considered through the use of molecular and extended ab initio procedures interconnected by a Green function formalism to account for the interfacial characteristics.


This article outlines the application extensions for the ATIS sytem,includes dynamic vehicle base,passenger rail-car and intelligent tracking device for railway 5T use in China.As a basis for information acquisition and processing platform,ATIS System will get more and deeper extensive applications in the coming of Things of Internet age.


Prolonged intubation has been recognized as a risk factor for dysphagia following cardiac surgery. We conducted a study to determine whether those patients intubated longer than 12 hours following cardiac surgery exhibit low handgrip strength and if dysphagia is prevalent in those with low handgrip strength.


To study the influence of power frequency on energy consumption of NOx removal by DBD(dielectric barrier discharge) technology,the Boltzmann transport equation,which is applicable for gas mixture subject to time-varying excitation field,was used to analyze how the electron energy probability density and the electron mean energy varying with the power frequency during DBD process,while an experimental study on NOx removal carried out in a coaxial dual-layer DBD reactor under different frequency conditions.Results show that when the power frequency is less than 1 GHz,it hardly affects both the electron energy probability density and the electron mean energy;the electron mean energy reduces with rising power frequency when the frequency is above 1 GHz.In the experimental range of frequency(10-20 kHz),energy consumption of NOx removal is basically not affected by the frequency,therefore it is recommended to determine the operation frequency of power supply equipment with focus on the initial investment,power output and size of the equipment.


Observations of the spectral characteristics of solar radio bursts were made with new dynamic spectrum analyzers of high sensitivity and high reliability, over the frequency range 25-580 MHz. The observations also covered the maximum period of the current solar cycle and the period of international cooperative programs designated as the Solar Maximum Year. Radio data on shock waves generated by solar flares were combined with optical data on coronal transients, taken with equipment on the SMM and other satellites, and then incorporated into computer models for the outward passage of fast-mode MHD shocks through the solar corona. The MHD models are non-linear, time-dependent and for the most recent models, quasi-three-dimensional. They examine the global response of the corona for different types of input pulses (thermal, magnetic, etc.) and for different magnetic topologies (for example, open and closed fields). Data on coronal shocks and high-velocity material ejected from solar flares have been interpreted in terms of a model consisting of three main velocity regimes.


This research was based on a descriptive approach and had as general purpose to verify the obesity prevalence of children and adolescents attending the fundamental school in Cianorte city. A total of 1178 students were chosen at random, reaching 30 % of the total students from each school. A Plenna scale, a tape measure and a skin fold caliper (Cescorf) were used for collecting the data (weight, height, as well as the triceps and underscapular skinfolds measurements). These data allowed us to conclude that 24.3% of the children and adolescents can be classified as obese subjects. This occurs due to both their nutrition of poor quality and the time they spend in front of the TV every day.


In Bolivia 32 % of the people living in rural areas do not have reliable access to electric energy. This is due to a combination of unfavourable geography and the lack of economic resources to achieve the necessary infrastructure. In this context, the main goal of this study is to evaluate the economic and technical feasibility of micro-grids including photovoltaic panels (PV), batteries systems and the possible inclusion of diesel generators for off-grid applications. To that aim, a linear optimization model was developed within the Pyomo framework in order to optimize both the installed capacities and dispatch of the PV, battery and diesel sub-systems. The defined objective function is the net present cost. The exogenous inputs of the optimization are the typical demand and solar irradiation of a region of Bolivia in order to achieve results close to real Bolivian systems. Results indicate that due to the high levels of subvention to hydrocarbons, the PV and Li-Ion technology are not yet competitive with a diesel generator for the electrification of rural areas. On the other hand a sensitivity analysis is performed and proves that if the government decide to stop part of the subvention or shared it between conventional and non-conventional sources, the PV becomes competitive and the Li-Ion batteries enter the market around 2020.


The occurrence and development of 13 glyphosate-resistant weeds reported all over the world were described.The resistant mechanisms focused on the uptake,translocation and distribution of glyphosate,the target enzyme of the herbicide—5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase(EPSPS),the inheritance of glyphosate-resistant weed were discussed.The potential risk of glyphosate resistant weeds in China was brought forward,and potential strategy for delaying the occurrence of glyphosate-resistant weeds was posed.


The library and information science literature on artists and designers shows that 'inspiration' is a crucial information need. This talk will explore how art and design libraries can help their patrons to understand, find, and foster inspiration.

However, what is really meant by 'inspiration', and how is it found? I will be discussing some of the historical, cultural, and psychological conceptions of 'inspiration'. Looking at the Library and Information Science literature on information behaviour, there are multiple areas of research that could be applied to finding inspiration, including browsing, Information Encountering, satisficing, and the importance of serendipity. I will be discussing these behaviours and how they can help in finding inspiration. Finally, the presentation will offer some practical ideas for how art and design libraries can help their patrons' creativity and inspiration through sessions, resources, systems, and space.


The article describes the formation of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and reflects on the structure and value of the institution within the region. The concept of intergovernmental relations (IGR) is defined and the commonalities with regards to intergovernmental structures and the establishment thereof, between SADC member states, are discussed. The SADC comprises fourteen vastly different and diverse countries and mention is made of the size, population composition and government types of each of the countries and its impact on the creation and viability of intergovernmental relations.


Virtual technology has been applied to the domain of flight training diffusely,and virtual cockpit is the key part of flight simulation technology.The cockpit is the only each other interface for pilots,which is very important.Virtual cockpit is the simulation on computer display applying the technology of computer graphics.Using virtual cockpit in flight simulator,not only greatly reduces the cost or increases the speed in developing system,but also provides a very bright future in producing low cost flight training device.


Objective
To observe the clinical effect of musculoskeletal stretching exercise created by Professor Xu Xuemeng on patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Methods
From October, 2017 to October, 2018, 100 patients with lumbar disc herniation treated at our department were randomly divided into an observation group (50 cases) and a control group (50 cases) according to the random number table. The control group received physical therapy and appropriate bed rest; the observation group performed musculoskeletal stretching exercise on the basis of these measures, 2 times/day, for 2 weeks. The scores of VAS and JOA were evaluated before and after the treatment.

Results
The VAS score was lower and the JOA score was higher in the observation group than in the control group [(2.04±1.00) vs. (2.74±1.61) and (20.18±2.49) vs. (16.72±2.56)] , with statistical differences (t=2.6 and -6.859, P=0.01 and 0.00). The effective rate was higher in observation group than in the control group (92.00% vs. 78.00%), with a statistical difference (Z=-2.461, P=0.014).

Conclusion
Musculoskeletal stretching exercise can improve the muscle strength, maintain and strengthen the stability of the joint and the spine, restore the local mechanical balance, and improve the rehabilitation of patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Key words:
Lumbar disc herniation; Musculoskeletal stretching exercise; Functional exercise; Nursing rehabilitation


This thesis,taking CNMARC as an example,analyzes the common issues in book edition to explore standardized and accurate recording methods of book edition.


This work presents novel methods to accurately placing landmarks inside the vessel lumen. This task is an important prerequisite to automatic centerline tracing. Methods have been proposed in the past to determine the location of organ landmarks, and yet several challenges remain for vascular landmarks. First, placing landmarks inside the lumen could be challenging for narrow vessels. Second, contrast-enhanced arteries could be tightly surrounded by bones with similar intensity profiles, making detection difficult compared to arteries surrounded only by darker tissues. Third, landmarks not located at bifurcations could be ill-defined as they have high uncertainty in position. We first present a method to detect landmarks that are located at vessel bifurcations. Such landmarks have well-defined positions, and we detect them using machine learning techniques. We then present a method to detect vascular landmarks not located at bifurcations. First, a segment detector is created to detect a vessel segment. Annotating multiple points along a vessel segment is easier than annotating a single landmark position, as there is no well-defined position along a vessel. This resolves the ambiguity issue mentioned above. Second, spatial features are computed from the segment detector's response map, and a regression model is created which takes as input the local spatial features surrounding a voxel, and outputs a confidence score of how likely this voxel is inside the lumen. We evaluate the system on a set of 94 3D CT datasets.


This note presents families of inequalities for the Gaussian measure of convex sets which extend the recently proven Gaussian correlation inequality in various directions.


Ibuprofen membrane electrodes based on different plasticizers: diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE), dioctyl sebacate (DOS) and tetraoctylammonium 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionate were prepared. All electrodes show: a near Nernstian slope of characteristic (58.3–60.9 mV decade−1) in the measurement range (10−4–10−1 mol L−1), limit of detection (5.0×10−5 mol L−1), really long lifetime (12 months), dependence of the electrode potential on pH (5.5–9.0), reproducibility of potential (0.6–1.2 mV) and selectivity coefficients in relation to some organic and inorganic anions. The electrodes were applied for the determination of ibuprofen in tablets by the calibration curve method and the standard addition method.


MXenes are 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and/or carbonitrides, capable of intercalation by various cations through chemical or electrochemical means. Previous research has primarily focused on intercalating alkaline and alkaline earth cations, such as Li + , K + , Na + , Mg 2+ or alkylammonium cations, into Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes. However, the impact of intercalated transition metal (TM) ions on the electronic and electrochemical properties of MXenes remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre-intercalated Cu ions on Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes and vice versa to gain a comprehensive understanding of how the electronic and electrochemical properties of both intercalated TM ion and MXene host are altered. Using in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), we reveal changes in the oxidation states of intercalated Cu ions and Ti atoms during charging and their corresponding role in charge storage mechanisms. Our findings show that electronic coupling between Ti 3 C 2 T x and Cu ions results in modified electrochemical and electronic properties compared to pristine Ti 3 C 2 T x . These insights lay the foundation for the rational design and utilization of TM ion intercalants to tailor the properties of MXenes for various electrochemical systems and beyond.


A tightly controlled Notch4 molecular switch in blood vessel endothelial cells induces regression of arteriovenous malformations in mice. A tightly controlled Notch4 molecular switch in blood vessel endothelial cells induces regression of arteriovenous malformations in mice.


This paper presents an automatic program synthesis system which generates models for digital simulators. Behavioral and structural models are generated from Boolean equations, truth tables, HDL descriptions or schematic diagrams. This system provides an efficient method for automatic model development. As a result, the design cycles can be significantly reduced.<<ETX>>


The invention discloses an Adaboost face detection method based on a new Haar- like feature. The Adaboost face detection method based on a new Haar- like feature includes the following steps: (1), training phase: utilizing a camera to collect face feature and non-face feature image samples, extracting the face feature set and non-face feature set to conduct training, constructing rectangle features which can distinguish face samples and non-face samples and a corresponding weak classifier, obtaining a strong classifier of face and non-face through training, repeating the training process from the second step to the third step, and obtaining a complete face detector, (2), detection phase: scanning the image and extracting all the detected child windows, and obtaining sub-image set to be detected, calculating the integration figure value of all rectangles of all sub-images, conducting detection with the classifier through training, merging all the detection results, outputting the detected face position. The weak classifier of the Adaboost face detection method based on the new Haar- like feature is more specific and more accurate and can effectively improve the detection efficiency of the face.


Recent work on neural network discrimination of heavy flavor jets and particle decays is surveyed. The feasibility of unearthing a top signal at hadron colliders with the top quark decaying into anything is discussed. Results obtained by several groups on identification of jets originated by bottom quarks in electron-positron annihilation are compared. A project for the development of a neural trigger for bottom events in a fixed target experiment at CERN is presented.<<ETX>>


A dissociated FOR THE SUPPLY OF FLUID SYSTEM LOCATED WITHIN A HOUSING FOR LIQUID DISPENSING A fluid-filled (9) LATA includes a cylinder (15) having an inlet for receiving fluid and an outlet for dispensing liquid, a piston ( 17) moving in a coupled manner in the cylinder (15) to pressure the liquid when drives the piston (17), a pressure spring (32) connected to the piston (17) AND THE LODGING AND COIL ( 24) connected to the piston and the housing to prevent the piston (17) moves before actuation. THE PISTON (17) is driven disengaging the COIL (24) PISTON allowing the compression spring (32) exerts a force on the piston, enabling the PISTON exert pressure on the liquid in the cylinder (15 ) And that dispenses the liquid from the OUTPUT.


The content of a membrane in a configuration of an 'exact' P system is described by a multiset. Recall that a (crisp) multiset over a set of types X is simply a mapping d : X → N. The usual interpretation of a multiset d : X → N is that it describes a set consisting of d(x) "exact" copies of each type x ∈ X. In particular, it is assumed that the set described by the multiset does not contain any element that is not a copy of some x ∈ X, or rather that we do not care about these elements, and that an element of it cannot be a copy of two different types. Now, the uncertainty in an 'inexact' P system may arise at the level of the (lack of) crispness of its membranes' contents, and this can be represented using fuzzy multisets of different kinds. For instance, we could understand that the objects are imperfect, approximate copies of the reactives purportedly involved in its reactions. This would lead us to multisets describing, for every reactive v and for every degree of approximation t, how many elements there are in the membrane that are approximate copies of v with (or within) degree of approximation t. We could also understand that our lack of knowledge of the system refers to the number of copies of the (now, exact) reactives in each membrane. This would lead us to multisets describing, for every reactive v and for every n ∈ N, the degree of certainty of there being n copies of v in the membrane. And so on. Even using these generalized kinds of multisets, the basic processes of P systems based on them would be still removing, creating and moving objects within the system, and the final result of a computation would be still obtained by counting (in some way) the objects in some membrane. This calls for the development and study of cardinalities to 'count' the kind of fuzzy multisets used in this context. We consider here two types of cardinalities: scalar, assigning to each multiset a positive real number, and fuzzy, assigning to each multiset a fuzzy natural number, a fuzzy subset of N with certain properties. Both may have their interest in different types of P systems. Fuzzy membrane systems with scalar cardinalities would produce computable (in the membrane sense) subsets of R, while fuzzy membrane systems using fuzzy cardinalities would produce computable sets of fuzzy natural numbers.


REVIEWED BY It is always a pleasure to read anything by Judge Posner and a H.H.A. Cooper privilege to be invited to review his scholarly offerings. It is also a challenge, for Judge Posner is, himself, a distinguished reviewer of the work of others. Indeed, this book is itself in the nature of an extended review of the work of the 9/ II Commission and the hastily promulgated legislation stemming from it. One of the great virtues of the abundant, academic writing of Judge Posner is that he does not mince words. He states his criticism boldly, trenchantly, and without fear of contradiction. He does not water down his arguments out of a feigned respect for others charged with the awesome responsibilities of trying to correct the ills besetting the intelligence community as exposed by the events of 9111. He tells it like it is, for he has no investment in courting popularity for his views. He demonstrates vividly and with a wealth of detail why he believes the work of the 9/11 Commission to be flawed and how those defects have come to mar the legislation based upon it. Although the author of this book modestly disclaims any background in national security matters, the value of this critique lies in its being the considered product of a keen judicial mind unfettered with the political concerns that have obviously affected the approach of others. A useful measure of the appreciation of a book under review is the amount of necessary highlighting it occasions the reviewer in the course of his or her task. On the basis of everything significant needing to be highlighted, this reviewer's copy appears to have contracted a severe dose of jaundice. Recommendation to readers: Don't skip over any of this text (not even the math!). No summary can really do it justice.


We study relaxational behavior from a highly excited state for a composite system in partial contact with a heat bath, motivated by an experimental report of long-term energy storage in protein molecules. The system consists of two coupled elements: The first element is in direct contact with a heat bath, while the second element interacts only with the first element. Due to this indirect contact with the heat bath, energy injected into the second element dissipates very slowly, according to a power law, whereas that injected into the first one exhibits exponential dissipation. The relaxation equation describing this dissipation is obtained analytically for both the underdamped and overdamped limits. Numerical confirmation is given for both cases.


The so-called selected permutations on the set of the first 16 non-negative integers are classified under the action of a certain motion group.Adata-base consisted of the class representatives has been provided.


Data from the General Household Surveys of 1983, 1985, and 1987 reveal that hourly wages for public sector workers exceeds that for private sector workers. This difference is greater for females than males but fell in the middle 1980s only to rise again by 1987. Wage equations are estimated and differences are decomposed into two components representing changes in composition and changes in characteristics. The authors conclude that wage changes over the period 1983-85 were more favorable to the private sector but the period from 1985-87 was more favorable to the public sector. Copyright 1995 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester


Objective To research the method to improve the therapy effect of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Methods 52 cases of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were reviewed retrospectively,including peptic ulcer(53.8%),gastric tumor(25%),varicosis rupture of esophagus and stomach fundus(7.7%),acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis(7.7%).Results 35 cases received operation and all had been cured,15 cases were cured through conservative therapy and the other 2 cases rejected operation and were discharged.There were 8 cases of missed diagnosis or disdiagnosis in its first visiting.The last diagnosis included 6 cases of gastric tumor and 2 cases of varicosis rupture of esophagus and stomach fundus.Conclusions In cases of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage,gastric tumor is easily missed or disdiagnosed.Somatostadin and hemostatics can significantly reduce the risk of operation in patients with hazardous bleeding.It is suggested the high-risk cases be observed in surgical ICU on time.


In this study, canonical correlation analysis was applied to estimate the relationship between body measurements and carcass traits of 28 male cross bred rabbits of about 12 weeks of age, reared under semi intensive system. Four body measurements, pre-slaughter weight (PSW) , body length (BL), chest circumference (CC), and ear length (EL) as predictor variable while dressing percentage ( DP) , hot carcass weight (HCW) and cold carcass weight (CCW) as criterion variables. Pre-slaughter weight and body length had significant (P<0.001) simple correlation coefficients with the carcass traits except for dressing percentage. The three canonical variate pairs ranged between .99 to .42 and only the first pair was significant (P<0.001). From the analysis pre-slaughter weight and body length can be regarded as the main factors as live measurement traits, while dressing percentage did not have pronounced effect on the emerged criterion variables.


such that, as Valdés-Prieto (2002) points out, the problems of pension reform have begun to dominate economic policy. The main reforms proposed and applied can be summarized as parametric reforms of the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system, changes to other (mainly capitalization) systems, and systems combining funded systems and PAYG, as proposed chiefly by the World Bank. Reform trends championed by the main international organizations can be found in papers by Gillion (2000), Holzmann (2000), and Queisser (2000). One of the most important recent innovations in pension reform has been the introduction of "notional defined contribution" (NDC) accounts in some countries, namely, Italy (1995), Latvia (1996), the Kyrgyz Republic (1997), Poland (1999), Brazil (1999), Sweden (1999), and Mongolia (2000). According to Williamson (2004), other countries such as China and Russia are also seriously thinking about introducing them. The European Union (EU), the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), along with various Spanish researchers, have all strongly recommended an in-depth revision of the Spanish public pension system. All are agreed that, at least in the long term, the financial viability of the system is seriously at risk. One valid possibility could be the introduction of notional accounts, as first suggested by Mateo (1997) and taken up in more detail by Devesa and Vidal (2004) and Vidal, Domínguez, and Devesa (2004, 2005). In this chapter we will provide an objective technical assessment of the current situation of the contributory pension system in Spain and its prospects for the future. We will then look into the possibility of introducing a system of NDC accounts. The structure of the chapter is as follows: after this introduction, in the next section we explain the basic elements upon which the current system is based and show its main indicators; in the following section we set out the fundamental problems of the current system and look at the


We studied the importance of land surface heterogeneity on climate models using the MOSIAC Land-Surface Model (LSM). Preliminary analysis of results indicated there were errors in surface heat fluxes for certain geographical regions with contrasting cover such as forests, grasses, and crops when using only one cover class per grid. For spatially varying areas, two to four classes per grid typically captured most of the variation in surface energy and water fluxes. A Minimum Percent Cutoff approach to select the number of classes per grid (or tiles) was found the most efficient in terms of computer time and accuracy. In a comparison between 1/8 degree versus 1-degree grid resolutions, the finer resolution land cover data were more important than finer resolution atmospheric forcing data (e.g. precipitation and radiation) on latent heat flux estimation.


Pseudomonassp. 61-3 accumulated poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), P(3HA), in nitrogen-free media containing medium- and long-chain alkanoic acids or plant oils. The polyesters of 3HA units of even carbon numbers ranging from C4 to C12 were produced from the alkanoic acids of even carbon numbers, while those produced from the alkanoic acids of odd carbon numbers contained 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3HA units of odd carbon numbers of C5 to C11. The strain produced simultaneously P(3HB) homopolymer and a random copolymer of 3HA units of C4 to C12 within cells from the alkanoic acids of even carbon numbers, while a copolymer of 3HB and 3-hydroxyvalerate was formed with a random copolymer of 3HA units from the alkanoic acids of odd carbon numbers. The results suggest that Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 has two types of PHA synthases with different substrate specificities.


The invention relates to a method for mounting a retarder, in particular Permanentmagnetretarders, in a vehicle drive train comprising a propeller shaft for driving power transmission, comprising the steps of: - by separating the drive shaft to an axial position or two axial positions between their joints or provide by hinge shaft portions, so that two or three joint shaft sections result with mutually facing end faces; - attaching an adapter intermediate piece having one or more seats for mounting of the retarder, at the mutually facing end faces of the two propeller shaft portions, so that the adapter intermediate piece is enclosed on both sides in the axial direction between the hinge shaft portions; - form-locking or material-locking connection of the adapter the intermediate piece to the end sides or in the region of the end faces, so that the two propeller shaft portions rotatably connected by the adapter connecting piece and / or are rigidly connected to each other; - mounting of the retarder at the at least one receptacle of the adapter the intermediate piece.


Seldom does a newly published book both enlarge our understanding of its subject and enhance our appreciation of its principal primary sources. In Lawrence of Arabia's War, Neil Faulkner admirably achieves both objectives. In the first instance, he thoroughly and critically discusses British foreign policy and military operations in the Middle East and North Africa from 1914 through 1922, with emphasis upon British relations with the Arabs, primarily the desert-dwelling Hashemite sherifs as opposed to the landlords and officials who dominated millions of Arab small farmers and city dwellers. Whenever appropriate, he carefully examines relations between the British and their French, Italian, and Russian allies. In the second instance, Faulkner clearly illuminates the political and military context of T. E. Lawrence's partially autobiographical Seven Pillars of Wisdom, long widely admired as one of the finest literary masterpieces of the Great War and as a somewhat impressionistic portrait of the leaders of the Arab rebellion. In doing so, Faulkner further demonstrates Lawrence's memoir to be an informed evaluation of British strategy and of the actions of Arab and Bedouin chieftains in their relationships with the British and with one another. Furthermore, Faulkner shows how and why Seven Pillars of Wisdom is one of the few World War I memoirs that facilitate one's comprehension of the military operations by which Arab forces during 1917 and 1918 interdicted Ottoman supply lines and effectively supported the right flank of British offensives into Gaza and Palestine.


The synthesis of four amphiphilic thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-based alternating copolymers and their behavior at the air–water interface are reported. Homogeneous and stable monolayers of TPD-based copolymers were prepared. Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) was utilized to characterize the morphology and topography of these Langmuir films. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy has revealed a regular transfer of some copolymers on glass substrates. It was possible to obtain homogeneous Langmuir–Blodgett films of up to 30 layers. Infrared dichroic measurements revealed an edge-on orientation. These Langmuir–Blodgett films made of conjugated polymers are therefore good candidates for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).


A set of numerical simulations on one of strut assembly's manufacturing process, caulking, was conducted in this work using a commercial finite element code, ABAQUS. A complex contact problem was modeled to simulate the actual caulking process. The advanced master/slave criterion was adapted to solve a discontinuous non-linear contact problem. Modeling of strut assembly was simplified by using 2-dimensional axisymmetric model. Accuracy of the finite element simulation results was verified quantatively by comparing with experimental data. Series of simulations was performed throughout this work to achieve maximum axial load on the tube cylinder by varying process variables such as pre-load and caulking force The methodology presented in this work provides a practical way to automobile component manufacturers to avoid expensive trial and error runs of an initial setup for the production of strut assembly as well as to optimize production process


Purpose: In the context of training health professionals in Switzerland in evidence-based practice, the preconceptions of active researchers might be playing a major role in the development of research methodologies within allied health and nursing professions (AHNP). The objective of this study was to identify the preconceptions (understanding of the meaning of clinical research) of researchers in AHNP at the Health Schools of the University of Applied Sciences, Western Switzerland (UASWS). Emerging theories were then discussed and challenged with available literature and participant profiles. Method: Anonymous semi-directed interviews of 20 researchers (internal and external to the university) arising from various professions, including medical and non-AHNP, were conducted between 2007 and 2008. Results: Preconceptions were grouped into eight categories that were used by 64% of participants (SD 21.8), indicating that the categories worked well in evoking participants' preconceptions. Categories of themes covering the dimensions of clinical research definition are limits, aim, fields of professional application, professional identity, education, sensitivity of term, associated images, and relevance of a definition. Conclusion: Nurses appear to have specific preconceptions about clinical research. Due to their dominance in terms of number of professionals, they play a determining role in the development of research in AHNP in Switzerland. Researchers in the health division of the UASWS are suffering from a lack of access to experimental research and training in Switzerland. The methodological background experience of researchers seems to play a role in the understanding of clinical research, as from the available results researchers with an experimental background seem to have a larger definition of clinical research. Recommendation: authors recommend the use of the term "patient oriented clinical research" for AHNP when talking about CR. DEFINITIONS Preconception of Clinical Research In this study, preconception is defined as an idea or an understanding of the meaning of clinical research (CR). Preconceptions of CR can vary. This motivated the authors to establish current preconceptions of CR within AHNP in Switzerland. Allied Health and Nursing Professions in Switzerland Allied health professions in Switzerland generally refer to non-medical professions such as physiotherapists, dieticians, midwives, occupational therapists, psychometricians, and radiology technicians. Nursing professions have their own areas of specialty. Identifying Preconceptions of Clinical Research in Swiss Allied Health and Nursing Researchers 2 © The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 2010 Clinical Research Definition Etymologically, according to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clinic), the noun "clinic" comes from the French "clinique", from the Greek "klinikē", meaning medical practice at the sickbed, from the feminine of "klinikos" of a bed, from "klinē" bed, and from "klinein" to lean or recline. The word "clinic" was initially not specifically dedicated to physicians, but in the late 18th and 19th century, it became a word almost limited to physicians, as described by Foucault (1963) regarding the origins of the word "clinic".1 Institutional or governmental definitions of clinical research are available in many countries. They usually refer to a patient oriented definition with the very broad aim of improving health. The definition of the National Institute of Health (NIH) in the USA was used in this study as described as a consensus definition (http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/clinicalresearch/). The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) is using similar reference to patient oriented research and has created a patient-oriented research board (Paklif) (http://www.snf.ch/E/aboutus/organisation/Pages/default.aspx). BACKGROUND In 2004, the education of allied health and nursing professionals (AHNP) shifted from a secondary to a tertiary level in Switzerland and enabled the creation of applied sciences universities. Research training is therefore recent in these professions. As a consequence, allied health research is in a developmental stage in Switzerland due to a number of reasons, such as historical, political, educational, and cultural causes. While research published by AHNP is now well recognized in the USA, Canada, Australia, the UK and Scandinavian countries, it is difficult for AHNP researchers in Switzerland to undertake and publish good quality CR. This situation currently places AHNP in a difficult position justifying the role of those professions with regard to the evidence underpinning treatment decisions, practice efficiency, quality management, and costs of healthcare in Switzerland. In 2004, a research and development board at the University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland (UASWS) designed a very complicated research support structure with four research competency networks. These competency networks represent social and health professions, and have the intent of providing support and guidance to AHNP researchers in undertaking research projects. They play a direct role in the attribution of financial support to projects lodged by AHNP researchers. However of the four networks, only one network presents themes of research that can be interpreted as CR. Examination of the themes of research of these competency networks and the composition of boards and funding sources for the UASWS identified that the dominating research profile of experts and researchers arises largely from social sciences (cf. Appendix II). Furthermore, an unpublished internal research report revealed that financially supported research studies were dominantly descriptive and naturalistic (non experimental) in their methodology. Funded studies with epidemiological and experimental methodologies were clearly small in numbers as can be seen in the 2000-2006 research activity reports.2 During internal meetings of the multidisciplinary research unit, it appeared that researchers were using different meanings of the term "clinical research," thus highlighting the need for further investigation of the concept of CR relevant to the different professional groups that represent AHNP. Hurdles to the Development of CR AHNP knowledge is at the intersection between human and biomedical sciences. At the beginning of the 21st century, these professions have evolved according to political and economical drivers such as definition of health, cost of care, professional recognition and tertiary education level, while focusing on playing a major role in the care of humans. However, in Switzerland, there have been two major obstacles to the development of clinical research within the university setting: the preconception of CR of health professionals and the lack of methodological skills in research. Referring to the Swiss Science and Technology Council (SSTC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidance for CR implementation, it appears that several hurdles such as some recognition of the medical world and to some extent the evolving research skills of AHNP researchers have been removed for AHNP to undertake CR as project directors and main authors.3,4 The current definitions of CR indicate that AHNP is clearly concerned by CR questions (cf. clinical research definitions paragraph). The availability of peer-reviewed periodicals arising from AHNP from Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, Asian, and oceanic countries over the last decade in recognized impact factor journals (Physical Therapy Journal, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Journal of Nursing Education, Midwifery, etc.) also supports this argument. However, the remaining hurdles such as accessible academic postgraduate training, preconceptions, and laws may not be easy to remove in Switzerland. For instance, the preconceptions of CR of AHNP, and also those of the medical professions, can be difficult to influence. As in many other countries, sources of sustainable research funding for AHNP research are an ongoing concern. Identifying Preconceptions of Clinical Research in Swiss Allied Health and Nursing Researchers 3 © The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 2010 Legal Context for AHNP A recent evaluation of the Swiss health system performed by the Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development (OECD) and the WHO emphasized the necessity for health providers to ensure quality in their practice.5 Furthermore, it is necessary for health providers to document their practice and their efficiency, as is clearly mentioned since 1994 in the Swiss Health Law for illness conditions.6 This paper reports on the preconceptions of a sample of 20 health researchers regarding CR in their related contexts. By collating these preconceptions, it allowed us to identify and challenge emerging notions of research for AHNP. A better understanding of AHNP preconceptions of CR would assist the progression of research in AHNP in Switzerland. The SNSF, a major source of funding in Switzerland, is clearly defining the so-called "patient orientated clinical research" (POCR) as a reference terminology and not limiting it to the methodological approach. This study may assist AHNP clinicians in Switzerland to better understand each other and communicate appropriately. For researchers and educators in other countries, this paper may provide useful information regarding research and AHNP in a country in which such research is in its infancy. This may unite AHNP researchers and educators around the world regarding the need for collaboration to develop a research approach that recognizes the specific requirements of AHNP. METHODS Mixed Methods The mixed method approach was chosen to answer the following questions: What are the preconceptions of CR in Swiss AHNP researchers? What are the arguments supporting/contradicting these


In the early nineteenth century, state efforts to conquer independent indigenous peoples focused on the Atlantic forest connecting eastern Minas Gerais to the coast.  This article credits natives with restraining the most violent tendencies of this project after the Portuguese Crown declared war against them in 1808.  Accused of cannibalism, the Botocudo Indians, among others, faced extermination.  After several years, however, the crown shifted to a policy of fostering material exchange with these hunters and gatherers.  This reversal was a response to the native capacity to forestall conquest through an effective combination of counterattacks, retreat, and, above all, strategic engagement with colonial intruders in ways that diffused conflict.  Convincing some officials of their humanity, the Indians undermined the crown's war policy even as they faced another threat to their survival, mounting private violence.


The invention relates to a column electronic bus-stop board, comprising a column, wherein a sign box used for displaying bus information of a bus stop is arranged in the middle of the column; a power supply and a control panel are arranged inside the sign box; the power supply supplies electricity for the control panel; a sign marking stations is arranged in the sign box; a display device for displaying bus arrival and departure information is also arranged on the sign; the display device is connected with the control panel; a solar cell panel is also arranged on the top of the column; and the solar cell panel is connected with the control panel. The column electronic bus-stop board has the advantages that the power supply is stable, a passenger can conveniently check the information, and the information accuracy is high.


This article reports the results of 2 studies designed to examine elementary students' perceptions about adaptations hypothetical teachers made to meet individual students' needs and the extent to which students' perceptions of adaptations related to their achievement. The first study focused on the extent to which the Students' Perceptions of Teachers (SPT) Scale was appropriate for use with elementary students. 87 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students from 2 urban schools participated in this exploratory investigation. Results indicated that elementary students' responses to the SPT scale were similar to those of secondary students in a previous study, and although the items of the SPT were appropriate for elementary students, procedures for administering the SPT scale needed to be altered. The 158 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders in the second study completed the SPT and were interviewed about whether they preferred adaptations or nonadaptations by their teachers. In addition, a subset of 56 students was administered an in-depth interview based on the SPT scale. Results of quantitative and qualitative analyses suggested that the students over-whelmingly preferred classroom teachers who made adaptations to meet individual students' needs. High achievers preferred teachers who accommodated individual needs more than did lower achievers.