Table of ContentsI. Introduction 970II. Beyond Backlash: Roe and American Politics 975III. The Pro-Life Movement and Reproductive Freedom 981A. Trauma, Abortion, and Unintended Pregnancy 983B. Vulnerable Mothers and Reproductive Choice 987IV. Fetal Rights Beyond Abortion 997A. Fetal Research and Vulnerable Human Subjects 999B. The ACLU and Fetal Rights 1002V. Radicalization Outside the Court 1005A. Moving to the Right 1006B. Pro-Life and Antifeminist 1013VI. Roe and the Consequences of Judicial Review 1015VII. Conclusion 1020I. IntroductionIn May 2013, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, perhaps the strongest defender of abortion rights on the Supreme Court, suggested that Roe v. Wade1 "stopped the momentum that was on the side of change."2 As marriage-equality litigation continues to move into the Supreme Court, Ginsburg's comments have revived discussion of Roe's damaging effects. Most often, scholars focus on the ways in which Roe set back the abortion cause, undercutting the progress that the pro-choice movement had made.3 Conventionally, however, we believe that Roe's impact went much further. Scholars from Robin West to Jeffrey Rosen argue that Roe helped to entrench the ideological positions held by those on either side of the issue, precluding any form of productive compromise.4 The polarization produced by Roe spilled over into other legal conflicts about gender, helping to doom the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), to energize the New Right and the Religious Right, and to put off potentially promising alliances in support of caretaking.5 Beyond backlash, Roe bequeathed to the American people what Emily Bazelon has called "the intractable, depressing national divide over abortion."6Whereas backlash arguments address the harm judicial decisions do to social-change movements, Roe's critics focus on the damage done by judicial intervention to the larger society.7 This criticism, which the Article calls the "beyond backlash" argument, has profound legal consequences. Justice Antonin Scalia has woven this argument into a demand for the overruling of Roe.8 In the broader legal academy, scholars believe that post-Roe polarization provides a powerful warning about the consequences of particular interpretive methods-particularly, when the Court decides too much too soon.9 Forty years after Roe, the decision serves as a central example of the dangers of judicial review.10This Article reevaluates the beyond backlash claim through a careful historical study of abortion politics in the decade after Roe. It unearths a surprising set of negotiations between activists who believed it possible to find common legal ground.* 11 Roe certainly intensified conflict, prompting a nationalization of pro-life activities and sparking an academic debate about judicial review.12 Nonetheless, as the Article argues, the ideological entrenchment we associate with Roe came later than we thought and emerged for reasons beyond the Court's decision.The Article chronicles a complex effort on the part of opposing activists to find consensus-if not on abortion, then on the gender issues associated with it.13 Moderate pro-life activists worked to redefine the legal right to choose, requiring government support for a range of reproductive choices.14 Some in the pro-choice movement supported some form of fetal rights, considering them in the larger context of debate about medical ethics, human experimentation, and human dignity.15 These stories show that judicial review did not intensify abortion conflict in the way we have often believed.Furthermore, the Article provides compelling new evidence that the polarization of the struggle increased at least partly "without the intermediation of judicial review."16 The dynamics of gradual political party realignment in the 1970s, the mobilization of the New Right and the Religious Right, the setbacks confronted by the pro-choice movement, the emergence of effective new pro-life litigation strategies, and the declining popularity of the welfare state all helped to undermine preexisting efforts to find common ground. …


The wide application of new media technology and the networked world which build up is not only to bring joy and pleasure to human life,but also the traditional mode of social control.As one of the main social control,local government must find the right role and the corresponding function mode,to achieve better social control in new media environment.


This paper examines transient and semi-permanent Muslim spaces, their social construction, use, and relevance for diverse pious Muslims in Stuttgart, Germany. I describe the location, creation, negotiation, and maintenance of such spaces and analyze their position and contribution to a larger urban Muslim social geography. Based on several years of ethnographic fieldwork in Stuttgart, Germany, I illustrate how individuals mark or inhabit spaces momentarily or more permanently as Muslim spaces. I illustrate how at least for the length of a particular encounter, spaces are used in manners that reflect Islamic sensitivities and normativities. These spaces are ever more inseparably and irreversibly woven into the urban fabric. Over time they become and indeed some already have become integral parts of the cityscape. Some spaces in the process of recurrent islamically inspired uses become semi-permanent or even permanent Muslim spatialities, especially in contexts with considerable Muslim interaction or movement. The density of transient encounters and spaces over time contributes to the consolidation of an increasingly well-known and shared urban Muslim social geography. Within this spatiality, pious Muslims know that planned or unplanned encounters will be framed by Muslim beliefs and practices. Paying attention to the 'elusive evidence of the ordinary' [Chauncey, G. (1994). Gay New York. New York: Basic Books, p. 10], I demonstrate how increasingly visible Muslim spaces and practices slowly become part of the urban fabric and every day culture.


The present invention discloses a curved touch device, comprising a back cover and a back cover of the touch panel and a pair of engagement, wherein at least one edge portion of the touch panel is a curved surface and the curved surface of the engaging the edge of the back cover. The present invention proposes a novel design of a touch panel, instead of having a curved side wall or the rear panel and provides an area to set the touch function keys, in order to enhance the design while achieving further reduction in thickness variations, and effectiveness .


A multigrid convergence acceleration technique has been developed for solving both the Navier-Stokes and turbulence transport equations. For turbulence closure a low-Reynolds-number q-ω turbulence model is employed. To enable convergence, the stiff non-linear turbulent source terms have to be treated in a special way. Further modifications to standard multigrid methods are necessary for the resolution of shock waves in supersonic flows. An implicit LU algorithm is used for numerical time integration. Several ramped duct test cases are presented to demonstrate the improvements in performance of the numerical scheme. Cases with strong shock waves and separation are included. It is shown to be very effective to treat fluid and turbulence equations with the multigrid method.


Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a type of immunotherapy that uses a patient's T cells, engineered with chimeric antigen receptors, to attack the patient's cancer cells. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved two CAR T therapies: Yescarta® to treat adults with lymphoma and Kymriah® to treat pediatric and young adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. With significant efficacy shown in patients, more CAR T cells are being developed at pre-clinical phases with new targets or chimeric antigen designs. This work shows that the efficacy of CAR T cells could be evaluated using xenograft mouse models. Two investigative studies on CAR T cells were performed, in a lymphoma orthotopic model and an ovarian cancer subcutaneous model. Luciferase-labeled Raji (Raji-luc) cells were injected into immuno-deficient B-NDG mice (Biocytogen), and 9 days after tumor inoculation, CAR T-1 and CAR T-2 were given through single IV injections. About one week later, significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in both CAR T cell treated groups. At Day 37 of post-tumor inoculation, all animals in the control group died, while the CAR T treated group had a 75% survival rate. The same batch of CAR T cells were tested using BioDuro's proprietary 3D culture method which is aligned to human tumor microenvironmental conditions (3D-hTME). Raji-luc cells were mixed with CAR T cells at Effector: Target (E: T) ratios of 1:0.5, 1:2 and 1:8, then seeded in semi-gel form 3D culture in 96-well plates. The luminescent signals were read by imager after 4- or 24-hours of incubation at 37oC. Consistent with our in vivo results, the CAR T cells had an increased killing effect on Raji-luc cells, with higher E:T ratio and increased incubation time. To test CAR T cells in solid tumors, a similar study was done in luciferase-labeled SK-OV-3 (SK-OV-3-luc) subcutaneous xenografts. SK-OV-3-luc cells were inoculated subcutaneously into B-NDG mice and the CAR T treatment was given 9 days later by single IV injection. Tumor volumes were measured with calipers or by luminescent signal using an in vivo imager. The results showed that starting from Day 20, the animals treated with CAR T cells had significantly smaller tumors in comparison to the control animals. In summary, xenograft models with luciferase-labeled cancer cell lines can be used to investigate the efficacy of experimental CAR T therapies to treat liquid or solid tumors. Additionally, the use of in vitro 3D-hTME culture shows promising results as a potential earlier-stage screen for preclinical assessment of CAR T activity. Citation Format: Ruyi Li, Shanshan Gan, Leixin Zhang, Thomas Broudy, Yong Hu. Pharmacology studies of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in luminescent xenograft and 3D in vitro tumor models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2314.


Shono Y, Docampo MD, Peled JU, et al. Increased GVHD-related mortality with broad-spectrum antibiotic use after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in human patients and mice. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:339ra71. doi:10.1126/ scitranslmed.aaf2311. Narrowed diversity of the intestinal microbiome is associated with an increased risk of mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT) recipients [1]. Holler and colleagues previously found that major shifts in the makeup of the microbiome, including loss of diversity, occurs early in the course of transplantation in association with antibiotic treatment, often given for febrile neutropenia [2]. Among the causes of the increased mortality is graftvs-host disease (GVHD). Unfortunately, allo-HSCT recipients cannot escape exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, many of which drastically affect the anaerobic intestinal bacterial flora. Shono and colleagues examined the hypothesis that use of an antibiotic that relatively spares anaerobic commensals is associated with a reduced risk of severe GVHD. The investigators evaluated 857 adult allo-HSCT recipients (recipients of T-cell– depleted grafts were excluded) seen over 13 years at their center. The overall 5year GVHD-related mortality was 14.9%. They identified the 12 most frequently administered antibiotics given from 7 days before through 28 days after transplantation. They found that the 2 antibiotics with the greatest association with GVHDrelated mortality when comparing recipients to nonrecipients of each antibiotic were piperacillin-tazobactam (P = .007) and imipenem-cilastatin (P = .025). No other antibiotic was significantly associated with this complication, and 2 antibiotics that are frequently used in empiric therapy in these patients and which have limited antianaerobe activity, cefepime and aztreonam, were not associated with GVHDrelated mortality. Treatment with either piperacillintazobactam or imipenem-cilastatin was significantly associated with an increased incidence of grade 2–4 GVHD as well as with upper gastrointestinal and lower gastrointestinal GVHD (the latter is the type that most frequently proves to be life-threatening). A direct comparison of the subset of the 306 patients who received piperacillin-tazobactam or imipenemcilastatin to the 77 who received cefepime or aztreonam found that the former group had increased GVHD-related mortality. Multivariate analysis confirmed that exposure to either cefepime or aztreonam was associated with reduced GVHD-related mortality after adjustment for the intensity of the conditioning regimen. Examination of the fecal microbiota found that, when compared to treatment with cefepime or aztreonam, piperacillin-tazobactam exposure was associated with a similar alteration in the abundance of Enterococcus, Akkermansia, and Erysipelotrichia, but with a significantly greater reduction in the numbers of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus. Using a murine model, the investigators went on to demonstrate that imipenemcilastatin administration was associated with loss of protective mucus, compromised intestinal barrier function, and increased pathological evidence of colonic GVHD. Finally, when compared to aztreonam, administration of piperacillin-tazobactam or of imipenem-cilastatin was associated with worsened GVHD mortality. Of note is that there was an increased abundance of fecal Akkermansia muciniphila, a commensal of mice and humans that degrades mucin, using it as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Loss of anaerobic intestinal flora has long been associated with reduced resistance to colonization with potential pathogens, including ones with significant antibiotic resistance. The evidence discussed here points to another adverse effect of this loss—increased mortality related to intestinal GVHD in allo-HSCT recipients. The mechanism for this has been hypothesized to be due to the loss of anti-inflammatory properties of some anaerobes. Cefepime and, to a greater extent, aztreonam have limited antianaerobe activity, especially compared with piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem-cilastatin. All these agents are frequently used in the management of febrile neutropenia, making overall restriction of antibiotic use problematic. Furthermore, elimination of 2 of the agents from routine use would have a marked impact on the heterogeneity of antibiotic use, an approach that appears to be optimal for slowing the emergence of resistance. Allo-HSCT patients are enormously complex and, as a consequence, teasing out valid associations is complicated by the huge number of potentially confounding variables. In this case, however, murine experiments provide added weight to the investigators' clinical observations. In contrast, however some previous studies have come to what appears to be a conclusion opposite to that reached by Shono et al. Vossen and colleagues reported that gastrointestinal decontamination by oral administration of nonabsorbable antimicrobials (which in a proportion of cases included piperacillin-tazobactam) prevented acute GVHD in allo-HSCT recipients [3]. Furthermore, Shono and colleagues did not detect an association with the use of metronidazole, a drug with potent antianaerobe activity, and GVHD-related mortality. Thus, much sorting out of this complex clinical problem remains. Transplant recipients are often excluded from antimicrobial stewardship efforts, but such exclusion is an enormous


The dynamic behaviours at the entrance, inside and exit of a laser cut kerf of a gas jet from a supersonic nozzle under an inlet stagnation pressure ≥ 5 bar are investigated by both analytical and numerical simulations. An approximation method is used to locate the detached shock on the top of the cut kerf. A theory of the characteristics for two-dimensional rotational flow is applied in the calculation of the gas flow field distribution. In order to obtain the distribution of the flow field along the cutting front during laser fusion cutting process, the geometrical shapes of the cutting front are yielded using three-dimensional energy balance. The effects of the inlet pressure, the exit diameter of the nozzle and the displacement of the nozzle with the cut kerf upon the distribution of the strength of the gas flow at different locations inside the cut kerf and the cutting quality are analysed for each group of cutting parameters. The mathematical model can help to estimate the cutting parameters for a dross free cut edge.The dynamic behaviours at the entrance, inside and exit of a laser cut kerf of a gas jet from a supersonic nozzle under an inlet stagnation pressure ≥ 5 bar are investigated by both analytical and numerical simulations. An approximation method is used to locate the detached shock on the top of the cut kerf. A theory of the characteristics for two-dimensional rotational flow is applied in the calculation of the gas flow field distribution. In order to obtain the distribution of the flow field along the cutting front during laser fusion cutting process, the geometrical shapes of the cutting front are yielded using three-dimensional energy balance. The effects of the inlet pressure, the exit diameter of the nozzle and the displacement of the nozzle with the cut kerf upon the distribution of the strength of the gas flow at different locations inside the cut kerf and the cutting quality are analysed for each group of cutting parameters. The mathematical model can help to estimate the cutting parameters for a d...


Time-discretization introduces an explicit time dependency for control laws that were originally designed to depend exclusively on an error variable: At different times, the control actions at the same error value might differ. Integrating the control action over the error reveals that this time dependency translates into the energy. It can directly cause active behavior when energy values at given error values decrease over time, potentially destabilizing the system. In this work, we aim to prevent energy values at given error values from decreasing over time. To this end, energies are recorded when error values are encountered for the first time. Linear interpolation of the recorded energy values provides a lower limit for energy as a function of the error value. This limit is enforced using an adaptive damping. The main contributions of this work include increasing the stability range with minimal amplitude control modifications, while promoting a symmetric behavior of control actions and energy. The approach's characteristics are shown in simulation and validated in experiments.


This study investigates the behavior of the asymmetric volatility of all the individual stocks in the Taiwan stock market. The daily data from 1993 to 2001 are used, covering the period of the Asian financial crisis. The empirical results show that only 15% and 25% of the listed companies selected as samples exhibited asymmetric return volatility before and after the Asian financial crisis, respectively. This result differs from those of current studies on index and individual stocks. Furthermore, it was found that before and after the financial crisis, the volatility asymmetry on the return of individual stock has not been the same. This implies that the structural change of the market did affect asymmetric volatility behavior. The leverage effect hypothesis can explain the phenomenon of asymmetric volatility.


Provided is a rotating structure formed from a magnetic photocuring resin. Also provided is a magnetically driven microactuator that uses the same. The magnetically driven microactuator comprises a rotor that is actually produced by photolithography using a magnetic photocuring resin, and a pair of electromagnetic coils disposed around the rotor such that the pair of electromagnetic coils applies a rotating magnetic field to rotate the rotor. By means of the actuator, it is possible to realize a microscrew pump capable of conveying a constant flow of liquid at a very small flow rate, a moving macromachine that moves through narrow spaces, and the like.


The psychology of ideological political education is a new discipline. With the rapid development of information technology, network has played an increasingly important role in our daily work, study and life. College students are the people who enter the Internet most. How to do the ideological and political work of college students in the network environment is a new task for us. The application of relative psychological knowledge in the work plays a positive role in the psychological education of the students and in the building of sound personality and the training of talents with integrative quality.


The objective of study is to seek the effect of tetracycline drug and ginger drink on the developing liver and kidneys of embryos and suckling of albino rats through passing the placental and milk barriers, and limitation the therapeutic capacity of ginger to limit the harmful effects of drug in and pre-pregnancy and breastfeeding at the age of 20 days of pregnancy, and at ages 7,14 and 21 days after delivery. Adult females have been divided into four main groups, a control group, treated groups before pregnancy , treated groups during pregnancy (in a period of 1-7 days of pregnancy (the period of implanting), and the period of 7-14 days of pregnancy (the organization), and a period of 14-21 days of pregnancy (the organic and physiological growing period), along pregnancy period from 1-21 days of pregnancy)) and treated groups during breast feeding (at 1-7 breast feeding period, and from 7-14 days of breast feeding, the period of 14-21 days of breast feeding, and a long period of breast feeding 1-21 days). Such treated groups were fed orally with tetracycline drug or ginger alone or tetracycline and ginger together. the results indicated that tissue changes in the liver and kidneys, The groups most affected by treatment, were the treated group with the drug in a period 7-14 days of pregnancy and two treated groups during 1-7 days of breast feeding, and period of 7-14 days of breast feeding as it appeared to have late growth of liver, congestion, runny lymphocyte and appearance of fatty changes, cytoplasmic degeneration in hepatocytes and swelling with pyknosis, as well as appearance of congestion and delay in kidneys growth which is represented in decreasing the number of mature renal corpuscles with shrinkage or decomposition of glomerulus and cloudy swelling and analyze the external membranes in renal tubules, while most of the treatments with ginger safe in tissues of liver and kidney of embryos and suckling, but when treating with drug and ginger, it led to alleviation of tissue changes in liver and kidneys with exception of congestion. We can conclude from such research that both drugs and ginger are capable of penetrating the placental and milk barriers and that drug has adverse effects on liver and renal tissue embryos and suckling especially in the second period of pregnancy and in the first and second period of feeding. The ginger had limited ability to address those effects, so we recommend pregnant women and breast feeding mothers, as well as women who wish to have children soon, not to be subjected to a tetracycline drug. We also confirm possibility of using ginger as safe therapy during the period of pre- during pregnancy and breast feeding except for the second week of pregnancy and the first week of breast feeding where the dose must be adhered medically and usage in caution.


Background:Combination drug therapy has reduced plasma HIV to undetectable levels; however, drug-sensitive virus persists in patients' lymphoid tissue. We have reported significant lymphoid tissue drug localization with indinavir-associated lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Our current objective is to evaluate whether additional enhancement is achievable by targeting these particles to CD4+-HIV host cells. Methods:We characterized 2 peptide-coated (CD4-BP2 and CD4-BP4) drug-associated LNPs and demonstrated CD4-cell specificity. Drug-associated LNPs expressing polyethyleneglycol were exposed on HIV-2–infected cells under dynamic conditions that emulated lymph node physiology for 15, 30, and 60 minutes at concentrations from 0 to 25 &mgr;M and evaluated for antiviral activity and cell-associated drug concentrations. The specificity of CD4-mediated enhancement of indinavir LNPs antiviral activity was evaluated by blocking with anti-CD4 antibody. Results:Inclusion of CD4-binding peptides on LNPs enhanced antiviral activity for all incubation conditions, compared with control particles or soluble drug (eg, 60 minutes exposure, EC50 = 0.12–0.13 vs. 0.46 &mgr;M for targeted nanoparticles vs. soluble drug). The CD4-BP4 peptide exhibited higher efficiency in eliciting antiviral activity than CD4-BP2–coated particles (EC50 = 7.5 &mgr;M vs. >25 &mgr;M at 15 minutes drug exposure). This enhancement seems to be driven by CD4 availability and cell-associated indinavir concentrations, as blocking of CD4 significantly ablated indinavir efficacy in targeted particles and indinavir concentrations reflected the observed anti-HIV activity. Conclusions:We constructed CD4-targeted LNPs that provide selective binding and efficient delivery of indinavir to CD4+-HIV host cells. Inclusion of polyethyleneglycol in LNPs would minimize immune recognition of peptides. The enhancement of anti-HIV effects is effective even under limited time exposure.


This study investigates hormone response to competition and male coalitions. Coalitionary aggression may represent a fundamental human adaptation (Alexander, 1989; Wrangham, 1999). Males have complex hormone responses to competitive events (Elias 1981; Dabbs & Dabbs, 2000) that may have important effects on psychological and behavioral mechanisms involved in coalitionary competition. Withinand between-group competitions probably engage different types of mechanisms. Salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels were assessed in adult males from a rural Caribbean village who competed at domino against (a) familiar men from their own village (within coalition) and (b) strangers from another village (between coalitions). Analyses of data indicate that salivary T and especially C levels were more elevated for between-coalition competition than for within-coalition competition. These findings suggest that male coalitions are an important contextual factor modulating hormone response to competition.


We present one-shot GW calculations of the bulk electronic structure of the topological insulators Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 within the all-electron full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave formalism. We compare three different ways of treating the spin-orbit interaction in calculating the quasiparticle energies: (i) The spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is already incorporated in the noninteracting system that serves as starting point for the quasiparticle correction. (ii) The SOC is added in a second-variation approach only after the quasiparticle calculation has been performed in the absence of SOC. We found that the approximate treatment (ii) yields most quasiparticle bands with reasonable accuracy but does fail in the important band-gap region, where the SOC gives rise to a band inversion relevant for the topological properties of these materials. For example, Bi2Se3 is just on the brink of becoming a trivial semiconductor within this approximate approach, while it maintains its topological properties in the case of the consistent treatment (i). Finally, we consider another approach (iii), in which the SOC is included in the Green function G as in (i), but neglected in the calculation of the screened Coulomb potential W . This approach gives results in very good agreement with the full treatment (i), but with a smaller numerical effort. We conclude that, in the high-symmetry directions studied, bulk Bi2Se3 is a direct-gap and Bi2Te3 an indirect-gap semiconductor with band gaps of 0.20 and 0.19 eV, respectively.


most interesting comparison was drawn by Dr. J. H. Sequeira1 between the old and new methods of treatment of lupus vulgaris and certain other skin diseases. So much has been written upon this subject, and by so many different authors, that to obtain the scientific judgment of so experienced and sound an observer must prove a great gain to all who are following with interest the recent work in these directions.


We developed TQ50-D type automatic pitching device successfully.This device can directly convert energy more simple,the structure is more compact,of small volume and high efficiency,the actions are accurate and reliable.It is an ideal automatic pitching device.This paper describes research and development of new TQ50-D Automatic pitching device design principles,device functional and structural chara cteristics.


Virtual context is introduced into teaching Chinese as a foreign language,in which various language trainings are conducted.This paper proposes to narrow the contextual difference and allow students to adjust to the actual context,to skillfully employ Chinese.


T cell responses are often reduced by the person with impaired immune systems. We that can lyse tumor cells in vivo, the development of the antigen-specific effector, isolation of that no cytotoxic T-lymphocyte progenitor cells undergoing dosing (CTLp), the stimulation and enhancement methods did. This ex vivo protocol produces a fully functional effector. Used to stimulate CD8 + T cells in the; (Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster) AAPC), from normal donors and cancer patients both antigen presenting cells transfected artifacts in human HLA class I and defined accessory molecules to. Class I molecules expressed to a high density on the surface of Drosophila (Drosophila) cells are empty, efficient multiple peptides leading to the production of recognizing polyclonal responses tumor cells expressing a specific peptide endogenously expected to be added. Response generated, if it is immunogenic peptide epitope is defined, robust, and antigen-specific and reproducible. This artifact antigen expression system can be adapted to treat cancer of the vast majority of most of the population.


The nonlinear polarisation-vector translation (PVT) proposed by Poelman and Guy (1984) can effectively improve the interference suppression ability of a polarisation filter. But the algorithm becomes more complicated as the degree of nonlinearity increases. A separation method of polarisation states which is very simple and more suitable for realisation is put forward. It can basically improve the interference suppression capability. It is shown that the intrinsic interference suppression capability of a single-notch polarisation filter is only 50% (only half of the interference in the polarisation domain is filtered out). By using the 'polarisation states' separation method the interference suppression capability of the filter is improved from 57.7 to 100% corresponding to different polarisation states of the desired signal.


Visually impaired individuals often employ canes or guide dogs to help navigate complex environments. Individuals who are both visually and mobility impaired encounter greater difficulty, since conventional aids do not integrate well with walkers or rollators. In this paper we propose a smart walker architecture that is augmented with depth-sensing cameras that detect and recognize obstacles that may endanger the user, as well as obtain their distance from the user. This information is conveyed to the user through a haptic interface on the walker. Our design helps protect the user from colliding with obstacles in his/her path. In comparison with traditional mobility methods, the smart walker allows the user to navigate the environment faster and with less physical and cognitive load. Compared to previous designs, our approach completes this task at a significantly lower cost per unit.


Pavlo Pushkar (European Court Registry) analyses a new law introduced in Ukraine in 2006, which imposes specific obligations on state authorities in responding to a Strasbourg decision. He also calls for a more proactive approach by the domestic authorities in disseminating information about the Court's case-law.


The continental rifted basin in eastern China and offshore shelf basin are rich in CO_2 resource and diverse in CO_2 origin with different migration rule and accumulation factor.According to the difference of migration rule-accumulation factor and geologic condition,so as to trace the gas resource,predict favorable abundance zone of CO_2 and evaluate CO_2 resource base,help to make the plan of petroleum exploration and reduce the risk of exploration.


A broadcast receiver comprises broadcast receiving sections (1, 4 to 13) for receiving digital broadcasting, communication sections (1 to 3) for performing two-way communication through a network, an operation section (15) for performing the acquisition operation of a key for decrypting encrypted broadcast programs received by the broadcast receiving sections, and an address generating section (16) for generating the address of the acquisition location of the key, which address is accessed by the communication section by using program sequence information corresponding to the broadcast programs according to the acquisition operation of the key by the operation section.


Based on the experience evidenced in the national territory, the principle of budgetary annuity is not efficient in the Colombian system, because it conflicts with the estimated deadlines in the contractual regulations and doesn´t adjust to the real situations, that´s the reason why the extension of this principle to the plurianualidad will allow to strengthen and consolidate the territorial decentralization, materializing the constitutional objective of reinforcing the decentralization through effective mechanisms that make it possible, and ensuring that the resources of the territorial entities will be invested in the execution of projects that contribute to regional development, that is, that investment that produces impacts. Thus, the multi-annual budget constitutes a solution to the current problems of inefficiency in the execution of the budget, evidenced in the territorial entities in Colombia.


The explicitly observed social relations from online social platforms have been widely incorporated into recommender systems to mitigate the data sparsity issue. However, the direct usage of explicit social relations may lead to an inferior performance due to the unreliability (e.g., noises) of observed links. To this end, the discovery of reliable relations among users plays a central role in advancing social recommendation. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to adaptively identify implicit friends toward discovering more credible user relations. Particularly, implicit friends are those who share similar tastes but could be distant from each other on the network topology of social relations. Methodologically, to find the implicit friends for each user, we first model the whole system as a heterogeneous information network, and then capture the similarity of users through the meta-path based embedding representation learning. Finally, based on the intuition that social relations have varying degrees of impact on different users, our approach adaptively incorporates different numbers of similar users as implicit friends for each user to alleviate the adverse impact of unreliable social relations for a more effective recommendation. Experimental analysis on three real-world datasets demonstrates the superiority of our method and explain why implicit friends are helpful in improving social recommendation.


During the Pandemic CoVID-19 there was a need to monitor the public spaces for correct usage of Face Mask to control the spread of infection. There has been extremely good improvement in the field of Image Processing using the Machine Learning Methods like Neural Networks. But there is lack of datasets with High Quality images and separate set for incorrect usage of masks. So we used the Mask Superimposition technique to create a dataset of HQ face mask images. We also compared different Machine Learning Models on different metrics like accuracy, loss, F1-Score and Kappa Score. We also develop multiple ensemble models and compare their performance.


Our understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle has been greatly enhanced since satellite observations of the land surface started. The advantage of remote-sensing is that it provides 27 wall-to-wall observations including in regions where in situ monitoring is challenging. This 28 paper reviews how satellite observations of the biosphere have helped improve our 29 understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle. First, it details how remotely-sensed 30 information of the land surface has provided new means to monitor vegetation dynamics, 31 estimate carbon fluxes and stocks. Second, we present examples of studies which have used 32 satellite products to evaluate and improve simulations from global vegetation models. Third, 33 we focus on model-data integration approaches ranging from bottom-up extrapolation of 34 single variables to carbon cycle data assimilation system able to ingest multiple types of 35 observations. Finally, we present an overview of upcoming satellite missions which are likely 36 to further improve our understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle and its response to 37 climate change and extremes. 38


Objective To evaluate MRI in the diagnosis of the ligament injury of the knee joint.Materials and Methods Using special coil for knee joint, coronal and sagittal scanning with SE sequence (T 1WI, T 2WI) was performed on 70 knee joints in 66 patients.Results In 70 knee joints, total 73 collateral ligament were injured and 26 crucial ligaments were sprained. The ligament injury was classified as mild, moderate and severe degrees.Conclusion MRI can accurately display the ligament injury of the knee joint as well as its complications, therefore, it is one of the best diagnostic modalities for the evaluation of ligament injury of knee joint.


This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding dietary Garlic, Ginger, Turmeric and their powders mixture in broiler chicken's diet on performance, carcass characteristic and meat quality. A total of 400 (200 male and 200 female) day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were distributed into 5 dietary treatments; (T1) 0% powder, (T2) 0.5% Garlic powder, (T3) 0.5% Ginger powder , (T4) 0.5% Turmeric powder and (T5) 0.5% mixture of these powders with 4 replicates and each replicates included 10 man and 10 female having similar body weight. The results of this study showed that adding of this medicinal and aromatic plants powder in broiler chicken's diet caused significant effect on broiler chickens performance at the 7, 14 and 21 days of age (P<0.05) and also have a beneficial effect on mortality. On the other hand, it was observed that the adding of 0.5% medicinal and aromatic plants in broiler chicken's diet had no a significant effect on hot carcass, cold carcass, breast, thigh, wings and visceral organs weight (P>0.05), but have a significant effect on carcass yield (P<0.05). Also, adding of this medicinal and aromatic plants powder had a significant effect on meat breast colour values (P<0.05). İt may be concluded that adding of these medical and aromatic plants powder in broiler chicken's diet have beneficial effects on performance, carcass characteristic and meat quality


The Acoustic Scintillation Flow Meter (ASFM) has been used to make turbine discharge measurements in over 25 different low-head intakes in the course of the past 8 years. These measurements were highly repeatable (random uncertainty < ±0.5%), but in some cases, apparent systematic errors, ranging from ± 1% (the limit of verification accuracy) to –7% were observed. An intensive review of potential sources for systematic error in the hydraulic environment of short intakes was therefore undertaken. The chief sources considered were the element spacing in the sensor arrays, boundary effects at the intake passage walls, the implementation of the flow algorithm, and the effects of non-uniformities in the velocity and turbulence fields caused by major trashrack supports in the intake upstream of the ASFM location. The results of this review are summarized; they show that significant contributions to systematic error arise only from the effects of spatial variations in velocity and turbulence produced by upstream structures. Compilation of data shows the systematic error to be dependent on the product of the width, number and drag coefficient of large vertical trashrack supports at the intake entrance. In the absence of such supports, or at locations far enough downstream, systematic errors are consistently negligible. ASFM flow measurement algorithms implicitly assume uniformity along the path for either the flow velocity or for the local turbulence intensity. Errors in the path-averaged velocity are introduced if a non-uniform velocity distribution along a path is accompanied by a non-uniform distribution of turbulence. Since the wakes of trashrack supports are regions of reduced velocity and elevated turbulence, the wakes from supports oriented perpendicularly to the ASFM sampling path will produce a negative bias. Simultaneous measurements along coplanar horizontal and vertical ASFM paths at a low-head plant on the Columbia River are presented to illustrate this effect, and show that the bias can be corrected with knowledge of the form of the velocity and turbulence variations.


Just ·after the first permanent English settlement in America was established on May 13, 1607, at Jamestown, Samuel de Champlain, the explorer from France founded in' 1608 the first colony which he named Quebec situated on the shores of the St. Lawrence Riv'er. Five years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, Champlain with a small band of Iroquois journeyed. by canoe westward up the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, across Lake Nipissing and entered Georgian Bay via the French River, thence southwards through the area now known as the 30,000 Islands. Champlain did not real·ize at the time he was pioneering the canoe routel that the Canadian fur traders would be using in a few years, through to Lake' Superior, Lake-of-the-Woods and on to Lake Winnipeg. It is within this 30,000 Island archipelago that James MacCallum built a summer residence in 1913. He was a medical doctor who was much interested in the arts and intensely desirous of fostering a Canadian idiom. Dr·. r.1acCal·lum I s familiarization wi th this wild northern region dates from 1898 and by 1913 he had built a summer retreat on West Wind Island2 in Go Horne Bay. We knO\Al that Champlain passed fairly close to this island. To this retreat MacCallum invited several Canadian artists3. In fact he grubstaked them and ,encouraged them to record this wilderness country in all its moods. MacCallum commissioned several of these artists


The initial module concept [1, 2] foresaw multi-layered cables comprising 512 traces at each signal layer. Based on the experience obtained in the prototyping stage and taking into account risk minimization and yield increase with the manufacture and assembly of components a new design and assembly concept was suggested [3]. The module mock-up was developed for verification of this concept. It includes the following components, similar as in real fullscale modules: dummy microstrip double sided sensor (1024 strips on each side at 58 um pitch, 7.5◦ stereo angle of strips); prototypes of multilayered connection microcables (1024 lines for one side of sensor); dummy chips with 128 input pads; dummy FEBs with 8 seats for chips.


Recent observations show activity in long-period comet C/2017 K2 at heliocentric distances beyond the orbit of Uranus. With this as motivation, we constructed a simple model that takes a detailed account of gas transport modes and simulates the time-dependent sublimation of supervolatile ice from beneath a porous mantle on an incoming cometary nucleus. The model reveals a localized increase in carbon monoxide (CO) sublimation close to heliocentric distance r H = 150 au (local blackbody temperature ∼23 K), followed by a plateau and then a slow increase in activity toward smaller distances. This localized increase occurs as heat transport in the nucleus transitions between two regimes characterized by the rising temperature of the CO front at larger distances and nearly isothermal CO at smaller distances. As this transition is a general property of sublimation through a porous mantle, we predict that future observations of sufficient sensitivity will show that inbound comets (and interstellar interlopers) will exhibit activity at distances far beyond the planetary region of the solar system.


The big surge in mental health issues such as depression, psychosis, psychotic disorders and other allied ailments in Africa call for immediate and serious attention of the global community. A deep insight into these reviews exposes a highly important point that limited studies have been done on psychotic disorders in the African subcontinent. It is evident from these reviews that psychological problems are varied in nature and occurred due to a number of causes. The letter is an effort to bring attention of the research community that Africa required the maximum number of psychotic studies due to its socio-economic, psychological, medical and educational situation.


This independent study aimed to study the customer behavior toward auto service center and marketing mix factors influencing decision in buying cars in the area Khon Kaen province. Data were collected using a questionnaire to collect specific samples (Purposive Sampling) from a sample of 400 statistics used for data analysis descriptive statistics include percentage, mean and standard deviation. The hypothesis was tested using inferential statistics. A comparison of the differences between the two variables are independent by the Independent-sample T Test and one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) a study found that the majority were women aged between 26-35 years and preferable for 7 seater cars (saloon) with the intention of using the car for personal or family use. The person with the most influence buying are father mother, husband wife or children. And get information about cars on the Internet the most. For the marketing mix that influence the purchasing decisions of the samples found that the gender difference affects no difference. Ages, monthly income and different budget to buy a car affect the marketing mix factor of different process at .05 level of statistical significance.


Abstract : The objectives of this project were to identify the processes responsible for growth termination, creation and healing of defects, and chiral selectivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes, in order to develop strategies to increase nanotube length, improve the structural quality of samples, and improve the metallic semiconducting ratio of samples. Using in situ Raman measurements and scanning electron microscopy, we showed that reaction of the catalyst with support to form more refractor compounts can increase growth selectivity, showed that catalyst ripening, nanotube nucleation, and catalyst encapsulation can affect diameter and chirality, and showed that exposure to oxygen may be causing defects in growth.


The reasons of dormancy,methods of breaking dormancy,and the effect of environment factors on dormancy and germination of Rosa seeds were analysed. There were some resons caused Rosa seeds dormancy,such as the restriction of pericarp and testa,physiological dormancy in embryo and inhibitory substances in pericarp,testa and embryo. Therefore,breaking dormancy methods in some Rosa plants were also reviewed,including derestriction and removing inhibitory substances,etc. The environment factors,such as temperature,water and light had important effects on seed dormancy and germination during development and ripening stages. Otherwise,microbial action and the time of hip collection affected seed dormancy and germination of Rosa plants. The dormancy mechanism of Rosa seeds was complex,and had great differences among various Rosa species.


Esophagus.- Stomach and Duodenum.- Surgery for Morbid Obesity.- Pancreas.- Gastrointestinal Peptides and Peptide-Secreting Tumors (Apudomas).- Liver.- Biliary Tract.- Small and Large Intestines.- Appendix.- Spleen.- Abdominal Trauma.- Abdominal Wall, Peritoneum, and Retroperitoneum.- Perioperative Care.


Recent survey and excavation projects in western Maine have greatly expanded knowledge of the distribution and frequency of recognized Early and Middle Archaic artifact types. Comparison of Maine data with those from southern New England indicate significant differences in settlement density and location, despite very similar lithic technologies. The Maine data provide convincing evidence for coastal use during Middle Archaic times and suggestive evidence for Early Archaic use of the coast as well. Occupation of both low altitude and high-altitude (over 350 m) lake and river systems, with settlement focused upon lake inlets and outlets, also occurred during both periods. Thus, altitude does not appear to be a critical variable in limiting environmental use and productivity as previous authors have implied for Massachusetts. We hypothesize that the lower number of Early Archaic points reflects lower human populations during Early Archaic times than during Middle Archaic times due to environmental constraints.


Atmospheric tides are global scale oscillations observed in all regions of the atmosphere. A previously developed numerical model, the Global-Scale Wave Model (GSWM) (Hagan, 1993) simulates the diurnal and semidiurnal tides from the ground to 120 kIn and beyond. We compared GSWM tidal simulations to ground-based radar data obtained during two of the Lower Thermospheric Coupling Study (LTCS) campaigns in order to evaluate the ability of the model to capture the salient features of the tides observed in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during July.


We have designed, produced and characterized microstrip antenna slot double bowties 5 array using Co Planar Waveguide (CPW) as trigger. This new antenna design was developed from a previous model model that has the following modules such as: a triangular microstrip antenna and microstrip slot double bowtie single array 2 dipoles, a double bowtie 3 array 6 dipole for 2.4 GHz wireless communication. The dielectric constant (er) substrate used was an FR4 Epoxy with dielectric constant of 4.40 and the electronic etching was done using FeClO3 solution. We conducted a couple of simulations to obtain the dimensions of the antenna working at the frequency range 4-8 GHz (C - band) with a middle frequency of 5.8 GHz. Adding more arrays enlarged gain, directivity and bandwidth, while the use of CPW was to control impedance. We characterize the antenna performance by using the Vector Network Analyzer to obtain Return Loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and bandwidth values of −10.9 dB, 1.7 and 440 MHz, respectiv...


Biological weapons are not just topics for contemporary novelists but found their way into classical literature long ago. Shakespeare has Hamlet's father's ghost describe, 'Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole, with juice of cursed hebona in a vial, and in the porches of my ears did pour the leprous distillment.' (Act 1, Scene 5) Indeed, neither the act nor the accusation is new. Jews in Europe were accused of poisoning wells to cause plague in the Middle Ages. Japanese planes in World War II dropped plague‐infested fleas over Chinese cities and villages.

Murder or terrorism with biological or chemical agents is not a far‐fetched scenario—it has been used before. Criminal cases in the USA include various uses of biological agents in the last decades. The Rajneesh Foundation used Salmonella bacteria in 1984 to poison ten restaurant salad bars in the city of The Dalles, OR, hoping it would influence an election in its favour. A separatist group calling itself 'Republic of Texas' used Botulinum , HIV and rabies in 1998 and 1999 to threaten judges. Three members were later charged with conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction and the eldest, Johnnie Wise, was sentenced to 24 years in prison. In 1977, Diane Thompson, a nurse from Texas, was sentenced to 20 years for intentionally contaminating doughnuts with Shigella dysenteriae in order to achieve personal revenge.

> In 1998 and 1999, a separatist group from Texas used Botulinum, HIV and rabies to threaten judges

The particular risk of biological agents, when used as weapons, is their extreme uncontrollableness. An infectious agent can easily spread from the original victim to relatives or colleagues. Particularly at risk are the medical personnel who treat victims without knowing what kind of infection they are dealing with. More unpredictable are the number of people and …


The IoT concept is used in various applications and it uses different devices for collecting data and processing the data. Various sets of devices such as sensors generate a large amount of data and the data will be forwarded to the appropriate devices for processing. The devices used will range from small devices to larger devices. The edge computing becomes the major role in overcoming the difficulties in cloud computing, the nearby devices are used as servers for providing better services. Most of the issues such as power consumption, data security, and response time will be addressed. The IoT plays a major role in many real-world applications. In this chapter, the basics and the use of the Edge computing concept in different applications are discussed. Edge computing can be used to increase the overall performance of the IoT. The performance of various applications in terms of edge computing and other methodologies are analyzed.


Nomenclature Cp = specific heat of propellant Pg = pressure Qs = heat of reaction at the surface R = gas constant Tf = flame temperature Ts = surface temperature T0 = initial temperature ug = gas velocity δ = reaction length λg = heat conductivity in the gas phase ρg = gas density ρp = density of propellant τc = chemical ignition delay time τig = ignition delay time τp = physical ignition delay time Φs+ = temperature gradient near the burning surface in the gas phase


In 1991 the first identifications were made of total solar eclipses depicted on Swedish rock-carvings from the Bronze Age, ca 1800-500 BC. It was found that important phenomena in the sky such as solar eclipses were dated in a calendar in which six ships carried the sun along the ecliptic, each ship representing a double month. The ships have individual shapes and can be identified as prehistoric constellations. A total solar eclipse was simply dated by a precise location of the solar symbol in the relevant calendar ship. Above the ship that corresponds to the double month that began at the summer solstice there was a constellation that mainly corresponds to our Leo. A supernova that was mentioned in Chinese oracle bone texts from the 14th century BC can also be identified on Swedish rock carvings as a solar symbol placed below the ecliptic and close to the left elbow of a male figure that lifts the highest of the six calendar ships above his head. This figure corresponds mainly to our Orion. The Pleiades were treated as a separate constellation. The rock carvings from the Stone Age hunter culture in northern Scandinavia have also been studied. A big constellation called "The elk" or "The moose" has been identified as consisting of stars in Perseus and Auriga. A celestial hunter aiming at the elk corresponds to Orion. The nomadic people in the province of Lapland, the Laps or Saami, have preserved the names of these constellations as "Sarvanasteh", the star elk, and "Kalla parne", the hunter, respectively. The Pleiades were called "Rougot", which means the flock of calves.


The listener's gazing activities during utterances were analyzed in a face-to-face three-party conversation setting. The function of each utterance was categorized according to the Grounding Acts defined by Traum (Traum, 1994) so that gazes during utterances could be analyzed from the viewpoint of grounding in communication (Clark, 1996). Quantitative analysis showed that the listeners were gazing at the speakers more in the second language (L2) conversation than in the native language (L1) conversation during the utterances that added new pieces of information, suggesting that they are using visual information to compensate for their lack of linguistic proficiency in L2 conversation.


Objective To investigate the effect of rosiglitazone,one of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) ligands,on rats liver fibrosis induced by carbon etrachloride.Methods Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups,carbon tetrachloride model group(model group),rosiglitazone intervention group(intervention group) and normal control group(control group),with 12 rats in each group.The first two groups were established liver fibrosis models.Model group was orally given normal saline by lavage,while intervention group was given saline solution 1 mg/kg by lavage,and control group only received normal feeding.The expressions of PPARγ and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) mRNA and proteins,procollagen α1(I) mRNA and transforming growth factor-β1 were detected after the models were established.The serum levels of serum type Ⅲ procollagen peptide,serum type Ⅳ procollagen peptide,hyaluronic acid,laminin and tumor necrosis factor-α were detected by using radioimmunoassay.Results There were no significant differences in the expressions of PPARγ mRNA and protein,α-SMA protein and procollagen α1(I) mRNA between intervention group and control group(P0.05),and there was only litte transforming growth factor-β1 protein.The serum levels of serum type Ⅲ procollagen peptide,serum type Ⅳ procollagen peptide,laminin,hyaluronic acid and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as the degree of liver fibrosis were lower in intervention group than those in control group(P0.05).Conclusion Rosiglitazone plays a role of anti-fibrosis in rats by inhibiting collagen gene expression.


Context is an environment for language occurrence,including verbal and non-verbal. Under the new media context,attitude and interpretation of ad subject gradually retreated into the background. Openness,dialogism and deep involvement of the deductive process of ad signs has made the change of the function of ad subject and object. The development of ad object context creates the possibility for the change of ad object from passive objective identity to active participant and writer gradually. Ad signs interpretation shows a cross-functional and fuzzy generalization trend between object and subject. Meanwhile,the functions of advertisement marketing and communication can be enhanced.


Pupils with a mother tongue other than Norwegian and Sami can apply for special tuition until they have sufficient skills in Norwegian to follow the normal teaching in schools. If necessary, students also have the right to mother tongue education, bilingual teaching or both. This can apply to new arrivals and other minority pupils with very limited knowledge of Norwegian.


A theory of the nonsteady-state absorption of supershort light pulses in bulk materials and heterostructures with quantum wells and wires when multiphoton resonance at interband transitions occurs is developed.The absorbed energy dependence on the detunings of the multiphoton resonance and on the pulse width is investigated. The interaction between two consecutive short pulses (pump-probe spectroscopy within the femtosecond regime) with bulk crystals and low-dimensional structures under the conditions of two-photon resonance at interband transitions and transitions between size-quantized sublevels is studied.


The growth of thin films on dissimilar substrates is of great technological importance for modern optoelectronic devices. However, device applications are currently limited by lattice mismatches between the film and substrate that invariably lead to defects detrimental to device performance. It is therefore of key importance that the mechanisms leading to the formation of these defects are understood on the fundamental atomic level. Correlated atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging and EELS in the STEM is a unique methodology by which this information can be obtained. In this paper, the application of this methodology to determine a novel graphoepitaxial growth mechanism for CdTe on (001)Si is demonstrated, and its potential for the study of GaN is discussed. Fig.la shows a high resolution Z-contrast image of a cross sectional view of the CdTe/Si interface showing clearly the CdTe and Si dumbbells. Due to the differences in atomic number, the location of the interface is clear.


Meat meal has been used as a major protein supplement for pig diets in Australia. The tryptophane content of meat meals varies from 2.0 to 4.9 g/kg (Leibholz 1979), while the recommended level of tryptophane in the diet of the 5 to 10 kg pig is 1.8 g/kg (National Research Council 1973). It has been previously shown that the supplementation of wheat diets with meat meal, in place of soyabean meal, reduced the performance of pigs (Evans and Leibholz 1979), and it was of interest to determine if this was due to the high calcium or low tryptophane content of meat meals.


The fiber elongation method is possible to measure the viscosity of glass over a range from 108 to 1015 poises. But it is not easy to measure the viscosity of non-oxide glasses such as chalcogenide glasses, since the preparation of samples needs the forming by heating.The viscosity of non-oxide glass as well as oxide glass are measured over a range from 1010 to 1013 poises, using a thermodilatometer shown in Fig. 1. In a practical experiment soda-lime-silica glass, NBS 710, of which temperature-viscosity characteristic is known, has been used as oxide glass, and chalcogenide glass, arsenic triselenide synthesized by authors has been done as non-oxide glass. These samples are of pillar shape (3×3×20mm). Instantaneously exerting compressive stress caused by applied load (20 or 50g) on the sample, strain-time curves shown in Fig. 2 or 3 are obtained. These experimental results can be explained well by rheological 4-elements model shown in Fig. 4 in the same manner as the fiber elongation. Therefor the viscosity of glass at constant temperature is obtained by following equation, η=mg/S(-Δl/l0)/Δt, where η is the viscosity of glass (poise); mg, the applied load (dyne); S, the sectional area of sample; and (-Δl/l0)/Δt, a tangent of the linear part of curves in Fig. 2 or 3. Measured viscosity values of NBS 710 are given in Table 1. These results show that the viscosity obtained by the fiber elongation method is normal viscosity, while the viscosity by this compressive method is shear viscosity.


Summary Conventional wheel and rectangular rind-bearing block Swiss cheeses were studied to determine the distribution of propionibacteria. Samples were taken from three predetermined locations in six different Swiss cheeses which were from 1 to 16 mo. old. Propionibacteria were determined by the plating method of Kambar et al. (3) , and cultures were taken from agar plates and identified. Few propionibacteria were found in samples taken 1 8 -in . below the surface of the cheese. With one exception, samples taken 7 8 -in . below the surface contained many more propionibacteria than were found in the exterior portions. Proceeding inward to sections 2 5 8 in. below the cheese surface, the numbers increased, though not proportionally. These data suggest that the decrease in numbers of propionibacteria toward the exterior of Swiss cheese is probably the result of such unfavorable conditions as lower moisture, higher salt concentrations, and higher oxidation-reduction potentials.


In compressed gas insulated systems, the problems of the conducting particles, which are suspected to cause the irregular breakdown in SF6 gas, are serious matter for design engineers. In this paper the effects of conducting particles and insulating fibers are described under alternating, impulse and alternating-impulse superposed voltage conditions. Those investigated results had been applied for 500kV gas insulated substation already put into service in Japan.


In this paper, it is characterized when a multiple unilateral weighted shift belongs to the classes An (1 n ℵ0). As a result, we perfect and generalize the previous conclusions given by H. Bercovici, C. Foias, and C. Pearcy. Moreover, we remark that Question 21 posed by Shields has been negatively answered.


As of March 3 1,2003, Aboriginal offenders represented 18.3% of the incarcerated population, but accounted for only 2.7% of the Canadian population. Bill C-41 was introduced by Parliament to amend Criminal Code sentencing practices, and to encourage judicial consideration of alternatives to incarceration, with particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders. To investigate the extent to which the Bill C-41 sentencing reforms have been effective in addressing Aboriginal over-representation, two separate studies were conducted. The first study examined sentencing admissions to incarceration, probation, or a conditional sentence for all male offenders in British Columbia from April 1993 to April 2000. Analyses demonstrated that neither overall incarceration rates nor Aboriginal incarceration rates in British Columbia have declined significantly since the introduction of Bill C-41. There was also no significant decline in Aboriginal incarceration rates when controlling for offence seriousness and criminal history. The second study examined judges' reasons for sentencing in a sample of Canadian sentencing cases to determine the role of Aboriginal status relative to other legally relevant factors. The Quicklaw dataset was used to identify 713 reported sentencing decisions from 1990 to 2002. Results indicated that Aboriginal offenders were not more likely to be incarcerated than non-Aboriginal offenders. Finally, Aboriginal status did not significantly predict the likelihood of receiving a custodial or non-custodial disposition relative to aggravating and mitigating factors cited by judges. Thus, it appears that the Bill C-41 sentencing reforms have underestimated the true complexity of the overrepresentation problem and, regardless of recent common law developments, sentencing judges alone cannot significantly reduce the current disproportionate rates of Aboriginal incarceration. The implications of these findings in light of the goals of Bill C-41 are discussed.


This paper describes measurements of Balmer-line profiles in a hydrogen arc. The arc was confined in a quartz capillary tube and observed axially through hollow copper electrodes so that profiles from the uniform central region of the plasma were obtained. The arc was produced by current pulses lasting one milli-second. The light was recorded with a spectrograph and photomultiplier, the output of which was displayed on an oscillograph. The profiles were constructed afterwards from a series of oscillographic photographs each of which gave the whole of the time variation of one wavelength. Very close agreement was obtained between the theoretical profiles of Griem, Kolb and Shen and the measured profiles for Hβ, Hγ and Hδ; whilst ion densities obtained from these fits showed close agreement with one another. The Hα profiles do not fit the theoretical curves so well and it appears that self-absorption is occurring in this case.


1. The Data Processing Environment. 2. Introduction to RPG Programming. 3. Report Headings and Editing. 4. RPG Calculations. 5. Decision Making, Branching, and Looping with GOTO Operation Control. 6. Structured Operations-IF/ELSE, DO, DOU, and DOW. 7. The EXCPT Operation and Internal Subroutines. 8. Multiple Record Data Files and Data Structures. 9. Control Level Break Concepts and Processing. 10. Table Concepts and Processing. 11. Array Concepts and Processing. 12. Data Validation Procedures and Processing. 13. Disk File Concepts and Sequential File Processing. 14. Sequential File Maintenance with Matching Records, Chain, and Read Operations. 15. Indexed-Sequential Disk File Creation, Loading, and Consecutive Processing. 16. Indexed-Sequential File Maintenance. 17. DIRECT and ADDROUT File Concepts and Processing. 18. Interactive RPG II (System 36/34). 19. Physical Files (AS/400 and System/38). 20. Display Files (AS/400 and System/38). 21. RPG III/400 Interactive Processing. 22. Logical Files (AS/400 and System/38. 23. Printer Files (AS/400 and System/38). 24. Subfiles (AS/400 and System/38). Appendix I: RPG II/III/400 Operations. Appendix II: Control Language (OCL, CL, JCL) Operations.


In view of the present conditions of security management of the railway passenger ticket network, this paper analyses the threat to and requirements of railway passenger ticket security management and presents a new dynamic adaptive security model based on the multi-agent technique. The software development shows that this model has a lot of precious characteristics, such as fine scalability, security and efficiency, and it can be applied in security management of many kinds of complex wide area networks.


The heat tolerance in 9 different cultivars and seedling ages of cyclamen stocks was tested by means of the relative membrane permeability and the microstructures in leaves.The results showed that heat tolerance of France and Japanese cultivars was the highest,while that of Holland cultivars was the lowest.Microstructures and epidermis thickness of leaves could be used as indexes to identify heat tolerance in different cultivars of cyclamen.


The word 'creativity', like other frequently used and popular words, is at risk of becoming a vague platitude or a slogan devoid of its conceptual determination. The knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of creativity are not proportional to how much it is affirmed and promoted nowdays. This is particularly noticeable in work organizations of all kinds. Besides the subjective factors such as the employers' and managers' superficial or inadequate knowledge of what creativity really is, there are objective factors which put pressure on and hinder the creative impulses and processes. Economic, financial and market imperatives such as: fierce competition, short-term goals and deadlines, acceleration of work processes, rationalization, productivism, overall quantification (only measurable parameters and results being taken into account), excessive regulations, tight control systems and the like, contribute to the design of organizations which crush creativity. Some quite widespread management practices and behaviors, especially the so-called intrusive or micromanagement, are often a reaction to these constraints. As for the employees, they internalize all these pressures into strong inner imperatives of (over)achievement. The imposed standard of a constantly high level of motivation, excellence and self-improvement is unsustainable in the long run. The guiding management principle of performing more and better for less (time, resources, energy, leads to the exhaustion of mental and other psychological resources needed for creative ideas to emerge and develop. Creativity involves complex, subtle and dynamic psychosocial mechanisms. Too often the managerial practices and organizational cultures are detrimental to the well known most powerful source of creativity: the intrinsic motivation. Briefly, this article deals with the paradox which lies in the fact that, in theory, so much emphasis is put on creativity and innovation as indispensable assets, while at the same time so much is done to stifle them in practice.


The quantum-chemical calculation of iron, cobalt and nickel heteroligand complexes with the double deprotonated form of (NNNN)-donor atomic ligand—3,7,11,15-tetraazaporphine—and two oxo ligands has been carried out. Data on the structural and standard thermodynamic parameters, NBO analysis and multiplicity of the ground states of these complexes have been presented. The given calculation has been made by using the density functional theory (DFT) method with the OPBE/TZVP basis set. Based on the results of this calculation, the possibility of the existence of oxidation state VI for the chemical elements indicated above—unusual for iron and cobalt, and for nickel, unknown at all—has been shown.


Relay ramps occur between normal fault segments that overstep in map view. The geometry and evolution of exposure-scale relay ramps are described from the Somerset coast, England, and are compared with larger scale ramps from elsewhere. Relay ramps can be classified into four groups based on the degree of interaction and linkage between the overstepping segments; these groups are interpreted as being evolutionary stages. In stage 1, the segments do not interact. Stage 2 involves the reorientation of bedding between two interacting faults to produce a relay ramp. In stage 3, connecting fractures start to break the relay ramp. Stage 4 is when the relay ramp is destroyed to produce a single fault that has an along-strike bend. These evolutionary stages can develop through ti e, but they can also be seen spatially. A branch line between normal faults or an along-strike bend may represent a stage 4 relay, with progressively earlier stages occurring updip or downdip. Characteristic variability in displacement-distance profiles for fault segments and linked faults accompanies the interaction and linkage processes. Displacement transfer by relay ramps is accompanied by steep displacement gradients along fault segments at oversteps. Relay ramps often contribute to a minimum in total fault displacement at a linkage point.


A PC plug-in card for on-line time resolved fluorescence detection of single dye molecules based on a new time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) module is described. The module contains all electronic components constant fraction discriminators (CFDs), time-to-amplitude converter (TAC), analog-to-digital converter (ADC), multichannel analyzer (MCA timers) on board required for TCSPC. A fast TAC design in combination with a fast flash ADC and an error-correcting ADC/MCA principle results in a maximum count rate of 8 MHz (dead time 125 ns). A dual memory architecture allows for unlimited recording of decay curves with collection times down to 150 μs without time gaps between subsequent recordings. Applying a short-pulse diode laser emitting at 640 nm with a repetition rate of 60 MHz in combination with a confocal microscope, we studied bursts of fluorescence photons from individual dye labeled mononucleotide molecules (Cy5-dCTP) in a cone shaped microcapillary with an inner diameter of 0.5 μm at the...


OBJECTIVE To determine the contents of polysaccharide in the fruitbodys and culture mediums of Cordyceps militaris of different areas and different monthes.METHODS H2SO4-C10H14O colorimetry was used with detection wavelength at 625nm.RESULTS The contents of polysaccharide of the Cordyceps militaris which is cultivated by pupa were the highest(42.07%),the wheat was 37.95%,the rice was the lowest(34.41%).The contents of polysaccharide in the medium which concluding the rice is higher than that of the wheat.CONCLUSION The contents of polysaccharide of the Cordyceps militaris which was cultivated by wheat not the highest but practical and available than the wheat and the pupa,the contents of polysaccharide of the culture mediums was higher,so it was necessary to give the comprehensive application to the culture mediums.


The behaviour of a lightning current traversing along a tall structure is influenced by the factor of the ground reflection coefficient parameter. This parameter is widely assumed to be constant in the analysis of lightning current along at all structure. However, in reality, the ground reflection depends on the relationship between the tower and ground impedances which results in multiple values for the ground reflection coefficient. These values are determined by the ground impedance, whereby the grounding electrode arrangement and soil resistivity play key roles. Hence, this study evaluates the effect of the grounding system on the lightning current profile along a tall structure. The lightning current along a tall structure is simulated by the implementation of a distributed source representation model. The results indicate that a multiple ground reflection coefficient is generated for different types of grounding electrode arrangements and soil resistivity values. The grounding electrode arrangement in horizontal, grid or circular forms provides at least a reduction of 30% reflected current along a tall structure for a high soil resistivity. Hence, this result may provide a general guide for telecommunication (TM) engineers to consider the condition of soil resistivity and the grounding system before installing a TM tower.


The common carp and crucian carp were put in the water in the concentration of 0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,1.0ppm of trichlorfon respectively.After 5,10,15,20,30,40 and 60 days,the concentration of the in the meat were detected with high performance gas chroma- tographic.The result showed that trichlorfon the linear range was 0.02~5.00μg/mL,and the determination limit was 0.02 mg/kg,the recover rate and the degree of precision were consist- ent with the detection requirement.The result also indicated that the residual level of trichlor- fon in the fish body conformed to the sanitary standard and the fish meat was safely edible.


Continuous need for the optimum conversion efficiency of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) operation has triggered varieties of advancements, namely in the thermal management engineering scope. Excellent heat dissipation is correlated with higher performance of a fuel cell, thus increasing its conversion efficiency. This study reveals the potential advancement in thermal engineering of a fuel cell cooling system with respect to nanofluid technology. Nanofluids are seen as a potential evolution of nanotechnology hybridization with the fuel cell serving as a cooling medium. The available literature on the thermophysical properties of potential nanofluids, especially on the electrical conductivity property, has been discussed. The lack of electrical conductivity data for various nanofluids in open literature was another challenge in the application of nanofluids in fuel cells. Unlike in any other thermal management system, a nanofluid in a fuel cell is dealt with using a thermoelectrically active environment. The main challenge in nanofluid adoption in fuel cells was the formulation of a suitable nanofluid coolant with heat transfer enhancement, as compared to its base fluid, but still complying with the strict limits of electrical conductivity as low as 2 S/cm and several other restrictions discussed by the researchers. It is concluded that a nanofluid in PEMFC is advantageous in terms of both heat transfer and simplification of the cooling system through radiator size reduction and potential elimination of the deionizer as compared to the current PEMFC cooling system. However, there are challenges that need to be well addressed, especially in the electrical conductivity requirement.


ROSAR (Rotor-SAR) is a synthetic aperture radar concept based on rotating antennas of a helicopter for pilot sight target detection and target localisation with high resolution. The ROSAR concept has potential benefits for civil and military helicopterborne imaging application, if the antennas are mounted at the tips of the rotor blades, for example (Fig. l). The concept has two main potential benefits, that are, the imaging field of view is 360° and there is no need for a forward velocity of the carrier platform. As opposed to SAR systems based on linear movement of the antenna, ROSAR imaging is based on synthetic apertures of a circular shape. Thus, the image formation process requires a polar format processing architecture. The ROSAR principle is also applicable for other radar mapping systems with rotating antennas, not only for helicopters.


Summary

1. A case, the second in the literature, of an accessory pancreas causing intussusception is recorded

2. Accessory pancreases are briefly described.

3. The mechanism of intussupception is discussed.


Epidemic basic models will be analysed. The goal is to study the stability of equilibrium points using the Lyapunov's indirect method, through the linearisation of the systems to study local stability, and the Lyapunov's direct method to study the global stability of each equilibrium point. A simulation example will show that, despite the simplicity of the models, they can give a good representation of how will be the dynamics of the disease.


Institutional politics have become increasingly market oriented, consensual and therapeutic. The emerging form of political governance relies on consensual expertise and paternal care rather than on political differences and ideologies. These changes have an impact on the ways in which citizenship is defined and articulated. The classical ideals of an active polis citizenship (i.e. the ideas of dialogue, joint political action and political process) seem to be losing momentum. In particular, state-bound citizenship is losing its ability to provide the means for meaningful political action and identities. Instead, citizenship is to an increasing extent defined by market-oriented discourses and institutions, which are constructing identities and governance overlapped by traditional political citizenship. It is suggested that cultural studies could consider the cultural changes at the heart of political and economic power in order to understand the changing discourses of citizenship.


Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) were not known to breed in the Coast Range of western Oregon until June 1995, when two breeding pairs were reported (Thrailkill and Andrews 1996, J. Raptor Res. 30:248-249). Research suggests that Northern Goshawks generally nest in areas with high prey densities, that they forage opportunistically, and that their diets reflect the diversity of available prey species (Opdam 1975, Ardea 63:30-54; Hantage 1980, J Ornithol. 121:200-201; Widen et al. 1987, Oikos 49:233-235; Kenward and Widen 1989, Pages 561-567 in B.-U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor [EDS.], Raptors in the modern world. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, London, U.K.; Boal and Mannan 1994, Stud. Avian Biol. 16:97-102). Thirty or more species of birds and mammals are known to be preyed upon by nesting Northern Goshawks; however, no dietary information exists for the Coast Range of Oregon (Block et al. 1994, Stud. Avian Biol. 16). The rarity of nesting goshawks in the Coast Range may be attributed to the dense vegetative structure of the area and its negative influence on prey availability (DeStefano and McCloskey 1997, J. Raptor Res. 31:34-39). We believe, therefore, it is important to document he diet of these goshawk pairs. We studied two goshawk nests that were approximately 16.1 km apart. There were three young in one nest and two young in the other. We collected prey remains (i.e., fur, feathers, skeletal parts) from plucking posts (stumps and tree branches in the nest stands), and nests fi•om 7 June through mid-July 1995. Remains were combined and analyzed as a single sample for each nest site. Skeletal keys (Verts and Carroway 1984, Keys to the mammals of Oregon, 3rd Ed. Oregon State Univ. Book Stores Inc., Corvallis, OR U.S.A.) and museum collections (Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR U.S.A.) were used to identify prey. We identified 39 prey items, of which 84% were birds and 16% were mammals. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) remains comprised 45% of total prey and 64% of bird prey items. Other bird species included Steller'sJay (Cyanocztta stelleri) (13%), American Robin (Turdus migratorius) (13%), Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) (8%), and Mountain Quail ( Oreortyx pictus) (5 %). Mammalian species included Douglas' squirrel ( Tamiasciurus douglasii) ( 13 %) and mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) (3%). We made no attempt to calculate biomass composition of the prey. Our data were consistent with that of other investigations. The variety of prey species was similar to other goshawk studies in the western United States. Avian prey comprised >50% of the diet during the breeding season. Our sample contained a relatively large percentage of avian prey, as much as 20% greater than some other studies (Meng 1959, Wilson Bull. 71:169-174, Opdam 1975; Reynolds and Meslow 1984, Auk 101:761-779; Bloom et al. 1986, Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Wildl. Manage. Branch, Adm. Rept. 85-1; Widen et al. 1987; Bull and Homann 1994, Stud. Awan Biol. 16:103-105; Reynolds et al. 1994, Stud. Avian Biol. 16:106-113; Watson et al. 1998, J. Raptor Res. 32:297-305) We opportunistically collected prey items from plucking posts and nests after fledging took place, but we did not use direct observations to identify prey delivered to nests. The latter method can indicate a larger proportion of mammals in goshawk diets (Boal and Mannan 1994). The most accurate assessment of raptor diets is accomplished through a combination of direct visual observations and collection of prey remains (Marti 1987, Raptor food habit studies, Pages 67-80 in B.G. Pendleton, B.A. Millsap, K.W. Cline, and D.M. Bird [EDS.], Raptor management techniques manual. Nat. Wild. Fed., Sci. Tech. Ser. No. 10). Thus, our results may overestimate the proportion of awan


This study investigated the impact of code-switching on speaking ability of Iranian low proficiency EFL learners. Moreover, it was an attempt to show what functions existed behind code-switching strategies used by the EFL learners. To this end, 60 male and female Iranian EFL learners age-ranged between 20 and 30 participated in the study. Data collection instruments which were used were the Interchange Objective Placement Test, a pretest, a teaching material, and a posttest. The speech of 60 Iranian EFL learners was recorded while they were performing some picture-description tasks. Then, their speech was transcribed and analyzed. The collected data were subjected to independent-samples t-test. The results indicated the two main functions of code-switching were equivalence and floor-holding. Furthermore, the findings of the t-test demonstrated that code-switching was an effective strategy among low proficiency level EFL learners and it could increase their motivation and interaction in the class discussions. Thus, they can speak in a positive environment and speaking is not an inhibitory factor anymore in their English learning.


The two-input one-output Hammerstein model consists of two parallel nonlinear static blocks followed by a linear dynamic part. By using Hammerstein structure to map the relationship between a battery state of charge (SOC) and its terminal voltage/current, a hierarchical stochastic gradient algorithm is studied to estimate parameters of Hammerstein SOC model, so as to predict battery SOC. First, the Hammerstein model is transformed into a bilinear parameter system with the least number of required parameters. Then, a hierarchical stochastic gradient algorithm with a forgetting factor is used to update the two sets of model parameters of the bilinear parameter system, so as to realize SOC estimation. Furthermore, the experiment platform of lithium-ion battery was built and the data of the urban dynamometer driving schedule profile and the Los Angeles 92 profile were collected. Finally, the MATLAB simulation results show that the proposed parameter optimized method based Hammerstein model has the advantages of fast convergence speed and high SOC estimation accuracy.


To solve the problem of controlling the stator flux linkage amplitude, a direct torque control (DTC) scheme is proposed for a novel transverse-flux permanent magnet motor (TFPMM) with two-phase conduction mode of brushless DC drive. In this approach, flux linkage hysteresis comparator is removed and the desired voltage space vector is determined by only stator flux position and the output from torque hysteresis comparator, obtaining adaptive stator flux linkage. Further, reasonable phase compensation for the difference of optimal phase advance angle and the angle between stator and rotor flux is adopted to obtain maximum torque per ampere in the constant torque region. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed DTC scheme are verified through simulation results.


Nearly all studies of site response under seismic excitation employ idealized site models in which uniform layers of homogeneous soils are separated by perfect interfaces. The impedance mismatch at each interface gives rise to wave reflections which strongly affect the calculated free surface response. In reality, these perfect interfaces may often not exist. Instead, a zone in which materials from both above and below are mingled may form a blurred interface between layers. This article examines the effects of such weathered zones. The zone is modelled by a linearly varying shear modulus so that no abrupt impedance change occurs. Significant differences in response of weathered and unweathered profiles are found.


Signals can be sampled in sub-Nyquist rate based on information sampling, which enables sample high bandwidth signal use low frequency. In this paper, a compressed sampling system based on multiphase pre-random filter is studied, in which the filtered signals by periodical random modulation in digital domain, then the spectrum information of original signals is reconstructed from multi-channel signals. The hardware system is designed based in GC5016 and DSP. Simulation and experiment results demonstrated the validity and practicability of signal spectrum detection.


These days we are bombarded with suggestions that we increase our clinical effectiveness, or that the 'new' money for the NHS (and thus pay settlements?) must be linked to improved performance. This is before the pressure from patients and their families, whose increased expectations are fuelled by intemperate headlines on the latest supposed wonder treatment.


Objective To investigate imaging features of various types of chondrosarcoma.Methods Imaging information of 26 patients with chondrosarcoma verified by pathology were retrospectively analyzed.Results ①Conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma: Radiographs revealed mixed lytic and sclerotic appearance,mass located in long tubular bones showed endosteal scalloping.On CT,bulging bone destruction was showed in 7 patients,obvious calcification was detected in 5 patients and slight calcification was detected in 3 patients.MR T1WI demonstrated hypointense or isointense in all 9 patients,while on T2WI,8 were hyperintense,with hypointense septa in 6 patients.②Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: On radiographs,a little inflation in the lesion in bone was found in 1 patient and calcification in the lesion outside bones was found in,the other.On CT,located extraskeletal system was found in 6 of 7 patients,obvious calcification in 4 patients,subtle in 1 patient and no calcification in 1 patient.On MR T2WI,4 patients of extraskeletal mesenchymal type revealed "pepper sign" or high intensity area surrounding low intensity area.③Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: Mineralization was found in all 3 patients and 2 patients with osteoid matrix.Two patients showed mixed signal intensity on T2WI.④Juxtacortical chondrosarcoma: One of 2 patients showed abnormal calcification on radiographs.Three patients showed lobulated soft tissue masses nearby cortical bone on CT.MRI revealed bone marrow invasion in 2 patients.Contrast enhanced MR imaging demonstrated peripheral and septal enhancement in all patients of conventional intramedullary and juxtacortical type,diffuse enhancement in mesenchymal type and both peripheral and diffuse enhancement in dedifferentiated type.Conclusion Conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma has rather special imaging characteristics.Combination of calcification pattern,enhancement appearance and signal intensity is helpful to the diagnosis of mesenchymal and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma.


Purpose: To observe the findings and results of arthroscopic anatomic single bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft. Patients and Methods: This prospective study included 25 patients: 22 male patients and 03 female patients, with an age of 18–45 years. The patients underwent arthroscopic anatomic single bundle ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft. In addition to standard anteromedial (AM) and anterolateral (AL) portals, accessory anteromedial (AAM) portal was used for femoral tunnel placement. In all patients, femoral fixation of graft was done using Endobutton CL. In 8 patients tibial fixation of graft was done using suture disc while in 17 patients tibial fixation of graft was done using interference screw. Results: Medial meniscal tear was found associated in 7 patients and partial medial meniscectomy was performed. In 2 patients, tear of both medial and lateral menisci was found, with bucket handle tear of medial meniscus, partial meniscectomy was done. At final follow up, 80% of patients had a negative Lachman test, 16% of the patients had grade 1+ Lachman test, and 1 patient had grade 2+ Lachman test. None of the patients had grade 3+ Lachman test at final follow up. All the patients with grade 1+ Lachman test were asymptomatic. Pivot shift test was negative in all patients at one year postoperatively. The Lysholm functional score improved from a mean pre-operative value of 63.6 (range 50-81) to a mean of 92.04 (range 76– 98) at one year postoperatively. Conclusion: Anatomical single bundle ACL reconstruction using medial portal technique results in excellent functional knee scores.


Understanding the phenotypic attributes that contribute to variance in mating and reproductive success is crucial in the study of evolution by sexual selection. In many animals, body size is an important trait because larger individuals enjoy greater fitness due to the ability to secure more mates and produce more offspring. Among males, this outcome is largely mediated by greater success in competition with rival males and (or) advantages in attractiveness to females. Here we tested the hypothesis that large male Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807)) mate with more females and produce more offspring than small males. In experimental breeding groups, we included males chosen specifically to represent a range of sizes. After gravid females mated and nested freely, we collected egg clutches and genotyped all adults and samples of hatchlings with highly variable microsatellite markers to assign paternity. Size had little effect on male mating and reproductive success. Breeding males were...


The densification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3 doped with 500 ppm level of Y2O3 and ZrO2 were investigated. Both of the batches were uniaxial pressed into discs and rectangular bars, and solid state-sintered at temperature of 1600 °C for 2 hrs. The density was found to increase, simultaneously with the hardness of doped composition. The Y-doped alumina body showed exaggerated grain growth while Zr-doped body resulted bimodal distribution of grains


This paper describes a series of programs written to proc- ess, on a PDP-5 computer, data from an experiment measuring pi-mesic-produced x-rays at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory s 184-Inch Cyclotron. The programs display data from an A/D con-verter on an oscilloscope, record it on magnetic tape, and provide feedback to the gain and bias settings of the data amplifier for stabilization of the system transfer function. One program accepts 2048 incoming channels, the other accepts 4096. A third program permits analysis of data previously stored on tape, the area and centroid of a given peak being calculated using a light pen to set the peak boundaries and background line.