The past quarter-century has seen remarkable advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Observational studies have effectively identified modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Well-designed randomized, controlled trials have unequivocally shown that treatment of these and other risk factors reduces cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. More recent clinical trials are now examining treatment in special populations and are investigating whether some agents may have unique renoprotective or cardioprotective effects that go beyond targeted reductions in known risk factors. The Heart Outcomes and Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study is an important trial demonstrating the ineffectiveness of 400 IU of vitamin E daily (1) and the effectiveness of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in preventing cardiovascular disease events in 9297 high-risk patients (2). Of interest, the beneficial effects of ramipril were seen with a difference in systolic blood pressure of only 3 mm Hg between treatment and placebo groups at the end of the study [2]. The latter observation has increased speculation that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have beneficial effects on the systemic vasculature that are independent of blood pressure reduction itself. In this issue, Mann and colleagues present a post hoc analysis of patients from the HOPE trial that reports two additional findings: 1) Ramipril was safe and effective in reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with mild renal insufficiency, estimated by elevated serum creatinine concentration, and 2) mild renal insufficiency is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (3). The finding that ramipril was safe and effective in reducing cardiovascular disease in the subgroup of HOPE patients with mild renal insufficiency should not be surprising. However, this result, along with all post hoc subgroup analyses, should be interpreted with caution. In the primary report of the HOPE study, the investigators noted that ramipril reduced cardiovascular disease in subgroups of patients with and without diabetes, women and men, patients with and without previous cardiovascular disease, those younger than and at least 65 years of age, those with and without hypertension, and those with and without microalbuminuria (2). These multiple looks at the data increase the risk that one or more of the findings may be due to chance. Nevertheless, post hoc subgroup analyses should be done in order to examine issues of safety. In the case of renal insufficiency, Mann and colleagues found that ramipril was equally safe in patients with and those without mild renal insufficiency. Indeed, ramipril was stopped no more often than placebo in patients with mild renal insufficiency. The safety of ramipril in patients with mild renal insufficiency is reassuring and expected, given the many studies demonstrating the safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with more severe renal insufficiency (4). The finding that mild renal insufficiency is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease confirms the results of some studies, but not of others. As discussed by Mann and colleagues, the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (5), a preliminary report from the Hypertension Optimal Treatment study (6), and a study by Wannamethee and coworkers (7) have each reported an association between mildly elevated serum creatinine concentration and subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. Mann and colleagues also discussed the finding in the Framingham Heart Study that mild renal insufficiency (baseline creatinine concentration, 133 to 265 mol/L [1.5 to 3.0 mg/dL] in men and 124 to 265 mol/L [1.4 to 3.0 mg/dL] in women) failed to predict cardiovascular disease in 6233 adult participants who were followed for 15 years (8). In a study not mentioned by the HOPE investigators, Flack and associates examined the relationship between serum creatinine concentration and cardiovascular disease in 5524 hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention (MRFIT) study (9). Change in creatinine concentration at 6 years (but not baseline creatinine concentration) was an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease death and all-cause mortality. The MRFIT study excluded patients with known cardiovascular disease. Thus, in the two studies in which baseline creatinine concentration failed to predict subsequent cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease at the time of enrollment (when creatinine was measured) was relatively low. This raises the interesting possibility that serum creatinine concentration may only predict cardiovascular disease by reflecting disease that is already present. In any case, none of these studies were designed to examine the relationship between serum creatinine concentration and cardiovascular disease, and any conclusions drawn from them must remain tentative. The relationship between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular disease is more firmly established, and microalbuminuria is arguably a more sensitive marker of renal damage than serum creatinine. Mann and colleagues also found that microalbuminuria was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and the relative risk of 1.59 (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.84) associated with microalbuminuria was numerically higher than the relative risk of 1.40 (CI, 1.16 to 1.69) associated with elevated creatinine concentration (3). Several other studies have found that microalbuminuria, proteinuria, or both predict cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, hypertension, or both (10-12). It is plausible that intrarenal vascular disease causes glomerular and tubular damage that in turn causes microalbuminuria. If this is true, the same risk factors that lead to extrarenal cardiovascular disease could contribute to the pathogenesis of intrarenal vascular disease and microalbuminuria. In any case, screening for microalbuminuria could help to identify patients who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. In the study by Mann and colleagues, serum creatinine concentration and microalbuminuria were independent correlates of cardiovascular disease in a multivariate analysis of risk factors. The multivariate analysis included history of coronary artery disease, history of peripheral vascular disease, history of stroke, history of hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, history of diabetes, male sex, age, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and randomization to ramipril (3). However, several risk factors for cardiovascular disease were not examined, and many of these could help explain the association between serum creatinine concentration (or microalbuminuria) and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, renal function is known to correlate with several cardiovascular risk factors. Mild or moderately decreased renal function or microalbuminuria is associated with insulin resistance (13, 14), hypertriglyceridemia (15), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (15), elevated lipoprotein(a) levels (16, 17), hyperuricemia (18), hyperhomocysteinemia (19), and hyperparathyroidism (20), to name a few. In most cases, physiologic, metabolic, or catabolic functions of the kidney provide a plausible explanation for these associations. It is therefore possible that mild or moderate renal damage from cardiovascular disease (or other causes) may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. It may be more than coincidental that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors appear to be both renoprotective and cardioprotective. Future studies should help improve our understanding of the mechanisms for these and other putative effects of interventions that do more than what was predicted by the degree of targeted risk factor reduction. Only adequately powered, prospective, observational and intervention trials specifically designed to examine both cardiovascular and renal injury will yield definitive answers. Several studies are currently planned or in progress. The current National Institutes of Health initiative (grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-DK-01-005.html), a 7-year prospective, multicenter cohort study to determine risk factors for accelerated decreases in renal function and cardiovascular disease, offers a unique opportunity to address these questions. Understanding the link between cardiovascular risk factors and kidney damage may be key to finding better prevention and treatment for both kidney and cardiovascular disease.


SX microprocessor is a kind of new microprocessor developed by Scenix Inc., USA. This article introduces the facilities and features of SX microprocessor. A digital measurement of inductance based on the SX microprocessor is also presented as an application example in this paper.


We propose to use an industrial redundant manipulator (KUKA LBR iiwa robot) as a haptic device to provide high force feedback for an orthopedic surgeon while performing the reaming of the acetabula in a virtual environment. Real experiments have been performed to validate the virtual reality training framework. The results show that the system resulted to be intuitive and reliable from the users experience. Keywords-medical robotics; force feedback; virtual reality; training.


Abstract: Let G = SL(2,R) be the 2 × 2 connected real semisimple Lie group. Let AF = R2 ⋊ GL(2, R) be the affine group, which is the semidirect product of the two groups R2 with GL(2, R), whivh plays an important role in technology. The purpose of this paper is to define the Fourier transform in order to obtain the Plancherel formula for the group SL(2, R), and then we establish the Plancherel theorem for the group P = R2⋊SL(2, R). To this end a Plancherel theorem for the affine group AF = R2⋊GL(2, R) will be obtained


This study aims to analyze factors affecting the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system success in banking. This research was conducted at Bank Mandiri as Surakarta. This research was conducted by the method of primary data. The data are drawn from questionaires distributed to the employees of Bank Mandiri who use the SAP system in Surakarta. This study used purposive sampling technique. The number of samples in this study was 81 (eightty one). The analytical method used is multiple regression analysis to test this hypothesis. The results of this study found that system quality, individual impact, workgroup impact and organizational impact, significant influence on ERP system success, whereas information quality hasn't significant influence on ERP system success.


This study shows that the firms with lucky listing codes on the Taiwan Stock market are traded at a premium compared to the firms with unlucky listing codes. The lucky number premium exists without interruption until the 44 month after IPO, and can still be found in the long run—at least nine years after IPO. We believe that this long-lasting premium for firms with lucky listing codes just represents investors' irrational preference for lucky numbers. This phenomenon can be viewed as evidence that cultural numerological superstition induces behavioral biases on the stock market. Further examination shows that the digits. 8 and 9 are particularly favored by investors. The lucky number premium is robust in different sub-periods from the 1990s to 2008, but has vanished in recent years. Interestingly, the lucky number premium only appears for firms with a low institutional holding, implying that individual investors are more likely to be affected by numerological superstition.


Objective: To explore the expression and clinical significance of metastasis suppressor gene Kai1 in lung cancer. Methods: The expression of Kai1 protein in fresh freezing tissues from 53 patients with lung cancer and 17 normal cases were examined by immuno-histochemistry SP method. Results: Among 53 patients with lung cancer, 19 (36%) showed Kai1 expression, and a significant difference was shown in comparison of normal lung tissues (82%) (P0.01). The expression rate of Kai1 protein in early stage of lung cancer was obviously higher than that of late stage (P0.05). The expression rate of Kai1 protein in Ⅰ and Ⅱ degree of lung cancer was higher than that of Ⅲ and Ⅳ degree (P0.05). Conclusion: The downregulation of Kai1 may indicate metastasis, and is related to malignant degree of lung cancer, and it can be used as a new prognostic marker of lung cancer.


: Vesicular delivery of drugs has gained more popularity due to its stability and improved therapeutic efficacy. Vesicles being a bilayer structure, can be used to incorporate both, hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Bile salts are mostly used to increase bioavailability, enhance antigen delivery by offering protection, retention, and premature release of antigen. Preparation of bile salts-containing vesicles are thin-film hydration method, hot homogenization method, reverse phase evaporation method. Bilosomes have proved to be one of the very effective methods of enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs. The ability to entrap various proteins, antigens, and peptides are exceptional .


Moral Education is a compulsory formal subject for non-Muslim pupils in the Malaysian school system from primary to secondary schooling. The subject is taught whilst the Muslim pupils attend Islamic Education. This is so as both subjects are considered to have the same aim of developing a disciplined, ethical and united society (Cabinet Report, 1979). The general aim of Moral Education is to build persons with virtues through inculcation, internationalization and practices of the noble values of Malaysian society (Ministry of Education, 1988). The noble values of Malaysian society are drawn from religious, traditional and cultural values of various ethnic groups in Malaysia that are in accordance with the universal moral values. Since the introduction of Moral Education as a school subject in 1980s, various issues were raised on its effectiveness in fulfilling its goals. This paper intends to appraise the implementation of Moral Education for schools in Malaysia in terms of teaching and assessment of the subject. Implications towards teacher education of Moral Education teachers will also be discussed.


The invention discloses a near-net-shape method for a porous metal part. The method comprises the following steps: (1) firstly, designing a three-dimensional CAD model of the part, saving the model as an STL file, and transmitting the file to SLM quick shape equipment; (2) introducing protective gas into the equipment after the equipment is vacuumized; (3) spreading a layer of metal powder with thickness of between 0.05 and 0.15millimeter and grain diameter of between 10 and 100 mu m on a metal substrate by a powder feeding mechanism; (4) scanning the outer profile of the boundary of a slice by adopting a laser beam of which the laser power is more than or equal to 100W to ensure that the profile is melted; (5) repeating the step (3) to (4) until shaping is completed; and (6) integrally placing a shell of the shaped part and powder loaded in the shell in a high temperature sintering furnace for sinter shaping. The method does not need a die, and has the characteristics of simple and easy technical process and complicated shape manufacture.


Mark/recapture surveys were carried out to evaluate the relationship between counts of caterpillars under burlap-band resting sites and gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations. Principal component analysis showed that rain on the day of sampling was related to decreases in numbers counted under burlap. Caterpillars did not readily move between burlap resting sites placed high in trees and those lower down, and larvae found under high burlap developed slower and had greater mortality than those under low burlap. Survival rates calculated from the mark/recapture data were higher for larvae under low burlap. Calculations of population levels from the mark/recapture data showed that the part of the population sampled by low burlap was 10-fold as large as that sampled by high burlap. Estimates of daily survival rates of the first four instars were close to the corresponding rates for large larvae. There was a correlation of 0.95 between mark/recapture log population estimates for large caterpillars and log counts over four orders of magnitude, but comparisons with independent data suggest that the relationship between log counts and log populations may be nonlinear.


Industrial challenges in product line evolution suggest a flexible and iterative approach that integrates domain and application engineering activities. We present our ongoing and planned research addressing the evolution of model-based product lines. In particular, we propose an iterative process and initial tool support for product line evolution. Our work is based on an analysis of industrial challenges in product line evolution. The paper outlines the research method and summarizes the planned contributions.


This paper aims to analyze ethanol supply chain in Thailand. The analysis covered three main parts: supply chain structure, material flow and related costs in supply chain. The results showed that Thai ethanol supply chain is complex because it involves many stakeholders in both public and private agencies. Molasses and cassava are the main feedstocks of ethanol production in Thailand, so the upstream suppliers of ethanol supply chain are sugarcane and cassava farmers, and the collectors. The feedstocks cost of ethanol plants is high due to the fluctuation of sugarcane and cassava price. There is also a trade barrier to control both production and transportation of ethanol because it under the Liquor Act. Moreover, the distribution of ethanol has low efficiency and long distance of truck transport contribute to high transportation cost. Consequently, logistics system of Thai ethanol supply chain should be improved more efficient in order to support demand expansion of ethanol industry.


Rough-and-tumble play is a distinctive form of behaviour. Although it appears superficially similar to fighting, there is considerable evidence that it differs in terms of causation and intent. A numb


After 3 years of careful evaluation, a modern electric multiple-unit passenger car operating under an 11-kv 25-cycle catenary system has been placed in commuter service on two railroads in the Philadelphia area. Its high-strength stainless steel car body with plastic interior finish, modern lighting, and modulated air conditioning, combines maximum space utilization with maximum passenger comfort and appeal. High-capacity d-c traction motors with double reduction flexible drives are mounted on fabricated 4-wheel trucks and supplied with electrical energy through semiconductor rectifiers. Static components, solidly connected by modern electronic circuitry, control the supply of energy in a smooth flow which insures stepless acceleration of the cars. Performance to date clearly indicates improved service at lower cost.


The concept of personalized medicine is receiving significant attention due to the greater awareness of the influence of genes to the drug effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DNA are the most frequent form of sequence variations in the human genome and appear to affect the efficacy and safety of many drugs. The term 'pharmacogenetics' was coined over 40 years ago with an ultimate goal of using the genetic makeup of an individual to predict drug response and efficacy.1–3 We are just at the beginning of a new era in personalized cardiovascular therapies. However there is little doubt that, in the near future, pharmacogenetic testing will become a valuable tool for a drug and dose selection and thus result in a more desirable benefit/risk ratio for drugs prescribed to patients.

Over the past decades, the platelet has emerged as a major pathway involved in cardiovascular diseases. The platelet as a 'drug target' has spawned a variety of new drugs that have been shown in large-scale randomized trials to improve patient outcomes in acute coronary syndromes and following percutaneous revascularization procedures.4–6 Until recently aspirin, centred on the tromboxane pathway, was the only antiplatelet agent considered to be the gold standard for effectiveness in both primary and secondary prevention of atherothrombotic diseases.7 Although it continues to be used as the gold standard antiplatelet therapy, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors in combination therapy appear to exert synergistic effects and provide added benefits among high-risk patients for cardiovascular disease.7,8

Nevertheless an important lesson that has emerged from number of trials is that antiplatelet potency per se does not necessarily guarantee enhanced clinical benefit or tolerability for a given patient.8–11 This may in part be due to the …

*Corresponding author. Tel: +1 519 663 3553, Fax: +1 519 663 3232, Email: richard.kim{at}lhsc.on.ca


Communication studies is a relatively new field of study in Australia, having been introduced into higher education only three decades ago. In reviewing the field's introduction and development in Australia to the present, this paper offers an account of the influences on communication education of changes in the structure of the country's higher education system, tensions between imported Anglo‐European and United States' influences, and the impact of the intersection of communication and cultural studies. It pays particular attention to achievements, gaps, and directions and speculates about possible future directions.


The invention discloses a loop switching method, a device and a system; according to the loop switching method, a first loop and a second loop are connected between first equipment and second equipment; a direct current contactor is serially connected onto the first loop; a controllable switching tube is parallelly connected onto the direct current contactor; when the first loop is connected, the direct current contactor is also connected, the controllable switching tube is disconnected and the second loop is disconnected; the loop switching method comprises the following steps that the connection of the second loop is controlled; the controllable switching tube is triggered to be connected; the disconnection of the direct current contactor is controlled after the controllable switching tube is connected; and the disconnection of the controllable switching tube is triggered after the direct current contactor is disconnected. According to the loop switching method, the device and the system, the connection heat losses can be reduced and the switching speed can be accelerated.


An array substrate and a preparation method therefor, and a display device. The array substrate comprises a thin-film transistor area (Q2) and a display area (Q1). The thin-film transistor area (Q2) comprises a thin-film transistor and a black matrix (9), and the display area (Q1) comprises a common electrode.


IL-12 is a macrophage-derived heterodimeric cytokine, capable of inducing proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity of NK cells and T cells, and is critical for the development of Th1 responses. TGF-β is an immunosuppressive cytokine that inhibits IL-12-mediated responses in NK and T cells. To determine the mechanism of action of TGF-β, we examined its inhibitory effect on IL-12 signal-transduction pathway in T cells. Stimulation of activated T cells with IL-12 leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Jak-2 and Tyk-2 kinases and STAT3 and STAT4 transcription factors. Treatment of activated T cells with TGF-β blocked IL-12-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of both Jak-2 and Tyk-2 kinases. Furthermore, inhibition of Jak kinases by TGF-β was associated with a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT4 proteins. Abrogation of IL-12-induced Jak-Stat pathway by TGF-β resulted in decreased T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, and increased apoptotic cell death. These findings highlight that TGF-β inhibits IL-12-mediated responses by blocking IL-12 signal transduction in T cells.


Low-dimensional nanostructures are technologically desirable for their novel physical properties, as well as the benefits of packing density due to scale. In quantum computing, an ideal structure might consist of single dopant atoms precisely positioned a few nanometers below a surface [1]. There is also a need for truly atomic-scale interconnects and ancillary structures. However, due to their nanoscale dimensions, the physical properties of nanowires and related structures will depend on the environment in which they are embedded as well as their composition. This problem is particularly relevant for samples grown on ultra-clean surfaces, which may not survive outside of high-vacuum systems or which might be substantially affected by adatoms. The question then arises as to what happens to surface nanostructures or single dopant atoms during encapsulation or overgrowth.


The third and final volume of the correspondence between William and Henry James begins in 1897 and concludes with William's death in 1910.


An efficient gradient-based optimal method is presented for the design of wing,combined with Eular solver and optimization constraints which are enforces through a penalty formulation.The adjoint method is applied to solve the discrete-adjoint equation,leading a fast computation of accurate objective function gradient.The ratio of lift to drag is selected as the objective function.Several design examples are provided which demonstrate that this algorithm provides an effective and practical tool for the design of wing.


This paper introduces the concrete step and fitting source code that Notes access traditional relation database with the help of ODBC technology.The effort handle of relational database can be merged into workflow handle of Notes document database,which provides a feasible way to solve appropriate problem of OA development.


The current scientific knowledge shift has transformed the narrative into a relevant theme when we search the significance of the human experience. Investigated as a teaching technique among sixth year students from Botucatu City, in Sao Paulo State, that were confronted by the urban environ- ment of the Salvaterra Village, on Marajo Island, in Brazil, it revealed the strength of the binary oppositions, that are previewed in the conceptual sketch, stimulated the re-elaboration of the previous concepts, and re-signification of both, values and social conditioning. The narrative, used as a teaching technique, supplies an effective learning, so that the spectator sets the sequence of picture, making to emerge meaning according to his experience and cognitive structure.


Nighttime blood pressure (BP) dipping can be quantified as the ratio of mean nighttime (sleep) BP to mean daytime (awake) BP. People whose dipping ratio is 0.90 have been referred to as nondippers, and nondipping is associated with cardiovascular disease events. We examined the relationship between systolic nighttime BP dipping in young adults and presence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) 10-15 years later using data from the ambulatory BP monitoring substudy of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Among 239 participants with adequate measures of both nighttime and daytime readings and coronary artery calcium, the systolic BP dipping ratio ranged from 0.72 to 1.24 (mean 0.88, SD 0.06), and CAC was present 10 to 15 years later in 54 participants (22.6%). Compared to those whose systolic BP dipping ratio ranged from 0.88 to 0.92 (Quartile 3), the 57 participants (23.9%) with less pronounced or absent dipping (ratio 0.92 to 1.24, Quartile 4) had an unadjusted odds ratio of 4.08 (95% CI 1.48-11.2) for presence of CAC. The 60 participants (25.1%) with a more pronounced dipping (ratio 0.72 to 0.85, potential confounders (p<0.001 for quadratic term). Both failure of systolic BP to dip sufficiently and "overdipping" during nighttime may be associated with future subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.


Inheritance of resistance to blotchy ripening In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars intended for machine harvest was studied in two diallel crosses using the Hayman and Griffing analyses. Additive effects were most important as indicated by the high level of general combining ability compared with specific combining ability. Some hybrids performed better than the mid-parent mean; however, heterosis for resistance to blotch above the best inbred line was not evident. Epistasis occurred between recessive genes in two parents, resulting in reduced blotch. No significant interaction between the expression of blotch in diallel progeny and K availability was evident. Genotype- environment Interaction was significant, but relative variation in blotch between experiments only occurred in cultivars with an intermediate level of resistance. Blotchy ripening (blotch) is a tomato fruit ripening disorder that has also been described as cloud, graywall, and waxy patch. Hobson and Davies (1977) described the basic physical symp- tom of blotch as areas of imperfectly ripened tissue that may or may not be visible on the exterior of the fruit. The most severely affected area is next to the calyx and on the shoulders. The discolored area remains firmer than the surrounding red tissue and does not ripen normally, The specific symptoms of blotch on processing cultivars intended for machine harvest and used in this study consisted of hard yellow or yellowish-gre en peri- carp tissue radiating from the stem scar following the pattern of vascular tissue. In fruit affected severely, yellow tissue was visible externally, but in most cases the exterior of the fruit appeared normal, because symptoms were masked by a thin layer of normally pigmented cells just under the epidermis. Dif- ferences in the expression of blotch in processing tomato lines are more apparent at low than at moderate or high levels of K in the soil (Dick and Shattuck, 1986). All of the cultivars used in this study had the uniform ripening gene (u); cultivars lacking this gene are susceptible to a severe form of blotchy ripening called yellow shoulder, or yellow top. Blotch results in serious economic losses to the tomato whole- pack processing industry due to increased labor costs and de- creased recovery of pulp. Blotchy fruit must be removed by hand after peeling (Fig. 1) because blotch is not completely visible externally. Fruit exhibiting blotch symptoms in ≥ 25% of the shoulder tissue are unusable for whole-pack production (Canada Agricultural Products Standards Act, 1968). If caustic peeling is used, 23% of the fruit weight is lost (Smith et al;, 1988). Although blotchy, peeled fruit can be used for pulp, such peeling losses cannot be recovered. Marginal blotchy fruit may be canned, but product quality is adversely affected. Blotch is influenced by K nutrition (Besford and Maw, 1975; Dick and Shattuck,. 1986; Picha rind Hall, ,1981; Winsor and Long, 1967), moisture (Berry, 1966; Van der Boon, 1973), temperature (White, 1938), solar radiation (Lipton, 1970; Hornby and Matsumoto; 1974) and biotic factors (Boyle and Bergman, 1967; Mokhtar et al., 1982). Cultivar differences in blotch sus-


With the aid of the German Research Association in the central programme 'Sand movements in the German coastal region', an investigation into the current conditions in the shallow water areas of the coasts of the south-eastern North Sea between Sylt and the Weser estuary was carried out by the author. Foundations of the work are 19 continuous current recordings in five profiles normal to the coast from years 1971 to 1973. Off the coasts of the south-eastern North Sea varying tidal currents impinge; they are currents whose directions may vary periodically through all points of the compass. They are caused by the circulating tides in the North Sea (Amphidromien). The turning flow movement experiences a deformation in the very shallow coastal waters, and as it happens the flow turning movement in the case of high tide continues right up onto the outer flats, while here and in the fore-lying shallow water areas around the time of low water (on account of the small depths of waters), there prevails a more variable current. A result of this hydrodynamical procedure is the development of counter currents. This partial translation of the original paper provides the summary of this study of of the mudflat areas between the Elbe and Weser.


Objective To study the reimplantation of in vitro AAV-hTGFβ1-transfected cells of intervertebral disc(IVD),and observe its effect on height of the disc,type Ⅱcollagen and proteoglycan in rats. Methods Twenty Wistar rats were included in this study: L6-S1 IVD was assigned as control group,no managements were done;L5-L6 IVD as puncture group injected with 0.01 mol/L PBS;L4-L5 as experimental group,injected with cell suspension of AAV-hTGFβ1-transfected disc cells.X-ray examination of lumbar IVD of the rats were undertaken before and four weeks after the procedures,and,four weeks later,gene expressions of typeⅡcollagen and proteoglycan were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and analyzed by semi-quantitative technique. Results The percentage of DHIs in puncture group were remarkably decreased compared with that in experimental group and control group(F=321.22;q=30.44,32.56;P0.05),and the difference of that between experimental group and control group was not significant(P0.05).The expressions of type Ⅱ collagen and proteoglycan in puncture group were weaker than that in experimental group and control group(F=55.05,34.79;q=8.96-12.43;P0.05),and the difference of that between experimental group and control group was not significant(P0.05). Conclusion Retransplantation of AAV-hTGFβ1-transfected disc cells into the intervertebral discs in rats conduces to maintenance of the height of intervertebral disc and enhancement of the expressions of type Ⅱ collagen and proteoglycan.


The worldwide epidemics of substance abuse, largely of opioids, and HIV/AIDS adversely affect tens of millions of people. The link between the expanding epidemic of drug use, particularly injection drug use and HIV has been well described. In the United States, injection drug use has been the second most frequent route of HIVacquisition. Both opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS are treatable, but availability of treatment has been limited and, even where available, those with substance-abuse disorders have not achieved their maximal benefit compared with other populations. Recent advances in the treatment of opioid dependence have impacted favorably on clinical and public health outcomes of chemical dependence, HIV/AIDS and other associated comorbid conditions. Opioid agonist treatment with methadone has been long established as evidence-based therapy effective in reducing opiate use, criminal activity, and morbidity and mortality, and providing both primary and secondary HIV prevention. In the United States, limitations of methadone have included highly restricted and controlled requirements for administration, dangers of opioid excess and overdose and, with regards to HIV co infection, substantial concerns about medication interactions. Buprenorphine/naloxone (bup/nx), a partial m-receptor agonist with a plateau of its agonist effects at higher doses, has an improved safety profile compared with methadone. Recent studies also show fewer concerning medication interactions with antiretroviral therapies. Further, in the United States, buprenorphine can be prescribed within general medical settings, including HIV clinics and programs, allowing for the integration of HIV and substance-abuse treatment and prevention. Buprenorphine is becoming increasingly more available worldwide and was approved for use in the United States in 2002. Although clearly shown to be effective in controlled studies, larger population-based outcome data, including information on the implementation of buprenorphine and HIV treatment models, have been lacking. As such, there remains incomplete data regarding the utility of this integration strategy for opioid dependence and HIV infection. To address this deficit, the Health Services and Resources Administration's organized a Special Program of National Significance project entitled ''The Buprenorphine Initiative: An Evaluation of Innovative Methods for Integrating Buprenorphine Opioid Abuse Treatment in HIV Primary Care''. This program has created a national multisite demonstration project evaluating buprenorphine and HIV integrated treatment in 10 HIV primary care sites, involving over 300 patients and supported by an evaluation and technical assistance site. In this issue, the results of this, the largest study of the use of bup/nx to treat HIV-positive opioiddependant patients are presented. The process of study development, defining the issues to be examined, data collection and analysis and preparation of this supplement, has been remarkably collaborative. A wide and comprehensive array of issues is explored in individual but connected articles, ranging from the history of the project and its development, patients' characteristics, drug treatment outcomes, HIV treatment outcomes, side effects and toxicities, the importance of cocaine use, treatment effect on quality of life, cost, patient, and provider perspectives, and policy implications. The overall results of the demonstration project clearly indicate that it is feasible to insert bup/nx treatment into ongoing HIV programs with resultant benefit in both drug and HIV treatment outcomes, particularly for those clinic patients not previously receiving antiretroviral


In wireless systems, a collision set is a group of backlogged nodes in mutual interference range, so that the simultaneous transmission of multiple nodes will result into packets collision. The estimation of the number of nodes in the collision set is an interesting problem that has received considerable attention in the literature, in particular in the context of RFID systems. A popular approach consists in applying a framed Aloha transmission scheme and, then, inferring the collision set size from the number of slots in the frame interested by zero, one or multiple transmissions. The solutions proposed in the literature offer different tradeoffs between estimate complexity and accuracy, where higher accuracy is provided by more complex algorithms. In this paper we propose a novel estimation method for framed Aloha systems that, making use of a minimum mean square error (MMSE) argument, yields very accurate estimates with limited computational complexity. The performance of the scheme is analytically determined and compared with the best-known methods proposed in the literature. The comparison shows that the MMSE-based estimator achieves the same performance of the maximum likelihood estimator, but with much lower computational complexity, and outperforms all the other methods with similar complexity.


On the face of it, there would seem to be little evidence suggesting that the political science of Thomas Jefferson owed much, if anything, to the speculation of Niccolò Machiavelli. The Virginian appears to have mentioned the Florentine by name but once, and he did so in a manner conveying his disdain for the author of The Prince. And yet, as I try to show in this article, Jefferson's commitment to limited government, his advocacy of a politics of distrust, his eager embrace of a species of populism, his ultimate understanding of the executive power, and the intention guiding the comprehensive legislative program that he devised for Virginia make sense only when understood in terms of the new science of republican politics articulated by Machiavelli in his Discourses on Livy.


High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable has now reached the stage where their application in power systems is in the process of being implemented. Polyimide film has been used as an insulation in HTS cable systems with the advantages of low temperature resistance, good mechanical properties and excellent dielectric properties. Due to the organic properties of polyimide, the breakdown of the films is one of main problems to the safety and reliability of HTS cable. Partial discharge (PD) events may lead to material degradation and total breakdown. Our recent researches have shown that fluorination as a chemical modification technology can influence the surface charge behaviors thus influence the PD characteristics of modified polyimide films. In this paper, the effect of fluorination time on the partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of fluorinated polyimide films have been carried out. Samples were surface fluorinated in a laboratory vessel at about 328 K (55 °C) using a F2/N2 mixture with 20% F2 by volume and 0.05 MPa (500 mbar) for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes, respectively. Atomic force acoustic microscope (AFM) was used to detect the surface topography of the samples. The PD characteristics results showed that the partial discharge quantity decreases with the fluorination time increasing from 0 min to 45 min and increases with the fluorination time increasing from 45 min to 60 min.


This paper estimates petroleum endowment volumes for provinces of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) that have not been previously assessed by other organizations. The study uses the United States Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment (USGS, 2000) as a starting point. It then utilizes nonlinear regression to estimate parameters of a Variable Shape Distribution (VSD) model that calculates the total petroleum endowment throughout the FSU. Earlier size distribution models used to evaluate unassessed petroleum resources relied mainly on the fractal and lognormal distributions. In fact, all the methods used historically have been based on an assumed form of the size distribution of nature's endowment of petroleum resources. The VSD model is different in that it allows the actual petroleum resource data from USGS (2000) to determine the form of the size distribution of petroleum resources. The model is validated by a good fit of actual data, supported by coefficients of determination (R 2) equal to 0.98 or greater. It is concluded that there is a large petroleum endowment in the FSU that will last for several decades and can contribute significantly to domestic energy needs as well as export requirements.


The author studied information taken from a sampling of U.S. Fortune 1000 companies and analyzed information about corporations' ability to appeal to desirable corporate directors and retain their ...


OBJECTIVES
We sought to study the long-term outcome of juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

STUDY DESIGN
Temporomandibular disorders, including TMJ involvement, were assessed in 42 women with pauciarticular or polyarticular JCA--on average 25.8 years from disease onset--and compared with those found in matched control subjects. Disease-related parameters associated with temporomandibular disorders were identified.

RESULTS
The TMJ was involved in 66.7% of the patients, most severely in extended pauciarticular JCA. Temporomandibular disorders were more frequent in the patients than in the control subjects, especially in those with persistent disease. The TMJ involvement was positively correlated with disease duration and negatively correlated with jaw opening and occlusal support. Duration of active JCA and history of functional pain were identified as predictors of present TMJ involvement.

CONCLUSION
In a long-term follow-up, TMJ involvement proved frequent in the studied patients and was associated with long disease duration and previous pain on jaw opening. The findings suggest that patients with JCA should undergo orofacial evaluation on a regular basis.


[Objective] The research aimed to study the effects of additional fertilizer on growth and development,yield and quality of Yunyan 97.[Method] Four treatments were designed,no additional fertilizer,additional fertilizer after planting 20,30,40 days,respectively.[Result] The results indicated that the properly additional fertilizer could improve the leaf yield and quality of tobacco.The botanic,agronomic and economic characteristics of the leaf while the additional fertilizers were used in 20-30 days after planting were better than the utilization of the base fertilizer completely or the utilization of the additional fertilizers in 40 days after planting.[Conclusion] The study can provide theoretical basis for confirming the reasonable time of using additional fertilizer of Yunyan 97.


In this paper by using a traveling wave method, a homogeneous balance method and a Jacobi elliptic function expansion method , we obtain not only the exact periodic solutions and the solitary wave solutions for a KdV equation , but also several new exact solutions. The results show that the three methods in this paper afford us useful avenues that study nonlinear differential equations.


Excerpt Mild, untoward reactions to standard doses of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) are common. They consist for the most part of symptoms of gastrointestinal irritation. A detailed study by Canne...


Phyllis Krystal gave the name 'Cutting the Ties that Bind' (Phyllis Krystal 1982) to a method which she developed in her individual counselling practice, using specific symbols for specific therapeutic purposes. In addition, she facilitated clients to draw on their own intuition in a symbolic way. This approach allows two people working together to connect to a mutually shared wisdom, which often seems to present itself in the mind's eye as an image which can then be reflected upon creatively. Thus the image becomes a symbol that can be drawn on to guide and inspire the process of the therapeutic work. I have been stimulated by part of the Cutting the Ties ritual, the Figure of 8 model, to find ways to help clients strengthen their sense of personal space. I say more about this later.


Promoting an energy-saving policy is one of the many ongoing strategies beingimplemented in Japan to combat the climate change problem. However, the anticipated energy savings from this energy-efficiency improvement program may be partially negated by an unexpected"rebound effect."This paper estimates the rebound effect of passenger vehicles in Japan using micro data. In our sample, the rebound effect of passenger vehicles was estimated to be approximately22%. We separate the sample into two groups :( )the high environmental awareness group and( )the low environmental awareness group based on the vehicle type and whether the vehicle is targeted by the Vehicle Green Tax Plan. The rebound effect for the latter was estimated to be about41%. On the other hand, the estimated rebound effect for the former group was statistically insignificant. Thus we conclude that to promote energy-efficiency improvement policies, the Japanese government should consider the rebound effect, and further, raising the level of environmental awareness can decrease the rebound effect.


A 'basket-handle' iron-porphyrin bearing L-phenylalanine residues has been prepared and found to catalyse the epoxidation of p-chlorostyrene with a 50% excess of the (R)-epoxide, whereas 'picket' iron-porphyrins bearing the same amino acid have led to a 10–20% excess of the (S)-epoxide.


1 Kinematics of Flow.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Velocity Gradient Tensor.- 1.3 Rate of Deformation Tensor.- 1.4 Analysis of Strain Rates.- 1.5 Spin Tensor.- 1.6 Curvature-Twist Rate Tensor.- 1.7 Objective Tensors.- 1.8 Balance of Mass.- 1.9 Concluding Remarks.- 1.10 References.- 2 Field Equations.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Measures for Mechanical Interactions.- 2.3 Euler's Laws of Motion.- 2.4 Stress and Couple Stress Vectors.- 2.5 Stress and Couple Stress Tensors.- 2.6 Cauchy's Laws of Motion.- 2.7 Analysis of Stress.- 2.8 Energy Balance Equation.- 2.9 Entropy Inequality.- 2.10 Concluding Remarks.- 2.11 References.- 3 Couple Stresses in Fluids.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Constitutive Equations.- 3.3 Equations of Motion.- 3.4 Boundary Conditions.- 3.5 Steady Flow Between Parallel Plates.- 3.6 Steady Tangential Flow Between Two Coaxial Cylinders.- 3.7 Poiseuille Flow Through Circular Pipes.- 3.8 Creeping Flow Past a Sphere.- 3.9 Some Time-Dependent Flows.- 3.10 Stability of Plane Poiseuille Flow.- 3.11 Hydromagnetic Channel Flows.- 3.12 Some Effects on Heat Transfer.- 3.13 Concluding Remarks.- 3.14 References.- 4 Anisotropic Fluids.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Balance Laws.- 4.3 Microstructure of a Dumbbell-Shaped Particle.- 4.4 Field Equations.- 4.5 Constitutive Equations.- 4.6 Implications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- 4.7 Incompressible Fluids.- 4.8 Simple Shearing Motion.- 4.9 Orientation Induced by Flow.- 4.10 Poiseuille Flow Through Circular Pipes.- 4.11 Cylindrical Couette Flow.- 4.12 Concluding Remarks.- 4.13 References.- 5 Micro Fluids.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Description of Micromotion.- 5.3 Kinematics of Deformation.- 5.4 Conservation of Mass.- 5.5 Balance of Momenta.- 5.6 Microinertia Moments.- 5.7 Balance of Energy.- 5.8 Entropy Inequality.- 5.9 Constitutive Equations for Micro Fluids.- 5.10 Linear Theory of Micro Fluids.- 5.11 Equations of Motion.- 5.12 Concluding Remarks.- 5.13 References.- 6 Micropolar Fluids.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Skew-Symmetry of the Gyration Tensor and Microisotropy.- 6.3 Micropolar Fluids.- 6.4 Thermodynamics of Micropolar Fluids.- 6.5 Equations of Motion.- 6.6 Boundary and Initial Conditions.- 6.7 Two Limiting Cases.- 6.8 Steady Flow Between Parallel Plates.- 6.9 Steady Couette Flow Between Two Coaxial Cylinders.- 6.10 Pipe Poiseuille Flow.- 6.11 Micropolar Fluids with Stretch.- 6.12 Concluding Remarks.- 6.13 References.- Notation.


Weed thresholds are an integral component of an integrated weed management system (IWM). In this paper we review the literature on weed thresholds and examine the theory and applicability of thresholds within the context of a systems approach to IWM. The development of empirical models describing single and multi-species thresholds are reviewed and discussed in terms of the magnitude of weed threshold values in various crops and the importance and limitations of the parameters used to calculate these values. Mechanistic weed threshold crop competition models are suggested as a means of overcoming some of the limitations of empirically based threshold models. A mechanistic approach to the development of weed threshold models is desirable since relative crop and weed responses to environmental factors, cultural practices and the dynamic nature of competition are considered. Guidelines for the application of weed thresholds within a cropping system are outlined.


The purpose of this research is to know what kind of snake and to find out the condition of the environment where he found the type of snake in Bukit Lawang, Bahorok Sub-district, Langkat regency of North Sumatera in December 2017 until January 2018. Sampling with exploratory method to all areas with potential snake. The results found 8 types of snakes grouped into 4 families, 3 types of columbridae 1 type of pareidae, 1 type of viperidae, and 1 type of lamprophiidae. Environmental temperature found at snake range of 25 ° C 32 ° C Chrysopelea pelia and Boiga dendrophila found in pH 7.0 Based on IUCN Red List and CITES Appendix snake found in Bukit Lawang Bahorok District Langkat Regency into Least Concern ( LC), and does not enter into appendix III, nor III in CITES, is not protected or animals threatened to exist until it can lead to extinction. The snake is a snake that spread widely and not endemic.


The Saikoku Thirty-three Kannons Pilgrimage is a folk-religious phenomenon and it attracted a number of pilgrims from most parts of the country during early modern times. Therefore it is very significant to study this pilgrimage from the view point of history of religions, cultural history, folklore, and especially historical-geography. Geographically, the Saikoku Pilgrimage, which consists of thirty-three sacred places called Fudasho, is united with a larger and organized sacred place as a whole called"The Saikoku Pilgrimage Place".This study aims at reconstructing the two ordinary kinds of pilgrim routes from the 19th Fudasho, Ko Do Temple in Kyoto, to the 22nd Fudasho Soji Ji Temple in Ibaraki. One is the original and authorized rout between these Fudashos, and the other is the expanded and extraordinary route or Climbing Route over Atago Mountain. We compare them through the Tokoku pilgrims' records.As research materials we used the guide stones on the routes, the pilgrim's guidebooks, the illustrated pilgrim's maps, and the various records of pilgrims.As a results of this investigation we can conclude that the original pilgrim route from Yotsu Zuka in Kyoto to the 20th Fudasho, Yoshimine Dera Temple, is a relatively flat course. But the following section from Yoshimine Dera Temple to the 21st Fudasho, Ano Dera Temple in Kameyama takes a more steep course over the border mountains between Yamashiro and Tamba provinces and the next route from Ano Dera Temple to Soji Ji Temple is oals a steep course a cross the border mountains between Tamba and Settsu provinces.On the other hand, the Climbing Route over Atago Mountain begins from Seiryo Ji Temple, Kyoto, takes the same path through which people used monthly to visit the Atago Shrine on the top of Mount Atago, and then goes down towards Kameyama to arrive at Ano Dera Temple. The following section from Ano Dera Temple to Yoshimine Dera Temple is a reverse course of the original route. The route from Yoshimine Dera Temple to Soji Ji Temple follows the flat and comfortable Saikoku Highway, one of the main roads in that era in Japan.One pilgrim guidebook especially pointed out the lack of inns and resting houses on the original of the two routes, from Ano Dera Temple to Soji Ji Temple. But the Climbing Route over Atago Mountain has no such deficiency, but rather has many advantages along it through the path for the Atago Shrine and Saikoku Highway, which are different from the original route.By taking the Climbing Route over Atago Mountain, pilgrims could visit well-known and famous shrines or temples, for example, Komyo Ji Temple, Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, Kannon Ji Temple, Hoshaku Ji Temple and so on.Moreover most of the guide stones confirmed by the author's observation point one way to Yoshimine Dera Temple, though some guide stones point two or more ways.These above mentioned facts seem to give a preference to the Climbing Route over Atago Mountain. According to their records, so many pilgrims from Tokoku in fact would go past the Climbing Route over Atago Mountain. Perhaps this route has been used since the Genroku Era.


School grammar books for the teaching of Spanish language have been a secondary object of study until recently, since historiographical researches have always tended to focus on more theoretical texts. Similarly, conjunctions have never drawn much attention either. Considered as accessory elements of speech –" azesoria ", in words of Correas ([1625] 1954)–, their analysis was relegated to a second place or just omitted in most of the studies about authors or systems of parts of speech. However, in the last few decades, more studies about school grammar books, on the one hand, and conjunctions, on the other, have been published, helping to shed some light on the development of the history of the grammatical ideas. This paper describes the way conjunctions have been addressed in Spanish school grammar books. The chosen period, between 1780 and 1830, coincides with the birth and consolidation of this textual genre (Garcia Folgado 2013), as well as with the configuration of the two main descriptive frameworks within which the grammatization of conjunctions has taken place (Martin Gallego 2018). Our approach, ultimately, aims at answering two questions: (i) till what extent and how the description of the conjunction reflects the characterization of school grammar; and, (ii) by what means did school grammar books contributed to grammatize conjunctions.


Awonusonu, Feyisola, Suseela Srinivasan, Jennifer Strange, Walid Al-Jumaily, and Margaret C. Bruce. Developmental shift in the relative percentages of lung fibroblast subsets: role of apoptosis postseptation. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 21): L848–L859, 1999.—We have used the lipophilic, fluorescent dye Nile red and flow cytometry to identify and isolate two rat lung fibroblast subsets, lipid-containing interstitial cells (LICs) and non-LICs (NLICs) and to quantitate developmental changes in the relative percentages of these subsets. A significant decrease was observed in the percentage of LICs (from 79.0 6 3.8% on postnatal day 4 to 28.6 6 4.2% on day 30; P , 0.0001). To determine whether one or both subsets undergo apoptosis postseptation, fibroblasts from 16to 18day rats were treated with BODIPY-conjugated dUTP to label DNA strand breaks, which were then quantitated by flow cytometry. Apoptotic cells were judged to be predominantly LICs based on flow cytometric estimates of cell size and granularity and on light-microscopic colocalization of intracellular lipid and Hoechst-positive apoptotic bodies. Cell proliferation was compared in LICs and NLICs with both an in vitro [3H]thymidine incorporation assay and cell cycle analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells. Results of both assays indicated that on days 4–5, LICs proliferated more rapidly than NLICs. Tropoelastin and fibronectin mRNA expression, evaluated by RT-PCR, indicated that although tropoelastin mRNA levels did not differ, fibronectin mRNA levels were approximately ninefold greater in LICs. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a flow cytometric assay for the analysis of size, granularity, and intracellular lipid content of neonatal rat lung fibroblast subsets. Subsets differed substantially with respect to proliferative capacity, fibronectin mRNA expression, and incidence of apoptosis postseptation. Together with the observed changes in relative percentages of fibroblast subsets with age, these data suggest that the ratio of LICs to NLICs could be a critical determinant of fibroblast function during lung development.


Rehearsal system is the latest form of 3D technology applications in the field of film and television. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-person virtual rehearsal system based on passive optical motion capture technology. A new fast location algorithm for human motion gesture is presented, which combines the traditional forward kinematic algorithm with the location tracking algorithm of markers, and uses noise elimination filter method and Euclidean distance to stability and evaluation of markers data. The experimental result shows that this system, focusing on the interaction of actors and scenes, lights, cameras, etc, could realize the shooting test and scene rehearsal of VR films well with high capture precision, tracking stability and real-time performance, and improving the efficiency and quality of VR films greatly.


Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disease characterized by a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. It is either primary (in 60% of cases) or a secondary complication of multiple myeloma [1]. In this context, we report the case of a 37-year-old patient with respiratory distress, whose bone marrow smear showed the presence of 64% of dystrophic plasma cells. A serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation was performed, revealing results in favor of pPCL. A cytogenetic study was not performed due to lack of resources. The patient was put on multidrug therapy with a favorable evolution.


Carbon isotope discrimination (CID) has been proposed as a parameter to indirectly select for improved transpiration efficiency (W) and grain yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Little information exists on the genotype x environment (G x E) interaction for CID in spring wheat. Therefore, to determine the magnitude of the G x E interaction for CID eight spring wheat genotypes were grown at five locations in both 1992 and 1993 in Saskatchewan, Canada. In addition, we measured genetic variability for CID and the magnitude of the phenotypic correlation between grain yield and CID. Samples were collected for CID determination from leaves at flowering, mature leaves, and mature kernels. The genotype x location (G x L) interaction for CID traits was non-significant. The significant genotype x year (G x Y) interaction for CID of mature leaves was a crossover type interaction, due to the genotype'Lakhish'. The crossover genotype x location x year (G x L x Y) interaction for grain yield and the significant G x L x Y interaction for CID of leaves at flowering was at least partially due to the erratic response of the genotypes 'Genesis', 'Oslo','AC Minto', and Lakhish. Genotypic differences for CID of leaves at flowering and CID of mature leaves were not significant. However, wheat genotypes differed in CID of kernels. The phenotypic correlations between grain yield and the three CID traits were not significant. These results suggest that among our selected sample of eight genotypes CID of leaves at flowering, CID of mature leaves, and CID of kernels could not be used to indirectly select for grain yield.


Optically active alanine, valine and leucine were obtained by a transamination reaction between pyridoxamine and the corresponding α-keto acid in the presence of a Cu2+-complex with the tridentate ligand 2,6-bis[(3S)-3-phenykl-2-azabutyl]pyridine. In each case the amino acid with (R)-configuration was formed preferentially, and the maximum enantiomeric excesses were 54% (alanine), 48% (leucine) and 29% (valine). The stereoselectivity of the reaction is discussed in terms of the possible structure and the stability of the intermediate Cu2+-ketimine-ligand complex.


The High Energy X-ray telescope (HE) on-board the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) can serve as a wide Field of View (FOV) gamma-ray monitor with high time resolution (μs) and large effective area (up to thousands cm2). We developed a pipeline to search for Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), using the traditional signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) method for blind search and the coherent search method for targeted search. By taking into account the location and spectrum of the burst and the detector response, the targeted coherent search is more powerful to unveil weak and sub-threshold bursts, especially those in temporal coincidence with Gravitational Wave (GW) events. Based on the original method in literature, we further improved the coherent search to filter out false triggers caused by spikes in light curves, which are commonly seen in gamma-ray instruments (e.g. Fermi/GBM, POLAR). We show that our improved targeted coherent search method could eliminate almost all false triggers caused by spikes. Based on the first two years of Insight-HXMT/HE data, our targeted search recovered 40 GRBs, which were detected by either Swift/BAT or Fermi/GBM but too weak to be found in our blind search. With this coherent search pipeline, the GRB detection sensitivity of Insight-HXMT/HE is increased to about 1.5E-08 erg cm−2 (200 keV–3 MeV). We also used this targeted coherent method to search Insight-HXMT/HE data for electromagnetic (EM) counterparts of LIGO-Virgo GW events (including O2 and O3a runs). However, we did not find any significant burst associated with GW events.


The invention relates to a method for producing an element comprising a substrate and at least one anti-reflection coating with pores. The dimensions of the anti-reflection coating are below the wavelength of visible light or the neighbouring spectral ranges. The invention also relates to an element produced according to this method with at least one anti-reflection coating, for example optical lenses, mirrors or other optical components. The optical anti-reflection coating of these elements is essentially improved.


Construction industry is becoming an increasingly global business. Competition in the industry is intensifying, and projects are becoming larger and more complex. Customers are becoming more demanding, and increasingly they are looking for complete packages of construction services. In this environment, the relationships between suppliers, project managers and customers are the key to success. Customers will need to be confident that companies can get the job done. Companies will need to develop plans, communicate and effectively fulfill these plans, in order to successfully complete projects. Building quality management system (QMS) based on ISO 9001:2000, require managing company as a system of interrelated processes, management should plan these processes, identify how they relate to each other, set goals, measure processes and make improvements. The objective of this research is to review the concept, definition, principles, and benefits of ISO 9001:2000 standard and developing the application of the quality management system for Al-Rasheed State Contracting Construction Company.


Antisense digoxigenin‐labeled deoxyoligonucleotides probes and non‐isotopic in situ hybridization (HIS) techniques have been used to explore the NMDA‐NR1 receptor subunit mRNA distribution in different brain areas of rats which had their dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway previously lesioned with intracerebral administration of 6‐OH‐dopamine (6‐OH‐DA). Intense and significant hybridization signals for NR1 mRNA were found in dentate gyrus and regions CA1‐CA2‐CA3 of the hippocampus, in layers II‐III and V‐VI of the cerebral cortex, and in the cerebellum of sham‐treated rats. Basal ganglia structures such as the striatum exhibited few NR1 mRNA hybridization signals as compared to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In contrast, both zona compacta and reticulata of substantia nigra (SN) showed a reduced number of cells with nevertheless intense NR1 mRNA HIS signals. The NR1 mRNA distribution in the brain was affected in a brain regional selective manner by 6‐OH‐DA induced lesions of DA neuronal systems. A striking increase in NR1 mRNA HIS signals was observed in both striata after unilateral lesioning with 6‐OH‐DA. Instead, in SN compacta but not in reticulata, a moderate but significant bilateral reduction of NR1 mRNA was observed after unilateral 6‐OH‐DA injection. No significant changes in NR1 mRNA were detected in cerebral cortex and other brain regions after 6‐OH‐DA treatment. These studies, and others reported in the literature, support the view that extensive lesions of nigrostriatal DA‐containing neurons in the brain may trigger compensatory or adaptative responses in basal ganglia structures such as striatum and substantia nigra which involve glutamatergic neurons and the genic expression of NMDA receptors. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Impact of different slope on the main anatomical characteristics and the relationship between them and the physical mechanical properties of bamboo were conducted.The results show that vascular bundle proportion increases gradually along with the bamboo axial height increasing,the vascular bundle proportion and average area of bamboo of northeast hill top and southwest hill foot are 42.2%,44.5% and 0.318 mm2,0.261 mm2,respectively,and the latter proportion increases 5.5% more than the former one.The basic tissue proportion decreases gradually along with the bamboo height increasing,the basic tissue proportion of bamboo of the northeast hill top and southwest hill foot are 57.8% and 55.5% respectively,and the latter decreases 3.98% less than the former.The vessel proportion and average area of bamboo of the northeast hill top and southwest hill foot are 4.36%,5.70% and 0.0154mm2,0.0191mm2,respectively.The difference of the vessel proportion and average area,vascular bundle average area between the bamboo of the northeast hill top and southwest hill foot are remarkable in 0.05 level after the T-examination.There is a parabola correlation between the MOE and vascular bundle proportion.


The aim of this article is to describe several cubature formulas related to the Weyl group orbit functions, i.e. to the special cases of the Jacobi polynomials associated to root systems. The diagram containing the relations among the special functions associated to the Weyl group orbit functions is presented and the link between the Weyl group orbit functions and the Jacobi polynomials is explicitly derived in full generality. The four cubature rules corresponding to these polynomials are summarized for all simple Lie algebras and their properties simultaneously tested on model functions. The Clenshaw-Curtis method is used to obtain additional formulas connected with the simple Lie algebra C 2 .


This research and the resulting prototype system show that the object-oriented paradigm is an appropriate mechanism for supporting a complex, multi-hierarchical controlled vocabulary and the resulting classification when applied to a data base. In addition to supporting such a classification, it allows the searching and browsing of both the data base items and the assigned vocabulary terms.


Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) with associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may follow an aggressive course in up to 50% of patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). The few published case series on antitumor necrosis factor a (anti-TNF-a) use suggest a high efficacy rate. Reviewing our prospectively kept IBD database, we identified 6 patients (median age, 49 years; range, 3264 years) who required anti-TNF-a therapy for active, steroid-dependent pancolitis (5/6) or refractory pouchitis (1/6) at 5 years (range, 2-12 years) after LT. Concomitant immunosuppression included tacrolimus (6/6), mycophenolate mofetil (1/6), azathioprine (1/6), and prednisolone (3/6). In 2 patients, anti-TNFa was stopped within 3 months of initiation because of opportunistic infections (esophageal candidiasis and recurrent infectious diarrhea). The duration of biological therapy in the remaining 4 patients who received maintenance treatment was 38 months (range, 28-69 months). One patient exhibited good response to standard infliximab dosing with a short period of dose intensification (Fig. 1A). Following consecutive annual screening colonoscopies demonstrating mucosal healing, infliximab was discontinued after 33 months of therapy, without disease recurrence over the subsequent 10-month period. Two patients remained on long-term infliximab with clinically quiescent disease, although both have had the required dose escalation and/or a biological switch in conjunction, on occasion, with short courses of highdose corticosteroids (Fig. 1B,C). In another patient, progressive loss of disease control occurred after 6 years of infliximab therapy, requiring repeated rescue corticosteroid courses and an increase in anti-TNF-a dosing frequency to 4 weekly (Fig. 1D). This individual eventually underwent colectomy following a prolonged flare of colitis refractory to all medical therapy. In all 4 patients, the initiation of cholestyramine for another indication (pruritus) led to an improvement in symptoms as well as markers of inflammatory activity. To date, there have been no instances of solid organ or hematological malignancy (follow-up duration, 42 months; range, 10-84 months). Anti-TNF-a efficacy in our experience appears to be similar to that in ulcerative colitis patients who have moderate to severe disease with the caveat of the frequent dose intensification and possibly higher infective complication rates.


The social contexts of the Education, Gender Empowerment and Poverty Reduction MDGs are critically analyzed. It is suggested that the evolution of such goals...


The crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) is one of the major hormones in crustaceans, and peptides belonging to the CHH superfamily have been found in diverse ecdysozoans. Although the basic function of CHH is to control energy metabolism, it also plays various roles in crustacean species, such as in molting and vitellogenesis. Here, we present the crystal structure of Pej‐SGP‐I‐Gly, a partially active precursor of CHH from the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus, which has an additional Gly residue in place of the C‐terminal amide group of the mature Pej‐SGP‐I. The 1.6‐angstrom crystal structure showed not only the common CHH superfamily scaffold comprising three α‐helices, three disulfide bridges, and a hydrophobic core but also revealed that the C‐terminal part has a variant backbone fold that is specific to Pej‐SGP‐I‐Gly. The α‐helix 4 of Pej‐SGP‐I‐Gly was much longer than that of molt‐inhibiting hormone (Pej‐MIH) from the same species, and as a result, the following C‐terminal helix, corresponding to α‐helix 5 in MIH, was not formed. Unlike monomeric Pej‐MIH, Pej‐SGP‐I‐Gly forms a homodimer in the crystal structure via its unique α‐helix 4. The unexpected dissimilar folds between Pej‐SGP‐I‐Gly and Pej‐MIH appear to be the result of their distinct C‐terminal amino acid sequences. Variations in amino acid sequences and lengths and the resulting variety of backbone folds allow the C‐terminal and sterically adjoining regions to confer different hormonal activities in diverse CHH superfamily members.


Injection nozzle with respect to a rotary body (10) an axis of symmetry (11) which is equipped with several axially parallel to this axis of symmetry and an injection wall (190) penetrating the injection elements (20), wherein the injection wall is attached to the rotational body and the injection nozzle of an associated combustion means (12), wherein the injection element each having a central injection channel (22) to which a second fuel is supplied, and a surrounding the central channel annular injection gap (24) to which a first fuel is supplied, characterized in that an additional an annular injection channel for the second fuel through a formed in the area of the individual injection elements between the lateral wall and of the injection wall space (196) is formed such that the emerging from the first annular gap vertical curtain of the first fuel acted upon on its inner surface by a vertical beam is that from the central injection passage (22) outlet and said second fuel supplies, and on its outer surface by a vertical curtain of the second fuel, of ...


Thermodynamic calculations were carried out on chloride transport vapor phase epitaxy of GaN using GaCl 3 /N 2 and NH 3 /N 2 . At typical growth temperature and gas flow rates, both GaN formation and gas phase etching reactions of GaN are thermodynamically favored. Under thermodynamic equilibrium, most ammonia should decompose to nitrogen and hydrogen gases and gas phase etching of GaN occurs by HCI. From experimental measurements, less than 10% of the incoming ammonia decomposes and under this condition, GaN formation from GaCl 3 /N 2 , and NH 3 /N 2 is thermodynamically favored. Higher V/III ratios give a larger driving force for GaN fromation. These calculations match our experimental results. Experimentally, we have optimized the growth conditions of GaN. High crystalline quality thick GaN films (10 ˜15μm) were grown on c-Al 2 O 3 . The GaN films show band edge emission dominated PL at both room temperature and 77 K. Only one set of diffraction peaks from (10 1 2) planes with 60° spacing in the φ-scan of X-ray diffraction are observed. This indicates that the GaN films grown on c-Al 2 O 3 are single crystalline. Typical growth rates were about 10 ˜ I5μm/hr and typical Hall mobility values of GaN films were in the range of 3 to 40 cm 2 /Vsec.


The purpose of this study is to offer basic data for developing efficient club marketing for the increase in the number of spectators of professional baseball games in further management of a professional baseball club by verifying the model for the relations between the inducement factor of the spectators for professional baseball games, loyalty, and behavior after purchase. The subjects of this study were selected 846 spectators who visit Seoul Jamsil baseball stadium, Mok-dong baseball stadium, Incheon Munhak baseball stadium, Gwangju Mudeung baseball stadium, and Daejon Hanbat stadium to watch the ``2010 CJ Magumagu Professional Baseball`` season games as its final significant samples of which this research made exploratory factor analysis[EPA] using SPSS 18.0 Window Version. Also, this research verified the goodness of fit of study model and individual hypothesis through confirmatory factor analysis[CFA] and structural equation model[SEM] using AMOS 18.0. As a result, it was found that the spectators of professional baseball games had an influence on watching satisfaction according to the factor of watching inducements. The factor in watching satisfaction was found to have an effect on loyalty, and also on behavior after purchase. In addition loyalty was found to have a positive effect on the behavior after purchase.


Abstract Expansion joints play an important role in refractory linings as they reduce stresses during heating. It is therefore necessary to take them into account in a mechanical analysis. In the case where the lining is a masonry construction (made up of bricks), it would require an excessive number of elements to model each brick and joint. The proposed solution is to replace the masonry with a material that has the same behaviour (or very near) as masonry. Since it is difficult to perform experimental tests on a set of bricks (to identify the parameters of the equivalent material), these loads were simulated on an elementary cell using a model developed at a local scale (scale of the components, bricks and joints). At this scale, the joints are represented as contacts (with normal and tangential behaviour). The parameters of a simplified equivalent material were obtained by an inverse identification. This model was validated by a thermomechanical test on a real structure.


The disposition condition of AC filter in Guangzhou converter station was briefly introduced. The problems in operation of AC filter in Guangzhou converter station were analyzed such as switching frequently,greater surge current when switching on,capacitor damage,AC filter damage caused by harmonic when charging of converter transfomer. To ensure the safe operation of AC filter,the test should be carried out in time according to the items stipulated by preventive test rules,the overhaul content should be definited according to budget result and equipment operation condition,and the patrol should be strengthened by operation people.


In wireless network virtualization, network operator (NO) and service providers (SPs) are decoupled from each other. NO is responsible for spectrum management and SPs are responsible for Quality-of-services (QoS) of their users from many services (e.g. VoIP, video telephony, live streaming, video conferencing, etc.) SPs complete each other for radio wireless resources that need to satisfy their users' requirements. In this paper, we solve the competition of SPs by proposing framework for truthful auction for resource allocation. Virtual radio resource management (VRRM) is the central auctioneer. According to online resource requests, the central auctioneer will decide which SPs and NOs will win the auction and also decide how much SP should pay and how much infrastructure provider should get. Index Terms – wireless network virtualization, radio resource allocation, double auction.


(2004). Is there any role for cordocentesis and amniocentesis in assessment of Rhesus disease? The Ultrasound Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 239-244.


This paper is a significant addition to the recent literature that analyses empirically the impact of macroeconomic instability on long-term growth, using cross-country regression analysis, as well as complementing it with additional monographic analysis. The analysis performed here is broadly encompassing, in that it includes many different variables describing the stance and volatility of macroeconomic policy. I briefly present the main results, before describing a game-theoretic framework that may help to organise the discussion of this topic. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.


RNA silencing is a sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene inactivation mechanism that operates in diverse organisms and that can extend beyond its site of initiation, owing to the movement of the silencing signal, called non-autonomous gene silencing. Previous studies have shown that several factors manifest the movement of the silencing signal, such as the size (21 or 24 nucleotides) of the secondary small interfering RNA (siRNA) produced, the steady-state concentration of siRNAs and their cognate messenger RNA (mRNA) or a change in the sink–source status of plant parts affecting phloem translocation. Our study shows that both light intensity and temperature have a significant impact on the systemic movement of the silencing signal in transient agroinfiltration studies in Nicotiana benthamiana . At higher light intensities ( ≥ 450 μ E/m 2 /s) and higher temperatures ( ≥ 30 °C), gene silencing was localized to leaf tissue that was infiltrated, without any systemic spread. Interestingly, in these light and temperature conditions ( ≥ 450 μ E/m 2 /s and ≥ 30 °C), the N. benthamiana plants showed recovery from the viral symptoms. However, the reduced systemic silencing and reduced viral symptom severity at higher light intensities were caused by a change in the sink–source status of the plant, ultimately affecting the phloem translocation of small RNAs or the viral genome. In contrast, at lower light intensities ( < 300 μ E/m 2 /s) with a constant temperature of 25 °C, there was strong systemic movement of the silencing signal in the N. benthamiana plants and reduced recovery from virus infections.The accumulation of gene-specific siRNAs was reduced at higher temperature as a result of a reduction in the accumulation of transcript on transient agroinfiltration of RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, mostly because of poor T-DNA transfer activity of Agrobacterium , possibly also accompanied by reduced phloem translocation.


Part I presented a Monte Carlo Bayesian method for constraining a complex statistical model of GCM sub-gridcolumn moisture variability using high-resolution MODIS cloud data, thereby permitting large-scale model parameter estimation and cloud data assimilation. This part performs some basic testing of this new approach, verifying that it does indeed significantly reduce mean and standard deviation biases with respect to the assimilated MODIS cloud optical depth, brightness temperature and cloud top pressure, and that it also improves the simulated rotational-Ramman scattering cloud optical centroid pressure (OCP) against independent (non-assimilated) retrievals from the OMI instrument. Of particular interest, the Monte Carlo method does show skill in the especially difficult case where the background state is clear but cloudy observations exist. In traditional linearized data assimilation methods, a subsaturated background cannot produce clouds via any infinitesimal equilibrium perturbation, but the Monte Carlo approach allows finite jumps into regions of non-zero cloud probability. In the example provided, the method is able to restore marine stratocumulus near the Californian coast where the background state has a clear swath. This paper also examines a number of algorithmic and physical sensitivities of the new method and provides guidance for its cost-effective implementation. One obvious difficulty for the method, and other cloud data assimilation methods as well, is the lack of information content in the cloud observables on cloud vertical structure, beyond cloud top pressure and optical thickness, thus necessitating strong dependence on the background vertical moisture structure. It is found that a simple flow-dependent correlation modification due to Riishojgaard (1998) provides some help in this respect, by better honoring inversion structures in the background state. Copyright c © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society


Social media practices are increasingly woven into the everyday lives of teens and adults, becoming a significant part of how they relate, know, and learn. In this article, I present findings from a design-based research study that explored how the dynamics of learning and teaching art shift through social media. Learning and teaching through social media has been described as a form of participatory culture, and I expand this further by drawing upon complexity thinking to better understand the reciprocal dynamics of learning and teaching. Learning art through social media can be characterized as encounters with difference, both in ideas and contexts. Subsequently, the dynamics of attention shifts and distributes across collectives. From this, I infer a conceptualization of the art teacher as an identity that is not fixed but one that shifts throughout social media.


The effects of Si and austempering temperature on the fracture characteristics and the microstructures of austempered ductile irons were investigated. As Si content increased from 2.28% to 3.0%, the precipitation of carbides during bainitic transformation and was suppressed the amount of retained austenite increased resulting in the increase in the fracture toughness. It is believed that the high Si limited the formation of martensite in the microstructure and minimized the segregation of the other elements at cell boundaries. But in samples with too high Si content as 3.3%, the formation of islands of free ferrite in the bainitic structures was observed and the fracture toughness was measured to have degraded.


Objective To analyze the health human resource allocation and equity of township health centers in Shandong Province.Methods Data were collected from Statistical Yearbooks(2008-2010) to analyze the health human resource allocation of township health centers.Lorenz curve,Gini coefficient and Theil index were used to comprise the equity.Results Number of health human resource per 1000 people in rural areas tended to increase from 2008 to 2010,however the equities were changed little.The equity of doctor was better than that of nurse.The differences among areas in Shandong Province became the key factors which affected the equity.Conclusions The number of health human resource of township health centers in Shandong Province has been increasing,however the equity should be increased.Allocation of registered nurses should be strengthened and the differences among areas in Shandong Province should be decreased in future.


This paper analyzes the misuse detection and the anomaly detection, presents a self-adaptive and composite intrusion detection system, misuse detection model based on nets is used to detect intrusion of known feature, and anomaly detection based on computer is used to find new intrusion.


Application of neural networks in problems of aircraft engineering diagnostics exemplified by the diagnostics control of the technical state of the aircraft engine TV3-117 in the on-board system is described. The relevance of this work is the ability to control certain parameters, such as the rotor speed of the compressor, the temperature of the gas behind the turbine and the pressure behind the compressor, in real time, which will identify deviations in the engine and promptly decide on further operation of the aircraft. The decision-making process on the technical condition of the engine, as a result of monitoring its parameters, is carried out on the basis of fuzzy logic, which is an important aspect in conditions of incompleteness of information.


The present study investigates the correlative parameters of shear lag effect for a continuous box girder by using the shell finite element method.These parameters include meshing size,loading ways,section size,lay of spans and so on.The obtained analysis results have great theoretical values and practical values for the design and construction of related bridge engineering.


This article discusses results of a survey on the utilization of and attitudes and beliefs towards the use of popular culture among faculty in higher education. A total of 212 faculty members from a mid-sized public regional university provided responses, with the majority indicating that they utilize popular culture in their classroom teaching with some frequency. Overall, the sample exhibited moderately high levels of confidence in their ability to use popular culture effectively, and found popular culture to be both important to incorporate and beneficial for enhancing critical thinking. Significant differences in both frequency of use and attitudes and beliefs were found among teaching disciplines, with those in Humanities and Social Sciences utilizing popular culture more frequently and having more positive attitudes and beliefs towards popular culture than participants in natural sciences and mathematics. A set of guidelines were provided to help advance the use of popular culture in higher education.


The invention relates to an improved preparation method of nitenpyram. The method comprises steps as follows: firstly, 1,1-dichloroethylene has a reaction with a nitration agent comprising hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrate to generate 1,1,1-trichlorine-2-nitroethane, and the 1,1,1-trichlorine-2-nitroethane has an elimination reaction with NaHCO3 to generate a 1,1-dichlorine-2-nitroethylene intermediate; secondly, 2-chlorine-5-chloromethylpyridine has a reaction with ethylamine, and an ethylamine intermediate is prepared; thirdly, the ethylamine intermediate has a reaction with 1,1-dichlorine-2-nitroethylene intermediate and monomethylamine, and the final product nitenpyram is generated. NaNO3 is used to replace traditional nitric acid to serve as a target phase transfer catalyst, the reaction selectivity is improved, the yield is higher, and the operation is safer.


Summary. — A recently proposed experiment for the absolute measurement of the Equation of State (EOS) of solid materials in the 10‐50 Mbar pressure range is analyzed by means of numerical simulations. In the experiment, an intense laser pulse drives a shock wave in a solid target. The shock velocity and the fluid velocity are measured simultaneously by rear side time-resolved imaging and by transverse X-radiography, respectively. An EOS point is then computed by using the Hugoniot equations. The target evolution is simulated by a two-dimensional radiationhydrodynamics code; ad hoc developed post-processors then generate simulated diagnostic images. The simulations evidence important two-dimensional effects, related to the finite size of the laser spot and to lateral plasma expansion. The first one may hinder detection of the fluid motion, the second results in a decrease of the shock velocity with time (for constant intensity laser pulses). A target design is proposed which allows for the accurate measurement of the fluid velocity; the variation of the shock velocity can be limited by the choice of a suitably time-shaped laser pulse.


in English, 250 words or less): The biological knowledge, or at least a big part of it, is divided in different databases. Thanks to the advances in the computation power, we can analyse all this data using data mining, statistical methods and machine learning techniques. In this work, we will focus in two important databases that can be


Introduction: The "Patient safety" movement has become a spirit in hospital nursing services throughout the world, not only hospitals in developed countries that implement patient safety to ensure the quality of health and nursing services, but also hospitals in developing countries, such as Indonesia.Objective: The relationship between the implementation of the functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the head of the room with the application of patient safety by nurses in Makassar City Hospital.Method: this research is a quantitative research with cross sectional approach. The study was conducted in the inpatient room of the Makassar City General Hospital of 63 nurses implementing it (simple random sampling). The method of collecting data using a checklist questionnaire by distributing questionnaires, the implementation of head room management functions with the application of patient safety using the Spearman 's rho correlation test.Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the function of head room management with the application of patient safety by nurses in Makassar City Hospital with a value of p = 0.009 and a Spearman's rho correlation value of 0.327, in organizing a value of p = 0.042 and a spearman correlation value of 0.257, at controlling for p value = 0,023 and spearman correlation value 0,285. There is no significant relationship between the implementation of the head room planning management function obtained p value = 0.095 and Spearman's correlation value rho 0.212, the head room directional function with the application of patient safety with a value of p = 0.530 and the spearman correlation value of 0.081. Discussion : of the results showed that the more the better the implementation of the head room management function, the better the implementation of patient safety by nurses in Makassar City HospitalConclusion: The head of the room needs to always improve the planning and direction function in an effort to civilize the application of patient safety so that there will be a good quality of patient safety in the Makassar City Hospital service environment.Keywords: Head of Management Function room, patient safety, nurses


ABSTRACT Challenging the common grand vision of Design, this article considers 'design' as a humble re-forming process based on evidence to substantiate its results. The designer is likened to a tinker who respects previous iterations of a design and seeks to retain what is useful while improving its performance. A design process is o!ered, illustrated with a real project example. The author argues for a reframing of 'design' as a sustainable, evolutionary process. FOR MORE THAN THIRTY YEARS, my research team and I at the Communication Research Institute (CRI) have been examining the principles and practice of communication and design. In particular, we have developed and successfully implemented certain design methods based on a philosophy of communication and on our extensive experience with several hundred large and small organizations (commercial, not-for-profit and public) all over the world. I have noticed, however, that although some of our research findings have been adopted by some practicing designers, design education has remained more or less static for decades. I hope that my paper will help change this sad situation. figure 1 is one of the outcomes of the research program into communication and information design methods conducted at CRI between 1985 and 2012 (Sless, 2002). It may be relevant to design in other fields, but I would defer to specialists in other areas of design on that matter. The process illustrated in the diagram builds on the work of earlier designers and researchers, particularly drawing on research in Design Methods (Jones, 1980) and Communication Theory (Sless, 1986), and pulls together a number of strands of thinking on user experience design, appreciative dialogue, wicked problems and the philosophy of language. It sidesteps postmodernism and much of the contemporary debate about the role of theory in design practice (Sless, 1998). I have come to the view that the process described by this diagram should be at the heart of teaching future information designers. This is the framework within which we should teach the full range of technical, craft, investigative and social skills that are part of our collective and accumulated know-how and research findings in the field. However, to accomplish this-to bring about the necessary transformation in curriculum and teaching practices-will require a rethinking of the design philosophy that currently informs most teaching in communication design, or graphic design as it has been traditionally called. Much of the detailed description of this diagram and the necessary skills that are needed in contemporary information design have been discussed elsewhere (Sless, 2008). I will not repeat them here. Rather I want to focus in this paper on the assumptions and worldview that inform this approach to design education. I will do so, in part, by contrasting it with the dominant view in our time. NOT DESIGN WITH A BIG D Though the language used to envision design has changed over the years, and different areas of design give the ideas a different inflection, the dominant dream, project, trajectory and vision of design in the 20th and 21st centuries has not changed. The dream was long ago encapsulated by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, writing in the 1930s: Design has many connotations. It is the organization of materials and processes in the most productive, economic way, in a harmonious balance of all elements necessary for a certain function. It is not a matter of facade, of mere external appearance; rather it is the essence of products and institutions, penetrating and comprehensive. Designing is a complex and intricate task. It is the integration of technological, social and economic requirements, biological necessities, and the psychophysical effects of materials, shape, color, volume, and space: thinking in relationships (Moholy-Nagy, 1938). Here is both the humility and hubris of the dominant design dream in our time: humility in the face of the complexity of elements that make up our world, and hubris in the belief that through design we can successfully reshape our world and achieve a harmonious, penetrating balance comprising all the elements. …


The article reviews the 'roundtable' discussion of copyright issues held in late April 2002 at the Pushkin Library in Tambov.


The development of the small-and-medium-sized enterprises will accelerate the growth of the national economy and improve the vigor of the economy. The government of most countries in the world exercise economic policies to improve the development of the small-and-medium-sized enterprises. This paper first expounds the theoretical basis on which the small-and-medium-sized enterprises exist. Then it analyzes the function and defects of our tax policy in encouraging the development of the small-and-medium-sized enterprises. According to many country's experiences in this area and the situation in China, it puts forward some suggestions in order to promote the development of the small-and-medium-sized enterprises.


Temporal uncertainty in raw data can impede the inference of temporal and causal relationships between events and compromise the output of data-to-text NLG systems. In this paper, we introduce a framework to reason with and represent temporal uncertainty from the raw data to the generated text, in order to provide a faithful picture to the user of a particular situation. The model is grounded in experimental data from multiple languages, shedding light on the generality of the approach.