Sub-wavelength structures in metal films have interesting optical properties that can be implemented for sensing applications: gratings act as wire grid polarizer, hole arrays with enhanced transmission can be used as spectral filters. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of these nanostructures using 180 nm and 90 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes. The metal layers of the process can be used for optical nanostructures with feature sizes down to 100 nm. We describe the design and simulation of these metal structures using the finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) method. The spectral response of the test structures was measured for different polarizations, where the gratings showed typical features of wire grid polarizers. Using a 180 nm CMOS image sensor process, an image sensor with 6 μm pixel size was designed and fabricated with different polarization selective structures allowing for polarization imaging. A polarization camera using this image sensor is demonstrated, visualizing stress birefringence as an application example. Finally, first results on the fabrication of hole arrays with a period of 320 nm are presented, showing color filters with enhanced transmission.


Ethnography is a branch of anthropology which is a systematic study of
distinct philosophies. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point
of view of the subject of the study. Unlike the other research methodologies
adhered, ethnography or organizational ethnography dives into the culture of
the subject of the research study and excavate the truth from the facts seen,
heard or felt. Through this paper, the researcher wanted to highlight the value
created by using ethnography in a study using the existing literature. Also,
another objective was to explore ethnographer's self and role in the eyes of
other researchers who had been using ethnography in their studies.


The fact that the major cases of life casualties are from smoke in the fire accidents and the expected steep increase of skyscrapers, huge spaces, multiplexes and huge scaled underground spaces demand establishment of efficient smoke countermeasure. The core technology for development of smoke management system is analysis tool of fan used in pressure differential system. The experiments on performance of sirroco-typed fan are carried out to evaluate the features of fan and present the experimental data for numerical analysis.


Abstract Let E be a separable uniformly smooth Banach space and let A : D ( A ) ⊆  E  →  E be a K -positive definite operator. Let f  ∈  E be arbitrary. A new iterative method is constructed which converges strongly to the unique solution of the equation Ax  =  f . Our work extends some of the known results due to Chidume and Osilike, and Chidume and Aneke.


This detailed study of children's everyday practices in a small deprived neighbourhood of post-socialist Bratislava provides a novel insight on the formation of children's agency and the multitude of resources it comes from.


The hyperfine interactions in Eu2+ located substitutionally in CaWO4 have been accurately measured at a temperature of 4.2 °K by the method of electron–nuclear double resonance. These measurements ...


The radiolysis of dilute aqueous solutions of DNA and its components is discussed, with particular reference to the rates of reaction and the sites of reaction of the primary reactive species, OH, H and e−aq. Recent work on the formation and subsequent reactions of OH− and electron-adducts of pyrimidines is described.


The server-side project manager utilizes a series of web services API, create a project on the server, update, schedule, and manage. User, you can either create a new project, or when you modify an existing project, to submit a project update request. Project update request is associated with an API to update the project by calling the server via a web service. Examples of the API, data retrieval call, contain Management call or a data update call. The processor identifies the update value by comparing the project update request with an existing project definition. It performs a series of calculations using any existing project definition and update value. Project is updated based on the result of the calculation, it is stored in the data store.


The stability and functioning of water-based colloids can be significantly reduced by the addition of inorganic and organic electrolytes. Organic compounds, such as DMSO, acetone, formamide, and urea, also affect the performance of colloidal formulations. In this contribution, the complex interference of the structure in the dispersion medium with the structure of the colloidal particles and its impact on the dispersion stability are investigated. Attention focuses on the interactions of some organic cosolvents with the corona of colloidal polymer particles.


AIM The purpose is to search for novel potent compounds with antihypertensive activity and a series of new derivatives of amlodipine were synthesized. METHOD Guanidine, cyanguanidine, imidazoline or thiazoline functional groups were introduced into the structure of amlodipine and the antihypertensive activity of the target compounds were measured. RESULT AND CONCLUSION Ten amlodipine derivatives(Ⅰ 1-10 ) were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by elementary analysis, IR, 1HNMR, MS. The results of preliminary pharmacological test showed that the inhibitory effects of Ⅰ 3, Ⅰ 5 and Ⅰ 7 on contraction of rat chest main arteria strip caused by high concentration of K + were comparable with amlodipine.


This paper examines the problems involved in the development of an inexpensive personal computer for use by scientific researchers in a variety of disciplines. Since the term "personal computer" (PC) is ill-defined, we begin by describing what it is intended to mean here and the special requirements imposed by the context of use in scientific research. Subsequently there will be much more detailed examination of the reasons behind the assertions that follow.


In favour of economic growth and advancement in pro-poor policies, developed and developing countries have succeeded to reduce poverty. However, social policies in the less developed nations paid less attention to resolve the growing phenomenon occurring across the social strata: `social exclusion'. This study aims to fill the gap; to investigate social exclusion through the lens of capability approach by taking the case of Indonesia. It aims to seek answer the question of: (1) What is the prevalence of individual social exclusion in Indonesia?; (2) To what extent individualand contextualintensifier contribute to the variation of individual exclusion in Indonesia?; (3) Which forms of exclusion are the key leading factor? The study uses the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2000 and 2007 to examine individual exclusion in three dimensions: social, economic, and political exclusion. The analyses will apply structural equation modelling (SEM) with latent variable to investigate the latent characteristic of social exclusion and to identify their determinants. The results will indicate the significant elements of capabilities, which constitute individual social exclusion in the three dimensions and how it evolves over time. The analysis will also demonstrate the interdependency nature within different dimensions of social exclusion allowing one to understand which component of exclusion lead to another form of exclusion.


In this paper a natural gradient approach to blind source separation in complex environment is presented. It is shown that signals can be successfully reconstructed by a network based on the so called generalized splitting activation function (GSAF). This activation function, whose shape is modified during the learning process, is based on a couple of bi-dimensional spline functions, one for the real and one for the imaginary part of the input, thus avoiding the restriction due to the Louiville's theorem. In addition recent learning metrics are compared with the classical ones in order to improve the speed convergence.

Several experimental results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


The main process types of language change are: individual unconscious variation, part of people individual conscious variation, group conscious imitation variation, parts of speech community conscious/ unconscious nature variation, speech community unconscious natural variation. First step of another process type of language change is individual conscious variation, other steps are the same as the type one. Not all changes of language would finish , some variations may stop during the process of variation.


Offshore wind power is an important part of the new power system, due to the complex and changing situation at ocean, its normal operation and maintenance cannot be done without information such as images, therefore, it is especially important to transmit the correct image in the process of information transmission. In this paper, we propose a new encryption algorithm for offshore wind power based on two-dimensional lagged complex logistic mapping (2D-LCLM) and Zhou Yi Eight Trigrams. Firstly, the initial value of the 2D-LCLM is constructed by the Sha-256 to associate the 2D-LCLM with the plaintext. Secondly, a new encryption rule is proposed from the Zhou Yi Eight Trigrams to obfuscate the pixel values and generate the round key. Then, 2D-LCLM is combined with the Zigzag to form an S-box. Finally, the simulation experiment of the algorithm is accomplished. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can resistant common attacks and has prefect encryption performance.


The Sp family of transcription factors has important functions during development in animals. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans there are three Sp-related transcription factors (Sptf) which perform similarly important roles in development. The purpose of this project is to learn more about SPTF-3 in C. elegans. Worms with a mutation in sptf-3 exhibit embryonic lethality, reduced fertility, and a bivulva phenotype that may result from abnormal vulval development. The first goal of this project was to identify the role of SPTF-3 in the differentiation of egg-laying system cells. Transgenic expression of genes in wild-type worms was compared to expression of the same genes in sptf-3 mutants. In both uterine and vulval tissues, improper expression of genes occurs in sptf-3 mutant background. These alterations suggest that inappropriate differentiation of cells is occurring in worms with the mutant protein. The second goal of this project is to identify the source of the morphological defects of sptf-3 mutants. Tissue-specific RNAi was used to reduce the expression of SPTF-3 under three conditions: all cell types, germline cells only, and somatic cells only. A proportion of embryonic lethality resulted in the conditions where protein expression was reduced in all cell types and in germline cells only. This suggests that knockdown of sptf-3 in the germline causes observed somatic abnormalities in affected worms. The third goal of this project is to gain insight into the in-vivo function of the SPTF-3 protein. This is being done by introducing the mutant form of the protein into wild-type worms, to determine whether the mutant protein can compete with the wild-type protein in-vivo. The results of this study could provide more information about SPTF proteins in C. elegans as well as Sp transcription factors as a whole.


The sorption of three kinds of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the Yangtze River sediment was investigated in this paper. Langmuir and Freundlich model were used to fit their adsorption isotherms. Results showed that Langmuir model could better fit the adsorption isotherms of PAEs in the sediment.


The purpose of this study is to investigate how the village government efforts to improve the status of the village to become an independent village in Miau Baru Village, Kongbeng District, East Kutai Regency. Data analysis used in this study is descriptive qualitative which aims to describe and analyze each of the variables studied. Data collection techniques in this study were obtained by using purposive sampling and accidental sampling techniques. The results showed that based on the readiness of each of the efforts made by the Miau Baru Village Government, it was not optimal to improve the status of the village to become an independent village. Each of these efforts has a relationship that influences each other in taking steps as an effort to improve the status of the village towards an independent village. These efforts include 1) Organizational Capacity Efforts; 2) Program Planning and Implementation Efforts; 3) Efforts to Availability of Resources and; 4) Institutional Efforts. The inhibiting factors come in terms of budget and human resources as well as the support for good collaboration between village governments, the potential for local culture and adequate natural resources.


The invention relates to a pure cotton heavy bath mat weaving process. Firstly fine staple cotton is spun into72.9tex of single yarns with the twist degree of 30-60 twists/10cm, and then the single yarns are combined into four strands to make weak twist cone yarns with the twist degree of 15-25 twists/10cm; then the weak twist cone yarns are warped and starched, and are woven into greige cloth by a variable-program beating-up loom with a specific fuzzing beating-up tissue; and the greige cloth is bleached through boiling, whitened, neutralized, softened, dried and sewed into a bath mat. According to the pure cotton heavy bath mat weaving process provided by the invention, pure cotton material is reasonably and effectively utilized in the field of bath mats, the defect that the bath mat made of the pure cotton material is deformed easily and has poor elasticity and poor durability, which can not be changed by technicists for a long time, are overcome, and the manufactured bath mat has the advantages of softness, comfort, good water absorbability, difficult generation of static electricity and the like of the pure cotton material, and can become a development trend of the bath mat weaving technology.


Background: The incidence of acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) including multiple sclerosis (MS) has never been investigated in a Danish pediatric population. Objectives: We estimated the nationwide age- and sex-specific incidence of pediatric ADS including MS. Methods: Data were sourced from the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, providing cases of pediatric MS for 1977–2015, and the National Patient Register, providing cases of ADS during 2008–2015. All medical records were reviewed to validate the register-based diagnoses. Results: We identified 364 cases of pediatric MS occurring during 1977–2015 (incidence rate = 0.79 per 100,000 person-years). MS was exceptionally rare before puberty, but the incidence rose considerably from 9 years in girls and 11 years in boys. The female-to-male ratio was 2.5; the median age at onset was 16 years (range = 7–17 years). The MS incidence rate was relatively stable through the study period. During 2008–2015, we identified 219 ADS cases. The incidence was 2.29 per 100,000 person-years with considerable differences in the age peaks for the separate ADS. Conclusion: The incidence rates of MS and other ADS in Denmark were higher than those reported for some other European countries. Referral bias and classification differences may account for this disparity, in particular the age-intervals and the definition of onset.


To understand how Myanmar's rice value chain has been affected by the COVID-19 crisis, a series of telephone surveys were done with rice millers from Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon. This report presents results from the third round of interviews conducted with 440 rice millers in early to mid-September 2020. This survey round captures the early effects of the second wave of COVID-19 as it began to spread widely across Myanmar. However, it does not capture the effects of the lockdowns that started on 21 September.


3.8±0.2% (five determinations) together with rat myelin lipid composition (Cuzner, Davison & Gregson, 1965) for which there is 12.9,ug ofN/mg of myelin lipid, and an assumed protein nitrogen content of 16%, then the protein content of rat myelin is 17%. Similar treatment of ox and human myelin nitrogen contents (Wolfgram & Kotorii, 1968) leads to values of 19% protein. The difference between extinction values at 215 and 225nm is proportional to protein concentration in solution (Waddell, 1956) and depends on peptidebond absorptions. Because of light-scattering by particulate myelin suspensions anomalous protein contents are to be expected (Winder & Gent, 1970b), differing from instrument to intrument because of the variable inclusion offorward-scatter components in the transmitted beam. After appropriate corrections rat myelin protein averages at 44%. Part of the myelin absorption in the short-u.v. region is shown to be due to cerebroside, and allowance for this effect lowers the protein content to 28%. Solubilization of myelin by lysophosphatidylcholine by the procedure of Gent, Gregson, Gammack & Raper, (1964) eliminates turbidity, and with correction for cerebroside absorption a protein content of 20% is indicated. Lipid-protein interaction may modify the chromophore function of peptide linkages. Results are presented that indicate considerable modification by lipid interactions of the chromophores responsible for 280nm absorption. Estimates by the tyrosine-dependent method of Lowry, Rosebrough, Farr & Randall (1951) suggest for rat myelin a protein content of 20.0%, S.D. 1.3% (17 determinations). Results are also reported for other species and different brain regions by this method.


Digital technology that has developed in recent years has changed the traditional dental treatment, and a new treatment called digital dentistry has been developed. Digital workflow has many advantages, especially for fixed prosthodontic treatment by dental technicians. Because it differs from traditional dental procedures, there are still many unknowns as to what is clinically beneficial to dentists and dental technicians. By analyzing the current situation, we examined how digital dentistry affects fixed prosthodontic treatment.


The native annual Sorghum populations of the Australian wet-dry tropics are highly resilient to dry season fires. During the early wet season, however, fires that occur after the new grass population has emerged can cause catastrophic population crashes. We examined savanna plots that had been burnt in this way, and compared them with adjacent unburnt plots. We found that Sorghum densities in the burnt plots were lower on average by a factor of 10, but that some fires had reduced the density only to one-third of the unburnt plots. It is not clear whether these differences relate directly to site or seasonal factors, or to differences in the way the burning was carried out. Other vegetation components responded to the fires differently: forbs (dicotyledonous herbs) increased in cover, while perennial grasses, woody plants, and overall species richness, were not significantly affected. The amount of leaf litter declined. A population model for Sorghum based on the demography of unburnt populations predicted that they should recover from a wet season burn, taking 7–16 years to return to normal densities. However, the actual field populations did not seem to be recovering, suggesting that wet season fires not only lower densities, but may also fundamentally change population processes in these annual grasses.


The paper begins with the problem and reason analysis of major setting in higher vocational colleges. It analyzes the major and industrial docking and the cooperation of school and enterprise in higher vocational colleges according to the talents training targets. It puts forward the basic methods and operating procedures of major setting in higher vocational colleges.


ABSTRACTThe advent of the Twentieth Century witnessed drastic changes in all walks of life and particularly in religion. The old order of beliefs and values gave its place to the new ideas. It was a period when religious and moral values were pushed to the background. The focus shifted from God being the centre of the universe to a desperate pursuit of materialistic and worldly concerns which sublimated man's spiritual and religious values. Aurobindo, a great visionary and philosopher, saw the tragedy behind the physical and material landscape. He sets out to explore the human destiny by creating a spiritual consciousness in man. What he tries to propagate through his poetry is that man is not a mere speck in the universe; not a product of chance. He is part of a cosmic plan. His existence on this earth has a potential and a potent meaning. Aurobindo tries to cultivate the spiritual wasteland of man through faith in God. In the present paper, 'faith' is taken in context of the first half of the Twentieth Century; the period when doubt dominated faith and Aurobindo through his poetry tries to work back to man's faith in God.Keywords: Faith, science, doubt, consciousness, hope, spiritualityINTRODUCTION:Encyclopaedia Britannica defines 'faith' as, "A religious term for an inner attitude, conviction, or trust relating man to a supreme God or ultimate salvation. In religious traditions stressing divine grace, it is the devotee's inner certainty or attitude of love granted by God himself." (EB, "faith") Faith is a practical commitment beyond evidence to one's self that God exists; the inherent confidence or trust in the truth even when it does not manifest itself. Faith is a precondition for that knowledge that is beyond simple human understanding of mind and sense perception. In Christianity, it is "divinely inspired human response to God's historical revelation through Jesus Christ and consequently, is of crucial significance."(EB, "faith") Faith is defined in the Bible (Hebrews 11:1) as "the assurance of the things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen." Dr. Radhakrishnan while defining 'faith'(shraddha), quotes Wesley: "It is the vision of the soul, that power by which spiritual things are apprehended, just as material things are apprehended by physical senses."(Radhakrishnan 1927, 4)Faith lasts even when there is no fixed belief in the mind, even when the vital struggles, revolts and refuses to move forward. The fundamental faith of all religions is that the human beings with the grace of God will ultimately attain deliverance. So long as one has that faith, he is marked for spiritual life in spite of all obstacles, denials, difficulties and he is marked out for success in spiritual life and will attain soul's ultimate goal in deliverance. But nothing can be achieved unless one takes the first step with faith.Faith in the spiritual sense is not a mental belief which can waver and change. Just as the body can change and the soul remains the same, so can the mental belief change, but faith is ultimate. It is that certitude which does not depend on reasoning, this or that mental idea, on circumstances, on conditions, of the mind or the body. Faith makes an individual clings to a certain idea even when it is not fulfilled in life, even when the immediate facts or the persistent circumstances seem to be denying it. Keeping faith in Divine grace, one attains the deliverance.In the Holy Bible, faith is the only approach to God. "For he that cometh to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of them that diligently seek Him. Without faith it is impossible to please Him." (Hebrews 11.6) Christian faith is simply the channel through which God's grace is received. "For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the giftof God." (Ephesians 2:8) It is the hand that reaches out and receives the giftof His love. Faith manifests itself in devotion - one's communion with God and the fellowship of the church. …


The experiment was carried out to investigate the absorption profile of blood glucose in mice administered to silkworm powder MeOH extract. The mice was injected to oral load of maltose, sucrose and lactose(2 g/kg) and silkworm powder MeOH extract at the same time. After injecting the sample, blood glucose concentration was measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Blood glucose lowering effect of silkworm powder for loading maltose was 69% in postprandial 30 minutes. After the postprandial 60 minutes, the glucose was absorbed slowly. Total amount of blood glucose absorption in mice administered to maltose were 560.7 mg/dl during 240 minutes. That of silkworm powder MeOH extract marked 534.7 mg/dl. Total amount of blood glucose from oral loading sucrose reached to 508.9 mg/dl. That of loading silkworm powder MeOH extract were 468.8. But, silkworm powder was not inhibited lactose absorption. As a above results, silkworm powder inhibits the transient rising of blood glucose after postprandial 30 minuts through inhibition of -glucosidases. In case of starvation silkworm powder don't promote the hypoglycemia. In addition, silkworm powder induces the delay absorption of glucose without loss of it.


Relation between AOC concentration and bacterium regrowth in drinking water network was investigated to obtain biostability criteria. Comparably obvious linear relationship was found between the maximum HPC and the maximum content of AOC of the distribution system. By extrapolation of the line,HPC would decline to 0 when AOC was 57µg/L. That result showed that substrates cannot support bacterium growth when AOC was less than 57µg/L. Similar obvious linear relationship was also derived between the maximum AOC content and the maximum AOC consumption (∆AOC) of the distribution system. AOC consumption (∆AOC) would decline to 0 when AOC content was 43.8µg/L. it also showed that bacteria cannot growth and AOC do not be utilized when AOC was less than 43.8µg/L. Some researchers had proposed biostability criterias, i.e. Van der Kooij's criteria of 10µg/L and LeChevallier's criteria of 50~100µg/L. We proposed that the biostability criteria under chlorine disinfection was AOC <40µg/L.


Second-harmonic generation from individual nanostructures is demonstrated. New symmetry selection rules derived for asymmetric nanoparticles allow for the distinction of different nonlinear source polarizations and enable simultaneous surface and bulk investigations.


Abstract : This is my first opportunity since being appointed as the Science Advisor to the Director, Operational Test & Evaluation (DOT&E) to address the testing community through The ITEA Journal. I look forward to many future discussions, articles, and interactions with the test community through The ITEA Journal. Let me begin by introducing myself. I have been involved with operational test and evaluation since 1991, when I became a research staff member at the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). At IDA, I performed and directed analysis of operational tests for U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force systems in support of DOT&E. My initial responsibilities included the evaluation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems including the Hunter Short Range UAV system, the Predator Medium Altitude Endurance UAV Advanced Concept Technology Development (ACTD) system, the Global Hawk UAV ACTD system, and the Shadow Tactical UAV system. As part of my work with UAV systems, I was involved with the development of evaluation concepts for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) systems. The difficulty in evaluating ISR system effectiveness is quantitatively assessing the product or information the system provides. Our team at IDA developed mission success templates that allowed a quantitative assessment of the timeliness, accuracy, and completeness based on the requestor's needs and ground truth.


A review of the literature shows that late lung fibrosis is always associated with an initial pneumonitis reaction. This reaction may appear to resolve prior to the onset of late fibrosis and/or represent a continuum, leading to the suggestion that late fibrosis is a consequence of the initial inflammatory reaction. In a novel series of experiments, the lungs of rats were locally irradiated with single doses of radiation of differing quality; x-rays versus thermal neutrons (mixed beam irradiation, predominantly from the products of neutron capture by hydrogen and nitrogen), and different dose distributions produced by administering a boron-10 capture agent,p-boronophenylalanine (BPA), to the thermal neutron exposure; approximately 50% of the total physical dose coming from the short range products, alpha-particles and lithium-ions, of the 10 B capture reaction. Damage was assessed by lethality, serial measurements of breathing rate and terminal histology after 180 days. Animal deaths, related to lung damage, were only seen in the higher doses selected for use, ≥11.8 Gy, 9.7 Gy and ≥9.5 Gy for x-rays, thermal neutrons and neutrons plus BPA, respectively. Nearly all deaths occurred in the first 100 days after irradiation, the period of the pneumonitic reaction. The pneuonitic reaction (approximately 20 -100 days) was reflected in a significant increase in the breathing rate (defined as a 20% increase, relative to controls). This increase was most marked after x- and thermal neutron irradiation; the incidence in responders in these groups tended to decline around day 100, only to increase again at later times. In animals receiving thermal neutron irradiation in the presence of BPA (doses of ≤8.8 Gy), a higher incidence of late compared with early responders was seen. This was reflected in the dose-effect relationships for the early ( 100 days) responders for a significant increase in breathing rate. In the (±SE) for the thermal neutron/thermal neutron plus BPA were comparable at 9.2 ± 0.6 Gy and 8.8 ± 0.6 Gy, respectively. For the > 100 day period the ED50 (±SE) for the neutron plus BPA group of 6.7 ± 0.4 Gy was significantly lower than for thermal neutrons alone; 9.6 ± 0.6 Gy. The animals receiving BNCT type irradiation also showed more marked changes on terminal histology, reflected in a lower ED50 for a histological score. Thus, given appropriate exposure conditions, late radiation changes in lung can develop independently of early pneumonitis.


This is the first report of the genus Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 from the Atlantic rain forest of Esp rito Santo, Brazil. Numerous specimens were collected by sweeping the vegetation once a month for one year in Esta o Biol gica de Santa Lucia and Reserva Biol gica de Duas Bocas. The following 14 new species are described and illustrated: Pseudisobrachium ventriosum, P. triacutum,


Shareholder`s derivative suit is generally defined as the class action, in which minority shareholders, on their corporation`s behalf, can enforce corporate rights against the corporate directors who committed illegal acts or wrongful acts on the corporation, in case those in control of the corporation refuse to have the corporation sues directly. For the activation of the shareholder`s derivative suit, first of all, the requirement of the plaintiff shareholders qualified to file a lawsuit needs to be more mitigated than status quo, depending on the size or type of the company concerned. Second, in order to file derivative suit, it is required to verify the information on the illegal act or misconduct of directors. Such verification could be effectively done through the inspection on accounting books and records. However, under the current commercial law, the right of inspection on accounting books and records is not that easy, in a way, it is even more stringent than the requirement of the derivative suit. Third, through the derivative suit, minority shareholders are given rights to accuse liability of directors on behalf of the company, which is not for the benefit of the plaintiff shareholders themselves but for the benefit of the company itself. Thus, there should be corresponding compensations for the substantial attorney`s fees, the commitment of time, effort and mental stress of the minority shareholders who file the suit. Finally, derivative suit performs important functions to prevent illegal acts or misconduct of directors. Therefore, for the protection of minority shareholders and the activation of derivative suit, it is required for investor protection agencies to support the minority shareholders who prepare a derivative suit. Thus, these investor protection agencies will be able to advise the minority shareholders of the pertinent procedures and provide them with a variety of information and knowledge about derivative suit. And, the existence of such agencies will also have the effect to prevent the abuse of derivative suit and to suppress the illegal acts or misconduct of directors itself.


【Objective and Method】Based on the monthly climatic data from 1951 to 2005,the changing characteristics and trend of agroclimatic elements in Tarim Basin were studied.【Result】Under the circumstances of global warming,during the past 55 years,the average annual temperature increased obviously and the warming speed was above 0.22℃/10a.The average air temperature in every season and in growing season increased slightly.The average temperature in winter increased with the biggest ratio,speed was 0.5℃/10a.The winter and autumn average maximum temperature increased with obvious trend.The winter,annual,and spring average minimum temperature increased with obvious trend.For average temperature,average minimum temperature and average maximum temperature in growing season,there was no obvious trend to increase or to decrease.The result of analyzing rainfall showed the rainfall of spring,annual rainfall and growing season average rainfall increased obviously.【Conclusion】The aim of analyzing the changing characteristics of agricultural climate in this area is for providing scientific basis for managing the region agriculture and the water resources effectively,and for improving the ecosystem and achieving sustainable development.


The poet Sang Ku was a Catholic poet who established the poetic world with a balanced consciousness of existence and history, and has influenced the history of literature. This study figures out the quoted aspects of characters, events, verses and others from the bible as a source of the allusion. From the aspects quoted verses, this paper divides them into phrases and paragraphs. In the case of the phrase, it is examined by separating its aspects into the 'idiomatic expression' and the 'personal symbol.' The characteristics of the biblical quotations of the poet Sang Ku who differs from the other protestant poets, because Sang Ku remarkably uses in his poems both direct and indirect quotations. This study highlights the quotations of the bible where it is likely to identify the source of ideological foundation and expression of Sang Ku for the very first time.


This paper deals with state estimation of stochastic models with linear state dynamics, continuous or discrete in time. The emphasis is laid on a numerical solution to the state prediction by the time-update step of the grid-point-based point-mass filter (PMF), which is the most computationally demanding part of the PMF algorithm. A novel efficient PMF (ePMF) estimator, unifying continuous and discrete, approaches is proposed, designed, and discussed. By numerical illustrations, it is shown, that the proposed ePMF can lead to a time complexity reduction that exceeds 99.9% without compromising accuracy. The MATLAB® code of the ePMF is released with this paper.


Abstract There is a carboxypeptidase in mung bean seeds that is localized in the protein bodies, the same vacuoles in which seed storage proteins are sequestered. This carboxypeptidase, called carboxypeptidase I (or Cpase I) has been purified by a series of ion-exchange and gel filtration columns. The pure enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain with a MW of 41700 by SDS-PAGE or 42000 by size-exclusion HPLC. It has a pl of 4.36 and is a serine carboxypeptidase as shown by its inactivation by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and its resistance to other proteolytic inhibitory reagents. A survey of its activity with Cbz-dipeptides shows preference for C-terminal amino acids that are large, hydrophobic residues, and a small aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, but not glycine, at the penultimate amino acid residue. Cpase I can convert a trypsin inhibitor of the mung bean to its proteolytic intermediate lacking four amino acid residues at its C-terminus. This proteolytic intermediate is detected in the mung bean cotyledons during early growth. Levels of both the activity and immunological cross-reacting forms of this enzyme start high and decrease during early growth.


The species of Coladenia Moore, 1881, occurring in the Philippines are revised. The following species are shown to occur there: C. igna (Semper, 1892), C. semperi Elwes & Edwards, 1897, C. minor Chiba et al., 1991, and C. palawana (Staudinger, 1889). Two new species are added: C. ochracea and C. similis, and the new subspecies of C. igna marinda, is described. Due to the incorrect identification of the Sundaland form of C. agni (de Niceville, 1883) as the Philippine C. igna by Evans (1949), the former was still unnamed; it is named C. agni sundae here.


Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the proximate composition, sensory properties and microbial quality of chin-chin developed from wheat and African walnut flour blends as a means of achieving household food security. Methodology: African walnut was processed into flour. Chin-chin was prepared from blends of wheat and African walnut flours using 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 of wheat flour to African walnut flour (AWF), and 100% wheat flour as control. Samples were subjected to sensory evaluation within 30 min of production. Proximate analysis was carried out using standard methods. The samples were also stored for 3 weeks and evaluated at weekly intervals for total bacterial and fungal counts. Results: Proximate composition of the chin-chin revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in ash (0.42-1.38%), fat (34.39-40.03%), crude protein (5.53-7.95% protein), crude fibre (0.98-1.86%), and energy contents (402.65-414.08kcal) with a decrease in moisture (3.31-4.85%) and carbohydrate (45.59-53.84%). Sensory analysis of the chin-chin showed that the control chin-chin was more preferred than all other samples. This was followed closely by chin-chin substituted with Original Research Article Deedam et al.; EJNFS, 12(8): 45-53, 2020; Article no.EJNFS.59068 46 10% African walnut flour having mean scores above 6 for all sensory attributes. Total bacterial counts (TBCs) and fungal counts (TFCs) of the chin-chin samples were observed to increase during storage. TBCs and TFCs of chin-chin samples after 3 weeks of storage ranged from 6.00×10 3 -8.50×10 3 cfu/g and 6.80×10 3 -8.00×10 3 cfu/g, respectively. The samples presented adequate microbiological conditions and were within recommended safe limit of microbial guidelines. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that chin-chin of acceptable sensory attributes and improved nutritional content could be produced with up to 10% African walnut flour (AWF) level. In effect, chin-chin substituted with African walnut flour can be consumed by households thereby improving their nutritional status and eradicating food insecurity and malnutrition which is common among households.


One of the main purposes of a summary is to be able to replace the original document. We assume that a summary would be able to replace or act as a substitute for the document if its probability distribution is similar to that of the original document. With this hypothesis in mind, we carry out our analysis using datasets from Document Understanding Conference (DUC), studying the results of unigram probability models and also looking at Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) as a measure of 'closeness' between probability models of the documents and their summaries. In this paper, we also discuss two summary generation approaches that were designed based on the above hypothesis (a) Summary generation by extraction of sentences based on its coverage and (b) Minimum KLD Summary Generation Method (uses a metric for reducing redundancy). Our research shows that the above summarizer, which is light and simple, can deliver good summaries comparable to other state-of-the-art systems.


The enthalpy of seven polymorphs of AgF2 has been scrutinized up to 50 GPa using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We show that α-AgIIF2 (Pbca, with its puckered-sheet structure and an elongated octahedral 4+2 coordination of Ag) transforms above 15 GPa into a layered polymorph δ (Abma). The Jahn–Teller effect persists and the coordination of Ag(II) is of the 4+4 type; the Ag–F–Ag bridges are bent. Cubic γ structure of the CaF2 type , and its Pa3 variant (η), rutile (ζ), and tetragonal 'infinite chain' P4mm structure related to AgFBF4 (ε) are not preferred in the entire pressure window that was investigated. Electronic structure of high-pressure δ-AgIIF2 form shows features that are characteristic for two-dimensional (2D) materials, a prerequisite for high-TC superconductivity. Our calculations also suggest that experimentally observed high-temperature β-AgF2 (Imcm, disproportionated, i.e. a charge-density-wave form, AgIAgIIIF4) is indeed metastable; it is slightly endothermic compared to α-AgIIF2.


A system of N mobile negatively charged particles moving in a neutral and dissipative medium, under a confining electric field produced by a spherical-capacitor apparatus, is studied. The equations of motion are approximated to the continuous limit leading to a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation; these analytical results are supported by molecular-dynamics simulations. The definitively non-Yukawa equilibrium position distribution, which emerges from first principles, is expressed in terms of a q-exponential function. The present work opens the door to new experiments in a system with long-range repulsive interactions, indicated herein as a potential candidate for nonextensive statistical mechanics.


Driverless cars in operation, the perception of the surrounding environment demand is very rich, it is a kind of automatic detection of road information, detection of obstacles, calculation of obstacle location, speed and other functions, but due to the limitations of technology and detection means, the perception data of self-driving cars is not accurate enough, prone to safety accidents. Therefore, the optimization of various sensors can greatly improve the safety performance of unmanned vehicles, thereby greatly promoting the development of unmanned technology. Environmental perception technology is one of the core technologies of unmanned cars, environmental perception information comprehensiveness and accuracy is the guarantee of safe driving of unmanned cars, this paper elaborates on image recognition, sensor layout, sensor perception range and accuracy, sensor anti-interference ability and rapid processing of sensor massive data in environmental perception technology.


This study aim to determine the effect of the implementation of Cooperative Learning Model of Index Card Match Type on Student Activity and Learning Outcomes in the Sub Material of Ecosystem Components. This research method is a quasi experiment with two groups pretest posttest design. The technique of determining the sample using purposive sampling. The samples used are class X-10 and class X-3. The research instrument used observation sheets in the form of rubrics for learning activities and multiple choice questions for student learning outcomes tests. Analysis of the data used is the t test and Wilcoxon test for student learning activities. The results of the study concluded that there was an effect of the application of Cooperative Learning Model of Index Card Match Type to the activities and student learning outcomes in the Sub Material of Ecosystem Components. Keywords: cooperative learning model of index card match type, learning activities,  learning outcomes.


Educational assessment is a mutual dynamic process for both teachers and students. Many assessments in universities usually are one-way and one-time pieces of work. At the end of the semester or teaching period, the student fills in a form, and gives his evaluation to the teacher based on some simple general choice. In such a way, the teachers lose their chances to improve their work during the teaching process. On the other hand, students also don't have much chance to exchange their concern with teachers. This situation is getting worse in the remote teaching system. To solve the above problems, and to enhance the mutual understanding between teachers and students, a web based evaluation system was built for mutual and dynamic assessment. This system is a Java 2 based system running in Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Campus now. A multi-layer fuzzy evaluation model is used to handle the assessment criteria group in different layers and from different evaluation groups. The users of the system are categorized into three groups: the teachers, the students and the manager. This system is a sub-system of the management system we developed for Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Campus. After being used for one semester, most of the users showed their satisfaction to the system. In this paper, the structure of the assessment system is discussed. The fuzzy evaluation model is shown with an application example. The components used in the system are displayed. We hope this will give a helpful idea to change the traditional assessment process, and to contribute to the quality control of elearning.


Abstract Only nine percent of South Africa citizens who are members of retirement funds will be financially independent once they reach retirement age. The other 91 percent will be dependent on other means to supplement their monthly income after retirement. Little is known about the financial communication sent to retirement fund members. This article thus aims to contribute to the knowledge base of financial communication in the context of retirement funds and to the managerial practice of financial communication in a retirement fund context. A survey was conducted to determine how trustees and members of retirement funds perceive financial communication. The aim of the survey was to compare trustee and stakeholder members' perceptions of the various channels of financial communication, preferences with regard to the above financial communication channels and the importance of the message content of financial communication sent to members. The results show that both trustees and members of retirement funds regard benefit statements as the most important channel of communication. There is a statistically significant difference between how trustees and members of retirement funds view the use of printed information and group presentations to communicate financial information. Both groups indicated a preference for information on a quarterly basis as opposed to annual reports. With regard to the content of financial communication, both members and trustees indicated that the most important information is the current value and performance of their investments. With regard to preferred financial channels of communication, a statistically significant difference was found between how trustees and members view access to the pension fund's call centre. A statistically significant difference was also found between how trustees and members believe the pension fund should work. This study attempts to make a contribution to financial communication within the context of the retirement fund industry in South Africa. It is necessary for fund trustees (management) to reconsider their traditional use of communication channels to inform fund members (stakeholders). It is anticipated that this study will increase awareness of financial communication in the retirement fund industry in South Africa where illiteracy is of national concern and where current financial communication is often drenched with financial jargon and technicalities merely to ensure compliance with legislation. Clear, understandable and unambiguous information content should be reflected in financial communication to trustees and member stakeholders.


Vitiligo is a disease that causes the loss of skin color in patches due to loss of melanin pigmentation of specific areas of the skin. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, the leading theory is still the auto-immune etiology linked to specific genetic mutations. Vitiligo can also be associated with several autoimmune diseases. There is no curative treatment for vitiligo but, several treatment modalities are considered. Topical therapies like steroids and Calcineurin inhibitors are of popular use in clinical settings also, steroids can be administered systemically in vitiligo patients. Physical therapies as fractionated CO2 (Fr: CO2) laser and Narrowband-UV (NBUV) phototherapy represent a gold standard in treatment in clinical practice. Moreover, intralesional therapies are emerging, one of which is autologous platelet-rich plasma injection.

 This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of Fr: CO2 laser, PRP, combined Fr: CO2 laser and PRP, combined Fr: CO2 laser and NB-UVB, combined Fr: CO2 laser, PRP and NB-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo as well as reporting the side effects.

 This study included 20 vitiligo patients with at least 6 patches of stable vitiligo (120 patches), the patches were divided into six groups according to the treatment modality. Assessment of treatment response was done through patient satisfaction score and Vitiligo analysis by computer-assisted grid (VACAG).

 Regarding surface area reduction in included patients, fractional CO2 laser achieved the best results followed by triple combination therapy (CO2 with PRP and NB-UVB), the least response was with CO2 with PRP treatment. Patient satisfaction in the current study had a different outcome, PRP treated patients exhibited the highest satisfaction scores while triple combination treated group showed the least satisfaction scores.


The aim of this work was to study the influence of HPsCD on the pharmacodynamic properties of fenofibrate. For this purpose the physicochemical characterization of fenofibrate-HPsCD binary systems was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Phase solubility analysis and in vitro release studies revealed enhancement in the solubility of fenofibrate. The effect of spray drying on the cyclodextrin complexation was also evaluated. Phase solubility studies revealed 1:1 M complexation of fenofibrate with HPsCD. The dissolution study revealed that the drug dissolution rate was improved by the presence of CDs and the highest release was obtained with the spray-dried binary system as compared to pure drug.


Panel radiators are made of sheet steel. The surface is degreased, phosphate and primed with cathodes varnishing using a cataphoretic immersion method. (ETL) and powder coated (EPS). The output is a smooth glossy finish. The paint job is not only beautiful but also eco-friendly. In the standard version, the devices are offered in white from plate by optional order you can choose from any color side strips and top decorative grill, mounting kit with air vent valve and installed plugs. Models with a height of 300–900 mm additionally include a kit with a separating plug and mounting accessories. They are hung on the wall with the help of straps on the back of the radiator. Horizontal and vertical adjustment is possible when assembled. 200 mm high models are supplied without mounting plates and accessories and without insert. Low radiators can be installed on the floor or mounted on the wall. For this, special brackets are provided, which are ordered separately. There are four branch pipes on the sides of each radiator to connect to the heating system. Radiators are delivered already assembled in a cardboard box packed with protective film, which does not need to be removed during installation.


This paper describes an optimal design method for SMES coils wound with high temperature superconducting tapes. Commonly, on the design stage of a SMES coil, its configuration is optimized to reduce the winding volume and the weight under taking into account the electromagnetic characteristics of high temperature superconducting tapes. The better configuration can be optimally designed to taken into account its thermal characteristics. So, we propose an optimal design method for SMES coils wound with Bi2223/Ag tape taking into account both electromagnetic and thermal characteristics. In this paper, the designs of 72 MJ toroidal SMES coil are investigated using the simulated annealing as an optimization method and the finite element method as a thermal analysis method.


Summary An exploration of the relationships, both static and dynamic, between the self-image and the Draw-a-Person Test. The static relationship was explored by means of a correlation matrix which showed significant positive correlation between a measure of physical self-esteem and the height, athletic appearance and affect of the person drawn. Negative feedback in the form of criticism of the subject's physical abilities was then introduced to allow exploration of the dynamic relationship. Lowered self-esteem following negative feedback was reflected in constriction of the height of the person drawn, but the drop in self-esteem seemed to be compensated for by a heightening of the athletic appearance of the person drawn.


Investigations of the growth, survival and production of young salmon Salmo salar, brown trout and sea trout S. trutta in sections of a stream in Scotland were made during 1966–75. At the end of the growing season, in autumn, the size of the 0+ salmon ranged from a mean weight of 1.12 g in 1966 to 2.82 g in 1973, and the size of the 0+ trout ranged from a mean of 2.20 g in 1966 to 3.56 g (68.0 mm) in 1974. Growth rates of 0+ salmon between July to September were similar from year to year, as was the case with the 0+ trout. The greater size attained in their first year by trout, resulted from the longer feeding season, provided by earlier emergence of fry and ability to continue growing in colder weather in autumn. The lengths attained by 0+ salmon and 0+ trout in September were related to the population densities of 0+ salmon and the number of days above 0° C from 1 December. There was no discernible relationship between lengths of 0+ trout and the population densities of 0+ trout. Salmon and trout lost weight during the winter, which was made up by April. The densities of 0+ salmon in June varied between 2–12m –2. Rates of decrease of the population densities in their first year were related to their densities at the beginning of the season, and, more closely, to the densities of salmon and trout combined. At the end of the second year's growth there were between 0.06 and 0.25 salmon m –2. Size of the trout populations varied less from year to year than those of salmon. The life of a year class of salmon and trout could be divided into several stages characterized by different rates of decrease of the population.


Applied Optics
An invisibility cloak can be used to conceal an object from view by guiding light around it. Most cloaks developed so far have bulky structures that are difficult to scale up for hiding large objects. To design a thin invisibility cloak that can be wrapped around an object such as a


The expansion of constitutional complaint through the landscape of European constitutionalism in the last decade of the XX century, as well as its implementation in the Serbian constitutional system in 2006, have increased the interest of Serbian legal scholars in this legal instrument. Comparative law does not provide a uniform institutional model of constitutional complaint, and experience of the Republic of Serbia with respect to this institute is very short. As a result, many questions regarding constitutional complaint have been raised in Serbian legal theory so far. This paper offers a theoretical and legal framework of the instrument of constitutional complaint. The author firstly examines the institutional models of three countries − Germany, Austria and Spain, and, secondly, deals with some specific characteristics of other constitutional systems which have subsequently introduced this legal instrument.


The spatial correlation with classical lights, which has some similar aspects as that with entangled lights, is an interesting and fundamentally important topic. But the features of high-order spatial correlation with classical lights are not well known, and the types of high-order correlations produced are of limit. Here, we propose a scheme to produce third-order spatial correlated states by modulating the phases of three laser beams. With the scheme we can produce Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-type (GHZ-type) and W-type spatial correlations with different phase modulations. Our scheme can be easily generalized to produce $N$-order spatial correlation states and to probe the aspects of different multi-partite spatial correlations.


The invention provides a dry contact conversion module and a control system and method therefor. The system comprises the dry contact conversion module, and the output end of the dry contact conversion module is connected with a gateway through a power line. The gateway is connected with an intelligent mobile terminal, and/or a PC, and/or a cloud terminal. The system also comprises a relay type controller and local controlled equipment, and the communication between the relay type controller and the dry contact conversion module is achieved through carrier. The relay type controller receives a dry contact switching value signal, thereby controlling the local controlled equipment. An APP and/or PC management software of the intelligent mobile terminal can set the matching relation and number of the dry contact switching value signal with the relay type controller, thereby achieving the control of the contextual model. According to the invention, a conventional dry contact switching value signal is converted into a carrier signal, so as to control the controlled equipment, or actively submit the change information of the dry contact switching value signal. Meanwhile, the system also can achieve the control of the contextual model, and can be used for a plurality of application occasions, such as homes, hotels, schools, and hospitals.


Smoke detection is helpful for early fire detection. With its large coverage area and low cost, vision-based smoke detection technology is the main research direction of outdoor smoke detection. We propose a two-stage smoke detection method combined with block Deep Normalization and Convolutional Neural Network (DNCNN) and visual change image. In the first stage, each suspected smoke region is detected from each frame of the images by using block DNCNN. According to the physical characteristics of smoke diffusion, a concept of visual change image is put forward in this paper, which is constructed by the video motion change state of the suspected smoke regions, and can describe the physical diffusion characteristics of smoke in the time and space domains. In the second stage, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used to classify the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features of visual change images of the suspected smoke regions, in this way to reduce the false alarm caused by the smoke-like objects such as cloud and fog. Simulation experiments are carried out on two public datasets of smoke. Results show that the accuracy and recall rate of smoke detection are high, and the false alarm rate is much lower than that of other comparison methods.

http://itiis.org/digital-library/manuscript/file/23857/TIIS Vol 14, No 9-8.pdf


The promotion of saving has been the subject of Government activity for a number of years. When the Financial Inclusion Taskforce was re-appointed for a second three-year period in 2008, its terms of reference were extended to cover savings. This study was carried out to provide an overview of the existing evidence on non-retirement saving among lower-income households and is intended to help the Taskforce identify the potential for increasing levels of saving among these groups and improving take-up of saving products from regulated providers. The findings are based on a review of the literature and secondary analysis of two existing data sources: the Baseline Survey of Saving for and by Children (BSSC); and the first pilot of the Saving Gateway, a government supported cash saving scheme for people on low incomes and of working age.


A numerical study was conducted for natural turbulent and laminar convection induced by a circular hot obstacle in two different positions, the heat obstacle is introduced at the inlet of the cylinder and inside the cylinder. To determine the effects of a circular hot obstacle on the regime of the thermosiphon flow generated by a heated cylindrical channel, we suggest a theoretical and numerical model using the Navier–Stokes equations and the finite volume method. An experimental apparatus was used for the validation of the numerical model. A comparison of the numerical and experimental results showed a good agreement in the global flow behavior. The temperature and vertical velocity profiles demonstrated the presence of a boundary-layer regime along the heated channel's wall in the absence of a hot obstacle and the presence of the hot obstacle at different positions. The introduction of the hot obstacle generates a significant modification of the evolution of the flow above the hot obstacle. The numerical simulation was conducted for a specific radius of the hot obstacle that ensures the existence in the laminar flow regime, and different Rayleigh numbers (Ra=105; 107; 108; 109; and1010). The flow rate, velocity, temperature and Nusselt number profiles were presented and discussed. The effects of the hot obstacle are presented in our results by two maxima of the vertical component of the velocity profile. The temperature profile at the entrance of the vertical cylinder is presented by the appearance of a maximum above the hot obstacle. As the cylinder height increases, the air temperature decreases. The vertical displacement of the obstacle upward induces a modification in the behavior of the dynamical flow. A CFD code was used to study the different natural convection regimes presented by three different form factors, including the critical regime with a form factor of A=0.1.


The poultry industry in our province has a high incidence productive since it goes from the production of maize for the formulation of balanced food, breeding, production, industrialization and commercialization of chicken and eggs. In the commercial poultry management and health are very important for the production. Diseases of the appliances respiratory and digestive are very important for the conditions of intensive management causing alterations in the microflora of the birds by stress. In the respiratory system the presence of mycoplasmosis represents a high economic impact due to the discards, morbidity and mortality. The presence of problems productive in the upper area of the province of El Oro, we were motivated to perform a task of primodiagnostico of Mycoplasmosis in broilers in farms of these sectors. The work was carried out in canton of Pinas, Balsas and Marcabeli, in stocks poultry of different driving conditions. The work began taking blood samples in farms: eight in Pinas, nine in Balsas and six in Marcabeli. Agglutination Test Quickly on board, proceeded to the blood sample, place it on a glass plate, without compounding the antigen for MG and MS respectively and are appropriate to your analysis. The total number of samples analyzed was 605 whose results were: in Pinas for MG, (69.47 %) were positive, (30.53 %) negative and for MS (77.54 %) were positive and (22.47 %) negative. For the canton Balsas for MG (65.5 %) and positive (34.5 %) negative and for MS (68.50 %) were positive and a (31.5 %) negative; in the canton Marcabeli tests for MG (80 %) were positive (20 %) negative while for MS the results were (91.7 %) were positive and (8.3 %) negative. These results show that the incidence of mycoplasms is extremely high and the productions are affected by this reason.


In the past 50 years, we have witnessed the most spectacular period of growth and development in the long and fascinating history of aortic surgery. As in all things, the basis for today's modern vascular surgery rests on achievements from the past. The article is dedicated to the history of aortic surgery in Russia. Yustin Y Djanelidze is one of the little-known pioneers of cardiac surgery in the 20th century. He successfully sutured a penetrating injury of the ascending aorta in St. Petersburg, Russia, on 27 October 1913. To the best of our knowledge, this was the 1st case of ascending aorta repair described in the world medical literature. The famous Soviet scientist S. Brukhonenko's research was vital to the development of open-heart procedures in the world. Nicholay Volodos developed a self-fixing synthetic endoprosthesis in the former Soviet Union in 1984 and was the "pioneer who started the endovascular stent graft revolution." Aortic surgery in Russia thus has had a fascinating history.


Among women with a fetus with a non‐cephalic presentation, external cephalic version (ECV) has been shown to reduce the rate of breech presentation at birth and cesarean birth. Compared with ECV at term, beginning ECV prior to 37 weeks' gestation decreases the number of infants in a non‐cephalic presentation at birth. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to investigate factors associated with a successful ECV procedure and to present this in a clinically useful format.


Saskatchewan's introduction of School Community Councils as a new level of local school governance was motivated, in part, by school division amalgamation. In light of a growing Aboriginal student population in Saskatchewan, School Community Council policy appears to be making accommodations for Aboriginal community participation. This article explores whether these accommodations are adequate and whether School Community Council policy is an appropriate vehicle for advancing Aboriginal participation and rights. I analyze the School Community Council poli cy through a lens influenced by Kymlicka (1999), Cardinal (1969) and Henderson's (2006) perspectives on Aboriginal rights. The social-political perspective of Kymlicka (1999) is shown to be congruent with Aboriginal community perspectives presented by Cardinal (1969), which is then validated by Henderson (2006). School Community Council policy is out of alignment with the evolving Aboriginal rights context. I make recommendations for corrective measures to ensure that School Community Councils do not become another contested space.


This paper investigates the application of partially recurrent artificial neural networks (ANN) in the flow estimation for Sao Francisco river that feeds the hydroelectric power plant of Sobradinho. An Elman neural network was used, suitably arranged to receive samples of the flow time series data available for Sao Francisco river shifted by one month. The data used in the application concern to the measured Sao Francisco river flow time series from 1931 to 1996, in a total of 65 years from what 60 were used for training and 5 for testing. The obtained results indicate that the Elman neural network is suitable to estimate the river flow for 5 year periods monthly. The average estimation error was less than 0.2%.


A procedure is presented which allows the efficient production of a patient specific computer model of the femur, for surgical planning. Similar models require long processing times and/or high performance computing. The method uses 24 key landmark points to customise a generic femur to patient data, using a desktop computer. By using non-linear elements a smooth, curved surface is obtained. A finite element mesh of a generic femur consisting of 384 elements was created using the analysis software CMISS (Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland). A rectangular shaped host mesh was defined to enclose the generic femur. Datasets of 5 human femurs were obtained using a hand-held laser scanner on dry bones and the visible human dataset. Key landmark data points were selected on the generic femur along with corresponding target points on each data set. The host mesh was then deformed using a least squares algorithm, causing customisation of the generic femur to the patient specific model. Each customised model was compared with its entire dataset. The fitting process took less than 100 seconds on a 180 MHz 02 computer (SGI, CA, USA). The algorithm yielded an average root mean square (RMS) of 3.09mm with a standard deviation of 0.15mm. Operator time for positioning the projection points was less than 5 minutes. This paper presents a novel means for customisation of human femoral geometry with generation of patient specific models on a PC from scan data in under 10 minutes. Current work is focusing on stress analysis, surgical simulation and planning.


This article examines the bank balance sheet channel through a principle component analysis (PCA). This is developed on the average of variables that characterize the bank systems of the European Union (EU) 28 countries, for the period of 1998-2012. The results show that the presence and intensity of the bank balance channel in certain countries of the Eurozone and for certain new EU members, will be directly linked to the capitalization, liquidity or the size of their bank systems. Based on these conclusions, that underline the financial asymmetries in existence in Europe, we draw attention to the possible dangers of expanding of the monetary union to the East.


Therapeutic risk management (TRM) aims to assure safe medication use in populations that show a positive benefit/risk balance, and reduce the risk of exposure in populations that show a negative benefit/risk balance. Historically, medications with an unfavourable safety profile in the general population of users were unconditionally withdrawn from the market. TRM allows approval of (e.g. natalizumab or Tysabri), re-approval of (e.g. alosetron or Lotronex) or keeping on the market medications that show benefits under limited conditions, and for which no safer alternative medication is available. Safe medication use is achieved by promoting access to medications for populations that show a positive benefit/risk balance, and by protecting from exposure those who have a high propensity for adverse reactions. TRM is the new paradigm enacted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) as set forward in its guidance documents.1,2 TRM programmes (TRMPs) allow the approval of new drugs with a limited safety profile, or maintain drugs in the market that have a positive benefit/risk balance for defined populations but which may be contraindicated for subpopulations at higher risk. TRM is an iterative process including assessment, confrontation, intervention and re-evaluation of risk. Thus, under TRM defined restrictions and interventions are implemented as required by the FDA and EMEA to assure the safe use of these medications. The enactment of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) IV of 2008 in the USA further formalised TRM.3 Except for a limited number, medications approved for marketing could be prescribed by physicians to anyone whom the physician deems the drug necessary. If such prescribing occurs outside the approved indications as contained in the labelling, then the prescribing is referred to as off-label. The FDA has no jurisdiction or authority over the practice of medicine, so the off-label use of drugs prescribed by physicians or dispensed by pharmacists is not regulated. The authority vested in the FDA is limited to the approval of drugs for marketing, marketing withdrawal or a limited set of market interventions and limitations, for example changes in labelling, black box warnings and 'Dear Health Provider letters'. In theory, TRM bridges that gap between the FDA's mandate to assure the safe use of the drugs and the acts that govern the practice of medicine. TRM is only useful when populations or factors are identified that modify excessive risks, and if strategies are available to modify these risks. The development of risk-modifying strategies is still in its infancy. Much research needs to be done.


Here we report local lattice fluctuations as a function of chemical pressure in the high Tc superconductors at the optimum doping (δ = 0.16). The chemical pressure is determined by the mismatch between the rock-salt M-O (M=Ba, Sr, La) layers and the CuO2 layers. High k-resolution Cu K-edge EXAFS has been used to measure the strain of the Cu-O bond lengths and the amplitude of local lattice distortions probed by the Debye-Waller factor of the Cu-O bonds in different materials under increasing chemical pressure. We find that in the normal metallic state, showing non-Fermi liquid transport behavior, the Debye-Waller factor reaches a maximum at a critical value of the strain ηc of the CuO2 plane. The results provide a direct evidence that at the maximum critical temperature Tc the system has diverging local lattice fluctuations.


ERMR 2006 included invited speakers, technical presentations, poster presentations, the student paper competition, and the banquet address by Dr David Carlson of Lord Corporation. One of the unique features is that it offers a wide range of issues from chemistry to engineering applications of ER and MR materials held in a single general session to enhance interactions between scientists and engineers.


Metallic multilayers comprising ferromagnetic layers with different coercivities are of interest for magnetic sensor applications. Our purpose is to analyze the effects of interlayer coupling and number of interfaces between layers on the magnetic behavior of [Ni/Co-Ni-Mg-N] x n multilayers. The number n of periods varied from 1 to 52 for a total multilayer thickness of 1.5 μm. The multilayers were deposited onto a copper wire in an electrolytic cell system with a magnetic field H d externally imposed during electroplating. The magnetic susceptibility curves obtained by induction method using a digital scope interfaced to computer were analyzed by real-time Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT) analysis. The magnetic behavior is explained by the complex internal magnetic configuration of the samples.


Bladder antimuscarinic (BAM) drug use is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). It is hypothesized that BAMs with non‐selective receptor binding may increase ADRD risk more than M3‐selective BAMs. This study compared ADRD risk for users of non‐selective and M3‐selective BAMs and examines ADRD risk associated with overall BAM use.


Barium titanate (BaTiO3) nano particles with different percentage by weight were added in silicone rubber as a filler to develop silicone elastomer composites. The morphology of the fractured surface of the prepared silicone elastomer composite film was investigated to see the distribution of BaTiO3 nano filler in the polymer matrix. The obtained results showed good distribution of BaTiO3 up to 10% by weight in silicon elastomer composite. Beyond this 10% weight percentage, agglomeration of BaTiO3 particles occurs. The mechanical characterizations of silicone elastomer composites with different weight % of BaTiO3 particles were performed through uniaxial tensile testing. Elastic modulus of composite increases when filler content increases up to 10%. However, further increase in the filler content results agglomeration of particles in the composite and decrease in elastic modulus of the silicone elastomer composite. The results show that the optimum value of filler content in the prepared composite is between 5% to 10%.


Objective: To explore the echocardiographic features and significa nce of a rabbit model with acute thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension (APH) by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. Methods: A rabbit model with AP H was established and monitored simultaneously by M-mode and two- dimensional echocardiography. Results: 25 rabbit models with APH was successfull y established. The two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic features of th e rabbit models with APH were showed as follows: ① The pulmonary artery end-di astolic dimension (PADD) was significantly and positively correlation with the p ulm onary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (r=0. 753, P=0.000); ② The right ventricular end-systolic or end-diastolic cavi ty dimension (RVSD or RVDD) was significantly and positively correlation with th e PASP(P0.05); ③ The left ventricular systolic or end-diastolic cavi ty dimension (LVSD or LVDD) was negatively correlation with the PASP ( P0.05);④ The RVSD/LVSD or RVDD/ LVDD values were significont and positively relative with the PASP ( r=0.869, P=0.000, or r=0.865, P=0.000);⑤ Their differences were significant between before and after APH (P0.05).Conclusio n :The PADD and the RVSD/LVSD or RVDD/LVDD values were significan tly and positively relative wit h the PASP, which maybe play an important role on the early diagnosis of APH.


Aromatic compounds (phenols), when treated with Vilsmeier Haack (V-H) reagent in the presence of transition metal ions such as Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) under reflux conditions, afforded corresponding ortho-formyl derivatives in good yields. Under normal conditions the metal-ion-free V-H reactions are too sluggish and resulted in poor yields. This protocol provides highly regioselective formylation under a mild and efficient condition with simple workup.


A 38-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with complaints of progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and palpitations in the previous month (New York Heart Association Class IV). Four months previously she had undergone mitral valve replacement (MVR) with a St. Jude prosthesis (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.) for rheumatic mitral stenosis at another institution, but she was not taking warfarin when admitted to our facility. Her arterial blood pressure was 102/80 mmHg, and her pulse rate was 125 beats/minute with regular rhythm, but it could not be detected over the mitral valve area. Her whole blood count revealed leukocyte 12500 mm3, hemoglobin 13 g/dl, hematocrit 41%, international normalized ratio (INR) 1.2, urea 32 mg/dl, and creatinine 1.3 mg/dl. Electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 125 beats/minute. On transthoracic echocardiography, a thrombus was observed over the mitral valve (Figure 1). Color Doppler examinations demonstrated severe mitral stenosis (peak/mean gradient=36/22 mmHg and mitral valve area=0.8 cm2 calculated by the pressure half-time method), (Figure 2) normal left ventricular dimensions, and systolic functions. We advised re-MVR and the removal of the thrombus, but she refused. Thus, we started streptokinase 250.000 intravenous Editöre Mektup


This study is carried out in partnership with the company CAVEO, manufacturer of leaf springs for vehicles. It concerns the development of a numerical model intended to follow the space-time temperature evolution of a leaf during two processing operations: hot cambering and quenching. This leaf is of a parabolic profile, made of EN-51CrV4 steel (AISI-6150). After austenitization, it passes through a cambering operation to confer it the desired deflection and then a quenching operation. This quenching is carried out in an oil bath to achieve better mechanical properties. The prediction of the temperature during quenching involves determining the heat transfer coefficient between the leaf and the oil bath. This coefficient is determined by quenching, under the same conditions as the leaf, using a standard probe of the same steel. The numerical model is based on the resolution of the transient heat equation by considering the heat loss flows towards the heterogeneous environment (ambient air, press contact and quenching oil). The results obtained by this model give the space-time temperature evolution of the leaf from the exit of the heating furnace to the exit of the oil bath. The numerical results are compared to the experimental profiles obtained through thermographic images throughout cambering and quenching operations. These results are consistent with experimental results.


The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of utilizing sago hampas to convert them into reducing sugars using microbes in solid state fermentation (SSF). Microbial consortium represents a crucial new frontier for biotechnology. Hence, in this study three different types of Aspergillus sp. was used to investigate their production of reducing sugars and soluble proteins. Mono cultures, co-cultures and mixed cultures of Aspergillus niger PANI, Aspergillus flavus NSH9 and Aspergillus versicolor FP13 were evaluated for their potential performance in producing reducing sugars. This was then followed by further optimization of the selected cultural conditions with the following variables such as incubation period (days), pH, effect of nitrogen supplementation and temperatures, :C. Supernatants of extracted were used to estimate reducing sugars using dinitrosalycilic acid (DNS) and crude protein using Bradford methods. Among the seven different culture combinations, co-culture ofAspergillus niger PAN I and Aspergillus vesicolor FP 13 produces the highest amount of reducing sugars of (0.786±0.05 mg/mL) and soluble protein of (0.070±0.00mglmL). The optimum incubation period, temperature and pH for maximum reducing sugar and soluble protein production were at 6 days, pH 4.0 and 35:1C. Among the four different nitrogen sources used, ammonium nitrate 0.1 % (w/w) gave the highest production of reducing sugars and soluble protein. From this study, it was deduced that, co-cultures of Aspergillus sp. gives higher yields of reducing sugars then compared to pure and mix cultures. Apart from that there is a significant increase in the reducing sugars production under the optimized conditions as compared to control.


The ENDOR spectrum of ^(13)C substituted (carbonyl carbon) triplet excited benzophenone was studied at ca. 100 G applied magnetic field by means of optical detection. The benzophenone was substitutionally dissolved in dibromodiphenylether (DDE). The ENDOR transitions and the E.P.R. transitions were studied as a function of applied field direction in the ab and bc crystal planes. The angle ϕ between the line joining the phenyl group centres and a principal axis of the fine structure tensor was found to be 23·6° ± 0·02° (standard deviation limited to one set of measurements). The principal axes of the 13C hyperfine tensor were within experimental error (±10°) coincident with the fine structure axes. The principal values of the hyperfine tensor were found to be : |A_(xx)/h| = 43·16 ± 1·84, |A_(yy)/th| = 22·66 ± 2·50, |A_(zz)/h| = 10·25 ± 1·30 MHz. The low-field ENDOR does not provide an indication of the signs of these tensor elements, so the value of the isotropic coupling constant cannot be measured. Two values of the anisotropic (dipole) hyperfine tensor elements were deduced on the assumption that the transitions frequencies are mainly determined by interactions between the nuclear spin and electron density on the carbonyl carbon atom. These values were (i) A_(xx)/^d/h = 17·82, A_(yy)/h = -22·68, A_(zz)/h = -15·14 MHz and (ii) A_(xx)/h = 39·73, A_(yy)/h = -26·09, A_(zz)/h = -13·63 MHz. Set (ii) is consistent with recent calculations of the spin density distribution in triplet benzophenone in which the orbital spin densities are 0·64 for the carbonyl carbon π-orbital, 0·17 for the oxygen π-orbital, and 0·88 for the non-bonding orbital on oxygen (all expressed as fractions of one electron).

Isotope effects on the fine structure constants of triplet benzophenone were measured and found to be consistent with the changes occurring in the spin-orbit coupling with the ground state.

The kinetic parameters for the excitation and de-excitation of the triplet substates were deduced from transient ODMR studies of benzophenone in DDE. The T_z spin state is mainly populated (85–88 per cent) and this is also the most strongly radiative state (k_z^r = 0·88). The steady-state populations of the three triplet levels are similar.


In Earth's magnetotail, we report three types of current sheets: Quiet current sheets supported by antiparallel lobe fields, "electron‐only" reconnecting current sheets, and traditionally reconnecting current sheets. We survey Earth's magnetotail for each current sheet type and perform event studies on one of each. One quiet current sheet, three electron‐only reconnecting current sheets, and one traditionally reconnecting current sheet are placed in order to showcase the possible time‐evolution of reconnection onset. Over time, electron‐only reconnecting current sheets increase in thickness, electron and ion outflow exhaust, perpendicular ion temperature, parallel electron temperature, and Hall electric field. These features support a transition phase from a quiet current sheet to traditional reconnection. Statistics of each current sheet type show that, during electron‐only reconnection, electrons are heated and evacuate the reconnection region while ions retain the properties of a quiet current sheet. In addition, statistics of solar wind properties indicate that electron‐only and traditional reconnection do not have unique solar wind drivers. Guide field statistics of electron‐only reconnection imply that aspects of the driving mechanism of electron‐only reconnection remain unclear.


A new system of photon‐gated photochemical hole burning is presented: zinc‐tetratolyl‐tetrabenzoporphine in glycidyl azide polymer matrix. The two‐color irradiation with dye laser and Ar+ laser at 20 K forms holes 500 times more efficiently than the one‐color irradiation with dye laser alone. No change in the area of Q‐band in the absorption spectra of the guest molecules during hole formation indicates that the sensitized decomposition of azide groups via triplet‐triplet energy transfer from the higher excited triplet state of the guest molecules causes the change in guest‐host interaction leading to the hole formation.


Disclosed are an application of a CTHRC1 nucleic acid sequence or protein in preparing a reagent used to test cirrhosis of the liver or liver fibrosis, an application thereof in preparing a drug used to prevent or treat cirrhosis of the liver or liver fibrosis, and an application thereof to be used as a drug target in in-vitro selecting and preparing a drug for cirrhosis of the liver or liver fibrosis. The CTHRC1 nucleic acid sequence is represented as SEQ ID NO:1, and the CTHRC1 protein is represented as SEQ ID NO: 2.


By studying the relationship between bubble formed on the aluminium ingot surface and production condition,a basic analysis to bubble is given in terms of its nature,reasons and rules.


The fossil whales at the Natural History Museum of the Pisa University. In the Natural History Museum of the Pisa University is kept a rich collection of fossil cetaceans that originated in the second half of the nineteen century, due to the donations, mainly by Roberto Lawley, of specimens from Pliocene sediments out cropping in Orciano Pisano (Province of Pisa). Among the fossils belonging to the first nucleus of this collection, the holotype of Balaena montalionis discovered in 1871 near Montaione (Province of Florence) is particularly significant. Equally important but of relatively more recent acquisition is the holotype of Balaenula astensis, discovered in Portacomaro d'Asti (nothern Italy) in 1940. Since the sixties of the last century, the Museum acquired several specimens (originals and casts) from the Pietra leccese, a Miocene calcareous sandstone outcropping in the Salento Peninsula (southern Italy). Among the last acquisitions, particularly important is the archaeocete skeleton found sectioned in six slabs of nummulitic limestone from Egypt and described as holotype of Aegyptocetus tarfa. Most of these specimens are exposed to the public in two permanent exhibitions of the Museum: the hall of the origin of cetaceans and the reconstruction of the Pliocene sea inside the "Back to the Past" exhibit.


Renal cell carcinoma: preoperative staging by computed tomography and its analogy to pathology. Objective. To evaluate the correlation between the preopera- tive staging of renal cell carcinoma by computed tomography (CT) and histopathologic results of the surgical specimen. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study has been carried out in a total of 40 patients from our urology depart- ment with suspected diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who had undergone total or partial nephrectomy between 2005 and 2011. We compared different parameters of imaging (CT) and pathological studies of each patient and assessed the reciprocal relationship between pre-and postop- erative staging according to TNM. Results. Data obtained by pathological examination of the resected specimen showed 28 lesions limited to the kidney (stages T1 and T2), 3 lesions with perirenal extension and renal vein (stage T3a), 7 lesions with involvement of the vena cava (stage T3b) and 2 lesions with extension beyond Gerota's fascia (stage T4). We found an almost perfect strength of agreement between tomographic and pathologic staging (kappa = 0.87), with respect to T of the TNM crite- ria. Only two T1b (by pathological study) were overdiag- nosed as T2 (by computed tomography) and two T3b (by pathological study) were underdiagnosed as T3a (by CT). Conclusion. Computed tomography provides a good delin- eation and characterization of renal cell carcinoma. The level of agreement with the most reliable reference standard (pathological study) was almost perfect (k = 0.87) for the staging of T stage. Keywords. Carcinoma. Renal cell. Mapping. Computed tomography. Pathological study.


Recently many people participated in a candlelight rally to protest some policies of new government in Korea. The collision between police and...


Abstract : This report describes the results of dispersion and nonlinearity experiments of the components required for the development of picosecond passively mode-locked fiber lasers. First, we will summarize the interferometric dispersion measurement technique and results for short lengths of fiber (< 1 meter). We measured dispersion of standard fiber at 16.9 +/- 1.4 ps/nm and Er-doped fiber at 8.5 +/- 1.6 ps/nm at 1550 nm. Next, we measured the group delay of three chirped Bragg gratings using a phase difference method and a tunable laser. These chirped Bragg gratings served as one of the mirrors in the linear fiber laser cavity. Finally, we measured the nonlinearity of five different muhiple quantum well saturable absorbers using a z-scan technique. The saturable absorbers served as the mode-locking mechanism in the passively mode-locked fiber laser. The values of the nonlinear absorption ranged from 1 to 3 cm/W. We also measured the refractive nonlinearity of one of the MQW saturable absorbers to be about -4 x 10 cm/W.


This paper describes the impact of engineering quality staff,materials,construction methods and construction equipment,the control of five factors,from the organizational,managerial,technical,economic and environmental Factors projects proposed for quality control measures in order to improve project quality,the creation of the brand works to improve the competitiveness of enterprises.


Plants make use of inducible defenses to resist herbivores. Two hormone signaling pathways play a major role in the regulation of these defense responses: the JA pathway and the SA pathway, and these two are well-known to antagonize each other's action. Some herbivores evolved traits to interfere with induced defenses but the extent to which such traits promote the success of competitors as well is unclear. The research described in this thesis shows that defense suppression is favourable for herbivores but can backfire within natural communities. I found that russet mites (Aculops lycopersici), a major pest of tomato, facilitate their natural spider mite competitors and suppress jasmonate (JA) defenses, which would otherwise hinder their growth. Although russet mites also induce salicylate (SA), suppression of JA-defenses appeared SA-independent. However, induction of SA did account for the facilitation of spider mites, thereby inhibiting the russet mite's population growth. This means that whether or not host-defense manipulation improves a herbivore's fitness depends on interactions with other attackers via induced-host defenses. Predatory mites (A. limonicus) were able to establish themselves on russet mite-infested plants because of the degradation of trichomes that is associated with russet mite herbivory, However, biological control was still insufficient, likely due to the fact that too many russet mites still receive protection from predation from trichomes that have not yet degraded. Sequencing of the russet mite genome allowed for the discovery of candidate effector proteins, which might be involved in russet mite-induced defense suppression as well as trichome degradation.


ABSTRACT This study considers risky investment projects under adverse selection and examines optimal penalties for erroneous auditing reports to maximize social welfare. These penalties give firms an incentive to choose accounting policies that maximize social welfare. We characterize the optimal penalties such that efficient firms choose an aggressive accounting policy and inefficient firms choose a conservative accounting policy.


India's exports of marine products have their beginning as early as 1940s. During the year 1938-39 about 21,874 tonnes valued at 73.16 lakhs was exported. The exports are reached a level of 32,283 tonnes valued at 269 lakhs by 1945-46. Before 1960 the markets of Indian marine products were largely confined to neighboring countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Singapore etc. when our exports were dominated by dried items. (TNAU, 2015). The situation has changed with the development of technology and modernization dried products gave way to canned and frozen items. The frozen marine products exported include frozen shrimp, frozen fish, frozen cuttlefish, frozen squids and frozen lobsters etc. The shift in product also resulted the shift in market. The land mark in Indian seafood export was created when the first shipment of 13 tonnes frozen shrimp which valued Rs. 70,000 was sent to the United States in 1953 from Cochin (SEAI, 2017). More sophisticated and affluent markets viz. Japan, USA, Europe, South East Asian countries etc. became our important buyers. Several seafood processing units with modern machinery for freezing and production of value added products were set up at all important centers in the country for export processing. For a long time USA was the principal buyer for our frozen shrimp but after 1977, Japan emerged as the major buyer International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 7 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com