Most health, recreation, and physical educators attempt to provide their students with "real-world" learning opportunities. Experiential education or service-learning projects are common means to provide these real-world opportunities. One such teaching strategy that is often used with these projects and experiences is group work, or collaborative learning. Group work and collaborativelearning experiences are looked upon favorably by educators for a number of reasons. For example, collaborative-learning experiences have been shown to promote creativity, increase critical thinking competencies, build stronger interpersonal skills, enhance relationships with faculty, provide exposure to diverse viewpoints, and prepare students for realworld work (Barfield, 2003; Mello, 1993; Payne & Monk-Turner, 2006). Unfortunately, students often do not feel the same way about group work as educators. Underwood (2003) makes this point by suggesting that "students often fail to match the enthusiasm for collaborative learning shown by educators and learning theorists" (p. 319). Students are often inexperienced in working collaboratively, have difficulty meeting because of conflicting schedules and priorities, are intimidated by the amount of work and organization involved in collaborative-learning experiences, and are often frustrated by students who do not carry their weight (McKeachie, 1994; Payne & Monk-Turner, 2006; Phipps, Phipps, Kask, & Higgins, 2001). A key question for faculty to consider is how to address some of these concerns and better facilitate group work and collaborativelearning processes.


In a recent edition of the Journal of Forensic Economics, the results of two informative surveys were published. 1 The first examined methodological approaches currently used by the members of the National Association of Forensic Economics (NAFE) when acting as experts in tort litigation. The second presented their views on the topics of ethical behavior and qualifications. While both of these studies provided significant insights into the parameters within which forensic economists work, there is another, equally important, determinant of the economist's actions in tort litigation that needs to be examined--the role of attorneys. The attorney's impact on the performance of the economic expert is occasioned through control of both the hiring process and the testimony which is entered into evidence. These decisions are, in turn, predicated to a large extent on the attorney's expectations for, and views of, the capabilities of the experts they hire and the attorney's own understanding of what economics can, and cannot, contribute to winning a case. In an attempt to gain some perspective on the implications of these interactions between the attorney and the economist, the authors undertook a survey of attorneys in the summer of 1993, concerning the process they use for selecting economic experts, their experiences with these experts and their own views on ethics. Questionnaires were mailed to a sample of 1,100 trial attorneys licensed to practice law in Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, New York and New Jersey. 2 These states were selected on the basis of the authors' geographical location, access to trial lawyer mailing lists and familiarity with the tort framework in these jurisdictions. Allowing for undeliverable questionnaires, 238, or 22.6%, of a potential 1,054 surveys were returned. This rate of return is close to that received in recent surveys of forensic economic practitioners conducted by Brookshire and Slesnick (1991 and 1993) and, indicated in their latest article, "is considered relatively high for a mail questionnaire". Obviously the relevance of the responses to the questions at hand depended upon the attorneys having had some experience with the use of economic experts. Unfortunately, there was no way that this specific subset of attorneys could be identified in advance from the initial lists of trial lawyers possessed by the authors. As a consequence, questionnaire recipients had to be specifically directed to fill out the survey form "only if they had used an


Objectives. The study aims to analyze the situation of victims of domestic violence, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, to identify the measures taken by the authorities and the solutions to improve services provided to them. Methods. The research method is the sociological survey, and the technique used is that of the semi-structured interview conducted online, with specialists in the field. We interviewed 76 specialists who work with victims of domestic violence within the General Directorates of Social Assistance and Child Protection and within specialized NGOs. Results. To improve the quality of life of the victims, the following intervention modalities were proposed by specialists: providing the necessary medical support;psychological counseling of victims with the help of the online environment until the end of the pandemic;informing the population about the existence of the Women's Helpline which provides confidential information, support and understanding for victims of domestic violence;arranging protection and support centers for victims;training courses for staff working with victims of violence in the family, but also for the police;increasing the degree of responsibility of the central and local public administration. Conclusion. Assistance and intervention in cases of domestic violence must be adapted to the specific situations in which the victim finds himself. Crisis support is needed followed by medium and long-term strategies. Shelters for women must be integrated into a preventive system of action and activities. Victims of domestic violence must be allowed to benefit from long-term therapy and support.


A clip (10) for securing one with a mounting aperture (39) provided with the object (33) at one of a carrier part (35) projecting pin (36) includes a portion extending along an axis of the hollow body (11) having a cavity (13 ), (at a first axial end 14) has an opening (16) for insertion of the bolt (36) and in the cavity (13) comprises resilient holding means by which the bolt (36) in the cavity (13) is retainable. On the hollow body (11) radially resilient fingers (26) are arranged projecting in the axial direction from the first end (14) of the hollow body (11) and for supporting the clip (10) in the mounting aperture (39) of the article (33 ) are determined.


A novel feature based corner detection method is proposed to extract accurate corner positions than unstable corner points in existing algorithms such as Intensity-based Harris corner method and Edge-based corner method. The former algorithm cannot detect accurate corner positions in noisy environments while the latter cannot identify stable corners due to incomplete edge detection. The proposed method can overcome limitations of both these methods. This paper proposes a feature based novel algorithm for image mosaicking using block wise corner detection technique and is amenable for hardware realization. The mosaicking algorithm has been coded in MATLAB and successfully tested for color images. The performance metric PSNR has been computed for both the proposed and the existing methods for a number of mosaic images. The proposed method performs better than existing algorithms. The PSNR values obtained for these images are 42 dB or better with no visible artifacts.


Cardiac injury manifested as either systolic or diastolic dysfunction is considered an important preceding stage that leads to or is associated with eventual heart failure (HF) [...]


In order to control the development of the private enterprise senior team integration, the leaders of private enterprise must build the analytical system of the harmonious integration. The author try to deeply research the structure, levels, estimating index of the system based on the harmonious theory, system theory, upper theory and the "3C" pattern (charactercourse-circumstances). Then we can devise a useful estimation-index system of the analytical work about the private enterprise senior team integration.


Natural resource exploitation and conservation: these are words of the 1990s. When the Exxon Valdez hit the rocks, Americans were given a glance at the future. The idea of an oil slick the size of a small state floating near our most pristine coastline was shocking to many of us, but no more shocking than the idea that we might, for the sake of the environment, have to reduce our consumption of oil. Hard choices lie ahead; there are compromises to be struck, none of which is likely to please all concerned. Our love of the wilderness and its creatures, our desire to consume energy and live comfortably, and our tolerance of those who feel differently all are certain to be tested in the near future. This issue of Natural Resources & Envi-


This study used the ability of remote sensing technology to identify and map the lithological units and alteration zones in a gold mining area in North-eastern Sudan by using Landsat 8 data source. The Landsat data series has been used widely in mapping lithological and altered rocks and in geology in general. The study area contains three gold mines part of Ariab mining district in Red Sea Hills, Northeastern Sudan. There are three types of gold deposits in the study area (Supergene deposits, polymetallic massive sulphide deposits and The Ganaet deposits) are being mined in Hadal Auatib mine, Hassai mine and Kamoeb mine. The objective of this study was to find new high potential areas for gold mineralization in the area. Conventional image processing methods such as (color composite, principle component analysis and band ratio) and minimum noise fraction have been used in this study for the purpose of lithological and alteration zones mapping. The visible and short infrared region was useful for mapping the iron oxides and the clay minerals, in which the thermal bands were used for silicate mapping. The results of this study showed the distribution of the lithological units and the hydrothermal alteration zones along with new high potential areas for gold mineralization which can be used in the future and proved the ability of Landsat data in mapping these feature. Keywords : Landsat-8 Data, Alteration, Lithological Mapping, Gold Exploration, Arabian-Nubian Shield.


This paper deals with parameter and state estimation in a bounded-error context for uncertain dynamical aerospace models when the input is considered optimized or not. In a bounded-error context, perturbations are assumed bounded but otherwise unknown. The parameters to be estimated are also considered bounded. The tools of the presented work are based on a guaranteed numerical set integration solver of ordinary differential equations combined with adapted set inversion computation. The main contribution of this work consists in developing procedures for parameter estimation whose performance is highly related with the input of system. In this paper, a comparison with a classical non-optimized input is proposed.


The study sought to ascertain the extent of agricultural extension services utilization with the existing gender gaps and identifying constraints women farmers' face to utilize extension services in Bure woreda, ANRS. The survey was conducted in three purposively selected PKAs which having the maximum number of FHHs by selecting 160 sample households through systematic random sampling technique after sex stratification of the respondents. Pre-tested structured interview schedule and other secondary sources were used to collect primary and secondary data respectively. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions mainly helped to generate the necessary qualitative data. Range, frequency, percentage, means, standard deviation, t-test and x2-test was used for the purpose of data analysis. The core output of the study indicates that utilizations of agricultural extension services are gender biased. On average 64% FHHs and only 31% MHHs did not utilize extension services exclusive of inputs and participation on rural cooperatives. So the analysis component depicts gender differentials related to FHHs illiteracy, less access to and ownership of productive resources and others.


PURPOSE
To demonstrate that incremental CT venography, performed at the time of CT pulmonary angiography, can easily diagnose deep venous thrombosis. Materials and Methods. Retrospective analysis of 152 combined incremental CT venography and CT pulmonary angiography. Results were compared to Doppler US examinations in 18 cases.

RESULTS
61% of venous thrombosis was found on incremental CT examination in case of pulmonary embolism. In 5 cases, isolated venous thrombosis was found without pulmonary embolism. The CT diagnosis of DVT was confirmed by US; CT appeared more accurate than US in the calf.

CONCLUSION
CT venography combined with CT pulmonary angiography is a useful tool in order to obtain a comprehensive evaluation for thrombo-embolic disease.


Sixty medicinal and food plants native to Korea were mainly selected with old traditional habit and antioxidant activity was investigated. The 80% EtOH extracts of sixty medicinal and food plants were screened for antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was measured by the TBA (Thiobarbituric acid), DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), SOD (superoxide dismutase) which was evaluated by the nitro blue tetrazolium(NBT) reduction method. Among sixty plants, black Glycine max(87. 3%) and Solanum nigrum (80.6%) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity by TBA and DPPH methods, respectively. Also, 10 species extracts including black Glycine max showed the high activity value in these two methods. The SOD characteristics on black Glycine max seed extracts which showed the highest SOD activity (53.5%) exhibited four major SODs; two Cu/ZnSODs and two FeSODs. However, Adenophaora vertidllata which showed lowest SOD value (10.4%) had only Cu/Zn SOD. No varietal differences in the high SOD value were detected in the Cu/Zn SOD isozyme patterns.


The need for psychosexual services and preferences regarding these were explored using a questionnaire in patients (n = 868) attending two sexual health clinics in London, UK. Patients were asked whether they were currently receiving help for their sexual problems, whether they would like help for these and, if so, where they would like to receive this. Thirty-six percent (n = 321) of patients reported a sexual problem. However, only 7% (n = 22) of patients reporting a sexual problem were receiving help, despite almost half of patients wanting this. The majority (60%) of patients indicated a preference for treatment at sexual health clinics, although a proportion (20%) wanted services to be available at their GP practice. Results suggest a significant need and desire for psychosexual services to be available in sexual health clinics in the UK. Implications for the provision and commissioning of sexual health services within the context of competing demands are discussed.


Poly(methyl methacrylate)/titanium dioxide (PMMA-g-TiO2) nanocomposites were prepared by the direct esterification reaction under mild conditions. Initially, the surface of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) was modified by 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane in order to prepare epoxy functionalized TiO2 NPs. The nanoparticles were refluxed in ethanol solution of HCl to convert the epoxy groups into alkyl-hydroxyl units. Subsequently, PMMA chains were attached to the surface of TiO2 NPs by the esterification reaction between alkyl-hydroxyl units at the nanoparticle surface and carboxylic acid terminated PMMA. Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry confirmed the presence of PMMA groups grafted on the surface of TiO2 NPs. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the existence of the grafted PMMA of the nanocomposites. An improved thermal property of the nanocomposites was observed by thermogravimetric analysis while transmission electron microscopy images confirmed well dispersed nanocomposites in chloroform due to the functionalization of PMMA brushes.


The 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted by United Nations General Assembly on September 25, 2015 are a universal consensus to end poverty, eradicate inequality, protect the globe, tackle the climate change and make sure that all people of the planet enjoy peace and prosperity. Most of the goals are present in Bangladesh. This paper's aim is to overview the challenges having faced by Bangladesh to acquire the recent phenomenon sustainable development goals.  The National Preliminary Report, FAO analysis, the sustainable Development Goals Report 2016, various articles, and newspaper writings have been scrutinized and secondary data have been used to complete the present study. The study finds that the goals are interconnected with one another. Eradicating all challenges will be daunting task for government alone. Sincere and fruitful policy agenda' taken and implementation can be supportive and successful way to this idealistic wishes and utopian dreams. The policy makers, politicians, philanthropists, Financial Institutions etc can find it easy to solve SDGs related problems. Further analysis can be done on each and separate target and goal of SDGs in the context of the country.


Schottky diodes resulting from an intimate contact of aluminum on electrodeposited poly(3-methylthiopene) were studied by admittance spectroscopy, capacitance-voltage measurements and voltaic and optically-induced current and capacitance transients. The loss tangents show the existence of interface states that can be removed by vacuum annealing. Fur. thermore, the C-V curves contradict the idea of movement of the dopant ions. PACS numbers: 73.61.íh, 73.40.-c


This review article describes some selected novel molten salt electrochemical processes which have been challenged by the author and his co−workers.Metallic Na is produced with high current efficiency by the electrolysis of molten NaCl−ZnCl20r NaOH usingβ一alumina diaphragm。Two kinds of chlorine recovery from HCl gas are possible by electrochemical processes in molten LiCl−KCL A novel SiH4production method has been proposed by the use of Si electrode in a molten LiCl−KC1−LiH system,N2gas is cathodically reduced to form N3皿 ion in molten LiCl−KCl,which encourages the author to develop new applications,6.8.,Li−N2thermally regenera− tive fuel cell and thermogalvanic cell.Electrochemical implantation of nitrogen to form various metal nitrides is possible by the use of anodic reaction of N3−ion in a molten LiCl−KCl−Li3N system.Electrochemical implanta− tion and displantation can be applied to form transition metal−rare earth alloys in molten LiCl−KCl containing rare earth chloride.Finally,as non−conventional electrochemical reactions,discharge electrolysis to form fine metal or carbon particles and electrochemical plantation of Zr on ceramics are introduced. κ6ッ防跳


In this paper we present a new approach to implementing hypothetical relations. Our design borrows idea3 from techniques used in processing views and differential Bles and offers several advantages over other schemes. A working implementation is described and performance statistics are presented. 1. JNTRODUCIION Pyoothetical relation3 [STONBO, sr0~61, AGRAK?) have been suggested as a mechanism to allow users to generate alternate versions of real relations. Each version can be updated as if it were a real relation: however, only differences between the hyoothetical relation (HR) and the real relation on w&ch it is defined are 'actually stored. Previous papers have concentrated on data structures for representing these differences and algorithms for processing data manipulation commands addressed to VR'S. HR's correspond closely to the notion of versions :BONA77] used IV systems which manage iterations of computer programs. On the other hand, HR's differ *undamentally from view3 in that updates to HR's should not cause changes to the relation on which they are defined. An uodate to a view is reflected through to the base re!acon(s) underneath it. Consider for example, a university Anancial officer who is in charge of research assistant's salaries. Suppose she is trying to balance her budget and wanls to know whether her accounts would balance under the hypothetical scenario that salaries of senior employees were cut by 20%. She could make a new copy of her database, actually perform the appropriate updates, and then survey the results. This procedure would be slow and require considerable disk space. Alternatively she could define an PR on the employee relation, perform her updates on the HR and then survey the results. Another use of database HR's might be in debugging a database application program. The programmer might not want to test his program on "!ive" data This research was supported by the Advanced nesearch Project Agency under contract #NOO039-C0235. because a logical error could corrupt the database. He could define an HR on the live data and test the program on this HR The implementation suggested in [STONBO] involves a single differential file [SEvR76]. A more elegant solution [STONBl] suggests supporting HR's by using the view mechanism [STON75] already present in many relational systems. A hypothetical relation, W, for a real relation R would be deflned as a view of the form W = (R UNION S) DIFFERENCE T. To support this implementation of HR's, one need only extend a relational DBMS and its associated view mechanism with the UNION and DIFFERENCE operators. A possible advantage of this implementation is that R can be a read-o& relation while S and T are append-only. This leads to the possibility of implementation on an optical disk. Unfortunately, there are problems with deflnii HR's as views. We first examine these problems and show general solutions in Section 2. Then in Section 3 we combine these solutions into a new mechanism for supporting HR's. Our implementation of this solution is described in Section 4. Finally, we present performance statistics from our running prototype in Section 5. 2. PROI3IXMS AND SOLUTIONS Proposals for implementing hypothetical relations as views contain various flaws which must be removed before a realistic implementation can be attempted. 2.1. The Reinsertion Problem [STONM] points out that the implementation of hypothetical relations as W = (R UNION S) DIFFERENCE T is flawed in the case where one wants to reappend a tuple which ha3 been deleted, as shown by the example in Fiiure 1. Initiallv there is a tuple in relation R corresp&di.ng to Eric. Following the algorithm in [STCNAlj. the tuple can be deleted by inserting it into relation T. Lastly a user re-appends Eric and an appropriate tuple is inserted into S. Unfortunately, the resulting hypothetical relation, W does not contain the Fe-appended tuple since (R UNION S) is the same as R, and R D!PFERENCE T is empty. (tizqzq*mj I eric I 10000 j eric


Aim of this article is to reveal some of not so known and not entirely investigated factors that contributed to the historical and cultural relations between Croatia and the Venetian Republic. Namely, author discusses role of the Venetian church of San Lio (San Leone) which is placed in the Venetian eastern parts called Castello, more precisely in the northern part of this quarter, nearby the famous church of Santa Maria Formosa. It is necessary to note that this quarter of Castello for centuries was the central point of social life for all the Croatian immigrants in Venice. In the first part of the article author, on the basis of various extant sources (testaments form Archivio di Stato di Venezia - series Notarile testamenti, cadastral records of the quarter Castello and parish San Lio from the eighteenth century - ASV, Dieci Savi sopra alle decime in Rialto. Cadastico di Venezia. Sestiere Castello), has tried to reconstruct numerous forms of connections between Croatian immigrants and the parish-church of San Lio. Moreover, author draws attention to relations of the immigrants with the local inhabitants, and activities of the Croatian clerics in this parish. The second part of the article methodologically differs from the first one, since there author analyzes presence of Luca Stella, the archbishop of Zadar, during his visit to Venice in 1619. Namely, this Venice born highly positioned cleric, during this staying in Venice, led liturgy and consecrated renovation of the San Lio church, as it has been engraved in the stone-plate memorial.


Introduction With the advent of next generation sequencing of whole exomes and whole genomes, we can now obtain a comprehensive view of the somatic mutations that are present in tumours. Using latent variable discovery approaches such as non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF), recurrent somatic mutational patterns, called mutational signatures, have been identified, some of which have been attributed to mutational processes, such as sunlight exposure or homologous recombination deficiency. As more cancer whole genomes are available, the identification of new signatures and disambiguation of known signatures become possible. We can now begin to ask new questions, such as whether the same mutational process may induce different, organ-specific, mutational signatures. Material and methods We used somatic mutations from 2577 tumours from the PCAWG dataset, organised in 21 organs. We then performed 21 independent local organ-specific signature extractions and one global signature extraction with all the samples. Extraction is performed using NMF. The optimal number of signatures for each extraction is determined by the clustering properties of repeated NMF runs. Cluster analysis based on cosine similarity was performed to determine similarity of signatures across organs. Results and discussions Several of the mutational signatures obtained from organ-specific extractions resemble known COSMIC mutational signatures. COSMIC signature 1 can be found in almost all organs, with the exception of the Liver. Other signatures, such as COSMIC signatures 2, 3, 13, 17 and 18, are independently obtained from multiple organs. All the signatures that are found in multiple organs present organ-specificity. Further investigation is required to determine how much of this specificity is biological and how much is due to a dataset bias. Conclusion Our work is the first attempt to determine the variability of mutational signatures across different organs. It reveals that some mutational signatures are more robust than others, and that the same mutational process may induce slightly different mutational signatures in different organs, though part of these differences may be attributed to a dataset bias. The use of organ-specific mutational signatures may be critical for the correct assignment of mutations in a tumour to signatures and, in turn, the correct identification of mutational processes that are at work in a tumour.


Fiber optic sensor using fiber Bragg grating(FBG) probes is used for monitoring strain and temperature distributed on the wide surfaces of large structures. In this paper, in order to use many FBG probes in one optical fiber line, we propose a complex multiplexing technology which is composed of two techniques, one is time division multiplexing and another is wavelength division multiplexing. However, we only investigate the characteristics of time division multiplexing because FBG sensors basically can be operated by wavelength division multiplexing. We calculate the optimal reflectivities and the lengthwise location of five FBG probes in serial connection in order to obtain the unique reflected intensities from the FBG probes. We fabricate five FBG probes with the reflectivities of 13%, 16%, 25%, 40% and 80%, which are determined by the theoretical calculation, and observe the signal reflected from each FBG in the time domain from the experiment. There are differences between experimental and theoretical results caused by the signal noise and the differences of reflectivities of FBG probes. But the experimental results shows the reflected signals of five FBG probes which prove the availability of complex multiplexing.


Mathematical method based on a direct or indirect analysis of growth rates is described. It is shown how simple assumptions and a relatively easy analysis can be used to describe mathematically complicated trends and to predict growth. Only rudimentary knowledge of calculus is required. Projected trajectories based on such simple initial assumptions are easier to accept and to understand than alternative complicated projections based on more complicated assumptions and on more intricate computational procedures. Examples of the growth of population and of the growth of the Gross Domestic Product are used to illustrate the application of this method of forecasting.


The offered production technology of bread and bakery products with a long period of storage is developed on the basis of a new way of baking of bread and the bakery products packed into a "heat-resistant" cover. Contact of food products with working bodies of the equipment and the service personnel in the course of baking, transportations and storages is as a result excluded; and also moisture losses in a bread crumb that promotes preservation of freshness of bakery production more long, than usually decrease


The Q factor of a microwave resonator consisting of an uniform circular dielectric rod excited by HE11 n and E01 modes and terminated at both ends by circular metal plates has been derived. The constant percentage power contour for both the modes show that most of the energy is located within the resonator and very little is lost by radiation outside the resonator.


Tensile Testing is a fundamental material test to measure the tenacity and tensile strength. Tensile strength means ability to take tensile stress. This Universal Testing Machine is designed using Dual Cylinder Technique in order to comply with the maximun load (tensile force) with the reduction of minimum physical effort and minimized losses.It is to provide material testing opportunity to the students of different institutions, locally and globally, at lowest price; so that they can have a comprehensive understanding of the testing procedures and examining material properties on practical grounds with a minimum expenditure. The testing mechanism is automated along with the inclusion of all necessary parameters and the movement of the members. Specimens of different engineering materials were used to carry out the test and their mechanical strength was tested and compared with the actual values


For the moments of inertia to symmetry axis of each box-lattice with various shapes separated by "#"typeinner wall,we can obtain the exact formulation of it's moment of inertia iiand its sum ∑i to its axis of an area paralleled to the planed diameter(a planed axis of an area Xo-Xo)by converting formulation of parallel moving and rotating the axis,and using mathematic methods,by which the key problem in the calculation of the floating stability for cylinder caisson with "#"type inner wall is solved.


In the case of active hormone production, endocrine or neuroendocrine tumors are associated with a "hyperfunctional" syndrome or manifest themselves through local expansive growth and / or progressive spreading during the course of the disease. With hormonally active NETs, the hormonal effect is the main symptom, at least until the appearance of local problems comes to the fore. Along with the rare genuine liver tumors, many NETs metastasize in the liver during their often longer course of disease. The reason for this is the liver's position as filter in the portal and caval circulation. Depending on the kind of primary tumor, hepatic metastasis is to be expected in up to 80% of cases. This involvement of the liver is often also the most significant survival factor. Even if surgery under the aspect of curative treatment is still the gold standard, it must be determined that at the time of diagnosis less than one-third of patients are curatively operable. Through introduction of new therapeutic approaches, such as radioreceptor therapy, improved systemic chemotherapy protocols, and new interventional techniques, not only could an improvement be seen recently regarding potential tumor curability, but also in terms of long-term survival and quality of life concerning the in part very long course of disease. Presently used local therapeutic Procedures


A numerical calculation is reported of the ratio of the intensities of resonance and intercombination lines of multiply charged heliumlike ions. The influence of cascade transitions on this ratio is investigated for various values of the plasma density. Detailed calculated results are given for the plasma density range Ne ~ 1019–1023 cm–3 because this range is of interest in laser heating experiments.


The purpose of this article is to examine the contributions that might be given by Lutheran political theology to the discourse on global justice. The article offers a critical examination of three different theories of global justice within political philosophy. Contractarian theories are criticized, and a thesis is that it is plausible to argue that justice can be understood as liberation from oppression. From this perspective the article gives an analysis of an influential theory of justice within Lutheran ethics. According to this theory justice is not an equal distribution but an arrangement where the subordinate respect the authority of those in power. This theory is related to a sharp distinction between law and gospel. The main thesis of the article is that Lutheran political theology should take a different approach if it aims to give a constructive contribution to theories of justice. This means that Lutheran ethics should not be based on Creation and reason alone ‐ it should also be based on Christology and Eschatology. Different theories of global justice have been elaborated both within political philosophy and theological ethics. Several of these theories take their starting point within the social contract tradition, and often justice is understood to mean an equal distribution of liberty, power and welfare. In this article the purpose is to examine the contributions that might be given by Lutheran political theology to this discourse on global justice. Is there any particular perspective on global justice that can be derived from Lutheran political ethics? The first part of the article will critically examine three different theories of global justice within political philosophy. Thomas Pogge and Charles Beitz have elaborated such a theory from a contractarian perspective. An important critique of this contractarian theory is given by Martha Nussbaum who argues that we need an alternative approach to global justice. This is the capabilities approach. My thesis is that an even more plausible alternative is proposed by Iris Marion Young. She argues that global justice can be understood as liberation from oppression and domination. What then might be a Lutheran contribution to this ongoing philosophical discourse on global justice? The second part of the article will give a critical examination of previous theories of justice within Lutheran ethics. Political ethics in Lutheran tradition has mainly been characterized by a patriarchal principle, according to which those who are subordinate should respect the authority of those in power. A conception of justice which is in accordance with this hierarchical view of society is developed by Helmut Thielicke. He argues that justice is not an equal distribution but a social


A voltage mode (VM) biquadratic universal filter using a current controlled differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCDDCCTA) is discussed. The proposed filter uses two capacitors and one CCDDCCTA block only. It has following important facets: (i) Low pass (LP), band pass (BP), high pass (HP), notch and all pass (AP) voltage responses using same configuration, (ii) All the responses are electronically tunable, (iii) Uses only two passive components and (iv) Non-ideality effect due to parasitic capacitances may be compensated. The functionality of design is verified using 0.25μm TSMC process technology.


Consumers are now participants in a global market, and possibly in a cybermarket. Law can only protect them (or us-we are all consumers) through rules which are essentially national, and which can only be enforced within national frameworks. Most of those rules have been enacted through a democratic political process. If the rules are useless in practice, people may question the usefulness of democracy and nation states. Consumer protection laws enable the correction of market failures and the redress of inequalities of information and power. Recent cases indicate that consumer protection laws, for a number of reasons, will be of little practical use to protect consumers in the global economy and in cyberspace. That raises the question of whether democratic politics can ever be used to bring countervailing force against those who abuse their position in the global market or the cybermarket. If so, what other national laws will be rendered useless: labor laws, environmental laws, other laws that result from an often vigorous political process? What functions remain for democratic politics?


Truth is as truth believes. When the piano needed tuning and the blind piano tuner came to the house, and sat down, and tuned the piano, and when he'd finished was given a cup of tea (in a plain glass cup on a plain glass saucer) and a piece of cake (on a plain glass plate) except if there wasn't any cake, if we'd eaten all the cake, if my mother hadn't baked a new cake yet, if we were between cakes at the moment, if the house was out of cake, then it was bought biscuits (on a plain glass plate), which my mother, when the blind piano tuner had been paid and had left the house, rushed into the kitchen, and washed and scrubbed and scalded in the hottest possible water, and then straight outside dripping wet to the back garden and quickly covered with soil, with dirt, to stay there a full day and a full night until it was deemed safe to allow back into the house what the blind piano tuner's blindness had touched.


THESE FIVE ARTICLES constitute the most we have ever had in our section in one issue of the Journal of Curriculum Theorizing. The articles have one important common thread running through each of them. Elizabeth Johnson writes about performative potentials, Aria Razfar discusses recursivity, Kristal Curry broaches the subject of democratic discourses, H. James Garrett and Sandra Schmidt use the term repeating, and Lisa LaJevic and Kimberly Powell focus on the metaphor of knitting. As a lifelong Weaver, I think knitting is an appropriate metaphor to discuss how all intellectuals put ideas together to create an argument, theory, experiment, or theorem that can take the shape of a poem, research article, speculative essay, opinion piece, dance performance, painting, mathematical formula, or countless other material forms. The authors in this section are all Weavers, but they use different concepts and techniques.When I read the words performative or democratic discourse, I think of Lyotard and Derrida immediately and how a performance can be an act of instrumentality in which the only thing that matters is a narrow notion of usefulness. I do not need to provide any examples because in the United States and unfortunately in most of the rest of our earth we are surrounded by crass notions of usefulness in which everything has to lead to some kind of profit or monetary transaction. Lyotard and Derrida however mean something different . They are drawing on Georges Bataille's notion of general economy or J.L. Austin's speech acts or what Derrida and J. Hillis Miller refer to as iterability. All of these terms imply an infinite amount of energy that allows anyone to create something. All of these wonderful thinkers were interested in the mind's ability to create something new and potentially original out of something that was always and already there. This is the definition of art and should be, but most often is not, the ideal for intellectual creations.What holds for Johnson's or Curry's notion of performativity also holds for the idea of repeating and recursivity. Repeating can represent and embody monotony and death, but common repeating is recursivity. Let me repeat, it is creativity just as I wrote in the previous sentence. Imaginative repeating is the creation of something new even when we are repeating what we just read, saw, sensed, or heard. When we repeat we build from what was but the process of building is always adding something new. Only pure repetition (what schools and dictators do) kills. It kills the spirit, soul, and mind by demanding we create nothing; dictating that we just follow the rules and make money for someone else. This is what universities more and more are expecting from its faculty and students. The consequences of this movement will be dire for most of us. The rise of pure repetition will not affect the elite private schools. They can, and always could, do as they wish. They never need permission to be creative. Only public institutions will be affected and the price a fading democracy such as ours will pay will be severe because of our obedience.When I think of LaJevic and Powell's notion of knitting I think of information technology. Sadie Plant in Zeros and Ones demonstrates that the idea of the computer in the 19th century was based on the Jacquard Loom. When we see a bunch of zeros and ones masquerading as words we have to knit those words to concepts and those concepts to meaning. We are all Weavers (I am sure it pains some to admit they are related to me). …


Why: My main motivation is to identify and understand the fundamental principles of what is commonly referred as "intelligence". How can a computer act without human intervention ? How can learning, planning, acting and thinking be formalized in a way that might be useful for a computer ? To which extent can these formalizations be applied to real world application like robotics, telecommunication networks or game theory ?


Ground beetles are used as bioindicators of fire disturbance due to their ease of sampling and identification, ecosystem functions, and sensitivity to environmental change. In this study, I explored the relationship between ground beetle population abundance and species composition, and presence of wildfire over a nine-month period in Mt. Diablo, a Mediterranean ecosystem located in Contra Costa Co., CA. Using 60 pitfall traps along six transects, 274 beetle specimens belonging to 54 species were collected. I used analysis of variance and non-metric multidimensional scaling to determine the responses of ground beetles to fire. In terms of population abundance, I did not observe a significant difference between abundance of beetles between burned and unburned locations, or between vegetation types. However, I observed significant differences between the abundance of beetles in the dry and wet periods, in both burned and unburned locations, with the highest level of abundance in the wet months. Neither burn status nor differences in habitat were strongly correlated with species composition, suggesting that the terrestrial arthropod community in my study area had already recovered from wildfire by the time of my sampling. 24 species were found only in burned sites, 13 only in unburned sites, and 17 in both; however, many species had only a single representative specimen. The results suggest that understanding the effects of fire is crucial to preserving biodiversity in Mediterranean ecosystems, and further research is needed to understand the interaction of fire with beetle life cycles.


Nuke is the sill of national military stratagem.Whether its collocation is rational straightly affects the success of nuclear power campaign operation.In this paper,it analyses factors affecting missile nuke's collocation, and classes missile nuke as peacetime one and wartime one,and builds the gray layout model of optimal missile nuke collocation.The calculational results validate the model is correct.The study shows the optimal collocation model based on the gray layout theory excels in answer's stability and model's adaptability by compared with the similar linear programming models.The optimal collocation of missile nuke is always an important subject in nuke campaign studying.The fruits in this paper can provide theoretic bases for storage of missile weapon,position building and campaign operation.


References 1. Janakiraman C, Hodzovic I, Reddy S, Desai N, Wilkes AR, Latto IP. Evaluation of tracheal tube introducers in simulated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 309–14. 2. Simpson JA, Duffy MR. Airway injury and haemorrhage from use of the Frova Intubating Introducer: a case report. Journal of the Intensive Care Society 2012; 13: 151–4. 3. Sellers WFS, Jones GW. Difficult tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1986; 41: 93. 4. Frova Intubating Introducer Data Sheet. Cook Medical. Bloomington, USA, 2012. 5. Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 675–94. 6. Cummings IM, Howell V, Thoppil A, et al. Chlorhexidine cleaning of re-usable bougies. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 830–4. 7. Letheren MJR. Sterilisation of gum elastic bougies. Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 921. 8. Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer Data Sheet. Smiths Medical. UK: Ashford, 2012. 9. Dawes TJ, Ford PN. The effect of sterilisation on the plasticity of multi-use Eschmann gum elastic bougies: a bench and manikin study. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 1134–9.


A kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace copper is proposed,based on the fact that Cu2+ can sensitively inhibit the decoloration of brilliant green by potassium periodate in buffer medium of HAc-NaAc(pH=4.0).The linear range is 0.05~2.0 μg/mL for Cu2+ with the detection limit of 0.0089 μg/mL.The relative standard deviation was 2.1% for eight repeatedly determinations of 0.5 μg/mL copper.Most of the common ions do not interfere.The method has been applied to the determination trace of Cu2+ in steel samples with satisfactory result.


This year the world population is expected to reach 4 billion and for the year 2000 the projected figure is 7 billion (1). Reduction of the death rates through effective public health measures without a concurrent reduction of birthrates is considered one of the prime causes of the rapid increase in population numbers (2, 3). Because birthrates and family planning are intimately interwoven with the social systems and cultures of individual nations, population control does not immediately follow a fall in the death rate. History suggests that population control occurs because of numerous factors, including social and economic change (3, 4). Obviously, the rapid growth of the human population is resulting in an increased demand for food (1, 5, 6). Experience has shown that augmenting food supplies is not as easy as controlling disease (1, 7). Assuming the figures that suggest an estimated half-billion people are at present protein-calorie malnourished (8, 9) are correct, then great concern is justified about our ability to provide adequate food for the increasing numbers of people that are projected for the future. An integral part of the population-food equation is the use of fossil energy. Energy is consumed in most food and fiber production, in public health activities, and in most endeavors to improve the quality of human life. As we prepare for the future with its rapidly growing world population, concern has been expressed about the limited energy and land resources that are available to increase food production, especially food protein production. In this article we analyze the energy and land demands for both animal and vegetable protein production in the United States, and then examine world food supply as it relates directly to world population density, dietary standards, and food production technology.


The diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (HAD) is a clinical syndrome usually manifests with hemoptysis, anemia, hypoxemia, and new alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph. Currently, the pathogenesis of HAD is not entirely elucidated and is not equal in all the diseases grouped under this classification. Some is due to the production of antibodies against the glomerular capillary and alveolar membrane, as in Goodpasture syndrome. The diagnostic approach can be complicated, because the clinical findings are usually not constant, often missing one or more of the components. ADH is a potentially fatal syndrome characterized by a lack of specific treatment and a high mortality in patients requiring mechanical ventilation.


Based on the analysis of changes in the spatial structure of climatic variations in the Northern Hemisphere before and after the climatic regime shift in the 1980s, the modes of interaction between climatic processes in the North Atlantic and North Pacific have been identified. The first ("western") mode prevailed until the late 1980s, reflected the impact of the North Pacific climatic processes on the North Atlantic climate as a result of interaction of two mutually independent Pacific teleconnection patterns (Pacific/North American and Tropical/Northern Hemisphere patterns) with the West Atlantic pattern. The pronounced eastward shift of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) centers from the late 1970s resulted in establishment of the "eastern" mode of interaction between the aquatories under consideration. The climatic changes originated in the North Atlantic basin propagated in the western half of the North Pacific via the system of atmospheric teleconnection patterns over Eurasia ("atmospheric bridge"). The establishment of the "eastern" mode became obviously one of the reasons of sharp warming of surface waters in the western and central areas of the North Pacific from the end of the 1980s, which favored the beginning of a new "salmon epoch" in its northwestern part. Along with the synchronous relationships between the Eurasian atmospheric modes and North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, an asynchronous response in the ocean to longitudinal shifts in position of the NAO centers, was found. The atmospheric signal associated with its southern center propagated eastward along the equatorial zone and appeared in the southwestern sector of the North Pacific 5–6 years later.


Background: Physical fitness status of hajj pylgrime candidate in Palembang in 2018 has low and very low category. The category is still relative high and the score is 23.3 %. The research objective is to analyze the factors that influence physical fitness of hajj pylgrime candidate in Palembang City.Methods: An analitycal study was conducted with a cross sectional design on Juli - Agustus 2019. The study population is 2444 hajj pylgrims candidate of Palembang City in 2019 who have done checking physical health and physical fitness test by eight Puskesmas of Hajj Checking Health. 313 samples choosen by means of proportional random sampling. Data collection instrument was a data calecting paper that contains research variables. Tthe data taken from health checking form and physical fitness test form which is available in the puskesmas. The data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression.Result: 107 respondens ( 34,2% ) have physical fitness status is not fit. Statistical test showed that age ≥ 60 years variable (p=0,000. PR = 3,601), gender variable (p=0,024. PR=2,113), Hypertension (p=0,001. PR=2,565), waist circumstance variable (p=0,003. PR=3,173), Body Mass Indeks (BMI) variable (p=0,000. PR=3.567) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) variable (p=0,042. PR=2,360) influence the physical fitness. Age variable is the variable that has the greatest influence the physical fitness of hajj pylgrime candidates. The researcher suggests that physical activity excirse by regularly and rotine in waiting periode will increase physical fitness.Conclusion: There are relationship age, gender, Hipertension, waist circumstance, Body Mass Indeks (BMI) and Diabetes Mellitus with physical fitness status.


Here's another one of my visual assignments. I did the 10 step photo assignment. It was fun because I got to think about how I


The electronic market hypothesis (EMH) has found little support in research practice. Alternative hypotheses have been formulated and tested with more satisfactory results. However, today's Internet creates new business opportunities which seem to support the original EMH (e.g. Amazon bookshop). This implies that the EMH may be correct in forecasting electronic markets, but wrong in determining the conditions under which this would take place. Moreover, modern electronic markets appear not always to evolve along the predicted process (biased, unbiased, personalized markets). This article investigates former EMH-related research (Hess & Kemerer, 1994) and analyzes a few modern Internet business successes and failures, concluding that (1) the EMH-condition 'complexity of the product description' appears to be equivocal and (2) the degree to which ICT supports Ex-Ante actions (such as exchanging product and supplier information, advise, quotes and negotiating) seems to be an important discriminating factor between success and failure in electronic commerce (whether in markets or in hierarchies). Furthermore, it is shown that virtual communities, the evolution of which is not covered by the EMH, may play an important role as electronic markets too. It is shown that augmentation of the EMH can not solve the problems, and a new hypothesis, the Move to Ex-Ante hypothesis, is formulated.


In the present study preliminary phytochemical analysis of methanol extract of leaf and flower indicated the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannin, saponins and flavonoids. The antibacterial activity of different extracts (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol) of leaf and flower of Vernonia cinerea were tested separately against both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram negative (Enterobacter aerogenes) bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. Extracts of both the parts (leaf and flower) exhibited differential effects on the test bacteria. Maximum antibacterial activity (14 mm) was noticed with the methanolic extract of leaf followed by hexane extract (13 mm) of flower against S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively. The antibacterial potential of the methanol extract of leaf against the test bacteria determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) indicated the higher susceptibility of the B. cereus and S. aureus as compared to the E. aerogenes. Maximum antioxidant potential using DPPH radical scavenging capacity was noticed in methanol leaf extract. From the study it can be concluded that the antibacterial and antioxidant activities exhibited by Vernonia cinerea is of great interest and may lead to the discovery of new pharmacologically important compounds.


This paper discusses the potential of paper-based microfluidic devices for affordable diagnostics, and the importance of flow control. We have explored the variation of the width of paper, effect of 2D flow, and altering the surface wettability of paper to increase the resistance to fluid flow by physicochemical barriers. We used Whatman filter paper No. 40 and No. 1, mustard oil, and oleic acid, to examine the fluid flow due to capillary forces. Moreover, the effect of increase in thickness of the storage reservoir to decrease flow rate in the paper was also investigated. The experiments provide valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow in porous media, and the findings have important applications in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.


Viscosities and refractive indices of three binary systems,
 acetone+1-propanol, acetone+1,2-propanediol and acetone+1,3-propanediol, were
 measured at eight temperatures (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15,
 313.15, 318.15, 323.15)K and at atmospheric pressure. From these data
 viscosity deviations and deviations in refractive index were calculated and
 fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation. The viscosity modelling was done by
 two types of models: predictive UNIFAC-VISCO and ASOG VISCO and correlative
 Teja-Rice and McAlister equations. The refractive indices of binary mixtures
 were predicted by various mixing rules and compared with experimental data. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172063]


Presented herein are the results of a pilot in-situ and laboratory testing program aimed at identifying the key quality assurance and quality control measures for proper construction of lime and cement subgrade stabilization. Dynamic cone penetrometer ( DCP ) and Clegg impact hammer ( CIH ) tests were performed on the stabilized subgrade at various times upon completion of stabilization. In addition, undisturbed samples were taken and subjected to unconfined compressive strength ( UCS ) and resilient modulus ( M r ) tests following a laboratory curing process. The test results illustrate the importance of proper mixing and compaction of the subgrade on the strength gain with time—the higher the compaction the higher the strength gain. This work also provided insights into the advantages and limitations of various field and laboratory testing techniques and offered a means for verifying target M R and UCS values in the field using Clegg hammer and dynamic cone testing as well as in the laboratory using retrieved stabilized subgrade samples.


Hybridization of Hordeum vulgare L. (2n = 14) with H. bulbosum L. (2n = 14) results in a high frequency of haploids of H. vulgare through selective elimination of H. bulbosum chromosomes. Doubled haploids were produced by nitrous oxide (N2O) or 0.1% colchicine with and without dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatments. Pollinated florets (vulgare × bulbosum) were treated with N2O under 21.1 × 10−3 to 42.2 × 10−3 kg/m2 pressure (30 to 60 psi) and the frequency of doubled haploids ranged from 0 to 100%, depending upon pressure and duration of exposure. However, the frequency of seedlings from the most effective N2O doubling treatment was very low (0.5%) whereas 17% of the florets pollinated in the controls resulted in seedlings. Of the haploid seedlings treated with either 0.1% colchicine or colchicine plus DMSO, doubled sectors occurred in 37.4 and 55.8% respectively. Seed was also obtained from 3% of the untreated plants indicating a low frequency of natural chromosome doubling. The proportion of doubled tille...


In order to determine the relevance of radiographs of the lumbar spine in an A&E department 225 consecutive patients presenting in a 6-month period with acute back pain were studied. An analysis of the number of radiographs performed and their association with particular factors in the history and examination of the patient was performed. A total of 108 patients had radiographs (48%), with a total of seven fractures (6% of radiographs). All the patients with fractures had a history of direct trauma. Radiographs had no bearing on the decision to admit the patient. The indications for radiography of the lumbar spine in the A&E department are discussed.


The blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501) was observed above 100 GeV with the MAGIC Telescope during May, June and July 2005. The high sensitivity of the instrument made possible the detection of the source with high significance in each of the observing nights. During this observational campaign, the emitted gamma‐ray flux from Mkn 501 was found to vary by one order of magnitude, and showed a high correlation with spectral changes. Intra‐night flux variability was also observed, with flux‐doubling times of ∼ 2 minutes. The data showed a clear evidence of a spectral peak (in the νFν representation) during the nights when the gamma‐ray activity was highest. The location of this spectral feature was found to be correlated with the emitted gamma‐ray flux. In these proceedings we discuss some of the results of this unprecedented spectral and temporal analysis of Mrk 501 observations in the very high energy range.


This article deals with the methods for analysis of component wear in cars. From a variety of electrical and non-electrical components, suitable elements have been selected to determine the mechanical wear of the whole car. As main component, the knock sensor has been selected, whose task is to achieve the most efficient combustion of a mixture of gasoline and air. Evaluation circuit adjusts this mixture in advance, to reduce any engine knocking at higher engine speeds. Knock sensor captures the acoustic vibrations caused by rapid changes of pressure in the combustion chamber. Acoustic vibrations are based on mechanical vibration, by which the level of wear of mechanical parts of the engine is measured. The method of signal processing based on the Fourier transform and its modification was used.


In response to China's rapid rise and its claim of broadening its "core interests", the U.S. launched the "Indo-Pacific Strategy" and "Pivot to Asia". Meanwhile, in order to avoid conflicts with the U.S. caused by advancing eastwards, China continues its steps of expanding westwards by proposing the cross-border and inter-continental "Belt and Road Initiative". To carry on this initiative smoothly and maintain economic stability and development, China has also proposed the new model of major power relations. This paper aims to explore the development and influence of political and economic relations between the two countries by analyzing the policies pursued by the U.S. and China.


The cutting edge - the extreme Right in post-war Western Europe and the USA, Paul Hainsworth the extreme Right in post-war France - the emergence and success of the National Front, Paul Hainsworth a future for Right extremism in West Germany?, Eva Kolinsky The Netherlands - irritants on the body politic, Christopher T. Husbands Belgium - Flemish legions on the march, Christopher T. Husbands the extreme Right in Italy, Francesco Sidoti why has the extreme Right failed in Britain?, Roger Eatwell Denmark - the Progress Party-populist neoliberation and welfare state chauvinism, Jorgen Goul Andersen the extreme Right in Spain - Blas Pinar and the spirit of the nationalist uprising, John Gilmour Portugal - the marginalization of the extreme Right, Tom Gallagher Greece - the virtual absence of an extreme Right, Panayote Elias Dimitras after Stalinism - the extreme Right in Russia, East Germany and Eastern Europe, Michael Cox beyond the fringe - the extreme Right in the United States of America, Michael Cox.


The equations of motion for matter fields are invariant under the shift of the matter Lagrangian by a constant. Such a shift changes the energy–momentum tensor of matter by . In the conventional approach, gravity breaks this symmetry and the gravitational field equations are not invariant under such a shift of the energy–momentum tensor. We argue that until this symmetry is restored, one cannot obtain a satisfactory solution to the cosmological constant problem. We describe an alternative perspective to gravity in which the gravitational field equations are [Gab - κTab]nanb = 0 for all null vectors na. This is obviously invariant under the change and restores the symmetry under shifting the matter Lagrangian by a constant. These equations are equivalent to Gab = κTab + Cgab, where C is now an integration constant so that the role of the cosmological constant is very different in this approach. The cosmological constant now arises as an integration constant, somewhat like the mass M in the Schwarzschild metric, the value of which can be chosen depending on the physical context. These equations can be obtained from a variational principle which uses the null surfaces of space–time as local Rindler horizons and can be given a thermodynamic interpretation. This approach turns out to be quite general and can encompass even the higher order corrections to Einstein's gravity and suggests a principle to determine the form of these corrections in a systematic manner.


The ordered face-centered cubic (fcc) zirconium-aluminum phase (Zr 3 Al, Ll 2 type) is being evaluated as a future CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor pressure-tube material on the hypothesis that ordering may lead toa reduction in rates of atomic diffusion and dislocation climb, and, hence, to a reduction of in-reactor creep. Experiments have been performed to measure the effects of fast neutrons on the dimensional stability, tensile properties, and corrosion resistance, in addition to measuring the in-reactor creep rates of a Zr-8.6Al alloy. Irradiation-induced dimensional changes (in the absence of an applied stress) occurred which differed significantly in nature from those of Zircaloy and Zr-2.5Nb. The changes appear to have been caused by a combination of growth and swelling and decrease with increasing temperature; the dimensional changes appear to level off at 0.3 percent after 2 x 10 2 4 neutrons (n)/m 2 at 600 K. The long-term creep resistance at 570 K, deduced from bent-beam stress relaxation, is expected to be better than that of Zr-2.5Nb provided that the dimensional change does in fact level off. The tensile strength and ductility are superior to those of Zr-2.5Nb, while the resistance to aqueous corrosion is as good, provided that the α-zirconium phase content is ≤ 1 percent by volume.


Combinations of evolutionary approaches (EA) and deep reinforcement learning approaches (DRL) have been proposed to take advantages of two approaches: stability of EA and sample efficiency of DRL. CEM-RL is a promising approach combining cross-entropy method (CEM) and twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3), showing competitive performance in this fields. In the TD3 part, interaction histories obtained by CEM-oriented agents and TD3-oriented agents are mixed in a single replay buffer, and mini-batch samples are drawn uniform-randomly from the replay buffer. The quality of the training in the TD3 part must depend on the distribution of samples in the replay buffer, hence it depends on the ratio of CEM-oriented and TD3-oriented samples, called replay sample ratio. In this paper we investigate the impact of the replay sample ratio in CEM-RL on 5 MuJoCo environments and confirm that a good ratio leads to outperforming the original CEM-RL on some environments. Based on this observation, we propose an adaptation mechanism for the replay sample ratio, and empirically show that the proposed variant, RSR-CEM-RL, outperforms the original CEM-RL on some environments.


Electrode assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention, the first electrode plate having a first electrode tab on the end of one side, are formed in the same direction as the longitudinal direction of the first electrode tabs, the first electrode tab and a second electrode tab that is formed at a position not overlapping the second electrode plate and a protrusion formed on the first electrode tab and the overlapped is located, and the first electrode plate and the second electrode It comprises a separation membrane to insulate the plate. Therefore, the electrode assembly and a secondary battery including the same according to an embodiment of the present invention is to prevent accumulation of lithium ions to the separation membrane, it is possible to improve the stability of the secondary battery.


Leucocyte expression of the urokinase receptor [urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)] is regulated by inflammatory mediators. This study investigated the in vivo effect of endotoxin, interleukin (IL)‐6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α on uPAR‐release in vivo and in vitro in humans. Healthy subjects received intravenous endotoxin injection [high‐dose, 2 ng/kg (n = 8) and low‐dose, 0.06 ng/kg (n = 7)], coadministration of 0.06 ng/kg endotoxin and 3 h recombinant human (rh)IL‐6 infusion (n = 7) or 3 h infusion of rhIL‐6 (n = 6), rhTNF‐α (n = 6) or NaCl (n = 5). Soluble uPAR (suPAR) was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in plasma and supernatants from unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures incubated for 24 h. The spontaneous and stimulated uPAR‐release from PBMC cultures was enhanced 5 h after low‐dose endotoxin (both P < 0.05), but coadministration of rhIL‐6 during low‐dose endotoxaemia abolished this enhanced uPAR release. High‐dose endotoxin increased plasma suPAR levels (P < 0.001) whereas low‐dose endotoxin, rhIL‐6 or TNF‐α did not influence uPAR release in vivo to such degree that a systemic effect on the plasma suPAR level was detectable. Even subclinical doses of endotoxin in vivo enhance the capacity of PBMC to release uPAR after incubation in vitro. The inhibitory effect of IL‐6 on endotoxin‐mediated uPAR‐release in vitro suggests that IL‐6 has anti‐inflammatory effects on endotoxin‐mediated inflammation.


PURPOSE: To provide a production method for a both face flat film having flat films uniform in film thickness on the both faces of a supporting body. CONSTITUTION: A sheet type supporting body 1 on the both faces of which the films is to be formed is held with two rolls 2, 2' having many grooves 4 parallel to the circumference and dipped into a film forming solution 3 and is delivered while the film forming solution is continuously applied on the both faces of the sheet type supporting body by rotating the rolls with grooves, and the both face flat films 8, 8' are produced by adjusting the coating thickness with an orifice provided just behind the rolls. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio


The employment of Monte Carlo simulations in the applied nuclear physics techniques has increased with the data processing capabilities of the commercial personal computers. Since the inclusion of the low-energy electromagnetic interactions in GEANT4, this Monte Carlo simulation toolkit has produced results which reveal its promising utilization in radiation dosimetry, radiation protection and medical applications. With the GEANT4 toolkit, interactions of electrons and photons with matter can be simulated down to energies as low as 250 eV. The present work shows simulation results of X-ray generation from a typical X-ray tube by impinging electrons on a tungsten target, and filtering the produced photon beam with a beryllium window. In this process, characteristic and bremsstrahlung radiation are produced. Rayleigh, Compton, photoelectric and pair production interactions can be included in the transport of photons through the environment. The spectral analysis of the photon beam is performed by simulating a cadmium zinc telluride detector positioned in the radiation field. Different filters can also be placed in the radiation field to produce the desired attenuation. Comparisons with experimental data show that the simulated spectra reproduce very well the reality, indicating that the GEANT4 toolkit can be a good choice for future simulations of experimental conditions for dosimetric purposes, such as dosimeter responses and dose estimations


Permanent monitoring techniques are opening new ways for the management of large civil and geotechnical structures (bridges, dams, pipelines, dikes, slopes etc.), especially to evaluate their efficiency and safety during the lifetime, and for environmental risk assessment also through early-warning systems. In this framework, optical fiber distributed sensors represent an instrument exhibiting great potentiality. In fact, in addition to the field of telecommunication, optical fibers are used, since many years, also for the realization of sensors, due to their characteristics in terms of minimal invasiveness, high sensitivity, immunity to electromagnetic interferences, possibility to be integrated in the structures, use in harsh environment and easiness of multiplexing. Optical fiber distributed sensors technology will be addressed, with special emphasis on sensors based on stimulated Brillouin scattering, and some recent results on structural and environmental monitoring will be presented, as well. main reflectometry (OTDR) (Barnosky & Jensen 1976), in which optical pulses are launched into an optical fiber and the variations in backscattering intensity caused by measurand is detected as a function of time. Alternative detection techniques, such as frequency-domain approaches, have been also demonstrated. 2 LINEAR BACKSCATTERING SYSTEMS Distributed sensing in the linear regime is commonly based on the use of OTDR systems. The latter were first developed, in order to locate fiber breaks or bad splices along a fiber link. Within the linear regime, backscattered light is due to Rayleigh scattering, and exhibits the same wavelength than that of the incident pulse. Measuring the intensity of Rayleigh backscatter as function of time, optical attenuation can be measured all along the fiber. Spatial resolution is directly related to the pulse temporal width: narrower pulses give rise to higher spatial resolution (but also weaker backscatter signals). Standard OTDR equipment, featuring a spatial resolution of 1 meter or higher, gives information only about optical attenuation, and it can not be related to other measurands such as temperature or strain. In order to achieve sensitivity to these measurands by standard OTDR equipment, specialty fibers must be employed, such as liquid-core fibers (Hartog 1983) or doped fibers (Farries et al. 1986), by which the measurand of interest modulates the optical attenuation. These approaches have been demonstrated with a relatively poor spatial resolution (in the order of 10 meters) and temperature accuracy (in order of 2 °C). Consequently, whilst such systems may well have uses in particular applications in which high accuracy and resolution are not required (e.g. fire alarms in buildings), they are unlikely to find general application as temperature monitors in industrial plant. A recent, very interesting approach makes use of the very high spatial resolution allowed by sweptwavelength interferometry, in order to correlate temperature and strain of the fiber with the spectrum of the Rayleigh backscatter spatial fluctuations (Soller et al. 2006). The most appreciable features of this approach are: a) standard telecommunication fibers can be used, instead of specialty fibers; b) very high spatial resolution (a few millimeters) has been demonstrated, allowing, for example, monitoring of aerospace structures where very large strain gradients may exist. On the other hand, the main disadvantages are the equipment cost (a tunable laser source is needed for the measurements), and the limited number of sensing points (≈ 100). Another approach, in which standard fibers can be used for temperature and strain monitoring, is the polarization-optical-time-domain reflectometry (POTDR). It represents a polarimetric extension of OTDR (Rogers 1980, Rogers 1981). Whereas, in OTDR, the power level of the Rayleighbackscattered radiation, from a propagating optical pulse, is time-resolved to provide the distribution of attenuation along the length of the fiber, in POTDR it is the polarization state of the backscattered light which is time resolved; this provides the spatial distribution of the fiber's polarization properties. With the determination of the spatial distribution of the polarization properties of the fiber comes the capability of measuring the distribution of any external field which modifies those properties, such as strain, pressure, temperature, electrical field and magnetic field. While the reported performances for POTDR systems compare very well with other techniques, (e.g. (Ross 1981) reports an inaccuracy of 1% for measurement of 3 μstrain over 0.1 m of spatial resolution), the technique possesses several disadvantages. Firstly, it cannot discriminate amongst the various effects (e.g. simultaneous temperature and strain) all of which are capable of modifying the polarization properties. Secondly, polarization information is partly lost in backscattering. Any rotation of the polarization state which occurs on the forward passage of light through the fiber is cancelled on back-reflection through the fiber: hence all knowledge of a pure rotation is lost in backscatter. Consequently, the loss of information prevents one from having full knowledge of the distribution of the fiber's polarization properties (Rogers 1999). 3 NONLINEAR BACKSCATTERING SYSTEMS BASED ON BRILLOUIN SCATTERING In Brillouin effect an optical pump wave is scattered by acoustic waves leading to Stokes (a longer wavelength than that of the pump) or anti-Stokes (a shorter wavelength than that of the pump) components (Fig. 1). Figure 1. The Brillouin spectrum. Essentially, scattering occurs as a result of a Braggtype reflection from moving diffraction gratings created from the refractive-index variations caused by acoustic waves propagating axially in the fiber material. These acoustic waves can be generated spontaneously by thermal excitation and, when this is the case, the resulting scattering effect on optical waves is known as 'spontaneous' Brillouin scattering. Thus, the Stokes scattered wave will be from an axially propagating acoustic wave moving away from an optical 'pump' pulse and the anti-Stokes wave from one moving towards it. The Brillouin effect leads to a Stokes and anti-Stokes frequency shift in the optical fiber which is given by (Agrawal 2001): λ ν A B nV 2 ± = (1) (1) where n is the refractive index of the fiber material, VA is the acoustic velocity and λ is the free-space pumping wavelength. For silica fiber at a pumping wavelength of 1.55 μm we have νB ≈ 10.8 GHz. As Brillouin frequency shift depends on both the optical refractive index and the acoustic wave velocity, it changes whenever these quantities change in response to local environmental variations and can be used to deduce the temperature and strain along the fiber. Several experiments have demonstrated an excellent linearity of the Brillouin frequency shift with respect to both fiber strain and temperature, for a wide range of these quantities. At a pump wavelength of 1.32 μm, a typical temperature coefficient of 1.36 MHz/°C and strain coefficient of 594.1 MHz/% are reported (Ippen & Stolen 1972). In spontaneous Brillouin scattering based systems, the scattered power level is also dependent on the temperature and longitudinal strain, since the scattering cross-section depends upon these measurand parameters. Hence it is possible to exploit the simultaneous dependence of Brillouin shift and power from temperature and strain, in order to measure both measurands. A considerable amount of work has been done in this area (Parker et al. 1997, Parker et al. 1998, Wait & Hartog 2001, Alahababi et al. 2004). The technique has been designated Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR). If an acoustic wave propagates in a medium, the variations in pressure give rise to variations in the refractive index of the medium, via the strain-optical effect. Some acoustic waves will always be present in a medium, above the absolute zero of temperature, since the molecules are in motion and will couple some of their energy into the dynamic modes of the structure. Optical scattering from these thermally excited acoustic waves comprises the phenomenon of spontaneous Brillouin scattering. However, as the optical pump power is increased the wave scattered backwards from an acoustic wave will increase in amplitude and will interfere significantly with the forward-traveling pump wave. An optical beat signal arises within the fiber, which generates a pressure wave having the same frequency as the optical beat signal, via the phenomenon of electrostriction (Fig. 2); this pump-induced index grating scatters the pump light through Bragg diffraction. Figure 2. Principles of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers (after Thèvenaz L. et al. 1998). Scattered light is down-shifted or up-shifted in frequency because of the Doppler shift associated with a grating moving at the acoustic velocity VA. This positive feedback, backscattering process is known as the 'stimulated Brillouin scattering' (SBS). It leads to much larger backscattering at the Stokes and anti-Stokes frequencies than in the spontaneous case and, indeed, causes depletion problems in narrow-band optical-fiber telecommunications systems (Cotter 1983), although several schemes have been proposed to overcome this limit. These schemes include the use of fibers with a Brillouin frequency shift distribution (Shiraki et al. 1996), Bragg gratings which are used for reflection of the scattered light (Lee & Agrawal 2003), and the simultaneous amplification of more than one lasing frequency (Tsubokawa et al. 1986, Weßels et al. 2004). The basic arrangement of a Brillouin Optical Time-Domain analysis (BOTDA) system is shown in Figure 3. A coherent pulse of light acts as the pump, and a counterpropagating CW is scanned in frequency around the Stokes line. When it coincides with the Stokes line it will r


In this paper, 42.5 sulfate aluminate cement mixing pozzolan was used to prepare fast early strength concrete to reduce the application costs by the equivalent of cement, Pozzolan content, sand ratio, water-cement ratio investigated by orthogonal experiment method to seek meet with the strength (%)


The new 6-switch single-phase 5-level current-source inverter proposed in this paper was developed by properly simplifying the traditional 8-switch single-phase 5-level current-source inverter, and its operational principle was analyzed. Just like the problem of voltage-unbalance between different levels existing in voltage-source multilevel inverters, a similar problem of current-unbalance between different levels whether for the 8-switch single-phase 5-level current-source inverter, or for the new 6-switch 5-level current-source inverter also exists. A simple current-balance control method via DC current feedback is presented here to implement the current-balance control between different levels. And to reduce the output current harmonics, PWM control technique was used. Simulation and experimental results showed that this new 6-switch topology operates correctly and that the balance-inductor can almost equally distribute the total DC current.


The idea of this book originated in the 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism ICCAUA2021, held online in Alanya Hamdullah Emin Pasa University in May 2021. It was conceived as an intellectual discourse and a concise compendium of recent research in two parts, first part comprises Architecture and Urban studies with fourteen chapters and the second part contains Heritage and Habitat studies with ten chapters. This provocative collection of essays and contributors is concerned with underlying issues such as ecosystem, architectural history, open and public space, aesthetics of urban planning, livability, urban equity, sustainable development, construction and risk management, urban identity, conservation and regeneration, ethnicity, engagement and gender studies, some with case studies. Each chapter is a free-standing text, but the twenty-four contributions have been grouped to enable cross-reference and comparison. This book is a useful collection of academic resource and discusses some unsolved issues that cities has to face. Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd Alanya HEP University Alanya, Turkey


In this chapter the focus is on the comments and claims made about LIBOR prior to the beginning of the formal investigations by the FSA and the CFTC. As usual, after any scandal is revealed, the question immediately arose as to why the regulators had not discovered the wrongdoing earlier and taken action against those involved. This chapter sets out who knew what, considering the reasons both for the failure to detect what was going on with LIBOR and the alleged failure to take prompt action.


ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure of Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET) for high power applications. One of the problems that we face in the design of the MESFET devices is that in most cases, the increase of breakdown voltage is accompanied by a decrease in the saturation drain current. Our aim to propose this structure is to improve these two parameters simultaneously. Using the insulator region under the sides of the gate (IR) and the hide field plate (HFP) in the buried oxide (BOX) are the fundamental solution for improving these parameters. We named the proposed structure as spread potential contours towards the drain MESFET (SPC-MESFET). By applying the proposed structure, the drain current and the breakdown voltage improve 20 and 27 percent compared to a conventional structure (C-MESFET), respectively. Therefore, the proposed device has a higher maximum power density than the C-MESFET structure. Also, this idea reduces the gate capacitance and thus the frequency characteristics such as cut off frequency (fT), maximum oscillation frequency (fmax), and Maximum Available Gain (MAG) improve in comparison with the C-MESFET structure.


The problem of direct model reference adaptive control for multi input multi output (MIMO) uncertain plants with unknown high frequency gain matrix (HFGM) is addressed in the paper. Two schemes of adaptive control algorithms using augmented error estimators and relaxed assumption concerning HFGM are proposed. It is assumed that the minimum of modulus of HFGM determinant is known. The first scheme involves the resettable approximation of the inversion of HFGM estimate in control law. The second scheme is based on modification of conventional augmented error estimator by introduction of a switched projection mechanism. The proposed theoretical ideas are wrapped up by simulation examples.


This annotated bibliography is an inventory of the information products of the US Department of Energy's Transportation Systems Utilization (TSU) Division and is intended as a permanent record of the Division's publications. The period of time covered by this bibliography is that of the existence of the Transportation Systems Utilization Division, from 1974 to 1981. The eight major program areas of TSU have been: (1) New Car Fuel Economy Information, (2) Driver Energy Conservation Awareness, (3) Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy, (4) Non-Highway Research and Development, (5) State and Local Technical Assistance, (6) Freight and Intercity Passenger, (7) Ridesharing, and (8) Contingency Planning. All research and outreach products identified by the program managers for these TSU interest areas are included in this bibliography.


INTRODUCTION
Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) is one of the most promising tools for reducing mortality from lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of an open-access lung cancer screening program with LDCT.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
In total, 8649 asymptomatic volunteers between 50 and 75 years of age with a smoking history of at least 20 pack-years underwent LDCT screening. The presence of lung nodules with a diameter of less than 5 mm required a follow-up control visit after 12 months, and with a diameter of 5 to 10 mm--after 3, 6, and 12 months. Patients with a nodule of more than 10 mm in diameter required further diagnostic workup.

RESULTS
Lung nodules were detected in 4694 individuals (54%). Lung cancer was diagnosed in 107 patients (1.24%). Of 8649 participants, 300 (3.5%) were referred for further diagnostic workup, and 125 (1.5%) underwent surgical resection (81 because of malignant lesions; 44, benign lesions). Eighty-one participants (75%) underwent surgery with a curative intent, and 26 participants underwent oncological treatment. There were no perioperative deaths. The majority of surgical patients underwent lobectomy (video-assisted, in 30 patients; and open, in 38 patients). Stage I non-small cell lung cancer was detected in 64 of the surgical patients (79%).

CONCLUSIONS
The detection rate of lung cancer in the screening program with low-dose computed tomography is relatively low but patients were diagnosed at a very early stage of the disease compared with standard clinical practice.


The effect of annealing structures on the electrical and photoelectric properties of metal-semiconductor contacts was investigated. Metal/semiconductor structures have been fabricated by method of electrochemically deposition of In on the electrochemically cleaned surface of the semiconductors A3B5 (GaP, GaAs). The dark capacitance and current -voltage characteristics and the hotoelectric spectra of zero bias for front-illuminated contact show near-ideal Schottky barrier diode properties for annealing temperature up to 250-3000C. Was found that the spectra of zero bias photocurrent of In/GaP beside the region photoconductivity resulting from band to band excitation, contains, also, separated of them the region photoconductivity in a long wavelength of spectra, which is related to the interaction between the metal and semiconductor. Samples used for the fabrication of In/GaP diodes were growing by Chochralski method especially un doped n-type GaP into (III) oriented wafers. The thickness and carrier concentration was 200-250 mimic and (2-4). 10 exp17 atom/cm3 respectively. At first ohmical contact to the one side of wafer was formed by alloying of indium at the temperature 5000C for GaAs and 600°C for GaP during 5 min in hydrogen. Then the sample with ohmic contact and wire for preceding the power was coaled with chemical stable polystyrene solution except the area where the metal will be deposited. The wafers were then ached chemically, rinsed in distilled water and were transferred immediately into electrolyte for deposition of In.


ABSTRACT A simple and sensitive method has been developed for the determination of chloroacetic acids and acetic acid in water using capillary zone electrophoresis under modified electroosmotic flow with indirect UV detection. Potassium hydrogen phthalate at pH 5.40 was used as background electrolyte (BGE), and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as electroosmotic flow modifier. Field-amplified sample injection (FASI) method was used to enhance the sensitivity. Results showed that the limit of detection for these analytes was enhanced more than 15-fold and the repeatabilities were good with relative standard deviations (RSDs %) of migration time and corrected peak areas being below 0.33%, 4.45% (intra-day) and 0.87%, 9.67% (inter-day), respectively. An off-line liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) process with methyl tert-butyl ether was carried out to detect these compounds in water samples. The dissociation constants of acetic acid and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) were determined with two methods and the results obtained were consistent with the reference values. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Over a period of eighteen months a study group of nine experienced probation officers met once a week with a psychiatrist and a psychiatric social worker. This was further training organised by the Home Office. The following is an account of the experience as seen by one member of the group.


The invention relates to a device characterized by a prediction device that predicts the responses of a synchronous system to possible asynchronous events and by a switching device through which the output signal of the prediction device or the output signal of the synchronous system can be selectively switched. This enables responses of synchronous systems to asynchronous events to be immediately emitted after their occurrence.