We have developed a diode system with an insulated anode and rear target that operates in vacuum and produces 4 X 1010 neutrons per pulse. The system forms a pinch discharge that ejects a cluster of collectively accelerated ions that attain full energy in 7 cm. Target neutron data and activation analysis with multiple foils show that pulses of 1014 protons with energy up to 15 MeV have been achieved. Experiments with electrode materials and diode geometry have lead to large improvements in focusing and ion beams have been propagated 8 ft in vacuum.


Recently, a couple of approaches have been developed that combine multiobjective optimization with direct discretization methods to approximate trajectories of optimal control problems, resulting in restricted optimization problems of high dimension. The solution set of a multiobjective optimization problem is called the Pareto set which consists of optimal compromise solutions. A common way to approximate the Pareto set is to start with at least one given Pareto point and to evolve the Pareto set using a local continuation method. With our approach, we first roughly approximate the feasible set of the multiobjective optimal control problem by using a global root finding approach. The roughly approximated feasible set provides information to find an appropriate scaling of the single objectives and to find initial guesses for the continuation of the Pareto set. Then, the continuation is performed by a reference point method. To reduce the dimension of the underlying optimal control problem, a local reparametrization in combination with a discrete null space method is used.


In this paper, we study the problem of geometric inequalities for an n-simplex. Some new geometric inequalities for simplex are established. As the special case, some known inequalities are gotten.


This paper touches on the important role of Islam in Malay literature and culture   literacy, in the region. Malay literary and cultural treasures that were originally oral traditions have changed after the local community has embraced the teachings of Islam that bring along the Arabic scripture or Arabic writing system. This system of Arabic writing has greatly influenced Malay literature and culture. This paper therefore explores academically the role, contribution and discussion regarding the future of Arabic Scripture in the region. It would not be too much to say that it was the Arabic writing system that made the Malay community illiterate. This paper is expected to benefit not only to those who study literature and linguistic but for those with a background in Islamic studies too to study the regional literature and culture, especially those related to Malay studies.


This article explores a hypothesis that the Internet and the World Wide Web form an alternative resource to that provided by conventional adult education providers. The example used is the dissemination and transfer of information on and analysis of issues concerning women and violence. Four important issues for adult (that is, post-compulsory) education are choice, appropriateness and quality of provision, access and participation, and the wider benefits of learning, including the social. This article raises these issues through giving an overview of the use made by women of the Internet, with specific reference to women and violence, based on an analysis of web pages in the English language and registered on the Google search engine.


Getty Oil Co. engineers have concluded that fireflooding combined with water injection will recover up to 50% of the oil in some parts of the Nacatoch reservoir of Bellevue Field, Bossier Parish, La. This conclusion was based on a 4-yr study of a small pilot project on the J.W. Elston lease where the Nacatoch sand is at a depth of 330 ft and is 74 ft thick. The area was selected on the results of a coring program during 1961 by the then Tidewater Oil Co. Core analysis showed the sand section to be separated into 2 major saturation zones by a 4 to 5-ft lime section. The upper zone contained 1,110 bbl of oil per acre-foot and had a high effective permeability to air, while the lower zone contained 1,632 bbl/acre-ft and had a low effective permeability to air. During April and May of 1963, Getty conducted extensive air-injection tests and found that the lime section separating the 2 saturation zones was not a barrier to vertical fluid flow and the total 74 ft of net sand would have to be considered as a single reservoir when carrying out in-situ combustion operations. Realizing that thermal operations might only affectmore » the upper sand section, Getty started an in-situ combustion operation on a 1-1/4 - acre inverted 5-spot pattern in Sept. 1963.« less


Neuropteroid insects (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera) and scorpion flies (Mecoptera) were studied in six young spruce forest localities in the eastern part of the Czech Republic during years 2005 and 2006. Twenty-seven species of lacewings, four species of snake flies and four species of scorpion flies were found using the Malaise traps. Consequently, the seasonal flight activity of the seven most abundant species (Chrysopa perla, Hemerobius pini, Hemerobius humulinus, Dichrostigma flavipes, Phaeostigma notata, Panorpa communis and Panorpa germanica) is discussed.


Our object of interest is nonlinear interaction of waves in elastic materials. The new model of a material is proposed that takes into account the mechanism of simultaneous quadratic and cubic nonlinear deformations. Introduction of cubic nonlinearity into the model makes the general wave picture more complicated and creates new possibilities for the wave analysis. We present four possibilities for the evolution of profiles of plane harmonic waves. It is noted that quadratic and cubic nonlinearities emerge first of all in the second and third harmonics generation, respectively. Further, we discuss the results of computer modelling of the wave profile evolution. The influence of the progress of second and third harmonics on the wave profile evolution is studied separately. We study separately how second and third harmonics influence the evolution of the wave profile. We also investigate how the progress of harmonics depends on the initial frequency and amplitude. We find two distinct schemes of the evolution progress: the scheme (in) with four stages for the second harmonics and the scheme with three stages for the third harmonics. As a result the influence of both harmonics could be observed simultaneously, and such a case is demonstrated in the paper. Nevertheless this phenomenon is not necessarily present in every material which explains the absence of experimental observations of the third harmonics by this time.


We have elaborated a new Monte Carlo program to simulate ion‐channeling spectra from partially damaged crystals. This program provides the transverse‐flux distribution together with the fractions of channeled and dechanneled ions, their average energies, and energy fluctuations at any depth by calculating channeled‐ion trajectories under a multistring potential. Thus we can determine the depth profiles of defects and dopant atoms, including preferential lattice positions as well as atomic configurations at interfaces. The present program is applied to deriving the depth profiles of defects induced by 100‐, 150‐, and 200‐keV Ar+ irradiation upon GaP(111) crystals. Overall agreement is obtained between the present results and those determined from an analytic manner and calculated from a modified trim program, which simulates collision cascades in solids.


[beta]-Sialon and Nd[sub 2]O[sub 3]-doped [alpha]-sialon materials of varying composition were prepared by sintering at 1,775 and 1,825 C and by glass-encapsulated hot isostatic pressing at 1,700 C. Composites were also prepared by adding 2--20 wt% ZrO[sub 2] (3 mol% Nd[sub 2]O[sub 3]) or 2--20 wt% ZrN to the [beta]-sialon and [alpha]-sialon matrix, respectively. Neodymium was found to be a fairly poor [alpha]-sialon stabilizer even within the [alpha]-phase solid solution area, and addition of ZrN further inhibited the formation of the [alpha]-sialon phase. A decrease in Vickers hardness and an increase in toughness with increasing content of ZrO[sub 2](Nd[sub 2]O[sub 3]) or ZrN were seen in both the HIPed [beta]-sialon/ZrO[sub 2](Nd[sub 2]O[sub 3]) composites and the HIPed Nd[sub 2]O[sub 3]-stabilized [alpha]-sialons with ZrN additions.


Stone pine (Pinus Pinea L.) is a multi-purpose species for Mediterranean forestry owing to both economic and socio-economic importance. Thus, in this study the effects of magnetic field on the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of stone pine were investigated. For this purpose, its seeds were treated by a magnetic field of 9.42 mT for a different period of time – 0 min (control), 15 min, 30 min and 40 min in a cylindrical shaped sample, made of a nonmagnetic thin transparent plastic sheet. Germination experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of Bartin University. Considered the germination results as a whole, while seeds exposed to a magnetic field for 30 and 45 minutes resulted in higher germination energy (43%) and percentage (55%), respectively. Both the lowest germination energy (6%) and germination percentage (32%) were found out to be in the seeds without applying magnetic field. Magnetic field increased shoot height, root collar diameter and also tap root length of stone pine seedlings. In terms of shoot height, 85% of 1+0 seedlings was proper for afforestation activities based the classification of TSI. Moreover, magnetic field treatments may be considered as an alternative method to enhance germination Stone pine seeds and to obtain better growth characteristics of their seedlings.


Nowadays, nanotechnology is receiving worldwide recognition due to being its applications in various fields. Medium temperature and eco-friendly methods have shown great potential among nanoparticle synthesis. Many reducing agents are available for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles; here we presented a simple solution method for the development of nano crystalline Zinc Oxide particles. Zinc acetate dihydrate was used as a starting material and synthesized particles were characterized by UV-Visible, FT IR, SEM, and EDAX analysis. Characterization studies revealed hexagonal nano crystalline Zinc Oxide particles with excellent morphological properties. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit excellent antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.


ABSTRACT This paper investigates the earning function and the gender wage gap in Lebanon using human and social capital covariates. The study uses a randomly collected sample from the Lebanese working population in the greater Beirut area applying the counterfactual decomposition and the generalized quantile regressions. Most of the results support previous research which concludes that the human and social capital indicators have a significant impact on earnings and that the wage gap is mainly due to structural effect. Moreover, the results show evidence of quicksand and glass ceiling effects that limit female income.


Address correspondence to Nan L. Travers, PhD, Empire State College, Two Union Avenue, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA (E-mail: email@example.com). 1 Readers may contact the author for a copy of this article. It is no longer available online. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 61:54–58, 2013 Copyright © 2013, Association for Con tinu ing Higher Education ISSN 0737-7363 DOI: 10.1080/07377363.2013.759491


This experiment studied how sex, year in school, and type of cartoon affects humor and likability ratings of two types of cartoons. 40 men and 40 women (20 college freshman, 20 sophomores, 20 juniors, and 20 seniors) rated 3 Far Side and 3 Family Circus cartoons for how humorous and likable the cartoons were. Two 4 × 2 × 2 mixed analyses of variance were performed, one on humor ratings and one on likability ratings. Far Side Cartoons were more humorous and likable than Family Circus cartoons. Men were more extreme in their ratings than women; they rated the Fat Side cartoons as more likable and humorous and Family Circus cartoons less likable and humorous than women. The triple interaction between sex, type of cartoons, and year in school was also significant for likability ratings. Results add to the literature on sex differences and show research on what affects preferred types of humor is needed.


PurposeThis study aims to analyze the development direction of train speed, density and weight in China.Design/methodology/approachThe development of China's railway in the past 40 years can be divided into 3 stages. At the stage of potential tapping and capacity expansion, it is important to improve the train weight and density by upgrading the existing lines, and improving transportation capacity rapidly. At the stage of railway speed increase, the first priority is to increase train speed, reduce the travel time of passenger train, and synchronously take into account the increase of train density and weight. At the stage of developing high-speed railway, train speed, density and weight are co-developing on demand.FindingsThe train speed of high-speed railway will be 400 km h−1, the interval time of train tracking will be 3 min, and the traffic density will be more than 190 pairs per day. The running speed of high-speed freight EMU will reach 200 km h−1 and above. The maximum speed of passenger train on mixed passenger and freight railway can reach 200 km h−1. The minimum interval time of train tracking can be compressed to 5 min. The freight train weight of 850 m series arrival-departure track railway can be increased to 4,500–5,000 t and that of 1,050 m series to 5,500–6,400 t. EMU trains should gradually replace ordinary passenger trains to improve the quality of railway passenger service. Small formation trains will operate more in intercity railway, suburban railway and short-distance passenger transportation.Originality/valueThe research can provide new connotations and requirements of railway train speed, density and weight in the new railway stage.


The paper deals with the question of whether or not biometric methods may be practically applied to digitalis standardization.

The formula of Van Wijngaarden, which is in use at present and generally accepted, allows too wide a range of variation. The discarding of extreme variants as recommended in connection with the formula must not influence the numerical final result materially. The official terms of probability should be applied with the utmost care for biological experiments in general, for the standardization of heart tonics in particular, as they might be misleading.

With our present knowledge of the response of animals to the action of digitalis, the number of animals necessary for a single determination should be left to the judgment of the individual worker and dependent upon his experience. If extreme variants occur in a series, the entire group should be discarded and, independently from this, a new series of determinations undertaken.


An attempt was made to validate certain previous observations which pointed to a relationship between brain-damage and failure to perceive the negative after-effect of the Archimedes spiral. The results of comparing scores for the duration of after-effect indicated that the length of this period was reduced in brain-damaged subjects, while scores on an all-or-none basis failed to confirm previous findings.

Two possible explanations for the results of this and other studies were put forward. First, individual differences in the degree of cortical inhibition, and differences in the type of brain damage sustained.


Many diurnal songbirds undergo long-distance night-time migrations twice a year between their breeding and wintering grounds. When caged, this is reflected in intense night-time restlessness, which is called Zugunruhe. Whether migratory restlessness is regulated by the endogenous near-24 h (circadian) clocks is less understood. We investigated this in a Palaearctic-Indian migratory songbird, the blackheaded bunting (Emberiza melanocephala), which in caged conditions exhibits Zugunruhe. Photosensitive birds (n = 8) entrained to 8 h light: 16 h darkness (8L: 16D) for 2 weeks were subjected to a stimulatory long day length (13L: 11D; L = 450 lux, D = <1.0 lux); this resulted in intense night-time activity in all birds. After a total 7.5 weeks of 13L exposure, birds were released into constant dim light (LL dim = <1.0 lux; night-time illumination of LD) for 1 week. Movement of the bird within its cage (size = 60 X 45 × 35 cm) was continuously recorded using infrared sensors. The onset and end of activity at night-time were distinct from activity during daytime; ends consistently occurred about 1.5 h before the light on time. When released into LL dim , the buntings freeran with a circadian period with reference to activity at night-time. They also significantly lost their activity during daytime. These results suggest that with the onset of Zugunruhe, the circadian clock regulating daily activity rhythms redefines its phases, and so the birds become predominantly active at night.


Subsequent to December 1993, when the fi rst elections were held for the newly formed Russian parliament, fi ve further parliamentary election processes have been conducted. Th ese occurred in the years 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011. With the exception of the 1995 and 1999 elections, all were far from being of free and democratic character. In particular the 2007 election constituted a political farce with its outcome predetermined. Among others, the weaknesses of the system relate to a lack of parliamentary tradition in Russia, constitutional and legal solutions that favour the president, and the absence of developed and stable party structures.


This work introduces methodologies for extending the modelling and querying capabilities of Trajectories Data Warehouses (TDW) in the context of semantic trajectories. Specifically, we incorporate the notion of Semantic Relatedness (SR) as part of the formal model of a TDW, which enables capturing the similarity between different annotations describing Points of Interest (POI), locations and activities used in specifying semantic trajectories. We formally define the functionality capturing the relatedness between different terms used as descriptors in semantic trajectories and present the Semantic Relatedness in Trajectories Data Warehouse (SR-TDW) model. We also present the newly enabled (categories of) queries in the SR-TDWmodel and illustrate them with specific examples. Our experimental observations demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approaches in terms of enriched answer-sets of the common OLAP-based queries and illustrate the sensitivity in terms of the relatedness measure.


Abstract Instances are documented of salticids robbing ants by adopting a specialized behavior pattern, "snatching." The salticid positioned itself beside an ant column on the wall of a building, repeatedly fixating its gaze on different individual ants in the column and maintaining fixation on the ant by turning its body while the ant walked by. When close to an ant that was carrying prey, the salticid maneuvered about so that it was head on, grabbed hold of the prey using its chelicerae, and then rapidly pulled the prey out of the ant's mandibles. Having secured the prey, the salticid moved away from the ant column to feed. All observations were made at Mbita Point, by the shore of Lake Victoria in western Kenya. The salticids were three species of Menemerus (Simon 1868): M. bivittatus (Dufour 1831), M. congoensis Lessert 1927 and an undescribed species, Menemerus sp. n. The ant species were from the genera Crematogaster (Lund 1831) and Camponotus (Mayr 1861). In all instances, the salticid was 2–6 mm in body length (juveniles of all three Menemerus species and adults of Menemerus sp. n). Prey items taken from ants were, in most instances, "lake flies" (adults of Chaoboridae and Chironomidae).


ABSTRACT This article examines nominalization in Japanese television news programs with the aim of identifying its sociolinguistic meaning as it relates to context. Given that such programs create shifting contexts available for observation, approximately five hours of news programs (aired in Tokyo in 1992) are examined. The study finds that the use of nominalization varies between two related but different speech contexts identified as "TV Talk" and "TV Announcements." The significance for the use of nominalization in Japanese is explored, adopting an interdisciplinary approach, by appealing to the critical socio-cultural concepts of uchi 'inside' and soto 'outside'. (Context, Japanese, nominalization, media discourse, sociocultural concepts)


The importance of reading and interpreting in Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato recently has been explored by Jo Ann Cavallo. (1) She convincingly proposes that Orlando and Ranaldo should be seen as different types of readers: Orlando as an "obtuse reader who is nevertheless capable of enlightenment" and Ranaldo as "the ideal reader who uses reason to interpret the various novelle that he hears or reads." (2) I plan to examine two episodes not discussed by Cavallo, the Albarosa episode and Brandimarte's conversion, in order to further the discourse on Ranaldo and Orlando as different types of readers. Ranaldo's correct reading leads him to seek earthly justice, an element I believe to be very important in Boiardo's poem; Orlando, however, is reluctant to take action and instead proposes to rely on divine justice. My discussion of justice, both earthly and divine, will be supported by a comparison of the Albarosa episode to that of Francesca and Paolo in Inferno 5; the story of Albarosa and Ranaldo's reaction to it represent, in my opinion, a 'positivization' of Dante's story. The novella of Albarosa and Ranaldo's immediate reaction to her betrayal are quite brief; and the plot of the episode is simple. In 1.13.24, Ranaldo enters a cave and soon thereafter encounters a marble door under which lies the corpse of a lady. (3) As instructed by the gold inscription above the door, Ranaldo swears to avenge her betrayal. He passes through the door and sees both a horse chained in gold and a book written in blood ["Che avea di sangue tutta la scrittura" (1.13.29)] which narrates the story of 'the murdered lady under the door' ["quella dama occisa su la porta" (1.13.29)]. As the book describes, the evil Truffaldino, King of Baghdad, hated the virtuous Count Orrisello ["Ardito e franco, e de virtu perfetto" (1.13.30)] and even had tried to attack his castle, Montefalcone, but to no avail. Knowing that Orrisello's virtuous and beautiful sister, Albarosa, was in love with polindo, the king pretended to befriend the young man in order to plot an indirect route to Orrisello's demise. Learning of the young couple's decision to elope, Truffaldino gave them "una rocca da diletto" as a wedding present (1.13.39). But the king appeared at the castle, and demanded that Albarosa write a letter to her brother in order to arrange for Orrisello's arrival. Despite the torture inflicted upon both her and Polindo, Albarosa refused to betray her brother, and subsequently dies, along with Polindo, at the hands of Truffaldino. Ranaldo is saddened greatly by the story of Albarosa's death, and once again swears that he will avenge her betrayal. This vengeance eventually is realized in 1.26.46, when Truffaldino is tied to the tail of a horse and dragged to his death. There are several parallels between the Albarosa episode and the story of Francesca and Paolo as portrayed in the fifth canto of the Inferno, both on the level of plot and on that of language. As Inferno 5 is the canto in which Dante most fully and most memorably recalls the romance tradition, it is not surprising that Boiardo chooses to refer to this episode of the Commedia. (4) The first parallel, however, is to the beginning of Inferno 3, the description of the gate of Hell. Both Ranaldo and Dante the pilgrim enter by way of an inscribed gate, though that through which Dante enters is inscribed not with words of gold, but with those of "colore oscuro" (Inf 3.10). (5) The words inscribed on both gates emphasize the importance of justice, but with one fundamental difference: those on the gate of Hell emphasize divine justice, while those on the entrance to the cave emphasize justice that can be, and should be, carried out on earth. Dante the pilgrim reads: Per me si va ne la citta dolente, per me si va ne l'etterno dolore, per me si va tra la perduta gente. giustizia mosse il mio alto fattore: fecemi la divina potestate, la somma sapienza e 'l primo amore. …


The study analysed the profitability and efficiency of cultured fish farming in Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select a total of 204 respondents from the three main strata of Kainji Lake Basin. Data were collected through interview schedule and structured questionnaire administered to the sampled fish farmers. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting technique and stochastic production frontier approach. A total of 88.2% of the respondent were males, 87.8% married, 92.65% had formal education and 64.2% had no extension contacts. An average cultured fish farmer in the study area was 41 years old, had 8 years of fishing experience and household size of 8 persons. The costs and returns analysis revealed a net farm incomes of ₦349.40/kg and ₦1,385.08/m 2 , gross ratios of 0.57 and 0.44 and return on investment of ₦0.73 and ₦1.23 per kilogram of fish and per meter square pond size respectively. The farmers were not technically efficient with a mean efficiency score of 0.7367. The quantity of feed at 1%, stock density at 1%, fertilizer at 1% and capital input at 10% probability level respectively were efficiency factors while education at 10%, farming experience at 1%, credit access at 5% and extension service at 5% probability level respectively were the inefficiency factors. The study recommended that the research institute with freshwater mandate should collaborate with extension agents in the area to constantly educate the cultured fish farmers on innovations that will improve their profit and level of efficiency.


The policy of the Bolsheviks in relation to the peasantry of the Krai is an actual direction of research of modern domestic repressology. In the article the current state of Ukrainian historiography reflection of the regional aspect of the Communist totalitarian regime's repressive policy regarding the peasantry of the Ukrainian SSR in 1921-1939 years is analyzed. It is established that the researchers paid the greatest attention to clarification of the causes, forms, consequences of the use of punitive measures of the Communist-Soviet power against peasants of the South Ukraine, Dnieper, Podolia, South-Eastern Volhynia, Donbas, North-Eastern region of Ukraine, Kirovohrad, Kyiv regions during the grain procurement crisis of 1927/1928, 1928/1929, the forced continuous collectivization and the Holodomor of 1932-1933. Moreover, due to research it is established, that the implementation of the «kulak operation» of 1937-1938 years in the majority of regions are unexplored. Research of modern Ukrainian historians, who specialize in this issue, shows that the political repression against the peasantry of the Ukrainian SSR in 1921-1939 focused on solving economic problems, suppressing all forms of resistance, and modeling social processes and regional peculiarities of repressive politics depended on combinations of the directives of the center, initiatives of the local authorities and the public security authorities. The repression was not limited to a specific group of the richest peasantry but was directed against the peasantry opposing a forced collectivization. The author of the article is the author of the letter of appreciation of the specifics of the implementation of the Operative Punishment of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Social Security Service of the USSR, M. Єzhova, No. 00447, "On the operation of reprimanding the number of kurkulists, carnies of evil and the anti-Radar elements" dated 30 June 1937.


Targeted education mechanism in higher education institutions is a system of personnel training for different regions and spheres of economy. An applicant signs a contract with a company which then leads to working for a period of time in this company after graduation. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of personnel training mechanism for digital economy. The empirical base of the research is statistics through 2017–2022 provided by Ministry of Science and Higher Education. As a result, the key problems were determined as well as foreign experience in target training was evaluated.


This paper analyzes a local interaction model of urban unemployment defined at the level of individual agents. Census tract level data are used to estimate the model parameters by matching empirical moments of the spatial distribution of unemployment in the Los Angeles SMSA with their simulated


Material and methods. The investigation was carried out in the experimental field of Kharkiv National Agrarian University nd. a VV Dokuchaev in 2014-2015. The test material was plant populations of M1 and M2 sunflower derived from seed treatment of 12 self-pollinated lines with gamma-rays (120 Gy and 150 Gy) and dimethyl sulfate (0.01% and 0.05%). Results and discussion. The study of effects of two mutagens on the field germinability of M1 sunflower seeds revealed that gamma rays had a greater impact on the germinability compared with dimethyl sulfate. For example, the germinability of seeds treated with 0.01% or 0.05% DMS was 68-88%, which is quite normal for sunflower seeds, while the germinability of seeds gamma-irradiated at the dose of 120 Gy or 150 Gy was low (4-30%) with 95-96% in the control. The germinability of DMS-treated and gamma-irradiated seeds in M2 was high. The field germinability of test accession Kh808 was a slightly lower: after 0.01% DMS 68%; after 0.05% DMS 58%; and it was even lower in the physical mutagenesis experiments: after 120 Gy 45%; after 150 Gy 48%. Analysis of M1 showed that the overall frequency of morphophysiological changes induced by gamma rays and DMS was high enough in all the test samples, indicating significant effects of mutagens on growth and development of mutant sunflower generation. Gamma-irradiated samples differed from DMS-treated ones by lower germinability and survival in M1. In 2015, a number of morpho-physiological mutations in M 2 sunflower were distinguished and analyzed during the growing season. The overall frequency of morpho-physiological mutations in test samples treated with two concentrations of DMS was significantly lower (3-16%) than that in samples irradiated with gamma rays at the dose of 120 Gy or 150 Gy (20-61%). Conclusions. We found a wide range of different mutations both in gamma-irradiated samples and DMS-treated ones. This range includes mutations of chlorophyll synthesis, calathidium pigmentation, shape and size, plant habitus, leaf venation, shape and number, and others.


Hyphae of many species of bird's nest fungi (Nidulariaceae) were examined for the presence of crystals. Scanning electron microscopy revealed crystals typical of calcium oxalate associated with hyphae. Crystal depositions included complete hyphal encrustation, organized druses, randomly arranged groups, single crystals, and relatively "clean" hyphae. The majority of crystals could be morphologically classified as styloid, raphide, or bipyramidal type. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyses confirmed that all crystal types were rich in calcium, and X-ray diffraction identified both the dihydrate (weddellite) and monohydrate (whewellite) forms of calcium oxalate. Morphological variation of crystals was species and medium specific, with generally more crystals being produced on relatively calcium-rich V8 juice agar than on PDA. No association was found between crystal types and geographic and habitat distribution of species. Keywords: wood rotting fungus, decomposition, calcium oxalate.


This paper deals with a method of determination of virtual mass for partially and fully submerged structures surrounded by water. The experimental technique is simple and can be used for determination of virtual mass m case of structures like intake towers, bridge piers and similar structures. The virtual mass depends on the geometry of the structure and its dynamic properties in air. Due to the surrounding water, the natural frequency of vibration of a structure decreases but the damping increases. Due to the added mass of the surrounding water, the stresses and strains in the structure under dynamic conditions will be increased but some relief will be provided by increased damping.


In Japan, the measurement of abdominal circumference is commonly used in diagnosis of visceral fat accumulation. It is also recommended that visceral fat at the umbilical level be measured using CT scans. If CT is used to measure the visceral fat area, we do not have to consider the possibility of measurement error due to subcutaneous fat. However, it is unknown whether the visceral fat area measurement by CT reflects the visceral fat volume of the entire abdomen. We examined the correlation between the visceral fat area at the umbilical level and the visceral fat volume of the entire abdomen using CT images taken from the diaphragm to the pubic bone. The results showed that there was a very high correlation between the visceral fat area and the visceral fat volume. The correlation was not affected by gender differences, old age or whether visceral fat was accumulated or not. Therefore, we concluded that it is possible to estimate the visceral fat volume of the entire abdomen by measuring the visceral fat area at the umbilical level.


(57) Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for inducing sputum from the patient, apparatus for inducing and collect the samples from a patient, and for pulmonary disorders using sputum samples, a method for evaluating a patient Disclose. Method of inducing sputum sample includes applying an oscillating force to the patient's chest, while at the same time providing a mouthpiece to the patient, a process which maximizes the velocity of the airflow. In a preferred embodiment, the patient may be maintained in an upright position and also may be provided with a nebulizer, which is connected to the mouthpiece via the port.


The purpose of this activity is (1) Adding insight and understanding of the history teacher to many types of scientific kara; (2) Stimulate the spirit of the teacher to develop competence particularly in the field of scientific writing; (3) Stimulating new ideas and teachers in scientific writing for the purposes of education and professional development; (4) Introduce and help teachers publish scientific papers in journals ilmiah.Kegiatan training was conducted by the method of seminars and workshops. Implementation of detailed training is divided into several activities, namely: (1) Presentation on the various themes that can be developed in the writing of scientific papers; (2) Presentation of the systematic writing scientific papers and procedures writing in scientific journals; (3) A discussion of various issues related to the material presented; (4) Assignment yan manufacture of scientific work was accompanied by a team of devotion; (5) Assistance and evaluation by both parties or by the PPM Team History MGMPs Semarang.Setelah District conducted a series of training, participants know the significance kmpetensi professional development through the development of a scientific article.


A new method of electron interferometry/holography (CBED+EBI/H) has been realized which produces interference between convergent beam electron diffracted beams. An electron biprism placed between the diffracted beams compensates for their diffraction angle by an induced potential. When overlaid the diffracted beams interfere to produce an interferogram. Holography is possible due to coherency of the electron beam. Reconstruction of the hologram by standard methods enables the phase change around the defects to be measured. These methods are very easy to apply and examples are given for small defects and defect clusters in heavy-ion implanted Si.


The microstructure,microhardness and tensile properties of TC2 tit anium alloy welded joints were studied. lt reaches the conclusion that the welde d joints have not unifirm microstructure and properties. The weld is composed of weave structure with lamellar αcolonies and existence of martensitea',grains i n it are extremely coarse;The HAZ is composed of weave structure with needle α, α'and βphases;The base material is composed of equiaxed structure with αand βphases.The microhardness of the weld is the highest,It is about 50HV more than that of the base material while the plasticity poorer;The microhandness and ten sile strength of the HAZ is the lowest whereas the plasticity is the best.The st rength of welded joints is equal with that of the base material.


basin. This period of balance between uplift and sea level rise was preceded by a relative uplift rate of 5 m/lW yr and followed by as high rates as 7-8 m/100 yr, possibly caused by a delayed uplift effect and perhaps also a local fall in sea level caused by the rapidly receding ice margin. The time difference between the formation of two delta surfaces at Odskolts Moar is estimated at 60&800 years. Shoreline diagrams along the Swedish west and east coasts, mainly based on a number of shore displacement curves, reveal large anomalies that are believed to have been caused by dammings and drainages of the Baltic basin. The southwards extrapolated shorelines indicate that the bedrock threshold in the Oresund Strait, between Denmark and Sweden, functioned as the outlet threshold for the Baltic Ice Lake during its dammed stages, while the erosion of the Store Balt and Darss Sill straits began at the culmination of the Ancylus transgression and continued during the rapid IS20 m Ancylus regression.


Dynacargo is a project that aims at developing a near real-time monitoring system for waste bins' fill level. This data is used to predict the fill-level of waste bins and dynamically manage the waste collection procedure. This leads to truck distance minimization by utilizing routing algorithms. Dynacargo adds a set of durable, low cost sensors and RFID tags to existing waste bins. The tags store the fill-level measures by sensors, which is communicated through a variety of communication means and reaches a central information management system. Along with this real time data collection and transmission, data mining techniques are executed on older data collected prior to Dynagargo implementation, in order to forecast future waste bins fill levels. In this paper we present and discuss the promising evaluation results of the project on the case study of Nafpaktia municipality.


We aimed to determine the trends in risk factor control and treatment among patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 2000–2020.


Objective:To investigate the DNA methylation changes of cardiac relative gene Nkx2.5during the process Islet-1promotes cardiac specific differentiation of C3H10T1/2cells.Method:Lentiviral vectors that expressed Islet-1(Lenti-Islet-1)were constructed and used for C3H10T1/2cells transduction.Flow cytometry was used to detect the transfection efficiency of C3H10T1/2cells transfected with lentiviral vectors.Fluorescence microscope was used to observe Islet-1expression.Methylation specific PCR was used to detect the DNA methylation differences of Nkx2.5among C3H10group,negative control group and experiment group.Result:DNA methylation of cardiac relative gene Nkx2.5in experiment goup was much lower than that in C3H10group and negative control group(both P0.05).Conclusion:DNA methylation of cardiac relative genes reduce to promote these genes' expressions during the process mesenchymal stem cells are specific differentiated into cardiomyocytelike cells.


We propose a mobile video broadcasting system, which uses multiple mobile devices, to improve the availability. Our key idea is to notify the spare device information to allow sudden shutdowns of the active device. After implemented our system, we develop a demo system to show the ability of our system. Our idea will be useful in broad applications in mobile opportunistic networks.


A substantial percentage of patients present to the laryngologist with complaints consistent with laryngeal irritation, such as throat clearing, mucus in the throat, and mild hoarseness. This complex of symptoms is commonly thought to be caused by laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). Laryngopharyngeal reflux of gastric acid, however, is difficult to substantiate and slow to respond to treatment. These facts leave the physician little alternative but to treat patients empirically with expensive drugs over a prolonged period. Furthermore, many patients do not have confidence in the diagnosis because they have no symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux such as heartburn. To address the difficulties with the diagnosis and management of LPRD, I have asked a number of eminent laryngologists from around the world to present their approach to patients with these complaints and to cite the medical literature upon which they base their practice. Their responses are presented in this section of Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery.


Abstract The geo-political and cultural-historical context, more than any other single factor, has shaped the notion of Mranma Pran in pre-colonial times. It is derived from a longstanding reality embodied in the term anya ('upstream'), representing Upper Burma (hence, the term anyatha, 'offspring of Upper Burma'). Although Lower Burma also has an equivalent in the term akriy ('downstream'), it was Upper Burma more than any other region in the country that initially exemplified the term Mranma Pran, the 'heartland' of the country's culture and society for over a millennium. The meaning of the term Mranma Pran (or its colonial term, 'Burma'), therefore, depends on the context in which and by whom it is viewed.


The purpose of this review is to discuss the development of the methods in microseismic/acoustic emission (AE) source localization and detail the principles of the mainly developed methods. The important applications of the microseismic/AE in engineering practice and the history of the source localization (from the initial Geiger method of localization to the later double-difference method) are introduced briefly in the beginning of the review. The factors that influence the accuracy of source locating are discussed in Section 2 to provide references on how to improve the accuracy of the localization methods. Then, the main localization methods in the history of the source and AE research have been classified into four parts (i.e., the localization methods for single event, the joint inversion methods, the relative localization methods, and the localization methods in spatial domain); each part is extended and systematically reviewed, respectively, from Sections 3 to 6, where the merit and demerit of the methods are discussed. Finally, a brief summary and some aspects of prospective research are presented.


Objectives Recurring cystitis (RC) is a common complaint among women. It has a significant impact on patients' quality of life. The physical discomfort and psychological distress related to RC are rarely addressed and women's needs in terms of information and advice have not been sufficiently explored, particularly in France in spite of their frequent episodes of RC. This study aimed to assess women's needs and expectations in view of developing a patient information leaflet to help them understand and better cope with their condition, thus offering them more autonomy and empowering them to self-manage whenever possible. Method Qualitative study using recorded semistructured interviews with patients suffering from RC. Setting Interviews conducted with women suffering from RC in Corsica, France. Participants 26 patients interviewed between January 2018 and April 2018. Results Knowledge of the condition was heterogeneous, but most women reported a major impact on daily life, a high level of anxiety, various management strategies and wished to avoid taking antibiotics, preferring alternative approaches. Patients reported a lack of understanding and sympathy on the part of physicians and society and wished for more autonomy with delayed/back-up prescriptions, a multidisciplinary follow-up and, most of all, appropriate information. Conclusion The information leaflet should improve patients' knowledge and capacity for self-care, contribute to standardise practice and limit inappropriate antibiotic use.


We present a phenomenological unpolarized Parton Distribution Functions for diquarks based on a soft-wall light front AdS/QCD quark-diquark nucleon model. From a probed model consistent with the Drewll-Yan-West relation and quark counting rule, we have performed a fit of some free parameters using known phenomenological quark PDF data. The model considers the entire set of possible diquarks within the nucleon valence, in the present work we focus on the spin-0 ud0, spin-1 ud1 and spin-1 uu1 diquarks into the valence of protons. The diquark PDFs obtained are able to used in proton-proton collision simulations.


Abstract : This report describes the Generic Surface-to-Air Missile Model (GENSAM) which evaluates the outcome of an engagement between a surface-to-air missile system and an attacking aircraft. The model treats a large variety of SAMs from the initial encounter through target intercept. The attacker flies a pre-set flight path but may deviate from this in order to execute an evasive maneuver.


Based on the competitive situation of economic globalization and marketization,it discusses the status,implication and composition of the innovative team.Innovative team is the cell of innovative country,the core of innovative university and the prospect of building innovative country and innovative university.Innovative team is the research group focusing on the integration of study,research and application with innovative spirit to solve the vital realistic problems of human being.Regardless of the number of members,there are three kinds of members in an innovative team with different functions.First kind is the academic leaders or the decision-makers.Second kind is the frontline commanders and missionaries.Third one is composed of those who know the outside research progress and release the research results promptly.


The universal response of a sudden created core hole, predicted to occur on an attosecond (10(-18)  s) time scale, lacks an experimental demonstration. With a two-dimensional coincidence spectrometer, we demonstrate an extensive energy sharing between the Ag 4p photoelectron and the N2,3VV Auger electron exceeding 10 eV. This energy width provides access to the time scale of the emission process. This is the fingerprint of the dynamic fluctuation process 4p(-1)⇌4d(-2)4f. The shakeup induced interband transitions from the Ag(100) surface are also identified by comparing the coincidence spectrum with the M4,5VV Auger transitions.


Let X be a nonempty convex compact subset of some Haus-dorff locally convex topological vector space S. The well know Bauer's maximum principle stats that every convex upper semi-continuous function from X into R attains its maximum at some extremal point of X. We give some extensions of this result when X is assumed to be compact metrizable. We prove that the set of all convex upper semi-continuous functions attaining there maximum at exactly one extremal point of X is a G δ dense subset of the space of all convex upper semi-continuous functions equipped with a metric compatible with the uniform convergence .


Fever is an evolutionarily conserved and effective organismal response used to reduce infection burden. Although ectotherms are unable to induce a fever endogenously because they only produce negligible heat from their metabolism, they can increase their body temperature in response to infection by selecting warm microclimates ("behavioral fever"). For amphibians, behavioral fever is hypothesized to be critical in their defense against pathogens because many amphibian immune parameters are more effective at warm temperatures. We explored this topic using the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; "Bd"), a fungal pathogen implicated in the worldwide amphibian declines. Behavioral fever in amphibians should be an effective defense against Bd because fungal growth is temperature dependent and does not survive above 30°C. We conducted a laboratory experiment in which we allowed Bd-infected and sham inoculated metamorphic American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) to behaviorally thermoregulate. During the experiment, we recorded the body temperature of each toad and also determined their Bd infection intensity. Bd-infected toads behaviorally increased their body temperatures through the course of an infection compared to sham inoculated toads, which did not change their body temperatures. In addition, toads with higher initial Bd infection intensities (measured prior to the start of the thermoregulation experiment) had higher average body temperatures compared to the body temperature of toads with lower infection intensities. Collectively, these findings build upon our understanding of the relationship between temperature and disease in the amphibian-Bd system and offer hope that amphibians might be able to induce behavioral fevers to clear their Bd infections in nature.


CONTEXT
Associations between autoimmune diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease are known but insufficiently characterized. Some evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes may also be associated with hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to investigate associations of autoimmune and type 2 diabetes with the prevalence of hypo- and hyperthyroidism.

DESIGN AND SETTING
This was a cross-sectional, population-based study of adults in two surveys of the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 34 235 participants of HUNT2 (1995-1997) and 48 809 participants of HUNT3 (2006-2008) participated in the study.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Prevalence of hypo- and hyperthyroidism was estimated, assessed by self-report, serum measurements, and linkage with the Norwegian Prescription Database.

RESULTS
In HUNT2, autoimmune diabetes was associated with a higher age-adjusted prevalence of hypothyroidism among both women (prevalence ratio 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-2.47) and men (prevalence ratio 2.71, 95% CI 1.76-4.19), compared with having no diabetes. For hyperthyroidism, the corresponding cumulative prevalence ratios were 2.12 (95% CI 1.36-3.32) in women and 2.54 (95% CI 1.24-5.18) in men with autoimmune diabetes. The age-adjusted excess prevalence of hypothyroidism (∼6 percentage points) and the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (8-10 percentage points) associated with autoimmune diabetes was similar in women and men. Type 2 diabetes was not associated with the prevalence of hypothyroidism. In HUNT3, associations were broadly similar to those in HUNT2.

CONCLUSIONS
Autoimmune diabetes, but not type 2 diabetes, was strongly and gender neutrally associated with an increased prevalence of hypo- and hyperthyroidism and the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Increased surveillance for hypothyroidism appears not necessary in patients with type 2 diabetes.


Infinite combinatorics has become an essential tool to handle a significant number of problems in Analysis, Topology and Set Theory. The central result in these applications is a theorem of P. Erdos and R . Rado [ER1, ER2], although versions due to N. A. Shanin on d-systems [Sh] and S. Mazur [Ma] should also be mentioned. The reader can find a wealth of information on the use of infinite combinatorics in Topology and Analysis in [C]. For Set Theory, we suggest the exposition found in [K]. If A is a set, IAI denotes the cardinal of A. The real unit interval is denoted by [0,1]; we write A for Lebesgue measure in [0,1] and A* for the outer measure associated to A. A basic concept is described by


Pyridinium tetrachloroantimonate(III)[C5H5NH][SbIIICl4] has been prepared, and its crystal structure has been determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals were monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a= 12·92, b= 12·83, c= 7·48 A, β= 122·4°, and Z= 4. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier techniques and was refined by full-matrix least-squares methods to a final R of 0·038.Each antimony atom is on a crystallographic two-fold axis, and the [SbCl4]– anions are segments of an inflinite chain through the crystal. Three different antimony–chlorine distances were found: 2·38, 2·63, and 3·13 A the last two from the chlorine bridges connecting the anion union units. Each antimony atom has a distorted octahedral environment; all the Cl–Sb–Cl angles are close to 90°.


Introduction. Skin reflects our physiology and emotions too. In present era each and every one desire to have healthy and beautiful skin. Any changes or disease of skin creates apart from physical and psychological and social negative impacts. Hyperpigmentation or melasma is one of the such raised problem in our country as it has significant impact on beauty and appearance. It is more prevalent in women, in an estimated 9:1 ratio compared to men. In addition, there are high expenditures related to medical treatments and procedures whose results do not always meet the expectations of patients. hence it is need of an hour to provide safe and cost effective treatment for the skin disease like melasma. In addition to traditional treatments for melasma, there are also promising new treatments, including topical, oral, and procedural therapies Materials & Methods: It is a Case report on 28 year old female patient diagnosed as a case of Melasama (Vyanga) managed through Ayurveda treatment like Vaman Karma and Ayurveda medication Assessment was made on the basis of significant change in MASI score and quality of life (melas Qol) Observation & Results: Observation was done before treatment after treatment and during follow up The changes computed in Masi score in which degree of pigmentation decline to 10 to 6, quality of life improve 60 to 48. Conclusion: The computed data from the present study shows that Vamana Karma along with Ayurvedic oral Ayurveda medication is effective in the treatment of melasma (Vyanga).


Let V be a finite dimensional unitary space and \ = Vi+ ■ ■ • +Vk a direct decomposition. Let P,-be the orthogonal projector in F with range V¡. If A = Pi-t• • • +Pk we prove that 0<det(i4) SI and det(4) =1 if and only if V= Ki+ • • • +Vt is an orthogonal decomposition. Let Ni (1 Síá¿) be a normal operator in V, of rank n. Assume that JV=^¡_i Ni has rank r = n+ ■ ■ ■ +rtán = dim V. If the nonzero eigenvalues of N (counting multiplicities) are the same as the nonzero eigenvalues of all Ni (1 át ^k) together, then NiNj =0 for ij&j. This generalizes a recent result of L. Brand.


MRI-PET medical image fusion has important clinical significance. Medical image fusion is the important step after registration, which is an integrative display method of two images. The PET image shows the brain function with a low spatial resolution, MRI image shows the brain tissue anatomy and contains no functional information. Hence, a perfect fused image should contains both functional information and more spatial characteristics with no spatial & color distortion. The DWT coefficients of MRI-PET intensity values are fused based on the average and spatial frequency method. The algorithm is computationally simple and can be implemented in real time applications.


experiments the response to PG12 rapidly reversed before wash out presumably due to chemical hydrolysis to yield inactive 6K-PGFI,. 6K-PGEI is a potent vasodepressor (Quilley et a1 1979), inhibitor of platelet aggregation (Wong et a1 1979), bronchodilator (Spannhake et all981) and renin secretogogue (McGiff et a1 1982). To date, its effect on sympathetic neurotransmission has not been studied. We report here that 6K-PGEI, like PGEl and PGE2 but unlike prostacyclin is a potent inhibitor of contractions of the field stimulated guinea-pig and rabbit vas deferens. Since 6K-PGE1 either potentiates (rabbit) or does not affect (guinea-pig) the post-synaptic response to noradrenaline one may tentatively conclude that this prostaglandin inhibits electrically-induced contractions of the vas deferens by a pre-synaptic mechanism. These results suggest that if 6K-PGEI synthesis occurs in the vicinity of the sympathetic nerve ending then it may have a physiological role to play in regulating noradrenaline release. R E F E R E N C E S


The expeditious reduction of non-renewable fuel source and increasing environmental problems paved the way for renewable energy resources. Among various sources, solar energy is the most preferred choice of source. For green environment and sustainable energy growth of solar energy great attention is given for generation of electricity with PhotoVoltaic (PV) system. The system output is determined by solar irradiation and environmental temperature which are variable. Tracking the system's Maximum Power Point (MPP) in such conditions is a difficult task due to the variable climatic conditions, and the algorithms for tracking the MPP become more complicated during partial shading conditions. The objectives of this work is to design and implement an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system for solar photovoltaic (PV) with real-time monitoring using the Internet of Things (IoT). The network is trained for various solar irradiance and temperature conditions in order to measure the MPP voltage, which is then used as a reference voltage by the ANN controller to produce the desired control signal for the DC-DC converter, and the boost converter's output is fed to a neural network-powered inverter control system to deliver the power to the desired load. A comprehensive simulation with intelligent controller to track MPP utmost under all conditions are designed and tested and the experimentation on the hardware setup lines are carried out.


Poor patient of netra is individual which its the eyesight (the two) doesn't function as inside information receiver channel of everyday activity as does people caution of blind patient has resistance in comprehending others feeling, because poor patient of netra has limitation to read nonverbal message for example gesture, expresi face, etcetera. Besides blind patient also has resistance in relating to others, so that motion space of very limited blind patient. Leaves from writer the thing to do research with a purpose to knows is giving of treatment in the form of group play therapy at blind patient can increase empathy. This research is apply research method of Randomized two-groups design, pretest and posttest experiment with aim to know change of empathy after giving of treatment in the form of group play therapy. In this research data collecting method applies technique pretest and posttest and giving of treatment in the form of group play therapy. In analyzing data to apply statistical analysis in the form of test tee, Result obtained after done by treatment and treatment is there is value which significance that is 0,01 meaning there is a real difference significant at empathy score before and after following
play therapy knowable the thing from value sig < 0,05. So inferential that there is improvement of empathy at poor patient of netra in SLB-A Aisyiyah Ponorogo.


Adaptive optics can compensate for aberrations in the cornea and lens of the living eye, providing a microscopic view of the normal and the diseased retina and a novel tool for measuring the limits of human vision. Recent advances promise to make this technology compact, robust, and affordable.


In this experiment two groups of six animals each were slaughtered and their carcasses were evaluated. One group consisted of 31 months old animals of the nelore breed with 408.75kg of live weight, and the other of 34 months old crossbreed animals, 1/2 Schwyz x 1/2 Guzera with 475.92kg of 1iveweight. The following carcass characteristics were considered in the experiment dressing percentage (considering the cold carcass weight), separable lean, bone, fat trimmed, meat of 1. st , 2. nd and 3 rd quality. The values observed for the nelore and crossbreed, in the same order, the first as a percentage of the live weight and the others as a percentage of the cold carcass, were the following: 54.50 — 52.48; 75.24 — 74.92; 18.65 — 19.03; 6.04 — 6.05; 32.69 — 34,13; 29.47 — 28.53, and 13.08 - 12.25. The Nelore breed to have a greater dressing percentage (P < 0.05). The others significant differences were observed between grous, but the Nelore breed tendend to have a greater production of 2. nd and 3 rd quality meat, and the crossbreed tendend to produce more 1. st quality meat. The similarities between the two groups in carcass characteristics, however, were high and there was no base lo indicate one as a better meat producer.


An apple (Malus pumila) is a sweet edible fruit cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The small deciduous tree of apple originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists [1]. Worldwide, 89.3 million tons apples were produced during 2016, with China being the leading country with 50% of the world total produce [2] and United States is the second-leading producer, with more than 6% of world production. Turkey is third, followed by Italy, India and Poland. Total area under apple cultivation in Pakistan was 96928 hectares with an annual production of 62048 tons during 201516 while in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the total area for cultivation was 7741 hectares with an annual production of 89333 tons [3]. Cider, called "hard cider" in the USA, is a popular alcoholic beverage that has been widely produced throughout the world for over two millennia. Its definition includes a wide range of fermented apple juices, obtained by different processes,and with different organoleptic characteristics. French ciders show a great diversity in both their composition and sensory characteristics in spite of relatively reduced process steps [4]. There are three types of Fermentation i.e., ethanol fermentation, acetic acid fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation is an essential metabolic phenomenon in which, sugar is consumed in the absence of oxygen. The products formed due to fermentation are organic acids, gases, or alcohol. Fermentation is a primary means of producing ATP by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically, and the process is believed to have been developed in order to preserve fruits and vegetables for times of scarcity [5]. Ethanol fermentation is also known as alcoholic fermentation that converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into energy (ATP), ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. One glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules. Vinegar is formed when acetic acid bacteria is added to alcoholic beverages. In this process, oxidative fermentation takes place that creates vinegar as a by-product [6]. Apple vinegar is obtained by biotechnological process of double fermentation, alcoholic and acetic. Prior to the start of the acetic fermentation apple wine is subjected to alcoholic fermentation which is carried out with yeast, thus obtaining the amount of necessary alcohol to produce acetic acid. By prolonging the outdoor stay-period of the fermented apple juice it can be seen on its surface a pellicle containing microorganisms with different characteristics belonging to the Acetobacter and Gluconobacter genus [7,8]. The biochemical mechanism for the conversion of alcohol in acetic acid starts with its oxidation into an acetaldehyde in the presence of The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of aeration on acetic acid fermentation of apple cider at 25oC to 30oC in comparison with non-aerated apple cider. Results showed that pH was decreased in both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher decrease was observed in non-aerated sample (8.33) while lower decrease was observed in aerated sample (5.55). Percent acidity increased in both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher increase was observed in non-aerated sample (38.09%) while lower increase was observed in aerated sample (23.52%). Total Soluble Solids decreased in both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher decrease was observed in non-aerated sample (24.56) while lower decrease was observed in aerated sample (33.33). A decrease in alcohol content was also observed both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher decrease was observed in non-aerated sample (49.01) while lower decrease was observed in aerated sample (70.58). It is concluded that force aeration significantly affect the acetic acid concentration during the first 4 days. However, after 4 days the aeration negatively affect the fermentation process because the air compressor collect hot air from the environment and that increase the temperature of stock to 37oC. This high temperature results in retardation of bacteria growth. However the non-aerated samples showed increase in acetic acid fermentation as compare to the aerated samples. Abstract


Ph.D. in Communication and Rhetoric / Human-Computer Interaction —Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, August 2004 Certificate in Human-Computer Interaction, May 2003 Certificate in Graphics, Dec. 2002 Dissertation: Expanding the Scope of Localization: A Cultural Usability Perspective on Mobile Text Messaging Use in American and Chinese Contexts *2005 Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) Outstanding Dissertation Award in Technical Communication *2004 Best Localisation Thesis Award


In this study, Pleurotus djamor was grown in different substrates i.e. paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse and co-substrates (sugarcane bagasse + paddy straw) in the ratio of 1:1 (w/w) in solid state fermentation for 28 days at an interval of 7 days, the biodegraded parameters viz., cellulose, lignin and reducing sugars were analyzed. In these findings, maximum degradation of cellulose and lignin were recorded in co-substrates (sugarcane bagasse + paddy straw) followed by a gradual decline in paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse used as substrate separately. Ultimately, there was a gradual increase in reducing sugar content in co-substrates (paddy straw + sugarcane bagasse) was noticed during the incubation period as compared with paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse alone. It was concluded that the pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse was an important parameter for increasing the cellulolytic and lignolytic enzyme production.


A case study was conducted at a small Catholic college attempting to change the cultural environment for people who identify themselves as different from the white, Catholic, middle class, heterosexual norm represented on the campus. Thirty members of the college faculty, students, and administration and staff were selected through stratified purposeful sampling to participate in semistructured interviews. Two additional participants, openly "out" homosexual students, were selected as elite participants for more detailed interviews. Findings suggest that, overall, there is a sense of caution regarding sexual orientation in this Catholic community, with the acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transvestite (LGBT) stemming from a social justice perspective. The social justice approach to nondiscrimination and eliminating the oppression of LGBT people fits the campus culture and environment. Interview findings indicate that LGBT faculty, staff, and students experience a relatively peaceful interconnection of religion and sexual orientation. Efforts by the administration to support various types of diversity initiatives have been accepted, and change in the college culture is occurring. (Contains 14 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Understanding Interconnections Between Cultural Differences 1 UNDERSTANDING INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Understanding Interconnections Between Cultural Differences: A Social Justice Imperative for Educational Administrators PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Susan M. Perlis, Assistant Professor Marywood University Graduate Education Department McGowan 2021 2300 Adams Avenue Scranton, PA 18509 Phone: 570-348-6211 x.2318 Email: email@example.com Joan Poliner Shapiro, Professor and Chair Temple University College of Education Educational Leadership and Policy Studies Department 246 Ritter Hall Phildelphia, PA 19122 Phone: 215-204-6645 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 12/This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Paper presented at the UCEA Conference in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 2, 2001.


Studying the dynamics of beams is considered an indispensable field for mechanical and civil engineering students. This paper describes, in detail, the use of smartphones in educational practical works to determine and examine the dynamic characteristics of beams subjected to free vibration. Where the smartphone is equipped with a mobile application to acquire the vibration data of the given beams and store it for processing. Three cases have been discussed, in which three types of boundary conditions have been presented. Also, a discussion was presented to show the influence of boundary conditions and material/geometrical properties of beams on the vibration damping of the system. In addition, some recommendations have been stated regarding the data collection and the processing step to mitigate the measurement errors. Experimental results show an agreement with theoretical results regarding the natural frequency and equivalent mass of the beam system which make the smartphone an alternative instrument to teach dynamic vibration of beams in case of the non-availability of professional equipment.


Abstract Epigenetic modifications play a key role in development and cell type specificity. These modifications seem to be particularly critical for brain development, where mutations in epigenetic enzymes have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders as well as with the function of post-mitotic neurons. Epigenetic modifications can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors, both known major risk factors for psychiatric disorders. Epigenetic modifications may thus be an important mediator of the effects of genetic and environmental risk factors on cell function. This review summarizes the different types of epigenetic regulation and then focuses on the mechanisms transducing environmental signals, especially adverse life events that are major risk factors for psychiatric disorders, into lasting epigenetic changes. This is followed by examples of how the environment can induce epigenetic changes that relate to the risk of psychiatric disorders.


Objectives: The pregnancy and postpartum period appear to be a time of heightened vulnerability for the development of major depression in some women. The treatment of depressive disorder during pregnancy is an important but complex clinical topic. This article provides a systemic review of treatments for depressive disorder during pregnancy and lactation: Psychotherapy, Pharmacotherapy, Electroconvulsive therapy and other effective treatments.
Methods: PubMed and EMBASE were searched using terms with regard to the treatment of depressive disorders during pregnancy and lactation. Reference lists of related reviews and studies were searched. In addition, relevant practice guidelines were searched using the PubMed. All identified clinical literatures were reviewed and summarized in a narrative manner.
Results: The treatment option for depressive disorders during pregnancy and lactation depends on the severity of depressive illnesses of the individual patient. For mild to moderate depression, the non-pharmacological treatment should be considered first. For moderate to severe depression, pharmacotherapy should be administered in addition to the psychosocial treatment. ECT is recommended for depressive disorder of severe intensity. Treatment strategies are described according to the point of time of pregnancy or lactation. FDA categories for antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation are described. In addition, issues regarding to the electroconvulsive therapy and psychosocial treatment are discussed.
Conclusion: Treatments during pregnancy and lactation requires a comprehensive assessment of the risks and benefits of treatment for both mother and fetus or neonate. Recently, there is growing evidence that the use of tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation does not result in increased risks of teratogenicity. As the research knowledge is limited, the recommendations should based on the best judgment of clinicians.


Listed companies rely more on equity financing because of its good conditions than non-listed companies,especially small and medium-sized businesses,who can only raise capital through bank loans or inner accumulation.That means different kinds of companies have different main sources of financing,either stockinput or liabilities input,either outer financing or inner financing,which leads to a dual structure of capital.To change the tendency,it is necessary to establish multiple-level capital market system,to adjust imbalanced corporate governance structure,to optimize business capital structure,and to solve the financing problem of small andmedium-sized businesses through different ways.


Operating experience with the 100 MWe Gaoba power plant, Neijiang, owned and operated by Sichuan Electric Power Administration (SEPA), has shown the circulating fluidised bed boiler to be very suitable for the local anthracite coal. This has a high ash and a high sulphur content that has proved difficult to burn in pulverised coal and stoker fired boilers.


Transgenic plants containing Am-SOD gene developed from embryogenic calli of Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati and, a new plant type (NPT) super rice variety, IR 70485-15-3-2 enroute co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumifaciens. AmSOD gene was housed under transcriptional control of CaMV 35S promoter and Nos polyadenylation signal in binary vector pCAMBIA 1301. Transformation efficiency was found to be very good. Molecular analysis involving PCR, slot and Southern blot showed integration of the gene at genome level in a few plants, which was further substantiated through an array of physiological studies conducted in vitro.


Incident reporting is becoming increasingly important in large organizations. Legislation is progressively being introduced to deal with this information. One example is the European Directive No. 94/95/EC, which obliges airlines and national bodies to collect and collate reports of incidents. Typically these organizations use manual files and standard databases to store and retrieve incident reports. However, research has established that database technology needs to be enhanced in order to deal with incidents. We describe the design and implementation of In-Ret, an incident report retrieval system that endeavours to find similarities and patterns between incidents by combining the strengths of case-based reasoning and information retrieval techniques in an integrated system. Preliminary results from InRet are presented and are encouraging.


At Crowborough Birthing Centre (CBC) we rely on neither cardiotocograph monitors nor epidurals for labour. This gives us time to be truly 'with woman'. Instead, we fully use our observation to monitor the 'normal', and our skills as midwives to reduce the use of drugs. In doing so we have facilitated an environment, both spiritual and loving, where birth is a memorable experience for all the right reasons, for all concerned.


Much is being written about "cognitive engineering" or the process of applying psychology and human factors engineering data to human interface design. Most of this literature is strong on theoretic advocacy of such a process but weak on implementation details. The present paper describes in detail the first part of one suggested methods for cognitive engineering of computer interfaces. This crucial first phase is the acquisition of knowledge from potential users and subject matter experts about what the computer system will do and how it should do it. Most contemporary application development processes rely heavily on user inputs, using these inputs to deliver what the user "wants." Unfortunately what the user "wants" often differs from what the user "needs." The present cognitive engineering method uses objective processes called concept mapping to process user inputs into system requirements based on needs rather than wants. New software under development to create and analyze concept maps is described and sample output is presented. An application based on efforts to assist development of the Open Command Tactical Information System (CTIS) command and control system of the Air Force's Alaskan Air Command serves as an example of the process.<<ETX>>


Abstract Suicide is a leading health issue, which substantially contributes to the causes of death worldwide. Personality traits are some of the major risk factors for suicidality. We sought to identify the relationships between personality traits and suicidality by age group. The Big-Five Inventory-10 traits were measured in community-dwelling individuals in a nationally representative sample in the Republic of Korea. Because personality traits are long-standing patterns throughout one's lifetime, suicidality was measured based on lifetime history, rather than in a recent period. To comprehensively examine independent influences of personality traits on suicidality, psychiatric comorbidity and sociodemographic data were adjusted for. A total of 6022 subjects (3714 females and 2308 males) were included. Agreeableness (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidential intervals (CI)] = 0.79 [0.64–0.98]) was negatively associated with suicidal ideation, whereas neuroticism (1.27 [1.05–1.54]) and openness (1.36 [1.11–1.67]) were positively associated with suicidal ideation among young adults. Openness (1.25 [1.10–1.43]) had a positive association, and conscientiousness (0.86 [0.75–0.98]) had a negative association with suicidal ideation among the middle-aged group. Neuroticism is the only influencing factor for suicidal attempts among the young adult (1.88 [1.24–2.86]) and older (1.65 [1.24–2.20]) groups. Given the differential associations between personality traits and suicidality by age groups, future studies are needed to comprehensively identify possible roles of personality in suicide by age.


The basement rocks of North Island, New Zealand, comprise metasedimentary terranes that were accreted onto the eastern Gondwana margin during Mesozoic subduction. Since the Oligocene, these terranes have been sitting at the leading edge of the Australian Plate, as the hanging wall of the Hikurangi subduction margin, overriding the subducting Pacific Plate. This thesis examines the thermo-tectonic histories of the basement rocks in North Island, using fission-track and (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology.  In eastern North Island, thermochronological data from the basement rocks record the exhumation histories since the latest Jurassic, related to two subduction cycles. Zircon fission-track analysis yields detrital or slightly reset ages (264–102 Ma); apatite fission-track ages range from 122 to 7.9 Ma and (U-Th-Sm)/He from 33.3 to 6.0 Ma.  In central North Island, modelled thermal histories suggest that the basement rocks were exhumed to shallow levels (<2 km) of the crust in the Early Cretaceous (~150–135 Ma). This was followed by a period of reheating until ~100 Ma, which is interpreted to be the result of burial by sedimentation above the accretionary wedge. From 100 Ma, models indicate thermo-tectonic quiescence until the Late Oligocene.  During the late Cenozoic, exhumation of the basement rocks accelerated at ~27 Ma in the western margin of the axial ranges (Kaimanawa Mountains). This acceleration in exhumation rate is interpreted to reflect the initiation of the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath central North Island. Since the Late Oligocene, basement exhumation in the axial ranges migrated towards the trough. Modelled thermal histories indicate significant eastwards reverse faulting on the margin-parallel Ngamatea Fault between ~27 and 20 Ma and on the Wellington-Mohaka Fault between ~20 and 10 Ma.  In contrast to the activity in the axial ranges, in western North Island, the exhumational response of the basement rocks to the Cenozoic subduction was less significant and not revealed from the present thermochronological data.  Since the Late Miocene, the exhumation rate in the axial ranges has varied significantly along-strike, lower in the centre and higher to the north and south. During the last 10 Myr, the total magnitude of exhumation has been ~4 km in the Wellington region in the south, >1 km in the Raukumara Range in the north and negligible (less than a few hundred metres) in the central axial ranges in the Hawke's Bay region. Although the accumulation of underplated material at the basal upper plate may have contributed to the localised rock uplift and exhumation (e.g. in the Raukumara Range), margin-normal shortening of the upper plate in the forearc of the Hikurangi Margin has most likely dominated the unroofing process of the axial ranges.  In northwestern North Island, the Northland Allochthon, an assemblage of Cretaceous–Oligocene sedimentary rocks, was emplaced during the Late Oligocene–earliest Miocene, onto in situ Mesozoic and early Cenozoic rocks. Detrital zircon and apatite fission-track ages reveal that the basal Northland Allochthon sequences and the underlying Miocene autochthonous sedimentary rocks were predominantly derived from the local Jurassic terrane (Waipapa Supergrop) and perhaps the Late Cretaceous volcanics. In addition, the Early Miocene autochthon contains significant sedimentary influx from the Late Oligocene volcanics related to the subduction initiation in northern New Zealand.  Zircon and apatite fission-track data from the in situ Mesozoic basement were inverted using thermo-kinematic models coupled with an inversion algorithm. The results suggest that during the Late Oligocene, ~4–6 km thick nappes were emplaced onto the in situ rocks in the northernmost Northland region. Prior to basement unroofing in the Early Miocene, the nappes thinned towards the south. Following allochthon emplacement, eastern Northland was uplifted and unroofed rapidly over a period of ~1–6 Myr, leading to ~0.4–1.5 km erosion of the allochthon. Since the mid-Miocene, due to the decline in tectonic activity in this region, the Northland Allochthon and the underlying rocks have been eroded slowly.  This thesis has documented variable exhumation and burial processes that occurred in the upper plates of both the Mesozoic Gondwana and late Cenozoic Hikurangi subduction margins. The results provide the foundation for future studies to investigate the kinematics and mechanism of the crustal exhumation and deformation of the North Island basement in further detail.


How does credit from the financial sector and claims on the central government affect banking sector liquidity and financial stability risks? This paper constructs an algorithm, which investigates the impact of domestic credit from the financial sector, bank to capital assets ratio, claims on the central government on banking sector liquidity – a proxy for financial stability. The results show a positive and statistically significant impact of the capital assets ratio on the bank's liquidity of 3.1%. It equally finds that domestic credit and claims on central government hurt bank liquidity, notably of -0.15% and -2.5%, respectively. The study recommends that commercial banks invest in higher-value domestic projects to improve their profitability over the long-run, thereby boosting financial stability. Furthermore, the central bank should make additional liquidity for banks contingent on the amount of credit they provide to the real economy.


The Mission Operations Laboratory (MOL) at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is responsible for Engineering Support capability for NASA s Ares launch system development. In pursuit of this, MOL is building the Ares Engineering and Operations Network (AEON), a web-based portal intended to provide a seamless interface to support and simplify two critical activities: a) Access and analyze Ares manufacturing, test, and flight performance data, with access to Shuttle data for comparison. b) Provide archive storage for engineering instrumentation data to support engineering design, development, and test. A mix of NASA-written and COTS software provides engineering analysis tools. A by-product of using a data portal to access and display data is access to collaborative tools inherent in a Web 2.0 environment. This paper discusses how Web 2.0 techniques, particularly social media, might be applied to the traditionally conservative and formal engineering support arena. A related paper by the author [1] considers use


We demonstrate a strong dependence of the indium incorporation efficiency on the strain state in m-oriented GaInN/GaN multi quantum well (MQW) structures. Insertion of a partially relaxed AlInN buffer layer opens up the opportunity to manipulate the strain situation in the MQW grown on top. By lattice-matching this AlInN layer to the c- or a-axis of the underlying GaN, relaxation towards larger a- or smaller c-lattice constants can be induced, respectively. This results in a modified template for the subsequent MQW growth. From X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence measurements, we derive significant effects on the In incorporation efficiency and In concentrations in the quantum well (QW) up to x = 38% without additional accumulation of strain energy in the QW region. This makes strain manipulation a very promising method for growth of high In-containing MQW structures for efficient, long wavelength light-emitting devices.


Viscosity-average relative molecular masses have been determined for a series of chitosans having the same relative molecular mass and relative molecular mass distribution but differing extents of N-acetylation. The results obtained show that the same viscometric constants in the Mark-Houwink equation [η] = Km ·Ma are applicable to chitosans over the range between 0 and 40% N-acetylation Comparison of literature values for number- and weight-avepge rela-tive molecular masses Mn, and Mw, with the viscosity-average relative molecular mass M, values calculated using the related viscosity data and each of the three sets of viscometric constants that have been proposed for chitosan, confirms that the most accurate values currently available are km = 1,81 · cm−3 · 10−1 and a = 0,93, using 0,l M acetic acid/0,2M NaCl as solvent.


Neural networks are computing models based on human brains. We propose a neural network using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for neurons and amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) thin films for synapses. It is found that electric current in the a-IGZO thin film gradually decreases along the time. On the other hand, the degradation does not occur when light is irradiated. These phenomena can be utilized for the synapses in the neural network. It is confirmed that after the learning, the neural network replies the correct answer of AND logic. These results indicate that the neural networks using a-IGZO thin films have a great potential to realize future neural networks.


Background: education program plays a major role in teaching, enhancing, and improving nurses' knowledge and practice regarding bowel stoma care. Aim: To study the effectiveness of education program on nurses' performance regarding bowel stoma care at the governmental hospitals in Khartoum state. Methods: A quasi-experimental hospital base study was conducted in three governmental hospitals; fifty nurses were chosen by using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling technique. Data were collected using checklist for practice assessment in three phases. Data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (Version 23) presented in tables and figures using descriptive percentages, means and stander deviation, chi sure test used for relation significance and T-test used to show the difference between pre and post means. Results: shows that mean of total practice score changed from poor to good .and there was a highly significant difference at p ˂ .001 between pre- and post-implementing education program. Conclusion: On light of the study results it can be concluded that there was a highly significant improvement in practice items between pre and post education program, and the study recommended that there should be an in-service training and periodic educational programs targeting nurses to improve nurse's knowledge and practices.


The paper develops a regression based model of exit time from poverty. The model provides an integrated framework for analysing how policy interventions which target the growth rate of consumption, household and community characteristics, the poverty line, and inequality would affect the average exit time from poverty. The method is then illustrated using Malawian data from the Third Integrated Household Survey. The empirical results indicate that reduction in vertical inequalities relative to horizontal inequalities in Malawi would lead to a larger reduction in the length of time poor people stay poor. In both rural and urban areas, increases in the education of females have a larger effect on the exit time, and increases in employment in the tertiary industry reduce the exit time by a larger amount than employment in the primary or the secondary industries.


The present invention belongs to the technical field of biological pharmacy, and in particular relates to a preparation and purification method of tetra-hydroxyl xanthone mango aglycone (norathyriol), and an application thereof in hypoglycemic medicine. Based on biological experiments, mango glycoside is used as raw material; under the condition with phenol and hydroiodic acid, carbon-carbon bonds are broken to produce the crude product of mango aglycone; the crude product is separated and purified through silica gel column chromatography so that the mango aglycone is separated; the yield rate reaches 12 percent, the purity is higher than 95 percent, and the reproduction performance is good; the IGTT of C57BL/6 normal mice is effectively improved with the norathyriol; and simultaneously the quantity of insulin secretion induced by glucose in vivo for the C57BL/6 normal mice can be improved with the norathyriol. Therefore, the mango aglycone can be applied for preparation of hypoglycemic medicine.


The invention concerns the location and characterization of a gene (designated NIM1) that is a key component of the SAR pathway and that in connection with chemical and biological inducers enables induction of SAR gene expression and broad spectrum disease resistance in plants. The NIM1 gene product is a structural homologue of the mammalian signal transduction factor I kappa B subclass alpha . The present invention exploits this discovery to provide altered forms of NIM1 that act as dominant-negative regulators of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signal transduction pathway. These altered forms of NIM1 confer the opposite phenotype as the nim1 mutant in plants transformed with the altered forms of NIM1, i.e. the transgenic plants exhibit constitutive SAR gene expression and a constitutive immunity (CIM) phenotype. The invention further concerns transformation vectors and processes for overexpressing the NIM1 gene in plants. The transgenic plants thus created have broad spectrum disease resistance. The present invention further concerns DNA molecules encoding altered forms of the NIM1 gene, expression vectors containing such DNA molecules, and plants and plant cells transformed therewith. The invention further concerns transformation vectors and processes for overexpressing the NIM1 gene in plants. Disclosed are vectors and processes for producing overexpression of the NIM1 gene in plants. The invention also concerns methods of activating SAR in plants and conferring to plants a CIM phenotype and broad spectrum disease resistance by transforming the plants with DNA molecules encoding altered forms of the NIM1 gene product.


We develop potential theory including a Bernstein-Walsh type estimate for functions of the form $p(z)q(f(z))$ where $p,q$ are polynomials and $f$ is holomorphic. Such functions arise in the study of certain ensembles of probability measures and our estimates lead to probabilistic results such as large deviation principles.


There are a large number of sensor nodes in wireless sensor network, whose main function is to process data scientifically, so that it can better sense and cooperate. In the network coverage, it can comprehensively collect the main information of the monitoring object, and send the monitoring data through short-range wireless communication to the gateway. Although there are many applications in WSNs, a multi-Target tracking and detection algorithm and the optimization problem of the wireless sensor networks are discussed in this paper. It can be obviously seen from the simulation results that this node cooperative program using particle CBMeMBer filtering algorithm can perfectly handle multi-target tracking, even if the sensor model is seriously nonlinear. Simulation results show that the tracking - forecasting data association scheme applying GM-CBMeMBer, which is proposed in this paper, runs well in identifying multiple target state, and can improve the estimation accuracy of multiple target state.


The design of a simple electronic temperature controller with a fast response time using a resistance bridge and readily available integrated amplifiers is described.


Nowadays, the information security has achieved a great importance, both when information is sent through a non-secure network (as the Internet) and when data are stored in massive storage devices. The cryptographic algorithms are used in order to guarantee the security of data sent or stored. A lot of research is being done in order to improve the performance of the current cryptographic algorithms, including the use of FPGAs. In this work we present an implementation of the IDEA cryptographic algorithm using reconfigurable hardware (FPGAs). In addition, in order to improve the performance of the algorithm, partial and dynamic reconfiguration has been used to implement our final circuit. This fact allows us to obtain a very high encryption speed (14.757 Gb/s), getting better results than those found in the literature.


In this paper I address the relationship between two central movements in contemporary political theory and practice: Liberal multiculturalism and the human rights revolution.I begin by outlining Will Kymlicka's influential conception of liberal multiculturalism. In his recent book, Multicultural Odysseys, Kymlicka argues that multicultural policies (aimed at publicly recognizing and supporting the distinct identities and practices of ethnocultural minorities) can promote freedom, democracy, and human rights. Kymlicka identifies three key features of liberal multiculturalism: it is group-differentiated; it involves recognition and redistribution; and it emphasizes the mutual constraining relationship between nation-building and multiculturalism.Kymlicka makes several claims about the relationship between liberal multiculturalism and the "human rights revolution" initiated by the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. One purpose of this paper is to clarify the conceptual terrain surrounding liberal multiculturalism by considering the implications of Kymlicka's idea that a deep commitment to universal human rights forms the backdrop to the development of defensible multiculturalist policies. This requires a brief account of human rights themselves, along with a discussion of the sense in which minority rights count as human rights.Another aim of the paper is to distinguish two claims about liberal egalitarian values, one causal, the other logical. (1) The "liberal expectancy/gravitational pull" thesis is a causal thesis about an "expectation" or prediction that liberal-democratic values will spread once they have gained a foothold. (2) The (deontic) logical thesis addresses the escalator of equality and reason, i.e., the idea that a commitment to equality of concern and respect for persons logically generates an expansive movement to include those previously – and illegitimately – excluded from the scope of moral and political principles. In the paper I explain each thesis in detail, giving examples along the way, and I consider the plausibility of each claim.Kymlicka emphasizes equality amongst individuals and cultures, but the two value-equality claims are distinguishable and require distinct defenses. Moreover, in my view, the moral individualism of human rights discourse is tied to a strong default position that prioritizes individual equality.This last point has two implications for liberal multiculturalism. First, the explication and development of group-differentiated rights must be constrained by the perspective of each affected individual person. Secondly, the very rationale for group-differentiated rights of various kinds is precisely the instrumental role of such rights in promoting the equal concern and respect of individual persons that is partly definitive of both democratic liberalism and human rights culture.The upshot of my discussion is that liberal multiculturalism can be understood as the third stage of the human rights revolution only if we carefully identify the practices, policies, and underlying justifying arguments in support of liberal multiculturalism.