text:
Carpet Cleaning Strategies How to Have Clear Product Carpets
, Posted in: School, Author: Admin (July 6, 2017)
Carpet can be a delicate covering with the flooring which is produced in fibers – synthetic or normal. It provides plenty of values which include convenience, heat, basic safety, splendor and seem absorption. Carpet delivers comfort and ease and heat for becoming smooth. It truly is a great insulator that may be valuable in particular for the duration of winter season. It offers safety because it reduces the affect of a slide. Carpet can be fantastic any time you want your home to generally be peaceful and serene. It lowers sounds coming from your outside or in just the rooms of a residence. And finally, carpet adds attractiveness and magnificence to properties. If is available in distinctive dimensions and colours this means you haven't any motive that no carpet can in shape the house.
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Diverse stains call for distinctive carpet cleaning techniques with which to eliminate them. Such as, for anyone wine stains, you should should blot the surplus liquid, utilize some white wine, blot this and repeat right before rinsing it and drying the carpet rapidly.
Combine two cups heat water with 1 tablespoon liquid castile cleaning soap. Stir effectively, to ensure the soap dissolves effectively, and insert a quarter cup white vinegar, 6 drops lavender crucial oil, and 3 drops clary sage necessary oil. Have a sponge and use it to use the answer on one particular smaller place at a time. Rub the cleaner while in the fibres using a brush. When you deal with the entire carpet, depart it to dry and vacuum to restore its fibres.
Nevertheless you can decide to perform carpet cleansing all by yourself, however it necessitates plenty of financial investment. You need to acquire a pricey carpet cleaning process to be sure ideal final results. When you clean up the carpet by yourself, then you certainly should initial vacuum the complete carpet spot to make sure that the free particles are from the carpet. You must change all other things like household furniture to other room to ensure the dust does not spill in excess of them.
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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|10 Jul 2001
|Fecha de presentación
|26 Dic 1996
|Fecha de prioridad
|26 Dic 1996
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Kurt B. Robinson
|Cesionario original
|Intel Corporation
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (16), Otras citas (1), Citada por (43), Clasificaciones (12), Eventos legales (6)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to flash electrically-erasable programmable read only memory ("EEPROM") and, more particularly, to methods and an apparatus for providing an interface for flash EEPROM memory arrays that allows determination of the characteristics of the memory array.
Flash EEPROM memory arrays are being used for many purposes in present day digital systems (e.g., computers) because of the ability of flash EEPROM memory arrays to retain data when power is removed and to be easily reprogrammed without being removed from a system. A flash EEPROM memory array is comprised of floating gate field effect transistor devices arranged in row and column fashion. The charge stored on the floating gate of such a memory transistor may be changed by programming, and the state of the charge may be detected by sensing voltage across the device. Because these flash EEPROM arrays may be easily reprogrammed, they are being used as substitutes for normal EPROM arrays to provide read-only memory that may be easily updated.
A flash memory array is accessed for reading and writing in the same manner as are dynamic random access memory (DRAM) arrays using row and column addressing in byte, word, or larger sequences of bits. However, because of the manner in which data is stored, a flash memory array, unlike a typical DRAM device, cannot be overwritten without first erasing the devices. Flash memory arrays used as substitutes for EPROM arrays are typically erased in large blocks (that may constitute the entire array) before being reprogrammed.
Flash EEPROM memory arrays are also being used to provide smaller lighter functional equivalents of electromechanical hard disk drives. Flash memory arrays designed to replace hard disk drives (referred to herein as "flash disk drives") operate more reliably and are not as sensitive to physical damage as electromechanical hard disk drives. Because of these characteristics, flash disk drives are especially useful in portable computers where space is at a premium and weight is important.
Electro-mechanical disk drives have historically used an industry standard interface referred to as an "ATA interface." The ATA interface was specifically designed to provide communication between a computer system and a rotating electromechanical disk drive. Because of this, the ATA interface was defined in terms of primitive functions that are directly applicable to rotating electromechanical disk drives. An electromechanical hard disk drive is a directly-overwritable, block read/write, rotating media that is capable of primitive functions including "do a slow seek for a logical address or a cylinder head sector," "read a sector or multiple sectors," and "write a sector."
Flash EEPROM array primitive functions include, for example, "read and write at the byte, word, or small block level" and "erase at a large block level." The ATA interface does not communicate in flash memory array primitives. When a flash disk drive replaces an electromechanical disk drive, it uses the ATA interface to communicate with other computer components. Therefore, it has been necessary to provide circuitry by which the signals used by a computer to access electromechanical hard disk drives may be understood by the flash disk drive. The process of translating electro-mechanical rotating disk drive functions to flash disk drive functions has required a substantial amount of hardware and software overhead.
For example, one type of flash disk drive interposes a command user interface on the same silicon substrate (chip) with the flash memory array to interpret the commands provided at the ATA interface. The flash disk drive command user interface accepts the ATA signals and controls the operations necessary to access the flash disk drive. The flash disk drive command user interface typically includes state machines that receive commands intended for a rotating disk, decode those commands, and generate commands adapted to carry out the purposes of the ATA commands within a flash disk drive.
Recently, there has appeared a lower cost alternative to a flash disk drive that combines disk emulation software running on a host computer with a low cost flash memory device array. The flash memory device array comprises one or more flash memory devices contained in one of several system packaging options, including a removable memory card, a system-resident single-in-line-memory module (SIMM), and a resident flash array, devices mounted directly on the system motherboard. The combination of any one of these plain flash memory device subsystems with disk emulation software is referred to in this specification as a flash disk emulator.
Many of the operations necessary for either a command user interface or a flash disk emulator to translate from commands phrased in primitives of a rotating disk are quite complicated. For example, in some flash disk drives and other flash storage devices, data is first written to empty blocks of the memory array chosen under control of the command user interface; and then the physical address at which the data is stored is recorded in lookup tables along with the rotating disk addresses provided externally. This allows the data to be recovered when the rotating addresses are provided.
Early flash memory arrays addressed data in single bytes. As flash memory arrays have evolved, addressing in words and double words have become possible, often in the same array. The ability to provide these different forms of addressing have complicated the operations of the device command user interface. Recently, flash disk drives have been devised that use buffering to allow the transfer of large amounts of data even though the array cannot immediately handle that data because of its slower combined erasing and writing speed. These enhancements increase the complexity of flash disk drive and flash emulator operations.
The basic flash need to erase in large blocks further complicates operations that flash disk drives and flash disk emulators must carry out. When data is updated, stale data that cannot be overwritten must be marked invalid, the new data must be written to empty array space, and the address tables must be updated to provide a new physical address. This method of updating causes the data in a file to be written to discontiguous positions. When a sufficient amount of data in a large block becomes invalid, the remaining valid data must be copied to empty array space in some other block, the address tables must be updated, and the block must be erased to recover the array space.
The writing of flash EEPROM devices is slower than writing DRAM memory because storing data on the floating gate of a transistor requires substantial voltages and relatively long charging times. Both the writing process and the copy process are thus too long to be competitive with DRAM write times. A write state machine is typically positioned on the chip to assist a command user interface and is used to conduct write and copy operations so that data is accurately stored without overwriting other data in the array. Moreover, the erase process (a process not required by DRAM or electro-mechanical memory) is typically slow, as long as one-half second for some flash drives. Because of this, the erase process is typically conducted as a background process run by the write state machine or by additional on-chip state machines under control of the flash disk drive firmware or flash disk emulator software operating beneath their respective command user interfaces. The time required to conduct erase operations is such that some flash memory device command user interfaces accepts commands that suspend the erase operation to allow various other operations to occur.
Recently, flash memory arrays have been devised that allow the storage of more than one bit of data in a single memory cell. This has substantially increased the complication of the circuitry required to translate commands and data between the flash memory array and the ATA (flash disk drive) and flash disk emulator interfaces. As will be understood, all of this overhead is expensive and slows the operation of the flash memory array.
The ATA interface hides the complexity of the underlying flash disk drive internal software (firmware). A host-system typically employs a single ATA device driver that translates instructions from the disk file system maintained by the operating system such as the boot parameter block/file allocation table ("BPB/FAT") file system in the Microsoft DOS and Windows operating systems. This driver is used by all ATA-compatible devices, both rotating and flash-based. The ATA interface was designed to provide forward and backward compatibility for all ATA devices without requiring software updates to the host system device driver. However, the ATA interface, as presently constituted, eliminates the ability to use the flash disk devices for many operations for which transistor memory is especially well suited. For example, even though a flash memory array may inherently be accessed as rapidly as dynamic random access memory, direct random access is not possible using the ATA interface because of the translation overhead and because of the manner in which data is stored. Because the cells of flash memory arrays cannot be over-written and consequently store file data in discontiguous positions of the flash array, a data file that is read from a flash memory array must be reassembled in main memory before it can be used. Because memory management of the flash memory array makes it necessary to reconstruct files read from flash storage devices in DRAM memory before use, direct execution of applications has been foreclosed in flash disk drives with an ATA interface.
Even if it were possible to store the portions of an application contiguously in a flash memory device, executing an application directly from a flash memory device would be very difficult. First, the ATA interface does not provide any direct access to the memory array for direct execution of instructions in the access time that a basic flash memory itself provides for read operations. Moreover, there is simply no manner of determining the characteristics of the particular flash memory device with which communication is being attempted so that communications can be carried on directly in terms by which the data in the array may be manipulated.
Because of these problems, flash disk drives have typically been used for long term storage of data where the ability to read and write data rapidly is not crucial.
Currently a flash disk emulator has strengths and weaknesses that contrast with those of an ATA-compatible flash drive. The flash disk emulator consists of a two-layer software driver and a memory card or other flash array. The upper level driver layer is referred to as a flash translation layer ("FTL") driver (PCMCIA specification release date May 1996) while each low level driver ("LLD") is usually designed by an original equipment manufacturer and is unique to the flash memory device and card combination. In addition to supporting disk emulation, the memory card or array can be partitioned in one or more additional regions that can support direct random memory access. Thus, a "plain" flash memory card or flash array allows the host system and its user to take advantage of fast direct access to the flash memory device contents in support of direct code execution
The disadvantage of current flash disk emulator implementations is the custom nature of the low level driver. A low level driver currently reads a device identifier ("device ID") and refers to a lookup table to determine both a command sequence or algorithm and a set of card and/or device geometry and system interface parameters such as voltage and timing to be used with that device.
Such a driver has no way of determining the characteristics of any particular flash memory device with which it is associated except through the lookup table. Consequently, when a new flash memory device is introduced to the host system, the host cannot recognize the new device identifier and therefore cannot use the new card/device combination. This prevents forward compatibility and creates hardship for the typical flash card user who cannot easily find or implement the new required device driver. Because each low level driver must be written to include the particular disk emulator, each time an enhanced version of a flash memory device appears the low level driver must be rewritten to include the new features that the flash memory device offers. For example, drivers must be rewritten to include larger data words, increased buffer transfer size, and the like.
Furthermore, when a new device driver is being made available for the host system, the software writer faces code size and complexity constraints that may lead to a decision to drop older device algorithms. Hence, the new driver may sacrifice backward compatibility.
It is desirable to provide an interface for a flash storage device that allows communications with the flash memory array in the primitive terms used to control the flash memory array within such a flash storage device so that the device may be used for purposes for which transistor memory arrays are especially suited.
It is also desirable for devices using flash memory arrays to include a compatible interface by which the characteristics of the devices may be determined to provide initialization values for software drivers.
A device is described that includes a memory array, a query memory, and an interface. The memory array includes a plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory devices arranged to be accessed in rows and columns. The query memory stores data defining characteristics of the flash memory device. The interface receives data and commands addressed to the flash memory devices. The interface generates signals for effecting the purpose of the commands within the flash memory devices. The interface includes circuitry for receiving a command and responding by returning the data stored in the query memory as an output.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows below.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which the references indicate similar elements, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system with a flash memory device array.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a prior art electro-mechanical hard disk drive, a prior art flash disk drive, and a flash memory device array designed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a flash memory device.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating signals that may be returned in response to a query command with respect to a flash memory device.
As described in more detail below, an embodiment of the invention includes an interface for connecting a long term memory device including a flash EEPROM memory device array designed to accept a query command from other components of a computer system and return data that defines the physical properties and the functions of the flash memory device in terms that directly relate to a flash EEPROM memory array. The data derived by a query command may be used to initialize a system device driver to provide commands that most effectively manipulate data in the flash memory device.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system 10 configured in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. For one embodiment, computer system 10 is a personal computer or a laptop computer. For other embodiments, computer system 10 resides within a cellular telephone, a digital camera, a personal digital assistant, or other apparatus under computer control. The system 10 illustrated includes a central processing unit ("CPU") 11 that executes the various instructions provided to control the operations of the system 10. For one embodiment, CPU 11 is a microprocessor. For other embodiments, CPU 11 is a microcontroller or other type of processor. CPU 11 is joined by a processor bus to a bridge circuit 14 that controls access to an input/output bus 12 adapted to carry information between the various components of the system 10. The bridge 14 is also joined by a memory bus to main memory 13 that is typically constructed of dynamic random access memory arranged to store information during a period in which power is provided to the system 10. In FIG. 1, the bus 12 is preferably a peripheral component interface ("PCI") bus or other local bus adapted to provide especially fast transfers of data. For other embodiments, other types of buses may be used. Various input/output devices are connected as bus master and bus slave circuits to the bus 12. Flash memory device array 18 is connected to PCI bus 12. For an alternative embodiment, flash memory device array 18 is joined to a secondary bus (not shown), such as an Industry Standard Association ("ISA") bus or an Extended Industry Standard Association ("EISA") bus. For one embodiment, flash memory device array 18 uses the interface described in more detail below to connect to a bus.
Flash memory device array 18 is a long term memory. Flash memory device array 18 may be a flash memory card or other type of flash memory array such as a single-in-line-memory module or a resident flash array. In the past, long term memory would typically be an electro-mechanical hard disk drive. However, a flash EEPROM memory array in the form of a flash disk drive or a flash memory device array may be used in place of such a hard disk drive as the long term memory. In order to illustrate differences from the prior art, FIG. 2 shows three types of long term memories coupled to bus 12, namely, a prior art electro-mechanical hard disk drive 16, a prior art flash disk drive 17, and a flash memory device array 18, the latter being one embodiment of the present invention. Flash memory device array 18 may be used as the long term memory in place of electromechanical hard disk drive 16. Flash memory device array 18 or any flash memory array may be one in which a memory cell stores a single bit of data or a multi-level memory system in which a memory cell may store more than one bit of data. A flash disk drive may include an array of one or more flash memory devices each having circuitry for reading, programming (writing), and erasing the cells of that flash memory device and circuitry external to the flash memory device for controlling the operations of the entire memory array. A flash disk emulator typically employs a flash memory device array that includes an array of one or more flash memory devices in which the circuitry for reading, programming, and erasing the cells of each flash memory device is contained completely within each such device.
FIG. 2 illustrates a system software/hardware interface provided at a bus 12 to which are coupled an ATA compatible electromechanical hard disk drive 16, the flash disk drive 17, and flash memory device array 18. FIG. 2 illustrates a software application program located in system memory executing on a computer microprocessor with the assistance of an operating system that controls access to various input/output devices of the computer. The operating system includes an operating system kernel that maintains a software disk file system in memory through which the various files are maintained. The operating system uses the disk file system to store and retrieve data from files kept in the memory system of the computer. When a file is stored on the electromechanical disk drive 16, the operating system transfers control to a software IDE/ATA device driver that is used to access the drive 16 and is maintained as a part of the operating system.
Similarly, if a file is stored on a flash disk drive 17, access is obtained through the operating system using the same IDE/ATA device driver. In the arrangement illustrated, the flash disk drive 17 receives commands and data related thereto from the ATA device driver defined in terms that are directly useful to a rotating electromechanical hard disk drive. Because an ATA device driver is designed to provide information for an electro-mechanical hard disk drive, the commands transferred to the flash disk drive 17 from the ATA device driver may direct that a seek operation for a particular rotating hard disk drive sector should be accomplished, that a read of one of more such sectors should occur, or that similar sector-related operations should take place.
The prior art flash disk drive 17 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes an array 23 of flash EEPROM memory devices that is designed to be accessed using chip, block, row, and column addressing. To deal with commands designed for a rotating disk device in accessing a row and column device, the flash disk 17 includes external command user interface ("CUI") circuitry for receiving and handling commands addressed to a plurality of silicon chips that together constitute a flash memory array 23. In one embodiment, this external command user interface circuitry includes an ASIC logic block 20 that receives commands furnished by the ATA device driver on the PCI bus 12. The logic block 20 is assisted by a processor 21 having associated random access memory and read only memory for assisting its operation. These together form what is in effect a small general purpose computer for carrying out the various operations directed to the flash disk drive 17. The logic block 20 accepts commands directed to that drive 17 and with the help of the processor 21 translates those commands and the associated addresses into information that is useful for accessing a row and column array. The logic block 20 and the processor 21 may be considered to function as an overall command user interface for the flash disk drive 17.
The flash memory array 23 shown includes flash EEPROM devices 24 each having a number of blocks 25 of memory transistors. One embodiment includes thirty-two individual large blocks, each having sixty-four kilobytes of flash EEPROM memory cells. Each device 24 also includes circuitry for controlling the application of signals and voltages to accomplish the read, write, copy, and erase functions in the individual blocks. Each flash EEPROM device 24 of the array 23 includes a command user interface ("CUI") including one or more state machines. A typical flash device command user interface is designed to receive all commands addressed to the individual flash device 24 from the logic block 20 no matter what their address on the device and use those commands to carry out the different operations commanded. The flash device CUI often uses a write state machine to control write, copy, and erase operations and certain other internal operations of the memory devices of the flash device.
Thus, the command user interfaces within each of the flash memory devices 24 are typically used for erasing the blocks 25 of cells and reading or writing data in row and column addresses while the ATA command user interface (including logic block 20 and processor 21) external to the devices 24 deals in cylinder/head/sector or logical block address representative of a mechanical disk drive.
Prior art flash disk emulators (although not shown in FIG. 2) include a low level driver between the IDE/ATA device driver and the emulator that performs the functions performed in the device 17 by the external command user interface made up of the logic block 20 and the processor 21 and associated memory for translating the ATA commands to commands that may be carried out by a row and column array. As pointed out above, such a low level driver is not forward compatible and thus will not function with new flash disk emulators as they appear.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus and a method are provided for directly defining the characteristics of flash storage devices in terms of flash EEPROM primitives rather than rotating disk primitives as they have been defined in prior art arrangements. This allows direct access of a flash memory array for reading and executing the data stored therein using software drivers initialized by values obtained as a result of a query function provided by the flash storage device.
In FIG. 2, a new high level software driver 35 is provided as a part of the operating system. This software driver (called a flash translation layer (FTL) driver) translates the information provided from the disk file system to flash EEPROM primitives. The high level driver 35 provides addresses and data to a low level driver 36 particularly adapted to function with the flash device provided. The low level driver 36 provides many of the functions heretofore provided by the command user interface 20 of the flash disk drive 17.
As may be seen in FIG. 2, the flash memory device array 18 includes a plurality of individual flash EEPROM memory devices 27 and a decoder 29 for directing commands to memory cells in blocks of particular devices 27. The flash memory device array 18 and the two software drivers 35 and 36 together form the flash disk emulator of the present invention (shown enclosed in dotted lines in the figure). As explained with respect to prior art flash disk emulators, various of the functions included in hardware in the flash disk drive 17 have been replaced by functions within the high and low software drivers.
FIG. 3 illustrates of a flash memory device 27 built in accordance with one embodiment the present invention. The flash memory device 27 of FIG. 3 includes a device command interface 40 with address decode circuitry 43 and state machines 44. An additional write state machine 41 is associated with the command user interface to assist in programming and erasing the cells of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells 48. A write buffer 45 is provided by which data is furnished to the blocks of flash memory cells 48. A status register 46 provides operational status of the device 27 and a data multiplexor 47 controls transfer of data out of the device 27.
The flash memory device 27 also includes an identification/query mode read only memory ("ROM") 31 in which are stored details of the characteristics of the particular flash memory cell technology and control circuitry of each flash memory device 27. The identification/query mode ROM 31 responds to a query command provided as a portion of the high level device driver software 35 and decoded by the device command user interface 40.
The device drivers 35 and 36 provide an algorithm for interfacing with the flash memory device 27 that may include a command set. The commands of the basic command set may include a query command, a read command, a write command, a read status command, an erase command, and a suspend command. The command set may also include additional commands adapted to be carried out by the various circuitry under control of these device drivers.
A query command directed to an address decoder 29 causes the ROM 31 to provide data that indicate the physical parameters of the flash disk device. FIG. 4 illustrates data that may be returned by a query command.
For one embodiment of the flash memory device 27, the high level driver 35 receives commands that are translated and sent to the low level driver 36. All of this command data is provided to the low level driver 36 by the high level driver 35 in terms of flash memory device primitives that require no further translation to be used with a flash memory device.
Normally the low level driver 36 maintains the flash memory device 27 in an array read mode. However, a valid command may switch any device 27 to another mode. When a read query command is directed to the low level driver 36, the driver sends a query command to the device command user interface 40 that causes the interrogation of the query mode ROM 31 and the return of the query data. Typically, the query data returned in response to the query command is provided in serial sequence. This data may then be used to initialize the high and low level software drivers 35 and 36 used with the flash memory device array 18 so that the commands used by the drivers match the capabilities of the flash memory device 27. This allows uniform drivers to be implemented that may be updated by improved versions of flash memory device arrays as those improved arrays are devised.
FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of data that may be stored in a query ROM 31 and returned in response to a query command received at the command user interface 40. The data may be returned in a serial string in which a first sixteen bytes are reserved for the transfer of data specific to a particular flash memory vendor. A next eleven bytes are used to transfer data describing a particular command set available to be used with the flash array. Of this eleven bytes of data, a first three bytes are used to transfer a query string indicator such as the ASCII value for "QRY." This indicates to the computer that the array is able to accept and is responding to the query command. A next two bytes are used to transfer a sixteen bit identification code defining a specific generic vendor command set used by this particular flash memory device 27. In general, such a command set is a defined command set that is available as a standard to any vendor for use in a device driver. Such a command set may be used by one or more than one vendor but specifies exactly the basic commands with which the interface functions. The next two bytes then transfer an address for an extended portion of generally unlimited extent that may add to the command set defined by the last two bytes. This address allows a vendor to extend the primary command set by commands that the vendor desires as a part of the command set for the flash memory device 27. In general, such additional commands are defined in the same manner as are the commands available in generic command sets of the device drivers. In FIG. 4, two sections referred to as "Offset address P" and "Offset address A" provide variable length space for transferring data defining primary and alternate extended query tables elements. In this manner, a vendor may add additional commands specific to the flash storage device to be implemented by the device driver. A next two bytes are used to transfer sixteen bits of data indicating a second generic command set that may be implemented by the flash memory device 27. A last two bytes are used to transfer the address for extensions to this alternate command set for the flash memory device 27.
This arrangement allows a vendor to use a primary basic set of commands for operating the array, to add additional commands to the primary basic set of commands for carrying out the functions of the array, to use a second basic set of commands for operating the array, and to add additional commands to the second basic set of commands for carrying out the functions of the array. This allows a vendor to add additional commands as improvements are added to the flash memory device 27. The data transferred in response to the query command then allows a device driver to be modified to provide the correct command set for implementing the operations of the array.
FIG. 4 also illustrates a second twelve bytes that provide a description of the system interface and are returned in response to a query command. For the embodiment illustrated, a first byte defines the minimum power supply voltage used with the array in its normal operating condition. A second byte defines the maximum power supply voltage used with the array in its normal operating condition. A third byte defines the minimum power supply voltage used with the array in its programming condition. A fourth byte defines the maximum power supply voltage used with the array in programming condition. The next eight bytes define various system timing parameters for different operations.
These values allow the initialization of device drivers to provide correct values for each of the particular operations that the array implements in carrying out its read, write, copy, and erase functions.
FIG. 4 also illustrates an additional ten bytes that may be used for the embodiment illustrated to transfer data defining the particular geometry of the flash memory device 27. For this embodiment, a first byte is used to define the flash memory device size. A second two bytes are used to describe the interface, e.g., asynchronous 8 bits, asynchronous 16 bits, or both. A third two bytes defines the maximum number of bytes in a multi-byte write. In one embodiment of the invention, erase blocking is used to make the one or more blocks within an erase block region of the array "read only." Erase blocks of different sizes may exist. A fourth byte defines the number of such erase block regions in a device. A fifth four bytes defines the size and number of erase blocks in an erase block of an array. By defining the number and sizes of different erase blocks that exist in the array, a software driver may be apprised of different areas that may be made "read only" or that may be erased in a single operation.
All of these values are also used to initialize the driver used with the particular flash memory device 27 so that it may efficiently deal with the array.
Once the device drivers have been initialized to the values of the particular flash memory device 27, various commands may be used and the flash memory device 27 will accept those commands. The write, read, and erase commands cause similar operations as with the flash disk device 17 of FIG. 2 as the flash translation layer driver translates such disk commands into flash primitive commands executable by the low level driver. The proper translation of requests for data transfer of specific disk-primitive units, or sectors, into variable flash device specific block erasure and byte or buffer write commands is facilitated by the knowledge of the software drivers of the flash storage device of erase block sizes, erase block region sizes, write buffer size, and the size of the entire device array. The information provided by reading out the contents of the query ROM 31 allows the device drivers of the flash disk emulator to emulate various sizes of disk drives such as the electromechanical drive 16 or the flash disk drive 17 using any of combination of different flash memory devices 27 within a flash memory card or other flash memory array used within a flash disk emulator. Moreover, this information is even useful for simplifying the firmware within a flash disk drive 17 containing flash memory devices 27 implemented in the manner of the current invention such that the same firmware will allow the flash disk drive to be manufactured at a later date using newer flash memory devices with upgraded features or larger capacities.
The flash memory device commands also allow a portion of the array to be made "read only" for particular operations. Data stored in a "read only" erase block region of the array may then be read directly from the array in a mode in which data is accessed on a row and column basis. Such a "read only" portion of the array may be used to execute programs directly from the array.
In such a case, data is written to the flash memory device 27 in the typical manner through a device command interface 40 shown in FIG. 3 that includes state machines for accomplishing the various accessing and control operations. Interface 40 is associated with a write state machine 41 used with each chip for writing, copying, and erasing the blocks of flash memory. However, when the data for direct code execution is written, the blocks 48 in which the data is stored are marked as "read only." This causes the application instructions in the blocks to remain in file order rather than to become discontiguously arranged. Consequently, the file need not be reassembled externally before the instructions are executed. Then a read of the instructions constituting an application takes place in a separate read array mode of the flash memory device 27. This mode may be initiated by a read array command that causes the flash memory device 27 to function in the read array mode. Alternatively, a separate read array pin may be provided. The read array mode selection allows a processor or other bus master to directly read data from the flash memory device 27 by providing the appropriate chip, block, row, and column read addresses with the command.
When in this read array mode, the instructions stored in the array may be read from the array as rapidly as instructions are typically read from DRAM memory. For this reason, the array may be used not only to replace long term memory such as a rotating disk drive, but also to replace certain of the main memory functions where data is not rapidly changing but need only be read form the array.
In addition to the commands provided by the embodiment described herein, other commands might also be used with a flash memory device 27 or by other devices that use a flash memory array and return query data in accordance with the present invention. For example, the query command may also return data indicating whether read and write may take place at the byte level, the internal bus width, and the size of the input buffer 28. The query command may also return data indicating whether erase, write, and copy functions may be suspended and for what other operations they may be suspended. Additional data that may be provided include whether a ready/busy signal is present. If the array is adapted to provide multibit cell storage, a query command may return data relating to the type of multibit storage including the number of bits per cell, whether error correction coding is used, and other characteristics. Other data returned by a query command may indicate that the array is functioning in a single bit mode, that the array is capable of functioning in a two-state mode or in another multi-bit mode, and the number of bits stored in each cell in any such multi-bit mode. In this way, the interface may be used with flash storage devices that allow a single bit or a plurality of bits to be stored by a memory cells. A query response might also indicate to a processor whether the array implements error detection and correction in storing and retrieving data. Other responses to a query command might indicate the type of logical drive the array constitutes, e.g., the array is a PCMCIA or other type of drive.
By using a query command that returns data indicating the physical properties of the array, the interface allows array device driver initialization so that the plurality of commands that are generated by a processor are adapted to cause operations to take place in the manner best suited to the physical properties of the array. The central processing unit in a system using a flash storage device with such an interface may read the results of the query command to determine how it is to interface to any flash storage device placed in the system. By utilizing a command set that is fixed, a query command provides responses that may be used by all vendors in an industry. Even though the command set is fixed in meaning, it also provides means by which it may be updated to include future devices without necessitating the rewriting of the low level device drivers used with such devices.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
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Owner name: INTEL CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ROBINSON, KURT B.;REEL/FRAME:008358/0708
Effective date: 19961213
|10 Ene 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|28 Ago 2007
|Certificate of correction
|7 Ene 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|13 Feb 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|13 Feb 2013
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 11

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Home ›
New Strichartz estimates on tori and applications March 20, 2017 - 3:00pm PDE and Analysis Seminar
Speaker Information
Pierre Germain
Courant Institute - NYU
I will start by reviewing the theory of Strichartz estimates, in particular the recent work of Bourgain and Demeter, who obtained optimal estimates on arbitrary tori for times O(1). Then I will show that better estimates, over longer time scales, become available for generic (irrational) tori. I will finally present some consequences for the nonlinear problem. This is joint work with Yu Deng and Larry Guth.


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Bomb Productions has exposed the recent Isibaya audition scam which some get-rich-quick individuals are using to squeeze out cash from unsuspecting individuals.
Read: Skhumba Condemns Doom Insect Killer-Spraying Prophet
With Christmas around the corner, there's pressure on everyone to gather a lot of money to celebrate and show off.
As a result, scammers are launching new strategies to swindle hard earned money from those who fall victim.
In this case, the scammers asked interested individuals to send short videos of themselves. In addition, they will have to pay to audition for the show.
Also' victims are asked to pay R1'250 to be a part of the ''casting agency". And to spice it up, the scammers promised to pay successful candidates the sum of R950 a day for all their efforts.
Meanwhile, Bomb Productions who are the real producers of the show shared Screenshots of the scam on their official Twitter page. They also made it clear that the company would never ask fans to pay to audition for a show.
The recent Isibaya audition scam is just one out of many. A lot of other soapies has been plagued by fake auditions in the past.
Earlier this year, Muvhango's production team warned the general public about an audition scam. Consequently, the show had to sever ties with its casting agency because the agency's name was used falsely in the scam.
Read Also: Here's A Sneak Peek At Jessica Nkosi's Ideal Man
A more recent one is the SABC 1 drama Uzalo scam which came up three months after that of Muvhango. The producers of the show warned of a fake Facebook page advertising auditions for the show;
"Uzalo is definitely not holding any auditions. Any reports that the production is holding auditions are false' and we urge the public to ignore these announcements' and to look to the official Uzalo Facebook' Twitter and Instagram pages for any announcements about such developments," Uzalo publicist Marang explained at the time.
Therefore, anyone who wants to embark on the race for stardom must tread with caution. Be warned! Don't fall a victim.


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Doctor Geeta Schroff has patented her method of working with stem cells. She has been conducting treatments since 2002 on over 850 patients to date. She has traveled the world promoting the treatment and wants to see it universally available for many terminal illnesses. Still she is a controversial figure because the treatments have not undergone clinical trials and her research has not been verified.
Stem cells are produced naturally in every ones body. We have more of them when we are young and produce fewer as we age. Dr. Schroff even claims that one of the first things a patient may notice is looking younger. The idea is that like a magic bullet these cells go wherever they are needed in the body and begin to rebuild and repair.
IF this process works as claimed, Dr. Schroff and others like her will revolutionize the medical field as we know it. We may well be in the company of another doctor Jonas Salk or Alexander Flemming. For Cash's sake, I certainly hope so.


text:
Bonnibuns Rapid Dry All-In-One Nappy - Red
$16.99 for this latest craze with Aussie mums!
Made with high quality PUL outer layer & suedecloth inner!
Cloth nappies are the latest craze with Aussie mums; and it's not hard to see why! Not only do they save you the time and money on purchasing expensive, one-time use, nappies from the store, but they're made from a high quality PUL outer with a suedecloth inner, bamboo snap in booster complete with a folded insert that wicks away moisture for the ultimate comfort! Easily 'snaps' closed and can be adjusted to accommodate most sizes! To top it all off, Bonnibuns' line of cute printed styles see your little tyke looking positively adorable - boom boom or not!
- Bonnibuns cloth nappy
- One size fits most
- For babies 4-18kg
- Style: Rapid Dry AIO (All-In-One) Nappy
- Colour: Red
- Materials: PUL/suedecloth
- Moisture wicking suedecloth
- Easy and convenient snap buttons
- Bamboo trifold gives you 6 incredible layers of absorbency
- Snap buttons can be adjusted as your baby grows
- Soft on baby's skin and comfy for them to move around all day!
- Country of origin: N/A


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An annual Concrete Sidewalk Builder's License is required of a business or person who wishes to construct or reconstruct any sidewalk within public right-of-way in the City of Green Bay limits.
Blank application forms can be printed from this website, faxed, or obtained in person from the City Clerk at 100 North Jefferson Street, Room 106, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301.
The following is the procedure to obtain a City of Green Bay concrete sidewalk builder's license. Application approval by the City may take up to 3+ weeks. A license is current from when you receive your license until the next April 1 (per City Ordinance).
-If you are a first-time applicant (you've never had a license), fax or send a list of completed concrete flatwork (AND mentioning who and what it is for) to the Department of Public Works, 100 North Jefferson Street, Room 300, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301.
-You must submit the completed application form and $25.00 fee (cash or check – no credit cards) to the City Clerk, 100 North Jefferson Street, Room 106, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301.
-You must submit a $1,000.00 cash or performance bond and a certificate of insurance with evidence of $1,000,000.00 comprehensive general liability to the Risk Management Office at 100 North Jefferson Street, Room 500, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301.
-You must purchase or create a concrete stamp. The stamp must bear your business name and the current year.
-You must bring the concrete stamp for review to the Department of Public Works, 100 North Jefferson Street, Room 300, Green Bay, Wisconsin.
-You must apply for sidewalk grade permits to construct or reconstruct any sidewalk in public right-of-way after receiving your license. Each property address (along with parcel number) must be called in to the Department of Public Works, and we will prepare the sidewalk grade permit for that specific address. The sidewalk grade permit can be mailed or picked up in person.
-You must barricade the work area in compliance with the Traffic Control Manual for Street Construction and Maintenance Operation in the City of Green Bay, which is issued by the Department of Public Works.
Concrete debris or broken concrete from reconstruction is the responsibility of the licensee and must be removed by the licensee. The City does not and will not collect this material.
Any questions, please call these offices:
City Clerk at 920-448-3010 (fax 920-448-3016)
Department of Public Works at 920-448-3100 (fax 920-448-3102)
Risk Management (Insurance) Office at 920-448-3125 (fax 920-448-3128)
The three-week process for approval of the application is as follows:
- Application goes to the City Council
- Risk management (Insurance) Office reviews bond and certificate of insurance for propert coverage.
- City Council refers it to the Improvement and Services Committee – Department of Public Works makes a recomendation to Improvement and Services Committee whether to approve based on concrete flatwork experience.
- Report of the Improvement and Service Committee is sent to the City Council for final approval.


text:
Category Archives: Real Estate
Real Estate Experts Get Explosive Achievement Working Through Real Estate Investors
As a Real Estate Expert, Instructor, Investor, as well as Instructor, there is one item that endures to challenge me, why are not more Real Estate Agents as well as Brokers directing on creating effective Real Estate Investors their customers?
10 Tips for Maintaining Electrical Safety at your Rental Homes
Power that gives the important energy to make a house feel like a house is a vital accommodation today. It expends what's coming to it's of the vitality that it takes to work your properties. Since a developing number of
HOA Management: Community Management Services
One of the best ways to increase your property's value, make your community as happy as it can be, and help improve the neighborhoods as an HOA property manager is by getting to know those in the neighborhood. It makes
Expensive Homes for Sale in Del Mar
Home is one of the biggest investments that one can make in his life. Thus, this investment should be made carefully after taking into consideration every important factor. While one looks for a home for his living, he wants to
Every person in this world wants to live in their own house except to some special cases. The earth has only ⅓ space for living. The ⅓ land contains everything imaginable found on earth like the forest, desert, agriculture land,
What is Rent Agreement? Precautions needed while renting agreement.
A rent agreement or lease agreement is a legal agreement which indicates that both the parties agree to a specific set of clauses in order to give a property for residential or commercial purposes. This agreement has everything written in
Santorini by Tata value homes – A Heaven for Investors Due to Its High Expected Appreciation
Tata Value Homes launched Tata Santorini, a Tata Housing Chennai project on the Irulapalayam Road on the reverse side of E.V.M Theme Park at Poonamalle. The Chennai Bangalore highway within the proximity has made this project accessible with convenience. Tata


text:
Daniel Jenkins has
enjoyed the last four years at the University of Arizona, but with his
college career inching closer to an end, the former four-star running
Article Continues Below
back realized he needed a fresh start.
On Wednesday night, Jenkins made it official that he would be
transferring to Washington State, giving him the opportunity to be the
number one guy out of the Cougars backfield.
"The decision I made to transfer was based off of getting myself an
opportunity to showcase myself in my last year," Jenkins said in a
phone interview. "I went through the whole process of going to
visit different schools and I chose Washington State because I felt
like they gave me the best opportunity, with the most exposure, and the
chance to come in and be the featured back at a big time university."
The Moreno Valley (Calif.) Rancho Verde product was effective out of
the backfield this season in limited duty for the Wildcats, rushing for
293 yards on 67 attempts and scoring two touchdowns.
Unfortunately for Jenkins, he was buried on the depth chart behind the
nation's leading rusher, Ka'Deem
Carey, minimizing his playing time. With Carey
returning for his junior season, Jenkins knew it was time to seek his
The 5-9, 196-pound back was in Pullman last weekend taking one of
his three visits to potential landing spots. In addition to
Washington State, Jenkins was considering Houston and New Mexico State.
Following his visit, there was a lot to like about the Cougars program
but one person in particular stood out for Jenkins; a person he has
known since he was a junior in high school.
"A big part of it was Coach Jim Mastro," Jenkins said. "He was up
in Nevada when I was in high school and he recruited me really
hard. I trust Coach Mastro, I know what type of man he is and
he's a man of great character."
"He sat down with me, turned on some film, got up on the board and we
just talked X's and O's and at the end of the conversation it was
basically told to me that I was going to be the man getting the bulk of
carries. I was going to get the opportunity to catch the ball out
of the backfield and do everything that I need to do to show that I'm a
next level type of back."
Jenkins recently received his degree in Public Policy and Management
with a focus in Criminal Justice and Business. Under NCAA rules,
Jenkins will be eligible to play immediately because he will be transferring to a school that has a graduate program that Arizona does not offer. He is expected to
be in Pullman following spring semester in time for summer workouts and, in the meantime, will be working out back home in Moreno.
So what type of running back are the Cougars getting with Jenkins?
"Basically me being a back of my size I think a lot of people make the
mistake and think that I'm a speed guy but over the last four years
I've been in a college program and I've been honing my skills just
waiting to blow up," Jenkins said. "I really consider myself a
running back that can do it all. I'm very nifty with the ball, I
have great quickness, and good speed."
Jenkins brings a veteran and talented presence to a position group that
ranked dead last in the country in rushing and he can't wait to come in
and make a difference.
"I'm excited to showcase everything for Washington State and let
everyone know what I've got."
The Cougars will travel to Tucson to take on Arizona on Nov. 16th, giving Jenkins one last chance to play at his alma mater.


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With just one more week in the competition … who will win?! IT'S SO EXCITING!!! This week is the 13th week of BC&RL 2013: Part 2! In far last place is Tam, with her 4th week of 3% gain. In fifth place is Ryan with his second week of 2.16% gain. Now take a big jump over the zero-line and we find the vacationing Mikey who did not report his numbers this week. To keep the chart flowing, his previous -.88% was repeated this week. Next week we'll find out just how many cheese balls he ate on vacation. In third place is Adam, with -2%. Adam is actually trying to lose weight right now … so he's optimistic for next week's results. In second place is the always fabulous Michelle M. with -2.56% for the second week. And in a shocking turn of events, Polt rockets to first place with an impressive -2.76%. Will Polt manage to maintain his lead and win the contest?? We'll find out next week!
BC&RL 2013: Part 2


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By Jane Cassie
View all articles by this author
"We're rotating at 500 feet (170 metres) above ground level and on a clear day, you can see all the way to the Cascade foothills," claims Colleen Foster who obviously knows the facts. She should. She's been sharing them for 20 years with visitors, like us, who dine at Seattle's SkyCity Restaurant. The 360-degree-view venue, housed below the Space Needle's observatory, is the perfect spot to graze and gaze - even tonight, when clouds drape the "Emerald City" with a mystical veil.
We dine on wild king salmon and Togarashi-crusted tuna and, while going full circle over the next 50 minutes, spot a number of landmarks we've recently visited. There's Argosy Cruises, a harbour-side company that boasts a flotilla of narrated tour boats, the Seattle Aquarium offering close encounters of the sea critter kind, and the famous Pike Place Market where vendors sell wares from monster-size tiger prawns to bountiful bouquets.
In between courses, we rotate past the downtown core. Burgeoning high-rises soar skyward and create a scenic cosmopolitan skyline, and just a few blocks beyond is our temporary homestead. The elite Pan Pacific Hotel Seattle has provided us with the best of both worlds. Although we've had the city at our fingertips, we've been far enough away to escape the inevitable crowds. During our stay, we've lounged in an oversized guest suite, been spoiled by a personal steward, and enjoyed pampering at the Vida Spa. What more could a couple of Seattle sightseers ask for? Yes, a little more sunshine would be nice.
Anyone familiar with the Pacific Northwest knows how much it rains, and during these frequent spells, it just makes sense to retreat indoors. Seattle certainly provides many opportunities. As well as consuming enough caffeine to own shares in Starbucks, we've been immersed in this city's eclectic culture. Not only is it the birthplace of grunge (a raucous music mix founded in the '90s), but Seattle also has the greatest number of dance, theatre and music options per capita in the country. With a choice of 80 live clubs, 15 orchestras and 29 professional theatres, we've been culture-sized!
During our visit to Experience Music Project (EMP), I even felt like a rock star! It's impossible to spot this venue from our scenic perch as it hugs up to other Seattle Centre attractions at the base of the Space Needle, but you can't miss it when you're on land. The 140,000-square-foot (42,672-square-metre) architectural wonder resembles a humongous glitzy guitar, and inside there are enough interactive opportunities to appease any aspiring musician. Even me!
We craned our necks while checking out Roots and Branches, a cyclone-shaped, instrument-clad sculpture, and retraced the "Evolution of Sound" with Jimi Hendrix - right back to the '60s, when Purple Haze had nothing to do with the weather. But, in my mind, we saved the best part for last. Much of the third floor is dedicated to budding artists. And no, you don't need to be American Idol-worthy to get a piece of this limelight. By moving from sound lab to demo, you can try out various instruments and before you know it, you'll be onstage singing, "I Will Remember You" with Sarah McLachlan. Okay, so maybe your story will be different.
By the time dessert is ordered, we're rounding our second lap of the city and in the distance we can see Pioneer Square, where we'd submerged beneath the streets earlier in the day. Bill Speidel's Underground Tour is a combo of historical tidbits and tongue-in-cheek comedy, and as well as learning about Seattle's colourful past and seedy seamstresses, we found out why and how the town was raised. Literally! As well as being absurdly interesting, it was an effective way to stay dry.
"And now for the grand finale!" our server proclaims. The Lunar Orbiter is a signature dessert that has been served at the restaurant since the inaugural night. While making the announcement, Colleen pours hot water into the double boiler of dry ice. Instantly the vapour billows out from our ice-cream treat for two and, before we know it, we're caught in the clouds once again.
Where To Stay:
Pan Pacific Hotel Seattle2125 Terry Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, USAPhone 206-264-8111Reservations: 877-324-4856www.panpacific.com/Seattle/Overview.html
What to Do:
Seattle visitor guide: www.visitseattle.org Seattle Space Needle: www.spaceneedle.comPike Place Market: www.pikeplacemarket.orgBill Speidel's Underground Tour: www.undergroundtour.com
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November 2017 INSPIRED Senior Living


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IN THE shadow of Battle Abbey, local teams will compete in the annual marbles competition on Good Friday (April 6), organised by the Battle and District Chamber of Commerce.
Standards of the game have improved greatly over the years, but to the great disappointment of organisers it was turned down as an Olympic sport.
Nonetheless, local pubs and clubs are undeterred, entering teams of five players to compete in both the marbles and the fancy dress competitions.
Around 20 teams are expected to take part with 'flick-off' at 10am.
In particular, the fancy dress competition becomes ever more competitive and last year the Lego Men and the Fruit and Veg teams drew the best response as a result of many hours of secret inventiveness.
Teams cannot be entered on the day, but if you are not a member of a team you can always try your luck on the 'all-comers board' for spectators of all ages.
The children's Easter Bonnet competition will take place at 11.30am with the free children's marble scramble immediately afterwards, with one thousand up for grabs.
Please note that if you have children who want to enter the bonnet competition there is no entry fee, but organisers must know beforehand so an Easter egg can be organised for every child taking part.
Call Tamzin Gray on 01424 775169 or email email@example.com to register your child in the competition.
Cups and medals will be handed out at noon.


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Meclomen Capsule
What should I know regarding pregnancy, nursing and administering Meclomen Capsule to children or the elderly?
If you are:
FDB Contraindicated or Not Recommended: FDA B,RISK OF EARLY PREGNANCY MISCARRIAGE/PREMATURE CLOSURE OF DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Precaution: MANUFACTURER DOES NOT RECOMMEND.LIMITED HUMAN DATA.
An adult over 60:
management or monitoring precaution: Gastrointestinal-Increased risk for ulceration or serious to fatal GI bleed. The risk is highest with history of PUD or GI bleed. Renal-Increased risk for exacerbation of chronic renal failure. Cardiovascular-May exacerbate pre-existing hypertension or chronic heart failure. Risk for reinfarction is elevated with even minimal NSAID use post-MI. Hepatic-Elevated hepatic transaminases may occur with chronic use.
Giving Meclomen capsule to a child under 12:
management or monitoring precaution: Safety and efficacy not established in pediatrics less than 14 years.


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Carolina G. Hernandez
LOCATION: Quezon City, Philippines
Professor Emeritus, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Department of Political Science. Author of numerous articles, and co-editor of Development and Security in Southeast Asia and other anthologies.
Primary Contributions (1)
island country of Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an archipelago consisting of some 7,100 islands and islets lying about 500 miles (800 km) off the coast of Vietnam. Manila is the capital, but nearby Quezon City is the country's most-populous city. Both are part of the National Capital Region (Metro Manila), located on Luzon, the largest island. The second largest island of the Philippines is Mindanao, in the southeast. The Philippines takes its name from Philip II, who was king of Spain during the Spanish colonization of the islands in the 16th century. Because it was under Spanish rule for 333 years and under U.S. tutelage for a further 48 years, the Philippines has many cultural affinities with the West. It is, for example, the second most-populous Asian country (following India) with English as an official language and one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia (the other being East Timor). Despite the prominence of such Anglo-European...


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Structural adjustment in the 1980s : Kenya
Did the World Bank's policy-based lending to Kenya in the 1980s allow Kenya to undertake adjustment, or to postpone it? The answer is mixed, says the author. Success was greatest in trade liberalization (and exchange rate depreciation), and to a lesser extent in export development -- and these reforms would probably not have occurred without steady Bank lending. But one could argue that budget support through funds from the International Development Association may have helped Kenya postpone critical public sector reform -- in the civil service and social sectors and in divestiture of parastatals (including the National Cereals and Produce Board). Was aid to Kenya (including the Bank's) overgenerous? The author concludes that, based on reform behavior and performance, Kenya may deserve less aid than Ghana (Africa's best performer) but it does not exhibit the same aid dependency as other donor favorites in the region. But its public investment program did a poor job in ranking priorities, and growing reliance on grants and counterpart funds undoubtedly contributed to more consumption spending by government, particularly on the civil service and parastatals. Implementation of structural adjustments in Kenya was often lethargic and sometimes even contrary to stated policies, says the author. And despite a fairly stable political climate, commitment to the adjustment program was patchy and intermittent. Reforms ostensibly undertaken were in fact not always implemented. In principle, for example, an auction market for government paper was created, but in practice financial institutions typically undertook up most of that paper"by arrangement."And restrictions on movement of maize were removed but reimposed. Moreover, the design of the structural adjustment loans appears, in retrospect, to have been faulty. Too many conditions -- too general, and based on dated sectoral information -- were attached to each loan, in part because of political considerations. And the Bank released credit tranches when conditions were met in letter but not in spirit. The adjustment program benefited in the second half of the 1980s from lessons learned in the first half of the decade, particularly concerning trade liberalization and export development. But the design and dimensions of reform in the agricultural sector were too limited to achieve significant restructuring of the sector, and political interests effectively sabotaged the program. The second attempt at adjustment was also undermined by increasing financial laxity. The experience in Kenya underlines the difficulty of implementing structural adjustment under either financial laxity or extreme financial stringency. Note, too, that many things have changed in Kenya since this study was completed in the early 1990s.
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|31 Jan 1994
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Phone: (202) 477-1234
Web page: http://www.worldbank.org/
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Obama says no country 'immune' from climate change
Former US President Barack Obama has voiced alarm about climate change, warning that no country would be safe.
No country, "large or small, rich or poor, will be immune from the impacts of climate change," Obama warned on Tuesday at a food summit in Milan, Italy.
Speaking at the Seeds & Chips Global Food Innovation Summit he said, "Our changing climate is already making it more difficult to produce food".
Obama's warning comes amid speculations that President Donald Trump, who is a skeptic of climate change, could pull the US out of the landmark Paris Agreement, reached at the end of 2015.
Under that agreement, world leaders agreed to make sure global warming stayed "well below" 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Climate change is a hoax "created by and for the Chinese in order to make US manufacturing non-competitive," Trump said during his election campaign.
However, the former US president insisted on Tuesday that both the US and China were responsible to lead the way in the fight against climate change.
"It's important that big countries that are big emitters like the US and China... lead the way," and others follow suit, Obama told the summit.
"The current [Trump] administration has differences with my administration in terms of environmental policy," he said.
"Because of the debates taking place in the current administration the steps may be taken more slowly than they would have been done, but I'm confident," he added.
"The good news is the private sector has already made a determination that the future is clean energy. Those things are locked in now, into the energy sector," Obama added
During his election campaign last year, Trump had vowed to pull out of the Paris climate deal, if elected.
Meanwhile, an important White House meeting scheduled for Tuesday to discuss whether to honor the Paris accord or not, was postponed.
No new date was set for future.
Apparently, after months of uncertainty, the Trump administration has decided to honor the Paris deal.


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e-newsletter dashboard
Demetra is a light footprint, independent Australian print and Web publisher focused on sustainability, self-production, frugal living, lean and green practices.
These pages provide access to our e-newsletter service:
- Click here to subscribe and read about Demetra e-newsletter.
- Click here to unsubscribe if you are already receiving Demetra e-newsletter and want to stop it.


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Choose your location
Fri / Nov 24
50 Mark West Springs Road
Santa Rosa, CA 95403
Nov 24
Red Hots Burlesque Show at The Stud Bar
Burlesque Show / Performing Arts / Dance Performance
There's no need to analyze why summer is the world's favorite season. A combination of great weather, outdoor activities, lively festivals, and trips to the
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Join Ultimate Surrender! Download full-length 1h 2min 12sec movie now!
Lisa told slutty Yasmine, that those white bitches don't stand a chance in front of them... But the final battle will eventually show, if she was right. See tough Andre Shakti, getting in the wrestling arena full of confidence. The score is tight. Take a look, if you are curios who will be the lucky winner!
- amadeus
- : 3min 58sec
- : 4 Aug 2015
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Complaint Review: Yodle Inc
- Yodle Inc
United States of America
- Phone: 8772765104
- Web: yodle.com
- Category: Advertising Agencies
Yodle Inc Total Scam - Yodle takes your money and delivers nothing in return Internet
After I did not receive these qualified leads, I began calling, emailing and even sent certified letters trying to get someone from the company to contact me to discuss my business and concerns. No one has returned my calls or acknowledges my emails or letters (began calling in June, 2011 and have yet had a returned call, email, or letter) yet they continue to charge me for services that they have not rendered as promised and outlined in their own contract.
This company is a complete scam. I have filed with the BBB and my next step is to get an attorney involved due to continuous and unauthorized charges on my credit card.
Do not sign up with this company.
Does your business have a bad reputation?Corporate Advocacy Program™Fix it the right way.
Set the record straight:Arbitration Program
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 12/14/2011 09:29 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/yodle-inc/internet/yodle-inc-total-scam-yodle-takes-your-money-and-delivers-nothing-in-return-internet-809642. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year. Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report. READ: Foreign websites steal our content
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Scope Of Bond Agreement At Issue In Briefs Before 5th Circuit
In 2000, the City of New Orleans issued approximately $170 million in variable rate debt obligations (VRDOs). The VRDOs funded the city's firefighters' pension plan.
Because of the...
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Disney Princess Gift Wrap & Tags. Ideally for wrapping your little ones presents or for pass the parcel gifts.
Pack includes:
- 2 sheets of wrap (size 50 x 69.5 cm)
- 2 matching gift tags
Age 3+
Disney Princess Gift Wrap & Tags
- Brand: Disney Princess
- Product Code: GA02518
- Quantity in stock: 25
£0.99 each
Our prices include VAT where applicable
This product is in stock.


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. The latest arc by the creative team of writer Chris Yost and artist Marcus To races to it's ultimate concusion as Ra's Al Ghul's endgame for Tim Drake begins. The Men of Death are on the move in Gotham, and red Robin, Batgirl, and Prudence are out to stop them from killing everyone close to Bruce Wayne. But before our hero can face off against Ra's, he has to throw down against a few familiar faces.


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Finished Santorum's piece on foreign policy, regarding Iran, Cuba and the Muslim countries. Most striking is Santorum's strong belief in freedom.
Although most Americans have strong feelings as regards this word or this concept, this guy is particularly clear-cut. In fact, a website, referenced at the bottom of the page on which this piece is found, is called "Real Clear World." So, an especially strong emphasis on clarity exists here.
For example. "Some wonder why conservatives like me have such a problem with the oppressive Castro regime of the relatively tiny Island nation of Cuba. We do because we believe in freedom and don't like the stink of oppression next door." This is, to be sure, an example of clarity.
I admire the clarity. I do not know whether he is completely right about Cuba, as I do not have enough information. I personally think that as far as "stink of oppression" there is also the stink of oppression right here in the U.S. It just depends where you look. If freedom means being on top, I suppose Cuba is less free, because they are not on top. They are a "tiny island." I think Santorum probably wants Cuba to remain unfree. Santorum likes it that way. It gives him the opportunity for clarity.
But it is hard to be a politician, and I am not necessarily saying I don't like Santorum or his clarity. I really am not saying I necessarily do not like Santorum. I'm open for anybody, at this point. He is not running for the presidency of Cuba; he is running for the presidency of America. He seems like a very American type guy. Very straight-arrow. Rick Santorum does not like oppression. He likes freedom. OK, that makes sense. But he also does not favor Obama as president of the United States. Why not----if America is the land of freedom? The Americans elected him, didn't they? He does think America is the land of freedom. For Santorum, Obama would be powerless. This is so. Why do I come to this conclusion? Well, according to my line of thought, it seems to be because it is impossible for him to envision an America that is not free. Freedom is an inherent characteristic of America. What could Obama do to change this?
OK. Then what is his basic problem with Obama if Obama is America and America is perfect and free? How could Santorum have a problem with and elected president? America is perfect. How could Obama change that? How would he ever have gotten elected?
"America" and "freedom" are synonymous, in this view imbued with clarity.
So, again, what difference would Obama make, except if Obama is unAmerican? What difference could tiny Obama make? He is just a little half-black speck. America is good, always. So if Santorum really believed in American, Obama would be powerless, in the face of such freedom! Santorum or no Santorum. Hmmmm...
So, again, what difference would Obama make, except if Obama is unAmerican? What difference could tiny Obama make? He is just a little half-black speck. America is good, always. So if Santorum really believed in American, Obama would be powerless, in the face of such freedom! Santorum or no Santorum. Hmmmm...
Santorum seems to not only like clarity. It seems to be his only value. So, for tiny little Rick Santorum, who could not himself make much of a difference in that clarity, it's a "Real Clear World." But maybe tiny little Rick Santorum doesn't see himself as tiny. Wait. Maybe Santorum doesn't wanna be tiny. Maybe he wants to be a big shot, wants to get power. Powah. Steal it from Obamah.
But, still, I like the clarity thing. Maybe we need a little more clarity.
I disagree with Santorum about most things, but he is clear. I want to be clear about that.


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Top nearby In-Home Care Services
Reviews of A Life At Home | Home Care
Suzanne15 October 30, 2013
I am a current client of this provider
They're absolutely wonderful, very caring and concerned people. They give great emotional support as well.
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I am a current client of this provider
A Life at Home takes a personal interest in the patient and family. They provide all necessary help cheerfully, thoroughly, with professional efficiency. They are quick to cover unexpected needs. They have high expectations for the quality of the support they provide.
Alex6 June 18, 2013
I am a current client of this provider
I am Orville's daughter. My father receives services five days a week from your organization, four of those from Rose. I recently visited and had the opportunity to view first hand the care and assistance he receives. While I had heard about "Rose", I had not met or spoken with her. What a delight she is! Both my children and I instantly bonded with her and I can say, unequivocally, that I returned to Los Angeles content in the knowledge that my father is in great hands. She is cheerful, competent, and most importantly, very attentive. Even though we told her at times to relax, she just couldn't – she made maximum use of her time, ensuring that everything was completed and that my father had what he needed until the next visit. My only regret is that she is unavailable for the fifth day. I cannot tell you how difficult it is to live 3,000 miles away as my parents age. Knowing that someone like Rose takes care of them (she also provides that oh-so-needed break for my mother to get out of the house!) gives me great peace of mind. I wholeheartedly recommend Rose – you are lucky to have someone like her represent your organization. Thank you for all that you do for my father.
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Home > 3Dee Polished Frame Multi Motion Fabric Task Chair
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Prompt your body to engage in low-impact movement throughout your work day with the 3Dee multi-motion task chair. Developed by doctors, chiropractors and other health experts, this chair is the result of an aesthetic blending of form and fitness that will promote active well-being even while seated.
With over 180 patents and a stunning design, it's not hard to see why the 3Dee chair has been coined as one of the most innovative chairs in the world. It support and encourages movements to the side, forward, backwards and vertical swinging. With a semi-high back and adjustable lumbar support, it will keep you incredibly comfortable while consciously moving or relaxing in place.
The 3Dee chair has a height range of 17.5" to 23"H, and is upholstered in durable fabric with a 29.5"DIA polished base. The spring tension, backrest tension and lateral flexibility can be adjusted for personalized comfort and an ideal tension for the user's weight and size.
Some assembly required.
This product has been Level 1 certified to support better sustainability standards for offices, homes, schools and healthcare facilities. Products that have obtained Level certification have met sustainability standards through a multi-attribute scorecard which takes into account materials, energy and atmosphere, human and ecosystem health, and social responsibility.
This item is a GSA Schedule Contract item. National Business Furniture's GSA contract number is: GS-27F-0024V.
For more information, please call one of our government specialists at 800-558-1010, or visit this page to learn about all our government contracts including Navy BPA, Air Force BPA, TXMAS and CMAS.
For a limited time, take an additional 10% OFF the price of this item by entering promo code SAVE1017 during checkout! Your discounted price will be reflected at checkout. Promotion valid for 10% off all qualifying products (excluding tax and shipping) using promo code SAVE1017 only. Qualifying products will be marked with a 10% Off tag. Promo code cannot be used with any other promotions or discounts and is limited to one use per customer. Promo code applies to merchandise only. Enter promo code on payment page in check out to see discount before submitting order. Promo code valid November 1, 2017 to November 30, 2017 11:59 p.m. CST.
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