text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 23, 2007
|Filing date
|Oct 12, 2005
|Priority date
|Nov 15, 2002
|Fee status
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|Publication number
|Raymond Kwong, Min-Hao Michael Lu
|Original Assignee
|Universal Display Corporation
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|Patent Citations (48), Non-Patent Citations (30), Referenced by (4), Classifications (22), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/295,808, filed Nov. 15, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,179, which is related to concurrently filed patent application Ser. No. 10/295,802, filed Nov. 15, 2002, and Ser. No. 10/295,322, filed Nov. 15, 2002, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), and more specifically to organic devices having small molecule organic layers fabricated using solution processing.
Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.
As used herein, the term "organic" includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. "Small molecule" refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and "small molecules" may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the "small molecule" class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be an fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a "small molecule," and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.
OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
OLED devices are generally (but not always) intended to emit light through at least one of the electrodes, and one or more transparent electrodes may be useful in an organic opto-electronic devices. For example, a transparent electrode material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), may be used as the bottom electrode. A transparent top electrode, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, may also be used. For a device intended to emit light only through the bottom electrode, the top electrode does not need to be transparent, and may be comprised of a thick and reflective metal layer having a high electrical conductivity. Similarly, for a device intended to emit light only through the top electrode, the bottom electrode may be opaque and/or reflective. Where an electrode does not need to be transparent, using a thicker layer may provide better conductivity, and using a reflective electrode may increase the amount of light emitted through the other electrode, by reflecting light back towards the transparent electrode. Fully transparent devices may also be fabricated, where both electrodes are transparent. Side emitting OLEDs may also be fabricated, and one or both electrodes may be opaque or reflective in such devices.
As used herein, "top" means furthest away from the substrate, while "bottom" means closest to the substrate. For example, for a device having two electrodes, the bottom electrode is the electrode closest to the substrate, and is generally the first electrode fabricated. The bottom electrode has two surfaces, a bottom surface closest to the substrate, and a top surface further away from the substrate. Where a first layer is described as "disposed over" a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is "in physical contact with" the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as "disposed over" an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.
One of the main goals of OLEDs is realization of patterned full color flat panel displays in which the red, green and blue pixels are patterned deposited. Due to the difficulty of using masks for large area substrates using vapor phase deposition systems, for example substrates larger than about 0.5 meters in diameter, it is believed that patterning of the displays using ink jet printing of solution-processible materials may offer significant advantages. Ink jet printing techniques are believed to be particularly suitable for patterning the solution-processible polymers that are used in OLEDS having a polymer-based emissive layer. However, the selection of materials that may be used in such polymer-based systems is typically limited by the fact that the solution that is used as the carrier medium has to be selected so as to avoid dissolution of the underlying layer. A common choice is to use a PEDOT:PSS layer to provide hole injection and hole transport functions. PEDOT:PSS is soluble in water, but insoluble in certain organic solvents used to process polymer based emissive layers. As a result, solution processing may be used to deposit polymer based layers on PEDOT:PSS without dissolving the PEDOT:PSS.
High performance OLEDs, especially high performance electrophosphorescent OLEDs, typically require the presence of several layers that each perform separate functions. This means that it is highly desirable to be free to select from a wide variety of materials for each layer. For example, for high performance electrophosphorescent OLEDs, it is typically desirable to have two hole transport layers between the anode layer and the emissive layer. The first hole transport layer, which is in direct contact with the anode layer, is used primarily for its planarizing characteristics as well as for its more favorable hole injecting characteristics. This layer may be referred to as a hole injecting layer (HIL). The second hole transport layer (HTL), which may be in direct contact with the emissive layer is typically selected to have a high hole conductivity. This layer may also have the added function, at least in part, of blocking electrons and/or excitons.
A method of fabricating an organic light emitting device is provided. A first organic layer is deposited over a first electrode. A second organic layer comprising a small molecule organic material is then deposited using solution processing over and in physical contact with the first organic layer, such that the first organic layer is insoluble in the solution used to deposit the second organic layer. A second electrode is then deposited over the second organic layer.
Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an "exciton," which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.
The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states ("fluorescence") as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.
More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states ("phosphorescence") have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., "Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices," Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; ("Baldo-I") and Baldo et al., "Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) ("Baldo-II"), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence may be referred to as a "forbidden" transition because the transition requires a change in spin states, and quantum mechanics indicates that such a transition is not favored. As a result, phosphorescence generally occurs in a time frame exceeding at least 10 nanoseconds, and typically greater than 100 nanoseconds. If the natural radiative lifetime of phosphorescence is too long, triplets may decay by a non-radiative mechanism, such that no light is emitted. Organic phosphorescence is also often observed in molecules containing heteroatoms with unshared pairs of electrons at very low temperatures. 2,2′-bipyridine is such a molecule. Non-radiative decay mechanisms are typically temperature dependent, such that a material that exhibits phosphorescence at liquid nitrogen temperatures may not exhibit phosphorescence at room temperature. But, as demonstrated by Baldo, this problem may be addressed by selecting phosphorescent compounds that do phosphoresce at room temperature.
Generally, the excitons in an OLED are believed to be created in a ratio of about 3:1, i.e., approximately 75% triplets and 25% singlets. See, Adachi et al., "Nearly 100% Internal Phosphorescent Efficiency In An Organic Light Emitting Device," J. Appl. Phys., 90, 5048 (2001), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In many cases, singlet excitons may readily transfer their energy to triplet excited states via "intersystem crossing," whereas triplet excitons may not readily transfer their energy to singlet excited states. As a result, 100% internal quantum efficiency is theoretically possible with phosphorescent OLEDs. In a fluorescent device, the energy of triplet excitons is generally lost to radiationless decay processes that heat-up the device, resulting in much lower internal quantum efficiencies. OLEDs utilizing phosphorescent materials that emit from triplet excited states are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Phosphorescence may be preceded by a transition from a triplet excited state to an intermediate non-triplet state from which the emissive decay occurs. For example, organic molecules coordinated to lanthanide elements often phosphoresce from excited states localized on the lanthanide metal. However, such materials do not phosphoresce directly from a triplet excited state but instead emit from an atomic excited state centered on the lanthanide metal ion. The europium diketonate complexes illustrate one group of these types of species.
Phosphorescence from triplets can be enhanced over fluorescence by confining, preferably through bonding, the organic molecule in close proximity to an atom of high atomic number. This phenomenon, called the heavy atom effect, is created by a mechanism known as spin-orbit coupling. Such a phosphorescent transition may be observed from an excited metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state of an organometallic molecule such as tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III).
Substrate 110 may be any suitable substrate that provides desired structural properties. Substrate 110 may be flexible or rigid. Substrate 110 may be transparent, translucent or opaque. Plastic and glass are examples of preferred rigid substrate materials. Plastic and metal foils are examples of preferred flexible substrate materials. Substrate 110 may be a semiconductor material in order to facilitate the fabrication of circuitry. For example, substrate 110 may be a silicon wafer upon which circuits are fabricated, capable of controlling OLEDs subsequently deposited on the substrate. Other substrates may be used. The material and thickness of substrate 110 may be chosen to obtain desired structural and optical properties.
Anode 115 may be any suitable anode that is sufficiently conductive to transport holes to the organic layers. The material of anode 115 preferably has a work function higher than about 4 eV (a "high work function material"). Preferred anode materials include conductive metal oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AlZnO), and metals. Anode 115 (and substrate 110) may be sufficiently transparent to create a bottom-emitting device. A preferred transparent substrate and anode combination is commercially available ITO (anode) deposited on glass or plastic (substrate). A flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Anode 115 may be opaque and/or reflective. A reflective anode 115 may be preferred for some top-emitting devices, to increase the amount of light emitted from the top of the device. The material and thickness of anode 115 may be chosen to obtain desired conductive and optical properties. Where anode 115 is transparent, there may be a range of thickness for a particular material that is thick enough to provide the desired conductivity, yet thin enough to provide the desired degree of transparency. Other anode materials and structures may be used.
Hole transport layer 125 may include a material capable of transporting holes. Hole transport layer 130 may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. α-NPD and TPD are examples of intrinsic hole transport layers. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/173,682 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other hole transport layers may be used.
Emissive layer 135 may include an organic material capable of emitting light when a current is passed between anode 115 and cathode 160. Preferably, emissive layer 135 contains a phosphorescent emissive material, although fluorescent emissive materials may also be used. Phosphorescent materials are preferred because of the higher luminescent efficiencies associated with such materials. Emissive layer 135 may also comprise a host material capable of transporting electrons and/or holes, doped with an emissive material that may trap electrons, holes, and/or excitons, such that excitons relax from the emissive material via a photoemissive mechanism. Emissive layer 135 may comprise a single material that combines transport and emissive properties. Whether the emissive material is a dopant or a major constituent, emissive layer 135 may comprise other materials, such as dopants that tune the emission of the emissive material. Emissive layer 135 may include a plurality of emissive materials capable of, in combination, emitting a desired spectrum of light. Examples of phosphorescent emissive materials include Ir(ppy)3. Examples of fluorescent emissive materials include DCM and DMQA. Examples of host materials include Alq3, CBP and mCP. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Emissive material may be included in emissive layer 135 in a number of ways. For example, an emissive small molecule may be incorporated into a polymer. Other emissive layer materials and structures may be used.
Electron transport layer 140 may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer 140 may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Alq3 is an example of an intrinsic electron transport layer. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/173,682 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other electron transport layers may be used.
The charge carrying component of the electron transport layer may be selected such that electrons can be efficiently injected from the cathode into the LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) level of the electron transport layer. The "charge carrying component" is the material responsible for the LUMO that actually transports electrons. This component may be the base material, or it may be a dopant. The LUMO level of an organic material may be generally characterized by the electron affinity of that material and the relative electron injection efficiently of a cathode may be generally characterized in terms of the work function of the cathode material. This means that the preferred properties of an electron transport layer and the adjacent cathode may be specified in terms of the electron affinity of the charge carrying component of the ETL and the work function of the cathode material. In particular, so as to achieve high electron injection efficiency, the work function of the cathode material is preferably not greater than the electron affinity of the charge carrying component of the electron transport layer by more than about 0.75 eV, more preferably, by not more than about 0.5 eV. Most preferably, the electron affinity of the charge carrying component of the electron transport layer is greater than the work function of the cathode material. Similar considerations apply to any layer into which electrons are being injected.
Cathode 160 may be any suitable material or combination of materials known to the art, such that cathode 160 is capable of conducting electrons and injecting them into the organic layers of device 100. Cathode 160 may be transparent or opaque, and may be reflective. Metals and metal oxides are examples of suitable cathode materials. Cathode 160 may be a single layer, or may have a compound structure.
Blocking layers may be used to reduce the number of charge carriers (electrons or holes) and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. An electron blocking layer 130 may be disposed between emissive layer 135 and the hole transport layer 125, to block electrons from leaving emissive layer 135 in the direction of hole transport layer 125. Similarly, a hole blocking layer 140 may be disposed between emissive layer 135 and electron transport layer 145, to block holes from leaving emissive layer 135 in the direction of electron transport layer 140. Blocking layers may also be used to block excitons from diffusing out of the emissive layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/173,682 to Forrest et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Generally, injection layers are comprised of a material that may improve the injection of charge carriers from one layer, such as an electrode or an organic layer, into an adjacent organic layer. Injection layers may also perform a charge transport function. In device 100, hole injection layer 120 may be any layer that improves the injection of holes from anode 115 into hole transport layer 125. CuPc is an example of a material that may be used as a hole injection layer from an ITO anode 115, and other anodes. In device 100, electron injection layer 150 may be any layer that improves the injection of electrons into electron transport layer 145. LiF/Al is an example of a material that may be used as an electron injection layer into an electron transport layer from an adjacent layer. Other materials or combinations of materials may be used for injection layers. Depending upon the configuration of a particular device, injection layers may be disposed at locations different than those shown in device 100. More examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/931,948 to Lu et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A hole injection layer may comprise a solution deposited material, such as a spin-coated polymer, e.g., PEDOT:PSS, or it may be a vapor deposited small molecule material, e.g., CuPc or MTDATA.
A hole injection layer (HIL) may planarize or wet the anode surface so as to provide efficient hole injection from the anode into the hole injecting material. A hole injection layer may also have a charge carrying component having HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) energy levels that favorably match up, as defined by their herein-described relative ionization potential (IP) energies, with the adjacent anode layer on one side of the HIL and the hole transporting layer on the opposite side of the HIL. The "charge carrying component" is the material responsible for the HOMO that actually transports holes. This component may be the base material of the HIL, or it may be a dopant. Using a doped HIL allows the dopant to be selected for its electrical properties, and the host to be selected for morphological properties such as wetting, flexibility, toughness, etc. Preferred properties for the HIL material are such that holes can be efficiently injected from the anode into the HIL material. In particular, the charge carrying component of the HIL preferably has an IP not more than about 0.7 eV greater that the IP of the anode material. More preferably, the charge carrying component has an IP not more than about 0.5 eV greater than the anode material. Similar considerations apply to any layer into which holes are being injected. HIL materials are further distinguished from conventional hole transporting materials that are typically used in the hole transporting layer of an OLED in that such HIL materials may have a hole conductivity that is substantially less than the hole conductivity of conventional hole transporting materials. The thickness of the HIL of the present invention may be thick enough to help planarize or wet the surface of the anode layer. For example, an HIL thickness of as little as 10 nm may be acceptable for a very smooth anode surface. However, since anode surfaces tend to be very rough, a thickness for the HIL of up to 50 nm may be desired in some cases.
A protective layer may be used to protect underlying layers during subsequent fabrication processes. For example, the processes used to fabricate metal or metal oxide top electrodes may damage organic layers, and a protective layer may be used to reduce or eliminate such damage. In device 100, protective layer 155 may reduce damage to underlying organic layers during the fabrication of cathode 160. Preferably, a protective layer has a high carrier mobility for the type of carrier that it transports (electrons in device 100), such that it does not significantly increase the operating voltage of device 100. CuPc, BCP, and various metal phthalocyanines are examples of materials that may be used in protective layers. Other materials or combinations of materials may be used. The thickness of protective layer 155 is preferably thick enough that there is little or no damage to underlying layers due to fabrication processes that occur after organic protective layer 160 is deposited, yet not so thick as to significantly increase the operating voltage of device 100. Protective layer 155 may be doped to increase its conductivity. For example, a CuPc or BCP protective layer 160 may be doped with Li. A more detailed description of protective layers may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/931,948 to Lu et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The simple layered structure illustrated in
Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190, Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in
Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/233,470, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.
Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and / or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.).
The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.
In one embodiment, a method of fabricating a device using solution processing to deposit a small molecule organic layer is provided. As used herein, "Solution-processible" means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.
In a preferred embodiment, at least a small molecule emissive layer of the device is deposited by solution processing. Generally, a device or array of devices capable of emitting a variety of colors includes a patterned emissive layer having different regions capable of emitting different colors. Solution processing allows these patterned regions to be deposited without the use of shadow masks and other patterning techniques associated with vapor phase deposition.
Device 300 may be fabricated as follows. A substrate 310 having an anode 320 disposed thereon may be obtained or fabricated using any suitable technique. Anode 320 may be patterned. Hole injection layer 330 and hole transport layer 340 may be deposited using any suitable technique. In a preferred embodiment, hole injection layer 330 is PEDOT:PSS. The emissive layer is then deposited by solution processing. Solution processing methods include ink-jet printing and spin-coating. Ink-jet printing is preferred, because it readily allows for the patterning of separate regions 351, 352 and 353.
Hole transport layer 340 may be insoluble in the solvent used to deposit the emissive layer. Such insolubility may be achieved in a number of ways. For example, in one embodiment, the solvent used to deposit the emissive layer may be selected from a group of solvents in which hole transport layer 340 is not soluble. In another embodiment, hole transport layer 340 may be treated to render it insoluble in one or more solvents. For example, hole transport layer 340 may be cross-linked. Cross-linking can be achieved in a number of ways. Photochemical, thermal or a combination of both are preferred since they do not require the introduction of other materials. Such in-situ cross-linking has the advantage of avoiding interference from other materials. A material with a molecular structure that possesses more than one suitable cross-linkable group may be used to form the cross-linked layer. Suitable cross-linkable groups include but are not limited to acrylate, vinyl, diacetylene, epoxide and oxetane. A low percentage sensitizer or initiator, preferable less than 1%, can be incorporated in the layer 340 during its deposition to initiate cross-linking of the materials constituting layer 340. Layer 340 may also be a mixture of 2 or more materials, with at least one of them being cross-linkable. Crosslinking is described in more detail in Müller et al. Synthetic Metals, vol 111-112, page 31 (2002), and Miller et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,452, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
By "insoluble," it is meant that hole transport layer does not significantly dissolve in the solvent used to deposit regions 351, 352 and 353 under the processing conditions used to deposit those regions. "Significant" dissolution means dissolution that results in greater than interfacial mixing. For example, mixing to a depth of up to 30 angstroms may be considered insignificant. The depth of mixing, may be determined using standard techniques know in the art, for example, Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), or X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Such techniques may be particularly useful, for example, for measuring the penetration depth of the metals, such as Ir or Pt, that are typically present in the preferred phosphorescent organometallic materials. Solubility may also be tested by dipping a layer of the material into the solvent at room temperature for one minute at room temperature, and observing the change in thickness. This test or similar tests may be adequate for many purposes, but may not exactly replicate process conditions.
Small molecule materials with significant intermolecular van de Waals interation such as π-π stacking may be insoluble in certain organic solvents. For example, polyaromatic compounds or aromatic macrocyclic compounds such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, corrins and corroles may have significant π-π stacking which render them insoluble in a variety of solvents. These materials may be thermally deposited under vacuum to form the hole transporting layer. Another possible way to make the hole transporting layer organic-insoluble is to use an inorganic hole transporter. Such hole transporters may be deposited by chemical vapor deposition, sputtering or other suitable technique.
Cross-linking is also believed to increase the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the thin film layer. These improvements may translate into higher durability in electroluminescent devices. Cross-linking may also alter the electronic properties of the layer. For example, the cross-linked layer may have a higher charge conductivity or higher dielectric breakdown than the non-cross-linked layer.
The solution processing methods described herein may be used multiple times in a single device. For example, various solvent systems and/or crosslinking may be used to solution deposit multiple small molecule organic layers over previously deposited layers that are insoluble. Embodiments of the invention are not limited to the specific layers illustrated in
It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting. For example, theories relating to charge transfer are not intended to be limiting.
Material Definitions:
As used herein, abbreviations refer to materials as follows:
While the present invention is described with respect to particular examples and preferred embodiments, it is understood that the present invention is not limited to these examples and embodiments. The present invention as claimed therefore includes variations from the particular examples and preferred -embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art.
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|Organic EL device and production method thereof
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|Kwong Raymond C.
|Highly stable and efficient OLEDs with a phosphorescent-doped mixed layer architecture
|Jan 10, 2002
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|Satoshi Seo
|Luminescent device and method of manufacturing same
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|Method of manufacturing organic el element, organic el element, and organic el display device
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|Method of creating a color optoelectronic device
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|Organic light emitting devices with electron blocking layers
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|Feedback enhanced light emitting device
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|Method of producing organic el elements, organic el elements and organic el display device
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|Light-emitting dendrimers and devices
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|Benoit Domercq, et al., "Photo-Crosslinkable Polymers as Hole-Transport Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes", Organic Photonic Materials and Devices IV, Proceedings of SPIE vol. 4642 (2002), pp. 88-96.
|C. Adachi, et al., "Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light emitting device", J. Appl. Phys. vol. 90, No. 10, pp. 5048-5051 (Nov. 15, 2001).
|Chen et al., "High-performance polymer light emitting diodes doped with red phophorescent iridium complex" Appl. Phys. Letters, vol. 80, No. 13.
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|Citing Patent
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|Oct 13, 2015
|Merck Patent Gmbh
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|The Regents Of The University Of Michigan
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 25, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 8, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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GraphicRiver - Gorgeuos Pencil Drawing Photoshop Action
Photoshop ATN | CS3+ | 799 KB
Create professional gorgeous pencil drawing images from your photos in the easiest possible way. Not only is it simple to it then becomes lots of fun playing around with all the layers ! Everything generate the gorgeous pencil drawing art, remains layered giving you lots of creative control. This action works in a non-destructive way to achieve a high quality look. So, the original image layer will remain unchanged. This action is exclusively designed for photographers & graphic designers. It's a must have for photo effect lovers. This action has been tested and works on photoshop CS3, CS4, CS5, CS5.5, CS6, CC, CC 2014, CC 2015 +
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Earning your Master's in Instructional Design and Technology prepares or enhances your career in the exciting and growing field of instructional design and technology.
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Faculty biographies and contact information is available on the website. View the full list of Faculty Profiles of the Master of Science in Instructional Design and Technology.


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....to give more children, from all backgrounds, the opportunity to learn to play...click on Elena's picture for further details
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text: I have been thinking about betting online for a while now, to see how I could make out. I have a few questions. 1. Is it legal? I couldn't find a clear cut answer in my prior search.. all I saw was a bunch of junk about the wire act. Is it illegal to own a website or to bet altogether? 2. Is it safe? I read a while back that some website got in trouble for stealing peoples money, but I think that was a poker site. 3. Does anyone actually make money on it? I don't really want to lose a bunch of money seeing as I don't have much in the first place. 4. Can anyone give me some tips? I realize talking about it in an open forum might make some uncomfortable so via PM is fine. Thanks in advance!


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Sony has silently introduced a new budget smartphone named Xperia L1. At Mobile World Congress, Sony announced its flagship Xperia XZ Premium, Xperia XZs and mid-range Xperia XA1 smartphones. With Xperia L1, Sony has added a budget smartphone to its 2017 lineup, too.
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The Middleburg Heights Stop - Summer Pick Up Location
Friday, 4:00 – 7:00pm
St. Bartholomew Church
14865 Bagley Road
Middleburg Heights, OH 44130
We'll be in northeast corner of the church parking lot, near the bell tower in a large white refrigerated box truck. Please enter slowly and watch for other customers, children, and patrons to the church.
If you miss the stop…
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The last stop of the week is in Tremont, and we'll be there on Saturday from 10:00am-2:00pm.


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1. Devise a simple plan and stick to it. As a kid, Giuliani gained the edge on a neighborhood tough just by jabbing him in the head over and over again until he backed down.
2. Never lose your cool, no matter how rough the fight gets. Staying calm gives you the mental edge you need to go the distance and win.
3. Strike first. That reduces the number of times fighting will be necessary. Case study: When Giuliani learned that mob-run businesses were vying for contracts to clean up the World Trade Tower sites, it took him about two minutes to bar them from bidding on the business.


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This tooth-shaped cotton roll dispenser is made from robust plastic and is easy to fill thanks to the folding lid. The amount of cotton roll wanted can be measured individually on the plate thanks to the metering wheel on the outside. The remaining cotton rolls are protected against damp and dirt until they are used.
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|February 1, 2013, 03:27 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: May 31, 2011
Posts: 113
Tristar 333 o/u
What is the general consensus on the this gun? I found one today and it felt good, but i have no idea on the quality. Google hasn't been much help for reviews.
|February 1, 2013, 06:25 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: February 23, 2005
Posts: 12,925
Tristar's .....mixed to poor reviews for the most part....
Their guns are on the "cheap end" ...and not considered durable ...or much of a value long term...and will not retain much, if any, resale value - based on the models I see at my gun club.
Chances you might get a gun with no issues / parts problems / barrels not regulated to hit the same point of impact .....2 or 3 out of 10 guns might be ok....but its hard to tell.
Beretta and Browning have long set the bar on affordable O/U's in my opinion ...and you're way better off to find a good used Beretta or Browning..and yes, I know they cost more ....but they retain their used value for a reason. A Browning Citori Lightning O/U with 28" barrels in 1988 sold new for about $ 750. List price today is $ 1,989 ...
but they sell new in my area for around $ 1,650 .....and used, a gun made in 1988 ( that cost $750 ) that now has 250,000 shells thru it - but has been reasonably well taken care of ( minor scratches on it ) ....on the used market is about $ 1,000 - $ 1,200. Citori Lightning is not a high end gun ...its a good solid Field Grade gun .../ Brownings higher end target grade guns like the Citori XS Skeet sell new for around $3,000 now....( not expensive guns either / just good long term guns ).
So, where does the TriStar fit into that history ....??? I don't know ....
Maybe it'll be ok for you for ....5 or 6 yrs ...at 40 boxes a year ( 1,000 shells a year ) ...maybe it'll be ok for 20 yrs....you sure can't tell by looking at it ....the trick is ( what is the quality of the barrel to receiver connection, the quality of the steel in the barrels, quality of springs and firing pins...all the internal stuff....) ....can you get parts, where do you send the gun for service, can a local gunsmith get parts --- all that stuff makes a difference.
|February 1, 2013, 07:07 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: May 31, 2011
Posts: 113
Just what i was looking for. Thanks. I handled a hardly used Browning Gold Hunter later at a different shop, but they wouldn't go below $725. I'm thinking i may search for that instead.
Just sold my Mossberg 930 synthetic for $700, so I'm looking hard for a replacement!
|February 2, 2013, 06:46 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: February 23, 2005
Posts: 12,925
Browing only makes the Gold semi-autos in 10ga now ...they quit making them in a 12ga about 3 or 4 yrs ago, so I see quite a few of them around as well.
Look at the Browning Silver series - they have a Hunter model - thats a good solid gun as well ....
But you're jumping between semi-autos and O/U's ...so I'm not sure where you're going on this stuff...
Maybe it comes down to what you want the gun for ...
|February 2, 2013, 07:39 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: May 31, 2011
Posts: 113
Shopping for another auto. The o/u just caught my eye. As did a 1903a3. And an all matching Mosin. You know how it is. The Tristar question was just curiosity due to a lack of information available.
|February 3, 2013, 01:25 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: February 23, 2005
Posts: 12,925
I know how it is ....
( I have about 11 Browning O/U's now...and they're my primary guns for Sporting clays, Trap, Skeet and Upland Birds ) .....
a. 3 Citori Lightning models in 12ga and 20ga
b. 5 Citroi XS Skeet models - 30" - in 12ga, 20ga, 28ga, .410
c. 2 Citori XT models 32" 12ga for Trap
d. a BT-100 single barrel Trap gun..
( stuff just keeps following me home ...) ....and rifles, and handguns...
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text: Lexus is a huge name when it comes to prestigious and luxurious cars. Lexus is a creation of Toyota group which started the production of various Lexus models keeping in mind its key features- luxury and style. Lexus cars are beauties with sheer comfort and amazing design. Lexus saw the day of the light to compete with the biggest brands of cars like Mercedes, BMW and Jaguar. Lexus has various original model and various hybrids which are always better than the past models. Lexus car tyres online selection was never an easy task because it is very important that compatible and complementing tyres are installed. Here are some of the most renowned Lexus brand models and their selected car tyres.


text: Howdy all, I have a Droid with a gmail and corporate Exchange email account configured. While I am at work, I probably receive close to 50 emails from each account throughout the day. During working hours, I will receive and answer these emails on my computer at work. If the droid is on, that means I receive 100 reminders/notifications all day long. I know I could go and turn notifications off in the app, but that is a pain to do everyday. Is there an app or feature that will completely turn off notifications for gmail and email for certain time periods? I know about Timeriffic and Locale, but all these apps do are silence the ringer/vibrate functions, the notification LED is still illuminated. I actually want to turn off refresh so that little notification LED isn't blinking all day long. Thanks!!


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Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1): regulation of the neuropeptide VGF and role in neurodevelopment and synapses
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Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1): regulation of the neuropeptide VGF and role in neurodevelopment and synapses
Rodríguez Seoane, Carmen
Per accedir al/s document/s amb el text complet, si us plau, seguiu el següent enllaç:
Rodríguez Requena, Jesús (dir.)
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Facultade de Medicina e Odontoloxía. Departamento de Medicina. Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Disease (CIMUS)
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Trastorno bipolar
Materias::Investigación::32 Ciencias médicas::3207 Patología::320711 Neuropatología
Materias::Investigación::61 Psicología::6101 Patología::610104 Psicopatología
Since Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (Disc1) was discovered, it has become one of the most convincing risk genes for major mental illness. Disc1 was first identified in a large Scottish family in which a genomic translocation affecting this gene cosegregated with major psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. The protein encoded (DISC1) is highly expressed in the brain and, to date, no evidence of enzymatic activity has been reported. However, DISC1 binds more than 200 different proteins and acts as a molecular scaffold regulating the activity of such proteins. Thus, through these interactions, DISC1 participates in several processes in the brain such as neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation as well as neurite outgrowth and synapse regulation. In order to gain new insight into the functions of DISC1, knock-down of the protein was performed in primary cortex and hippocampus mouse neurons as well as in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line by means of infection with small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-carrying lentivirus. In the present study DISC1 knock-down was found to lead to an important decrease in the levels of the neuropeptide VGF (non-acronymic) in SH-SY5Y as well as in primary cortical and hippocampal mouse neurons. Of note, VGF displays antidepressant properties and has been also shown to be implicated in different neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The fall of VGF levels produced by DISC1 knock-down seems to be mediated by a drop in the activity of the PI3K/AKT/CREB signaling as indicated by decreased levels of the active forms of AKT and CREB. Additionally, a decline in the levels of Grb2, an essential protein for PI3K activation and the subsequent signaling route, was observed in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, knock-down of DISC1 was found to result in changes in the quantity and phosphorylation of GSK3β in primary mouse neurons suggesting the deregulation of the activity of the kinase. Furthermore, by means of a proteomic approach, the knock-down of DISC1 was observed to cause the differential regulation of a number of proteins in primary mouse neurons. Twelve of the proteins affected by the lack of DISC1 are involved in neurodevelopment and twelve participate in different aspects of the synapses. Of note, seven of these proteins share functions in both processes. Some of these proteins are known DISC1 binding partners; however, this is the first time that their expression is described to be dependent on DISC1. Supporting a role for DISC1 in neurodevelopment, its knock-down also produced deficits in the neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells treated with retinoic acid to induce their differentiation. The DISC1-VGF connection showed in the present study might be important for the development of new therapies for the treatment of mental diseases. In addition, the results show a new mechanism by which DISC1 regulates the activity of several proteins in neurons through the regulation of their levels.
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Practical Law The Journal – Transactions & Business is a monthly companion to the Practical Law online know-how services. This app and each issue ...
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Practical Law The Journal - Transactions & Business is a monthly companion to the Practical Law online know-how services. This app and each issue are free to download. Throughout each issue, you will find links to resources available at practicallaw.com, which can be accessed through a subscription or free trial to our online services. Each issue of Practical Law The Journal - Transactions & Business covers a wide range of topics related to the following practice areas: Antitrust, Capital Markets & Securities, Corporate and M&A, Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation, Finance, Intellectual Property & Technology, Labor & Employment, Litigation, and more. Much of the content in each issue is based on Practical Law resources, such as: PRACTICE NOTES: Straightforward how-to guidance and clear explanations of current law and practice, ranging from primers to detailed analysis for specialists. STANDARD DOCUMENTS AND CLAUSES: Up-to-date precedents that reflect current law and practice with practical drafting and negotiating guidance. CHECKLISTS: Checklists, timelines and flowcharts to make sure you've covered all the bases. WHAT'S MARKET: Summaries of recently filed deals and agreements, such as public and private mergers and acquisitions, executive employment agreements, credit agreements, and more. STATE Q&As: Comparative reports and summaries of the law across multiple states and practice areas. INTERNATIONAL CONTENT: Global resources, including country-specific publications, and more. ABOUT PRACTICAL LAW Practical Law provides legal know-how that gives lawyers a better starting point. Our expert team of attorney editors creates and maintains thousands of up-to-date, practical resources that go beyond primary law and traditional legal research to give lawyers the resources they need to practice more efficiently, improve client service and add more value. If you are not currently a subscriber, we invite you to take a trial of our online services at practicallaw.com. For more information or to schedule training, call 646.562.3405 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com. You can view our privacy policy at us.practicallaw.com/about/app-privacy-statement.
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28.8 million people used the Facebook iPhone app in the last month.
That's about a third of the 75+ million iPhone and iPod touch devices that have been shipped so far -- a huge percentage of phones. Most super-successful iPhone apps only have a fraction of Facebook's users.
That also represents about 7% of Facebook's roughly 400 million users.
Next up: Facebook will figure out how to add location-based services to its app, and maybe even add ads to it.
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Stock Graphic >> Illustration - Menu with Coat of Arms on Blackboard 107307 by a Little Vintage Shop @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 8.52 MB; Requirements: Adobe CS1+; Layered: Yes; DPI: 300 DPI; Vector: Yes; Dimensions: 3543 x 5375 px.
Give your place a regal touch with my new Vintage Menu with Coat of Arms on Blackboard. Vintage is the New Black(board)! :)
- 1 EPS10 file, fully layered, editable with almost all versions of vector programs like Illustrator or Inkscape
- 1 .AI file, fully layered, editable with all versions of Illustrator CS or higher
- 1 .JPG file, approx. 5000 X 4048 - 300 Dpi, color space RGB
All files are editable by the CS Adobe version or higher.
All vector files are composed with a shapes, no paths.
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Note: The mokup images are NOT for sale and are NOT included in the sales package.
Keywords: restaurant, bar, menu, freehand, chalk, coat of arm, blackboard, crayon, old, holy, church, cuisine, typography, food, aged, decoration, handwriting, gastronomy, antique, vintage.


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[12Mar2015] 'Makani' (My Space) initiative to expand learning opportunities for vulnerable children in Jordan
ZARQA, Jordan, 12 March 2015 - UNICEF is scaling up its efforts to reach out of school children in Jordan through a new innovative approach. The 'Makani' (My Space) initiative is a holistic programme that provides alternative education, psychosocial support and life skills under one roof.
Four years since the outbreak of war in Syria, there are more than 620,000 Syrians living as refugees in Jordan. Half that number are children, and of those more than 60,000 are not participating in organized learning.
The 'Makani' initiative aims to reach 90,000 boys and girls in Jordan who are excluded from any form of education and are exposed to high risks of child labour, exploitation and early marriage.
From Irbid to Zarqa and Amman to Ma'an, the 'Makani' approach will support vulnerable children, aged 6 to 18, across the country.
"Building on already existing community networks will help us to reach the most vulnerable children and to provide them with opportunities for self-development," said Robert Jenkins, UNICEF Jordan Representative. "Only through learning can children reach their full potential and play a positive and active role in society," Jenkins added.
The 'Makani' initiative is being rolled out at 200 centres nationwide in collaboration with NGO partners.
For example, at the Family and Guidance Awareness Center in Zarqa, some 80 children attend activities every day.
Classes include informal education, art and drama. Life-skills sessions also target young adolescents who are entering their formative years and need more support. Building self-confidence, identity and creative thinking can help empower adolescents and youth to play their role in constructive social change and social cohesion.
"All children in Jordan have hopes and dreams for their future. It's our collective responsibility to best support them to realize their ambitions," said Jenkins.
Activities under the 'Makani' programme are currently funded by Canada, European Union, Germany, Korea (KOICA), Netherlands and UKAid.
For more information please contact:
Miraj Pradhan: Tel: +962 (0) 790 214 191 – email@example.com


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Gay Pennsylvania state Rep. Brian SimsDefense of Marriage Act unconstitutional and struck down California's Proposition 8 that he and state Rep. Stephen McCarter (D-Montgomery County) have begun to seek additional co-sponsors to the measure. Sims said the two lawmakers plan to formally introduce the bill sometime next month or in August.
"This legislation would re-define the definition of marriage as a civil contract between two people who enter into matrimony, and eliminate the current prohibition against same-sex marriage in our commonwealth," reads a memo that Sims and McCarter sent to fellow lawmakers earlier on Thursday. "It is important to note that this bill provides protections for religious organizations and entities that do not wish to sanction, perform or in any way recognize such marriages."
Maryland is among the nine states and D.C. that currently allow gays and lesbians to tie the knot.
Delaware's same-sex marriage law takes effect on Monday, while gays and lesbians in Minnesota and Rhode Island can begin to marry in August 1.
State Sen. Daylin Leach (D-Montgomery County) last month introduced a same-sex marriage bill in the Pennsylvania Senate. State Rep. Mark Cohen (D-Philadelphia) in April put forth a measure that would allow gays and lesbians to enter into civil unions in the commonwealth.
A Franklin and Marshall College poll released in May found 54 percent of respondents support same-sex marriage, compared to 41 percent who oppose the issue.
Sims will introduce his marriage bill even though Pennsylvania's anti-discrimination and hate crimes law do not include sexual orientation or gender identity and expression.
Lawmakers in May reintroduced two bills that would ban anti-LGBT discrimination in housing, employment and public accommodation. Legislators in January also put forth an LGBT-inclusive anti-bullying measure and two bills that would add sexual orientation and gender identity and expression to the commonwealth's hate crimes law.
Sims, who tried to speak in support of the DOMA and Prop 8 rulings in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on Wednesday until state Rep. Daryl Metcalfe (R-Butler County) thwarted him, conceded the same-sex marriage bill will face an uphill climb in Harrisburg, He said, however, this week's Supreme Court rulings and increasing support for gay nuptials in the commonwealth make it "the right time" to introduce it.
"It's a big task, no question about it, but we needed to start," he said.


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Many smart grid technologies are being installed on transmission and distribution systems around the world. They have improved the electric utility industry by adding to reliability, boosting availability, increasing power quality and reducing maintenance. These intelligent systems can be found everywhere, from the customer's meter to the utility's substation. But there is one portion of the grid that has not had much attention, or so it would seem.
Normally, the transmission and
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Fear Itself is coming in only a few months so to ramp up more hype Marvel released a Sketchbook for free through their ComiXology iApp. Contained therein were juicy nuggets of information both written and visual that look at preview pages, character designs for one of the major villains, and the digital distribution of Fear Itself: The Worthy, a tie-in comic only available through the iApp it would appear. Hit the jump to get some sneak images and to get excited for Fear Itself.
The next aspect of this sketch book to catch your eye and make it stand to attention is the Stuart Immonen preview art for the Fear Itself title at the centre of this Marvel event that will leave everything changed, forever! Immonen's pages and images are exactly what you expect from this professional and amazing artist. There's brilliant life coming out of each panel and if nothing else this event is going to look good. We get two pencilled pages to tease and then a nice coloured widescreen shot of some event-style destruction and momentous change.
"Aww, look at Daddy's Little Girl, all grown up. In a few issues time she'll accomplish what even her father failed to do." Matt Fraction -- Writer, Fear Itself
"The design challenge for this character was to honor her previous incarnations while incorporating quasi-Norse ophidian elements. Moreover, the idea was to make her look powerful, imposing, and god-like. Nothing like raising the bar from page one, right?" Stuart Immonen -- Artist, Fear Itself


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fix articles 5254, secure
Mozambique Audit Reveals Corruption and Short Falls in Financial System (tags)
Ahead of President Trump's first G20 meeting in Germany this weekend, Mozambique released an audit exposing violations of the country's laws to secure now-defaulted loans.
Obama's MyRA Proposal: Hold the Cheers (tags)
class war
New anti-solitary confinement petition to CA Gov. Brown (tags)
Please sign the petition to California Governor Jerry Brown: Stop the abuse of solitary confinement in CA prisons!
Get a secure Raisethefist.com email account (tags)
Get a free data secure web mail and pop email account at http://www.RaisetheFist.com/mail
March and Rally to DHS Secretary Napolitano's Speech at Pomona College Graduation (tags)
Together with the Coalition of Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles (CHIRLA) and the National Day Laborer Organizing Network, and the Latina/o Roundtable of Pomona and San Gabriel Valley, we are organizing a march and rally on Sunday, May 16th to denounce the harsh immigration enforcement policies of the Department of Homeland Security during DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano's speech at the Pomona College graduation ceremony. We will begin the march at the Claremont Greyhound Station, the site of numerous Border Patrol raids in the last year, and end with a rally at a park near the graduation site.
Will S.1959 be used to restrict U.S. Citizens traveling in their own Country? (tags)
Government officials have called lawful protesters potential terrorists and a threat to national security. Will protestors be able to fly after the Senate passes S.1959? "The Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act."
Good stiff drink (tags)
Israeli firm gets Mexico border wall contract (tags)
..president is headed to court on rape charges, it's Prime Minister is being investigated for corruption.. But that does not prevent them from getting sweet deals right here in the U.S.
Minutemen Coming to L.A. (tags)
The minuteklan will be in town tomorrow April 13th, 2006


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A dissertation is an extensive inquiry into a specific niche subject, usually expanding on a broader area of study and focusing in extensive detail on exploring an unsolved question in the specific area. Dissertations have long been a staple of the doctoral degree process in American universities (as well as many around the world), and involve a multi-tiered and extensive process of evaluation that reaches legendary status among students exploring a postgraduate degree. Dissertations require a book or anthology-like organizational structure, exhaustive research and outside support for the paper focus, and pages and pages of both opinion and critical inquiry. As such, it is no small wonder that dissertations remain one of the most daunting tasks (if not the most daunting task) in academia today. When asking yourself, "How am I going to tackle my dissertation?", let us help you with the answer.
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About 500,000 people will be sent sent notices of penalties of at least £1,200 for not submitting their S elf Assessment tax returns, reports Nick Huber.
The number of penalties has fallen in 2012, HMRC said. The number of outstanding returns has almost halved in 2012, down to 5.9%, compared to 10.7%in 2011, meaning that 518,000 fewer penalties are being issued.
The penalty comprises £900 in daily fines, plus a late-filing penalty of £300 or 5% of the tax due. Some penalties may be waived on proof of a "reasonable excuse", such as a family illness.
Please Login or Register to read the full article
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About Nick Huber
I'm a specialist business journalist and have a particular interest in tax and technology.


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We have calculated that the total cost of hotels booking in Bahía Blanca is lower than cost of accommodation in United StatesPrices in restaurants are usually lower than in United States
Read more about prices: Prices in Bahía Blanca
The second thing you'll probably want to know is fuel price in Bahía Blanca:
Health care ranking is based on an index of factors like: speed of service, protection of privacy, quality of amenities, health care professionals, equipment, staff, doctors, and cost. Health Care Index for Bahía Blanca is 90. On the basis of these data we can say that health care system in Bahía Blanca is better than in United States.
In Bahía Blanca is more dangerous than in United States. And life quality is worse than standard of living in United States.
Those charts show detailed comparison about Safety, Health Care, Prices in Bahía BlancaYou can compare these important stats with other countries: Montenegro, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador
The most important indexes for travellers are:
Other indexes:


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Lifting our eyes to Christ: Monday [night] Scripture
Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. Obey them not only to win their favor when their eye is on you, but like slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart. Serve wholeheartedly, as if you were serving the Lord, not men, because you know that the Lord will reward everyone for whatever good he does, whether he is slave or free.
Ephesians 6:5-8
I'm not a slave. And I hope you're not either.
But sometimes we feel we are.
Self-pity wells up and we wonder why no one appreciates all we do.
But Someone does.
Lord, teach us to serve YOU. Wholeheartedly.
We give You our messes, our meals, our laundry, and all the hard stuff.
Please change our attitudes. Empower us. Enable us to look past the people we're serving… right into Your eyes.
Don't let us forget we're doing this for You.
In Jesus' Name, Amen.
*How can I pray for you as you serve this week?


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The Commonwealth Auditor-General is concerned about the transparency of the federal government's key assistance measure for the automotive industry.
The Automotive Competitiveness and Investment Scheme (ACIS) will have provided up to $7 billion worth of import duty credits by the time it ends in late 2015.
The scheme is open to Australia's four motor vehicle producers - Ford, Holden, Mitsubishi and Toyota - and to companies operating within the automotive supply chain.
As at June 30, 2007, $3.4 billion worth of duty credits had been issued to the 245 participants in the scheme.
In some cases, credits worth hundreds of millions of dollars were issued to individual companies.
The aim of the scheme, established by the former Howard government in 2001 for an initial five-year period but extended by 10 years in 2002, is to encourage transitional assistance during a period of global trade liberalisation.
The auditor-general's report said the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research had implemented effective internal controls to assess the eligibility of participants to receive credits.
But the report queried the lack of information about the scheme that was available to "external stakeholders", including the parliament.
"The department has concerns about the commercial sensitivities involved in reporting publicly on aspects of ACIS, particularly the number of duty credits issued to individual participants," the report said.
"However, given that ACIS is the Australian government's key assistance measure for the automotive industry and involves a substantial amount of government support, there is scope to provide greater disclosure."


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August 30, 2017
There is an alternative politics of memory that Americans can also practice, and it might help to keep fascists out of public squares and do something concrete, literally at the same time: Honor Reconstruction. Remembering Reconstruction ought not to shunt aside the politics of Confederate memorials. Yet remembering this pivotal era certainly deserves to be built into the new national politics of memory. The sesquicentennial of Reconstruction is September 1, 2017.
August 1, 2017
As I write this article, I am not sure what day the Civil War began or what day it ended. The facts that I do know about the Civil War are not worth repeating here, as that story already occupies plenty of space in American text. My muse, instead, is about the particular vestige of slavery that the Civil War bequeathed to us on Dec. 6, 1865, that now forms the basis of our struggle to end mass incarceration and prison slavery in 2017.
April 28, 2017
On April 19, 2015, Freddie Gray of Baltimore, Maryland, was murdered by officers of the Baltimore Police Department while in their custody. An article published in The Atlantic three days after Gray's death pointed out the historical precedent for this particular kind of state violence. The author wrote, "Black men dying at the hands of the police is of course nothing new." The "peculiar institution" of this violent and racist system can be better understood by tracing the lineage of the police back in time.
November 1, 2016
On Labor Day here at the William P. Clements Unit, a prison in remote Amarillo, Texas, the prisoners awoke to a late breakfast: a single PBJ sandwich, a small bowl of dry cereal and no beverage. This grossly inadequate meal, which is our common fare during institution-wide lockdowns, signaled that a weeks- or months-long lockdown was in effect. Hunger pangs set in almost immediately.
May 22, 2016
This is a public notice to all freedom fighters, activists and community leaders: SLAVERY IS NOT DEAD! Did the 13th Amendment abolish slavery? Ask anyone in the United States this question and they will answer most emphatically: Yes, of course it did. If you, the person reading this article and call to action, believe this as well, please allow me to inform you: You are wrong! Slavery is not dead! Rather than abolish slavery, the 13th Amendment LEGALIZED it!
August 2, 2015
When Bree Newsome pulled down the Confederate flag from in front of the South Carolina statehouse in Columbia on June 27, she gave brief, heroic expression to an anger felt far beyond the Lowcountry over the bloody massacre in Charleston 10 days earlier. The young Black activist's exemplary act of protest recalled a series of events three decades ago, not in a bastion of the Old South ruled by Republican nut jobs, but 2,500 miles away in liberal San Francisco.
May 2, 2015
Classic Black (June 4 , 6 and 7, Southside Theater, Fort Mason Center) and A Night of Tribute in Dance: Blanche Brown (May 28, Cowell Theater, Fort Mason Center) are shining examples of the majestic spectrum of African American artistic excellence in the Bay Area and two of 150 performances that are part of SFIAF 2015. Co-presented by Fort Mason Center, SFIAF 2015 runs May 21-June 7.
April 10, 2015
Our 45-year protracted "civil war" between Damus (Bloods) and Kiwes (Crips) has probably claimed thousands of lives, if not millions, and it probably will claim a lot more lives if we don't begin to change this vortex of violence that has plagued us as a people internally. The unifying of our strengths is basic to our people's survival.
December 6, 2014
Rwandan Dutch citizens and political asylum seekers in the Netherlands demonstrated in The Hague, the country's capital, on Saturday, Nov. 29. They called on the Dutch government to stop supporting the dictatorship of Paul Kagame and stop deporting Rwandans at Kagame's request. After watching the video of the demonstration, I spoke to Jean Flammé, a Belgian attorney for a Rwandan facing extradition for supporting Victoire Ingabire.
November 23, 2014
I was born and raised in Missouri, so hopefully I can shed some light on how Ferguson, a little Missouri suburb of 21,000 people, became the focus of the nation, and even the world. I am getting the stench that they're about to pull the pin on another grenade to throw that community into upheaval, so first let's take a hard look at what they've been through and why. First of all, when we think of racism, we tend to think of Mississippi and Alabama due to the events of the '60s. However, Missouri was one of the bloodiest states during the Civil War because it was so divided – and it is still that divided today, as we've seen in Ferguson.
July 9, 2014
The Glide Memorial Church family worked wonders at the celebration of San Francisco native Maya Angelou's life that she requested before she died. They juxtaposed carefully chosen visual moments with prerecorded Maya moments, which made her presence so palatable that the sanctuary lights came under the control of Spirit Maya and played with our collective vision – the room almost dark and the lights flickering off and on.
May 26, 2014
As we pause to remember the nation's war dead, it's worth remembering that Memorial Day was first celebrated by Black Union troops and free Black Americans in Charleston, South Carolina at the end of the Civil War. The free Black population of Charleston, primarily consisting of former slaves, engaged in a series of celebrations to proclaim the meaning of the war as they saw it.
May 2, 2014
Black labor and business in the North before 1862: Labor and business conditions were slightly better for Negroes in the North than in the South, but discriminatory practices were far from absent. Unlike the South, where slaves were protected in their crafts through the paternalistic assistance of their white masters, Northern free Negroes were faced with severe competition from immigrant workers who were preferred over native Blacks.
March 31, 2014
Here we attempt to trace some of the historical antecedents and current socioeconomic processes that have served to prevent Black and Mexican American entrepreneurs from being assimilated into the mainstream of national business activities. In so doing, we must examine the evolution of Negro and Mexican American labor in the United States and its relationship to white-controlled labor unions, business and government.
March 14, 2014
"12 Years a Slave," the story of a free Black man kidnapped by slave traders, has won an Oscar for Best Picture of the Year and a slew of other awards. But in one important respect, the movie comes up short. Missing from the film is the slave rebellion and revolt that Solomon Northup portrayed so vividly in his book.
July 16, 2013
It is hot enough in Corcoran, California, to melt people. That being said, it still wasn't hot enough to keep upwards of 400 people from braving 103-degree weather to mobilize and rally at Corcoran State Prison in support of over 30,000 prisoners on hunger strike in California. The immediate goal is to stop the cruelty and torture that being held in isolation represents. The long-range objective is liberation.
July 1, 2013
Bibliotheque Parrainage, a New Orleans based non-profit, is working to rebuild libraries in Haiti. During the July 4th weekend in New Orleans, Bibliotheque Parrainage is hosting a fundraising bus tour of the Louisiana 1811 Slave Revolt, the largest slave revolt in the United States. Funds raised from this July 4th weekend adventure will be used for assistance to the Nationale Bibliotheque in Haiti.
May 22, 2013
The Democratic Republic of Congo, the world's poorest country, has not only been ravaged by civil wars, but by decades of grandiose development schemes that inevitably failed. The World Bank and other donors are now concocting the continent's biggest pie in the sky: the $80 billion Grand Inga Dam on the Congo River.
March 30, 2013
Leo L. Robinson believed in the power of the union, and in the power of the people. He fought to change the conditions of women within the ILWU just as fiercely as he fought against the apartheid regime of South Africa. "Inhale the spirit of Leo Robinson. Embody the spirit and go into struggle and battle for victory. Victory is ours only if we struggle," said one of several who spoke at the memorial service.
March 2, 2013
Ida B. Wells was a fiery crusader for African American justice at a time when angry white men indulged in lynching as acceptable behavior. Her determination, courage, ambition and refusal to back down helped change the course of history. Her talents as an investigative reporter, successful writer and newspaper owner were unbeatable weapons.


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