text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 7, 1995
|Filing date
|Oct 19, 1993
|Priority date
|Oct 20, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dominic J. Heuscher
|Original Assignee
|Picker International, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (91), Classifications (26), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/943,411, filed Sep. 9, 1992, now abandoned, which application in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/567,300, U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,946, filed Aug. 14, 1990, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/260,403, filed Oct. 20, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,726 and U.S. application Ser. No. 07/438,687, U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,614, filed Nov. 17, 1989.
The present invention relates to the art of medical diagnostic imaging. It finds particular application in conjunction with spiral volume imaging with CT scanners and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the invention will also find application in conjunction with other types of volume imaging, with multiple single slice images, continuous rotating x-ray source images, gated imaging, and the like.
In spiral or helical scanning, the x-ray source or tube rotates continuously as the patient support table moves at a constant, linear velocity. In this manner, the collected data effectively represents a helical path of constant pitch through the patient. Conventionally, the data is stored and handled as a series of parallel planes, transverse to the longitudinal axis of the patient, or more specifically, as a three dimensional rectangular matrix of memory cells. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,432,657 to Slavin.
For some medical diagnoses, it is advantages to inject a patient with a contrast agent, usually a high-Z contrast material such as iodine. Depending on how far the imaged region is from the heart, the contrast material maintains its peak concentration level in the region of interest over a period of about 30-90 seconds. CT scanning techniques have been developed for generating images of the region of interest while the contrast agent is near its peak. For example, ultra fast CT, i.e. electron beam scanning, has been used to cover a significant volume. See "Power-Injected CT Contrast Opacifies Vascular Spaces", Sam D. Lane, Diagnostic Imaging, November 1988. However, this technique cannot show contrast variations over a significant volume over a period of time. Lane must leave the couch in one position in order to show contrast variations of the same region over time. Thus, the Lane technique is disadvantageous due to the increased dose of contrast agent and the limiting of measurements to only a single observed axial slice.
A volume helical scanning technique is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,929 of Nishimura, et al. which utilizes back and forth motion of the couch to achieve more complete sampling of the volume being scanned. Nishimura does not address the concept in a temporal dimension. Moreover, the back and forth movement during data collection results in a temporally non-uniform sampling, particularly for regions of interest near the ends of the volume.
Spiral volume scans have been performed over a single patient breath-hold in the presence of a contrast agent. See "Spiral Volumetric CT with Single-Breath-Hold Technique, Continuous Transport, and Continuous Scanner Rotation", Radiology, Vol 176, pp 181-183, 1990 and "Physical Performance Characteristics of Spiral CT Scanning", Med. Phys. Vol. 18, No. 5, September/October 1991, both by Kalender, et al. One drawback of these techniques is that they use a linear interpolator for the helical interpolation, which reduces sharpness of the CT slice definition. Another drawback is that only one set of measurements is obtained from a single breath-hold.
In order to fit the spiral collected data into a conventional three dimensional rectangular matrix, a series of parallel planes are defined through the spiral collected data, with a one plane per spiral revolution, e.g. at each 0� of source rotation. During the data collection period, a series of views or fans of data are collected at preselected angular increments around the patient. Potentially, one view per plane, by convention the 0� or 12 o'clock view, falls squarely in the plane requiring no averaging or weighting. For each remaining view of the plane, there is a pair of corresponding views or data fans, one from the revolution preceding the plane and the other from the revolution following the plane. These views are averaged or weighted in accordance with their relative distance from the plane. In this manner, a full set of weighted views is created to perform a conventional 360� CT reconstruction algorithm. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,630,202 issued December 1986 to Mori.
One of the problems with the linear interpolation technique is that it introduces errors in fourth generation scanners using source fan reconstruction. In a third generation scanner in which the x-ray source and an arc of detectors rotate together about the slice, each data fan or view is collected instantaneously in a plane parallel to the artificially defined transverse slices. In a fourth generation scanner, there is a parallel ring of stationary detectors surrounding the patient. With source fan reconstruction, each detector is sampled at monitored, time displaced intervals generating a view or fan of data as the source rotates behind the examination region. Because the patient moves longitudinally between the first and last data sampling of the view or data fan, the views are warped or canted along the spiral path. The linear interpolation scheme which assumes that the views lie parallel to the artificially defined planes introduces errors.
Another problem with the linear interpolation technique is that it is particularly sensitive to variations in the x-ray rotation speed, the velocity with which the patient is moved, and fluctuations in the output of the x-ray tube.
The present invention provides a new and improved spiral volume imaging technique.
In accordance with the present invention, a plurality of helical volume scans are repeatedly conducted over a duration in which a contrast agent is present in a volumetric region of interest.
More specifically, axial movement is timed such that a plurality of helical scans are generated while the contrast agent is present in the region of interest. Between helical scans, the patient and CT scanner are repositioned at the beginning of the helix at a more rapid rate than during the helical scanning. In this manner, each helical scan is conducted in the same direction for temporal consistency.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the volumetric image data is organized by spatial position and time of data acquisition. The data is temporally interpolated to generate a plurality of temporal data sets which each represent the volume substantially at a single period of time.
More specifically to the preferred embodiment, the data is spatially interpolated into a rectangular three-dimensional grid of data values and temporally interpolated to generate a plurality of the three-dimensional grids at uniform, time displaced intervals.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, data sets from each of a plurality of volumetric scans are aligned before performing the temporal interpolation.
In accordance with a more limited aspect of the present invention, one or more characteristic points in each temporally displaced volume are identified and the spatial coordinates are shifted such that the characteristic points in each volume coincide.
One advantage of the present invention is that it enables contrast measurements of a volume to be taken over time.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it maintains a high volume of interest resolution both spatially, due to a high resolution interpolation and temporally, due to a rapid retrace and same direction spiral scanning.
Another advantage of the present invention is that flow and perfusion measurements can be made.
Another advantage of the present invention is that multiple-breath-hold measurements can be made.
Still further advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
The invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating a preferred embodiment and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
FIG. 1A and 1B taken together are a diagrammatic illustration of a CT scanner in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 1C is a diagrammatic illustration which is to be viewed in conjunction with FIG. 1A of an alternate embodiment to FIG. 1B;
FIG. 2 illustrates the geometry of a CT scanner;
FIGS. 3A-3D are illustrative of different weighting functions for weighting among the more than two helical rotations;
FIGS. 4A and 4B are illustrative of interpolation or weighting functions for 180� based reconstruction algorithms;
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate contrast agent concentration versus time curves for the liver and aorta, respectively;
FIG. 6 illustrates helical rotation angle, couch position, and couch velocity for a 15 cm volume covered using a 10 second scan at 1 second/revolution;
FIGS. 7A-7D are illustrative of compensations for gantry rotation and table speed variations, particularly variations in weighting functions for effecting the correction;
FIG. 8 is analogous to FIG. 6 but covering half the volume;
FIG. 9 is analogous to FIG. 6 for a 2.5 cm volume using a high resolution target scan;
FIG. 10 is analogous to FIG. 6 but provides time for breathing between scans;
FIGS. 11A-11C are illustrative of x-ray current and kV fluctuations and corresponding weighting functions for dual kV imaging; and
FIG. 12 illustrates a segmented detector array which enables multiple fan beams of data to be collected concurrently.
With reference to FIG. 1A, a CT scanner 10 includes a radiation source 12, such as an x-ray tube, for projecting a fan beam of radiation through an examination region or scan circle 14. The x-ray tube is mounted on a rotatable gantry 16 to rotate the fan beam of radiation around the examination region. A collimator and shutter means 18 collimates the beam of radiation to one or more narrow planar beams and selectively gates the beam on and off. The beam may be also gated on and off electronically at the x-ray tube. A motor 20 provides motive power for rotating the gantry 16 continuously around the examination region. A rotational position encoder 22 is connected with the motor and the gantry to measure the rotational position of the gantry. In the illustrated fourth generation CT scanner, a ring of radiation detectors 24 are mounted peripherally around the examination region. For mechanical and mathematical convenience, the detectors 24 are stationarily mounted around the rotating gantry in the same plane as the x-ray tube.
With reference to FIG. 2, an arc of the detectors are sampled concurrently at short time increments as the radiation source 12 rotates in back of the examination region 14 to generate views or fan data sets. To generate detector fans which span an angle 2α, an exemplary detector 26 at an angular position θ is first sampled when the radiation source is at a location 28a tangent to one side of the examination region 14 and monitored incrementally until the radiation source reaches a point 28b in a line from the detector tangential to the other side of the examination region. For a source fan geometry, each of the detectors between detectors 26a and 26b are sampled concurrently to generate a source fan view or data set. The collected source fan data set can be identified by the angular position Φ of its apex around the examination region. Each ray of data between the source and one of the detectors is described by an angle β. Each ray of the source fan also is identifiable by its angle γ relative to the common axis. The source is disposed a radius S from the center of the examination region and the ring of detectors 24 is disposed a radius D from the center of the examination region. In a third generation scanner in which the invention is equally applicable, a single arc of detectors between detectors 28a and 28b are mounted to the gantry 16 for rotation with the source. A third generation source fan geometry is described mathematically the same.
With reference again to FIG. 1A, a patient couch 30 supports a subject, particularly a human patient, in a reclined position. A means, such as a motor 32, advances the patient supporting surface of the couch through the examination region at a selectable velocity. An encoder 34 is connected with the motor 32, the moveable patient supporting portion 30, and the drive mechanism therebetween for monitoring the actual position of the patient supporting surface as it moves the patient through the scan circle 14.
A sampling means 40 samples the views or data sets corresponding to each angular position around the examination region 14 for each of a multiplicity of helical scans. A view processor 42 converts the spiral sampled views of each helical scan into a plurality of image representations corresponding to parallel planes sampled over a limited time range. The view processor includes a view memory 44 in which the view data stored and addressable by a combination of the scan number, (or time), rotation number, view angle, and ray angle within the view. The view processor 42 further includes a filter or interpolation means 46 for interpolating the data of each helical scan in the spiral view memory 44 into parallel slice data. The interpolation means 46 operates on a plurality of views of corresponding view angle with a filter or interpolation function supplied by a filter function memory 48.
With continuing reference to FIG. 1A and further reference to FIG. 1B, a control means 50 indexes the view angle to each of the view angles in a complete helical scan, e.g. the views disposed at regular increments 360� around the examination region. A plurality of views corresponding to each individual view angle are transferred to the interpolation means to be filtered into an interpolated view. Each interpolated view is stored in an interpolated view memory means 52 until the interpolated views corresponding to each interpolated slice of one helical scan are generated. Thereafter, an image reconstruction means 54 uses a conventional filtered backprojection or other reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct each of a plurality of slices and store the resultant slices from each helical scan in a three-dimensional volume data memory 56. For each helical scan, the volume data memory means stores a rectangular pixel array corresponding to each of a plurality of slices, the slices being spaced a distance commensurate with the resolution of the pixels in each slice. In this manner, each set of data stored in the volume data memory means can be conceptualized as a rectangular data volume corresponding to one of the helical scans.
With reference to FIG. 3A, the filter function memory means 48 stores a plurality of filter or interpolation functions. FIG. 3A compares a modified linear weighting function 62 with a prior art linear weighting 64. The modified linear weighting function W(φ)=0 for |R|>1.5 with an average width of 1.1, where φ=R.360�. W(φ) and its first derivative are both continuous as is represented by the rounding adjacent R=0 and R=�1. The rotational index R is the sum of the integral rotation index m and the fractional rotation r. Moreover, the weighting function has unity weighting, i.e. ##EQU1## where
Φ.sub.m =(r+m)360�
and the first moments are equal to zero, i.e. ##EQU2##
In FIG. 3B, a cubic weighting function 66 which spans four contiguous rotations is compared with the conventional linear interpolation 64. In the cubic interpolation,
W(φ)=0, for |R|>2 (3)
with an average width ≈1.1. W(φ) and its first derivative are again continuous and the conditions of Equations (1) and (2) are also valid. Analogously, a cubic weighting of the form 68 may also be utilized where:
W(φ)=0, for |R|>3 (4)
and with a width (at half height) equal to 1.6 rotations.
FIG. 3C compares the conventional linear weighting 64 with a 7-lobe helical weighting function 70 where:
W(φ)=0, for |R|>4 (5)
Again, the function and its first derivative are continuous and the conditions of Equations (1) and (2) are met.
With reference to FIG. 3D, the conventional linear weighting of curve 64 has a relatively limited frequency response 72 along the z-axis. By distinction, the 7-lobed helical weighting function 70 has a much crisper frequency response 74 in the z direction. Note that the frequency response of the 7-lobed helical weighting 74 is relatively flat and drops off relatively quickly which eliminates the smoothing heretofore required with the linear weighting function.
It should be noted that the revolution number or longitudinal position R in FIGS. 3A-3D is not measured digitally. That is, if the detector crosses the even integer values R=0, �1, �2, etc , at 0�, then at 90�, the R position is -0.75, +0.25, +1.25, etc.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the reconstruction means 54 uses a reconstruction algorithm based on views spanning 180� plus the fan angle, such as the algorithm illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,912 issued October 1981 to Walters. To utilize the 180� redundancy in the data most effectively with interpolation functions of the shapes described above but of half the extent, the interpolating filter from filter memory 48 is redefined on a 180� basis. Specifically, the linear weighting 64 would result in a warped rather than a planar image representation.
With reference to FIG. 4A, a preferred technique for using 180� basis reconstruction techniques is to use a weighting function based on both the view angle and the angle of each individual ray within the view. Curve set 80 includes the modified linear function 62 for the center or zero ray of the view or fan. Curve 82 illustrates the modified weighting function shifted for the ray at one extreme of the fan and curve 84 illustrates the modified weighting function shifted for the ray at the opposite extreme of the fan. For each ray in between, the extreme and central rays, the weighting function is shifted a fraction of the illustrated difference. Each weighting curve and its first derivative are still continuous but now meet the conditions of Equations (6) and (7) below. The sum of the weighting functions for rays which are 180� opposite to each other is equal to one. ##EQU3## Also, the first moments are equal to zero, i.e. ##EQU4##
For projection data organized in the form of source fans Vs (Φ+n.360�,β), the longitudinal interpolation generates: ##EQU5## where:
W.sub.s (Φ+n.360�,β)=W(γ+β,β)
and Ws (γ,β) is the weighting function that satisfies conditions (6) and (7) and φ=0 to 360� ##EQU6## βo =fan angle defining the scan circle.
The resulting 360� of projection data D180 (φ,β) no longer has unity weighting, but instead has an average weighting spanning 180�. This data can be reconstructed using standard convolution backprojection of D180 (φ,β) for φ=0 to 360�. For projection data organized as detector fans VD (θ+n.360�,α), the longitudinal interpolation generates: ##EQU7## where WD (θ+n.360�,α) is obtained by remapping Ws (φ+n.360�,β) from source fan format to detector fan format. Again, this data can be reconstructed using standard convolution backprojection of D180 (θ,α) for θ=0� to 360�.
Analogously, the weighting function W180 (γ,β) for the cubic weighting function of curve 66 of FIG. 3B can be made ray dependent as illustrated in FIG. 4B. Specifically, cubic weighting function 66 is used for the central ray. For the ray at one extreme, the weighting function is distorted as illustrated by curve 86 and for the ray of the other extreme of the fan, the weighting curve is distorted as illustrated at 88. In the illustrated embodiment, the extreme rays of curves 86 and 88 are for β=�23�.
In contrast imaging, a contrast agent is injected into the patient. The concentration of contrast agent at a region of interest varies with time in accordance with a distance of the region of interest from the heart, the rate of injection, and the like. FIG. 5A is typical of contrast agent concentration versus time for the liver and FIG. 5B is typical of contrast agent versus time for the aorta. For four-dimensional images, the above-described imaging process is repeated a plurality of times while the concentration of the contrast agent is near its peak. Additionally, three-dimensional volumetric data sets collected before and after the peak in order to provide a baseline for the contrast agent.
With reference again to FIGS. 1A and 1B and further reference to FIG. 6, a control means 90 controls the motors 20 and 32 such that the x-ray source is rotated 92 at about 1 second/revolution and the patient table is moved at about 15 mm/second. This enables a volume which is 15 cm in the axial direction 96 to be covered in 10 seconds. The control 90 then reverses the couch control motor 32 and operates it a higher speed, e.g. 7.5 cm/second, such that the couch is returned 98 to its starting position in about 2 seconds. The control 90 also gates the x-ray tube off or closes the shutter 18 such that the patient is not irradiated during the return or retrace period. This process is then repeated, generating a full set of volume image data about every 12 seconds, i.e. 5 sets/minute.
A concentration agent concentration means 100 signals the control means 90 when the scans are to begin. The contrast agent concentration means 100 may monitor the actual concentration of the contrast agent within the patient. Preferably, because the time from the introduction of the contrast agent until it approaches its peak concentration is well-established medically, the contrast agent concentration means simply times the appropriate duration between introduction of the contrast agent until the known time parameter is reached.
The speed of the table is maintained substantially constant. However, any acceleration at the beginning and deceleration at the end of each helical scan can be readily handled during the interpolation. Moreover, there can be variations in the speed along the scan due to wear, power fluctuations, and the like.
With reference to FIG. 7A, interpolation function 62 is recalculated to function 102 to account for a�20% sinusoidal speed variation. Specifically: ##EQU8## where P(φ) is the table position relative to rotational angle φ. Although this satisfies the requirement for planar reconstructions, FIG. 7B shows that the spatial resolution of curve 102 does not match the ideal linear weighting function response 72. However, if the values of the weighting function W(φ) are remapped to W(P(φ)), a constant spatial response can be maintained. This weighting is adjusted such that: ##EQU9## With the new weighting function 104 of FIG. 7C, a spatial response 106 of FIG. 7D is substantially the same as the spatial response 72 of FIG. 7B. In this manner, the interpolation function is utilized to correct for fluctuations in the speeds of relative movement of the source and patient.
As each repetition of the spiral data collection is commenced, the three-dimensional reconstructed image representation is moved from the three-dimensional image memory 56 to a four-dimensional image memory 110, where the fourth dimension is time. An alignment means 112 spatially aligns each three-dimensional volume image with the preceding volume images. A pattern recognition means 114 examines each three-dimensional image representation for one or more characteristic points or structures and compares the spatial location of these characteristic points or structures with the location of the same characteristic point in the four-dimensional memory The characteristic points may be defined by placing x-ray opaque alignment members on the surface of the patient, whose coordinate location in each volume image representation is compared with its location in the preceding volume image representations. An offset means 116 adds an appropriate spatial offset to each image representation in order to bring the characteristic point of the newly acquired volume image representation into alignment with the corresponding characteristic points of previously collected volume image representations. Optionally, the means 116 may also scale the 3D image representation to match the previously acquired data more precisely. Alternately, the recognition means 114 may include a pattern recognition means which examines each image for a characteristic anatomical pattern and compares the position of this characteristic anatomical pattern with the position of the same anatomical pattern in the previously acquired volume image representations in the four-dimensional memory means 110.
As discussed above, each of the spiral data acquisition periods takes some time, 10 seconds in the above example. This causes the data within each three-dimensional image representation to be skewed in time. More specifically, in the above-discussed embodiment, the data at the first end of the volume leads the data at the second end by about 10 seconds. The data at the first end of the next volume trails the data at the second end of the preceding data set by about 2 seconds and the data at the beginning of the last data set by about 12 seconds. A temporal interpolating means 120 interpolates the four-dimensional data in the temporal direction to create data sets which are at even temporal intervals. The temporal and spatially uniform four-dimensional data is stored in a four-dimensional uniform image memory means 122.
For diagnostic purposes, it is often advantageous to generate a display of contrast agent alone. To this end, a subtraction means 124 subtracts a three-dimensional basis or zero contrast agent three-dimensional image from each of the temporally uniform three-dimensional volume images in the uniform volume image memory means 122. More specifically, the control means 90 causes a three-dimensional image taken before the contrast agent is introduced to be loaded into a three-dimensional reference image memory means 126. Optionally, the control means may cause another image to be taken after the contrast agent should have passed out of the region of interest. These before and after three-dimensional image representations can be averaged to form the basis image for storage in the basis volume image memory means 126. Once the substraction means 124 subtracts the basis volume image from each of the temporally displaced volume images, the remainder is a four-dimensional image of the elevation of the contrast agent as a function of time, which contrast agent image is stored in a four-dimensional contrast agent image memory means 128.
As indicated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the amount of contrast agent within the imaged volume varies with a curve. Where appropriate, an adjustment to the concentration image can be made to account for this temporal variation in concentration agent dose. To this end, a concentration image adjusting means 130 adjusts the four-dimensional contrast image, as may be desired, to account for the temporal variation in contrast image dose. The contrast image concentration curve can be supplied by the contrast agent detection means 100, either by actually measuring the contrast agent or with a priori information. Further, the contrast agent curve can be derived from the contrast agent image 128.
An image and video processor means 132 is controlled by a console 134 to select two-dimensional images from the four-dimensional image data for display. The processor means selects various two-dimensional image representations, such as planar slices through the volume at various angles and at various times, series of images through the same slice showing the evolution over time, projection images, segmented or cut away images, or the like. Moreover the processing means 132 can superimpose data from the reference image from memory 126 with the contrast image 128. For example, it is often advantageous to see the surrounding tissue which is not affected by the contrast agent in order to assist in spatially orienting the radiologist. The background tissue may be displayed in black and white while the contrast image is displayed in other single or multiple color presentations superimposed thereon. A video processor 136 converts the selected two-dimensional image representation(s) into appropriate format for display on a video monitor 138. Optionally, additional image processing means, image memory storage and archiving means, and the like may be provided.
The rate at which the contrast agent reaches each pixel of the image has diagnostic significance. Ideal contrast agent concentration curves for the liver and aorta are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. However, because the contrast agent is carried by the blood, failure of the contrast agent to reach a specific pixel in a comparable length of time is indicative of circulatory or other metabolic problems. Optionally, a means 140 examines the corresponding voxel of each of the time displaced three-dimensional images, plots the contrast agent concentration, and compares it to the ideal. From this information, a three-dimensional representation is generated indicating whether each voxel of the volume is receiving the concentration at the proper rate and if not, by how much it is slow. By displaying normal in one color or shade, and regions which receive the contrast agent progressively under the predicted rate in progressively varying colors or shades, valuable diagnostic information can be conveyed. The individual contrast agent versus time curve for each voxel may be displayed individually.
Other volume temporal measurement formats may be selected. With reference to FIG. 8, the control means 90 can again rotate 92 the gantry at 1 second/revolution. In this embodiment however, the patient is moved 94' axially only 7.5 cm/scan and the table retraces 98' the 7.5 cm in about 1.5 seconds. Again, the couch velocity 96' is substantially constant over the 5 second helical scanning time. In this embodiment, a volume half as large as in the embodiment of FIG. 6 but is scanned every 6.5 seconds, enabling 8 full scans per minute to be achieved.
With reference to FIG. 9, the gantry again rotates 92 at about 1 second/revolution. However, for higher resolution, the table moves 94" only 2.5 cm in the period of about 5 seconds. This enables the table to be stopped and returned 98" to the original position in about a second for about a 6 second scan. Thus, in this embodiment, 10 helical scans per minute can be achieved.
With reference to FIG. 10, the patient table scans 15 cm in about 10 seconds 94 while the patient holds his breath. A period 150 of about 8 seconds is provided for the patient to exhale and inhale again in preparation for the next breath-hold. During which breathing time the table is returned 152 to its initial starting position. In this manner, a scan can be achieved about every 18 seconds or about 4 scans in 64 seconds.
A human patient commonly has an oval cross section which changes the dynamic range of transmitted radiation with angular orientation. The synchronization control means 90 further controls a power supply 160 for the x-ray tube 20. The power supply adjusts the x-ray tube current or voltage generally in proportion to the mean attenuation path through the patient for each angular position of the x-ray tube. By varying the exposure in this manner, the quantum noise statistics of the reconstructed volume can be made more uniform.
When the gantry rotation or table speed are varied disproportionately, the scan becomes non-helical. However, (as demonstrated above), a suitable reconstruction volume can still be attained. For higher attenuation projections, either the gantry rotation or the table movement is slowed to compensate for the higher quantum noise. Analogously, if the x-ray tube voltage, the filtration, or the x-ray tube current is varied, a helical scan can still be performed. Specifically, the voltage filtration and/or current are increased for higher attenuative projections. The synchronization of these parameters may be either predetermined based on previous estimates or may be determined by estimates from earlier projections or scans of the same volume.
As discussed above, the views may be grouped into a group spanning 360� for 180� based reconstructions. The energy level (kV) of the x-ray tube in another embodiment is varied or alternated between two levels. By continuously varying the kV with a prescribed high to low variation as shown in 162 of FIG. 11A, two weighting functions (64, 166) can be applied to the respective projections to produce two sets of 180� based projections, both of which correspond to the same imaging plane. The average kV value for each ray in each set corresponds to either the high kV level or low kV level. Exactly 11/2 rotations are required for each cycle from high kV to low kV back to high kV. The x-ray current 168 is varied counter cyclically to maintain the noise in both the high and low kV projections while minimizing the total exposure. Curve 164 identifies the high kV weighting function, Whi (R.180,β)=Whi (γ,β).
With reference to FIG. 11B, the weighting function applied by the interpolating means 46 shifts for the high and low kV portions. That is, the weighting function curve 164 illustrates the preferred weighting function for the high kV or voltage projection rays whereas the weighting function curve 166 illustrates the weighting function used with the low energy rays. These ray projections are recombined into two separate 180� based sets or groups of projections. In the illustrated embodiment, the beam width corresponds to about three rings of the helix and a reconstructed image or slice is obtained for every one and a half rings of the helix.
With reference to FIG. 11C, the variation in weighting values for the extremes of the fan (β=�βo) is illustrated for the high kV 180� based projection set. More specifically, weighting function curve 164 is shifted or swayed between curve 164a at one extreme ray of the fan and 164b at the other extreme ray of the fan. Analogous shifts are made for the weighting function 166 for the low kV projection set.
To increase the x-ray collection efficiency, a plurality of detectors are positioned adjacent to each other in the longitudinal direction. Positioning two detectors longitudinally enables the width of the radiation seen by each detector to be selectively adjusted at the detector. Analogously, three or more detectors can be disposed in longitudinal alignment. This enables data along three interleaved spirals to be collected concurrently. In one embodiment, the three spirals of data cover the same volume with a greater sampling density. This is particularly advantageous in the dual energy modes described above. Alternately, the speed of the patient table is tripled such that the three sets of detector collect data with the same sampling density but three times as fast.
With reference to FIG. 12, the detector array 24 preferably includes a plurality of rings of detectors 28a, 28b, 28c. Collimators 170a, 170b selectively adjust the width of the beam striking the central detector ring 28b. Outer collimators 172a, 172b adjust the widths of the x-ray beams striking the outer detector rings 28a, 28c. In this manner, three x-ray beams are generated to collect data corresponding to three helices concurrently. Alternatively, a multi-spot x-ray tube may be utilized to increase the thickness of the x-ray beam such that the plurality of beams are more parallel.
With reference to FIG. 1C, it is to be appreciated that all of the reconstructed image data need not be temporally interpolated. Rather, the image data can be processed to derive medically significant image data parameters or information, such as average CT number within a specified region, absorption rates, blood flow maps, and the like.
More specifically, a processing means 180 processes the temporally distorted four-dimensional image representations in memory 10 to derive temporally distorted diagnostic parameters or information, e.g. average CT number within a specified region, average contrast values for specified parts of the human anatomy, or the like. In the illustrated embodiment, the processing means 180 includes a subtraction means 182 which subtracts a time equal to zero from one of the three-dimensional contrast image representations in the memory 110 which was generated from data collected prior to introduction of the contrast agent from subsequently collected three-dimensional contrast image representations taken at time intervals after introduction of the contrast agent. The series of differences taken together constitute a temporally distorted four-dimensional contrast image that is stored in a temporally distorted four-dimensional memory means 184. That is, the temporally distorted four-dimensional contrast image is a series of three-dimensional contrast agent concentration images with the data within each three-dimensional image taken over a significantly long period of time.
In regions of primary interest, the contrast agent concentration can be expected to increase with time. In peripheral regions which do not absorb the contrast agent, the contrast agent concentration remains zero. Thus, a large percentage of the four-dimensional image data is zeroed by the subtraction means simplifying and reducing the calculations required for temporal interpolation. The temporal interpolating means 120 temporally interpolates the temporally distorted four-dimensional contrast image from the temporally distorted four-dimensional memory to produce a four-dimensional temporally corrected contrast image for storage in the temporally corrected four-dimensional memory 128. The temporally corrected four-dimensional contrast image in memory 128 is subsequently processed as described above in conjunction with FIG. 1B.
Optionally, the time zero or reference image which represents the contrast agent free image may also be supplied to the image processor 132 to be converted into a display. For example, the contrast image can be presented as a color display with the reference image displayed more faintly in black and white to provide the radiologist with an image of the surrounding tissue to provide a frame of reference. It is to be appreciated that the processing means 180 can process the temporally distorted image in memory 110 to generate other time evolving diagnostic information for subsequent temporal interpolation.
The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
|Cited Patent
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|U.S. Philips Corporation
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|Hitachi Medical Corporation
|Method of and apparatus for reconstructing shape of interested part of object through irradiation with X-rays
|May 14, 1987
|Dec 6, 1988
|Hitachi Medical Corporation
|CT system for spirally scanning subject on a movable bed synchronized to X-ray tube revolution
|May 28, 1991
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|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Computerized tomographic apparatus
|Mar 15, 1990
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|Feb 12, 1990
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|Computerized tomographic apparatus
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|Physical Performance Characteristics of Spiral CT Scanning, Kalender, et al. Med. Phys. 18 (5) Sep./Oct. 1991, pp. 910-915.
|Power injected CT Contrast Opacifies Vascular Spaces, S. D. Lane, Diagnostic Imaging, Nov. 1988.
|Power-injected CT Contrast Opacifies Vascular Spaces, S. D. Lane, Diagnostic Imaging, Nov. 1988.
|Spiral Volumetric CT with Single Breath Hold Technique, Continuous Transport, & Continuous Scanner Rotation, Kalender, et al., Radiology, 1990; 176:181 183.
|Spiral Volumetric CT with Single Breath-Hold Technique, Continuous Transport, & Continuous Scanner Rotation, Kalender, et al., Radiology, 1990; 176:181-183.
|World s Fastest CT From Zero to 40 in 75 Seconds, Picker Advertisement.
|World's Fastest CT From Zero to 40 in 75 Seconds, Picker Advertisement.
|Citing Patent
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|Dec 22, 1994
|Feb 13, 1996
|General Electric Company
|Image reconstruction apparatus and method for helical scanning
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|3D CT fluoroscopy
|Dec 24, 1996
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|X-ray CT scanning apparatus
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|Telymonde; Timothy D.
|Method and apparatus for image acquisition from a plurality of cameras
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|Jul 12, 1999
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|Method for the reconstruction of images from measured values acquired with a CT apparatus by spiral scan and CT apparatus for the implementation of the method
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|Methods and apparatus for single slice helical image reconstruction in a computed tomography system
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|Interactive x-ray position and exposure control using image data as reference information
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|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for similarity indexing and searching in high dimensional space
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|Four-dimensional helical tomographic scanner
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|Ge Medical Systems Global Technolgy Company, Llc
|Methods and apparatus for performing a computed tomography scan
|Apr 9, 2003
|Mar 20, 2007
|University Of Iowa Research Foundation
|Reconstruction and motion analysis of an embryo
|Feb 14, 2002
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|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method and apparatus for processing a computed tomography image of a lung obtained using contrast agent
|Jul 23, 2003
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|Method and apparatus for correcting motion in image reconstruction
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|Method and system for CT imaging using a distributed X-ray source and interpolation based reconstruction
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|General Electric Company
|Method and system for imaging using multiple offset X-ray emission points
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|Method and apparatus for correcting motion in image reconstruction
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|System and methods for multiple imaging element scanning and copying
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|Reconstruction of an image of a moving object from volumetric data
|Mar 20, 2007
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|Acquisition and reconstruction of projection data using a stationary CT geometry
|Dec 23, 2003
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|Method and apparatus for employing multiple axial-sources
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|Method and system for imaging using multiple offset X-ray emission points
|Jun 24, 2005
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|Examination apparatus for perfusion studies
|Mar 20, 2007
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|General Electric Company
|Acquisition and reconstruction of projection data using a stationary CT geometry
|Oct 6, 2005
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|Robust coronary MR angiography MR without respiratory navigation
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|Method and apparatus for generating temporally interpolated projections
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|Acquisition and reconstruction of projection data using a stationary CT geometry
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|Jun 3, 2009
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|Method of CT perfusion imaging and apparatus for implementing same
|Sep 18, 2008
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|Method for recognizing and marking contrast agents in blood vessels of the lung with the aid of a CT examination and an image evaluation unit of a CT system
|Jul 22, 2009
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|X-ray CT scanner and image creating method
|Dec 4, 2007
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|X-ray computed tomographic apparatus and medical image processing apparatus
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|Operating method of an X-ray machine for examining a patient by use of a contrast agent
|Jun 17, 2011
|May 13, 2014
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|Method for adjusting ROI and 3D/4D imaging apparatus using the same
|Feb 29, 2012
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|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for providing a 3D image data record of a physiological object with a metal object therein
|Dec 23, 2009
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|System and method of iterative image reconstruction for computed tomography
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|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|System, apparatus, and method for image processing and medical image diagnosis apparatus
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|Jan 31, 2017
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|Method for adjusting ROI and 3D/4D imaging apparatus using the same
|Feb 14, 2002
|Aug 22, 2002
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method and apparatus for processing a computed tomography image of a lung obtained using contrast agent
|Jul 23, 2002
|Jan 29, 2004
|Hoffman David M.
|Methods and apparatus for performing a computed tomography scan
|Apr 9, 2003
|Apr 22, 2004
|University Of Iowa Research Foundation
|Reconstruction and motion analysis of an embryo
|Oct 25, 2002
|Apr 29, 2004
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Four-dimensional helical tomographic scanner
|Jul 23, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Edic Peter Michael
|Method and apparatus for generating temporally interpolated projections
|Jul 23, 2003
|Jul 15, 2004
|Edic Peter Michael
|Method and apparatus for correcting motion in image reconstruction
|Feb 28, 2003
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|Ahmed Mohamed N.
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|Man Bruno D.
|Method and apparatus for employing multiple axial-sources
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|Fanny Jeune-Iomme
|Method and apparatus for contrast enhanced medical imaging
|Oct 6, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Hardy Christopher J
|Robust coronary MR angiography MR without respiratory navigation
|Apr 18, 2005
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|General Electric Company
|Method and system for CT imaging using a distributed X-ray source and interpolation based reconstruction
|Jun 2, 2005
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|Hongwu Wang
|Four-dimensional volume of interest
|Jul 7, 2004
|Mar 8, 2007
|Thomas Kohler
|Reconstruction of an image of a moving object from volumetric data
|Dec 21, 2006
|Jul 19, 2007
|Matthias Niethammer
|Operating method of an X-ray machine for examining a patient by use of a contrast agent
|May 21, 2007
|Sep 20, 2007
|Edic Peter M
|Method and apparatus for correcting motion in image reconstruction
|Jun 24, 2005
|Feb 14, 2008
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.
|Examination Apparatus for Perfusion Studies
|Mar 20, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Reconstruction of CT projection data
|Mar 20, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Acquisition and reconstruction of projection data using a stationary CT geometry
|Mar 20, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Acquisition and reconstruction of projection data using a stationary CT geometry
|Mar 20, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Acquisition and reconstruction of projection data using a stationary CT geometry
|Dec 4, 2007
|Jun 5, 2008
|Yasuko Fujisawa
|X-ray computed tomographic apparatus and medical image processing apparatus
|Jan 7, 2008
|Jun 5, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Method and System for Imaging Using Multiple Offset X-Ray Emission Points
|Sep 18, 2008
|Apr 2, 2009
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for recognizing and marking contrast agents in blood vessels of the lung with the aid of a CT examination and an image evaluation unit of a CT system
|Aug 7, 2008
|Apr 9, 2009
|Jan Boese
|Method for the three-dimensional representation of a moving structure by a tomographic method
|May 26, 2009
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|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N. V.
|Reconstruction of an image of a moving object from volumetric data
|Jul 22, 2009
|Jan 28, 2010
|Atsushi Fukano
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|Jun 3, 2009
|Dec 9, 2010
|Jiang Hsieh
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|Dec 23, 2009
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|Jean-Baptiste Thibault
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|Jun 17, 2011
|Dec 22, 2011
|Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.
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|Jul 19, 2012
|Jul 18, 2013
|Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation
|System, apparatus, and method for image processing and medical image diagnosis apparatus
|Mar 18, 2013
|Oct 24, 2013
|Rigaku Corporation
|3 dimensional x-ray ct apparatus, 3 dimensional ct image reconstruction method, and program
|May 6, 2014
|Sep 11, 2014
|Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.
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|Jul 15, 2013
|Oct 23, 2014
|Nuctech Company Limited
|Ct security inspection system for baggage and detector arrangement thereof
|Dec 29, 2003
|Oct 8, 2008
|Method and apparatus for generating temporally interpolated tomographic images
|Jun 21, 2010
|Dec 21, 2011
|Jun 21, 2010
|May 20, 2015
|3D/4D (Three Dimensional/Four Dimensional) imaging equipment as well as method and device for adjusting a region of interest in imaging
|Mar 4, 2011
|Sep 6, 2012
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Verfahren zum Bereitstellen eines 3D-Bilddatensatzes eines physiologischen Objekts mit Metallobjekt darin
|Sep 9, 2011
|Aug 9, 2012
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for extraction and visualization of information from DSA sequence, involves visualizing deviation between contrast medium intensity and modeled contrast medium intensity course of mathematical model in output image
|Feb 12, 1998
|Aug 26, 1998
|Picker International, Inc.
|Diagnostic imaging
|Sep 2, 1999
|Mar 8, 2000
|Picker International, Inc.
|Cardiac CT system
|Sep 29, 2000
|Oct 13, 2004
|General Electric Company
|Methods and apparatus for cardiac imaging with conventional computed tomography
|Sep 29, 2000
|Jun 8, 2005
|General Electric Company
|Methods and apparatus for cardiac imaging with conventional computed tomography
|Mar 27, 2000
|Oct 12, 2000
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Deriving time-averaged moments
|Apr 9, 2003
|Oct 23, 2003
|University Of Iowa Research Foundation
|Reconstruction and motion analysis of an embryo
|Dec 29, 2003
|Feb 24, 2005
|General Electric Company
|Method and apparatus for generating temporally interpolated tomographic images
|Aug 9, 2006
|Nov 1, 2007
|Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv
|4d image-based planning methods and apparatus for targeted therapy
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 19, 1993
Owner name: PICKER INTERNATIONAL, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HEUSCHER, DOMINIC J.;REEL/FRAME:006742/0717
Effective date: 19931018
|Jul 2, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 13, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 31, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
To help clinicians with the transition,
we have updated our CODING SUMMARY FOR BIOPSY TECHNIQUES.
Just like our physician clients, persons in the laboratory industry are required to
submit accurate and complete ICD-10 diagnostic codes with all claims to
third party payors. As we all adjust to the new associated mandates,
you may hear from our Billing Department if there are questions with
regard to the ICD-10 code(s) submitted on your laboratory requisition form,
or should pertinent information be lacking.
We can assure you that we will do everything in our power to make the
learning curve short for both Bako, and our valued clients.
Should you or your staff have any questions, please contact our
Billing Department at 855-245-2256.
For further information related to ICD-10 changes, please see the below links:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Land Rover BAR (Ben Ainslie Racing) is a British yacht racing team that was set up specifically to win back the America's cup. This is the oldest international sports trophy, which began in the UK in 1851 but has never been won by a British team. The team is led by Sir Ben Ainslie, winner of four Olympic gold medals, who has also won the 34th America's Cup, though as part of Oracle Team USA.
Technology is a key aspect of modern racing and the team has set up the Technical Innovation Group (TIG) to use a range of cutting edge technologies from artificial intelligence to additive manufacturing. George Sykes, the TIG project manager who works for PA Consulting, explained: "We use 3D printing at three different levels within the team. The simplest level is as a prototyping and visualisation tool. We manufacture a large number of custom parts and 3D printing allows us to make full size prototypes in-house before we commit to a design."
Andy Claughton, Land Rover BAR's Chief Technology Officer, says that this level of prototyping is useful: "It allows us to get our hands on it, put it in place on the boat or link it up with other parts of the system and see potential issues and refine the design before we commit to the production of the final piece."
In some cases, the final part is 3D printed, such as the end cap for the boat's bowsprit, which reduces the aerodynamic drag. It's a complex shape but doesn't have to take any load so 3D printing was the obvious solution, being both cheaper and faster than the alternative, carbon.
The team has also been using metal 3D printing from Renishaw to manufacture custom parts. One of the earliest metal parts the team 3D printed was a custom sheave case for the pulley in the daggerboard lift line. This part has to bear a high compressive load and needed good resistance to wear so it needed to be metal but the team used a hollow design to keep the weight down.
Renishaw has also additively manufactured several parts for the hydraulics. Claughton explains: "Before 3D printing came along all the parts in this system would have been manufactured by taking metal away from a solid block. The shapes that you can create with this method are limited, so the design is limited and so too is the efficiency." He added: "Hydraulic fluid doesn't take kindly to going around hard corners for instance, and there is a loss of power when it has to do so. With traditional techniques this might be the only way you can manufacture the part, but with additive manufacturing you can build it with smooth rounded corners that significantly improves efficiency in the fluid transfers involved. In addition to the improvements in efficiency, we can now build it much more lightly as we are only adding material specifically where it is needed. In the past, the geometry of manufacture on a lathe or other cutting tool meant that some material couldn't be removed and we would have to carry around the excess weight. No longer."
This has led, for example, to a new manifold design that's 60% lighter with an increase in performance efficiency better than 20%.
David Ewing, Product Marketing Engineer at Renishaw's Additive Manufacturing Products Division, says that the hydraulic parts are a good example of the way that the work with Land Rover BAR is raising the bar in additive manufacturing, noting: "It's a complex manufacturing option and there are considerations both in component design and process expertise. The best applications are ones which use the minimum amount of material to achieve the design requirements, offer a functional benefit in service and have been designed with the manufacturing method in mind."


text:
Workflow and Office SharePoint Server 2007
Updated: February 26, 2009
Applies To: Office SharePoint Server 2007
This Office product will reach end of support on October 10, 2017. To stay supported, you will need to upgrade. For more information, see , Resources to help you upgrade your Office 2007 servers and clients.
Topic Last Modified: 2016-11-14
The 2007 Office system includes new versions of the Office desktop applications, including Word, Excel, Outlook, and PowerPoint. It also includes a separately licensed suite of servers that address various areas. The member of this suite that's most relevant to workflow is Office SharePoint Server 2007.
Office SharePoint Server supersedes earlier Microsoft products, including SharePoint Portal Server and Content Management Server, to provide a range of enterprise content management functions. These include several useful additions to the workflow capabilities built into Windows SharePoint Services. As in Windows SharePoint Services, all of these rely on Windows Workflow Foundation.
The workflow-related additions that Office SharePoint Server provides to Windows SharePoint Services can be grouped into three areas: support for Office 2007 clients, the ability for workflows to use forms created with InfoPath, and pre-defined workflows. This section looks at each of these three areas.
Workflows created using Windows SharePoint Services alone must use ASPX forms. Accordingly, the only way for people to interact with these workflows is via a Web browser. Yet the Office desktop applications are widely used, and many Windows SharePoint Services workflows will reference documents created with these applications. Why not allow users to interact with these workflows directly from Word, Excel, Outlook, and other Office applications?
Office SharePoint Server provides this ability. Rather than relying on a browser to communicate with users, a Windows SharePoint Services workflow running with Office SharePoint Server installed can display its forms directly in Office 2007 applications. For many workflows, this will allow a more natural interaction with users. A Windows SharePoint Services task list, for example, can be synchronized with the task list maintained by Outlook 2007, giving the user a single To Do list. Tasks can also be represented in Word 2007 documents, Outlook 2007 emails, and other ways, letting users input information to a running workflow directly from Office applications.
Displaying forms directly in Office applications requires some way to define those forms. The ASPX pages used by standard Windows SharePoint Services workflows will no longer suffice. To address this, Office SharePoint Server allows workflow authors to define forms using InfoPath 2007. For most people, these forms are easier to create than ASPX pages, and they can also provide capabilities such as built-in validation. It's important to note, however, that the InfoPath-based forms used with a workflow, referred to in this paper as InfoPath workflow forms, provide only a subset of the capabilities offered by standard InfoPath forms. Much of the InfoPath object model isn't available, for instance, as the focus is entirely on creating and using forms as part of workflows.
Letting workflow authors interact directly with Office applications through InfoPath workflow forms is certainly useful. Yet so far, everything described in this paper targets developers—there's nothing that's immediately usable by information workers. Office SharePoint Server changes this by including a group of pre-defined workflows. All of these workflows are meant to be used directly by information workers, and all can be customized to meet various requirements. The pre-defined workflows that Office SharePoint Server provides include the following:
Approval: routes a document for approval. The workflow initiator specifies a list of approvers, each of whom can approve or reject the document, reassign the approval task, or request changes to the document. The example workflow scenario described earlier for Windows SharePoint Services was actually this pre-defined Approval workflow. (It's worth noting that while the earlier scenario illustrated only aspects of Windows SharePoint Services, executing this pre-defined Approval workflow actually requires Office SharePoint Server. A developer could create a workflow that behaved exactly like the earlier scenario using only Windows SharePoint Services, however.)
Collect Feedback: routes a document for review, much like the Approval workflow. Participants can provide feedback, which is compiled and sent to the document owner when the workflow has completed. Unlike Approval, which by default assigns tasks to participants sequentially, this pre-defined workflow defaults to parallel task assignment, allowing feedback to be returned in any order.
Collect Signatures: routes an Office document for required signatures. This workflow can be started only from within an Office client.
Disposition Approval: helps manage document retention by allowing participants to decide whether to retain or delete expired documents.
Translation Management Workflow: helps manage the process of document translation. This workflow can be used to assign specific translation tasks to the participating translators, then track the progress of those tasks. It can also assign new translation tasks when a source document changes.
Group Approval: implements a group-oriented approval process. This workflow is available only in East Asian versions of Office SharePoint Server.
All of these pre-defined workflows use InfoPath workflow forms, and so all allow access directly from Office 2007 applications.
Office SharePoint Server also provides other workflow-related services, including the ability to create reports on workflow history directly in Excel and support for bulk task completion, allowing a user to approve many outstanding tasks at once. The product provides a range of other functions as well, such as enhanced search, the ability to load, calculate, and render Excel spreadsheets on the server, and more. This large set of functionality is provided in two versions: a base edition and an enterprise edition. The product's base edition includes the pre-defined workflows just described, but it doesn't provide support for InfoPath workflow forms—users must interact with these workflows via a Web browser. The enterprise edition supports all of the capabilities described in this section, including using InfoPath workflow forms.
This topic is included in the following downloadable book for easier reading and printing:
See the full list of available books at Downloadable content for Office SharePoint Server 2007.


text: Hello, everyone. After a long hiatus, I am getting back into shooting. I was shooting a Baby Eagle full sized 9mm but it no longer feels good like it did a decade ago. (haha, nothing feels as good as it did a decade ago) I have a Beretta .380 I love but still want a 9mm to use. My husband is letting me use his Walther P-99 and I love it! So ergonomic and fits me just perfect. I've heard Walthers are cranky and unreliable but so far, it's worked flawlessly. Love it. Happy shooter again.


text:
X360: GTA and Call Of Duty are two huge franchises, but industry analyst Michael Pachter believes most publishers would choose to own Activision's shooter over Rockstar's open world crime sim.
Well yea it would make them the most money, but if they want to own a quality game then choose gta.
I'd choose GTA V over CoD any day. There isn't a chance in hell of me liking CoD anywhere close to as much as I will GTA V!
One is easier to copy & paste for their yearly release than the other, which is the exact reason I haven't bought a COD game in years.
Most publishers would choose to own Mario. Think this through...


text:
tenorsmurf7 Review
Beautiful item.
Nice looking ring. Very Sturdy! I know where to go if I want to buy another.
- How did the image on site compare with the actual product? A+
- How accurate was the sizing? Fits great.
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Great deal for the price I paid.
Was This Review Helpful?


text:
Your Private Oasis249 VERBECK AV -
Move right in to this charming and newer Cape style home nestled on your own private acreage yet only 10 miles to Troy, 15 to Albany or 12 to Saratoga. This beautiful home boasts gleaming hardwood floors, freshly painted rooms, spacious eat in kitchen and fabulous master suite on the second floor. The basement is high and dry and you will find additional storage space in the 2 car garage/barn with loft potential as well. This beautiful and affordable rural home won''t last so call now.
Listing information
- Year Built: 1994
- Status: Sold on 8/15/2011
- Parking Type Description: Detached 2 cars
- Total Square Footage: 1,820 ($115.38 per sq. foot)
- Estimated Annual Taxes: $3,351
- Property ID: 101657344
- Beds: 3
- Total Rooms: 7
- New Construction: No
- Below Ground Sq. Feet: 1,040
- County: Rensselaer
- Style: Cape Cod
- Baths: 2 (Full: 2 3/4: 0 1/2: 0 Other: 0)
- Stories: 2
- Foreclosure: No
- Lot Area: 12.53
- School District: Hoosic Valley
Appliances Dishwasher, Range W Oven, Refrigerator
Condition Excellent
Exterior Vinyl
Exterior Features Barn, Deck, Garden, Lighting, Outbuilding, Porch
Garage Description Detached
Heat Fuel Oil
Heat System Hot Water
Interior Features Cable Hook Up, Paddle Fan
Lot Description Privacy, Treed Wooded, View
Master Bedroom Second Floor, Suite
Other General Taxes - 1558, School Taxes - 1793, Total Woodstoves - 1
Roof Asphalt Shingle
Sewer Septic
Survey Yes
Water Well Except Dug
Loft Upper Level
Master Bathroom Upper Level
Master Bedroom Upper Level
Bathroom 2 Main Level
Bedroom 1 Main Level
Bedroom 2 Main Level
Dining Room Main Level
Kitchen Main Level
Living Room Main Level
Workshop/Work Room Lower Level
Listed by Maribeth Duclos of Coldwell Banker Prime Properties


text:
M&A Analyst - CEE Focus (Top Tier Bank)
Location: London, England, United Kingdom
Salary: Excellent
One of the most prestigious Investment Banking houses is currently looking to hire an Analyst into their market leading CEE focused M&A team
This bank has an excellent presence across all M&A sectors and is certainly one of the best known names in Investment Banking. Due to a number of reasons, including a strong deal pipeline and an excellent position within the market, the team are currently looking to add an Analyst to the team.
The successful candidate must be able have gained experience working with a leading investment bank or boutique. You must be able to demonstrate strong financial modelling and exposure to live transactions. As the team covers a number of sectors across the region candidates will be considered from any sector or geographical coverage background
All candidates must have an exceptional academic record and ideally will speak a CEE language (although this is not a pre requisite).
This investment bank has a history and track record of differentiating themselves from other banks and offers Analysts the opportunity to take on more responsibility than they may get elsewhere. Due to the volume of deals the team execute every year Analysts will not only take on more responsibility but they will also receive unparalleled deal flow.


text:
Bankrollmob has struck gold on their latest betting picks. Five bets in a row has been won, and we aim to make it six tonight, where we have another Danish Superleague match ahead of us.
FC Nordsjælland is up against the Danish Champions, who has had a terrible start on the season after the winter break. They've lost 6-3 in total to Manchester United, and they've played draw and lost in the league.
Now they are up against a younger team in Nordsjælland, and even though they should be a better team, we expect a very tight game, but with a lot of goals.
Bet on todays betting pick here --->
FC Nordsjælland is an attacking team and so are FC Midtjylland. Both teams have had trouble with their defences, especially FCM who is without one of their top defenders. With these things in mind, odds 2.10 on over 2.5 goals seems to be a very good deal.
So todays bet with is the sixth winning bet in a row, will be FC Midtjylland and FC Nordsjælland to go over 2.5 goals. odds 2.10 at bet365.
Click here to bet:


text:
Engraved Black Ice Zippo Lighter Great Groomsmen Gifts
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Contact Us Engraving Help Our Store Add To Favorite Stores Sign Up For Store Newsletter Store Categories: Apparel Auto Accessory Bags/Purses/Totes Gifts/Promotional -Corporate Gifts -Gifts for Her -Gifts for Him -Groomsmen Gifts -Maglite� -Pen & Pen Sets -Tools & Knives -Zippo� Glass Ornaments Granite Memorials Home D�cor Kitchen Items Marble Portraits Photo Frames -3x5 -4x6 -5x7 -8x10 Photo Albums Scrapbooks Closeout Specials! Engraved Black Ice Zippo Lighter Great Groomsmen Gifts Engraved Black Ice Zippo Lighter Great Groomsmen Gifts Auction is for ONE Zippo Lighter. Engraving shown is for display purposes only.
Our most popular Zippo lighter! Stunning personalized Black Ice Zippo Lighter has an elegant reflective finish and makes an elegant groomsmen gift or memorable occasion.Zippo Black Ice lighter has a reflective finish that resembles the color of black ice. Marks permanently black for excellent contrast. Also available with Zippo Tin and Wedding Sleeve (sold separately). About Us FAST! Most orders ship within 48 hours! Free Unlimited Engraving! For other great gift ideas, please see our eBay Store . For engraving tips, help and font previews, click . Engraving Instructions Submission Form AFTER you have paid for your purchase , please return and submit the form below for engraving (if ... read more


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17:19 23 February 2010
Singer Cheryl Cole is to separate from her footballer husband following allegations of a string of affairs.
An official statement from representatives of the Girls Aloud singer confirmed the break, saying: "Cheryl Cole is separating from her husband Ashley Cole.
It continued: "Cheryl asks the media to respect her privacy during this difficult time. We have no further comment to make."
The 'Fight for this Love' star flew back into the UK on Tuesday, and announced her marriage is over within hours of landing on English soil.
Singer Cole had been photographed on several occasions not wearing her wedding band while attempting to escape media attention in LA, sparking speculation over an imminent split.
Cheryl wed Chelsea player Ashley Cole in 2006, and despite allegations of his infidelity in January 2008, when hairdresser Aimee Walton claimed he had spent the night with her, the couple battled through.
However, further allegations surfaced earlier this month, linking him to four more women.
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While the growth of the security software market took a hit this year, along with most every other market segment, it's still pegged to grow 8 percent, year over year, according to a market research firm. There's also stronger growth ahead.Market research firm Gartner Inc. says that the global security software market will tally $14.5 billion this year. That's up 8% from 2008, which saw this segment grow by 19%. The good news is that, for 2010, Gartner predicts double-digit growth to return, with a 13% sequential increase over 2009 to reach $16.3 billion.
Here's what Ruggero Contu, principal research analyst at Gartner had to say in a statement:
"Although the worldwide security software market is affected by the economic downturn, the growth will continue to be strong in 2009 as security remains a critical area where drastic cuts cannot be afforded," s the medium term, the greatest growth opportunities will come from software as a service (SaaS), appliance based offering and small and medium businesses (SMBs), which are in security catch-up mode compared with large companies and therefore spend a higher percentage of their budgets on security."
Not much to nitpick with there. SMBs will be spending more, because in the years past they've, generally, spent so little on IT security. I have to add that the healthcare market, which is rapidly moving to electronic health records, will have to also step up and spend more when it comes to IT security. I expect significant incremental security spend from the healthcare vertical.
As for SaaS taking much of the growth, we've known that for some time and covered this trend in Symantec Buys MessageLabs: SaaS Security Ready To Rock , Identity Management as a Service, and Security Continues Its Drive Toward The Cloud.
The rest of Gartner's statement rehashed the security vendor consolidation of 2008, and the move toward multi-featured integrated security products. Not much new insight there. That's been going on for years, and will continue to be the case for the foreseeable future. Continue to expect the big vendors to buy the well-run startups with good ideas, and keep looking for true innovation from the scrappy security startups.
As for IT security budgets: keep them tight and aligned with the bigger business objectives.
For my mobile and technology observations, consider following me on Twitter.


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What was the state of play in Catholic/Protestant sectarianism in Brisbane at the beginning of the 20th century? Judging by the angry mob of Catholics who attacked the Protestant Hall in 1900 with bricks and smashed almost every window there and knocked women unconscious, it probably could have been better.
There is, of course, a backstory here.
|Above: Joseph Slattery.
Below: Mary Slattery
Mary and Joseph were in town. More precisely, Mary and Joseph Slattery. He was a Baptist Minister who had been booked to speak at the Protestant Hall that night on the subject of 'Why I Left the Roman Catholic Priesthood'. He was a former priest who had been ordained as a minister in Massachusetts, and he was now on a speaking tour of Australia and New Zealand to explain his transformation.
To make things so much worse, his wife Mary was a former nun. She was engaged for a number of speaking appointments herself, mostly for female audiences. Joseph usually delivered flamboyant 'For Men Only' lectures, dressed in his former Catholic vestments. He denounced the 'Romish conspiracy' of the church with talks such as 'Why I Left The Roman Catholic Priesthood and What I Saw Therein', 'The Secret Theology of the Confessional', 'Where is Purgatory', 'The Jesuits and Their Secret Theology', 'Why Do Priests Not Wed', and 'How to Get In and Get Out'.
Mary, often under the name of 'Sister Mary Elizabeth in the Convent' or even 'The Escaped Nun', delivered a 'For Ladies Only' lectures titled 'Secrets of Nuns, and the Confessional Exposed', 'The Secret and Hidden Life of Convents', and 'The Enforced Celibacy of the Clergy'.
The Slatterys had been holding these speaking tours for several years, mostly in the United States, and they were linked to the anti-Catholic American Protective Association. It was common for them to be denounced by their many opponents as frauds who had never been in the Catholic Church at all, and who were making a tidy living out of their tours.
Many Protestants would have lapped their material up, but the tour was seen as nothing less than an act of high treachery by most local Catholics. These two people were not only very publicly criticising their Church, but those same people had once (allegedly) been among its most trusted order of members. Needless to say, the Slatterys endured many rough receptions on their antipodean travels, but none compared to what took place in Brisbane.*
The Protestant Hall in which they were booked to speak was situated between Raff Street and Queen Street, and was run by the Loyal Orange Lodge.
|Orange Lodge, Protestant Hall, Brisbane, 1889 (John Oxley Library)
The men, women and young children in attendance had to force their way in through a large crowd of Catholics that had gathered outside the hall that afternoon, and as soon as Slattery started to speak, a barrage of half-bricks and slate stones, some weighing several kilograms, rained down on the church roof, damaging some windows near Slattery's platform. The uproar was short-lived and the missiles soon stopped, so Slattery collected himself and began to speak again. This only prompted another round of rock-throwing and one woman was hit on the side of the head and knocked unconscious, while elsewhere in the hall a reporter was knocked to the ground. Pandemonium broke out as almost every window in the hall was smashed and the crowd inside attempted to leave. Things were ugly outside:
'A cowardly attack was made on a woman at the hall door as the audience were coming out. One of the aggrieved rioters raised a stick and struck her viciously across the back, but in less time than it takes to write the fact received a blow in the face that levelled him in the roadway.' (Brisbane Courier, October 1900)Only about six panes of the windows of the Protestant Hall escaped intact, and the floor inside was covered with broken glass, rocks and bricks. The damage was actually limited by the fact that the chairs in the hall had been bolted together, which stopped them from becoming weapons.
Many were injured in the fracas, but some of those in torn clothing who presented themselves for medical attention were reluctant to reveal their names. It was reported that it was only a matter of luck that people had not been killed.
The Slatterys remained in Brisbane for a short while longer, giving further addresses at the Protestant Hall, and it seems the protesters had vented their spleen because opposition was much quieter. Joseph returned to the Hall the following day to give a 'men only' lecture, and this time the police had put up rope barriers to help prevent a repeat of the previous days rioting. It was generally quiet, only the occasional stone being thrown, although one old man with a 'rusty muzzle-loader' rode up on horseback and threatened to shoot in the windows, but he was quickly arrested. There were about 150 police present, both mounted and on foot.
Mary also addressed an audience of women, and the proceedings were much calmer, despite the initial presence of another, smaller, protest crowd outside. At the same time three men appeared in the police court and were fined 10 shillings each for breaking the windows, with 15 shillings damages.
The Slatterys continued their provocative international speaking tours for years afterwards, still dogged by accusations of fraud and still attracting violent protest.
* With, perhaps, the exception of Kalgoorlie, in which the doors and windows of the lecture venue were broken in, a free fight broke out using umbrella's and chairs as weapons, a 'pungent chemical' was sprayed at the building, and a man mistaken for Joseph Slattery was beaten up in the street. All this took place at a lecture for women.
The Slatterys were in Kalgoorlie for several days but each of their attempts to speak was marred with similar violence. Eastern newspapers attributed it to the 'generally rough nature' of the population of Kalgoorlie.


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Lava Mobile Service Center in Ajmer
Lava Mobile Service Center in Ajmer, Rajasthan – Address, Contact Number are listed below. If you have any problem with your Lava mobile, kindly contact the service centers officials. There is 1 authorized mobile service centers in Ajmer
List of Lava Mobile Service Centers in Ajmer:
Lava mobile service center in Ajmer
Name: Nakoda Mobiles ( Service Centre )
Address: Babu Mohalla, Keserganj, Ajmer
City: Ajmer
State: Rajasthan
Contact Person: Prakash/Mukesh
Contact Number 1: 9828051125
Contact Number 2: 0145-2622125
Working Hours: 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM
LAVA Service Center timing : 10 AM to 6 PM on all working days. Collection Point only receives your LAVA handset/device and takes it to the nearest Authorized Service Partner for repair. All Servicing/Repair of your LAVA handset/device is done by LAVA Authorized Service Partner. All cost estimates (if any) will also be provided by Authorized Service Partner.


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The University of Queensland's internationally regarded School Of Economics is this week celebrating 70 years of academic excellence.
From humble beginnings in 1947 when it was known as the Department of Economics and based at Government House in Brisbane, the School has flourished into a world-renowned nurturing ground for generations of hugely influential economists.
Boasting an honour role of alumni that reads like the who's who of Australian business leaders and high-ranking public servants, the UQ School of Economics has also established itself as the destination of choice for large numbers of international students every year.


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Welcome to AFBN's Federal Employee information section. Our purpose is to provide you with the most up-to-date resources and information you can use to make informed financial decisions that specifically relate to your Federal benefits. Our financial experts can provide you with a tailored plan to help you accomplish your individual goals. By leveraging your Federal Benefits, we are able to help our clients meet their goals faster and with ongoing success.
Our services for Federal Employees include the following:
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Turns out you can eat your way out of premature aging.
6 Low-Sodium Versions of Your Favorite Salty Foods
Meet the foods that can help with everything from wrinkles to rosacea.More
This juicy fruit is brimming with ellagic acid, an antioxidant that may protect skin from wrinkles and collagen-sapping sun damage. Sprinkle them over your morning cereal or Greek yogurt, or pop 'em straight from the pack.
Is your skin as pink as this image's background? Inflammatory conditions like acne and rosacea may be a sign that there's trouble in your tummy. Noshing on foods like kale, which has prebiotics (a type of fiber that feeds the good bacteria in your gut), may help. For a skin-friendly lunch, skip the iceberg lettuce and mix up a kale salad with grilled chicken.
7 Delicious Ways to Eat Yogurt Beyond Breakfast


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|Page (1) of 1 - 04/20/11
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In trading on Wednesday, semiconductors shares were relative leaders, up on the day by about 3.3%. Leading the group were shares of Silicon Motion Technology (SIMO), up about 11.6% and shares of Asm International NV (ASMI) up about 7.4% on the day.
|Wednesday Sector Leaders: Semiconductors, Auto Parts
Source:Copyright (2011) Market News Video.. All Rights Reserved


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Delhi, 5 Jan: Niranjan Shah expressed that there is no need for him to resign as secretary of the Saurashtra Cricket Association as he is already ineligible to hold it.
Earlier Shah has also held various positions in the BCCI including the post of secretary and vice-president.
Veteran administrator Niranjan Shah, who has ruled Saurashtra cricket for more than four decades, says he is as good as out of the state body after the Supreme Court's latest order on the implementation of Lodha reforms in Indian cricket.
Among other recommendations, Lodha panel has put an age cap of 70 years for the officer-bearers in the BCCI as well its state associations. Shah is 72 years old.
"I am out (of Saurashtra cricket) post the Supreme Court order. There is nothing much to say really and there is no need to resign. The court order very clearly states the eligibility criteria," Shah told PTI today.
Would he be open to any advisory role with the SCA, Shah said: "That is for the next set of office bearers to decide. All I can say is that I leave Saurashtra cricket as a satisfied man. The SCA is one of the best run associations in the country," he added.
Chao also prevails in Tamil Nadu Cricket Association (TNCA), led by N Srinivasan. TNCA secretary Kasi Viswanathan said that the court order has made him ineligible to continue in his existing post.
"There is no question of resigning. I have already been TNCA secretary for more than 10 years and therefore I stand ineligible. The TNCA is calling an executive committee meeting to discuss how to implement the Lodha recommendations," Viswanathan said.
Going by the Lodha panel, one can't be an office-bearer in the BCCI or a state association if he has already served for a cumulative period of nine years.
The Supreme Court on Monday expelled BCCI president Anurag Thakur and secretary Ajay Shirke for obstructing the implementation of the Lodha reforms. Thakur also faces two showcause notices for contempt of court and perjury
Wefornews Bureau


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About This Game
- Summary
- Game Editions
A collection of two racing games based on the Hot Wheels toy license.
In Hot Wheels: Velocity X, put your driving skills to the ultimate test as you defend Monument City from a criminal gang of racing villains.
In Hot Wheels: World Race, celebrate 35 years of Hot Wheels. Racing is taken to a new level as players are thrust into the unique futuristic Hot Wheels fantasy world where life revolves around the most intense stunt racing ever imagined.
Hot Wheels: World RacePublisher: THQRelease Date: November 4, 2003MSRP: 19.99 USD
Hot Wheels: Stunt Track Challenge / World RacePublisher: Destination Software, Inc. (DSI)Release Date: August 2006
Hot Wheels: World Race / Velocity XPublisher: THQ
Help us solve the toughest (or most puzzling) game puzzles and challenges.
Our attempt to answer issues which most commonly occur on IGN's wikis.


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Location: Avelar Creek South, Riverview
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$149,900353 Days on yellowkey MLS ID: T2852777
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REDUCED by $9,000 (5.7%) on 05/30/2017
Bed: 3 Bath: 2.5 Gar: 1 Liv Area Sq Ft: 1832 Built: 2006Monthly Fee: $225 Tax: $3,139 (2016)Community: Avelar Creek SouthPool: NoTownhouse, Pets Allowed
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Elementary School: Summerfield Crossing Elementary
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Remarks: This is a bright and spacious end-unit, 3 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom townhouse with an attached 1 car garage, located in Avelar Creek South. This end-unit has a great open floor plan layout with 42" maple tone cabinets, refrigerator, range, microwave with eat-in kitchen space. Large Master Bathroom with Garden Tub and separate shower. 2nd Floor laundry area. Sliding glass door in living room gives a great view of the conservation area. Great for outdoor entertaining. Their is a walk way path to the community center featuring the community pool and playground area for your enjoyment. This is a gated community with on-site security. This location is convenient to major access routes including 301, 41 and I-75, shopping, restaurants, schools and St Joseph Hospital South.
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text: hey guys i have a samsung galaxy s and its only about 2 months old and it has stopped working completly, it wont turn on or register the charger plugged in, it wqs working last night b4 i went to bed and now its not, i have tries the 3 button combination but still nothing. please help if you can as i really love this phone and i use it daily for work etc. thankyou deggsy


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June 2014expanded
New Age, New challenges for the Freedom of Information
Board of Directors Luncheon with Christophe Deloire
Years ago, the press had to struggle against Orwellian restrictions. One could have believed that even in despotic countries those restrictions would disappear step by step in the Information Age. But unfortunately, press freedom predators have survived, with new weapons to control their people, even while new species (bloggers, netizens) emerge to resist them. In our new world, there are more and more soft control and Huxleyan violations being carried out in both dictatorships and democracies. Thus, the evolution of this Information Age also requires the invention of new means of defending and promoting freedom of information.
Christophe Deloire, Reporters Without Borders' Secretary General, will expose the last trends in the 2014 World Press Freedom Index, explaining specific concerns about the United States and France, two nations that both saw declines in the 2014 Index. Citing concerns of government surveillance, the U.S. ranking slid 13 spots in one year to 46th in the world. France dropped only 1 spot, landing at 39th, but was cited with various concerns.
Free to Foundation Members // Individual non-member admission: $75
This event takes place as part of the French-American Foundation's 2014 Gala Week. Foundation members can RSVP here. Non-members can purchase tickets here. For more information about this event, please contact Megan Gleason at [email protected].
This event is made possible with the generous support of
Christophe Deloire
Christophe Deloire is the Secretary General of Reporters Without Borders (RWB).
After having started his career in television at TF1, LCI and Arte, he worked for nearly ten years for the weekly magazine Le Point, in the Home News/Life section and then on the political investigation pages.
He is also the author of eight books of investigative journalism, several of which were published by Albin Michel and have become bestsellers. He was also in charge of a series of books published by Flammarion.
In 2008 he produced a documentary film on Jacques Chirac for France 2 televison channel together with Laurent Delahousse.
Between 2008 and 2012, he was the head of the Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) - Center for Journalists Training - one of the leading journalism schools in France.
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Guest speaker details coming soon. Stay tuned!
Archives for September 2016
Next HWTN Monthly Meeting 7 p.m. Wednesday Oct. 5
Become a 2017 Member Today
Now's the time to join or renew membership in Historic Water Tower Neighborhood.
HWTN's annual membership period runs from Oct. 1 to Sept. 30. If you've been a member, you know the many benefits you'll get from joining, including the opportunity to have an impact on important neighborhood issues, meet your neighbors, learn about valuable home-improvement tax credits and participate in historic preservation efforts.
Another major benefit — you're entitled to join us at our annual, members-only holiday party. It's often held at member Andy Nunemaker's beautiful N. Terrace Ave. mansion. You don't want to miss this party, but you need to be a member to register and attend.
To renew your membership or join for the first time, go to our membership page and sign up online or download and mail in our form. Either way, don't delay.
2017 HWTN Monthly Meeting Dates Set
The 2017 monthly meeting dates for HWTN have been set. The meetings will be held at 7 p.m. in the Marcia Coles Community Room of Lake Park Pavilion, below Lake Park Bistro, generally on the first Wednesday of each month.
Meetings generally include a Board of Trustees agenda and a guest speaker. Attendees are encouraged to arrive shortly before 7 p.m. for complimentary cookies at coffee, courtesy of Lake Park Bistro. The meetings are open to the public.
Below are the meeting dates. Note that no regular meetings take place July, August or December. A holiday party will occur in December, but a date has not yet been set.
The 2017 meeting dates are:
- Jan. 11 (second Wednesday)
- Feb. 1
- March 1
- April 5
- May 3
- June 7
- Sept. 6
- Oct. 4
- Nov. 1
Lake Park's Pokémon GO Activity and Historic Concrete Bridge Future to be Discussed with Top Officials Sept. 7
Pokémon GO activity in Lake Park and the future of the Historic Lake Park Concrete Footbridge will be the topics for a panel of top city and county officials at 7 p.m. Wednesday Sept. 7, 2016, at Lake Park's Marcia Coles Community Room, beneath Lake Park Bistro.
The discussion, part of HWTN's regular monthly meeting, will include a question-and-answer session.
Panelists include Milwaukee County Parks Director John Dargle, Jr.; Milwaukee County Parks Chief of Operations Guy Smith; Milwaukee County Parks Safety, Security & Training Manager John Nelson; County Supervisor Sheldon A. Wasserman, who represents our area; County Supervisor Jason Haas, the Chair of the County Board's Parks, Energy & Environment Committee; Milwaukee County Officer of Corporation Counsel, Deputy Corporate Counsel Colleen Foley; Milwaukee County Executive's Office Constituent Services Coordinator Carly Wilson; Milwaukee County Sheriff's Deputy Inspector Tobie Weberg; Milwaukee County Sheriff's Lieutenant Tricia Carlson; Milwaukee Police Department Captain Eric Moore, who runs the department's First District, which includes our neighborhood; Milwaukee Police Office Thomas Kline, District 1 Community Liaison Officer; and Milwaukee Alderman Nik Kovac, who represents our district.
This summer, Lake Park has been attracting hundreds of Pokémon GO players daily, generating numerous complaints from nearby residents. Search "Pokémon GO" and "Lake Park" for news stories about the issue.
Also, the county is considering the future of the deteriorating historic concrete footbridge over Ravine Road. Details are available here.
The meeting is free and open to the public. Doors open at 6:30 p.m., with complimentary coffee and cookies courtesy of Lake Park Bistro.