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Limb movement-related neurons in the cerebellar nuclei (CN) typically produce bursts of discharge in association with movement. Consequently, given the inhibitory nature of the Purkinje cell (PC) projection to CN, it is puzzling that only a minority of movement-related PCs pause; the majority burst. Some of the movement-related CN activity may be the result of excitation from collaterals of mossy and climbing fiber projections to the cerebellar cortex. The only other input to CN is diffuse and neuromodulatory, from locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei. To investigate the role of the excitatory mossy fiber input, single units in CN were recorded in macaque monkeys during the performance of reaching and manipulation tasks, before and after blocking the PC input with local microinjections of GABAA antagonists (bicuculline or SR95531). After these injections, the movement-related modulation of CN discharge was greater and began earlier, compared with the modulation in the preinjection group of neurons. These observations indicate that an important excitatory drive is provided by extracerebellar inputs to CN, most likely from collaterals of mossy fibers. PCs may serve primarily to regulate this activity, by either pausing or bursting as necessary.
Each of the large, excitatory projection neurons in the cerebellar nucleus (CN) receives GABAergic input from on the order of a hundred Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellar cortex. Despite the inhibitory nature of this prominent projection, movement-related CN neurons predominantly increase their discharge during voluntary reaching and grasping movements (Fortier et al. 1989; Harvey et al. 1979; van Kan et al. 1993). One mechanism by which this increased discharge might be explained is if Purkinje cells were to decrease their firing with movement, thus disinhibiting their CN targets. This would seem to require that the majority of PCs show corresponding movement-related pauses in discharge, and that these pauses precede the excitatory discharge observed in CN. However, movement-related increases of Purkinje cell discharge are more commonly observed than decreases (Fortier et al. 1989; Harvey et al. 1977; Miller et al. 2002b). Furthermore, consistent differences in timing between PCs and CN neurons have not been demonstrated (Thach 1970).
The primary extracerebellar source of input to the cerebellar nuclei is by collaterals of mossy and climbing fibers projecting to the cerebellar cortex, which arise from the pontine nuclei, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, and the lateral reticular nucleus. There are also diffuse, neuromodulatory inputs from the locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei, mediated by norepinephrine, and serotonin, but these do not provide a significant source of movement-related modulation (Siggins et al. 1971). However, the excitatory mossy fiber (MF) projections do offer a potential explanation for the concurrent increases in CN and PC discharge (Houk et al. 1993; Shinoda et al. 1997; Thach 1970). The pontine and medullary nuclei giving rise to these fibers are known to receive movement-related signals from motor cortex and red nucleus (Robinson et al. 1987; Shinoda et al. 1992). Yet, although neurons in the pontine nuclei typically burst in association with movement (Matsunami 1987), their terminals are generally relatively simple in structure and widely ramifying (Shinoda et al. 1992, 1997), and might not provide a very strong input.
It has been suggested that the excitatory, recurrent connections between the cerebral cortex and cerebellar nuclei may be reciprocal even at the level of single cells (Tsukahara et al. 1983). There is some recent computational (Hua and Houk 1997) and electrophysiological evidence in support of this tight reciprocity (Holdefer et al. 2000). Such an architecture could give rise to positive feedback that would enhance the excitatory input to CN (Houk et al. 1993). Furthermore, a variety of intrinsic cellular mechanisms might further strengthen these MF collateral inputs. Among these are N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) currents, postinhibitory rebound mediated by t-type Ca2+ channels, and regulation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels (Aizenman and Linden 1999; Anchisi et al. 2001; Smith et al. 2002).
If the movement-related discharge of CN neurons results from PC pauses, then blocking the PC input with GABAA antagonists should decrease or eliminate the movement-related bursts. Instead, we report here an increase in movement-related discharge after GABAA antagonists. This is consistent with extracerebellar sources providing a strong movement-related drive to CN, which is then restrained and refined by inhibitory PC input.
Data for this study were obtained from 2 monkeys trained to perform either a button-pressing or grip task. Monkeys were required to initiate a trial by placing their left hand on a waist-level touch pad for 1 s and then to reach to and actuate a device located approximately at arm's length in front of the shoulder. If successful, a tone sounded and a juice reward was delivered. Monkey T was required on alternate trials (as indicated by light-emitting diodes [LEDs] in each device) to reach to either a small button (7.5 mm diameter) or a key-grip device (14 × 26 × 22 mm), with a hold period of 1 s. The grip device was instrumented with force-sensitive resistors indicating thumb and index finger grip force. Monkey G was required to press a large square button (32 mm) at the end of a long cylinder (40 cm, 3.2 cm diameter) with a hold period of 0.25 s. The right arm of both monkeys was loosely restrained.
Surgical procedures
After training, aseptic surgery was performed with the animal under isoflurane anesthesia. A halo-type head restraint and a 20-mm i.d. stainless steel recording chamber were implanted over the arm and hand representations in the interpositus (IP) and dentate (DN) nuclei of the cerebellum (left hemisphere). The chamber was angled 15° lateral to medial in a coronal plane, and positioned stereotaxically (monkey T, AP: −8.0, ML: 13.0; monkey G, AP: −8.0, ML: 10.0). The dorsal dentate, at intermediate rostrocaudal levels, targets the arm and hand representation of the primary motor cortex (Hoover and Strick 1999). Interpositus also projects to arm M1, but its output is more strongly directed to magnocellular red nucleus (Flumerfelt et al. 1973). These limb-related areas of CN were the primary focus of our study. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Northwestern University.
Recording and local injection of GABAA antagonists
At the outset of these experiments recordings were made with single tungsten microelectrodes in CN to locate IP and DN, including regions that were well modulated by limb movement. Single-unit signals were recorded using standard techniques. Microelectrode signals were amplified, band-pass filtered (300–10,000 Hz), and discriminated using a DSP-based discrimination system (Plexon, Dallas, TX). Multiple single-unit activity included all waveforms that crossed an amplitude threshold set to twice the peak noise level. These recordings typically contained 2–4 recognizable action potential waveforms.
Subsequent recordings were performed using a pressure injection and recording assembly modified from that described by Dias and Segraves (1997). A beveled, 30-gauge stainless steel tube was used for injections, and a 115-μm-diameter microelectrode inside this tube allowed both single-unit and multiple-unit activity to be discriminated at the site of the injection. The separation between the injection cannula and the tip of the microelectrode was typically 0.2 to 0.3 mm. The pressure pulse (supplied by a tank of nitrogen gas) applied to the assembly was precisely regulated with a pneumatic picopump (World Precision Instruments, PV830), which allowed gradual injections in small steps (<100 nl). Monitoring a visible meniscus during injection eliminated compliance of the connecting tubing as a source of error when determining the volume injected.
After preinjection recordings in CN, either the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline or SR95531 (GABAzine) (1 μg in a total of 1 μl) was injected over a 5- to 15-min period. For the next 30–45 min, additional data files were recorded from cells within 750 microns of the injection site. On rare occasions, it was possible to record the same cell before and after injection. Direct drug effects over a radius of 1 mm or less have been estimated for 1-μl injections of muscimol (Martin and Ghez 1999). Because the receptor affinity for bicuculline is significantly higher than that for muscimol, one would expect its spread, if anything, to be slightly less. Forty minutes is within the recovery time for comparable local injections of bicuculline (Schroeder et al. 1997). Indirect effects mediated by the locally ramifying axons of CN neurons were probably minimal, based on the specific behavioral deficits found for local injections of muscimol comparable sizes (Martin et al. 2000; Mason et al. 1998). The dosage of GABAA antagonist in this study was chosen to cause minimal behavioral effects, yet allow an adequate spread of the drug for subsequent sampling of neurons along a penetration. The effectiveness of the injection was also verified by a general increase in resting discharge rate and, on many occasions, by an exaggerated, periodic bursting of the resting discharge, which was never observed preinjection.
Data analysis
Perievent time histograms (PETHs) and rasters were constructed from the unit activity based on several salient behavioral events, which included the device LED onset, onset of reach, button press or grip, and delivery of the juice reward. The averaged firing rates in 10-ms bins were then smoothed using a Gaussian filter. The difference between the peak and trough firing rates was calculated for each histogram, and the largest difference was defined as the depth of modulation (DOM) for each neuron. Units were considered significantly modulated if the peak or trough in firing exceeded ±4 SD of the resting period discharge, when the monkey had his hand on the touch pad. Onset latencies for units with significant responses during reach were determined by following the smoothed modulation envelope in the PETH back in time from the peak or trough to the point where it fell within DOM/10 of the resting discharge.
After all recordings were completed, monkey T received a lethal dose of sodium pentobarbital and was perfused with heparinized PBS followed by 4% paraformaldehyde and 2% potassium ferrocyanide in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Electrode penetrations in the IP and DN were reconstructed from 50-μm-thick histological sections after identifying the Prussian blue reaction products of small electrolytic lesions. Monkey G is still being used in subsequent experiments.
All the recording and injection sites for monkey T are shown in Fig. 1. Penetration numbers at the top of each section may be used to identify the location of neurons shown in subsequent figures. Preinjection recording sites are indicated by the open circles, postinjection sites by the filled circles. The estimated area of effectiveness for these 1-μl injections (Martin and Ghez 1999) is shown by the large circle on each histological section. All the recording and injection sites were within the zone of dorsal, M1-projecting portions of the DN (Hoover and Strick 1999).
The results of blocking Purkinje cell (PC) input to discrete regions in the cerebellar nucleus (CN) with local injections of GABAA antagonists in 2 monkeys are reported here. Figure 2 shows examples of movement-related discharge in the absence of drug delivery. Figure 2, A and B show cells recorded from the dentate nucleus (DN) displaying reach-related depths of modulation (DOMs) >80 spikes/s. Extremely high intrinsic firing rates would be required for these neurons if these responses had been mediated only by PC disinhibition. In B, the reach-related increase in discharge appears to have been preceded by a slight pause. If this pause represented PC input, it could have deinactivated t-type Ca2+ channels, and yielded a burst of action potentials when subsequently activated by even a small depolarizing input (Aizenman and Linden 1999). The cell in Fig. 2C shows a more modest DOM (33 spikes/s) that might more reasonably be explained by a simple disinhibitory mechanism. Figure 2D shows the typical bursting PC response during reaching (with a DOM of 114 spikes/s). Although many PCs pause during movement, a burst is more common.
CN discharge after local injection of GABAA antagonists
Figures 3–6 illustrate the effects of GABAA antagonists on the movement-related discharge in cerebellar nucleus. The cell illustrated in Fig. 3 (P25U2) was recorded from the most anterior penetration (Fig. 1), in an area of the DN that has projections to M1. It was unusual in 2 respects. We were able to hold the neuron throughout the entire interval before, during, and after injection of 1 μl of bicuculline. In general, it proved very difficult to do so, probably because of the mechanical disturbance caused by the injection. It was also unusual because its preinjection response included an initial pause in firing. Although atypical, this pause helps to make the effect of the bicuculline even clearer. Before injection (Fig. 3A), a reach-related pause in firing was followed by a brief return to, or slightly above, the resting level of discharge, after which the firing rate decreased again during the button press. A final, tonic increase in firing occurred at about 1.2 s, with the return of the hand from the button to the touch pad. Although relatively uncommon, such decreases in firing associated with reach were observed for 3 additional (out of 31) CN neurons.
By 12 min after the bicuculline injection, the resting discharge of this neuron increased dramatically, from about 50 to a bit over 100 spikes/s. More important, the initial pause disappeared, and was replaced by a burst of 80 spikes/s above the new resting discharge. This burst began 120 ms before reach onset and was followed by a further, gradual increase during the hold period (Fig. 3B). By 39 min after the injection, some recovery from the GABAA antagonist was evident (Fig. 3C). The reach-related increase in firing reached only 61 spike/s and began 20 ms after the beginning of the reach. In addition, there was a decrease in firing preceding reach, reminiscent of the pause seen before injection. Despite the dramatic changes in this cell's discharge, and presumably other neighboring cells, the monkey's behavior was largely unaffected. This is demonstrated in Fig. 3D, in which the median time required to reach from the touch pad to the button is plotted as a function of time. Time points corresponding to the histograms in Fig. 3, A–C are indicated. There was no significant change in the reach time associated with the injection (unpaired t-test, P = 0.6). The dramatic changes in the discharge of this neuron after injection of bicuculline were not the indirect result of changes in the monkey's motor behavior.
Because it was very difficult to hold the same neuron before and after injection, comparisons were made between groups of neurons recorded before and after injection during a given penetration. Several examples are shown in Fig. 4 for 2 penetrations (P34 and P42, Fig. 1) in the DN of monkey T. These between-group comparisons show effects similar to those of Fig. 3: elevated spontaneous discharge rate, a reach-related burst in discharge as large as or larger than that before injection, and a shift of the response to earlier onsets relative to reach.
The preinjection neuron in the left column of Fig. 4 showed an increase in firing rate associated with a reach of 30 spikes/s above the spontaneous rate of 25 (onset latency: −150 ms). After recording this neuron, 1 μl of bicuculline was injected, and 22 min later, another neuron was recorded 250 μm ventral to this site (Fig. 4B). Despite having blocked its PC inputs, the neuron's discharge increased by more than 140 spikes/s during reach (onset latency −170 ms) from a spontaneous rate of 60 spikes/s. Periodic bursting appeared in the resting discharge while the monkey's hand was on the touch pad. Many CN neurons showed this bursting behavior after bicuculline. Because it was never seen before injection, such bursting was considered to be good evidence that the drug was actually ejected from the cannula in sufficient quantity to affect the recorded cell. Multiunit activity during penetration 34 increased from 96 to 110 spikes/s after injection.
A neuron recorded in the DN after the more selective GABAA antagonist GABAzine (SR95531) is shown in Fig. 4D. GABAzine, unlike bicuculline, does not block an apamin-sensitive, Ca2+-dependent K+ conductance. The preinjection neuron recorded along this penetration increased its firing by 43 spikes/s, beginning 70 ms before the onset of reach (Fig. 4C). By 26 min after injection of 1 μl of GABAzine, a neuron was isolated 550 μm dorsal to the injection site (Fig. 4D). Modulation during reach persisted (46 spikes/s) and began earlier than for the preinjection neuron (−220 ms). Activity during the touch pad period also showed periodic bursting, although not as dramatically as that seen after bicuculline (Fig. 4B). However, the spontaneous rate of this neuron was about 25 spikes/s higher than that of the previous neuron recorded before injection. In addition to this single-neuron recording, multiple-unit activity was recorded after GABAzine from an additional 3 sites along this penetration, all of which were well modulated during behavior (mean DOM = 158 spikes/s). Multiunit activity was not recorded before the injection during penetration 42.
A similar set of neurons recorded from 2 penetrations in monkey G are shown in Fig. 5. Those recorded along the same penetration (P20 and P14) are aligned in a column. The preinjection neurons (Fig. 5, A and D) showed modest increases in firing associated with reach (DOM: 30 and 22 spikes/s, onsets at −110 and −120 ms, respectively). Bicuculline (1 μl) injections were then made at the same depth as these baseline recordings. Subsequently, neurons along P20 were recorded 50 and 300 μm from the site of injection (Fig. 5, B and C). Phasic, increased firing was observed for both units (56 and 43 spikes/s) at relatively early latencies, and from an elevated baseline rate. Highly periodic bursting was also present both during the touch pad period and during and subsequent to the button press. This burst pattern occasionally made onset time difficult to determine with certainty. The neuron shown in Fig. 5E was phasically modulated by reach after bicuculline (67 spikes/s; onset at −140 ms), with periodic bursting discharge both before and after reach. A second neuron, recorded simultaneously from the same electrode, showed little behavioral modulation and no periodic bursting (Fig. 5F). It is possible, though unlikely, that for some reason bicuculline was not able to gain access to its receptors. Multiple-unit activity before and after the injection in the 2 experiments shown in this figure averaged 71 and 164 spikes/s (left column) and 47 and 85 spikes/s (right column).
To summarize the population data recorded before and after injection, the DOM was calculated for all the neurons recorded along any penetration where a successful injection was made. As shown in Fig. 6A, discriminated, single neurons in the GABAA antagonist group had significantly greater DOMs compared with neurons recorded before injection during the same experiments (77 vs. 39 spikes/s, respectively; P < 0.05). Similarly, multiple-unit activity increased significantly from 60 to 120 spikes/s (Fig. 6B).
The onset of reach-related single-unit activity postinjection also occurred earlier than that recorded preinjection (Fig. 6B, P < 0.005, means −209 vs. −126 ms). Onset latencies were compared for the pre- and postinjection cells that were significantly modulated during reach (> ±4SD of resting discharge), which included 11 and 9 neurons, respectively. These differences were probably not simply that the larger modulations after GABAA antagonists were more easily detected because the DOM and onset latencies for the pre- and postinjection neurons were not correlated (r = 0.11).
The significant differences in firing rate and onset latency shown in Fig. 6 occurred despite the lack of detectable behavioral deficits. Figure 6D shows the mean latency for hand movement from the touch pad to the button or grip device for all the files from which the neuronal data for this figure were taken. There were no significant differences in the mean reach times before and after injection (means 0.29 vs. 0.35 s; P = 0.26). Two additional neurons were recorded after an injection that caused a behavioral deficit. In both cases, the DOM of the cells recorded after the injection was significantly larger than that of the preinjection cells. However, because such changes in behavior would have complicated the analysis of movement-related discharge, these neurons were not included in the statistics or summary graphs of Fig. 6.
Having demonstrated that blocking PC input to the nuclei serves generally to increase the magnitude of the movement-related discharge, in a very limited series of 3 experiments, we also attempted to cause the opposite effect. We injected the NMDA receptor antagonist, AP5 (30 mM, 1 μl), to block the excitatory MF input to CN. In each of these sessions, we held a single cell before, during, and after the injection of AP5. Two of these experiments were consistent with our hypothesis that significant movement-related excitation is conveyed to CN by mossy fiber collaterals. Figure 7 shows the results for the most representative of these cases. The initial movement-related burst was subtly modulated by a slight pause occurring at 0 s, and there was a second, small decrease in activity beginning at about 0.9 s. By 18 min after the injection, the bursts disappeared, whereas both of the underlying decreases became more prominent. The spontaneous rate actually increased somewhat after the injection, an effect that may be attributable to disinhibition of CN through the block of excitatory input to inhibitory interneurons. Such an effect has been reported in cerebral cortex (Li et al. 2002). In the second experiment, a large movement-related burst was virtually eliminated after injection, but without the increase in spontaneous rate.
The third experiment, however, was inconclusive. Shortly after the injection, both the spontaneous rate and the movement-related discharge increased. However, by 30 min, there had been a further increase in overall discharge such that the movement-related depth of modulation was somewhat obscured. Although unexpected, this result could have occurred if the neuron received significant inhibitory input from interneurons that were themselves activated by mossy fibers or by collaterals of CN output neurons.
Although these numbers are small, this result provides further evidence that most of the movement-related bursts seen in CN are the result of mossy fiber inputs, not disinhibition from PCs. The role of PC input to CN appears to be largely one of restraint, both of the overall discharge, and of the fine details of CN modulation.
The results of this study demonstrate that movement-related burst discharge in CN not only persists after PC inputs are blocked, but actually increases in magnitude. It also occurs at shorter latency before reach. These results support an important role for motor-related, excitatory inputs directly to CN, and are consistent with the regulation of this drive by inhibitory inputs from PCs.
Effectiveness of local injections of GABAA antagonists
Because the results of this study relied mainly on comparisons between separate groups of neurons recorded before and after injection of GABAA antagonists, we must address a potential sampling bias between groups. This is particularly important when interpreting differences in modulation and onset latency. We minimized this source of bias by only using penetrations yielding both pre- and postinjection data points, thus ensuring that comparable regions of CN were sampled for both groups.
All neurons in the GABAA antagonist group were recorded 10–40 min postinjection, which is within the time period for which bicuculline effects have been shown to persist after local injections (Schroeder et al. 1997). Also, all of the units in the antagonist group were recorded within 750 μm of the site of injection. This is well within the zone (1-mm radius) for which local injections of 1 μl of muscimol reduced glucose metabolism (Martin and Ghez 1999). If, as is possible, the spread of bicuculline were actually less than that of muscimol, it could lead to an underestimate of the effect that we reported, if some of the postinjection cells were actually outside the effective radius. For most cells, the effectiveness of the injection was verified by spontaneous bursting of the resting discharge. Those few neurons without rhythmic bursting after bicuculline came from penetrations where such bursting was clearly observed for other neurons, indicating that the drug had been successfully delivered (P34, Fig. 4; P14, Fig. 5). In any case, if some inactivations were less than complete, it follows that a complete block would likely have yielded even larger effects than those we report here.
Extracerebellar drive to CN
There are 2 main extracerebellar inputs to CN: climbing fibers and mossy fibers. In a study in the rat, 91% of the labeled climbing fibers from the inferior olive (IO) gave off thin collaterals that ramified within a single nucleus (Sugihara et al. 1999). However, the firing rates of IO neurons are almost certainly too slow to have mediated the robust response modulation observed in the present study, particularly because they lack the powerful synapse of the cerebellar cortex. Twenty percent of the mossy fibers projecting from pontine nuclei (PN) to the cerebellar cortex have been observed to emit sparse collaterals, ramifying in a single nucleus (Shinoda et al. 1992). Virtually all MF inputs from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) have axon collaterals to CN often innervating more than one nucleus (Wu et al. 1999). We recorded in regions of the dentate that would be expected to receive M1-related inputs from MF collaterals (Shinoda et al. 1997).
Both of these sources of mossy fibers receive projections that carry motor information, and could mediate the modulation we observed in CN that persisted after injection of GABAA antagonists. The PN receive widespread inputs from neocortical areas, including motor and premotor cortex (Brodal and Bjaalie 1997). LRN also receives a direct projection from motor cortex, although most of its motor input derives from collaterals of the rubrospinal pathway (Allen and Tsukahara 1974; Bruckmoser et al. 1970; Robinson et al. 1987). Microstimulation of motor or premotor areas has been shown to elicit short-latency excitatory effects in CN, which may be mediated by these MF collaterals (Allen et al. 1976, 1978; Miller et al. 2002a; Shinoda et al. 1997). However, these excitatory effects are relatively infrequent and weak compared with the accompanying inhibitory effects, which are almost certainly mediated mainly by mossy fiber input to the cerebellar cortex, and from that point, PC inhibition of the nucleus. In summary, the anatomical data and the infrequency of short-latency excitatory effects after neocortical stimulation have left the effectiveness of MF collaterals in CN an open question.
The major finding of this study is that extracerebellar input provides an excitatory drive to CN that is more effective than would be expected from these anatomical and microstimulation studies. Not only were movement-related increases in discharge no smaller after local injection of GABAA antagonists, they were actually greater. Both the spontaneous and the movement-related activity increased, but the latter increase was larger, resulting in greater depths of modulation. This is probably not attributed to a simple, overall increase in excitability. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, bicuculline increased the visually driven DOM of neurons, whereas micro-iontophoresis of glutamate, which increased the overall excitability of the neurons, did not (Holdefer et al. 1989). Bicuculline may also have increased the DOM through its blockade of apamin-sensitive K+ channels. These Ca2+-dependent conductances increase the discharge rate of neurons in medial vestibular nucleus in response to injected current (Smith et al. 2002). Our similar results with SR95531 suggest that this was not the case. Finally, in addition to the PC inputs, interneurons and axon collateral inputs from GABA-containing projection cells to the inferior olive may also have been blocked (Czubayko et al. 2001; de Zeeuw et al. 1989). The same logic applies to these inputs as to those of PCs. If they are normally inhibited during movement, and thus through disinhibition, a source of the movement-related DOM, this effect would have been diminished by bicuculline. On the other hand, if these sources are normally excited during movement, removal of their influence could lead to larger CN bursts, but only provided there remains a source of movement-related input from a non-GABA projection. There is some inconclusive evidence of such a role for the interneurons from our limited AP5 experiments. In this case, the overall conclusion would remain the same, although the strength of the mossy fiber component might be somewhat overestimated.
Movement-related discharge was greater after PC inputs were blocked, and it occurred earlier with respect to reach. The earlier onset latencies were not simply a result of the modulation being easier to detect because the depth of modulation and onset latency were uncorrelated across neurons. However, it could reflect a greater sensitivity of CN neurons, mediated by t-type Ca2+ currents, to small depolarizing inputs. This would potentially allow MF collateral inputs to cross the threshold for eliciting a burst of action potentials earlier. These currents are thought to contribute to the spontaneous burst discharge in CN slices (Aizenman and Linden 1999; Czubayko et al. 2001).
How can the potent, excitatory drive in the absence of PC input be reconciled with the anatomical and microstimulation studies suggesting a weak MF input? There are several cellular mechanisms that the MF collateral system could use to increase its effect. Unlike NMDA receptors in other brain regions, the Mg2+ block in CN is relatively weak at resting membrane potentials, allowing them to play a potentially important role in normal synaptic signaling. The relatively long time constant of these currents could provide a more effective excitation for a relatively small number of excitatory synapses (Anchisi et al. 2001). Another possibility is that regulation of Ca2+-dependent K+ conductances may increase the firing response gain of CN neurons. This action has been demonstrated in medial vestibular nucleus and might contribute to behavioral gain changes in the vestibuloocular reflex (Smith et al. 2002). Neurons in CN may also make use of t-type Ca2+ currents to amplify MF collateral inputs. After deinactivation by hyperpolarization, a relatively small depolarization can trigger a large Ca2+ influx and a burst of action potentials. These t-channel–mediated bursts have been proposed to enhance signals in sensory thalamus (Fanselow et al. 2001; Guido and Weyand 1995). In the CN, t-type channels are preferentially located on more distal dendrites, allowing them to integrate inputs from both PCs and MF collaterals (Gauck et al. 2001).
In addition to these cellular mechanisms, it should be recognized that during behavior, large portions of the cerebral motor areas are excited, compared with those activated by microstimulation. The converging, excitatory inputs undoubtedly provide a more effective excitatory drive than microstimulation alone. It has also been proposed that extracerebellar drive to CN may be part of a recurrent loop, whereby motor-related excitatory drive is strengthened by positive feedback until sufficient populations of CN neurons are recruited for execution of a voluntary motor command (Allen and Tsukahara 1974; Houk et al. 1993). Our recordings were made in regions of the dentate that receive M1-related inputs from MF collaterals and, in turn, project to M1 through the ventrolateral thalamus (Hoover and Strick 1999; Shinoda et al. 1997). The nonphysiological activation resulting from electrical stimulation might be relatively ineffective for initiating this mechanism. The motor-related, extracerebellar drive demonstrated in the current results is consistent with this model.
Role of the cerebellar cortex
The robust behavioral modulation observed in CN after blocking Purkinje cell inputs raises the question, "What, then, does cerebellar cortex contribute to CN neuronal responses?" Inhibitory Purkinje cells may provide a precise spatiotemporal regulation of the extracerebellar drive restraining and tailoring the modulation of CN neurons to the specific task at hand (Houk et al. 1993). Bursts of PC discharge during movement have been shown to be positively correlated with limb EMG (Miller et al. 2002b). These bursts would serve to restrain and perhaps refine the larger-than-necessary, extracerebellar input to CN. A number of years ago, Thach speculated that the overall effect of PC inputs to CN might be either "augmenting" (through disinhibition) or "restraining," and concluded by favoring the idea of restraint (Thach 1970). Earlier, Eccles and colleagues suggested that MF collaterals to CN might provide a, "somewhat nonspecific" excitatory input that would be "modified by the inhibitory action of the Purkinje cells" (Eccles et al. 1967). Our current finding of a persistent modulation in CN that actually increases after GABAA antagonists further supports these ideas. If the specificity of these mossy fiber inputs remains to be demonstrated conclusively, their strength is now clear.
This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants P50MH-48185 and NS-43323.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2005 by the American Physiological Society


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This is a very nice OAK PARLOR TABLE, circa 1900 in excellent restored condition. Has Glass Ball and Talon Feet, an unusual shaped top with bottom shelf., has a lot of quarter sawn oak on top. Measures 24" x 24" x 30" tall.
*Please note price does not include shipping, keep in mind that the average price to ship one item usually runs around $385. If you will give me your city, state, and zip code I will be happy to get you a firm quote...or here are the two shippers that we use...please contact them yourself if you wish,,,
Shipments going East of Mississippi
RickShips LLC 641 West Ward Ave High Point, NC 27260 office: (336) 887-0065 fax: (336) 887-002
Shipments going West of Mississippi Jaime Hernandez, Quotes Plycon Transportation Group - Torrance, CA 310-921-4062
2 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List .
Specializing in Fine Antique Furniture and "gently used" brand name newer furniture.
Currently restoring Carriage House in our other building to double our floor space, hence more wonderful furniture!


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Iranian leader makes threat to cancel dealSeptember 3, 2015
Photo: - /AFP / Getty Images
TEHRAN, Iran — A day after President Barack Obama secured enough votes to ensure approval of the Iranian nuclear deal in Congress, Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, on Thursday ordered parliament to vote on the agreement and threatened to cancel the pact entirely if the West merely suspended, rather than canceled, economic sanctions, state news media reported.
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Discussion in 'Sexy & Naked Women Pictures' started by rob, Oct 24, 2011.
tell me wot you would like to do to her big white tits.pics welcome
i would rather show you
show pic to make her wet
Any one got a big black cock to make mrs wet???
u mean one like this ?
Is that u
wen im on the island i fuck a lot
Wow that's big
Got any of u fucking white sluts
yup can she handle it ?
no that i need to do u got any white sluts pic ?
How big is it
9 +
She'd love to fuck and suck and cum all over that
rite on does she get really wet ?
Yea very wet at looking at black cock
she there now ?
No not yet should be later
oh ok u see the new pic i just posted ?
Separate names with a comma.


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Pocket Sized Altoids Tin Racer
Introduction: Pocket Sized Altoids Tin Racer
Have you ever gotten bored at school or wanted to make your friends jealous with something they didn't have? Well this is it, this is what you have all been waiting for... Pocket Sized Altoids Tin Racer!
Step 1: Materials: Getting the Tin
My tin was not a regular Altoids tin. I used the Altoids Smalls which has a smaller tin and smaller Altoids. You can get the tin from almost anywhere that sells Altoids but I got mine from Trader Joes if that helps.
Step 2: The Moving of the Altoids
Take the Altoids out of the tin (you don't have to but it makes construction much faster). I put mine in a Ziploc bag although if you have somewhere better go ahead.
Step 3: Drilling the Holes
Drill the holes a little far from the edge and make sure they are aligned. Drilling the holes was fast for me because I had an exceptionally strong drill. A regular drill work but will take longer.
Step 4: Coloring the Wheels
I chose to color the wheels black to give it a rubber wheel kind of look but it turned out too glossy. And the gold really compliments the black.
Step 5: Drilling the Wheels
Drill 1 hole down the center of each wheel. Be careful not to go off to one side, that will make your wheel wobbly. Drilling the wheel is easier than drilling the tin and any drill will work.
Step 6: The Axles
To connect the axle with the wheel insert the wooden stick into the hole in the cap, it should fit tightly but if it doesn't use hot glue. It will ensure a tight bond between the cap and the stick. Once you have glued one cap on don't glue the other on because you still have to put the stick in the frame.
Step 7: Putting It Together
Insert the wooden stick with the cap into the hole in the side of the tin. Then do what you did in step 6. Repeat for the second set of wheels.
Step 8: The Accessories
It's a car but it doesn't look too much like a racer if you know what I mean. So... WE ADD ACCESSRIES!!!! A spoiler should do the trick. So cut the index card into the shapes shown in the pictures. Then color the spoiler red but not the small attachments.
Step 9: Finishing It Up
Glue the attachments to the tin (I used krazy glue for this cause I ran out of hot glue). Once those are firmly in place apply glue to both the bottom of the spoiler and the top of the attachments. Put them together and wait for it to dry. To make the exhaust pipes get another index card and cut a small rectangle. Fold the rectangle into a tube and tape. Glue the tube onto the bottom of the tin but make sure a part of it is sticking off the end. You can also make flames coming out of the pipes if you want to give it an exciting look. If the wheels are slipping you can wrap rubber bands around them for better traction but the should be fine.
Step 10: VOTE
If you liked the Instructable and have comments don't be shy I'll accept criticism. If you have any suggestions or questions don't be afraid and please vote for me and rate me thanks :D Enjoy your new racer.
Drills are for weenies. I use a wrench and nail, and it's MUCH easier. Plus, I'm going green :D
You do realize global warming is just a scam right? If anything it is global COOLING. And YES the polar ice caps are melting. mainly because it is getting warmer over there. NOT because of us, but because of the earth works.
Agree with mason, I use a hand drill, powered by me. green.
Frag, You obviously haven't researched this problem thoroughly. might want to do that before you reply. There is more to it than that.
i doubt one or two people not using a battery powered drill is going to change anything.
Question: Do the wheels move? Can you... let's say... race it, or move it around on a table? If you can't... how would you?
you could put a rubber band and a motor on there and make it motorized. using a pulley. still great instructable, my little sister loved the car. :)
no i havmt tried a rubber band engine yet mainly because my axles are too weak. If i can find something stronger like a thin metal rod i might test it out though. if u have ideas plse tell :]
I swear this is awsome! My cousin and I are obbsessed with altoid tins! I can't wait to show to tmy friends. So gonna give you points!
i think if u glued a gear on the rear axle and got a aa baterypack hooked it up to a one way moter and switch it would be awesome and you would definetly win the pocket sized competion. o and put glue onthe tires for traction
ok ok before we start hating each other lets call a truce ill respect ur ibles if you respect mine. id appreciate it if u vote for me too :D
ok fine your car is cool
you should still put some motors / LEDs for effects and you could have more chances to pun
btw i voted for you =D
lol thnx i would have added motors and LEDs but i had little time cause i published it like 2 days be4 the deadline and thnx for voting :D
lol actually thanks, allready made mine and i will make a smaller one than the one you just did,let's see who will win
haha you guys r so right i would be surprised if som1 ddnt like this!!! U GOT MY VOTE!
hmmm simple, easy to make helps the time pass, its a great instructable keep making good 1s like this! good luck with the contest u have my vote
this is awesome i love it you guys should really vote 4 this i know i did nice ible!!!
hey dude, if you don't like altiods, then get the heck out of here. This was a simple but amazing ible. I enjoyed it very much. Really, I did. Don't be a hater. Just check out my ible that was featured, its just paper and a smell cloth thing. But it was useful.
dont be hating brotha this is for pure enjoyment. if u dont like it let it be but othewrs would have some fun playing with this.
so do u like the instructable? do u think its simple and easy to make? do u think u could vote for me? :D
Yes, the Ible looks good. It looks simple to make. You have my vote. You might want to remind me though. lol


text:
Winner of Canada's prestigious Governor General's Award, this richly rendered American debut captures the life of a lady's maid on her journey from the confines of Victorian England to the uncharted reaches of Egypt's Nile Valley, awakening first love, testing loyalties, and discovering that freedom has a price.
When Lady Duff Gordon, toast of Victorian London society, departs for the hot, dry climate of Egypt to seek relief from the debilitating effects of her tuberculosis, Sally doesn't think twice about remaining by her mistress' side. Sally and Lady Duff Gordon throw themselves into their exotic surroundings, adopting native dress, learning Arabic, and visiting the tombs of ancient pharaohs. Along the way, Sally comes to experience freedoms she, as a servant, has never known before, as well as her first taste of romance.
But freedom is a luxury that a maid can ill afford, and when Sally grasps for more than status entitles her to, she is brutally reminded that she is mistress of nothing. Ultimately, she must choose her master and a way back - or a way to the unknown.
Based on the real lives of Lady Duff Gordon and her maid, The Mistress of Nothing is a lush, sometimes dark portrait of forbidden love, tested loyalties, and finding an unexpected new definition of "home" - a compelling story that will take listeners on a journey they will not soon forget.
"The fascination of this deft and unfussily written narrative lies partly in the contrast made between then and now…[and] in one woman's determination to survive." (Sunday Times, London)
"Pullinger's narrative flows as smoothly as the Nile…. This is an absorbing and gripping tale." (Independent)
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Mostly Boring....
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Wonderfully engaging story
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text:
Home Helpers
About Home Helpers9458 W. Fairview Ave STE E
Boise, ID 83704
Price & Availability: (855) 757-9233
General Info: (208) 322-2668
Provides services to: children, adults, seniors
Service Area for Home Helpers
About Home Helpers
Regardless of age or ability, you value your independence. Whether you are a family caregiver or could benefit from assistance yourself, Home Helpers of Boise, Eagle, Meridian, Nampa, Kuna, Garden City, Caldwell, & Star Idaho can make your life easier by providing home care services, including companion care, elderly care and respite care, in the comfort of home so you can enjoy aging in place. From a few hours a week to 24/7 care, we'll tailor a flexible care plan to fit your needs and budget. At Home Helpers of Boise, Eagle, Meridian, Nampa, Kuna, Garden City, Caldwell, & Star Idaho, we're more than just caregivers - we're family. Helping start and end the day (getting out of and into bed, dressing).
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Light housekeeping
Concierge Services
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Much More!
Home Helpers Services
- Private Duty Home Care
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Cities Served by Home Helpers
Home Helpers serves ZIP codes that encompass all or part of each of the cities listed below.
Caldwell, ID
Garden City, ID
Meridian, ID
Star, ID


text:
If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
Learn more about our returns policy
Limited time offer:
Get the first one free! (?)
All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $13.99Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing PlatformPublication date: 1/25/2011Binding: PaperbackPages: 188Size: 5.00" wide x 7.75" long x 0.50" tall Weight: 0.704Language: English
Rosy Hugener was born and raised in Mexico and is the descendent of one of the most prominent families in Yucatan, a family that has included governors, senators, bishops, historians and journalists. Her family members were participants in many of the historical events described, and old family stories were what inspired Rosa first to researching, and then to writing about, the events in the book. Today, Rosa is a systems engineer who lives in the Chicago area.Carl Hugener is a management consultant who works primarily in the banking industry. He is the author and co-author of a number of white papers and magazine articles on banking issues. His work has appeared in publications such as Banking Strategies, Cards & Payments and Digital Transactions.
*A minimum purchase of $35 is required. Shipping is provided via FedEx SmartPost®
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Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico. FedEx service marks used by permission."Marketplace"
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text: (scroll down for pics) 96 Ram 2500 Factory equipped: 12V Cummins Turbo Diesel NV4500 5 speed manual Dana 80 rear 3.54's Limited slip w/stabilizer trac bar Dana 60 front 3.54's Overload springs Tow package w/2" receiver a/c, c/c, tilt wheel, power seat, power mirrors, power windows, power locks, premium cloth seats, Infinity sound, auto darkening rearview mirror, overhead console with compass & temperature. Mods/upgrades/accessories: Code Alarm keyless entry & alarm ShoMe 4 corner hideaway strobes Air horns Chrome body armor New wheels & tires (chrome 04 Ram rims & new BFG M/T T/A's 35x12.50x17's) VentVisors 5% tint Custom decals 4" exhaust w/custom 7" chrome tip I made Rams' horn taillight covers Dodge seat covers painted dash to match body color Blue neons under dash to light up floor (looks good not ricer-ish) Alpine 9856 head unit w/Sirius tuner Factory Infinity amp & rear speakers Alpine 6x9's in doors (powered by Infinity amp) Acoustik Gothic Series 840W amp 2 Rockford Fosgate P2 series 12" subs in custom box under rear seat K&N air filter in stock box for now washer fluid injection new HX35 turbo (wastegate blocked, silencer removed) pump turned up Luk Gold towing clutch Pricol gauges on A-pillar 5th wheel & gooseneck hitches Extang Fulltilt Soft top/Flip up tonnaue cover Black step "nerf" bars coming soon (just have to mount them) Yes it really is stock height no lift no spacers nothing, they really are 35x12.50's.... Give me your comments!!! She's a big bad smoke belching, chic gettin, sled pullin, mud slingin, drag racin, loud n' proud stroker smokin, chevy munchin, all American Mopar built beast!!!


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Pine View Elementary is a Pasco County public school located near the Lake Padgett community. The "Home of the Patriots" serves pupils in kindergarten through the fifth grade with basic educational classes meeting Sunshine State Standards. The red, white and blue school boasts an "A" grade from the state. Students participate in a number of community activities throughout the year, including...
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Sunday, 10 January 2016
Time to play
not just cards-ATG
crafty boots-something old,pearls/wooden hear/-something new,keys/stamps/hearts
craft your passion-ATG
Lemon shortbread-ATG
deep ocean-ATG
Fab'n'funky-something new-hearts/keys.technique
Simon says-something new-technique/hearts/stamps/keys
word art Wednesday-ATG
crafty gals-ATG
inspiration destination-ATG
in the pink-ATG
creative fingers-ATG
polka doodle-ATG
Brown sugar-ATG
creative artiste-ATG with chipboard
Beccys place-ATG
OSAAT-ATG with no square/rectangle--------TOP 3
we love to create-anything creative/mixed media
let's craft and create-layer it up
Emerald creek dares-New
Thank you for dropping by and any comments are much appreciated
Carol x x
39 comments:
Oh WOW these are fabulous :-)ReplyDelete
So elegant and beautiful Carol! HUGSReplyDelete
How pretty they are, so romantic and shabby chic in style, gorgeous!ReplyDelete
Beautiful hearts Carol, so pretty.ReplyDelete
these are so pretty Carol - its the best reason to create! Hugs rachel xReplyDelete
Two hearts beating as one, such a romantic project. Thank you so much for taking time to post your very creative art with us this week at Word Art Wednesday in our 217th- FF AG challenge! Our first challenge in 2016. Praying you will have a Blessed, Prosperous, Peaceful and Creative 2016, CaroleReplyDelete
These are absolutely gorgeous! Thanks for joining us at Crafty Gals Corner! Jeanie, DTReplyDelete
Awesome. Thank you so much for entering our ATG challenge at Through The Craft Room Door this week. Looking forward to see you again next challenge.ReplyDelete
makememories4life {My Blog}
Through The Craft Room Door
Delightful and beautiful creations. Colours and combination are gorgeous.xxx {aNNie}ReplyDelete
Gorgeous! Love gesso hearts! They are beautiful! Hugs, deReplyDelete
Beautiful hearts! Thanks for sharing with us at Crafty Gals Corner!ReplyDelete
What a wonderful project Crafty Stamper, well done! I love altered art and your two hearts are gorgeous. Love them!ReplyDelete
WOW what an elegant and beautifully project...love the pastel shades and those cute keys on the beautiful textured backgroundReplyDelete
Dr Sonia
These are so pretty, love them. Thanks for joining in at Crafty Boots Challenges this time.ReplyDelete
These are beautiful and made with things from your stash. I love all of the detail and the different techniques you have used. . Good to have you with us at Creative Artistes this month.ReplyDelete
Hugs Sheryl DT member xx
These are so pretty!! They would make a great entry over at Emerald Creek Dares Challenge! :)ReplyDelete
These are so pretty and they have lovely embellishments. Thank you for sharing your work with all of us at Crafty Boots Challenges.ReplyDelete
They are beautiful. Creative Blessings, Tracy xReplyDelete
Love these Carol!!! The white embossed flowers are so beautiful and I just adore the little key charms! So lovely! hugs :)ReplyDelete
Oh wow those white embossed flowers are amazing on this project, so pretty!ReplyDelete
Love the shabby chic these are so pretty...........LisReplyDelete
Gorgeous hearts....love the embossed flowers..so pretty...JoolsxReplyDelete
These are very pretty! Love the texture to them. Thanks for joining our ATG challenge this time at Polkadoodles Challenge Blog. Julie, DT memberReplyDelete
Really pretty project. I like the look and colors love the half pearls and charms. Thanks for joining us at Inspiration Destination.ReplyDelete
So very pretty - love the little keys -so cute- .Thanks for playing along at Let's Create and Craft.ReplyDelete
What a gorgeous OTP creation. Love the gesso and embossing, perfect base for your lovely designs. The keys are an awesome finish. Love the new stash! Thanks for joining in the fun with the Fab 'n' Funky girls for our first challenge of the New Year. We're so glad you did. Come back again soon! Big hugs, Wends x Fab 'n' Funky DTReplyDelete
very pretty hearts Carol. Lovely design. Thank you for joining us at Creative Artiste this month. Hope to see you back here again soon. Judy DTReplyDelete
So prettyReplyDelete
Thank you for joining us at Simon Says Stamp Wednesday Challenge this week.
Jo x
Such beautiful feminine items really pretty. Thanks for entering our 'Girlie' challenge at Ooh La La creations.ReplyDelete
Alli xx
Wow Carol, I love what you have done with your chipboard heart and I love the 2 hearts beating as one theme.. Thanks for entering our challenge over at Creative Artiste Mixed Media Blog... Good Luck and we hope to see you again soon...ReplyDelete
Rhonda Alman xx
Stunning. Thank you for joining us at Brown Sugar. Hugs Traci DT xxReplyDelete
These are beautiful! Thank you so much for sharing them at Emerald Creek Dares!ReplyDelete
{julia} Emerald Creek DT
Awesome Carol you are so talented. Love it. Thank you for sharing. HugsReplyDelete
Your hearts are gorgeous. Good to see a fellow up up- cycler too. Thanks for entering the Anything Goes challenge at Polkadoodles, Jackie DT xReplyDelete
Oh wow Carol - these are both so pretty and I love how you 'borrowed' the keys from the perfume bottles! Brilliant! Thank you so much for entering the OSAAT Challenge (AG but square or rectangle) this fortnight, lots of luck to you. Hugs Sue Pxxx DTReplyDelete
PS We were married in 1969 as well - woo hoo!
Very pretty Carol! Thanks for joining us at the Emerald Creek Dares!ReplyDelete
-Katelyn DT member for Emerald Creek
Lovely work. Thank you for joining the challenge at Creative Fingers and Not Just Cards. Hope to see you again next time.ReplyDelete
Great idea and very pretty. Avon sure came in handy today! Thank you for joining in the In The Pink challenge this time. Hope to see you again.ReplyDelete
Hugs, Vannessa
In The Pink DT
that looks fantastic, I love all the work you have put inReplyDelete
thanks for joining our challenge over at
Creative Artisite Mix Media blog
Debbie DT


text:
Cambridge, MD (PressExposure) September 01, 2011 -- Cambridge Books has just released Mr. Pish's Woodland Adventure, a new educational children's book by K. S. Brooks. It's currently available on Amazon.com and will become available through bookstores and other online venues soon.
Mr. Pish's Woodland Adventure is a unique children's book which follows the adorable Jack Russell Terrier as he explores a forest. The book features full-color photographs designed to entertain and teach children about their natural environment.
Teachers across the country are already excited about Mr. Pish's Woodland Adventure, hailing it as a valuable educational tool. Ladell Black, founder of the Kapka Cooperative Primary School in Seattle says "Mr. Pish leads us on a fun outdoor exploration, one which children, parents and teachers can enjoy over and over again."
Mr. Pish has had a hectic 2011, going on the road back in January to promote outdoor learning and literacy to 31 States, Washington DC, and 4 Provinces of Canada. He appeared on morning news shows in Birmingham, Alabama and Spokane, Washington. FIDO Friendly Magazine selected him as one of the top 50 in the world of dogs for their celebratory 50th issue (July/August 2011), and his Facebook page has garnered fans from all over the world.
A portion of the profits from Mr. Pish's Woodland Adventure will benefit the Arbor Day Foundation's Nature Explore program, a comprehensive, research-based initiative helping children and families develop a profound engagement with the natural world, where nature is an integral, joyful part of children's daily learning.
More information about Mr. Pish's Woodland Adventure and author K. S. Brooks is available at http://www.MrPish.com.
About The Arbor Day Foundation
The Arbor Day Foundation is a nonprofit conservation and education organization of over one million members, with a mission to inspire people to plant, nurture, and celebrate trees. More information on the Foundation and its programs can be found at arborday.org.


text:
Judge Victoria Roberts rules to Release Hutaree Members, Feds Will Appeal
Apparently, my questioning the federal evidence presented in court during the early days after the raid on a Michigan militia group was justified. I have taken my share of attacks, but reading the evidence released from the Michigan federal court, there seemed to be no solid evidence Hutaree members were actually going to go on a cop-killing rampage.
Apparently Judge Victoria Roberts doesn't see enough evidence. She ordered the release of the nine Hutaree members, who plotted to either overthrown the government or kill cops. The AP's story still isn't clear to the intent. However, the feds, knowing the embarrassment this presents to the Obama administration, are appealing the judge's order.
On Monday she ordered the defendants released until their trial, but she was forced to suspend her decision when prosecutors asked for more time to decide for an appeal. Of course, it this case is so clear, why hasn't the federal government presented the evidence? Why are they having to appeal if the evidence was strong enough to order the raid?


text:
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text:
Director - Managed Services ( 15 yrs)
Anant Global Placement Services
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Director of Finance ( 1 - 2 yrs)
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The Director of Finance is responsible for all accounting and financial requirements of his/her company, also for providing financial support, advice and expertise to the General Manager and hotel team, with the aim of maximizing value. The main r...
Key Skills : finance management,finance incharge
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Accountant (night Shift) ( 5 - 9 yrs)
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RS 2,50,000 To 4,00,000 Khopoli, Kolhapur, Mumbai, Mumbai Suburb, Pune, Ratnagiri, Navi Mumbai
Job Description Accountant (Night Shift Job) for A Reputed Jewelry Mfg. & Export Co. in Seepz, Andheri (E) Mumbai. To coordinate with overseas clients, Payment receivables, Tally, Entries, Fluent in English.Salary upto 30k. Salary: 3,00,000 - 3...
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Hiring for Financial Managers ( 3 yrs)
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- Person Should have Minimum 3 Years of Working Experience in this Profile financial Managers Perform Some or all of the Following Duties: - Plan, Organize, Direct, Control and Evaluate the Operation of An Accounting, Audit or other Financial D...
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Navodaya Consultancy Services
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Position :- Account Manager - Workshop Job Description :- • To generate workshops revenues (public training) in specific region – Mumbai • - Builds and develops healthy pipeline of business to manage the risks and continuously exceeds the...
Key Skills : account manager,assistant account manager,account,accountant executive,accounts head,accounts manager,accounts director,accounts incharge,accounts...


text: Guidance by Ultrasound Imaging for Decision Endpoints - GUIDE Feb 04, 2002 Share via: Print Font Size A A A Date Updated: 02/04/2002 Original Posted Date: 02/04/2002 Description: IVUS predictors of restenosis after PTCA or DCA. ×Close Not a Member? As a member of the ACC, you'll get full access to all articles, clinical research, and more! LEARN MORE


text:
Ginger Surat
Select your stay dates to check availability at Ginger Surat
Ginger Surat
About the Hotel
Property Location
A stay at Ginger Surat places you in the heart of Surat, convenient to Lake View Garden. This hotel is within the vicinity of Dutch Garden and Merulaxmi Temple.
Make yourself at home in one of the 98 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and LCD televisions. Conveniences include phones, as well as coffee/tea makers and complimentary bottled water.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Enjoy the recreation opportunities such as a fitness center or make use of other amenities including complimentary wireless Internet access.
Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Ginger Surat. Buffet breakfasts are available daily for a fee.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary newspapers in the lobby, a 24-hour front desk, and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Free self parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Free self parking
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Fitness facilities
- Total number of rooms - 98
- One meeting room
- Free WiFi
- Free newspapers in lobby
- 24-hour front desk
Room Facilities
- Daily housekeeping
- Refrigerator
- Climate control
- Room service
- Private bathroom
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free toiletries
- Free bottled water
- Coffee/tea maker
Hotel Policy
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: INR 191 per person (approximately)
- An early check-in fee will be charged
- A late check-out fee will be charged
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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West Simsbury, Connecticut neighborhood has a variety of bookstores besides books stores on the Internet. A good place to attempt locating them is in your local newspaper or even the phonebook. This is among the very best places that you can pick up info on where to go searching for your used or brand-new books store in the neighborhood. You may locate that these stores are easy to find and that they are not that pricy in the long run. You should be able to find the books that you are looking for very fast and quickly once you have found that little gem of a West Simsbury, Connecticut store. Everything takes a little open mindedness in addition to someone that is willing to look for the store that they have to find for the brand-new or used books that they need.
Even with the development of computers with huge storage spaces, books continue to hold a position of dominance. Despite the ever-growing popularity of computer systems and the online publication of the books, the old beauty of going through a novel reclining in the coziness of the bed or chair still holds an effective sway over the readers everywhere.
West Simsbury, Connecticut bookstores still have value in the neighborhood. There are countless bookstores, with countless titles on all subjects, sprinkled over the world. Bookstores can be located even in remote corners and backwoods of the world. Some bookstores are basic in nature, carrying thousands of books on every possible subject or topic. International and huge business are involved in reselling books; their stores are found in all the major cities of the world.
There are bookstores that specialize in selling off certain books, rare and out-of-print books. You can likewise find used, out-of-print and scarce books from online if you can not locate them at regional stores.
You will stumble upon bookstores that bring in customers by offering them the price lists of the various book selling business. This gives the readers a concept about the competitive rates of the books. The readers can opt for the least expensive books, which clearly are offered in their own bookstores.
There are likewise bookstores that focus on selling just technical books. While some stores bring in the customers by providing them the current brand new editions of the technical books that naturally are expensive, there are others who retail used books of the exact same type at cheaper rates. Some West Simsbury bookstores provide a portion discount rate on all their books – in some cases even for the newest editions of extremely specialized subjects.
West Simsbury, Connecticut Local Bookstores can be important to both students and local community.
There are really couple of campus book stores that do not allow university student to sell off their used text books back to their stores if they are in reasonably good condition. Lots of West Simsbury, CT regional bookstores will purchase college text books just due to the reality that they are one of the finest sellers, especially if the used books store is located near school or has an online internet website.
Many students have the ability to get practically half of what they have in their used text books if they are requesting money, and if they are dealing with a used book store they are typically able to barter for even more if they are willing to trade their books in for other books. Investing in used books is a much better offer than purchasing new books when you compare the large spread cost ranges of these two selections of books. Today many larger universities have actually started giving students the chance to advertise their used text books for resell on an on-line resource within the university. Another way for students to locate secondhand text books is by browsing on-line at a selection of on-line auction websites or at online used books stores.
The significant advantage of any individual buying a used book is to save money and used college text books normally sell swiftly. As soon as university student discover exactly what their courses are for a term and the required text books, then the hunt is on. Since college students recognize that used college text books go quick and they do not desire to have to pay the high cost associated with new text books, this is. The only distinction between used text books and new text books is their physical look, and usually the used text books can be found in good condition. This is due to few school book stores, regional used books stores, or on-line web sites of any type will certainly decline used college text books that are in bad condition.
Used book provide these individuals an opportunity to save cash while delighting in an experience of purchasing used books. Numerous of the on-line book stores that provide these used text books will certainly commonly offer numerous other rare titles of used books.
Quick Tip for West Simsbury, Connecticut ResidentsAn excellent location that you want to begin looking for used books stores is on the Internet. You likewise may be able to find out details on the various used books stores in the location that you live in. This may be anything from the place of the store to if the store is really a great one to try.
Video: Bookstores Locations in West Simsbury
Current Weather in West Simsbury, CT
Some book subjects you can find in West Simsbury, Connecticut stores:African Americans, Antiques & Collectibles, Art, Architecture & Photography, Bibles & Bible Studies, Biography, Business Books, Christianity, Computer & Technology Books, Cookbooks, Food & Wine, Crafts & Hobbies Books, Education & Teaching, Engineering, Foreign Languages, Game Books, Gay & Lesbian, Health & Fitness, History, Home & Garden, Humor Books, Judaism & Judaica, Law, Medical & Nursing Books, Music/Film/TV/Theater, Book Club Studies, Coupon, Book Signing, New Age & Spirituality, Nonfiction, Discount Books, Free Books, Free Shipping, Parenting & Family, Pets, Philosophy, Politics & Current Affairs, Psychology & Psychotherapy, Reference, Relationships, Religion Books, Science & Nature, Self Help & Self Improvement, Social Sciences, Sports & Adventure, Study Guides & Test Prep, Travel, True Crime, Weddings and Women's Studies. Popular Bookstores you can find in your area: Barnes & Noble, Book Off USA, Books-A-Million, Deseret Book, Family Christian Stores, Follett's, Half Price Books, Amazon, Books a Million, Hastings Entertainment, Hudson News, Joseph-Beth Booksellers, Powell's Books, Schuler Books & Music, Strand Book Store, LifeWay Christian Resources.


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The following WordPress Security Maintenance Package is an overview of the options available which are designed to help keep your new website safe and secure. WordPress is an "open source" platform and as a result has a tendency towards security needs and software irregularities. The platform is well-known and has lots of software pieces that need to be kept up-to-date. We have created packages to help keep your site clean and running smoothly. If you are working with a design firm in WordPress and they don't offer you a package like this, then you aren't getting what you need. Contact us so we can make sure your new website works today AND in the future.
Options in the Package
Site Backups
- Installation of a Backup Software Plug-in
- Run Weekly Backups of Site Files and Database
- Weekly Backup stored on your server space (four week increment)
- Monthly Backup stored off the server (a secondary backup)
Software Updates
- WordPress Platform
- Design Theme
- Plug-ins
Security Software Installation & Maintenance
- Install and Configure Security Software Plug-in (free version)
- Setup Automated Site Scans (detects updates needed, malware, …)
- Respond to Email Alerts (as needed)
WordPress Helpful Tech Support
(Note: This is for tech support, not design or content management.)
The above plan options are designed as preventative measures to safeguard your site keeping it as stable and secure as possible. These packages do not guarantee that your site won't suffer from a security issue or crash and that it won't have to be reloaded or rebuilt in some fashion at an additional fee, but it will go a long way to prevent these situations. The idea is to minimize this possibility and keep things as strong and safe as possible so that you can have a solid website continuing to use the great features WordPress has to offer long into the future.
Note: All of the above features may change or be adapted as needed. Due to changes in software and technology, we may add, change, or remove any piece of this package or the software over time.
We help you protect and maintain your WordPress website!


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WELLINGTON, March 8 (Reuters) - The New Zealand stock exchange did not open as scheduled on Wednesday at 10 a.m. (2100 GMT Tuesday), due to an issue at the exchange.
Operator NZX Ltd was not immediately available for comment.
All trades on the exchange were halted, stockbroker Jeremy Sullivan of Hamilton Hindin Greene told Reuters by phone.
The issue follows a technical glitch in Australia which infuriated traders last September, and closed that bourse for several hours. (Reporting by Tom Westbrook; Editing by Alison Williams)


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A dollar shortage
Latest News »
The talk on the streets is about a currency shortage of one kind. And the chatter in trading rooms is about a currency shortage of another kind. A dollar shortage, to be specific.
Fed funds futures are already pricing in a 95% chance that the US will increase interest rates in December. There is speculation that Donald Trump will combine a tighter monetary policy with a looser fiscal policy. The dollar has rallied in the past few weeks. China's renminbi has fallen to its lowest in eight years.
A dollar rally is one sign of the fears about a dollar shortage—an issue first tackled many decades ago in the Triffin dilemma, named after Belgian economist Robert Triffin who first identified it.
The dollar is the default global reserve currency. It lubricates world trade. It is the most common currency for international borrowing.
A dollar shortage could hurt trade and investment. The big question is whether China can step in to offer its currency as a replacement.


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Mission, Vision, Values
Mission Statement
To promote and provide empathetic, personal, accessible, and affordable mental health counseling and wellness programs for children and families.
Vision Statement
Outreach supports a healthy community that embraces mental wellness.
Respect – Everything we do is confidential. We respect the uniqueness and value of every child, every family and every situation.
Empathy – We listen. We strive to understand. We do not judge. We offer a place of comfort, compassion and caring. We gain the confidence and trust of those who need our help and engage them in a genuine relationship.
Responsiveness – We respond quickly to every call and every question, even seemingly minor concerns. We deliver affordable, effective options for youth and families and adapt quickly to the changing needs of our community.
Prevention – We provide proactive services focused on prevention, education and awareness. We seek to promote mental wellness.
Progress – We are a learning organization. We seek continually to expand our capacity, improve our skills, and reflect on our work to provide the best possible service to children and families in our community.


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Question From:
Malene in Bruce Rock, Bruce Rock WA
Nature of problem:
Fruit trees
Type of Plant (if known):
Apple, orange, lime, advokqdo
Symptoms of Plant Illness (please try NOT to diagnose your problems yourself):
No illness
Soil Type (e.g. sandy, clay or loam) OR Potting Mix Type:
How often do you water the plant:
Twice per day
How many hours of sunlight does the plant get each day:
8 +
What type of plant is it:
Just fruit trees
How long since you planted it:
6 months
Have you fertilised? If so, with what and when:
Is the plant indoors or outdoors:
Is the plant in a pot or in the ground:
What other treatments have you given the plant:
Upload photo if available:
Other Comments:
We live in rural WA and have planted 6 fruit trees in our backyard. Ideally we would like to plant lawn around them.
If we leave a 1m circle around each tree would it be ok?
Answer: Yes that is OK – BUT you must install an irrigation system to each tree. 1 or 2 mini spray heads per tree inside the (preferably) 1.5 to 2m diameter mulched area. Don


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Blouberg Private Holiday Duplex to Rent with view of Table Mountain - Blo21BluPar
South Africa Western Cape West Coast Bloubergstrand Blue Mountain Village ,Parklands
from 650 ZAR⇵ per night
Note: Exchange rates are for informational purposes only.
A lovely private duplex inside a secured complex .
It's a double story home, with a fully equipped kitchen.
2 bedrooms with the main bedroom having a double bed.
The second bedroom has a three-quarter bed and in the living area there is 2 single beds.
1 and a half bathrooms.
It has a outside braai with a lovely view of Table Mountain.
The small garden is big enough to enjoy while sitting at the fire and watching the sunset.
It's a child friendly environment.
Walking Distance to the beach (3km) and it is also close to the MyCiti bus stop.


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Chrysler has temporary laid off 500 workers at its Toledo plant even if it has not even started delivering the all-new Jeep Cherokee SUV.
Chrysler previously said that the Jeep Cherokee will hit the market by the end of August, but the production issues made the automaker give up its target.
"We have been producing vehicles since the end of June and have now built the critical number of vehicles we need to stock dealerships once containment is released, " Chrysler spokeswoman Jodi Tinson said in a statement.
The US automaker said it will suspend the second shift at the Toledo North assembly plant to avoid putting " additional strain on our logistics partners to get these vehicles into the hands of customers as quickly and efficiently as possible upon release." The new Cherokee replaces the Jeep Liberty which went out of production.
Chrysler plans to manufacture 280, 000 Cherokee vehicles per year and introduce the SUV in 150 markets. Two months ago the automaker said it will delay shipments of the Jeep due to an issue with the all-new, nine-speed transmission.
"We continue to do some quality verification. We will release the Cherokees at a time we are satisfied with their quality and not a day before," said Tinson.
Source: freep.com


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But gemstones, in addition to their obvious visual appeal, also have a deeper meaning. The underlying symbolism of gems is a fascinating and complex subject, one which covers many centuries and cultures. It is both interesting and informative to explore how people from various periods and places have ascribed specific powers to precious stones.
The amethyst, for example, is credited with a rather extraordinary ability. For hundreds of years - since the time of the ancient Greeks, in fact - this delicate gemstone has been seen as a form of protection against intoxication.
Indeed, many gemstones are thought to have special significance. The blue sapphire has long been regarded as a talisman or good luck charm, while the vibrantly green emerald was used to treat or even cure eye problems. And in India, the ruby is one of the most highly valued gemstones. For this reason, red rubies are considered to be a "royal" gem in India.
Pearls are another category of important gems. The legends that surround these mysterious and elusive objects come from many diverse civilizations, from Europe, to Egypt, to Asia. And due to the difficulties involved with acquiring pearls, they are potent symbols of wealth. The inherent value of pearls is demonstrated in a dramatic tale in which the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra convinced Marc Antony of the wealth of her country by crushing - and apparently consuming - a pearl. This action, no doubt, had quite an impact on the Roman!
Today, many of us flaunt our obsession with gemstones in less theatrical ways. And in the modern world, perhaps one of the most recognizable forms of the symbolic association of gems involves what are referred to as birthstones. The legend of birthstones is an intriguing tale in itself.
The fashion for birthstones began well before our own time. And it is not surprising to learn that the trend of identifying a person's month of birth with a specific stone has its roots in astrology. In the case of birthstones, the obvious connections between astrology and gems make this a tantalizing topic for those of us who appreciate the subtle and mysterious language of symbolism.
The Art Book
This beautiful book is sure to enhance any art lover's library. It features a collection of art masterpieces, presented in a format that emphasizes the selected works of painting and sculpture. Stunning color images grace the pages, and every picture is accompanied by a concise description of each featured work and artist.
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|Who is buy-and-sell-cars-for-profit.com at whois.enom.com
Domain Name: BUY-AND-SELL-CARS-FOR-PROFIT.COM
Registry Domain ID: 120564460_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
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Registrant Name: STEPHEN HOBBS
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Version 6.3 4/3/2002
Title:Buy And Sell Cars For Profit — Buy And Sell Cars For Profit
Description:FREE VIDEO COURSE reveals how to make hundreds of dollars in profit from buying and selling used cars!
Keywords:buy and sell cars for profit, buy and sell used cars for profit, used car dealer, auto broker, wholesale car dealer, retail car dealer
Buy And Sell Cars For Profit mdash; Buy And Sell Cars For Profit Free bookТ reveals secrets to making money selling used cars... 4 WaysТ To Make Money Buying And Selling Cars For Profit I discovered the business of buying and selling used cars for profit over 20 years ago and todayТ I have a super-cool book valued at $12.95 that you can downloadТ for FREE. Here's what's covered in myТ FREE book... How one guy on a beautiful tropical island makes thousands selling cars without spending a penny to buy them.How criminals make millions exporting stolen cars - and how YOU can do this legally, morally and ethically.How Barry made a $6000.00 profit from a car he bought for only $1200.00.How people all over the world just like YOU are making a great income in their spare time and full-time from buying and selling used cars from home. GET THISТ FREE BOOK CLICK HERE NOW! 50% Complete Get Your FREE Book Now!Give me my book! I value your privacy and will never spam you 4 REASONS WHY BUYING AND SELLING CARS IS A LEGITIMATEТ BUSINESS 1) Part-time - Full-time - Anywhere:Т You can make good moneyТ on a full-time basis or in your spare time when buying and selling used cars. You can do this in small towns or big cities - and you can do this anywhere in the world. 2) New Car Buying versesТ UsedТ Car Buying:Т When you buy a new car and factor in monthly payments, full-coverage insurance, gas, maintenance and repairs - it's no wonder why even "cheap" new cars costing only $15,000.00 areТ totally out of reach for most buyers. 3) New Car Depreciation:Т The average new car loses 60%Т of it's value in the first 5 years (Source: Edmunds.com). This is why a huge percentage of car buyers never buy new cars and choose to buyТ used cars only. 4) PerpetualТ Demand and Recession Proof:Т Unaffordable new car prices and horribleТ depreciation are why theТ demand for used cars is perpetualТ and that's also why thisТ is aТ true recession-proof business. A FEW OF MY OWN CAR DEALS: MAKE: INVESTMENT: SOLD FOR: MY PROFIT: Dodge $597.00 $2250.00 $1653.00 Dodge 880.00 1900.00 $1020.00 Nissan 950.00 2000.00 $1050.00 Toyota 1000.00 2600.00 $1600.00 Nissan 1206.00 2100.00 $894.00 Isuzu 1538.00 3950.00 $1766.00 Nissan 1752.00 3650.00 $1898.00 Ford 433.00 1375.00 $1268.00 IF YOU'RE THINKINGТ ABOUT WORKINGТ FOR YOURSELF: Avoid Get-Rich-Quick Scams: I'm embarrassed to admit this, but I had to learnТ the hard way thatТ "get-rich-quick" is bogus - and that mistake cost me a lot of time and money too. The old saying:Т "IfТ it sounds too good to be true then it probably is" is still as valid as ever. Reduce or Eliminate Trial and Error: There are lots of money-making plans being peddled by scammers that have never actually worked the business plan they are selling. Avoid them like the plague and learn from thoseТ that have done what you want to do. FEEDBACK: "Hello Steve, You really helped me in so many ways. I didn't know much about cars, but so far I made $3000.00 on my three attempts! Thank you!" -Steve, Pergentino, Adelaide, South Australia "Hi Stephen, I have been doing this buying and selling stuff for around 2 months now. The last car i bought was a mitsubitshi montero 1996, which cost me $2000.00. i got around $2300.00 profits in less than a week." -Jose Estevez, USA "It was sold last week with a total profit of ТЃ400 ($600.00 USD) in my purse! This has definetely given me confidence boost. Your continual advice and support has helped me tremendously." -Ayesha Hussian, England "I bought a rough running Corolla wagon for $250.00. Spent $50.00 on it and sold it on the first day advertised for $550.00. I made a $250.00 profit with only a few hours of work. I could have gotten more but wanted the cash for more deals." -Peter Jarocki, Australia "Steve, here's the breakdown... I made $1600.00 on the Geo and sold it in 6 days. A nice set of tires and rims and a bike rack came with the Jeep and they should easily bring an extra $300.00. With the tires and rack, that's a total profit potential of $2200.00 on the Jeep." -Dan Collins, Alaska "IТ just bought an Eagle Summit at auction for $900.00 and sold it for $2750.00 with only three hours work and getting a new exhaust manifold pipe installed. That was an $1850.00 profit." -Peter McCaffery, British Columbia, Canada "Hey steve it's mike! Sold another Honda and made $1200 profit!!" -Mike Menzel - Oklahoma "Hello Steve, I got a story for you... Т There was a 1999 black Dodge Stratus for $1500.00. I sold it for $3200.00 six days later. PROFIT $2553.00! I found a 1989 Jeep Pioneer 183k (wow) for $1400.00 or best offer. I offered $700.00, they countered with $900.00, I said $800.00. DEAL-DONE! I sold it for $1300.00 CASH. $500.00 profit in three days--you cant beat that!" -Hector Boyar, Chicago GET YOURТ FREE BOOK NOW: CLICK HERE NOW! 50% Complete Get Your FREE Book Now!Give me my book! I value your privacy and will never spam you Home Blog About Terms Privacy Earnings Contact Copyright ТЉ 2004-2016 - S.F. Hobbs Publishing - All Rights Reserved Worldwide


text: Character description Edit Appearances Edit Fantasmic! - Disney's Hollywood Studios Retrieved from "http://mariosonictheedsandfriendsrideoffical.wikia.com/wiki/Duke_Onkled?oldid=9119" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Characters Guest Stars The Legend of Zelda characters Add category Cancel Save


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One major aspect, where Android leaves iOS behind easily, is the ability to be 'customized'. The best thing about using the Android phones is that you can use it the way you want. Everything from themes, icons to fonts etc. can be changed in few simple steps and that too without even rooting your phone. If you got bored of seeing same home screen, you can change they way it looks and acts by using the top android launcher apps. These launcher apps are massive bonus of using Android phone. Specially for people like me, who want to personalize their phones time to time. Before we go on the list, we will give you a brief introduction of top android launcher apps. And also let you know that what kind of changes can you make by using them.
Using Launchers is one awesome way to customize and personalize your phone according to your needs. Launchers can be termed as the 'home-screen replacements'. They are actually the apps which can change the design and user-interface (UI), without altering your phone's software. By having the top android launcher apps in your phone, you can change the themes and fonts of your phone. You can assign a specific icon to any application. And not only these, you can also have wonderful live+simple wallpapers & home screen backgrounds etc. Like having new wallpapers? View and download the best 1000+ HD wallpapers here.
Note : The list of Android Launchers is compiled the basis of Google Play Store Ratings, User Reviews and Number of Downloads(of each app).
If you think we missed out any app below, feel free to comment and let us know. We will view it and then add it in the list top android theme launchers in 2016 to make it even better.
Free 50+ Top Android Launcher Apps
Kush Weed Smart Launcher Theme
'Kush Weed Smart Launcher Theme' is out there for all the weed fans who like to have cool themes in their phone. You will need Smart Launcher to use this app. The best features of this app include :
- 50+ icons
- Supports automatic change!
- 100% changed graphic elements
- Custom Font
- Translucent StatusBar and NavBar
- No permissions
- Lifelong Support
Download Kush Weed Smart Launcher Theme App
Launcher Planet 120K Wallpaper
With 7,000,000+ downloads, this app offers you the most smoothest and fastest launcher experience. With Planet Launcher, you can kill all the running apps, files, websites with just one tap. 700+ free themes and 120,000+ background images allows your to personalize your phone the way you want. Categorize all your downloaded apps into folders with just one tap.
Download Launcher Planet 120K Wallpaper App
If you're a fan of having custom icon packs then here is one of the best icon pack to use with the launcher. 3700+ icons allows you to have a wide range of icon for every app. The best thing about this app is that new app icons are constantly being added. Another good thing is that it is compatible with almost all the good Launchers including APEX, ADW, Action Launcher Pro, ATOM, SMART Launcher, NOVA Launcher, HOLO Launcher and LIGHTNING Launcher etc.
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