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Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ERB) is a syndrome of severe skeletal muscle breakdown. Blood levels of creatine kinase (CK) are widely used as a marker to reflect muscle breakdown. Some individuals exhibit extreme increases in blood CK after exercise and have been characterized as high responders (HR), but no clinical definition of HR exists and reasons for the HR phenomenon are not understood. This study investigated possible associations between the magnitude of the CK response to exercise and polymorphisms of two genes: muscle-specific creatine kinase (CK-MM) NcoI and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D. An exercise test for defining HR was also investigated. Participants (n = 88) underwent an exercise test that included stepping up and down two stairs for 5 min followed by 15 squats while wearing a backpack weighted at 30% of their body weight. CK levels were measured before, immediately after, and 48 and 72 h after the test. Nine participants (10.2%) were defined as HR. Participants with the CK-MM NcoI AA genotype had a sixfold higher risk of being HR compared with GG and AG genotypes (P = 0.031). No significant differences were found for the ACE I/D polymorphism. Percent body fat was an independent predictor of being a HR. We conclude that the CK-MM AA genotype and percent body fat may be part of the constellation of mechanisms that explain susceptibility to ERB. A physiological test that may assist in predicting ERB is also presented.
- exertional rhabdomyolysis
- high responder
- polymorphisms
exertional rhabdomyolysis (ERB) is a clinical syndrome of skeletal muscle destruction in response to exercise. In severe cases this syndrome may lead to kidney failure and even death (13, 34). This exertion-induced muscle injury results in the release of intracellular substances from affected myocytes [e.g., creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, calcium, potassium] into the blood. The most widely used marker reflective of muscle breakdown is the enzyme CK (31). Some individuals exhibit extreme increases in CK in response to exercise and have been defined as high responders (HR) (22, 31, 34). A clinical or case definition for a HR compared with normal or low responder does not exist, and reasons for the HR phenomenon are unknown.
It has been suggested that genetics may be part of this phenomenon, but the important genes remain unclear (4, 34). One possibility is the gene encoding the enzyme CK. This enzyme, which is abundant in skeletal muscle, serves a key role in energy metabolism (7). One isozyme of CK, the muscle-specific CK (CK-MM), is localized at the M line and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of myofibrils (27, 32). CK-MM attempts to maintain energy homeostasis by providing a steady supply of creatine phosphate, which is critical for sustaining the Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and other energy-dependent enzymes (7). The CK-MM-encoding gene has been mapped to chromosome 19q13.2–13.3, and its structure has been extensively described (23).
Several lines of evidence suggest that the CK-MM-NcoI single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3′-untranslated region might contribute to individual differences in physical performance (2, 36, 38), but the mechanisms are unclear. Additionally, the CK-MM NcoI polymorphism might be associated with differential CK-MM activities in myocytes (25). Others have postulated that CK-MM genotype may be associated with the expression and stability of its mRNA (35, 38). Interestingly, the CK-MM gene is located in the same region on chromosome 19 as two other genes related to muscle function and specific myopathies: the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) (3) and the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) (26). On the basis of these observations and the specific functions of the CK-MM enzyme (7), we hypothesized that different genotypes of the CK-MM NcoI polymorphism might be associated with differential CK responses to exercise.
Another polymorphism linked to physical performance is the gene encoding the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (8, 21). This gene has an insertion/deletion polymorphism that consists of a 287-base pair Alu repeat sequence in intron 16: the three genotypes are insertion (II), insertion/deletion (ID), and deletion (DD). Most studies have suggested that genotypes with the I allele are associated with better aerobic performance than the DD genotype (8, 20, 21); however, some have found no such association (24). The DD genotype has also been associated with lower physiological tolerance to exercise heat stress compared with the ID and II genotypes (10). Finally, it has been suggested that ACE genotypes might affect the metabolic efficiency of muscle during repeated contractions (38). Therefore, we also hypothesized that ACE I/D genotypes would reflect differential CK responses to standardized exercise.
To address our hypotheses, we implemented a short-duration, moderate-intensity exercise test to elicit changes in blood levels of CK. The overall objectives of the study were to 1) establish specific and statistically based criteria for normal and high CK responses to a standardized exercise test; 2) examine potential associations between the CK response to exercise and genotypes of the CK-MM NcoI polymorphism; and 3) examine the association between the CK response to exercise and genotypes of the ACE I/D polymorphism.
Healthy, physically active volunteers (n = 88) participated in the study (60 men, and 28 women; 76 Caucasians and 12 non-Caucasians). The anthropometric and demographic characterizations of the participants are presented in Table 1. All participants gave informed consent before participation and went through a medical examination. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS).
Experimental protocol.
Participants visited the Human Performance Laboratory on three occasions at ∼0900 in the morning. They were instructed to arrive having 1) had at least 6 h sleep; 2) not participated in any exercise for at least 72 h before they arrived; 3) had no coffee or nicotine since arising; and 4) consumed no alcohol for at least 24 h before their arrival. Participants were also instructed not to participate in any exercise over the 3 days following the exercise test. The first visit included an exercise test with blood draws before and after the exercise test, and the second and third visits (48 and 72 h later) only included blood draws.
On the first visit, participants underwent a medical examination and anthropometric measurements to include weight, height, and percent body fat. Percent body fat was calculated according to the mean of three skinfold-thickness measurements made with calipers at each of two sites (triceps and subscapular) (19). All measurements were performed by the same experienced researcher. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2). Blood (20 ml) was drawn into EDTA-containing tubes from each subject for genetic and biochemical analyses. After being cleared by an on-site physician, participants underwent an exercise test that included stepping up and down two stairs (30-cm height each) for 5 min at a pace of 54 steps/min (using a metronome) followed by 15 knee bends completed within 1 min (3-s count down and 2-s count up were done to increase the eccentric contraction time). A backpack weighted at 30% of their body weight was worn during both tests. Immediately after the participant completed the exercise, another blood sample (20 ml) was obtained, and blood lactate level was measured. Heart rate was measured before and immediately after the step exercise to evaluate the participant's physiological effort. Heart rate was assessed using a wristwatch monitor linked to a coded chest transmitter (Polar). Two additional blood samples (20 ml each) were obtained at 48 and 72 h subsequent to the first visit.
Biochemical measurements.
Serum CK level was measured using a Vitros 250 Chemistry System (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Johnson and Johnson, Rochester, NY). Blood lactate was measured using a hand-held lactate meter (Accutrend Lactate; Roche Diagnosis).
Blood samples, collected in EDTA-containing tubes, were separated by low-speed centrifugation, and plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells were isolated. DNA was extracted from the buffy coat using a DNA extraction kit (QIAamp DNA mini kit 250; catalog no. 51306; Qiagen Sciences). The DNA concentration was calculated from absorbance measured at 260 nm, and purity was estimated by the ratio of absorbance at 260:280 nm using a spectrophotometer (model UV-2401PC; Shimadzu Scientific). The identification of specific polymorphisms in the CK and ACE genes were conducted using standard PCR techniques with specific primers to these genes.
To distinguish between the polymorphism within the CK-MM gene [National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) accession no. NM_001824], we followed the protocol previously established to distinguish between two alleles, A and G (25). Briefly, PCR amplification was conducted to amplify 1,170-base pair (bp) DNA fragment localized in the gene followed by restriction digestion using the NcoI restriction endonuclease (New England Biolabs) to distinguish between the A and G alleles (NCBI rs no. 1803285). This DNA fragment was amplified using the specific primer pairs: 5′-GTGCGGTGGACACAGCTGCCG-3′ (forward) and 5′-CAGCTTGGTCAAAGACATTGAGG-3′ (reverse).
Each PCR reaction was contained in 50-μl reaction consisting of 300 ng genomic DNA, 1× buffer (includes 1.5 Mm MgCl2 and standard amounts of dNTPs), 300 ng sense primer, 300 nM antisense primer, and 3.75 U Expand Long Taq (Roche Diagnostics). The PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturing at 95°C, 5 min; 30 cycles at 95°C for 30 s, at 62°C for 30 s, at 72°C for 45 s, and final extension at 72°C for 5 min. The PCR products were initially sequenced (Biomedical Instrumentation Center, USUHS) to confirm the specificity of the amplification product. Subsequently, 10 μl of the PCR reaction was digested using 5 U of the restriction enzyme NcoI in the appropriate buffer for 1 h at 37°C. Positive and negative controls were included in each restriction enzyme digestion with equal amounts of DNA in each parallel reaction to include 1) no DNA; 2) CK-MM amplicons not having the NcoI restriction site (G/G) (negative control); 3) CK-MM amplicons known to have the NcoI restriction site (A/A) (positive control); 4) CK-MM amplicons having the NcoI restriction site (A/A), but without including the enzyme NcoI in the reaction; and 5) unknown samples. The allele without the NcoI restriction site was designated as the G allele (1,170 bp), whereas the allele with the polymorphic NcoI site was designated as the A allele (985 bp + 185 bp). The resulting fragments of both the PCR products and the digestion process were resolved by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel stained with GelStar (Cambrex) and visualized under ultraviolet light.
To distinguish between the ACE I/D genotypes, PCR protocols previously established were used (17, 18). PCR was conducted in a manner similar to that described above using the specific primer pairs previously shown to amplify and distinguish the ACE I/D polymorphisms: 5′-TGGGACCACAGCGCCCGCCACTAC-3′ and 5′-CTGGAGACCACTCCCATCCTTTCT-3′.
Each PCR reaction was carried out in 50 μl consisting of 300 ng genomic DNA, 1× buffer (includes 1.5 mM MgCl2 and standard amounts of dNTPs), 300 nM sense primer, 300 nM antisense primer, and 3.75 U Expand Long Taq (Roche Diagnostics). The PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturing at 95°C for 5 min; 36 cycles at 95°C for 1 min, at 58°C for 1 min, at 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 7 min. The resulting 190-bp fragment for the D allele and 490-bp fragment for the I allele were resolved by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel stained with GelStar (Cambrex) and visualized under ultraviolet light. The PCR products were initially sequenced (Biomedical Instrumentation Center, USUHS) to confirm the specificity of the amplification products.
Statistical analysis.
Data analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.01 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). According to our preliminary results, and to maximize power to detect differences, a collapsing strategy was adopted in which the AA polymorphism in the CK-MM gene was compared with the G+ genotype (GG and GA), and the II polymorphism in the ACE gene was compared with the D+ (DD and ID) polymorphism. Distributions were considered for each of the variables with normality of continuous variables assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables were log transformed to base e before analysis where this improved approximation to a normal distribution. The difference between baseline CK and peak CK (at 48 or 72 h), or CKΔ, was considered the response following exposure. A HR was further defined as a CKΔ ≥ 90th percentile (i.e., no/yes) or 230 U/l, according to the definition for a "rare event" (37), and compared with normal responders (NR). Analysis of variance, Fisher's exact test, or Pearson correlations or Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were employed, where appropriate, to examine bivariate associations among genotypes, anthropometric, demographic, and physiological variables. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05 for a two-tailed test.
Significant bivariate associations between genetic polymorphisms and HR were further assessed using logistic regression models, ln {Pr(Y = 1)/[1 − Pr(Y = 1)]} = β0 + , where Y is a dichotomous random variable HR with 0 = no and 1 = yes; β0 represents the population average baseline odds for Y = 1; and βj{j = 1, … , k} represents a parameter describing the association between k random variables X (i.e., genotype and %body fat) and the logit (log transformed odds) of Y. The probability of being a HR, as a function of predictors included in the logistic model, is defined as Pr(Y = 1) = 1/{ 1 + exp[−(β0 + )]}. Furthermore, the conditional odds ratio for HR, an unbiased estimator of the relative risk under the aforementioned rare disease assumption, is defined as eβj.
Potential confounding variables, including baseline CK, age, BMI, percent body fat, ethnicity (i.e., Caucasian yes/no), and sex (i.e., female yes/no), were fit to simple logistic regression models, including genotype (i.e, AA/G+ or II/D+) as the only predictor of HR contingent on P < 0.05 for a bivariate association with either genotype or HR. These variables were retained in the logistic regression model only if inclusion elicited a ≥10% change in the magnitude of the genotype coefficient (12) and "stability" of the model was maintained. Results are presented as means ± SE unless marked otherwise.
The program PS Power and Sample Size Calculations version 2.1 were used to calculate power (5a). For the CK-MM gene, there was 67.0% power available to detect an odds ratio for HR equal to 6.0 (i.e., that observed in this study for AA vs. G+) at α = 0.05 for the GG vs. A+. An odds ratio of at least 8.0 would have been required for 80% power. For the ACE gene, there was 72.0% power available to detect an odds ratio of HR equal to 6.0 at α = 0.05 between DD and I+. An odds ratio of 7.3 would be detectable with 80% power. No II genotypes were found among the HR, and thus we were unable to estimate power for an analysis of II vs. D+ for HR vs. NR.
Of the 88 participants, nine (10.2%) were defined as HR according to our statistical criteria for increases in serum CK. The dynamics of serum CK in the HR and NR are presented in Fig. 1. The average increase in the serum CK (CKΔ) for the HR group was significantly higher compared with the NR group (1,048 ± 421 U/l compared with 12 ± 8 U/l, respectively; P < 0.0001). No significant differences between the two groups were found for baseline serum CK (HR, 161 ± 33 U/l; NR, 147 ± 13 U/l; P = 0.54); they were within the normal expected ranges.
Logistic regression analyses indicated that none of the anthropometric or demographic measurements (age, BMI, ethnicity, and sex) influenced the CK response. Mean values for the HR and NR groups are presented in Table 2. Body fat percentage was the only phenotypic measure that differed as a function of HR and NR: body fat was significantly higher in the HR (HR: 20.5 ± 1.6% vs. NR: 16.9 ± 0.6%, respectively; P = 0.03). No associations between the magnitude of the CK response and measures reflecting the participant's physical fitness (heart rate and lactate levels postexercise) were noted (Table 3).
The allele frequencies of the CK-MM and the ACE gene polymorphisms were both distributed according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (CK-MM: AA 40%, AG 48%, GG 12% and ACE: DD 30%, ID 54%, II 16%). No differences in genotypes distributions were noted as a function of demographic measures (age, ethnicity, and sex) or physiological measures (heart rate or blood lactate) for either gene. Only 12 participants (14%) were not Caucasians, and these 12 were of diverse ethnicities.
The probability of being a HR was analyzed for both the CK-MM and ACE genes to examine possible associations between the CK response to exercise and genotype. For the CK-MM gene, the HR group had a significantly higher percentage of the AA genotype, and the NR group had a significantly higher percentage of the G+ genotype (HR vs. NR: AA 78% vs. 36%, and G+ 22% vs. 64%, respectively) (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2). Also, 19.4% of the participants with AA genotype were defined as HR compared with only 3.8% of the participants with G+ genotype (P = 0.028). The logistic regression model of HR on AA/G+ genotype (Table 4) yielded an odds ratio (eβj) indicating an approximately sixfold higher risk of being HR among participants with the AA genotype compared with participants with the G+ genotype. Although percent body fat was higher in the HR than NR, inclusion of body fat into the logistic regression model did not change the magnitude of the genetic influence.
As for the ACE gene, no association between the CK response and the three genotypes was noted. However, none of the HR had the II genotype. Similarly, peak changes in serum CK levels were lower in the II (26 ± 21 U/l) compared with the D+ group (146 ± 66.8 U/l), but these results were not statistically significant.
ERB often occurs unexpectedly among military and athletic populations, with some individuals being more susceptible than others (14, 28). In most cases, ERB is caused by repetitive eccentric exercise that may impose both mechanical and metabolic stress on the muscle cells (6). The primary marker for muscle breakdown, serum CK, varies among individuals in response to exercise: a portion of the population has exaggerated increases in CK (4, 22, 28, 31). Nevertheless, no clinical or physiological criteria have been established to define HR. Reasons for an exaggerated response are not fully understood but may reflect genetics (4), fiber type, an underlying myopathy, and/or some other environmental/behavioral factors, including fitness level (6). Whether a high CK response to exercise implies greater susceptibility to ERB is unknown, but regardless, criteria to identify susceptible individuals are needed. We used the candidate gene approach to search for potential associations between the CK response to exercise and polymorphisms of two candidate genes; CK-MM NcoI and ACE I/D. To that end, we also used an exercise protocol that may be important in establishing criteria for defining normal and abnormal exercise-induced CK levels in physically active populations.
Importantly, our findings showed that the risk of having a high CK response to our exercise test is related to a specific CK-MM genotype of the NcoI polymorphism: participants with the AA genotype had a sixfold higher risk compared with those with the G+ polymorphism (GG and AG) for exhibiting an exaggerated CK response to exercise. Logistic regression modeling showed that the CK-MM polymorphism is independently associated with the CK response after adjusting for all of the measured phenotypic and demographic variables. Ethnicity and sex did not appear to influence the results; however, it should be emphasized that we did not have sufficient power to analyze by ethnicity. Despite clear differences in CK responses, HR and NR groups did not differ in their postexercise heart rate or blood lactate levels, which are known to be related to fitness level (11). These results imply that fitness level is not a confounder of our results, even though fitness may be associated with different degrees of muscle breakdown after exercise (5). A recent study of athletes who participated in a continuous 246-km running race did not find any association between the elevation in CK levels and performance (29). Thus fitness level may be a significant confounder with respect to CK increases, but only when comparing very active to sedentary individuals. Overall fitness may not be important when studying highly active individuals. Active individuals may, therefore, be the best group to study when phenotypic and physiological measurements are used as independent variables.
Previous studies found associations among humans between the CK-MM NcoI polymorphism and endurance performance (2, 3, 36, 38). However, to our knowledge, no one has shown an association between the CK-MM polymorphism and the CK response to exercise. Because the G allele is the rare allele for the CK-MM NcoI polymorphism, it is reasonable to speculate that this allele might be associated with a protective mechanism against exertional muscle breakdown, if one assumes that the CK response to exercise reflects the magnitude of muscle breakdown. Although our results may help explain the issue of HR in the normal population, the explanation is likely part of a more complex picture.
The mechanism by which the CK-MM polymorphism may influence the CK response to exercise is unknown. However, a few possible mechanisms can be offered. First, the CK-MM polymorphism examined in this study lies in the 3′-untranslated region, which influences the intracellular localization of its mRNA (38). This may affect the stability of the gene and its rate of transcription (35), which, in turn, could lead to differential expression of CK-MM and, possibly, alter muscle cell function (35). Such an event could therefore influence muscle integrity. The CK-MM NcoI polymorphism may also be associated with differential enzyme activities and be influenced by muscle fiber types (25). Enzyme activity and fiber typing measures were not obtained in the present study but may contribute to our findings. Another potential mechanism may be gene linkage. The location of the CK-MM gene (chromosome 19q13.2–13.3) is in the same region where the gene encoding for the myotonic dystrophy disease gene (DMPK) is located (19q13.3) (3). Indeed, although the results are not consistent (1), it has been suggested that the CK-MM gene may be a useful marker for myotonic dystrophy (3). The implications of this evidence and their possible association with our findings are unclear but strengthen the importance of this gene with regard to both normal and abnormal muscle function. Another potential genetic linkage is the RYR1 gene, which is also located in the same chromosome region (19q13.3) (26). Mutations in the RYR1 gene have been associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH), a hypermetabolic/hyperpyrexic skeletal muscle syndrome elicited by certain drugs used for anesthesia (15),(26). Moreover, the RyR1 gene has been associated with susceptibility to ERB (33). To our knowledge, susceptibility to increased muscle breakdown and associations between mutations in the RYR1 gene and the CK-MM polymorphism have not been studied. Nevertheless, the similar locations of the two genes, the possible association of the RYR1 gene with ERB, and our findings suggest a possible functional linkage that may influence muscle function during both mechanical work and metabolic stress.
Our interest in the ACE I/D polymorphism was based on reports in the literature (20, 21). The existence of the I allele (ID and II genotypes) has been associated with superior endurance performance (21), as well as with exercise heat tolerance compared with the DD genotype (10). The D allele has also been associated with clinical severity among individuals with McArdle's myopathy (myophosphorylase deficiency) (17). One suggested mechanism for these results is metabolic efficiency of the muscle during repeated contractions: different genotypes of the ACE polymorphism could directly influence metabolic efficiency (21): an increased metabolic efficiency during exercise might protect the muscle from prolonged mechanical tension and metabolic stress. Nevertheless, some have reported that the ACE I/D polymorphism has no influence on physical performance (24). In the present study, the ACE polymorphism was not significantly associated with the CK response to exercise. Nevertheless, despite a lack of statistical significance, it is important to note that no one in the HR group had the II genotype, and across the population, the II genotype was associated with lower levels of serum CK after our standardized exercise test compared with the DD and DI groups. These results are similar to previous studies showing a physiological advantage of the I allele (21). Additional participants would increase the power and perhaps the significance of these results in the future. Recent studies have shown that the degree of influence the ACE polymorphism may exert depends on the type of exercise and participant's fitness levels (16). Our findings, however, showed no association among the ACE genotypes and postexercise lactate level and/or heart rate, which suggests that fitness levels does not explain these findings.
Importantly, of all the demographic and anthropometric measures, only percent body fat differed between HR and NR groups. The exact explanation for this finding is unclear, but body fat may be part of a complex phenotypic and genotypic picture that predisposes certain individuals to high CK responses to exercise. For example, specific muscle fiber type profiles have been associated with obesity (30), and since the distribution of fiber types may also reflect skeletal muscle efficiency and performance (9), a circumstantial or indirect influence would be possible. Further studies will be required to address this issue.
The phenomenon of differential CK responses to exercise has been reported by a number of investigators (4, 14, 29, 31), but different exercise protocols have been used, to include long duration exercise (28) and isolated muscle group resistance workouts (4). Moreover, in some studies, CK levels after exercise were very high (22, 28). One of our purposes was to develop a simple, short-duration, and standardized test with minimum risk that would assist in defining normal and exaggerated CK responses. Importantly, we have described a standardized, scientific, and statistical approach for classifying persons as HR. We examined the distribution of responses for the population studied and used a statistical definition of a rare event (37) to classify individuals as HR for our specific exercise protocol. This approach resulted in assigning the label HR to an individual if his/her increase in serum CK over baseline at 48 or 72 h after exercise was greater than 230 U/l. Using this criterion, 9 of 88 subjects (10.2%) met the criteria for HR. Although this percentage within an active and healthy population may seem high, similar and even higher percentages have been found in previous laboratory controlled studies (22, 28, 31), as well as after selected athletic events (14, 29).
A few limitations of our study must be noted. First, our sample size was relatively small and homogeneous, at least in terms of age and fitness level. Second, our definition of HR was specific to our study population and exercise challenge test. Indeed, the clinical implications of the definition and the clinical specificity and sensitivity of the test still need to be ascertained within a larger sample. Third, most of our participants (86%) were Caucasians, and the distribution of CK-MM (38) and ACE (18) polymorphisms may differ by ethnicity. As such, these results may not apply to other ethnic groups. Finally, it should also be emphasized that the exercise protocol used in the present study was developed for active populations, such as athletes and soldiers, which may explain the relatively small increases in CK levels after exercise compared with other findings (22, 28). Along those same lines, our results may also be specific to the exercise protocol that we used, which was short in duration, moderately intense, and primarily anaerobic in nature (as noted by the postexercise lactate levels). Although our definition of HR has strong statistical support, we realize that more data will be required to define the true thresholds for low, normal, and high responders in larger populations.
In summary, we developed a simple exercise test and suggested possible criteria that may assist in defining high vs. normal CK responses to exercise. We also found that one genotype of the CK-MM NcoI polymorphism was associated with the risk of having an exaggerated CK response to exercise. Whether these data will allow us to identify individuals who are susceptible to muscle breakdown during exercise remains to be determined. Likewise, persons with exaggerated CK responses had a higher percent body fat than those with low CK responses. However, we cannot conclude that this makes them more susceptible to muscle breakdown during exercise, but body composition may be one of multiple phenotypic variables that make some individual susceptible to ERB. Despite the fact that we did not find any significant difference or associations with the ACE gene, the role of the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene has not yet been ruled out: a larger sample size will be required to verify these results.
This study was funded by Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Grant RO91CE. The statistical analysis was funded by the Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and should not be construed as reflecting those of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or the U.S. Department of Defense.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2007 the American Physiological Society


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He's got a new chant: F-I-N-S! FINS! FINS! FINS!
With Fireman Ed stepping away from his role with the team last year, the Jets will apparently try to keep his chant alive in future seasons by farming out his responsibilities to the entire team.
Deadspin.com reported on Wednesday evening that the Jets will be asking different sections of the stadium to actively own a letter in the J-E-T-S! Jets! Jets! Jets chant Ed Anzalone led for so many years. In a column that appeared exclusively in Metro last year, Anzalone stepped away from the role midway through last season because the confrontations with other Jets fans have become more common, even though most Jets fans are fantastic. He had become the target of fans who viewed him as an extension of the team rather than just a passionate fan.
I left Fireman Ed, I didnt leave as a Jets fan, Anzalone told Metro on Thursday. Im still going to the games but I will never leave them.
He was also on board with the Jets new plans to keep alive the chant he did so much to make an iconic part of the game-day experience.
I just want to see the J-E-T-S chant continue, Anzalone told Metro. What Id really like to see Id like to see a young guy take over and do it his way and continue the Jets chant whatever way that might be. I did what I wanted to do. I tried to make a difference. It wasnt about me, it never was. Me and my brother tried to make a difference in the stadium. I understand what the Jets are doing; theyre trying to keep it going. Im not mad at them.
I dont know if it will work. Would I like to see it work? Id like to see it work. Id like to see it continue. Maybe it will go back in forth in the end zones like years ago. Jets fans are so passionate, so many of them are great and love the chant. Im sure it will figure itself out. I was honored to do it as long as I did. When I die, my blood will be green. I can never knock the Jets. Im not going to do it. I just want to see it continue. However it might be, I hope it continues.
Anzalone earned fame for sitting on his brothers shoulders as the in-stadium crowd camera panned to him on the big screens. Anzalone would fire the crowd up, then lead them in the chant. He could turn a docile crowd into a raucous one in a matter of moments simply by waving his FDNY firemans hat.
Before they made the decision to pursue this avenue for keeping the chant alive, Anzalone did say the Jets and team management reached out to him to about reviving his role in getting the crowd active.
He didnt exactly slam the door on the possibility.
They called me just to let me know what their intentions were. I did get asked if I would come back [in the role] and they knew I wasnt going to come back. Its just the way it is. But I will always love them, and down the line who knows? I wouldnt come back on a consistent basis but if you needed me for a big game, who knows? Anzalone said.
Its definitely different not doing it. When youre able to get 80,000 people up and I was fortunate enough to do that and not being able to do that, its tough, its definitely tough. Id be lying to say that I left the way I wanted to leave. I left because it was time but that wasnt the way I wanted to go out. I wanted to go out like any athlete; you always want to go out on top. I wanted to win a championship and go down the Canyon of Heroes.
Follow Jets beat writer Kristian Dyer on Twitter @KristianRDyer.
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
He's got a new chant: F-I-N-S! FINS! FINS! FINS!
Hopefully you guys are able to get him on a podcast soon.
I am not the biggest Fireman Ed fan but it is a shame that some fans treated him that way. Even if you didn't like the whole idea of a "superfan" that is not an excuse to pick fights with the guy. I hope he is able to attend the games in peace this year.
I don't understand the hate for this guy....got the stadium rocking...watched him take a ton of pictures with fans including many kids....you think the stadium crowd was quiet last few years...wait until this year! Sections chanting letters? Ugh
Fireman Ed is the man, I have nothing but the utmost respect for him...He had the balls to lead the entire stadium with the JETS chant for 25+ years and some of these clowns that call themselves Jet fans have the nerve to criticize him...What a joke!
Come back Ed. We miss you!
It really is the best chant in sports!!!
We need to petition for Ed to come out of retirement if we ever get a home playoff game. The return of Ed and a home playoff game would be nuts!
It's a shame he stepped away.
But he'll be back one day. 100% guaranteed!
I don't understand why people have a problem with FM Ed. He is just a fan who happened to come up with a great idea that will leave a legacy for himself and all Jets fans of our era. This just makes some people really jealous. Kind of like why everyone hates Sean for having the best Jets site on the internet.
I wonder what he was thinking at this exact moment.
Ever been so disappointed in the Jets that you removed your hat and deleted your twitter?
had no problem with him got the crowd going. someone else will do it. who cares what he thinks now
A few possible thoughts:
"not the Thanksgiving Turkey I had hoped for"
"did 6 just invent the buttfumble, I should patent that name..."
"So, this is what Red Sox fans felt like watching that little roller up the first base line go through Buckner's legs"
Last edited by Ohio State NY Jets fan; 08-02-2013 at 09:09 AM.


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We're excited to partner with
Compassion International
this year for their Parasite Program to treat children in poverty stricken parts of the world who are suffering from parasites.
Compassion's Parasite Program is addressing a reality for many children in poverty. With your monthly pledge, you can help prevent and treat parasites that rob children of nutrients and stunt growth. Parasites are the biggest health problem in the world, so this is a great chance to change lives both locally AND globally!
With your monthly pledge, you are making it possible for Compassion International to provide the needed medical treatment to orphans and vulnerable children in Haiti.
Through this gift:
Families of children in Compassion's programs receive training to prevent parasites.
Medication is made available to treat those suffering from intestinal parasites.
Children's health improves.
Children's school attendance and performance improve.
Because of your giving, kids are getting stronger, healthier, happier and smarter, changing the future of a whole generation! Children who were once trapped in a hopeless cycle of poverty are being transformed by a new cycle – a cycle of hope. God is moving in the lives of young Haitians and your giving is making a HUGE difference!
This year, EVERY $40 a month pledged will provide the life changing medicine to treat a child in Haiti. This means that with an $80/mo pledge, you will help TWO children in need, and so on in $40/mo increments. Text Faith88 to 51555, call (580)767-1400 or (800)324-8488, or go online to TheHouseFM.com or MyPraiseFM.com to make your pledge of at least $40 per month. With your donation, you are making a difference in the world...one child at a time, one life saving medical treatment at a time...saving lives and transforming a generation.
Make your pledge here
Learn more about the ministry of Compassion International
Pledge Here Now!


text: YES, SPRING! I share the feelings of the poster who has been experiencing rain for a month. My yard is saturated, and I'm going nuts. I had to make a raised round bed for my pittosporum; it was drowning and turning yellow. I've been selling stuff out of my garage, and just getting out of the house to eat lunch around 11. The rain won't stop. The forecast says it may end on Thursday. I have to eat less too, or i'll get heavy real quick, because I'm not burning the calories. It's a battle with weight. I'm ready to get sore and grimy. Bring it.


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San Diego, California (PressExposure) December 15, 2011 -- San Diego, CA based Createwebsitei has announced that it now provides advice and resources for companies and individuals interested in creating a website.
The new website CreateWebsitei.com has been set up to be the number one source for information on everything to do with website creation software tools in the US and overseas. Create website software is becoming more and more accessible to small companies and individuals who do not have a great deal of experience with website design:
"Many companies and individuals trying to set up a website for the first time either don't have the money to pay a professional web design company to build their site, or do not have the experience to create a website themselves from scratch." says Paul Hannam, owner of website Createwebsitei.com
This is where website creators and design software can be very useful. They can be used at minimum cost and no web design experience is needed to use their themed templates to set up a presentable, professional looking web site. It is great economical solution for those desiring a website which is very easy to create, needs no experience with code, and also costs very little to setup. Finding the right software can be very tricky though and that is why CreateWebsitei has been created.:
"We want createwebsitei.com to be the best resource on the web for companies and individuals looking at using software tools to create a website" states Hannam
The website has been established to ensure that companies and individuals have the best advice possible on where the best deals are for web design software as well as providing resources for companies and individuals to find the right website creator for their needs.
Get the information you need on how to create a website.
CreateWebsitei.com is online now and is welcoming visitors.


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Through our work with the city's LiveGreenLexington Program – a program that recognizes and assists with the sustainability efforts of local businesses, places of worship and apartment complexes – I spend a lot of time talking to my fellow Lexingtonians about going green in the workplace. The one thing...Read more
Monthly Archives: May 2014
Before summer's heat sets in, plan ways to reduce your water consumption
Can you believe it? Summer is almost here. My plants are in the garden; my lawn is green; and best of all, no more snow! Summer living is great, but it's not always easy on the planet. Americans use more water than anyone else in the world, and that water use...Read more
Dive into Water Week with Live Green Lexington
UPDATE 5.28.14: Tuesday's lunch and learn is filling up fast! Please RSVP by 2:00pm on Friday, May 30th so that we can make sure you'll have a lunch waiting for you. Also, we would like to clarify that the stream clean-up on Thursday and the storm drain stenciling on Friday...Read more


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1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee SUV - Consumer Review
Build Quality
Reliability Value
Build Quality
Reliability Value
1 of 1 people found this review helpful
Jeepers Creepers!
By Josh on
Vehicle1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo 4dr SUV 4WD
ReviewI got my Jeep Grand Cherokee about two years ago from a friend. It has the 5.2 L with 245,000 miles and the motor runs like its brand new. the transmission has just started to leak but as long as you stay on top of the fluid it works fine. great in the snow. everything electrical seems to have broken, drivers window motor, radio, heated seats, speakers, rear wiper, check engine light is on. lots of the interior plastic things break, i.e. center console cover ripped clear off. early in its life it was driven into a parking garage pillar at around 30 mph and it did extensive damage which was fixed with a chain and tree. Overall a lot of little things break, but the essentials cant be killed
Best Featurescan't be killed!
Worst Featuresbetter fuel economy, better electrical, less cheap interior
Recommend (1) (0)
Are you the author of this review?Update Your Review
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Alfa Romeo / Donalds Alfa Romeo
Whether you're looking for sales, parts or service, we're looking forward to hear from you. Simply get in touch by telephone, post or email and we'll endeavour to respond as soon as we can.
50-64 Burghley Road, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, PE1 2QD,
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Your details may be used by the Donalds Group to provide you with information by post, telephone, fax, email, or SMS about our products and services or to obtain your opinions through market research. If you do wish to be contacted in the future, please tick this box.


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This year our friend night is a facial hair fiasco! I've been growing my beard out for a while now (my wife loves it!), and the number of students that show up on friend night determines what facial hair style I'll shave LIVE that night! Here's the breakdown:
30 = Muttonchops.
40 = Chin Strap
50 = Fu Manchu
60 = Students get to choose/design style.
70+ = Students get to choose/design style PLUS mohawk!
So there's the furry gauntlet I've thrown down! We'll see if our youth take up the challenge. I'm hoping that it's a great night not just for the fun of it, but for the kick-off of our next series (post on that coming soon) and for our midweek to gain some much-needed momentum.
AS A BONUS to you, super-awesome visitor to this blog, here's a short Powerpoint game I came up with to intro the friend night theme. Click here to download "Name that Facial Hair!"


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Brand Label: Cambridge Satchel
Available for Purchase Online at Shopbop for $215.00Pin It
A compact Cambridge Satchel backpack rendered in sturdy leather. Buckles secure the front flap over a slim pocket and the unlined interior. Adjustable shoulder straps and top handle. Dust bag included. Leather: Cowhide. Weight: 28oz / 0.79kg. Made in United Kingdom. Measurements Height: 10.75in / 27cm Length: 11in / 28cm Depth: 3.25in / 8cm.
Shop other brand label items from Cambridge Satchel on FashionStylist.com.
This item was published for sale online by Shopbop on March 23, 2017 4:10 pm and last updated by us November 15, 2017 12:40 pm.
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New promo codes and links offering limited time promotions, sales coupons, and special offers on Cambridge Satchel designer fashions and accessories will be posted on each designer label apparel page. For the latest up to date information on this Cambridge Satchel Portrait Backpack | Bag fashion item, including product specifications, ordering options, pricing, shipping details, high resolution pictures, shopper comments, and other sales media, visit the Shopbop Online Store.


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The Memory Trailer (2006)
31 May 2006 Drama, Romance 105 mins
Film a superstar who lost his memory by an accident and Ja a paparazzi girl who follows and snaps every shots of Film for money. They meet each other by fate somewhere in the North where surrounded by romantic scenery. The two who used to be enemy finally fall in love before Film gets his memory back but couldn't recognize the girl he met in the North. All of his memory about her is really fade only the warm touch of the girl he can recall. He believes she's waiting for him somewhere far far away.
Watch the official The Memory 2006 trailer in HD below or find more The Memory videos on Vidimovie.


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Katrina has lost all credibility!
At best Obama deserves a grade of "D"!
Katrina vanden Heuvel gives Obama a grade of "B"? (Revised)
On July 23, 2016, we discontinued our forums. We ask our members to please join us in our new community site, The Hartmann Report. Please note that you will have to register a new account on The Hartmann Report.
by proud.liberal
May. 19, 2010 4:34 am
Katrina has lost all credibility!


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Council abandons plans to fast-track Northern Link tunnel
Brisbane's Lord Mayor says the global financial crisis has forced the Council to abandon plans to fast-track the Northern Link tunnel.
Campbell Newman says one of the two parties interested in building the project was unable to get financial backing for its bid.
The tunnel is one of 94 projects that has been shortlisted for funding by Infrastructure Australia.
Councillor Newman says the tender process has been extended but he is confident the project will still be complete by 2014.
"We're not going to put value for money and a good financial outcome for the people of Brisbane aside in some sort of mad race to build these projects," he said.
"We need to get the great value for money outcomes that we've had previously and we won't be proceeding until we can see that a competitive process is there to deliver that sort of outcome.'
But Brisbane's Labor councillors say the Lord Mayor needs to provide a detailed plan on how he will deliver the Northern Link tunnel project.
Deputy Labor Leader Milton Dick says the Lord Mayor needs to follow-up his promise with a plan.
"No-one knows how long this current global economic crisis will last and he won't provide any further details other than a promise that it will be built," he said.
"Today we're calling on the Lord Mayor to knuckle down and put together a clear plan to deliver this project because the people of Brisbane and in particular in the northern and western suburbs of Brisbane demand it."
Meanwhile, Councillor Newman says all four projects the Council put forward to Infrastructure Australia have made the shortlist.
"We have the Northern Link tunnel, the work on Kingsford Smith Drive, the Eastern Corridor Tradecoast Road Corridor project and also some significant works down in the south-west around Richlands," he said.
"So we're very happy that we've got there.
"We've been asked to provide more information and to work with the Commonwealth and we'll be doing that to try and get these projects funded sometime next year."
Topics: states-and-territories, regional-development, urban-development-and-planning, local-government, brisbane-4000, qld
First posted


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Short-Term Technical Expertise (STE) for AMESD-SADC Capacity Building Effort
Time Frame: 1.2010 - 6.2012
Web Site: n/a
Description: This project covers the development of educational materials to support the AMESD SADC Services related to agriculture, drought and fires. ILWIS and the software utilities provided by the Earth Observation Community, such as the GEONETCast Toolbox, were used to carry out the project. ITC developed an AMESD SADC Toolbox plug-in, in collaboration with the AMESD-SADC partners.
Commissioned/Funded by:AMESD
- University of Botswana, Botswana
- Univeristy of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
- Botswana College of Agriculture, Botswana
- ITC, The Netherlands


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Bion Environmental Technologies, Inc., is publicly-traded on the OTC Markets QB: BNET
Production agriculture, environmental necessities and raw economics are coming together like never before. Companies on the cutting edge of these efforts, like Bion, can change the entire way that farming and natural resource management have been done throughout our history.
Dan Glickman
Former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
Multiple Drivers for Success
Bion Environmental Technologies' (OTC QB: BNET) patented and proven technology provides advanced waste treatment and resource recovery for large-scale livestock production facilities. The modular technology platform delivers substantially better economics to the $180 billion animal-protein business, while providing low-cost high-impact solutions in the $100 billion clean water sector and to several other pressing environmental and public health issues. Federal and state policies are evolving to encourage livestock waste cleanup and the industry is ready to be engaged.
Bion's technology provides a 'cleantech makeover' for large-scale livestock production, so that environmental impacts are dramatically reduced, while resource and operational efficiencies are significantly improved.
Bion's technology platform creates value by generating low-cost air and water quality improvements, that can be sold as 'credits', while recovering resources that have traditionally been wasted or underutilized. Verified pollution reductions produce new revenues from the sale of renewable energy and carbon credits, as well as nutrient credits described below. Production of pipeline-quality natural gas and high-value organic fertilizer and feed products represent substantially greater revenue opportunities than with current practices.
The technology produces a number of additional benefits. Water is treated sufficiently (including pathogen kill) for re-use by the herd, irrigation or aquifer recharge. Greenhouse gas, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and odor emissions are dramatically reduced. Current manure handling/spreading expenses can be eliminated. Because land is no longer required to spread waste on, divesting acreage or expansion on existing acreage can be considered. Expansion without corresponding environmental impact is the kind of agricultural growth needed to provide jobs and opportunities in rural America.
The livestock industry has struggled for the last decade to deal with rising fuel costs and drought conditions that have exposed critical weaknesses in its supply chain. An unintended consequence of siting large-scale facilities in 'out of the way' locations has been a significant increase in transportation costs and impacts. For the most part, the industry has been unable to relocate or consolidate to mitigate these effects because of the environmental impacts of production. Margins across the supply chain have suffered. Bion's technology platform enables clean state-of-the-art livestock facilities to be developed in new strategic locations that substantially reduce logistics costs, improve economics and reduce carbon footprint.
Ultimately, the greatest 'driver' for Bion may be America's and the world's buying habits, that are undergoing a fundamental shift. Food safety, corporate social responsibility and improved sustainability in production are increasingly demanded by the consumer. Ceres and other large activist institutional investors are taking an increasing interest in socially responsible investing, and have already expressed concerns about carbon footprint, water quality, antibiotic usage and animal welfare to many in the food production industry.
Whole Foods, Walmart, Costco, McDonalds, and most other large meat and dairy product retailers have recently announced sustainability initiatives. We believe that as these initiatives move forward, 'sustainability' on the production side will look a lot like what Bion can provide today. Bion's technology platform can provide measurable and verifiable sustainability metrics – carbon and nutrient footprint; impacts to water, soil and air; pathogen destruction – that are unmatched in the industry today.
U.S. clean water costs – $114 billion in 2010 – are escalating while overall water quality continues to decline.
Excess nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus – cause toxic algal blooms and dead zones that the EPA now calls one of the greatest water quality problems in the U.S. today. Livestock production is recognized as one of the largest sources of excess nutrients in most major watersheds; Bion's direct treatment of livestock waste can provide large-scale verifiable nutrient reductions at significantly lower cost than current agricultural and downstream treatment strategies. Bion's platform also provides dramatic reductions of greenhouse gas, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions, as well as pathogens in the waste stream that have been linked to food-borne illness and antibiotic resistance.
The re-allocation of significantly more funding to non-point source pollution sources, particularly agriculture, is inevitable if we are to maintain the integrity of the environment and our water resources. Policies are now changing to support market-based strategies that engage the private sector to provide lower cost solutions. National livestock interests, including National Milk Producers Federation, Land O'Lakes, JBS (the largest beef/pork producer in the world) and others have recently joined Bion in support of such a strategy.
Bion is strongly confident that these policy reforms will be achieved in Pennsylvania in the near future, as they face significant sanctions related to the Chesapeake Bay in 2017, as well as their own water quality issues. Change has come slowly to Pennsylvania's (and our country's) clean water strategy, which is controlled by government agencies and large NGOs that represent powerful stakeholders in the 'business' of clean water. Especially at the state level, entrenched interests have opposed changes that might reallocate spending, regardless of the obvious failure of current policies or the promise of innovative alternatives. However, faced with steeply rising costs and the threat of reduced federal funding, policies are now evolving to engage the private sector to provide cost-effective alternatives to these traditional high-cost solutions. The costs associated with our current strategy vs. the costs of alternatives are now well-understood and the differences too great to ignore.
Legislation to establish a competitively-bid procurement program in Pennsylvania, which will allow Bion and other private-sector providers to sell low-cost nutrient credits to the state, was introduced in the PA Senate in June 2017; it is sponsored by Republican leadership. In a recent Letter of Expectation (click for highlighted version), US EPA made it clear to Pennsylvania that the agency supports and encourages the use of credit trading, competitive procurement and other market-driven strategies to comply with the Commonwealth's Bay mandates. Bion expects a competitive procurement program to be implemented in Pennsylvania this year. And while today Pennsylvania is in the spotlight, many other agricultural states will face similar problems and decisions over the coming years.
Legislation to apply the federal energy tax credit to nutrient recovery was recently introduced in the U.S. House and Senate and enjoys bipartisan support. Some of the largest producers in the livestock industry are at the table with Bion, ready and willing to be engaged. Bion's proven solution, coupled with an experienced and dedicated management team that has a deep understanding of the issues, positions the company to succeed as this opportunity continues to unfold. To learn more about this evolving opportunity, which is poised to receive billions in federal, state, local and private funding, please visit Excess Nutrients – the Challenge, Bion's Technology, Benefits, and Policy Change.
A Republican Administration Could Provide Much-Needed Change
The Trump Administration has recently announced cutbacks in federal environmental and conservation spending, but no corresponding rollback of regulations. Consequently, with less money to spend it will be even more important that state spending decisions be made with greater emphasis on cost-effectiveness of solutions. Further, it is anticipated that a Republican mandate that is focused on reducing the scale and cost of government will embrace market-driven solutions, such as Bion provides, that can deliver much lower-cost results to the taxpayer, while providing substantially greater certainty and less risk.
While policy change is taking place, recent improvements to Bion's technology platform enable the recovery of much higher-value byproducts and renewable energy than previous generations. Pilot studies indicate that under certain conditions and locations, more fully described in the current Company Overview and SEC filings, projects can be developed that can be supported by byproduct and renewable energy production alone. While the policy changes we support are still a major focus of our business, we are no longer entirely dependent on them. This is a true game-changer for Bion.
The U.S. livestock industry must reduce its footprint and simultaneously improve its efficiencies if it is to remain environmentally and economically sustainable in the modern world. Further, the industry has now recognized that it will need to verify and communicate this improved sustainability to the consumer. Bion's technology addresses both of these inescapable challenges that will require significant investment over the coming years. And Bion's expertise, coupled with its technology solutions that have been proven over many years, place it far ahead of future competitors in this evolving space.
Many of us here in Pennsylvania have taken our role as protectors of our land, our environment and the Chesapeake Bay very seriously and that's why our partnership with Bion made sense from day one.
Ron Kreider
CEO and president, Kreider Farms
Eide Bailly, LLP
7001 E Belleview Ave, Suite 700
Denver, CO 80237-2733
Transfer Agent
Corporate Stock Transfer
3200 Cherry Creek Dr. South, Ste 430
Denver, CO 80209


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Hold your horses! You can't watch the full lesson quite yet. First you'll need to Sign In or Register then you'll need to pick up a Subscription or an Access Pass or buy the lesson individually.
Lesson Details
This is part 4 of 10 in the Essential Turning Skills lesson pack. This lesson breaks down a classic turning step which requires airtight technique from both partners, giving you all the skills needed to practice this move and everything you need to integrate it into your social dance repertoire.


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When it comes to pretty homes it's not all about the interior, but the exterior is extremely important as well.
English houses are so boring-looking with their red bricks, and most English people don't seem to care about the exterior of their house at all!
I have asked myself many a time whatever happened to the architecture in this country – what's up with all the millions of ugly terraced houses everywhere? Can the British not do better than that?
What I love about my country of birth – Sweden – is that most houses are unique, and made of wood. People take care of the exterior of their houses and paint them in pretty colours. The house I grew up in is wooden, and purple. Yes, a lovely plum purple colour. Unusual, sure, but that's what's so charming about it. It's funny when you look at the houses on my parents' street in south east Sweden – the houses range from purple to blue, green, yellow and red. It's like a pretty rainbow of colourful houses :)
I visited my family home last week and I took the chance to walk around our purple house and snap some photos of it. What do you think? Is purple really that weird? I think it's absolutely lovely! My mum is very creative as well and has arranged little old fashioned looking decorations around the house, which makes it feel very homey.


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Customer Care Online Request
If you have an enquiry or require assistance contact us or enter your information below and a member of our Customer Support team will be in touch shortly.
Call 1300 304 195 +61 2 8587 7980 (Overseas)
Fax 1300 304 196
For Sales Support enquiries, go to our sales support page. For technical support, go to our technical support page. For bookseller enquiries, go here.


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Giant Pacific Octopus
The Giant Pacific Octopus(Enteroctopus dofleini)is the largest species of octopus in the world and an icon of the Pacific Northwest. Weighing over 150lbs and reaching lengths of up to 20 feet, divers travel from all across the globefor a chance to glimpsethese majestic creatures in their natural habitat of Puget Sound. Alki Seacrest Park, located a mere 2 miles from the Seattle City Center, is the epicenter of this budding diving ecotourism industry and is regularly home to 1-2 Giant Pacific Octopus,(or GPOs). Even more amazing, many of these very special GPOs nest and nurture between 50,000 and 100,000 eggs, which represent the future of thismagnificent species.
Despite their incredible intelligence and beauty, however, current fishing regulations do very little to protect this species. Current regulations permit the harvest of one GPO a day year-round, meaning a single ambitious diver could effectively decimate the entire Alki GPO population in a matter of days. Because of this, it is absolutely vital to the ecosystem of Puget Sound to protect this iconic creature, and the population residing at Seacrest Park represents an incredibly unique and valuable resource for divers and the city of Seattle alike. Protecting this population would empower visitors from around the world to visit and witness the majesty of our octopus population, educate the public about the importance of marine conservation, and establish Seattle as a world-class diving destination.
TheOrca, theSixgillShark, theWolf-eel – these arealliconic Pacific Northwest species that have earned the protection they deserve, and yet the Giant Pacific Octopusisconspicuously absent from this list. We request that the Washington Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and/or the City of Seattle (1) establish a GPO harvest-free zone encompassing the marine environment surrounding Alki Seacrest Park, and (2) begin evaluating the long term consequences of limiting GPO harvesting in WashingtonState.
Lauren United States, MonacaNov 27, 2016
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Beatrice Webb
1 portrait
The Society of Authors, on behalf of the Bernard Shaw Estate
Beatrice Webb
by George Bernard Shaw, copy by Emery Walker Ltd
photogravure, circa 1900
9 7/8 in. x 7 3/8 in. (250 mm x 188 mm) image size
Given by Allan Chappelow, 1944
Photographs Collection
NPG x12675
Click on the links below to find out more:
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- (Martha) Beatrice Webb (née Potter), Baroness Passfield (1858-1943), Social reformer, economist and diarist. Sitter in 76 portraits.
Artistsback to top
- Emery Walker Ltd. Artist associated with 24 portraits.
- George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Playwright. Artist associated with 8 portraits, Sitter in 147 portraits.
Linked displays and exhibitionsback to top
- Creative Connections (10 June 2013 - 8 September 2013)
Events of 1900back to top
Current affairsThe Conservatives return to power, after the Prime Minister Lord Salisbury calls a general election, known as the 'Khaki election', on the back of huge jingoistic support for the Boer War.
The Labour Representation Committee (LRC) is founded from a coalition of socialist groups; they win two seats in the 1900 election and Ramsay Macdonald is appointed secretary. The Labour politician Keir Hardie is also returned to Parliament for Merthyr Tydfilin Wales.
Art and scienceGerman physicist Max Planck proposes the concept of the quantum theory. Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams is published. In the text, Freud outlines his theory of dream analysis, crucial to the study of the unconscious, and introduces key concepts in psychoanalysis, such as the Ego.
The Paris International Exhibition, attended by more than 50 million people and including over 76,000 exhibitors, marks the heyday of Art Nouveau.
InternationalIn China the Boxer rebellion takes place. The Boxers were anti-imperialist and against foreign influence in trade, religion, politics and technology in the final years of the Manchu rule. The Boxers invade Beijing, killing 230 foreigners and Chinese Christians. The rebellion is suppressed by a multinational coalition of 20,000 troops, with China being forced to pay large war reparations, contributing to growing nationalist resentment against the Qing dynasty.
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East Carolina University nuclear engineering
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Info concerning East Carolina University nuclear engineering, and registering for elective discussion sections and seminars. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? The field of engineering requires either an associates degree for entry-level technical workers, or a bachelors degree for professional engineers. Concentrating on East Carolina University nuclear engineering, for example, you may gain an advantage in job recruiting on-campus. Check with the electrical engineering (EECS) department for course registration deadlines, and nuclear power program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for East Carolina University.
Electrical engineers design and test new electrical equipment such as electric motors, communications systems, and power generators. Electronics engineering technicians, on the other hand, work in product evaluation and testing, using measuring and diagnostic equipment. They are also involved in the deployment of new equipment in factory automation. Electrical engineering (EECS) has several sub-disciplines, including power engineering, software development, and control engineering. Electrical engineers with an EECS bachelors degree earned an average salary of $95,230 in 2017, while engineering technicians with an associates degree earned $61,130 annually.
The field of electric power engineering deals with the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors, high voltage engineering, and power electronics. Electrical power engineers maintain and develop the electric power grid, that connects a variety of electrical generators and step-down transformers, using high-voltage transmission lines. Digital signal processing relates to the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously, or digital, where the signal varies according to a series of discrete values. Control engineering applications range from flight systems of commercial airplanes to industrial automation. Beyond major requirements within the electrical engineering (EECS) department, you may consider Howard Community College biotechnology program as an adjunct to your primary course of study.
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4 days ago Engineer I
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All things fleet tracking – industry news and best practices
Chronic Fatigue Increases Crash Risk
Posted on 09/09/2013 by Adrienne Sallerson | 0 Comments
According to the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS), 13% of commercial motor vehicle drivers were considered to have been fatigued at the time of their crash. Why are commercial truck drivers especially susceptible to drowsy driving? Spending long hours on the road on a continuing basis can lead to chronic fatigue and increase the risk of crashes.
The new hours-of-service rules are expected to help reduce driver fatigue and improve safety on the roadways. The maximum 82 hour work week has been reduced to 72 hours, giving drivers more time for rest. In addition to these new regulations, there are other solutions out there to help improve driver safety, such as GPS fleet tracking technology.
With a GPS fleet tracking solution, you can monitor your drivers and vehicles on the roadways. If drivers are speeding or driving aggressively, you can instantly receive an alert. This can help you immediately pinpoint and stop any unusual driver behavior or vehicle activity. If any problems arise, you can quickly pull up the location of your vehicles. With fleet tracking technology, you can improve the safety of your drivers and fellow motorists.
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Heresies and How to Avoid Them Paperback
Edited by Ben Quash, Michael Ward
Was Jesus divine? Was Jesus human? Could God suffer? Can people save themselves by their own efforts? Do Christian ministers have to be perfect? These and other questions were answered by the early Christian Church so as to rule in certain orthodox beliefs and rule out certain heretical beliefs.
Anyone could be a Christian, but a Christian could not believe simply anything.
Here, twelve top theologians, all practising Christians, tackle ancient heresies and show why the contemporary Church still needs to know about them.
The contributors argue that heresies are never finally defeated but always continue in some form or other as live options for belief.
Christians therefore need to remember what these great early heresies were and why they were ruled out, or else risk falling prey to their modern-day manifestations.
The essays included here are scholarly but accessible, academic but highly relevant.
They show how attractive and plausible heresies are and how the Church has always required intellectual effort, moral courage and political skill to resist them.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 160 pages
- Publisher: SPCK Publishing
- Publication Date: 20/04/2007
Free Home Delivery
on all orders
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Folding showcases for exhibition
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We offer two standard sizes of lockable folding display showcases. One is an almost 2meters tall folding showcase or vitrine with acrylic panels, the other is a folding counter with a glazed display section for the display of all types of goods including jewellery and watches. The showcases can be installed in a matter of minutes and can be flat packed in a carton and transported in passenger car. We can also produce a transport case with wheels for these showcases.


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On Friday, students got together at the 92 Street Y for a pizza party and got a chance to talk about midterm strategies.
On 9/14, students headed down together to see Kenneth Lonergan's play "This Is Our Youth," starring Michael Cera. This was one of many fun and social events planned for the semester.
That evening, the celebration continued with a farewell dinner at Pier i Cafe.
Also on Thursday, students attended the Tony-award winning musical Pippin with scholars from the U.S. State Department's Study of the U.S. Institutes for Scholars (SUSI) program.
On Monday (6/30), BGIA's International Law class took a trip to the UN. Andrew Gilmour, Director in the Secretary-General's Office for Political, Peace-keeping, Humanitarian and Human Rights spoke to the class about the missions that he has participated in, as well as The Responsibility to Protect. The discussion was continued with Jennifer Walsh, Special Adviser at the Assistant Secretary-General level on the Responsibility to Protect.
On Wednesday (7/2), BGIA student Alexis Corn contributed to a blog post on The American Interest, entitled "China's Leadership Arrests General, Bans Ramadan Fasting" - an analysis of recent corruption scandals in the Communist Party. http://www.the-american-interest.com/blog/2014/07/02/chinas-leadership-arrests-general-bans-ramadan-fasting/
On Monday (6/23), Riley Willis, Progame Associate at EngenderHealth, Nicole Primoff, Operational Advocacy Researcher at Doctors Without Borders, and Elias Primoff, Publications Coordinator also at Doctors Without Borders, visited BGIA. They talked with students about their experiences in the field of Global Public Health and gave them advice about starting a career.
On Thursday (6/19), Ambassador Joe Melrose came to speak to students about his experiences as a diplomat, including his time as the US Ambassador to Sierra Leone, Deputy Chief of Mission in Abuja, Nigeria, Consul General in Karachi, Pakistan. He also gave students advice about pursuing a career as a diplomat.
On Monday (6/9), Delaney Simon, Special Assistant to the Permanent Representative of Afghanistan to the United Nations came to speak to students about Afghan foreign relations and her experiences working with a UN mission.
On Thursday (6/12), several students attended the Tony-nominated Broadway revival of John Stienbeck's Of Mice and Men, starring James Franco, Leighton Meester, and Chris O'Dowd.
Students come from the following institutions: Bard, Bates, Clark, Columbia, Duke, Mount Holyoke, Smith, and Wofford, and are originally from Connecticut, Illinois, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Washington and Ecuador.
On Thursday (6/5), several students went to see the ballet Manon at the Metropolitan Opera House, which was the summer's second social event. Originally premiering in 1974 at the Royal Ballet in London, Manon is considered to be one of the company's preeminent ballets. This event was preceded by last Friday's (5/30), where students attended The Cripple of Inishmaan, featuring Daniel Radcliffe at the Cort Theatre.
On Monday 4/28 Laurie Garrett gave a talk entitled "Directing Evolution" in which she explained the unsettling ways in which humans now control biology. Garrett is a leading expert on viruses and pandemics, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Pulitzer Prize winning author.
On Thursday 5/1 BGIA's Core Seminar class discussed the topic of NGO legitimacy with Mirjam de Bruin of the University of Amsterdam. Following this guest lecture, Paulina Kubiak of the United Nations Media Accreditation and Liaison Unit spoke about her experiences and offered professional advice.
On 4/21 journalist and author Jonathan M. Katz spoke to BGIA students about his book "The Big Truck That Went By." Katz was living in Haiti reporting for the Associated Press at the time of the 2010 earthquake. His book recounts the immediate aftermath of the earthquake and the international aid disaster that followed, including the cholera epidemic. During his visit to BGIA's Writing on International Affairs class, he shared the process of turning his unique experience into a book, and discussed with the challenges involved with foreign disaster assistance.
BGIA student Norman Rozenberg posted another insightful article to Dell's Tech Page One site. He wrote about a new study published out of the Arizona State University that outlines a plan for solving many global issues with energy innovation. Read about it here: http://techpageone.dell.com/business/entrepreneurship-business/solving-global-problems-energy-innovation/#.U127uK1dWQk
On 4/17 Tamer Nagy Mahmoud, legal advisor to the drafters of the 2014 Egyptian Constitution, discussed the successes and failures surrounding the framing of the constitution. He explained the changes from the last constitution to current one, the challenges involved with drafting a new constitution, the groups that came together to create the constitution, and the role of the constitution in Egypt's ongoing political transition.
On 3/6, Maria Zaitseva, Adjunct Instructor in Political Science at Yeshiva University, spoke to BGIA students as part of the Core Seminar. Dr. Zaitseva provided a recent historical overview of Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula and addressed student questions regarding the conflict and the future of the region.


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Hi Pickels,
I want to welcome you to the forum. I'm sorry you and your husband are going through this...especially after he made the comittment to clean up. There are a lot of people here who have firsthand experience with what you and your husband are going through. I'm not one of them as I have a different liver issue but the others will surely chime in soon. Connie, one of our moderators, will be on later today so she'll definitely write.
Please take care of yourself whilel you are taking care of your hubby.
Hello, Pickels, and welcome to the forum. I'm so sorry that your husband didn't stop drinking sooner. At this point, it may be too late. I do agree with Dany that he needs to be seen by a hepatologist. However, if Hospice is now involved, he will not receive any treatment and the NH may not even want to have a hepatologist see him. It does sound like he has bleeding varices. Banding is the usual treatment for that. Again, the "comfort measures only" decision may very well preclude doing that. I'm guessing you said one of his legs is amputated. What was the reason for that? There is much that could have been done if he had sought help sooner. Now it sounds like he is in really bad shape. He could well "bleed out" from the bleeding varices. So request a hepatology consult (one to come to him) and see what his recommendation is.
The purpose of the Lactulose is to rid his body (especially his brain) of ammonia. High ammonia levels will cause him to become agitated, confused, "totally out of it," may not recognize you or others, and even hostile. Nobody likes taking it, but the alternative is worse.
We have more caregivers, spouses, and family members here than we do patients, so you will receive a lot of support from them.
Pickels, is hospice still involved? If so, they are very good at pain management. If he's in pain, they can take care of it. Towards the end, if he is having trouble breathing and they can tell he's going to pass very soon, they will give morphine Some nurses will give a little more than necessary.
I'm really sorry that he and you are having to go through this.
Big hugs,
I really don't understand that, Pickels, unless it's different in different states. Here in FL, hospice never refuses anyone because of inability to pay...and Medicare also covers it.
I know you must feel really hopeless right now. If you are 59, I believe you can qualify for survivor's benefits. Please do check into it with SS. It's good that you've made arrangements to move in with your sister. Perhaps her state will have more job openings.
If I were you, I'd call Medicare and check on that. I have been in a NH/rehab several times when I had hip revisions and I thought Medicare paid 100% for the first 90 days, or something like that. How long has he been there now? Don't assume the NH is right.
Post Edited (hep93) : 9/15/2010 8:06:26 PM (GMT-6)
{{{{{{{{{Pickels}}}}}}}}}} I am so sorry. We will still be here for you, so post whenever you like. I have to say that I'm relieved he is no longer suffering, and I'm sure you are, too. May God be with you in your grief.


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Vegetables are naturally the richest source of essential nutrients. On the basis of nutritional properties, vegetables are grouped into many categories such as high vitamin, high potassium or high in antioxidants. Vitamins play a very vital role in maintaining proper health of human body.
10 Vegetables That Are Best When Boiled
Right from vitamin A to zinc, human body requires balanced vitamin content. And, deficiency of vitamins can cause many serious diseases for instance vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, deficiency in vitamin C causes scurvy and low muscle strength can be caused due to vitamin E deficiency. To avoid occurrence of any disease caused due to vitamin deficiency, there are 10 vegetables that are high in vitamins which must be included in diet.
10 Ways To Add Vegetables To Diet
One fact which holds equal importance is that having too much of any particular vegetable can be harmful as well. So, it's always advisable to include the nutrition rich vegetables in a balanced way. Vegetables & fruits are great sources of essential nutrients but we should know the best sources & the correct quantity to be consumed. While knowing about 10 vegetables that are high in vitamins, you would also get to know some of the food sources highest in vitamin A, vitamin C and other nutrients.
Carrot is by far the best vegetable known for having vitamin A. In fact, it tops the list when it comes to top ten foods highest in vitamin A. Carrots can be eaten raw or cooked, known for improving vision, immunity etc
2. Sweet Potatoes
Sweet potatoes are rich in vitamin A. It's an excellent vision and immunity booster especially when eaten with its skin. It has slight sweet taste and flavour. It is free from fat, cholesterol and its calorie count is low
Mushrooms are known as super foods as they are source to multiple nutrients. They are very high in proteins & vitamins and are one of the top 10 vegetables that are high in vitamins, especially vitamin D.
4. Green Leafy Vegetables
Make sure to add green leafy vegetables such as spinach, turnip greens, mustard leaves, fenugreek in your meal as they are very healthy and good vitamin A sources
Tomato is again a very popular vegetable, although botanically, it's a fruit. They are good sources of vitamin C and vitamin A along with many other nutrients.
6. Bell Peppers
Red bell peppers are always a delight to see on a plate. Red bell peppers are again very good source of vitamin A, vitamin C and lycopene. They are used in various preparations but can be consumed raw in salads also.
7.Green Peas
Green peas are great source of vitamin A, B, C and K and hence. fall under top 10 vegetables that are high in vitamins. They are low in calories and is a popular vegetable consumed globally.
8. Squash
Squash is a vegetable which might not be so popular but it's an excellent source of vitamin A. It is certainly on the top when it comes to the best ten foods highest in vitamin A.
9. Cucumber
A good source of vitamin C, cucumber is very healthy as it has no fat, cholesterol and sodium. Cucumbers are eaten raw in the form of salad


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|12 Sep 2013
Ran sfc /scannow... corrupt files not fixing
I ran sfc /scannow...
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\>sfc /scannow
Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.
Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.
Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files but was unable to fix some of them.
Details are included in the CBS.Log windir\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For example
CBS log file added as attachment: CBS.txt
PS. I looked at system restore but I only have 2 available from today after errors found.
|My System Specs
|12 Sep 2013
My usual disclaimer: I'm not an expert at anything.
Sometimes you have to run sfc/ scannow 3 or more times in order for damaged or corrupt files to get fixed. (See the "Note" in Option Two, Step 4.)
SFC /SCANNOW Command - System File Checker
Option Three in the tutorial includes a "Tip" and a link on how to extract files from a Windows 7 installation disk. Personally, I'm computer challenged and I'd much rather run a Repair Install. If it works, it will fix your currently installed Windows 7 while preserving your user accounts, data, programs, system drivers, etc. Other Forum members seem to enjoy manually replacing numerous files and they may disagree with me.
Repair Install
I've done a repair install on several computers and it's always worked. It usually takes about an hour to run. The biggest headache is reinstalling Windows Updates after doing the repair install. That used to take about 90 minutes but it could be longer now with more updates to install.
Just some things for your consideration.
|My System Specs
|13 Sep 2013
Lee's advice above is best. The solution if SFC won't repair the files after repeat attempts, or they cannot be replaced (which is often more trouble than it's worth), is to Repair Install.
|My System Specs
|16 Sep 2013
@ marsmimar
Thanks for the great advice. The repair install worked great.
|My System Specs
|16 Sep 2013
Glad to hear the repair install worked out for you. Thanks for posting back.
|My System Specs
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Origins. Conventions presume a chain of rhetorical acts that must begin somewhere, but often hard to pinpoint where. We can locate moments where conventions are beginning to take shape. T.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Plot's chart shows key features of present-day line or scatter charts, even though meteorology has developed its own modern visual conventions
How we read barometric pressure now
Representations of objects become more abstract and isolated from context of use as mechanical engineering becomes a more specialized and sophisticated field.
Conventions branch off from other conventions in brand new directions


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June 21st, 2010, 08:00 PM #1Drew Eric Whitman to keynote ASW11
Drew Eric Whitman will be the keynote speaker at Affiliate Summit West 2011 on Monday, January 10, 2010 at the Wynn Las Vegas.
Whitman is an internationally renowned advertising trainer who specializes in teaching the psychology behind the response.
Drew Eric Whitman is the author of CA$HVERTISING: How to Use More than 100 Secrets of Ad-Agency Psychology to Make Big Money Selling Anything to Anyone.Affiliate Summit - Las Vegas on January 10-12, 2016
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Geoff and Drew's Cookies Launches with DoubleClick PerformicsBy Google Affiliate Network Moderator in forum Google Affiliate Network - GANReplies: 11Last Post: October 16th, 2008, 01:16 PM
Un-Keynote VideoBy Shawn Collins in forum Events and GatheringsReplies: 0Last Post: September 12th, 2008, 06:06 PM


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Silence: Scorsese's masterpiece
LAS VEGAS (KSNV News3LV) —
"He who struggles with God"
Score: A
Rated R (for disturbing violent content) -- 161 minutes
"He who struggles with God"
To grasp the enormity of the subtext of SILENCE, a religious epic about 17th-century Jesuit missionaries, it would be my recommendation that before you step into your neighborhood movie theater, you first do a bit of research of "Jacob wrestling with the angel," from Genesis 32:22-32.
Then, gain an understanding of the motto of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits): "For the greater glory of God" – actually formed in 1540.
Only then will you be ready to attend the "Church of Martin Scorsese." The service is long, two hours and 41 minutes. The project took almost thirty years to complete. Hard to believe coming from the auteur of the American gangster movie. Yet a more careful examination of all of his movies reflects the reoccurring themes of his Catholic background. His films are full of suffering and martyrdom; good versus evil; life and death.
SILENCE is certainly a cinematic masterpiece and an astonishing artistic achievement. In my opinion, the two finest epic films of 2016 are SILENCE and Mel Gibson's HACKSAW RIDGE. Both films leave lasting images of horrifying torture and death and include some of the most brutal scenes ever presented on film.
Martin Scorsese has been nominated for an Academy Award as Best Director of the Year eight times in his career. TAXI DRIVER, RAGING BULL, THE AVIATOR, and HUGO are just the tip of the Scorsese iceberg. His films have received a total of 80 Academy Award nominations. Ten years ago, he finally won his Best Director Oscar for THE DEPARTED.
During the promotional interviews that are a part of all major Hollywood releases, Scorsese has talked about growing up in the rough neighborhood on Manhattan's Lower East Side during the 1950s. He was an altar boy at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral. He attended seminary school as a teenager. And at one time, he thought of possibly becoming a priest.
Las Vegas author Michael J. Gordon, in his just released novella -- "The Whale and the Cucumber Plant," writes the following:
That pretty much summarizes the obvious plot. What is not so easy to explain, is the meaning behind the word "silence."
SILENCE is adapted from Japanese novelist Shusaku Endo's 1996 historical novel of the same name. The story follows two Portuguese priests (played by Andrew Garfield and Adam Driver) facing persecution for preaching Christianity in Japan. The screenplay is written by Scorsese and his occasional collaborator, Jay Cocks.
In addition to Garfield and Driver, other major roles include the remarkable Liam Neeson, Yosuke Kubozuka, and Issey Ogata. As good as Garfield and Driver are in this movie, I actually liked both of them better in their other 2016 film roles: HACKSAW RIDGE and PATERSON.
The cinematography of Rodrigo Prieto and film editor Thelma Schoonmaker at times is so exquisite, that you gasp looking up at the screen. Add in the sound, music, art direction, and film editing – SILENCE is deserving of a straight A.
20TH CENTURY WOMEN and PATERSON.
Next week, I am honored to review 20TH CENTURY WOMEN and PATERSON – the last two movies of 2016 to open in Las Vegas.
Last week I gave HIDDEN NUMBERS a rave review with a solid A. Movie fans from around the country certainly agreed. HIDDEN NUMBERS was the #1 movie in America. If you have not yet seen this terrific and powerful film, be sure to put it at the top of your must-see movie list.