text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1995
|Filing date
|Mar 14, 1994
|Priority date
|Aug 31, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Han Huang, Craig A. Morioka, Osman Ratib, Paul N. S. Cho, Bruce K. T. Ho, Takeo Sonobe, Toru Shinagawa
|Original Assignee
|The Regents Of The University Of California, Hitachi Maxwell, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (25), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (18), Classifications (17), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of the application Ser. No. 07/967,558, filed on Oct. 27, 1992, now the U.S. Pat. No. 5,410,676, which is a continuation of the application Ser. No. 07/401,146, filed Aug. 31, 1989, now abandoned.
This invention relates to an information processing system. More particularly the invention is directed to an information storage and processing system that is effectively configured to ensure compatibility of removable stored media among different systems.
Apparatus of this type includes optical disk filing systems and word processors which store information in different proprietary formats. These different formats are inconvenient and have hindered the spread of such systems, because removable stored media from one system are not compatible with other systems. Accordingly, information stored on one system has not been usable on another system.
More particularly the invention concerns 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch optical disks which conform to ISO SC23. The storage capacity of a 3.5-inch optical disk is about 100 megabytes (MB), and that of a 5.25-inch optical disk is about 600 MB. The storage capacity of such discs is much greater than the capacity of equivalent physical size other storage media such as magnetic disks.
Recently there have been studies for using such media to store personal medical history data. In a radiological application, a single conventional x-ray with a resolution of 2,048 by 2,048 pixels by 10 bits requires 5 MB of storage space. An ultrasound sonogram requires about 0.25 MB, and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) image requires about 0.07 MB.
Due to the enormity of the radiological data needed to be stored, it has been a developing practice at least in one hospital, namely, the UCLA Medical School in Los Angeles, Calif., to store this data on mainframe optical discs. These are physically about 12" to 14" discs and are permanently housed in mainframe computer storage facilities as part of a digitally based picture archiving and communicating system (PACS). This system replaces conventional x-ray films operating systems. A problem with PACS, however, is the difficulty of data retrieval. PACS is structured on a "first-in-first stored" system, and hence when particular data is required about a particular patient, a long lead time is necessary to assemble all that data for display.
By recording a patient's diagnostic data on an optical disk file, it is possible to maintain an up-to-date record of each patient's entire medical history. This would be useful for diagnostic purposes. To date this has not been possible with existing storage media.
Computer systems have made progress in recent years, and a variety of systems are now available. For instance, personal computers commonly used in hospitals and physician offices are currently based essentially on either an IBM PC/AT (Trademark), Macintosh (Trademark), or SUN (Trademark) information processing systems. The term IBM PC/AT processing system includes diferent clone systems. Such operating systems however are basically incompatible and this limits the ability to process information and transfer data from one system to another.
It is desirable in carrying out a diagnosis, that stored personal medical information be usable on different computer systems within the same hospital or at other hospitals. It should also be possible to record and store data obtained in the radiologic diagnosis on the storage media operable with the different computer systems.
With conventional information processing systems, storage media and computer systems this has not yet been achieved.
An object of the invention is to provide an information processing system which is highly usable. The system seeks to solve the incompatibility problems between different conventional computer, processing and storage systems.
Another object of the invention is to provide a compatible system that can be used with optical disks containing data stored in a compatible format that differs from the storage format used by the operating system of a computer system concerned. It is an object to provide a system which employs essentially a digital or binary format for data processing, storage and display which is essentially compatible with multiple computer operating systems.
Compatibility between different systems can be achieved by making the information stored on removable media the same, or partly the same, and providing each system with a translation capability.
According to the invention an information processing system comprises an information processor for processing information, the processor having a specific operating system. There is an external storage for connection to the information processor, the external storage having data and directories written and read in a first format based on the specific operating system.
A format converter for connection to the external storage and the information processor converts data and directories in the first format from the external storage to data and directories in a second format. The format converter includes designation means for designating different areas for storing the data and the directories in the second format. The format converter also converts data and directories from the second format to the first format.
An optical disk drive connected to the format converter permits storing of the data and the directories in the second format on an optical disk.
The designation means includes sequential storage means whereby the directories are recorded sequentially on the optical disk starting from an inner track and the data are recorded sequentially on the optical disk starting from an outer track. There is means for dividing data read from the external storage into an optical disk sector portion.
Also respective designation means designates that the data and the directories read from the optical disk by the optical disk drive are each stored in a continuous form in one area of the external storage. Different format data and directories separately read from the optical disk by the optical disk drive are combined and converted to data in the first format.
Further according to the invention, there is a method for processing and storing data in an information processing system provided with an information processor, a magnetic disk system for connection to the information processor and for storing data designated by the information processor, and an optical disk drive for storing data designated by the information processor. Data and directories in a first format based on a specific operating system of the information processor are combined, and the combined data and directories are stored on the magnetic disk system.
The data and directories stored on the magnetic disk system are separated in the first format, and the data in the first format is divided into sector units used by the optical disk in the optical disk drive. The divided data is stored on the optical disk and directories containing file names are stored onto the optical disk on which data divided into sector units have been stored.
In data storing, the data are written sequentially onto the optical disk in sector length units, starting from an outer track. In directory storing, the directories are written sequentially starting from an inner track.
With the invention, medical information can be stored on a removable and portable optical disk. This disk can then be inputted into different computer systems, which would otherwise have normally have incompatible operating systems. The information can then be read out into the different computer systems for information processing. Moreover, new information and data can be written onto the disk by the different computer operating systems.
The invention is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and an embodiment using optical disks as a removable storage media.
FIG. 1 illustrates a computer system configuration of an embodiment of three different computer systems showing the intercompatibility through the optical disks.
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the filing format and operation of three different computer systems.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory drawing showing an embodiment of the software configuration of an exemplary computer system.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the directory structure of the external storage for an exemplary computer system.
FIG. 6 shows the memory map of the external storage.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory drawing illustrating a search for cluster numbers in a file allocation table (FAT).
FIGS. 8, 8a and 9 illustrate the format conversion of data being transferred between an optical disk and a magnetic disk of the external storage;
FIG. 10 is an illustration of an optical disk data directory.
FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate the data and directory storage areas on an optical disk.
With reference to FIG. 1, a system configuration comprises a host computer system 1. The computer usually is at least a 16-bit model. There is also a first storage, namely, an external storage 2 such as a magnetic disk, and a display 3 capable of a resolution of at least 1,024 by 1,024 pixels by 8 bits. An optical disk drive 4 for 5.25-inch or 3.5-inch disks is connected with the computer system 1. An optical disk 5, namely, a second storage, which has stored data is supplied for the disk drive 4.
In FIG. 1, the system configuration is illustrated for a computer system A, designated by numeral 1, computer system B designated by numeral 6, and computer system C designated by numeral 11. Each of these computer systems, A, B and C, could respectively be different. For instance, an IBM PC/AT (Trademark) Macintosh (Trademark) or SUN (Trademark) system. The operating systems are respectively different. As indicated, each has its own optical disks 5, 10 and 15 respectively. The arrowed line interconnecting the three optical disks 5, 10, 15 designations indicates that the disks 5, 10 and 15 is intercompatible with any of the systems.
FIG. 2 illustrates a specific optical disk filing format and computer system operation. This format is the same on all computer systems A, B and C. An optical disk drive is used to perform optical disk read/write operations when connected to one or another of the computer systems A, B or C. Since each system A, B and C handles files in a different way, additional translation software A, B or C respectively is required to convert the files for each respective computer system, A, B or C. Thus three different translation software programs A, B and C would be provided to render the optical disk information accessible to the respective computer systems 1, 6 and 11. This permits for the optical disk data to be read, processed and stored in the external storage 2, 7 and 12, respectively, of each computer system 1, 6 and 11, and the optical disk drives 4, 9 and 14 of those systems. Specifically, the data can be displayed on respective screens 3, 8 and 13 of the respective computer systems. This is further illustrated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 shows an example of the software configuration of a medical information processing system. A medical information processor section 31 converts and outputs data read in from the optical disk 5 or data input from an external source 2. Programs and data for the computer system 1 are usually stored in the external floppy magnetic disk storage 2 in the first format used by the operating system concerned. This format is termed Format I. A magnetic disk drive 33 is equipped with the ability to write to the external storage 2 data converted to Format I by a format converter 32, and to read out data from the external storage 2.
Each computer system 1 is equipped with a format converter 32 for data conversion between a first format in which the data is stored on a magnetic disk external storage 2 and to a second format for stored on the optical disk 5. An optical disk drive 34 is provided with the capabilities of reading and writing data. Medical image and other such data are stored on the optical disk 5 in a second format. This format is termed Format II. When the data stored on the optical disk 5 are to be read out, displayed or otherwise processed by the medical information processing section 31, data that have been read out in Format II are converted by the format converter 32. The converted data is sent to the medical information processing section 31 from the format converter 32.
Data conversion between the external storage 2 and the optical disk 5 is also possible. In this case the format converter 32 converts each such Format I or II to the other Format II or I respectively. Thus, when using a format I that differs from Format II of the operating system data stored on the external storage 2 and the optical disk 5 can be made uniform by conversion between Formats I and II without depending on the operating system. Compatibility is thus provided among the plurality of different computer systems 1, 6 and 11.
Image data in files are stored on an external storage 2 for the computer system 1 host computer A in a Format I based on the particular used operating system used. FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the directory structure of an external storage 2, showing the location and type of the image data.
As indicated in FIG. 4, and for the purposes of the description, it is assumed that the image data is in FILE 3. Image file FILE 3 can be accessed on the basis of the directory information. In FIG. 5 the directory information is illustrated. This includes a file name 51 given to each file, attribute 52 indicating the type of file, and the time 53 and date 54 the file was recorded on the disk 5. The header cluster number indicates the first data set of the file, and the file size 56.
The external storage 2 contains four areas shown in the memory map of FIG. 6. There is a reserved area 66, a file allocation table (FAT) area 67, a directory area 68 and a data area 69. The data area 69 is divided into sectors, which form the access units and clusters. Each of these consists of a plurality of sectors. External access is performed on a cluster basis. The FAT area 67 has locations corresponding to each of the clusters in the data area. This includes the number of the cluster containing the next portion of the data in the file.
Image file FILE 3 is stored in Format II in the external storage 2. The data are not necessarily stored in contiguous locations but may instead be divided up as shown in FIG. 7. The sequence for reading out FILE 3 from the external storage 2 of the computer system 1 is described with reference to FIG. 7.
To read out FILE 3, the computer system 1 host computer A first accesses the directory area to locate the directory information relating to FILE 3. The data in cluster 2 is obtained from the header cluster number information. Following this, cluster 4 is read out from the cluster 2 area of the FAT. Cluster 4 containing the next portion of the data is then accessed. This read operation is repeated to acquire the data in a continuous flow until the cluster in the FAT area containing an end-of-file marker FFH is reached.
FIG. 8 illustrates the method of format converting FILE 3 data and directory information read out from the magnetic disk of the external storage 2. Image file data and directory information are stored in the external storage 2, as shown in FIG. 7. The magnetic disk drive 33 reads out image data from the external storage 2 and writes it into the memory of the computer system 1 host computer A.
The format converter program in computer A interprets the attribute information from the first file 73. These attributes which are added would indicate whether the file is an image from a CT scan, MR scan or an X-ray scan. This is added to the directory 75. File name 73 would be indicative of FILE 3 or FILE 4, and directory 75 would be indicative of DIR 3 or DIR 4. The format converter then writes only the data onto the memory of the system computer A. It repeats the similar procedures for the second file, for instance, FILE 4, and writes the DATA 2 onto the immediately adjacent memory which holds the data, DATA 2 from the last file (FILE 3) and so forth. As a result a contiguous block of memory 171 in computer A contains all image data 71. This block 171 of image data 71 is transferred and designated by the format converter program to the optical disk as multiple files or consecutive DATA 1, DATA 2, namely section 271.
At the same time, a 1,024 byte file directory block for instance DIR 3, DIR 4, is generated for each file, for instance, FILE 3, FILE 4. These file directory blocks are written on the optical disk 5 as the optical disk directories. Both the information contained in the file directory blocks and the image data files, for instance, FILE 3, and FILE 4, is the direct result from the format converter program. The format of the file directory block is set out below.
The format converter method of separating the files from the magnetic disk 2 to the optical disk 5 is given in FIG. 8a.
Initially on a magnetic disk 2 the file structure is stored in a non-consecutive fashion with a directory pointing to the proper locations of individual files stored with gaps between them. The format converter transfers this data to the optical disk 5 for storage in a consecutive manner with the files and directories separated and each respectively consecutive. When transferring this data back from the optical disk 5 to the magnetic disk the data is consecutively stored in a manner similar to the optical disk storage. This provides for efficient retrieval of information, such as radiological medical images, from a personal computer storage.
In addition an optical disk 5 ID block is automatically generated when a new optical disk is created.
Disk ID Block:
The disk ID is written at the time of disk initialization. The ID block is written at the very first sector (LBN=0) and also at the very last sector (LBN=MAX). The redundancy is for security.
______________________________________Signature*: 8 charVersion #: 2 charProtection code: 16 char (optional password)Disk Name: 32 charInitialization 11 char (dd-mmm-yyyy)Date:Comment: 512 char______________________________________ (*Current signature: UCLAPACS version #01)
File Directory Block:
The file directory block is written upon successful archive of a file.
______________________________________File Name*: 32 charAddress: long intFile Size: long int (specified in bytes)Archival Date: 11 char (dd-mmm-yyyy)Creation Date*: 11 char (dd-mmm-yyyy)File Type*: int (0 = IMAGE, 1 = ASCII, 2 = PICT, etc)Study Type*: 32 char (for images only)______________________________________ (* = user supplied parameters)
FIG. 8 shows the directory information of FIG. 4. This includes information in an operating system dependent format.
To retrieve image data from the optical disk 5, the following steps as illustrated in FIG. 9 are followed:
1. Read all file Directory Blocks 75, for instance, DIR 3, DIR 4, from the optical disk 5.
2. Present all the Directories to the user through computer A.
3. User selects file names, for instance, FILE 3, FILE 4, from the Directories.
4. Each 1,024 byte file directory 75 helps the format converter program to locate the image data 71 from the optical disk 5.
5. The format converter program assigns new proper attribute information and copies the new attributes with the image data 71 onto the magnetic disk 2 and forms a new image file 171.
Image data read out from the external storage 2 and stored in the computer system 1 are in a format in which they can be displayed on the display 3 by means of the display functions of the computer system 1. The format converter 32 retrieves file name 73 from the directory information that has been read into the computer system 1.
As indicated in FIG. 10, which is the optical disk directory, different items are added to the file name 73. Comment 110 is then added to the header sector number 102, number of sectors 104, information length 106 and date 108 to generate the directory information. This is recorded in the directory area of the optical disk as shown in FIG. 11. Details of this are described below.
The image files are stored on the optical disk 5 as separate data and directory entries. The image data are stored at a location where the images can be recorded as contiguous blocks of data. Directory information is stored at a separate location from the data. Due to this, the format converter 32 shown in FIG. 3 uses the image data length information to calculate the number of sectors required to store the image data on the optical disk 5. Storage areas on the optical disk 5 which are not in use are then located and the header sector numbers of the areas to which image data and directory information can be written are calculated.
Date information is obtained from a real-time clock, for example, provided in the computer system 1. If necessary, a comment can be inputted into the computer system 1 via a keyboard, for example, and will be added to the directory information. The format converter 32 thus generates the directory information stored on the optical disk 5. Image data stored on the optical disk 5 are sequentially read out from the system memory of the computer system 1 and are divided into sector lengths, for example, 1,024 bytes. These form the units in which data on the optical disk 5 are accessed. In this way, an image file that has undergone format conversion is transferred by the optical disk drive 34 into areas designated by the format converter 32.
FIG. 9 illustrates the operation of the image data stored on the optical disk 5 in format I being read out by the computer system 1 and converted to format II by the format converter 32.
As shown in FIG. 11, a data area to store the data and a directory area to store the directory corresponding to the data are established on the optical disk 5. When the image data stored on the optical disk 5 are read out, first the directory information corresponding to the designated file name is read from the directory area of the optical disk 5. The header sector number of the data of the designated file is acquired together with the size, and the data are read out.
Image data read out from the optical disk 5 by the computer system 1 are, as shown in FIG. 9, stored contiguously on the optical disk 5. The format converter 32 extracts the file name from the directory information obtained from the optical disk 5. The conversion date and time, cluster number, size and the required attributes for Format II are added. Directory information for the new Format II is then generated. Following this the image data are written to the external storage 2 by the method shown in FIG. 7.
A format is established that is independent of the storage format, for instance, Format II of the operating system used by the computer system 1. The first and second formats, namely, Format I and Format II, can be converted each way by the format converter 32. In the past, when storage having a different format was used, software was employed to perform a one-to-one conversion. As this merely preserved compatibility among the same specific formats, the range of application was limited.
By providing each computer system 1, 6 and 11 with a format converter 32 written in computer program language of system 1, 6, and 11 respectively, compatibility is maintained over a broader range. In addition, the format converter 32 incorporated by each computer system 1, 6 and 11 is provided with a conversion function for conversion between the operating system-based format of only each respective computer system 1, 6 and 11 and the specific format of the optical disk format 5, 10 and 15. This facilitates the generation process and makes it possible to adapt to the addition of new computer systems 1, 6 and 11.
FIG. 12 shows an example of the format in which data are stored on the optical disk 5. The direction of rotation of the optical disk 5 is indicated by the arrow. When the optical disk 5 is inserted into an optical disk drive 4, access starts from a first direction, namely, the innermost part, or track of the disk 5. Data is read out in a continuous stream by moving an optical head of the drive 4 in a straight line toward the outer edge of the disk. The direction of rotation of the disk 5 is fixed and cannot be reversed. Therefore, in order to access the data in a continuous fashion, the data is stored in a continuous, contiguous stream that starts at the inner part of the disk and goes toward the outer edge. The speed of the optical disk drive is usually lower than the speed at which the data are processed, so it has to be performed efficiently.
The file directory information is recorded on the optical disk 5 starting from the inner part of the disk. The substance of the file (data, etc.) is stored in a direction going towards the outer edge or track, namely, a second direction of the disk. The mechanical movements that the optical head needs to make are reduced by storing the substance of the file in contiguous sectors.
The directory has less data than the file and the speed of operation of the disk drive 4 is constant. There is thus a correlation between the directory information contained closer to the center of the disk 5 and occupying less space of the disk 5, and the file data closer to the outer perimeter and occupying more space of the disk. Thus, for the same degree of disk rotation, the appropriate directory and file data is obtained. Also, the spacing on the disk 5 allocated to directory data and file data is efficiently distributed and maximized. By having the directories use space in an outward direction and the file use space in an inward direction, effectively all the space on the disk 5 is used.
In an exemplary fashion assume two files, FILE 3 and FILE 4 are stored on the optical disk. Each file, namely, FILE 3 and FILE 4 consists of directory information and the substance of the file. When the optical disk 5 is inserted into the optical disk drive 4 the computer system 1 reads the directory information of all the files on the optical disk 5 and keeps this information in its internal memory. When a file on the optical disk 5 is accessed, for example, FILE 3 or FILE 4, only the substance of the file is accessed based on the directory information that was read into memory. This enables mechanical movements of the optical disk drive 4 to be reduced. It increases the speed and efficiency of disk access of subsequent files, for instance, from FILE 5 onwards, when large quantities of data have been stored on the optical disk 5.
The directory information includes the file name, header sector number, size, date, and so forth. When data are read from the file, FILE 3, on the optical disk 5, a search is run on the directory information that has already been read in the memory of the computer system 1 to obtain directory information relating to FILE 3. Using the header sector number for read-out and information relating to the size of the file, a command is issued instructing the optical disk drive 4 to read out the data. The data thus read out are written to memory for processing operations, such as conversion, display, and storage on a magnetic disk of the external storage 2. FILE 4 can be accessed using the same procedure.
In the described embodiment each section, namely format conversion, is configured totally or partially in software, firmware or hardware.
The optical disk storage formats are made the same. Thus by employing translation software A, B or C, or circuitry, it is possible to configure an optical disk file system that can be used on any system. Widespread implementation of this translation software A, B or C or circuitry makes it possible for a person to use the same optical disk file system anywhere.
Although this embodiment has been described with reference to optical disks, it is to be understood that the invention is not so limited. The same effect can also be obtained, for instance, by implementing the file system on removable semiconductor files, magnetic disks, digital tape or magnetic cards.
The system of the invention permits for the efficient processing of voluminous data such as radiological medical information on transportable storage media such as small optical disks. The disks can be a write once, read many memory (WORM) disks or disks capable of multiple writings. The disks can be capable of data storage on one or both sides.
In the medical field of application, it is possible with the invented system for a patient to have individual storage of their medical records, and for this to be transported from one computer based processing center to another. In the radiological field, this should minimize the misplacing and loss of images from radiologic examinations and the like which is unfortunately becoming an increasing problem in most hospitals. As the optical disc can be readable irrespective of the operating system of various different computers, the invention markedly extends the ability and accessibility and usefulness of the stored information.
Moreover, although the examples of the invention have been directed to medical type applications, it will be apparent that many other applications exist.
Many other forms of the invention exist each different from the other in matters of detail only. The scope of the invention is to be determined by the following claims.
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text:
E.M. Ginger lecture "Applying Traditional Printing Practices to Digital Books" (Los Angeles)
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Subject: [APHASoCal] SoCal APHA Lecture
The Southern California APHA Chapter would like to invite members and
prospective members to a fascinating lecture on digitizing rare books
given by E. M. Ginger on Saturday, February 28, 2009 at 1:30 p.m., at
the CenterPointe Club in Playa Vista, California, followed by a
LECTURE: Applying Traditional Printing Practices to Digital Books
BIOGRAPHY: E.M. Ginger began working with fine books and printing as a
proofreader at The Stinehour Press. She was the managing editor of Fine
Print: The Review for the Arts of the Book for twelve years before
working at Adobe Systems in the Originals Type Group as a writer,
editor, instructor, and printing historian. She was the executive editor
at Octavo for the company�s eight years, where she selected the books
for digital imaging and managed the design, editorial content,
interface, and production of Octavo�s 44 digital editions. She is now
the president of 42-line, a service company specializing in the digital
imaging of rare materials and their presentation in digital form.
RECOMMENDED READING: Stop Stealing Sheep & find out how type works (2nd
Edition), Erik Spiekermann and E. M. Ginger, Adobe Press, Berkeley,
California, Copyright 2003, available through Peachpit Press and
Visit these websites for more information about Ginger�s activities
for the last ten or more years:
Over the last decade, a company called Octavo digitally photographed
some of the world �s great books (e.g., Gutenberg Bible, Shakespeare's
First Folio, Mercater's Atlas, Blake's Songs of Innocence and of
Experience) from libraries such as the Library of Congress, Folger
Shakespeare Library, and the British Library. Books and manuscripts were
photographed at very high resolution (in some cases at over 500
megabytes per page) and presented as editions in pdf with commentary,
translations, bibliographical information, and notes on early bookmaking
practices. CDs of the Octavo editions can be purchased from the Octavo
The Rare Book Room website contains all of the books (about 400)
photographed by Octavo during its eight years. These range over a wide
variety of topics and rarity. The books are presented so that the viewer
can examine all the pages in medium to medium-high resolution.
Check out this 2009 Rare Book Calendar: http://typographica.org/
Date: Saturday, February 28, 2009
Place: Media Room at the CenterPointe Club, Playa Vista
Time: 1:30-4:00 p.m.
Cost: free
RSVP: rbrim@...
Deadline for reservations: February 26, 2009
For further information, contact Kitty Maryatt at
twohandspress@... or call 310 439-2135.
The CenterPointe Club is located at 6200 Playa Vista Drive, Playa
Vista, CA 90094.
Directions: From the 405 Freeway, go west off the Jefferson offramp
about two miles until Playa Vista Drive (just after Home Depot). Turn
south (left) and drive to the second block to The CenterPointe Club (on
your left). Turn into the circle drive and you will be allowed to park
underground. Come up to the desk in the lobby and they will point you to
the media room around the corner.
Other directions: From the corner of Jefferson and Lincoln, go east on
Jefferson one block and turn right onto Playa Vista Drive and follow the
directions above.
Note that the club is two blocks south of Kitty Maryatt�s studio
(across Jefferson). For further information, please call Kitty at 310
439-2135 or her cell phone at 818 416-6510.
APHASoCal mailing list
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Spice Girls to perform for Olympics closing ceremony
The five singers Geri Halliwell, Emma Bunton, Melanie Chisholm, Melanie Brown and Victoria Beckham, who haven't performed together for four years, will join other singers such as George Michael and Jessie J on August 11, reported Daily Express.
"I don't know about a comeback tour but I loved being back with the girls. There was a lot of fun, we did so much together and we'll see. If they're up for something then I certainly am... We are so proud to be English and we are very excited about the Olympics," Beckham said.


text:
Alright, first of all, you GOTTA warm up. I'd rather you cut your workout short than skip the warm-up. And forget about hopping on the treadmill or elliptical. We're going to do a dynamic warm-up, which will get your body better prepared to get through the workout, as well as prevent injury. By the way, you must speak with your doctor before starting any exercise regimen (legal crap is so boring). Your warm-up is the following circuit (do the exercises back-to-back with no rest, but resting for 30-60 seconds between circuits). You'll do the following circuit twice. And don't worry, I've attached videos for you to watch so you will know how to do it. If you want a written description, you can click on the link in the video to read it.
Jumping Jacks (15) (sorry, no videos on this YET... but c'mon, you know what jumping jacks are)
Body Squat (10)
Kneeling or Regular Push-ups (5-10)
Waiter's Bow (10)
Alright, now you're warmed up. Let's go for it!...
Quick note: - If this is the first time you're stepping foot in a gym, I strongly recommend using a very conservative weight, as well as doing only 1 set per exercise.
Do the following superset (2 exercises back-to-back with no rest, but after doing both exercises, rest for 1 minute and repeat)
1. DB Squat (10 reps)
2. Kneeling Push-up or Regular Push-up (10 reps)
Do the above twice
Next superset (do it in the same fashion as the above superset)
1. Reverse Grip Lat Pulldown (12 reps)
2. Good-Morning (Dumbbell or Barbell) (12 reps)
Do the above twice.
Last superset (let's get the core strength going.... NO CRUNCHES!) - same fashion as above supersets
1. Plank or Modified Plank (20 seconds)
2. Side Plank (10 seconds on each side)
For a great article on the plank, click on this link -----> Plank Description
Now, do some intervals. Not sure what intervals are? You can read that post by clicking here
Being a beginner, I suggest you do it like this:
30 seconds "on" (7/10), 60 seconds "off" (3/10) - Do this 4-5 times if this is your first time on interval training. Again, for reference, click the link above that details my approach to interval training.
There you have it, now you can go into the gym with some confidence. Bring a workout partner, and finish strong.
To your success,


text:
Tuesday, May 08, 2007
Fluid particle at 5 O' clock in the morning
its our little penthouse,
we call it our own,
it's got lots of features,
a gold plated phone
and it's all that we've got
to lower the tone at
five o'clock in the morning.
it's cock up and shut up,
it's right and it's wrong,
it's see you tomorrow,
be weak or be strong,
it's hit or be hit,
you know I don't care,
it's five o'clock in the morning.
the red ,white and blue,
it's such a bore,
but it's better than being poor
and it's better than being ignored
at five o'clock in the morning.
so vomit your guts out on the floor,
you know you will be a pawn even though
we are the ones that you adore
at five o'clock in the morning.
Tiger Lillies
5 comments:
- Niki said...
i am around. i am here.
i read your stuff amoo jan, with a dedication that you haven't seen, ever. :D
Ali, no Tiger Lillies. Please, no Tiger Lillies.
- Beyla said...
Well said.
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text:
poster train subway
On June 18 2012 at Ichikawa, Japan 151 Views
Shibainu On 08/09/2012
Gooddy On 03/07/2012
My name Goodness but my friends called me Gooddy
so you can call me by that if you wish.
today when i was browsing on www.fotolog.com i saw your profile
and i like it so much,so i decided to drop a note for you.
and i believe that we can write together as friends
you can email me with the bellow email address so that
i will send you my picture and also tell you more about my self
have a nice day
Welcome on board.Metro is a groupflog dedicated to all kinds of metro shot. Architecture, stations, people in the metro, pub interactions, etc., all around the world. Please, identify the city where the picture was taken. - Metro é uma comunidade dedicada a todos os tipos de fotos de metrô. Arquitetura, estações, pessoas no metrô, interações com publicidade, etc., pelo mundo todo.
Post your best pictures of Red here.


text:
Nightmare is over, say Knox family
The family of Amanda Knox, who was acquitted of the murder of Meredith Kercher, have said they are "thankful that Amanda's nightmare is over".
Deanna Knox, her sister, spoke to reporters outside the court building just moments after the conviction was overturned.
She said: "We're thankful that Amanda's nightmare is over.
"She has suffered for four years for a crime that she did not commit."
She went on to thank her sister's legal team. "Not only did they defend her brilliantly, but they also loved her," she said.
"We are thankful for all the support we have received from all over the world - people who took the time to research the case and could see that Amanda and Raffaele were innocent.
"And last, we are thankful to the court for having the courage to look for the truth and to overturn this conviction."
Francesco Sollecito, the father of Raffaele Sollecito, said he had "allowed himself some tears".
Speaking outside the court room, he said his son had "nothing to do with the death of Meredith Kercher". Mr Sollecito said of the murdered student: "We will remember her with affection.
"I would have liked to talk to her relatives as well, as they have lost a daughter in a very cruel way. But tonight, they have given me back my son."


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text:
URBAN Scotland spoke quite loud and clear: victory for the SNP in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen, with just a tiny wee setback in Dundee, but I don't think that city's political allegiance is much in doubt.
Rural Scotland sounded a more uncertain note: to be sure, widespread advance for the Tories, but not all that often even to a plurality of councillors in any particular local authority area, let alone to a majority. With four major parties in Scotland, outright wins and overall control are rare. In fact there were no examples of such a result this time.
The UK General Election in a month's time will be a different kettle of fish. First-past-the-post may be a system long overdue for reform, but it will retain to the end its virtue of giving clear results. When we go to the polls again on June 8, there can be all kinds of surges but they will not matter unless, at both the national and the constituency level, the tally of a single party among them exceeds by just one the total of votes for the next.
On this test, the SNP's position remains commanding. Measuring matters by seats won last Thursday, it maintained its lead over the Tories in every area but six: Aberdeenshire, Dumfries and Galloway, East Renfrewshire, Perth and Kinross, the Borders and South Ayrshire.
The predictive power of those results remains to be tested. Alex Salmond's constituency of Gordon lies within Aberdeenshire, for example, but somehow it is hard to see his lead in the seat of 21,000 over the Tory starting to vanish like snow off one of its dykes. Similarly in the Ayr constituency, which in its latest shape takes in South Ayrshire local authority, Corri Wilson starts off 15,000 votes ahead of her Tory challenger.
Realistic Tory prospects are therefore not numerous. One is Glasgow's answer to Surrey Hills or Westchester County or Neuilly-sur-Seine, the seat where the city's plutocrats live, here known otherwise as East Renfrewshire.
Won in recent times by three different parties at different levels, it has turned into a graveyard for pollsters: anything could happen.
The rest of the Tory prospects are rustic rather than suburban, showing Caledonia not stern and wild but in the guise of a green and pleasant land, with prosperous farms, sturdy peasantry and bustling burghs – also, in some spots, communities of white settlers to complicate the political picture.
It is such places that will most clearly define the outcome of the General Election in Scotland, and the credibility of the parties wishing to claim victory as the sun rises on June 9. In these rustic seats the Labour party has never been in contention since universal suffrage arrived almost a century ago: during the whole of that time, they have elected only a single Labour MP (Russell Brown in Dumfries). Meanwhile, Liberal ascendancy has come and gone, and for the foreseeable future appears to be gone. If in this small category of constituencies a rising Tory tide is to be stopped, then the SNP is the party that has to do it. Otherwise it is the nationalist tide that people will say has turned.
General Elections are fought mainly on national issues, so it is hard to tweak a campaign towards minorities. But for the sake of its overall performance, the SNP would be well advised not to concentrate as heavily as it usually does on the interests, or the supposed interests, of the Central Belt of Scotland, in other words on a programme of the highest possible public expenditure with official interference in every area of public and private life, under the assumption that government is in principle omnipotent. Some of my fellow columnists on this paper would define that type of Scottish politics as socialist, though I find rather tenuous its connection with any form of socialism that has been actually existent. There is a closer resemblance to the pork-barrel politics of the poorer states in the US.
For present purposes the real point is that politics on this pattern is profoundly unattractive in the crucial rustic seats that the SNP needs to defend. These have no huge council housing schemes or direct labour departments, so no legions of tenants and workers directly dependent for a living on the public sector. On the contrary, the voters are much more likely to work for themselves, and to display a sturdy independence bolstered by healthy scepticism about what other people promise to do for them.
In other words, they still represent what used to be regarded as traditional Scottish virtues of self-reliance, self-respect and self-sufficiency before they were overlain by the modern dependency culture.
While readers may dimly recognise my own prejudices at work here, let me say I would not expect Nicola Sturgeon's government to abandon its habitual leftist political line, and for both strategic and tactical reasons do not think it would be wise to try. But it is the Scottish National Party she represents, after all, not the Govan or even the Glasgow National Party. There is not a word in its constitution that says it has to be socialist, and the same document is if anything anti-statist.
What we need is a better balance among the interests of the various parts of a country amazingly diverse for its small size. I do not think it should be too hard to find such a balance, but at the moment balance is not what we are maintaining – with the result that certain regions, some of which have been loyally voting SNP for 30 years, show symptoms of slipping from its grasp.
Where do we look for a better balance? We need more stress on the individual rather than the state, on enterprise rather than dependency, on the successful rather than the unsuccessful, on nonconformity rather than ingratiation. If that seems provocative, put yourself in the position of, say, a small businessman or businesswoman in Inverurie, struggling amid the crash in oil prices, worried about survival but unconvinced that bigger government is the remedy. I'm not at all sure he or she would think the talk from Nicola Sturgeon sweeter than the talk from Theresa May.
We often find that victorious political leaders are the ones who manage to move on to the enemy's territory. The supreme example at present is Angela Merkel, leader of a conservative party that, from defence to immigration, has stolen the clothes of its social democratic opponents and seems set for a fourth victory at the German General Election later this year. She is obviously a model for Theresa May too, who has used the opportunity of Labour's collapse to start talking about industrial strategies and workers' rights.
Nicola Sturgeon should emulate these successful models, except that she needs to move from the left to the right rather than the other way round. Out there beyond her present constituency of voters there are many Scots quite amenable to the idea of independence – though not if it means also an attempt at socialism, whatever that may mean nowadays. These are the people from the Bullers of Buchan to the Rhinns of Galloway who voted SNP at the last UK General Election but Tory on Thursday. There is still time to influence their choice on June 8.


text:
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text:
Education - Boston Museum School of Fine Arts, l984, Northeastern Univ./European Study Seminar l982, l985, Northeastern Univ/Art & Art History, l982-84, M.S. Spec. Education/NYSU l981
Symbiotae: Harvest, mixed media on canvas, 12" x 12"
Rise & Shine, mixed media on canvas, 15" x 15"
Symbiotae series: sun-seekers, mixed media on canvas, 12" x 12"
Lamentation, mixed media on panel, 15" x 15"
In the Winter Sun, mm/panel, 32x23
Ascension, mm/linen, 40x50


text:
I am super chuffed to have just purchased some Sandra Dieckmann illustrations to adorn my rather empty walls! I have been wanting to start a collage of prints for a while now and was given the push today after sauntering on to Etsy for the first time in a while and chanced upon a 10% sale on Sandra's site. I loved her work the moment I saw it and was hard pushed to choose which print to go for. Her work is modern, funky, colourful but with a dreamy fantasy twist. I can't wait for them to arrive and am looking forward to finding some more art work. Does anyone have any suggestions?
So far I'm eyeing up work by:


text:
|Florence T. Frazer
received her Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law and her B.A. (cum laude) from Hofstra University. Ms. Frazer is admitted to practice law in the State Courts of New York, the United States Supreme Court, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, the Court of Federal Claims, and the Northern, Southern and Eastern District Courts of New York. Following graduation from law school, she was appointed Assistant Counsel, and later Assistant Director, to the Governor's Office of Employee Relations where her responsibilities included serving as chief negotiator for the Governor in collective bargaining with the statewide CSEA-Administrative Services Unit (comprised of approximately 39,000 clerical employees statewide in 36 state agencies), administering collective bargaining agreements; handling grievance and arbitration matters for bargaining units as diverse as the New York State Police and the United University Professions. Since entering private practice, she has continued to concentrate her practice in the areas of public sector labor law and education law, including staff and student disciplinary matters and handling the full range of labor matters on behalf of clients, including collective bargaining, mediation and fact finding; grievance and arbitration matters; improper practice charges, management/confidential petitions and representation matters before the Public Employment Relations Board. She has also represented clients in New York State and federal courts, administrative hearings before the Nassau County Civil Service Commission, New York State Division of Human Rights, Department of Labor, and the Workers' Compensation Board. She is a member of the American Bar Association, New York State Bar Association Labor Law Section, the former Chairperson of the Education Law Committee of the Nassau County Bar Association and a Past President of the New York State Association of School Attorneys. She has been recognized annually by Pulse magazine as one of Long Island's "Top Legal Eagles" in the field of Education Law for the period of 2010-2016 and as a "Legal Leader - New York Area's Top Rated Lawyers" of 2013-2016 in the fields of education and labor law. She has also been featured this year in New York Magazine as "New York Women Leaders in the Law" 2016.
June 4, 2017
Christie Jacobson co-presented a program on school attorney ethics at the 17th Annual School Attorney Law Conference, which is sponsored by the New York State Association of School Attorneys ("NYSASA") and New York State School Boards Association ("NYSSBA"). Her presentation was entitled, "The Ethics of Dealing with a Divided School Board." The seminar examined the unique and complex legal issues involved in the representation of school district boards of education. The Conference was held on June 2-4, 2017 at the Sagamore Hotel in Bolton Landing, New York.
April 25, 2017
On April 25, 2017, Timothy Mahoney will be presenting at LRP's 38th National Institute on Legal Issues of Educating Individuals with Disabilities. There he will present "Addressing Bullying in the IEP," reviewing the effects of the 2d Circuit's 2016 landmark decision of T.K. v. New York City Department of Education and Judge Weinstein's four-prong test to determine when bullying constitutes a denial of FAPE, offering insights into IEP-based responses to bullying — both for the victim and assailant, and addressing schoolwide and districtwide prevention strategies available to school districts to address bullying. For additional information please visit http://www.lrpinstitute.com/.
March 23, 2017
On March 23, 2017 at 12:30pm, Joseph Lilly and Timothy Mahoney will be presenting "DASA, FAPE, and TK: the Acronyms of Bullying" to a joint meeting of the Civil Rights and Education Law Committees at the Nassau County Bar Association. There, they will review the requirements of the Dignity for All Students Act, the effects of the 2d Circuit's 2016 landmark decision of T.K. v. New York City Department of Education, and discuss best practices school districts may adopt to address bullying and harassment in the school environment for all children, classified and non-classified alike.
December 6-7, 2016
On December 7, 2016, Jack Feldman presented a program on 504 plans on behalf of National Business Institute. 504 plans, like IEPs, are essential tools to ensure positive learning outcomes for many students. They also have the potential to cause legal issues for schools if they aren't properly planned and carried out. The seminar addressed creating legally compliant 504 plans, addressed tricky eligibility questions, and provided guidance to avoid common pitfalls under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. www.nbi-sems.com.
Friday, October 21, 2016
Jack Feldman will conduct a full-day seminar on "Developing a Bulletproof IEP." The program will cover IDEA and its regulations, as well as the New York State Regulations. It is important for those working in special education to keep up to date with procedures for conducting a CSE meeting and developing a defensible, bulletproof IEP. This seminar aims to provide a comprehensive, one-day approach to the impact of IDEA on New York Special Education Law, for those working within the education system. Administrators, board members, regular and special educators, related service providers, counselors, psychologists, and social workers will find this seminar invaluable and are encouraged to attend. The seminar is sponsored by PESI. The seminar will also cover discipline for students with disabilities, including a discussion about the standards to be applied in manifestation determinations and when and why FBAs should be conducted and BIPs developed and reviewed. The seminar will also cover initial referrals, evaluations, medical diagnoses, classification and more. For additional information visit www.PESI.com.
October 28, 2016
Florence Frazer and Jack Feldman will be presenting at the New York State School Board Association's upcoming Annual Convention. On October 28, 2016, Florence will participate in a clinic on "Educator Discipline - How are the New Rules Working?" New Rules that went into effect last year have been changing the way in which school boards approach the discipline of tenured teachers and administrators, and how hearing officers are conducting section 3020-a disciplinary proceedings. Hear from seasoned attorneys about some of the lessons learned this past year. Find out about the legal and practical issues school boards need to be mindful of moving forward. On October 29, 2016, Jack will participate in a clinic on "Special Education - What is New?" There, find out how recent developments are changing school district responsibilities for the education of students with disabilities. What are the current and emerging challenges facing districts in this area of law? Hear the issues school boards and their administrators need to know about to appropriately serve their disabled students. For more information, visit NYSSBA.
June 14, 2016
On June 14, 2016, Jack Feldman, Laura Ferrugiari and Timothy Mahoney presented a full day program on the discipline of students with disabilities who have behavioral issues. The seminar included an overview of the applicable laws regarding IDEA, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and jurisdiction of the federal government vs. state government. Discussions regarding FBAs and BIPs; when and why FBAs should be conducted; BIPs and their relation to IEPs, 504 Behavior Management Plans and Section 504. Although no educator enjoys it, disciplining students is a common part of any school day and can create complicated legal dilemmas. Moreover, disciplining students whose misbehavior is a manifestation of their disabilities is also all too common, giving rise to a series of legal issues. These situations require copious and accurate documentation, and this documentation has to be legally sound. This program is designed for teachers, principals and vice principals, counselors, psychologists social workers, school nurses, special education providers, school administrators, attorneys and paralegals. For more information visit www.nbi-sems.com.
April 2016
We are pleased to announce that an article written by Laura Ferrugiari and Tim Mahoney has been featured in the Nassau County Bar Association's monthly newspaper, The Nassau Lawyer. The article, entitled "Permissible Drug Use: The Administration of Medication in the School Setting," reviews the administration of medication in emergency circumstances in school, and advises districts about who is authorized to administer emergency medication and under what circumstances.


text:
Easywalker meets MINI
Very own first car for the youngest family member
Project of Reframing Studio, our sister office
The Easywalker June is a versatile pram for parents who like to explore the world with their children. "Learning by doing" is at the heart of the June. This attitude, and the fact that a folded June is one of the few prams that fit into the trunk of a MINI, led to a co-branding project between MINI and Easywalker.
How can we create a "very own first car" for the youngest member of the family?
Making use of the range of MINI-branded textile accessories and by executing details of the pram in reference to the MINI Cooper, the Easywalker becomes an extension of the car. With the MINI as the mothership, the pram is a small exploration vehicle for active families.
Mobility Design
Project kick-off:
November 2013
Project delivered:
November 2013
Product Design
Project lead:
Reframing Studio
Personal & Household Products and Services


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Should You Become Friends With Your Colleagues?
When it comes to being friends with colleagues, there are those who find good friends within the company they are working for, and those who would like to keep business and private separated to such an extent, that they have extreme difficulties befriending colleagues. The motivation for befriending or not befriending colleagues vary, and both options can have their good sides as well as their disadvantages.
To whichever type of person you belong, each options impacts certain areas of your life. The main areas are things such as networking, career, and social life, but also stress due to work-related topics, or potentially rumors which might spread throughout the company.
Seeing your colleagues outside of work is a great way to network. Often, the office environment does not allow to connect in a very relaxed atmosphere, as business environments tend to be rather official. Often, people who connect with colleagues outside work, perhaps go for lunch together frequently or grab a drink after work, tend to have large networks. Besides having a very versatile social life, these people also have the potential of advancing their career faster than those who keep business and private life very strict.
However, people with very great networks cannot see everyone within the network very frequently. Often, people with huge networks either do not have true friends, with whom they have an extremely tight relationship, or these very close friends can be counted on one hand only. People with large networks and a busy social life have full agendas, and find it difficult to free up time.
Conversational topics
Especially if you are not extremely close friends with your colleague, chances are that now and then you will be discussing work-related topics. The advantage of discussing such topics, is that it allows you to extend your office and discuss topics you were not able to discuss during working hours. However, the mind also needs to shut down once in a while. It needs a rest, and just for a second not indulge in work-related topics.
Here, people who keep business and private strictly separated have a better chance of shutting down their minds when they are not at work. Their mind and spirit comes at ease, and they have the option to see those people who they cannot see during the week.
One big disadvantage of befriending colleagues, is that if you are not that extremely close and you have vowed to keep any discussion private, rumors might be spread on the work floor. As productive networking can be to one's career, as counterproductive can rumors be.
Rumors can exist for the most various reasons. It might be something you said, an opinion you expressed, or perhaps you had a little bit too much to drink. Because of this, it might be difficult to do the things you really might want to do. By keeping business and private strictly separated, you might have more freedom of doing the things you want to do, without the risk of rumors being spread at the work floor the next day.
The decision for befriending colleagues or not is a very personal one. In fact, it is often not a decision, but a personal view on life that people have. Befriending colleagues can be very good for building your network and therewith creating opportunities in life. But it can also be overdone. The risk is, that you might not find enough time to actually shut down emotionally from work, and that you might not be able to do the things you want to do, and as you want to do them, due to potential rumors spreading on the work floor.
Leave a comment!


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Q&A with UMass student app creator
Peter Tao talks about his apps 'Spotlight' and 'Praise.'
Exposing the horrific crime of modern-day slavery
Kate Stoppiello discusses the crime of human trafficking and efforts that are being made to combat it, including actor Ashton Kutcher's foundation, Thorn.
Lack of representation the focus of 88th Academy Awards
Academy President Cheryl Boone Isaacs and ceremony host Chris Rock commented on another whitewashed Oscars with seriousness and comedy, respectively.
'Spotlight' demands attention with powerful, affecting drama
The film shines a light on the investigative reporting into a sexual abuse scandal within the Boston archdiocese.


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Join SignificantYouC at SignificantYouC on Mightybell so we can share ideas. https://mightybell.com/spaces/74360
Feedback is nourishing!
Thanks you to everyone who is taking time to review my book, Significant! From Frustrated to Franne-tastic. The feedback and phenomenal. It really does take a village to write and rewrite a book! It's helpful to get input on which stories are most effective. Keep your thoughts coming.
Cover girl?
It's interesting to see the reactions to the book cover. Now I feel the pressure to look like my photo … every day!
Leaning In with Sheryl Sandberg
Very significant! Met Sheryl Sandberg in NYC. Great event.
Leaning In
Woo Hoo! My story just made the LeanIn.org website. I've got the confidence to pursue writing more short stories to share in my upcoming book
Collaboration is key!
Fabulous May 21, 2013, NYC Lean IN event.


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U.S. Linen and Uniform is always looking for their next, best team member. If you are looking for a career in the commercial laundry and mat servicing business with a top-rated company, consider becoming part of our team.
We offer:
• Medical and dental insurance
• Paid Holidays and Paid Vacation
• Quarterly bonus incentives for not missing work days
Who we are looking for:
• People who work well in a team environment
• People committed to excellence in serving their customers
• Laundry specialists
• Delivery drivers
To request an interview or see what positions we are currently hiring for, visit our contact page and send us an email. We will get back to you promptly.
U.S. Linen and Uniform
Our Service Area: We serve the Greater Portland Metro area including Southwest Washington. Below are the cities we service and if you don't see your city below and it falls within the Portland Metro area, including the Greater Vancouver area, call us to see if we can accommodate your location.
Portland | Beaverton | Hillsboro | Wilsonville | Gresham | Tigard | Lake Oswego | Tualatin | West Linn | Oregon City | Milwaukie | Clackamas Vancouver | Aloha | Sherwood | Newberg | Gladstone | Forest Grove | Banks | Happy Valley | North Plains | Fairview
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Mainly Mediterranean
Average air temperature:
in the summer 27.4˚C
Maximum sea temperature:
Bathing season:
180 days
Colour of the sea:
dark blue
Sea water visibility:
from 38 m to 56 m
The climate features in Montenegro are extremely diverse.
So many different climatic zones on such a small territory as Montenegro are a rarity throughout the world. There are three climatic zones in Montenegro: the coastal zone, the continental zone and the mountainous zone.
According to the average annual air temperatures, average annual quantity of rainfall, average maximum height of snow as well as according to other climate parameters, there are distinctive areas with regards to the thermal state of the atmosphere. In such a small area there are places where the annual maximum rainfall is 700 mm, and just in their vicinity there are other places where the maximum air temperature is over 41˚C. The climatic characteristics of Montenegro are very favourable, which is supported by the fact that there are no places that have been "destroyed" by nature, such as deserts. The most significant factors influencing the climate are the warm Adriatic Sea, the coastal orography (average height of land), the hydrographic system (river and lakes), plains and continental orography.
Coastal zone
The coastal belt, which is the narrow strip along the Adriatic Sea separated from the hinterland by steep mountain ranges, enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with long dry summers and short mild winters. Average July temperatures are 28˚C with a high approaching 30˚C; average annual sunshine is over 2,500 hours with a summer average of ten hours a day. The winter average temperature is 9˚C and rarely drops below freezing, but northern winds can be very cold. Spring is characterised by sunny weather with moderate temperatures and autumn with frequent rainfalls. November is generally the wettest month.
Continental zone
The central part of Montenegro encompasses the Zeta Plain and the Bjelopavlici Plain. Mediterranean penetration along the Bojana Valley and Lake Skadar and the influence of the water surfaces on this inland area are very significant, and this explains why the central plain is warmer in summer than is the coast. The cold air penetrations from the north into this area are frequent and are the reason why the number of frosty days is three times greater here than on the coast. Podgorica averages a January temperature of 5˚C and a July temperature of 28.5˚C. The maximum can reach 40˚C with a minimum of -10˚C.
Mountainous zone
The highest mountainous area consists of plains at around 1,700 m rising to peaks at around 2,000. The climate is sub-alpine with cold snowy winters, up to 5 metres of snow in the mountains, and moderate summers averaging 270 hours of sunshine per month. Winter maximum temperatures are around 3˚C with minimums around -8˚C. In the summer months it goes from 23˚C to 9˚C. If you are visiting these regions even in the middle of July, you should pack some warm clothing for the evenings.


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Unfortunately, this job is expired as of 7/3/2015.
To continue in your search through the appropriate job categories, click either Administrative Staff, Higher Education Executives, Faculty, Post-Doc and Graduate Assistants, . You can also utilize "guess-free" keyword search tools with up to eight pre-defined criteria. Search for and Apply to academic postings directly from the site. Post your background either confidentially or overtly. Stand out and be discovered!
Job Description:
Reporting to the Director of Admission, the purpose of this temporary position is to assist the director in the college admissions process during the summer months. The part time admissions counselor performs recruitment activities, including on- and off-campus events, supporting students through the admissions process, processing college admission applications, and performing related work as directed.
Greenfield Community College is located in the beautiful and historic Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts, between the foothills of the Berkshire Mountains and the fertile farmland of the Connecticut River watershed. GCC is a public community college of approximately 2,200 students. Known for the caring and supportive attitude of the faculty and staff, and for the broad support it enjoys from the surrounding community, the college is fully accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. In addition to a strong Liberal Arts focus, the College offers a wide variety of innovative and successful programs including Gender and Women's Studies, Fine Arts, Nursing, Renewable Energy, and Outdoor Leadership, as well as varied learning environments, from traditional classrooms, to distance learning, peer tutoring, one-on-one faculty-student advising, workforce development, and learning communities that cater to specific needs and interests. Close to fifty percent of Greenfield Community College students transfer to four-year colleges, and it is Smith College's largest source of community college transfer students. Much of the College has recently undergone a multi-million dollar renovation that sets the stage for future developments in learning. Greenfield Community College actively encourages and provides opportunities for leadership and professional development.
|Employment Type:
|Administrative Staff
|Degree Required:
|See Job Description
|Level of Job:
|Analyst / Staff
|Not Specified
|Type of School:
|2 - Year Institution / Technical
|Application Requirements:
Cover Letter
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How to Publish a Nationwide Junior Honor Composition
This publication likewise has a fantastic area on the best way to enhance your composition writing. Each any of these points will provide you with a plan to your own article composing. It really is a fantastic regular to stay in brain whilst creating your article. Writing ability is compiled of two primary parts. Here are three hints about just how to enhance your terminology for boosting your essay writing capacities. This tool was developed especially for students who have to raise their writing abilities and English syntax. There's a number of reasons concerning why you may want to papers writing advance your article composing abilities. Before pinpointing the huge errors, let us look in the minors which will make a considerable difference to your own composing abilities! Planning summarised notes of several subjects in your words may enhance your writing ability jointly with direct you towards understanding those areas better.
You can also add on some weight-training for much more health benefits.
Sooner or later, you're going to recognize calibre which you need to embrace in your very own composing. They don't become adequate time to consider producing a excellent composition composing ability. Getting an excellent article writer, you'll have to improve in your studying skills. While a lot of people might be normally excellent at composing, an excellent composition is mo-Re than that. Your lousy syntax may function as the most important reason why you never appear to have an excellent day in article writing. Students might get aid from online essay writing providers at any specified time to be a decent essay writer. Their input offers you a fresh outlook on your own writing. It's the discussion, and the manner in which you choose to present and back up your own debate, that may influence your choice on how best to structure your composition. In here you'll find explanation of every single phase of writing.
So how do you synthesize guide products?…that??s right, you mix them.
Don't think you are now a flawless author and possible nownot commit any dumb mistake in writing your composition. As a concern of reality, setting up some excellent work in a attempt to know the way to boost your paper is the initial stage towards making certain that you are able to execute an excellent career. Through time there are several pupils that have attempted to be some outstanding perform completed away of this paper, also it's essential for you to be certain you are able to enhance your skills. If you would rather accentuate your English ability, you will require to place in a good deal of work and utilize your time effectively. If you imagine that you just're actually fighting, soon after you might think about the possibility of employing a coach to assist you improve your composing skills. Questions to ask of your own essay content might be beneficial. These concepts can help you understand simply how to compose an article appropriately.
Within the story gaiman interrelates many characters and features modern day gods i.e.
You have to should proof read your essay at each level of your own writings. You might feel that, for the own personal essay, structures for example these feel overly inflexible. On line composition coaches give considerable article illustrations alongside essay formatting notions to help pupils write a superb essay. Practicing SEATED essays is, in inclusion, beneficial. Therefore strive to study a wide selection of essays. Use our SAT essay section to receive clear ideas for how exactly to deal with the article.
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3D2N Bicol Experience Tour Package
Road Trip takes you far down South this time. Experience the spectacular beauty of Bicol region for a 3 day [...]
Php 2,850per person for group of 14 pax


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The French poet Charles Baudelaire observed back in the 1800s, "Inspiration comes of functioning each and every day." Most individuals do function every day, and sadly it is not only inspiration that comes of it. Repetitive tension injuries (RSI) are also the outcome of each and every day tasks performed once again and again while operating a computer. Relief is in sight, nevertheless, thanks in part to a particular government agency. This organization is raising awareness and advertising solutions 24/7. Check out the list we've compiled for you below from Esafetysupplies.com
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has a mandate to defend personnel from becoming hurt in the workplace. James Hodgson, Secretary of Labor, established OSHA inside his division in 1971. This was in response to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, legislation he helped author. For the initial time in U.S. history, the government stepped in to make sure that workers were as protected as achievable from illness, injury, and death on the job. And OSHA had its function reduce out for it. Construction, chemical, and agricultural workers were among the a lot of who needed much better security standards in their industries.
But as pc use rose, and the related RSI grew, OSHA turned its attention to this new dilemma. In recent years, OSHA has developed a 4 component plan made to reduce injuries and illnesses connected with pc use on the job. The 4 parts are
Guidelines, Outreach and Assistance, Enforcement, and the National Advisory Committee.
Suggestions are advised practices that are created for certain tasks and industries. These are voluntary, not mandatory. Employers use the suggestions to identify and modify dangers in the workplace. Implementing these practices reduces injuries related to the way individuals do their jobs.
The Outreach and Assistance component … Read more...


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In Black Sexual Politics, one of America's most influential writers on race and gender explores how images of Black sexuality have been used to maintain the color line and how they threaten to spread a new brand of racism around the world today.
In a book of sophisticated critical theory that could be used as a tool for antiracist political action, Collins (Charles Phelps Taft Professor of Sociology, Univ. of Cincinnati; Black Feminist Thought) asserts that "racism and sexism are deeply intertwined, and racism can never be solved without seeing and challenging sexism." Thus, African Americans must examine how sexual politics within black communities either reproduce or resist forms of racism. Like Stuart Hall's Representation: Cultural Representations & Signifying Practices or Mark Anthony Neal's Soul Babies: Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic, this well-written text argues that images from popular culture shape ideas about black gender. For example, traditional stereotypes such as "the breeder woman" found in the slave-holding South have been reworked into the "welfare queen" of today's inner cities. Collins's razor-sharp analysis is unfortunately hampered by an exclusive focus on black/white social interactions, whereas contemporary American society is marked by multiculturalism. This is, however, an important work. Strongly recommend for public and academic libraries.-Katherine C. Adams, Bowdoin Coll., Brunswick, ME Copyright 2004 Reed Business Information.


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|Mint Kingdom
|Current Capital
|Mint City
|First Appearance
|New Super Mario Bros. U-X
|Current Ruler
|Princess Lavender, formerly Trizer
|Current Inhabitant(s)
|Mintos (species), Humans, Rekka Brekkas, Fraazmas
TV appearances
The Mint Kingdom has yet to make a TV appearance
Game appearances
New Super Mario Bros. U-X
The Mint Kingdom is the main location in New Super Mario Bros. U-X, taking place for most of the game. The land contains 8 Worlds.
- Midnight Woods
- Crystal Dunes
- Salmon Ocean
- Cotton Swamp
- Gold River Jungle
- Grayscape Mountain
- Temporal Lightning
- Trizer's Domain
Of these locations each has or had some form of civilization on it.
Midnight Woods is home ot the Great Vine Flower Tree which once protected the Lavender Castle. Midnight Woods are also home to Mint City which is where the Mintos call home as well as the origin of the fissure between Mint City and Toad Town. Lavender Castle is located atop a hill surrounding Mint City overlooking it. To the west is part of the wall of Trizer's Domain, to the South the land has a steep drop connecting to Temporal Lightning while to the North the land becomes Desert connecting to Crystal Dunes.
Crystal Dunes was once home to the technologically advanced Brick Face species. However the land came under a great perpetual Sandstorm which has made it impossible for them to continue and the Brick Face species reverted back to nomadic tribal people. Crystal Dunes is home to the Mythical Pyramid, supposedly the last great monument of the Brick Face people. To its south is becomes plains connecting to Midnight Woods, to the West is part of the wall to Trizer's Domain and to the North is the Granite Beach connecting to Salmon Ocean.
Salmon Ocean is home to the Pengini a semi-disciplined group of Penguin like creatures who live in the Salmon Ocean. Though normally peaceful they are very agressive to intruders of their territory and will attack with hostility and without mercy. There was once a tale of an ancient evil which dwelled deep within the Frozen Abyss however excavations made by Trizer yielded nothing, lending him to create a base of operations for Salmon Ocean in the Frozen Abyss. To the South Salmon Ocean is halted by part of Trizer's Wall while it also is connected to the Crystal Dunes by the Granite Beach. To the West Salmon Ocean connects ot Cotton Swamp where the water changes from saltwater to Brackish and Fresh.
Cotton Swamp like Crystal Dunes once was home to a highly advanced species, being the extinct Cottaloros who were cotton-like beings who were able to control the wind as well as plant growth. The Cottaloros created structures that floated on the water which to others looked like magic. However when Trizer gained power the Cottaloros were quickly killed off due to their potential of rebellion. With nothing to hold the buildings up anymore they sunk into the water with most no longer visible except the Sunken Palace and its Towers. To its East, Cotton Swamp connects to the Salmon Ocean where the water becomes Salt Water. To the south is part of the wall of Trizer's Domain and to the West is the Gold River Jungle.
Gold River Jungle was once under control of Mint City as a refinery for water and metals. However it was overrun by Trizer's forces some time after Trizer's rise to power. While the refinement of the Water and Metals still occur their pipes have been heavily broken to the point that the Metals mix back into the water, hence the Gold Rivers. To its East, part of the wall of Trizer's Domain lies as well as Cotton Swamp while to the South is a steep ascent to Grayscale Mountain. Gold River Jungle also has had a purple discolouration due to the Gold River tainting the trees colouration from their normal Cyan colouration.
Grayscape Mountain was also once under the control of Mint City like Gold River Jungle. It acted as a mining facility which would send the metals via the Gold River to get refined. However since Trizer's rise to power the place has been taken over and discoloured the mountain due to the pollution it is creating. The creatures of the mountain have also become hostile because of this pollution. To its North, Grayscale Mountain has the Gold River Jungle as well as part of the wall of Trizer's Domain. To its East lies a sharp drop and Temporal Lightning.
Temporal Lightning is a cloudy location which in reality is a great chasm however when the Temporal Distortion Castle was built it was able to manipulate Time and Space creating a permanent cloud layer which protected it from falling. To ensure it would not fail the creators of the building made it so the building would never fall no matter who controlled it. It is commonly believed that beneath the clouds lies a portal to a dark world where the spirits of the dead reign supreme and supposedly thrive of those who fall below the clouds. For Temporal Lightnign, to its East is Midnight Woods, to its West is Grayscale Mountain and North is the main gate of Trizer's Domain.
Trizer's Domain is a fiery location filled which is home to the evil king himself. Trizer himself is protected in his fortress and has many defensive barriers to stop intruders. His army is a force to be reconned with as there is no limits to his power, the land around Trizer's Mega Castle consists of mostly Lava although has had a steam cloud form from Salmon Ocean water leaking in, A volcano formation in the East and the collection bay for the metals from Gold River Jungle in the west. Surrounding the area itself is the Great Stone Wall of Trizer which has only one Entry on its South Side connected to Temporal Lightning.
In accordance with old Mintos manuscripts the Mint Kingdom formed a few decades before the Mushroom Kingdom meaning that Trizer had more time to rule over the Kingdom before Antonio and Carlo arrived. Due to their cowardice, Antonio and Carlo were unable to stop Trizer and thus allowed Trizer to become the supreme ruler of the Mint Kingdom with no contesting. Before their arrival Trizer had control over the Mint Kingdom for a while and had caused the extinction of the Cottaloros, mined the Frozen Abyss and gained control over the Gold River Refinery and Grayscape Mining Complex. He also was able to make footholds with the Mythical Pyramid, Great Vine Flower Tree and Temporal Distortion Castle.