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How much do sprites cost?
Probably many of us pixel artists have been asked at one point or another for a commission. And if you're like me, you never really know what to charge. What price would you quote to sell a sprite? Or for those on the other end, what price would you pay to buy one? Wouldn't it help to know what the professional going rate is for 2D game art?
Well, people recently got a chance to find out. Skullgirls is a popular indie fighter that doesn't use pixel art but is still hand-drawn, and the creators wanted to release additional DLC characters through a crowdfunding project at indiegogo. The cost? $150,000. Yes, for one game character (including fees for doing the crowdsource). Awe-inspiring as it is, they then got interesting and broke down the costs, giving we commoners a glimpse into what it takes to plan and put together one character for a high-profile game:
Seem pricey? Others thought so too, but then a GiantBomb article analyzed it and interviewed some industry people and discovered that not only was it within the typical range, it was even on the cheap side.
The article goes on to say that a character in pixel art would take a professional artist about two hours per frame (four frames per day), at a salary of $20-$30 per hour. So a character with 500 frames of animation could initially cost $20,000 – $30,000, but then the cost of fine-tuning and reworking the animations to balance gameplay can actually double the price by the end.
So now let's have some fun and translate this in terms of MUGEN and homebrew games. How much should it cost a bunch of hobbyists to make a good character? There's the issue of programming and testing it along with the art, but let's just focus on the art aspect.
There's an adage that says you can have your work done quickly, with high quality, or cheaply, but you can only pick two of those choices. And so it is here — you can hire someone to make a character by editing an existing character and have things done quickly with very little skill needed, you can get someone who's decent and give them no deadline pressure for a reasonable cost (probably the number one formula for failure, though), or you can go out and officially hire someone skilled for a project with a deadline and expect to pay a bucketload. It rarely deviates from this. Guys, if you've ever been told 'beware the women who know they're beautiful', you'll know what I mean when I say 'beware the artists who know they're good.'
But that's if you're the one doing the shopping. If you're on the receiving end of an offer, how do you price yourself? It's the age-old freelancer's question, and there are really only two practical answers (this, assuming you're at the point in life where time and money have significant value). First, you could just plain decide how much you want to charge for a finished product, and try to rush through as fast as you can. But more likely you'll want to figure out how many hours it takes you to make a single frame of pixel art, and then decide how much an hour of your time is worth (based on your skill level and thus how much value you'll give to the client, but also how much money you could be making with that hour somewhere else, or how much income you need to maintain per week). To put things in perspective, the average rate of an entry level pixel artist tends to be $15 per hour, and if experienced professionals take two hours to build a solid sprite, you may want to allow for more, give or take for animations where not every part of the frame has to be redrawn (idle stances, etc.).
So.. short answer? Based on some general perceived value and the numbers we just looked at, here's my own idea on what's fair pricing for fighter size pixel art:
Artist's skill level
Reasonable base cost per hour
Market value for a sprite commission
Cost for a 500-frame game character (including idle frames, etc)
Noob — only sprite editing or a very basic art style
$0.50 – 2
$1 – 5
$50 – 300
Average — still relies on existing sprites or tracings, inconsistent results
$3 – 5
$5 – 10
$100 – 1,000
Decent — able to create sprites from scratch, may occasionally use existing art or have inconsistencies
$4 – 8
$10 – 30
$1,000 – 5,000
Skilled — experienced, able to create all original artwork with solid results, just short of professional
$10 – 15
$30 – 50
$7,000 – 20,000
Is this set of prices going to be do-able in all cases? Probably not. I imagine a large portion of Mugen fans are poor college students and/or very negotiable artists hungry for some entertaining subject matter. But at the same time, Skullgirls is already up to twice their 'obscene' asking price, so the spirit of fighters still lives on. Keep persevering, you aspiring pixel artists. Don't shortchange yourself on commissions. And if you don't find any takers for the bigger jobs, well, there's always crowdfunding..
Bonus! Have your say
Is my chart too generous? Too stingy? Let's hear what you, the mass market, think are fair numbers. Type in below what you think is right, based on your own opinions or experiences. Click here to see the collected results.
Resources about hiring pixel artists in the professional world:
Adam Saltsman's "Pixel Art Freelance: Best Practices & Guidelines"
And someone who would respecfully disagree with him, Radek Koncewicz's "How I Got Art For My Game"
Are you a bad enough dude to comment?
OMG!! thanks! i needed to know this for a school thing :3
I make Capcom fighting game sized sprites around/under 200X200 pixels.
The first key animation sprites are the hardest for me to do. They can take up two hours for just one sprite. The animations that are edits of those key frames can usually get done in about thirty minutes.
Anyone with a specialized, skill should be payed for that skill. Making good sprites is a very specialized skill, because it is not commonly taught.
I think paying by the hour is not a reliable method for sprites. Some sprites can take longer than others. Some days you could have 4 done in an hour and others not even one. So I find charging per sprite a solid method of pay.
Just to be economical I charge $8 a sprite. I was charging $25, then $15. I figured I was scaring off customers since I wasn't getting any takers so I dropped the price. I am cutting myself short a bit with that price, but if someone wanted a game character for cheap, knowing how much each sprite cost can help manage the client's budget.
The smoother the animation the higher the price.
There are Super Nintendo fighting game characters that are under/around 200 sprites each. At $8 a sprite the character would cost $1600. The character would not be a marvel to look at, but it would function just fine.
This is really interesting… So it seems i might have been selling my services Way too cheap XD , maybe lol ig that depends on what level of a Spriter i am. What does $20 for a RPG Maker 2003 Fully Custom Tileset Sound like? is that a good price for me, or did i sell myself short?
great post, so i must conclude that you need to ditch pixel art, it is too expensive!!
no seriously, i enjoy my own spriting (i am at the noob level) just for the sake of imagining my prototype, but it looks like 3D is cheaper!
Great post. I realized, I was unselling my art.
Not sure how long ago this thread was posted, but damn, it was good to know this info.
I feel exploited. hahaha
I have worked professionally for a while and I figure around $30 an hour or at least that is what I try for, I have made a lot more and bit less than that at times.
My basic break down is cost based on tile/sprite size.
32×32 $2 and have found that to be the standard. at this size the goal is to do 10-15 an hour which is very possible when the artist is use to doing them.
64×64 $3-$4 each, at this point the sprites have higher detail possibilities so the price fluctuates a bit depending on the style.
128×128 $5-$7 most pixel art sprites do not go past this size simply because they become too large for the games they go in. This doesn't mean there is none larger since there is of course irregular sprites like bosses and objects.
For the noobie artist they should never allow their price to go below $15 an hour because you might as well work in a burger joint cleaning the friers because you earn more that way. 2d art is a specialized industry and just as any other industry it has a higher value than regular.
Just found your site looking for a few tutorials. This is really nice. Love the metroids on the other page.
Wow i had no idea :D
This is truly interesting stuff thanx for sharing some of your wisdom man, than a lot :D
So,…I had been "hired" for a Juri Han comission(CvS style, etc) and I steem that the final cost of the thing would be like 350-400$…super cheap or well paid?
I'd like to see an update to this article with figures on a small team of spriters. Much like a comic book art team I think you could have an animation/linework specialist, a pixeler, and a colorist. I think for a group just under professional level you could achieve receiving the same results but pay slightly less per character since you're not eating up as much time although you are paying 3 people…
I really like this article and would like to see it discussed more!
So is this why we may never see another Capcom 2D fighting game?


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Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Trailer (2012)
"Scooby-Doo Foils A Comic Cook Baddie!" 15 December 2012 Adventure, Fantasy, Animated 78 mins
The Mega Mondo Pop Cartoon-a-Con in sunny California marks the spot for mystery in this all-new original Scooby-Doo adventure! Herculoids Frankenstein Jr. and Space Ghost are just a few of the celebrated comic book characters headlining at the unconventional convention plus there's a megabucks movie premiere starring Scooby-Doo and Shaggy's all-time favorite super heroes Blue Falcon and Dynomutt! So when the gruesome villain Mr. Hyde unleashes monster bats howling hounds and sinister slime upon the festivities it's time for Mystery Incorporated to follow the clues and set their monster traps. But it's the pizza-snacking super-powered tag team of Shaggy and Scooby-Doo who tap into their inner super hero to prevent the entire event from being smothered in ghoulish green goo! Like right on Dog Wonder!
Watch the official Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon 2012 trailer in HD below or find more Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon videos on Vidimovie.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Quebec Commission des relations du travail (CRT) recently dismissed a claim of bad faith bargaining against an employer because the parties did not explicitly address the issue in question and its consequences in their discussions.
The parties
In this case, which pitted the Commission de la construction du Québec (employer or CCQ) against its office employees' union,1 the CRT had to evaluate a claim for bad faith bargaining based on the application of a back-to-work agreement.
The source of the dispute
The dispute arose in the late stages of the bargaining process between the union and the CCQ. On June 3, 2012, a conciliator prepared a settlement proposal which was submitted to the parties. Upon receiving the proposal, the union agreed to delay calling an unlimited general strike until it received the employer's response. On June 5, 2012, the CCQ announced its partial acceptance of the proposed settlement and the union, being dissatisfied with the CCQ's response, went ahead with its strike.
On July 11, 2012, a special mediator was appointed. The major item of disagreement between the parties was how to deal with the substantial deficit in the pension plan.
On July 24, 2012, agreement in principle was reached on all issues in dispute and a back-to-work agreement was signed the next day. The union was tasked with preparing the final texts and sending them to the employer for review and approval. On July 25, 2012, the union sent the employer a number of documents, including Letter Agreement 39, which gave rise to the allegation of bad faith bargaining. Letter Agreement 39, as drafted by the union, contained the following statement concerning the pension plan: [translation]"All amendments shall have no effect on benefits vested prior to January 1, 2013, and shall apply only in respect of future service."
After numerous discussions which further delayed the employees' return to work, the parties agreed on the final wording of Letter Agreement 39 as follows: [translation]"... the amendments below shall be effective only as of January 1, 2013, and shall not have any retroactive effect..."
Under the new pension plan rules, the bridge benefit for employees taking early retirement between ages 55 and 60 was to be reduced on a linear basis, whereas previously the same reduction applied between ages 50 and 55. The question of how this rule would be applied after January 1, 2013 was not clearly addressed during the negotiations and gave rise to the Union's first allegation of bad faith bargaining.
The union spokesperson claimed that he explicitly asked the CCQ spokesperson whether the new wording "had the same meaning" as the original version of Letter Agreement 39. He alleged that he was told that it did, so he accepted the employer's wording. The CCQ spokesperson, meanwhile, did not recall confirming that both versions "had the same meaning," but remembered mentioning that entitlement to a bridge benefit was not subject to vesting.
The fact that bridge benefits were not vested was again raised by the CCQ's Vice President of Legal Affairs, when the time came to apply Letter Agreement 39.
The CRT was thus asked to decide whether the CCQ had acted in bad faith by deliberately misleading the Union or whether it acted in bad faith when the CCQ's vice-president intervened in the application of the agreement.
The decision
The CRT pointed out that Article 2805 of the Civil Code of Québec provides that good faith is always presumed and that the onus was therefore on the union to prove that the employer was acting in bad faith.
Concerning the first allegation, the CRT concluded that the CCQ did not bargain in bad faith. In fact the parties never addressed head-on the question of the linear reduction of the bridge benefit for employees between ages 55 and 60. To reach a conclusion of bad faith would have required this issue to be addressed. It was not sufficient for the union to have simply asked whether the two wordings "had the same meaning". The union would have had to explain how it interpreted the proposed wording; then the employer could have agreed expressly or tacitly.
As for the second allegation, the CRT pointed out that the vice-president was expressing a legal opinion, not the outcome of the bargaining process, since he was not a member of the small committee whose discussions resulted in the agreement in principle. Therefore, the vice-president's intervention could not be construed as evidence of bad faith bargaining. The proper remedy in such a case is to file a grievance to decide which interpretation is the correct one.
The CRT concluded that "insensitivity and lack of tact are not the same as bad faith bargaining", dismissed the Union's complaint and ordered it to sign the collective agreement, without any further modification.
The union has filed an application for judicial review. Thus, the courts will have to decide whether a claim of bad faith bargaining can be upheld when the potential consequences of an agreement have not been explicitly discussed between the negotiating parties.
1 Syndicat des employées et employés professionnels-les et de bureau – section locale 573, SEPB CTC-FTQ c. Commission de la construction du Québec (August 27, 2013), 2013 QCCRT 423.
Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP
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The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.


text:
Written By ESR News Blog Editor Thomas Ahearn
Private sector employment in the United States increased by 257,000 jobs in January while the unemployment rate ticked up to 5.7 percent, according to 'THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — JANUARY 2015' jobs report released by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. The most recent jobs report is available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf. Continue reading


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At 3:58 in the morning of June 5, 2002, Ed and Lois Smart awoke to the sound of their nine-year-old daughter Mary Katherine's frightened voice. "She's gone. Elizabeth is gone." At first they thought she was having a bad dream about her older sister, but Mary Katherine's "bad dream" would quickly become their worst nightmare. Their daughter Elizabeth was gone.After nine months of a strange, hard, mostly painful journey, Elizabeth was miraculously returned to them. Just as millions throughout the world had grieved for her loss, now they celebrated her safe return. In Bringing Elizabeth Home, Ed and Lois share the pain of every parent's worst fear: "What would I do if my child was taken from me?" They also share a story of great hope, strong faith, and trust in God. The Smart family had always been devoted to their Mormon faith, but through their terribly painful experience they gained a tremendous inner strength, which became the key to their survival. In the end, the Smarts' story brings one point poignantly home - nothing is more important in this world than family. Not money. Not work. Not a fancy new car or an expensive, big house. Family, the prayers of so many friends and strangers, and trust in God are what got them through this experience - and having survived, they have no doubt that they can persevere in any situation as long as those three things are in their lives. Though their story is filled with many incredible twists and turns, they never lost focus on what was important: bringing Elizabeth home.More
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Street Fighter Vs DBZ Vs Mortal Kombat ULTIMATE 2012 (All Fighters Unite!)
What do you think about this video?
FireBowser: @GamersLdMugen hey i know what you should do use the dragon ball z mugen edition 2011 characters against the mortal kombat and street fighter with few of the ssb characters that would be good
FireBowser: @GamersLdMugen can u still add more characters on these games if u want
FireBowser: @GamersLdMugen so you mean u use the old version of mugen the first version of mugen the old one right
KAVEH08: iv never played or no how this works but iv seen there alot of people that like it. the arcade thing looks reall fun
rang3r34: Some of the BEST Mugen I've ever seen! Great Work!!
Cutie Pyro: @GamersLdMugen why not throw freddy kruegar in there while your at it
Cutie Pyro: @GamersLdMugen that still doesn't explain why mario is in it
Street Fighter vs DBZ vs Mortal Kombat ULTIMATE 2012 (All Fighters Unite!) 5 out of 5
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[2011] DragonBall Z Vs. Street Fighter III M.U.G.E.N (Hi-Def v.1280p786) by DBZSUPAKID
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M.U.G.E.N Fighters World Tour 2013 Preview 35% Complete
Top Fighter 2000 MK VIII (GEN) [Game Review] - MTGG


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Pathfinder Adventure Path #109: Strange Aeons 1 of 6 "In Search of Sanity"
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Pathfinder Adventure Path #109: Strange Aeons 1 of 6 "In Search of Sanity"
Pathfinder Adventure Path #109: Strange Aeons Part 1 of 6 "In Search of Sanity"
Waking Nightmares
The Strange Aeons Adventure Path begins with "In Search of Sanity," a mind-shattering foray into horror where the heroes awaken within the walls of the eerie Briarstone Asylum, their minds wracked and memories missing. Working together to recover their missing time, they soon learn that their amnesia is but a symptom of a much greater cosmic menace. As they struggle to retain their sanity, the heroes must ally with other asylum residents and fight against the monstrosities that have taken over the building and plunged it into nightmare. Can the adventurers defeat the terror that stalks the halls and free themselves from their prison of madness?
This volume of Pathfinder Adventure Path launches the Strange Aeons Adventure Path and includes:
- "In Search of Sanity," a Pathfinder adventure for 1st-level characters, by F. Wesley Schneider.
- A double-sized article that peers into the dangerous realm of the Great Old Ones and Outer Gods who make up the Elder Mythos, by James Jacobs.
- A dollmaker's macabre secret in the Pathfinder's Journal, by Jason Keeley.
- A collection of weird and frightful new monsters, by Eric Hindley, James Jacobs, Jenny Jarzabski, and F. Wesley Schneider.


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- Enclosed under with plenty of room.
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The minor in nutrition offers a variety of courses for students pursuing undergraduate degrees at George Mason University. The minor is intended to increase knowledge of nutrition issues and complements degrees related to nutrition, health, education, and more. Students enrolled in the nutrition minor can also use the skills to better understand their own nutritional needs and improve their health.
The nutrition minor provides students with a foundation for understanding nutrition education for a variety of populations; community nutrition and the specific health issues faced in different community settings; the nutritional needs throughout a person's life (from pregnancy to the elderly); and nutritional therapy and prevention as it relates to chronic disease.
Completion Requirements
Students are required to take an introductory nutrition course before beginning the coursework in the 15-credit nutrition minor. The nutrition minor's curriculum, including descriptions of the required courses, is available in Mason's University Catalog.
Please contact the coordinator of the program.
Dr. Constance Gewa
Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies
Phone: 703-993-2173


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Leave your phone alone. Please.
Short form video
Fact: distracted driving is now the leading cause of car crash fatalities in B.C. Another fact: the most common of all vehicular distractions is, of course, your mobile electronic device—typically your cellphone. While everyone feels the pressure to stay connected at times, the fact remains that if we do it while driving, we put ourselves and others at risk.
ICBC wanted to give drivers a simple message: taking your eyes off the road for even a split second can lead to grave consequences. So we created a campaign that focused on those split-seconds—those little moments of cellphone-induced distraction—and showed viewers the consequences that followed. We coupled these quick 10-second spots with a simple imperative: leave your phone alone.


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|12 Jan 2012
windows 7
computer wont recognize original graphics card for dual monitors
i've never tried to hook up dual monitors before so its probably something simple. i installed a new graphics card a while back and haven't used the original for months, and now that im trying to hook up dual monitors it wont even recognize the original in the device manager, or that i have a monitor plugged into it. both monitors work perfectly fine in the newer card slot. any assistance would be appreciated. thank you for your time.
|My System Specs
|12 Jan 2012
You can't use your onboard video card and an add-in card at the same time, it's one of the other. Well you can, but only on motherboards that support hybrid CrossfireX. In most cases your onboard video is disabled when an add-in card is detected by the BIOS. To use dual monitors you will have to have a video card that supports it and connect both monitors to that video card. Then press the Windows key and the P key to extend your desktop onto the second monitor.
EDIT: Filling in your system specs would help.
|My System Specs
|12 Jan 2012
Small correction for you alpha. It isn't CrossfireX support but what ATI/AMD calls Surround View. The only thing similar between them is that both require an AMD video card to work with the AMD onboard video. I have also seen a few posts where it will work with some of the newer Intel based boards, but is limited to whether the bios supports it or not.
|My System Specs
|12 Jan 2012
Yeah, I knew it was something like that. I should have Googled it a little more before I posted. At one time I used to be able to keep up with this stuff. The OP hasn't listed any of hardware specs so its still guess work at this point anyway.
|My System Specs
|12 Jan 2012
I cheated. I had (still do in the kids computer) a motherboard that supports Surround View and used it on occasion, and it works very well.
|My System Specs
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Category: Stock Graphic, Icons
Stock Graphic >> Icon - 24 Qualification icon 299437 by Crocolot @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 2.7 MB; Layered: Yes; Vector: Yes.
Set of 24 vector icons in EPS format.
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24 Qualification icon.
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Keywords: team, business, startup, brainstorming, achievement, skill, web, line, flat, icon, sign, symbol, internet, idea, creative, work, education, training, sport, purpose.


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Bob's Service Center
ReScore Reviews™ (7)
97% Would Recommend
Latest Review about 17 hours ago
Review for Bob's Service Center
Richard W. on 10/03/2014
Spoke with Judy. She said the staff at this business was very helpful and she is happy with them.
Vehicle: Saab 9-3
Category: Service
Service Date: 09/15/2014
Review Created: 10/03/2014
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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Alanis Morissette - Maximum Alanis Morissette (Music Cd)
Artist: Alanis Morissette
£6.19 includes FREE UK Postage (other delivery options available)
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Falkland Islands
Artist: Alanis Morissette
1. Intro/Following The Dream
2. Child Looking Out
3. Pop's Princess
4. To Begin Again
5. Sense Of Release
6. New Girl In Town
7. Jagged Taste Of Success
8. Coming Back To Earth
9. Getting Over It
10. Bride Stripped Bare
11. Other Voices
12. Complete Woman
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Catalogue No: ABCD0115


text:
Free Run Clinic
Thursday September 22, 2016
Do you suffer from run injuries?
Does your lower back give you grief?
Is the way you run getting you hurt?
Please join us for an informative night learning about you can improve your run.
If you attended the last clinic we did in March, you know we will have plenty of laughs while we all gain important skills. Please note this is a different presentation so make sure you join us at the Henderson location this time for another addition to the series.
As if this isn't enough incitement, we will offer light refreshments as well.
This FREE comprehensive run clinic is presented Henderson Physical Therapy clinic owner and runner Mike Russell and Coach Jackie Arcana.
Thursday September 22, 2016
6:30 -7:30 pm
Henderson Physical Therapy


text:
Falls Creek recommends the use of helmets and enforces a mandatory policy for certain Snowsports programs.
Many people participating in recreational snowsports activities such as alpine skiing and snowboarding are choosing to wear a helmet. While this is a matter of personal or parental choice, the Australian Ski Areas Association (ASAA) do support recreational snowsports enthusiasts wearing a helmet.
Falls Creek recommends the wearing of helmets for skiing & snowboarding. Guests are required to wear helmets while undertaking certain Snowsports activities and programs:
All participants in Kids Snowsports School Programs (Snowclub 4 Kids 3-5yrs, Junior Workshop and Junior Shred 6-14yrs and/or any Teenage Programs) must wear an accredited ski or snowboard helmet. Helmets are available from Falls Creek Sports outlets. Helmets are FREE with children's equipment rental at these outlets.
All guest participants, of whatever age, in Snowsports School or other resort race programs, which involve or include terrain parks, pipes, skier/boarder cross and/or race courses will be required to wear an accredited ski or snowboard helmet.
The ASAA recognises that a helmet may make a difference in reducing or preventing injury. Be aware however that helmets are most effective at providing protection at speeds of 20kph or slower. If a person was to collide with a tree, any other object or another skier at moderate or high speed, a helmet may not prevent or reduce serious injury. Each snowsport enthusiast's behaviour has as much to do with their safety as does any piece of safety equipment.
Falls Creek Sports are making it easier for parents. Any equipment rentals for children now automatically include free kids' helmet rental. Your safety is our priority.


text:
vir vanus in superbiam erigitur et tamquam pullum onagri se liberum natum putat
A vain man is lifted up into pride, and thinketh himself born free like a wild ass's colt.
Book of Job, 11:12
Latin Vulgate Bible
This is a series I did a few months back for a Gallery Burlesque group show. Each illustration uses a mixture of vintage advertising, Victorian etchings, scrap fabric and other images from my horde. Each also has an extract from the bible in Latin, with the reference numbers (but not which book). I was bought up Catholic, and whilst I no longer practice, I am still fascinated by religious iconography and ritual.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 5, 2008
|Filing date
|Aug 30, 2005
|Priority date
|Aug 30, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Harris A. Reynolds, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Hydril Company Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (29), Referenced by (21), Classifications (11), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to threaded connections with insulative properties. More specifically, the present invention relates to threaded connections made electrically insulative by a composite insulating layer containing insulating fibers. The threaded connections retain a high percentage of the mechanical properties of a similar, conventional and non-insulated threaded connection.
2. Background Art
There is a requirement in many widely varying applications for a threaded connection between two tubular steel members (such as pipe or tubular structural steel) that will carry high loads in tension, compression, bending, and torsion while providing electrical insulation between the two tubular steel members.
In various oilfield applications, for example, it is sometimes desirable to be able to electrically isolate a portion of a tubular string (e.g., drill pipe, casing or tubing) from the rest of the string. For example, electrical isolation may be used to provide a magnetic coupling for data transmission or to electrically isolate downhole instruments.
In oil and gas production, it is sometimes desirable to electrically isolate carbon steel pipe from Corrosion Resistant Alloy ("CRA") pipe used in the same string of pipe to prevent galvanic corrosion of the carbon steel pipe, particularly in a string of tubing used downhole in which the string is submerged in an electrolytic fluid such as brine.
In industrial piping applications, such as in refineries or chemical plants, it is often desirable to electrically isolate sections of pipe-work from one another. In the supply pipe to a gas meter, for example, it may be desirable to use electrically insulated pipe connectors to provide a controlled stop for electrical current that is passed along the supply pipe, for example to trace the path of the pipe. It may also be desirable to use electrically insulated connectors in an active cathodic protection system for a pipeline. Electrically insulated pipe connectors may be particularly valuable when metal pipes of different materials, such as steel and copper, are to be joined together in order to avoid galvanic corrosion, or to break stray currents induced in the piping from outside electrical sources, such as a nearby power transmission line.
In transmission of radio waves, it may be desirable to join together sections of tubular antenna structures with a mechanically strong threaded connection that also serves to electrically isolate one section of the structure from another.
In electrical power transmission, it may be desirable to electrically isolate one section of an electric power transmission tower from another section without losing a large percentage of the mechanical strength of a structural member which joins the two sections.
Those skilled in the art will understand that this list of applications for a tubular connection that provides electrical isolation between the members is not comprehensive, and that many other applications may benefit from such a connection.
In view of the above, several connections having electrical isolation exist in the prior art. Prior art electrically-insulated tubular connections divide into two groups: threaded and non-threaded. One type of non-threaded electrically insulated connection of the prior art is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,147 ("the '147 patent"). The '147 patent discloses an electrically insulated flanged pipe joint. Flanged joints are used extensively in chemical process plants and refineries. One connection disclosed as an embodiment of the '147 patent has two metal tubular parts, each having a flange at one end. The two tubular parts are coupled by a metal coupling sleeve surrounding the flanges and narrowing behind the flanges. A metal ring is located between both flanges, the outer diameter of which is greater than that of both flanges and which has its inner periphery in contact with the coupling sleeve. At both sides of the metal ring, an electrically insulating seal ring is disposed. In addition, an electrical insulation is disposed between the coupling sleeve and the first and second tubular parts.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,161 discloses another type of electrically-insulated flanged pipe connections with a tubular element inserted into a flange. One end of the tubular element is adapted to connect to a pipeline, and the other end is adapted to a ring-shaped electrically insulating element, which is positioned between the tubular element and the flange. Flanged or flange-like electrically insulated connectors for pipes or the like are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,231,202, 3,441,293, and 3,503,632.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,174 discloses an electrically insulated drill collar gap sub assembly for a toroidal-coupled telemetry system with two essentially tubular members separated by a continuous gap. A dielectric material fills the gap to electrically isolate the first annular sub member with respect to the second annular sub member. A bearing member is positioned between the first member and the second member and is coated with a dielectric insulation to facilitate the formation of a drill collar gap sub assembly having a degree of structural and electrical integrity.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,325 discloses a "measurement-while-drilling" system that uses an electro-magnetic ("EM") telemetry link between down-hole instruments and ground surface instruments. One feature of the communication system is a combination of a sensing toroid and insulated gaps in the drill string interrupting electrical continuity so as to force all currents propagating in the strata and pipe string to flow through the axial opening of the sensing toroid via a conduction path dictated by considerations of electrical design rather than by mechanical constraints, thus enabling the effective electrical length of the drill string below the down-hole module to be optimized.
Threaded connections are generally of three types, defined by their characteristics at make-up: radial interference threads, shouldered connections, and wedge threads. As used herein, "make-up" refers to threading a pin member and a box member together. "Selected make-up" refers to threading the pin member and the box member together with a desired amount of torque, or based on a relative position (axial or circumferential) of the pin member with the box member.
In radial interference connections, at least one of the pin member and the box member is tapered such that, when the connection is made-up to a selected make-up, there is a prescribed amount of radial interference between the threads.
At least one of the pin member and the box member of a radial interference threaded connection will be tapered, in order to generate radial interference at make-up. Amongst designers of advanced thread-forms, taper is conventionally measured in inches on diameter per one thread pitch (or revolution), and lead is conventionally measured in inches per one thread pitch. Note that lead is the inverse of the commonly used "thread pitch," which is denominated as threads-per-inch or TPI.
Generally, radial interference threads are made-up to a selected make-up such that there is a known radial interference between the pin member 10 and the box member 11. The radial interference can result in high contact stresses between the flanks of the pin threads and the mating flanks of the female threads.
It is well understood by those skilled in the art that radial interference connections are inexpensive to manufacture, but are very inefficient connections for the transfer of loads across the connection. Any axial tensile loads, axial compression loads, bending loads, or torsional loads applied to a made-up radial interference connection will result in radial stresses, which translate into hoop stresses. It is often the case, particularly for thin-walled pipe, that the load-carrying capacity of a radial interference threaded connection is limited by these accumulated hoop stresses. For this reason, the range of acceptable make-up torques for a radial interference connection is typically quite small. As a result, it is frequently a challenge in the field to make-up radial interference connections within the acceptable make-up torque range.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,605 ("the '605 patent") discloses an insulative threaded connection for metal tubulars to be placed in wells or for other metal pipe. An embodiment disclosed in the '605 patent is shown in
According to one embodiment disclosed in the '605 patent, insulating layer 22 is applied to the box member, the thread on pin member 10 is cut-back to compensate for the thickness of insulating layer 22, thread compound 23 is applied to the thread area, the connection is made-up, and the thread compound 23 is cured. The solid particles in layer 22 have a diameter less than the thickness of the metal removed from the coupling, and preferably less than about 40 percent of the thickness of the metal removed. In one embodiment, the particles have a diameter from about 5 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. One material suggested for the layer 22 is sold as IMPREGLON™ 26X (Impreglon, Inc., Georgia), which is an epoxy solution loaded with ceramic particles. The loading of the solid particles is high enough such that the concentration of particles between metal surfaces will be sufficient to support a substantial portion of the force causing metal-to-metal contacts to form in the threads. When connections having higher bearing or interference pressure are to be made insulative, it is preferable that the particles have high strength to resist crushing under the bearing pressure in the threads. The remaining force preventing metal-to-metal contact is supplied by the plastic matrix.
The '605 patent discloses that the particles are preferably ceramic and round or have a smooth surface. The load carrying capability of the insulative connection disclosed in the '605 patent is limited first by the efficiency of the radial interference connection, and second, by the compressive strength of the solids in the electrically insulating layer 22. Furthermore, because an epoxy is used as the thread lubricant to ensure sealing of the made-up threaded connection, this connection may not be broken-out once the epoxy thread lubricant has cured.
"Shouldered" threaded connections, as the name implies, will make-up until the connection bottoms-out on one or more shoulder surfaces. Shoulder surfaces may be located at the extreme end of the pin member (commonly referred-to as a "pin nose shoulder"), at the extreme end of the box member (commonly referred-to as a "box face shoulder"), or near the middle of the threaded connection (commonly referred-to as a "mid-thread" shoulder). Some threaded connections designs have a plurality of shoulders. Shouldered connections may use so-called "free-running" threads, in which only one set of flanks (either the "stab" flank closest to the distal end of the male connection, or the "load" flank, farthest from the distal end of the male connection) is in contact when the connection is made-up against the shoulder. Free-running threads may be "cylindrical", that is, untapered. Shouldered connections typically have a "determinant" make-up, that is, the connection will make-up until the shoulder surfaces contact, at which point increased torque will advance the make-up of the connection only very little. This is commonly referred to as a "step torque rise."
In the made-up condition shown in
The shoulders in shouldered connections are often at 90 degrees to the axis of the threaded connection (i.e. normal to the axis), but may also be at an acute angle to the axis of the connection.
The recommended make-up torque range for a shouldered connection is limited by the required resistance to "backing off" (unscrewing) while in service and the compressive strength of the shoulder or shoulders. Typically, the make-up torque range for a shouldered connection is much larger than that of a comparable radial interference connection. Typically, shouldered connections can be more efficient than radial interference connections, and often have other advantages such as good fatigue life and the ability to use an interference-type metal-to-metal seal due to the determinant make-up.
"Wedge threads" are characterized by threads, regardless of a particular thread form, that increase in width in opposite directions on the pin member and the box member.
Wedge thread connections according to the Reeves may provide an excellent thread seal because all of the thread surfaces are in contact at a selected make-up, including the load flanks, stab flanks, and root-crest surfaces. This thread seal can provide a backup to other sealing mechanisms, or it can be used alone. Wedge threads as disclosed by Reeves have largely replaced those taught by Blose in part because the root-crest clearances taught by Blose may prevent the connection from being able to seal at high pressures.
Wedge threads are also extensively disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,954 issued to Ortloff, U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,605 issued to Mott, U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,240 issued to Mott, and all assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. While these wedge threads disclose wedge threads with a generally dovetail-shaped thread form, wedge threads do not have any particular thread form.
A wedge thread with a semi-dovetailed thread form is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,239 issued to Klementich, and incorporated herein by reference. A wedge thread with a thread form which includes a multi-faceted load flank or stab flank is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,722,706 issued to Church, and incorporated herein by reference. Each of the above thread forms is considered to be a "trapped" thread form, meaning that at least a portion of the corresponding load flanks and/or corresponding stab flanks axially overlap. A "trapped" wedge thread form will resist separation of the box and pin threads when the connection is made-up and under load. An "open" (i.e. not trapped) thread form with a generally rectangular shape is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,578,880 issued to Watts.
The rate at which the threads change in width along the connection is defined by a variable commonly known as a "wedge ratio." As used herein, "wedge ratio," although technically not a ratio, refers to the difference between the stab flank lead and the load flank lead, which causes the threads to vary in width along the connection. A detailed discussion of wedge ratios is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,436 issued to Mallis, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. That patent is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Currently, there is a lack of high-strength threaded connections with insulative properties and capable of repeated making-up and breaking-out.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to an electrically-insulative threaded connection. The threaded connection includes a pin member having a pin thread and a box member having a box thread. An insulating composite layer is disposed between the pin thread and the box thread. The insulating composite layer includes an insulating fiber and insulating resin. The pin thread and the box thread are wedge threads.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making an electrically-insulative threaded connection. The method includes forming a pin wedge thread on a pin member and winding a filament over the pin wedge thread. The filament is wetted with a resin, thereby forming a composite layer. The composite layer is cured and machined to mate with a box wedge thread.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of designing an electrically-insulative threaded connection. The method includes designing a composite layer formed from an insulating fiber and an insulating resin. When cured, the composite layer has a selected dielectric strength. A wedge thread connection is designed with a selected gap between the male and female thread surfaces at a selected makeup, such that the selected gap has a desired dielectric strength when the composite layer is disposed in the gap.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
The favorable mechanical characteristics of wedge threads provide an opportunity for a high-strength threaded connection with insulative properties. One particularly useful property of wedge threads, which typically do not have a positive stop torque shoulder on the connection, is that the make-up is "indeterminate" like a radial interference thread, meaning that a wedge thread can be successfully made-up to a wide range of make-up torques. How indeterminate the wedge thread make-up is depends mostly on the wedge ratio. Unlike a radial interference thread, the increase in hoop stress with increasing make-up torque is quite minor, as much of the torsional energy imparted into a wedge thread during make-up is dissipated axially through the thread flanks instead of being converted into hoop stress as in a radial interference connection.
The indeterminate nature of the make-up of wedge thread connections is particularly advantageous for repetitive make-ups of the threaded connection of the present invention, as the composite insulating layer may be slightly compacted by each make-up. Because of the indeterminate make-up, the threaded connection can compensate over a relatively broad range of selected make-ups for any reduction in the thickness of the composite insulating layer caused by the repetitive make-and break cycles.
In one embodiment, the current invention is incorporated into a short, permanently made-up insulating "sub" to be used in an oilfield tubular string in order to electrically isolate one section of the string from the rest of the string. A wedge thread is formed on a box member on one short joint of steel pipe, and a mating wedge thread is formed on a pin member on another short joint of steel pipe. Both wedge threads may be coated with a primer paint designed to affect a bond between the steel and a selected insulating resin.
Many materials may be used to form a composite layer 63. For the insulating fibers, for example, fiberglass, nylon, boron, or polypropylene may be used. Carbon fibers are not preferable because of their conductive properties. Suitable insulating resins include various epoxies, ester (e.g. vinyl ester), and thermoplastics. Those having ordinary in the art will appreciate that other insulating fibers and resins may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention. Several methods are available for forming the composite layer 63 and are presented below.
Turning to
As the braided sock 301 is drawn progressively into the pin thread root, the braided sock 301 will retract from the rear of the pin member 10. Care should be taken by the installer to ensure that there is an adequate length of the braided sock 301 available to accommodate this retraction. When the braided sock 301 is fully urged into the pin thread, the box member (not shown) may be made-up to the braid-covered pin member in a conventional manner, and the resin cured as required. The appropriate make-up torque can be easily determined experimentally by ensuring that the torque is high enough to prevent break-out of the connection, but low enough to insure that the fiberglass fibers are not damaged by excessive torque. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the braided sock 301 may instead be installed on the box member; however, installation of the braided sock 301 on the pin member 10 is preferred because the pin thread is more accessible.
Alternately, if it is desired that the electrically insulative threaded connection be repeatedly made-up and broken-out, the electrically insulative layer may be molded onto a pin member and cured in place, and then this assembly may be made-up with a mating box member to form an insulating sub which may be later broken-out.
In one embodiment, a wedge thread pin member is prepared with primer paint before installing a braided sock 301. Referring now to
The thread mold 313 may have a shoulder 314 that limits the amount that the mold may be made-up onto the pin threaded connection; this ensures that the cured composite layer has a repeatable thickness. The thread mold may be made of a material that is appropriate to the cure method of the insulating resin. For example, for room-temperature cure epoxy resin formulations, the thread mold may be made of a thermoplastic which does not adhere to the cured resin, such as high density polyethylene ("HDPE"). For high-temperature cure resins, including some epoxies, the thread mold may be made of metal alloy with the surface treated with a conventional mold release compound. A metal-alloy mold may also be used with pre-impregnated tubular fiberglass braided sock (a "prepreg") using, for example, a thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene or polyamide, such as Nylon™ (E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Del.). Care should be taken that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the mold material is very close to the coefficient for the pin member material. If not, the dimensions of the mold should be modified to accommodate different coefficients of thermal expansion.
In another embodiment, to ensure minimum resin content of the insulating layer, a short insulated tubular assembly is prepared according to the method shown in
In another embodiment, the current invention may be manufactured by conventional composite filament winding techniques to produce an insulating layer consisting of essentially continuous fibers arranged substantially parallel to the flanks, the root surfaces, and the crests of the wedge thread. Referring to
The wedge thread pin member 10 may be painted with a primer to insure adhesion between the threaded connection and the composite insulating layer, and may be fitted with a pin nose cap 501 to accommodate filament-winding of wetted composite fibers over the threaded surface. The pin nose cap 501 may be secured to the pin nose of the wedge thread pin member 10 by any conventional means such as radial set-screws or an internal expanding clamping device.
Wetted insulating fibers 502 are conventionally filament-wound over the threaded surface of the wedge thread pin member and the outer surface of the pin nose cap 501. The fibers may be wound at the nominal lead, or they may be wound at the stab lead in one direction and the load lead in the other direction. Once the thickness of the filament winding over the last thread crest 506 is greater than the desired insulating layer thickness, the filament-wound composite may be cured in a conventional manner, for example, wrapped with heat-shrink tape and cured at a time and temperature suitable for the selected resin.
Referring now to
A filament-wound embodiment will typically be more expensive than a molded embodiment because of the added machining required. However, a filament-wound threaded connection may offer increased strength and improved dielectric properties. The improved properties of a filament-wound threaded connection may result from the following: the insulating fibers can be arranged substantially parallel to the thread surfaces; the filament winding techniques allow for very tight compaction of the fibers and very "lean" composites (that is, with a very high fiber-to-resin ratio); and substantially all of the forces between the wedge threads (for example, between the root and crest surfaces, between the stab flank surfaces, and between the load flank surfaces) will be compressive loads on the composite insulating layer transverse to the winding direction of the insulating fibers. Those skilled in the art will recognize, however, that this embodiment may require larger-than-normal crest radii 507 and 508 to ensure the integrity of the composite insulating layer during handling of the threaded connection.
Another method of forming an insulating layer is to use a "chopper gun," which is typically used for making fiberglass molds. A chopper gun ejects short sections of fibers that are wetted with resin. In one embodiment, a chopper gun may be used to cover the pin threads or box threads with resin wetted fibers. A chopper gun provides an economical method for making an insulative threaded connection. The mechanical and dielectric properties would be a compromise between insulating particles and the continuous fibers described above.
In one embodiment, the current invention may also be used in the construction of radio frequency transmitting antennas. It is well-known in the art that large diameter "radiators" (the part of the antenna which actually radiates the radio frequency emissions during transmission) have much greater bandwidth than smaller diameter radiators. The use of large-diameter tubes for antenna radiators is usually avoided, however, as the insulators required may be very large or expensive or generally not capable of carrying large loads in both tension and compression. The threaded connection of the current invention may, for example, be used to construct a simple and very strong vertical dipole antenna for radio frequency transmissions with large diameter tubing as shown in
Embodiments of the present invention may provide one or more of the following advantages. A composite layer formed from fibers provides an increased bearing area (relative to particles) to withstand stresses created between the pin thread and the box thread during make-up and use of the threaded connection. The increased bearing area helps to prevent the composite layer from indenting and allowing direct metal-to-metal contact between the pin thread and the box thread, which would short-circuit the threaded connection and defeat the insulative properties of the threaded connection. While achieving a reliable electrical insulation between the pin member and the box member, embodiments of the present invention sacrifice minimal strength.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Frank D Saylor
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|Teleco Oilfield Services Inc.
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|Apr 19, 1988
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|Feb 13, 2007
|Mar 8, 2011
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Electrical isolation connector for electromagnetic gap sub
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|Alcoa Inc.
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|Jul 8, 2014
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Apparatus for receiving and transmitting signals in electromagnetic telemetry system used in a wellbore
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|Jun 9, 2015
|Hydril Company
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|Oct 17, 2013
|Jun 7, 2016
|Well Resolutions Technology
|System and methods for selective shorting of an electrical insulator section
|Dec 14, 2012
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|Sep 15, 2015
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|Arconic Inc.
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|Aug 24, 2015
|Sep 12, 2017
|Arconic Inc.
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|Feb 13, 2007
|Aug 14, 2008
|Extreme Engineering Ltd.
|Electrical isolation connector for electromagnetic gap sub
|Mar 26, 2010
|Nov 4, 2010
|March Michael U
|High performance sleeved interference fasteners for composite applications
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|Feb 10, 2011
|Matthe Contant
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|Oct 25, 2010
|Feb 17, 2011
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Electrical Isolation Connector For Electromagnetic Gap Sub
|Oct 4, 2010
|Apr 14, 2011
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|Luke Haylock
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|Eric Perry Cheney
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|U.S. Classification
|411/424, 411/914
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 18, 2007
Owner name: HYDRIL COMPANY LLC, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:REYNOLDS, HARRIS A., JR.;REEL/FRAME:019839/0650
Effective date: 20070911
|May 2, 2008
Owner name: HYDRIL LLC, TEXAS
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:HYDRIL COMPANY LLC;REEL/FRAME:020886/0760
Effective date: 20070720
|Aug 2, 2011
Owner name: HYDRIL COMPANY, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:REYNOLDS, HARRIS A., JR.;REEL/FRAME:026685/0895
Effective date: 20110728
|Aug 5, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 5, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
The Trainwreck of Justice League Won't Make DC Hit the Brakes
In the run up to the FIFA 18 release date starting September 26, EA has announced that the FIFA 18 demo for PS4, Xbox One, and PC will be available for download from September 12. This is what you need to know.
At the time of writing this, the FIFA 18 demo is available on the PS4 and Xbox One. It should be on Origin - EA's PC digital storefront soon.
According to reports, expect the FIFA 18 demo on the PS4 to be 7.3GB, the Xbox One version to be 8GB, and for some reason, 1.5GB on the PC.
EA states you'll be able to play the usual Kick Off mode "with a selection from the world's biggest clubs and stadiums". FIFA 18 sees its single-player mode, The Journey: Hunter Returns get a preview as well.
These are the football clubs you can play as in the FIFA 18 demo:
• Manchester United
• Manchester City
• Real Madrid CF
• Atlético de Madrid
• Juventus FC
• FC Bayern Munich
• Paris Saint-Germain FC
• LA Galaxy
• Toronto FC
• Boca Juniors
• CD Guadalajara
• Vissel Kobe
The FIFA 18 demo sees the following stadiums being playable:
• Santiago Bernabeu
• La Bombonera
• StubHub Center
• King Fahd Stadium
EA is promising "high-res crowds, regionalised atmospheres, and player banners" how true this ends up being will be interesting to see.
Will you be playing the FIFA 18 demo? Let us know in the comments.
For the latest tech news and reviews, follow Gadgets 360 on Twitter, Facebook, and subscribe to our YouTube channel.


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Today's Monday Listicles are 10 Ways That I Am The Same or Different Than My Younger Self, chosen by Christine at Random Reflectionz.
This was a hard one. My creative juices are running kind of low today.
Anyway, here are five ways I'm the same as my younger self:
1. I like the same music. I have this Crazy Little Thing Called Love for anything from the 80s. And although I stopped trying to be a Valley Girl, I'm married to a Sharp Dressed Man, who drives a not-so-Fast Car, and we have three Kids In America. My Sharona! I think that was the dumbest thing I have ever written in my entire life.
2. My humor is the same. I still love a good fart joke and my favorite phrase, that makes me laugh every time I hear it, is, "I crapped in my pants." I know. It's so 11 years old. Isn't it funny?
3. I'm still a narcissist. But aren't we all? Who doesn't love talking about themselves, promoting themselves, getting compliments about themselves?
By the way, have you seen my Top Five most-viewed posts?
Dear Naked Barbie Doll Laying In My Hallway
Top 10 Grossest Things I've Caught My Kids Doing (Mom, don't read this)
10 Lamest Compliments I've Ever Received
If you haven't read them, you'll love them. Then leave a comment, letting me know how great they are.
4. I'm still shy. When I was younger my mom would take me to her office and show me around. She showed me to her co-workers so they could see how much I'd grown. I would hide behind her leg and, ever so sweetly, peek my little freckled face around with a small smile, and whisper 'hi'. This was all cute until I was still peeking around at age 17. Then it was just awkward.
5. I meant four. This is a list of four things that are the same as when I was young.
Five ways I'm different than my younger self:
1. I dress differently. Way worse. As a teen, I could rock some Palmetto black & yellow plaid pegged pants. These days I rock my sweat pants.
2. I love to read now. I didn't always hate reading when I was younger. I flew through The Boxcar Children and the Judy Blume books. But something happened when I got to middle school. I think it was the books they required us to read. I hated them. I found no joy in reading. So, I didn't read anything for pleasure, except BOP and TigerBeat, until I was in college. Then I started reading again. Reading is good. It makes me a better writer…unless I'm writing this post.
3. I no longer pick my nose and wipe it on the wall at the height of a seven-year old, and then lie about it when my mother asks who did it and blame it on my one-year old sister. Gross. With age comes wisdom. And strategy. The bottom of a shoe? It's bringing in dirt from the outside anyway. Or the sheet on a bed, when the tissue box is just. Too. Far. To. Reach. So why not? Just wipe that Dirty Sanchez on the sheets. They're gonna get washed in a few months anyway.
4. I no longer have OCD. I used to believe that I had this imaginary string (It was really more like a band. It was really wide. And it was blue.) hanging out of my back, like Woody from The Toy Story. The little plastic circle tied to the string was attached to it's starting location – my living room – and whenever I walked forward, more string was let out.
So, if I ever walked around a pole, I always had this nagging feeling like my band was being wrapped up and tangled. So I would walk back around the pole in the opposite direction to get untangled. When I would enter a building, I had to exit the building through the same door. Sometimes my friends would tease me about my band and run circles around me, and get stuck in it. Then I would frantically run back around them trying to untangle them. I don't think they were really my friends though.
5. I have three kids. I used to have stuffed animals and Barbie dolls. Now I have kids. This is the worst post I have ever written.


text: Wednesday, April 6, 2016 Shocking: Incident Happen inside Amusement Park that Killed 1 Girl Goes Viral on the web. THC 10:40 PM Viral No Comments This awful accident happens after the safety belt got loose that triggers her to fall on the seat and fell. Watch the shocking video below. Source: theconfidentialfiles Share this article. Facebook Comments by Today In Manila Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Share on Facebook Twitter Google+ Stumble Digg ← Newer Post Older Post → Home 0 comments: Post a Comment Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Familiar Diversions
I'm a librarian who loves anime, manga, and reading a wide variety of genres.
Reading Challenge 2017
A Library Girl's Familiar Diversions
Currently reading
Algis Budrys
To Say Nothing of the Dog: Or How We Found the Bishop's Bird Stump at Last
Connie Willis, Recorded Books LLC, Steven Crossley
The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality
Julie Sondra Decker
The Mystic Marriage
Heather Rose Jones
Progress: 302/426 pages
Ichi-F: A Worker's Graphic Memoir of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant
Kazuto Tatsuta
Progress: 448/553 pages
Jennifer Foehner Wells
Progress: 58/367 pages
Recently added
To Say Nothing of the Dog
6:00 pm 25 January 2009
Ned Henry is one of the many historians who are part of Lady Schrapnell's incredibly determined effort to restore Coventry Cathedral. As far as Lady Schrapnell is concerned, "God is in the details." Ned's detail is the bishop's bird stump, which he's having trouble locating, no matter how many jumps back in time he makes (in this vision of the future, historians do a good chunk of their research with time travel). In fact, poor Ned makes so many jumps back in time in such a short period of time that he develops a bad case of time lag, resulting in symptoms like maudlin sentimentality, difficulty distinguishing sounds, and fatigue. Ned's not going to get any rest in his own time, however, not with Lady Schrapnell around, so he's given an easy assignment in the Victorian era. Unfortunately, Ned's Difficulty Distinguishing Sounds means he never quite hears what his assignment is supposed to be, or even who his contact is in the Victorian era. Ned is left to figure all this out on his own, while at the same time trying to act the part of a Victorian gentleman.Although Connie Willis is American, she does an excellent job of writing something that often reads like a British comedy of errors. This book starts off slow and a little confusing, but things get easier and much more interesting once the time travel aspect has been explained a little more thoroughly. Even though I didn't always understand what was going on (things got a little complicated near the end of the book), I didn't mind, because I was enjoying the characters and the humor so much.At first, the humor mostly centers around Ned's Difficulty Distinguishing Sounds and his attempts to figure out what he's even supposed to accomplish in the Victorian era. Soon, Ned finds himself in love with Verity, his contact, a feeling which may or may not be due to his time lag, and dealing with his assignment and helping his contact with hers. Although Ned left his own time to get away from Lady Schrapnell, he finds himself living in the same house as one of her ancestors - Tossie doesn't terrify him the way that Lady Schrapnell does, but she can still be a bit much to deal with. The people Ned stays with and meets add to the humor in the book, as do some of the Victorian details - I loved the bit where one of the girls in one family talks about Miss Marmalade, a cat, and her mother corrects corrects her with "Mrs. Marmalade." I guess the idea is that even cats need to be married before they can have babies...Besides the humor in this book, I also enjoyed all the animals. There are two animals that show up a lot in this book - Cyril, a bulldog, and Princess Arjumand, Tossie's cat. Cyril has so much personality he's practically human. Princess Arjumand just does as she pleases. Both animals seem to really like Ned. Ned has at least a little familiarity with bulldogs, but I really laughed when I read any parts with Ned and Princess Arjumand. In Ned's time, all cats are extinct, having been wiped out by some kind of distemper. Princess Arjumand is the first cat Ned has ever really interacted with, so he has a lot to learn. Just as an example, in his first encounter with her, he tries to figure out if she'll respond to any commands. He also learns what a cat's purr sounds like (and how nice it is).Another thing I enjoyed was all of Willis's references to other books. My "to be read" list has grown after reading this book, because I want to find out more about the things that Willis's characters talked about. For instance, Ned often finds himself thinking about Jerome K. Jerome's [b:Three Men in a Boat|4921|Three Men in a Boat|Jerome K. Jerome|http://d.gr-assets.com/books/1347518006s/4921.jpg|4476508]. At one point, he even meets Jerome K. Jerome. Verity, whose specialty is the 1930s (if I remember right), brings up a lot of early mystery authors, characters, and books. Agatha Christie gets mentioned often (especially Hercule Poirot), as does Dorothy Sayers. Willis never feels the need to explain any of these references in much detail, but there's enough information there that readers (like me) who haven't read these works won't be lost and may even find themselves wanting to read them.There were only a couple things in this book that I didn't like quite as much. I thought that the romance between Verity and Ned was one of the weakest parts of the book, since it never really seemed quite real. I already mentioned that this book starts off slow, but another thing I didn't entirely like was how confusing things got near the end. Because this book was one of my book discussion group's picks, I was able to talk about some of the more confusing parts with other discussion participants, but I did get the the point where I felt like I needed to draw a diagram or something in order to figure out what was going on.I'm not usually a huge fan of time travel books, because I always find myself thinking too much about whether things could actually work the way they're described in the books. Whether Willis's presentation of time travel is believable or not (one of the more science-minded people at the discussion group said that it fit well with current theories about how it might work), it's remarkably comforting. In a lot of time travel books, shows, and movies, people always make a big deal out of protecting the timeline, or someone might end up being their own grandfather or otherwise accidentally mess up history. Characters in Willis's book have some of the same fears, but the timeline actually turns out to be pretty robust, because self-correcting fixes any problems people might cause.Overall, I enjoyed this book, and I even recommended it to my mom - because of her love for British comedies, I think she'll have fun with this.(Original review, with read-alikes, posted on A Library Girl's Familiar Diversions.)
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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
44 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services The guests of Hotel-Pension Wappenhof Braunlage may stay in eight nicely furnished, comfortable rooms in Braunlage. Parking is availably nearby for those arriving by car. Nearby table tennis, bike rental and minigolf opportunities may provide an excellent option for those who love to spend their leisure time actively. In case you'd bring your laptop along, you may go online via wireless Internet connection (WiFi) available at the pension. You can find the exact list of services provided by Hotel-Pension Wappenhof Braunlage (including those for extra fees) and the exact equipment of the rooms on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time to your room is 15:00, the latest check-out time from your room is 10:00. The personnel of the pension can speak with you in English and German languages.
Hotel-Pension Wappenhof Braunlage rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Parking (3 €/night)
Free WiFi in shared places
Table-tennis, Minigolf, Bike rental at the accommodation
General Policies
On Saturday and Sunday: 9:00 - 11:00 and 14:00 - 16:00


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|05 Apr 2013
The only download on Linksys site for this 6 year old WRT300N router is dated before we got it new, so I don't think it's applicable, nor do I think we're intended to upgrade to higher versions of the router itself via firmware - at least that's not what their video shows ("Choose your model number, then the version number...").
|My System Specs
|05 Apr 2013
Man that is some old firmware, I'm surprised there are no more current updates.
Are you using WPA2 security and AES encryption?
Have you tried resetting this router?
|My System Specs
|05 Apr 2013
Yes, reset router to defaults. Using WPA2 w/AES, all default settings.
|My System Specs
|05 Apr 2013
I've been reading around a bit on the WRT300n, others have similar complaints when trying to use WPA2 with AES encryption, from what they are saying AES is making things very slow and only TKIP or WEP works to make things faster. Since WEP is not secure you might try using WPA2 security with TKIP encryption to see if is speeds up the connection.
TKIP is an outdated encryption that really doesn't allow 802.11n to work at full rated speeds but apparently some older routers and older firmware's aren't made to work with AES which is a newer encryption method made just for the final draft 802.11n.
Source: WRT300N: WEP is 10 times Faster than WPA and WPA2 - Linksys Community
|My System Specs
|05 Apr 2013
Took the laptop back to Best Buy. Too many problems to justify messing with it any longer.
Let's see if they post my Review coming here: Asus KSeries 15.6" Laptop 4GB Memory 500GB Hard Drive K55A-SI50301P - Best Buy
|My System Specs
|05 Apr 2013
Win7 & Win8 64bit
Did you get a replacement Greg? I'd suggest try a different brand.
Took the laptop back to Best Buy. Too many problems to justify messing with it any longer.
Let's see if they post my Review coming here: Asus KSeries 15.6" Laptop 4GB Memory 500GB Hard Drive K55A-SI50301P - Best Buy
|My System Specs
|06 Apr 2013
A different laptop will problem work better but I'd suggest trying a different router, there were countless complaints about that router and slow internet, not one similar problem reported about that particular laptop.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
Post your internet speeds
Speedtest.net - My Results
|Chillout Room
Very slow internet speeds at home, but not at school on one laptop
Hello Everyone, I have a friend who's having issues with the speed of her net at home, on one particular laptop. She just purchased a new Asus laptop not too long ago and while she's at ODU her speeds are fine, when shes home it drops very low. She also has another laptop and desktop that are...
|Network & Sharing
Manipulating fan speeds on a laptop
My laptop gets too hot, sometimes the cores are over 75 C. I've gone into BIOS and the only option for the fan speeds was to allow it to run constantly and that is enabled. I've also tried SpeedFan but couldn't get it to work and then I read it typically doesn't work with laptops because of...
|Performance & Maintenance
FCC to measure internet speeds
Got an e-mail from my ISP (Charter) in regards to an FCC plan to measure ISP performance. Information on the program and a signup form if you want to participate at the following link. Sign up to Shape the Future of Broadband in America Jim :geek:
|Network & Sharing
Poor Internet Speeds
Hi Guys, I have Windows 7 Ultimate and a Dell Inspirion computer and 2 locations to work from. In my first location I have a cable modem and wireless router that I get 9.2Mb download speeds. When I move the laptop to my second location with an ADSL modem and linksys wireless router I get .5Mb...
|Network & Sharing
Slow internet speeds/downloads
Hey, First post here, i have been using forums quite a bit just browsing though to help my self with any problems i come across, but i have come to a dead end. I have been running Windows 7 Home Premium since the 18th December first installation there was no problems every thing went fine....
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Using the Legacy Workflow Designer
The legacy Workflow Designer provided by Visual Studio 2010 can be used to target the .NET Framework version 3.5 or the .NET Framework 3.0.
It is accessed by selecting either the .NET Framework 3.0 option or the .NET Framework 3.5 option in the drop down list at the top of the New Project window. The default option in Visual Studio 2010 is .NET Framework 4 which is used to create Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) applications that target the .NET Framework 4.
The Workflow Designer provides a way to graphically create Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) applications using the familiar Visual Studio user interface. Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) applications are composed of workflow process steps called activities. To create a workflow, compose activities on the design surface by dragging their respective activity designers from Toolbox onto the design surface.
The following table lists key features of Visual Studio for Windows Workflow Foundation.
Activity Drag and Drop
Drag activities from the Toolbox onto the design surface to create a workflow.
Property Browser
The standard Properties window in Visual Studio is used to configure the properties of an activity.
The binoculars Zoom Level icon is located below the vertical scroll bar on the right side of the design surface. Click the binoculars and select a zoom percentage to cause the workflow graphic to zoom in or out. You can also use the Pan icon magnifying glass cursor options to zoom in and out.
The Pan icon, a circle that contains four crossed arrows pointing in four directions, is located below the vertical scroll bar on the right side of the design surface just below the binoculars zoom icon. If you click the pan icon, a pop-up menu offers the following cursor options:
Auto Scrolling
If you have a large workflow, you might want to place an activity beyond the visible display of the design surface area. Visual Studio lets you drag an activity toward the edge of the design surface closest to where you want to put the activity. The design surface view automatically scrolls in that direction.
Smart Tags
Activities that are not completely configured or not validly configured are marked with an exclamation point icon. You can click the icon and see a drop-down list of configuration needs that exist on the activity. You can then use the Properties window to configure the activity appropriately. When all properties are valid for the activity, the exclamation point icon disappears.
In This Section
Visual Studio Workflow Windows (Legacy)
Creating Legacy Workflow Projects
Sequential Workflow Views (Legacy)
Using Themes in Workflows (Legacy)
Using the Legacy State Machine Workflow Designer
Using the Legacy Activity Designer
See Also
Other ResourcesDeveloping Workflows
Build Date:


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Re: St.Albans Twp Home
In reply to:
St.Albans Twp Home
I don't think there was a County Home ever in St Albans Tp. The only one I know of was farther south. There are some records referred to in holdings at the Licking Co Genealogical Society. The home you refer to in St Albans Tp could have been a boardinghouse. Have you checked directories? Sometimes you can get an address/location on the census & then look that up in a city directory (or vice versa - city directories can be used as an index to the census). At one time, Licking Co was quite a busy place what with railroads, the National Road, the Ohio Canal, etc.
Good luck!
More Replies:
Re: St.Albans Twp Home


text:
Activeden Mouse TouchScroll mobile like scrolling 154033
Flash Template \ Utilities \ Miscellaneous
Scroll \ Mobile \ Catching \ Images \ UniqueTouch \ Touchscroll \ Iphone
Flash Template - Mouse TouchScroll mobile like scrolling 154033 by desadent @ Activeden
Flash Template \ Utilities \ Miscellaneous
Touch and throw for scroll left or right (can be changed to up and down in code)
Mobile like scrolling.
Eye catching.
Requires basic knowledge of flash.
Works by XML .
Can show images and swf's.
If You don't need all this, you can only grab a code and work with it.
Flash Files Included: Flash FLA, ActionScript AS, XML Files, HTML Files, JS Files; Opens With: Flash CS4 (10+), Flash CS5 (10+); Resolution: Resizable; ActionScript Version: AS3; Documentation: Some Help; Published Size: 62kb.
Mouse TOUCHSCROLL V2; Liquid Lounge/Bar/Club XML Website.
Keywords: black, blue, catching, eye, iphone, like, mobile, multicolor, new, resizeble, scroll, touch, touchscroll, unique.


text:
VVC Home Why VVC? Program Details VVC Blog
How To Apply Contact Us VVC Brochure
What makes VVC different?
Live in Faith – The Vincentian Volunteers live in intentional community with each other for 11 months (late August - late July). The community has regular opportunities for shared reflection and prayer, in addition to attending three retreats. Each volunteer participates regularly in a parish-based St. Vincent de Paul Conference and has an opportunity for mentorship by a Vincentian who journeys with them throughout the year.
Grow in Friendship – St. Vincent de Paul's motto, "Neighbors Helping Neighbors," comes alive as Vincentian Volunteers enter into relationship with each other, with retreatants through the Ozanam Center for Service Learning, with local Vincentians, and with neighbors who come to St. Vincent de Paul for support and assistance. The home is also located in the West End neighborhood of Cincinnati, two blocks from the Liz Carter Outreach Center where neighbours are served.
Serve in Solidarity – Vincentian Volunteers work full-time for St. Vincent de Paul in a variety of areas, including the Choice Food Pantry, Charitable Pharmacy, Social Services, Development/Marketing, Logistics for our Thrift Stores, and the Ozanam Center for Service Learning. Volunteers learn new skills and gain invaluable hands-on professional experience to position them for a life-long vocation of service. As active members of a local St. Vincent de Paul Conference, Volunteers are welcomed into the homes of our neighbors in need, providing a unique opportunity to provide person-to-person service.


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Every single one of our guests were talking about how incredible the band was. Our wedding wouldn't have been the same without them.– MARCY PERONA & RYAN JARRY, BRIDE & GROOM
Funkytown is so fun and everyone had a great time! I'm the father of the bride and my daughter loved it. What more can you ask for? Funkytown is the best!– JIM TAYLOR – FATHER OF THE BRIDE
I LOVE Funkytown! Whooooo!– LAWRENCE TAYLOR – BRIDE
We hired Funky Town for our wedding in Northwest Arkansas and were extremely pleased. The band was very talented and kept our guests on the dance floor all night. We couldn't be happier!– WEDDING RECEPTION
Thank you Funkytown, this was the BEST reception you all were great, and we LOVED it!– MOTHER OF THE BRIDE, MCALEXANDER WEDDING


text:
Brother MFC-4350 Toner Cartridges
These products are guaranteed to work with your Brother MFC-4350 printer.
Brother TN200/TN300 Black Compatible Laser Toner Cartridge
Brother TN200/TN300 Black Compatible Laser Toner CartridgeMore... In Stock
£15.96 Inc VAT (£13.30 Exc. VAT)
2+ Items £12.00 (£10.00 Exc. VAT)
Includes FREE delivery
Original Brother TN200 Black Toner Cartridge
Original Brother TN200 Black Toner CartridgeMore...In Stock
£39.52 Inc VAT (£32.93 Exc. VAT)
2 Items £36.60 (£30.50 Exc. VAT) 3+ Items £35.54 (£29.62 Exc. VAT)
Includes FREE delivery
Brother MFC-4350
It is a multifunction mono laser printer for small workgroups which consist of various features like print, scan, copy and fax. It gives a good resolution with better detail and easy operations can be performed with its intuitive interface. This gives quality prints and 14.4 kbps fax modem with built in handset and hook dialling features make it unique in its segment. It's user-friendly for executing work and comes with auto doc feeder for smooth working and one USB and Ethernet port for connectivity.


text:
Valeo SA, a French car parts supplier, says it would review its medium-term targets in March 2011 after a quicker-than-expected rebound in profitability. Valeo shares surged 3.7 percent to EUR44.84 at 10:20 CET. The Stoxx 600 European Autos Index increased 2.6 percent while the French CAC-40 index edged up 0.11 percent.
Suppliers and carmakers and suppliers are depending on brisk sales in Asia as European markets have slowed down when the scrappage schemes ended.
In March 2010, Valeo established a new strategic plan, saying it aimed for sales of EUR10 billion ($13.2 billion) by 2013 and return on capital invested of about 30 percent in the same time frame.
In October 2010, Valeo tapped its 2010 operating margin target higher and said it saw sales of about EUR9.4 billion for the full year 2010.
An analyst for Natixis, Michael Foundoukidis, says Valeo has been surprised by the much stronger growth than forecast in March.
At the Reuters Global Autos Summit in November 2010, Valeo CEO Jacques Aschenbroich said he did not exclude increasing medium-term targets. [via autonews - sub. required]