text:
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text: If you're a new Virtual Assistant or thinking of becoming one, I'm sure you're worried about how you will get new clients. So to help you get an idea of who could be that elusive and exciting first client, I asked members of my VA Handbookers Facebook group a load of questions about their first one including how they got them and what tasks they needed help with. This is what they said:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 25, 2010
|Filing date
|Dec 15, 2004
|Priority date
|Dec 19, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stefan Bruhn, Ingemar Johansson, Anisse Taleb, Patrik Sandgren
|Original Assignee
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (25), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (15), Classifications (13), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is based on, and claims domestic priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from, Provisional Application No. 60/530,650, filed Dec. 19, 2003, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates in general to encoding of audio signals, and in particular to encoding of multi-channel audio signals.
There is a high market need to transmit and store audio signals at low bit rate while maintaining high audio quality. Particularly, in cases where transmission resources or storage is limited low bit rate operation is an essential cost factor. This is typically the case, e.g. in streaming and messaging applications in mobile communication systems such as GSM, UMTS, or CDMA.
Today, there are no standardized codecs available providing high stereophonic audio quality at bit rates that are economically interesting for use in mobile communication systems. What is possible with available codecs is monophonic transmission of the audio signals. To some extent also stereophonic transmission is available. However, bit rate limitations usually require limiting the stereo representation quite drastically.
The simplest way of stereophonic or multi-channel coding of audio signals is to encode the signals of the different channels separately as individual and independent signals. Another basic way used in stereo FM radio transmission and which ensures compatibility with legacy mono radio receivers is to transmit a sum and a difference signal of the two involved channels.
State-of-the-art audio codecs, such as MPEG-1/2 Layer III and MPEG-2/4 AAC make use of so-called joint stereo coding. According to this technique, the signals of the different channels are processed jointly, rather than separately and individually. The two most commonly used joint stereo coding techniques are known as "Mid/Side" (M/S) stereo coding and intensity stereo coding, which usually are applied on sub-bands of the stereo or multi-channel signals to be encoded.
M/S stereo coding is similar to the described procedure in stereo FM radio, in a sense that it encodes and transmits the sum and difference signals of the channel sub-bands and thereby exploits redundancy between the channel sub-bands. The structure and operation of an encoder based on M/S stereo coding is described, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,498 by J. D. Johnston.
Intensity stereo on the other hand is able to make use of stereo irrelevancy. It transmits the joint intensity of the channels (of the different sub-bands) along with some location information indicating how the intensity is distributed among the channels. Intensity stereo does only provide spectral magnitude information of the channels. Phase information is not conveyed. For this reason and since the temporal inter-channel information (more specifically the inter-channel time difference) is of major psycho-acoustical relevancy particularly at lower frequencies, intensity stereo can only be used at high frequencies above e.g. 2 kHz. An intensity stereo coding method is described, e.g. in the European patent 0497413 by R. Veldhuis et al.
A recently developed stereo coding method is described, e.g. in a conference paper with the title "Binaural cue coding applied to stereo and multi-channel audio compression", 112th AES convention, May 2002, Munich, Germany by C. Faller et al. This method is a parametric multi-channel audio coding method. The basic principle is that at the encoding side, the input signals from N channels c1, c2, . . . cN are combined to one mono signal m. The mono signal is audio encoded using any conventional monophonic audio codec. In parallel, parameters are derived from the channel signals, which describe the multi-channel image. The parameters are encoded and transmitted to the decoder, along with the audio bit stream. The decoder first decodes the mono signal m′ and then regenerates the channel signals c1′, c2′, . . . , cN′, based on the parametric description of the multi-channel image.
The principle of the Binaural Cue Coding (BCC) method is that it transmits the encoded mono signal and so-called BCC parameters. The BCC parameters comprise coded inter-channel level differences and inter-channel time differences for sub-bands of the original multi-channel input signal. The decoder regenerates the different channel signals by applying sub-band-wise level and phase adjustments of the mono signal based on the BCC parameters. The advantage over e.g. M/S or intensity stereo is that stereo information comprising temporal inter-channel information is transmitted at much lower bit rates.
A problem with the state-of-the-art multi-channel coding techniques described above is that they require high bit rates in order to provide good quality. Intensity stereo, if applied at low bit rates as low as e.g. only a few kbps suffers from the fact that it does not provide any temporal inter-channel information. As this information is perceptually important for low frequencies below e.g. 2 kHz, it is unable to provide a stereo impression at such low frequencies.
BCC is able to reproduce the multi-channel image even at low frequencies at low bit rates of e.g. 3 kbps since it also transmits temporal inter-channel information. However, this technique requires computational demanding time-frequency transforms on each of the channels, both at the encoder and the decoder. Moreover, BCC optimizes the mapping in a pure mathematical manner. Characteristic artifacts immanent in the coding method will, however, not disappear.
Another technique, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,948 by C. E. Holt et al. uses a similar approach of encoding the mono signal and side information. In this case, side information consists of predictor filters and optionally a residual signal. The predictor filters, estimated by a least-mean-square algorithm, when applied to the mono signal allow the prediction of the multi-channel audio signals. With this technique one is able to reach very low bit rate encoding of multi-channel audio sources, however, at the expense of a quality drop.
An approach similar to the above filtering approach is described in WO 03/090206 by Breebaart and Groenendaal. However, this approach uses a fixed filter applied to the mono signal and combined together with the non filtered mono signal via a matrixing operation. The matrixing operation is dependent upon a received correlation parameter and a received level parameter. The objective of such signal synthesis is to restore the correlation and the level difference of the original two channels. Because of the inherently fixed filtering operation, the signal synthesis has a very limited potential for signal reproduction and does not adapt to the signal characteristics. The approach can be regarded as an extension of the intensity stereo coding method discussed above, in which now a temporal component is conveyed to the decoder. Still, only the level and the correlation parameters allow a certain degree of adaptivity through a matrixing operation. This operation consists of a mere rotation and scaling of statically filtered signals, thus limiting the polyphonic reproduction ability. Another drawback of the approach is the fact that it is not based on a fidelity criterion, e.g. signal-to-noise ratio, which limits its scalability to transparent quality.
Finally, for completeness, a technique is to be mentioned that is used in 3D audio. This technique synthesizes the right and left channel signals by filtering sound source signals with so-called head-related filters. However, this technique requires the different sound source signals to be separated and can thus not generally be applied for stereo or multi-channel coding.
Although the predictor filters are known to be optimal in the least-mean-square sense, they do not always fully restore the perceptual characteristics of the original multi-channel signals. In e.g. the case of stereo encoding, stereo image instability may occur, where the sound jumps randomly between left to right. Furthermore, spectral nulls may cause instabilities and lead to a filter whose frequency response at these frequencies is aberrant. This may cause the filter to perform unnecessary amplification in certain regions and lead to very annoying audible artifacts, especially if the signals are low-pass or high-pass filtered.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method and device for multi-channel encoding that improves the perceptual quality of the audio signal. A further object of the present invention is to provide such a method and device, which requires low bit rate representation.
The above objects are achieved by methods and devices according to the enclosed patent claims. In general, at the encoder side, the signals of the different channels are combined into one main signal. A set of adaptive filters, preferably one for each channel, is derived. When a filter is applied to the main signal it reconstructs the signal of the respective channel under a perceptual constraint. The perceptual constraint is a gain and/or shape constraint. The gain constraint allows the preservation of the relative energy between the channels while the shape constraint allows stereo image stability, e.g. by avoiding unnecessary filtering of spectral nulls. The transmitted parameters are the main signal, in encoded form, and the parameters of the adaptive filters, preferably also encoded. The receiver reconstructs the signal of the different channels by applying the adaptive filters and possibly some additional post-processing.
An advantage with the present invention is that perceptual artifacts are reduced when decoding audio signals. The required transmission bit rate is at the same time also kept at a very low level.
The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:
At the receiver 20 side, an antenna 22 with associated hardware and software handles the actual reception of radio signals 5 representing polyphonic audio signals. Here, typical functionalities, such as e.g. error correction, are performed. A decoder 24 decodes the received radio signals 5 and transforms the audio data carried thereby into signals of a number of output channels 26. The output signals can be provided to e.g. loudspeakers 29 for immediate presentation, or can be stored in an audio signal storage 28 of any kind.
The system 1 can for instance be a phone conference system, a system for supplying audio services or other audio applications. In some systems, such as e.g. the phone conference system, the communication has to be of a duplex type, while e.g. distribution of music from a service provider to a subscriber can be essentially of a one-way type. The transmission of signals from the transmitter 10 to the receiver 20 can also be performed by any other means, e.g. by different kinds of electromagnetic waves, cables or fibers as well as combinations thereof.
The channel signals are connected to a linear combination unit 34. In the present embodiment, all channel signals are summed together to form a mono signal x. However, any predetermined linear combination of one or more of the channel signals may be used as an alternative, including pure channel signals. However, a pure sum will simplify most mathematical operations. The mono signal x is provided as an input signal 42 to a channel filter section 130. Furthermore, the mono signal x is provided to, and encoded in, a mono signal encoder 38 to provide encoding parameters px representing the mono signal x. The mono signal encoder operates according to any suitable mono signal encoding technique. Many such techniques are available in known technology. The actual details of the encoding technique are not of importance for enabling the present invention and is therefore not further discussed.
The channel signals are also connected to the channel filter section 130. In the present embodiment, each channel signal is connected to a respective filter adaptation unit 30:1-30:N. The filter adaptation units perform a reconstruction of a respective channel signal when applied to the mono signal x. Coefficients of the filter adaptation units 30:1-30:N are according to the present invention optimized under a perceptual constraint. However, the optimized coefficients of the filter adaptation units 30:1-30:N may also be obtained at least partly in a joint optimization of two or more of the channel signals.
The output of the channel filter section 130 comprises N sets of filter parameters p1-pN. These filter parameters p1-pN are typically encoded separately or jointly to be suitable for transmission. The filter parameters p1-pN and the mono signal x are sufficient to enable reconstruction of all channels signals. The encoded filter parameters p1-pN and the encoding parameters px representing the mono signal x are in the present embodiment multiplexed in a multiplexor 40 into one output signal 52, ready for transmission.
The encoding parameters px representing the mono signal x are provided to a mono signal decoder 64, in which the encoding parameters px representing the mono signal x are used to generate a decoded mono signal x″ according any suitable decoding technique associated with the encoding technique used in
The encoded filter parameters are also provided to the channel filter section 160, where they are decoded and used to define channel filters 60:1-60:N. The so defined respective channel filters 60:1-60:N are applied to the decoded mono signal x″ whereby respective channel signals c″1-c″N are reconstructed and provided at outputs 26:1-26:N.
In most embodiments of the present disclosure, a mono signal is used as a main signal for regenerating the channel signals at the encoding or decoding. However, in a general approach, any predetermined linear combination of signals selected among the channel signals may be used as such a main signal. The optimum choice of predetermined linear combination depends on the actual application and implementation. A single channel signal can also constitute a possible such predetermined linear combination.
Another embodiment of a multi-channel encoder 14 according to the present invention is illustrated in
The linear combination unit 34 provides as earlier a predetermined linear combination of the channel signals to the mono signal encoder 38. However, in this embodiment, the signal associated with the mono signal x is instead a decoded version x″ of the encoding parameters px representing the mono signal x. Such an arrangement, referred to as a closed loop approach, will allow for certain compensations of mono signal encoding inaccuracies, as described further below.
The linear combination unit 34 of the present embodiment also combines the channel signals in N−1 predetermined linear combinations c*1-c*N-1, which serves as actual input signals to the channel filter section 130. The N-1 predetermined linear combinations c*1-c*N-1 should be mutually linear independent. The linear combinations c*1-c*N-1 do not necessarily comprise any contribution from all channel signals. The term "linear combination" should in this context be used as also comprising the special cases where a factor of a component can be set to zero. In fact, in the most simple set-up, the linear combinations c*1-c*N-1 can be identical to the channel signals c1-cN-1. By utilizing a decoded mono signal x″ at the decoder side, the original channel signals can be recovered.
The modified channel signals are also in this embodiment connected to the channel filter section 130, in which N−1 sets of filter coefficients are deduced, now corresponding to the modified channel signals. The coefficients of the filter adaptation units 30:1-30:N are according to the present invention optimized under a perceptual constraint.
The output of the channel filter section 130 comprises N−1 sets of filter parameters p*1-p*N-1. These filter parameters p*1-pN-1 are typically encoded separately or jointly to be suitable for transmission. The encoded filter parameters p*1-p*N-1 and the encoding parameters px representing the mono signal x are in the present embodiment transmitted separately.
In order to realize the important relevance of the perceptual constraints, an example of prior art filter encoding will be described more in detail, basically referring to the U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,948. This multi-channel encoding allows low bit rates if the transmission of residual signals is omitted. To derive the channel reconstruction filter, an error minimization procedure based on a least-mean-square or weighted least-mean-square concept calculates the filters such that its output signal ĉ(n) best matches the target signal c(n).
In order to compute the filter, several error measures may be used. The mean square error or the weighted mean square error are well known and are computationally cheap to implement. According to the least mean square approach, the filter h c uc, where "uc" refers to "unconstrained", is valid for one frame of data and chosen such that it minimizes the squared error between the target signal and the filter output, i.e. the square of the difference ruc(n)=c(n)−ĉuc(n), n indexing the samples of a data frame. This error is expressed as:
This leads to the following linear equation system for the filter coefficient vector h c uc:
R xx �h c uc =r xc
where R xx is the symmetric covariance matrix of the mono signal x(n):
and where r xc is a vector of cross-correlations of signals x(n) and c(n):
However, as mentioned further above, the perceptual characteristics may not completely be determined by a pure mathematical minimization.
One very important perceptual characteristic of multi-channel signals is their energy and especially the relative levels between the multi-channel audio signals. In the case of stereo encoding with prior-art methods, annoying stereo image instability where the sound source jumps periodically from left to right may be the result. Moreover, since only one filter is needed in stereo encoding, no direct control over the left and right predictions is achieved. According to the present invention, a gain constraint is therefore advantageously utilized during optimization procedures. In that context, it may be noted that one filter per channel basically is necessary, c.f.
In certain situations, the predicted channels may have no frequency content above or below a certain frequency. This occurs if, for instance, the channel is high-pass filtered, or results from a band-splitting procedure. Spectral nulls may cause instabilities and lead to filter responses that produces unnecessary amplification and low frequency audible artifacts. According to the present invention, a shape constraint is therefore advantageously utilized during optimization procedures.
x(n)=γc1 �c1(n)+γc2 �c2(n),
and derives from it the output signal ĉ1(n). The factors γc1 and γc2 determine how the channel signals are combined. One possibility is to set γc1 to a factor 2γ and γc2 to 2(1−γ). In this case, the mono signal will be a weighted sum of the channels. In particular, a suitable setting is γ=0.5, in which case both channels are equally weighted. Another suitable setting may be γc1=−γc2, in which case the mono signal is the difference of the channel signals.
The weighted combination of the individual channel signals to form the mono signal can in general even be the combination of filtered versions of the respective channel signals. Such an approach will be called pre-filtering.
This can be useful if the approach is implemented in the excitation domain or in general a weighted signal domain. For instance, the channels can be pre-filtered by a LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) residual filter of the mono signal.
In the following, the mono and left and right channel will be assumed to be in general some pre-filtered versions of the real mono, left and right channels. When restoring the channels, the step of post-filtering with the mono LPC synthesis filter would be needed in order to get back to the signal domains.
In the following, the case γc1=� and γc2=� is discussed more in detail.
In case of h c1 being an FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter, ĉ1(n) is a linear combination of delayed versions of signal x(n):
the index set being I=[imin . . . imax]. The filter parameters p1 comprise the filter coefficients h c1 and maybe necessary additional data defining the filter.
If applying e.g. the encoding method presented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,948, the difference signal of two channel signals is reproduced by a filter. In
There are several ways of implementing the gain constraint. One possible approach is to have a hard constraint, i.e. exact energy match between the original channel and the estimated channel, or to impose a loose gain constraint such as the output channel has a prescribed energy Ec1, which is not necessarily equal to the original channel signal energy.
The constrained minimization problem can easily be solved by Lagrange method, i.e. the Lagrange functional:
The optimal solution gives a filter h c1 that is proportional to the unconstrained filter h c1 uc=R xx −1�r xc1. The proportionality factor is:
The gain constrained filter thereby becomes h c1 gc=gc1 h c1 uc.
If the present encoder principle is used in a limited frequency band, a channel signal may look like curve 305 of
In order to impose a certain spectral shape on the filter, a set of linear constraints have to be imposed on the filter. These constraints should in general be of a number less than the number of coefficients of the filter.
For instance, if one wants to set a constraint of a spectral null at 0 kHz, then a suitable constraint is:
In general, the shape constraint can be formulated by a matrix and a vector such that
From the theory of constrained least squares, the optimal filter satisfying these constraints is:
This constraint is especially useful when it is known a priori that the channel has no frequency content in a certain frequency range.
The gain and shape constraints can also be combined. In such a case, the shape constraint is preferably first applied and the gain constraint is then added as a factor, according to
The filters depend on the unconstrained filter and the latter obeys, since c1(n)+c2(n)=2x(n), the relation:
where δ denotes the identity filter. Useful properties can be derived for the shape-constrained filters, if the constraints on the two channels are identical,
This equation is useful for bit rate reduction when encoding the channel filters, since it shows that the channel filters are related by quantities that are available at the decoder side.
The relations between the shape constrained filters also opens up for a rational computation of the filters. In
A more detailed block scheme of another embodiment using a side signal for applying the shape constraint is illustrated in
After calculation of the constrained channel filters h c1 and h c2, they are quantized and encoded in a representation, which is suitable for transmission to the receiver. Typically, the coefficients of the filters are quantized using scalar or vector quantizers and the quantizer indexes are transmitted. The quantizers may also implement prediction, which is very beneficial for bit rate reduction especially in this scenario.
Making use of the complementarities of the filters may further reduce the bit rate since only one of the filters h c1 or h c2 or a linear combination of them is quantized and transmitted while the gains gc1 and gc2 are jointly vector quantized and transmitted separately. Such a transmission can be carried out at bit rates as low as, e.g. 1 kbps.
The receiver first decodes the transmitted mono signal and channel filters. Then, it regenerates the different channel signals by filtering the mono signal through the respective channel filter. Preferably, in the stereo case, the completeness property is used, and the coefficients are recombined to produce the filters h c1 and h c2.
Certain post-processing steps that further improve the quality of the reconstructed multi-channel signal may follow the re-generation of the different channels signals.
It is sometimes beneficial to smooth the gain of the shape-constrained filters or a linear combination of these filters, before computing the gain constrained channel filters.
For instance, in the case of stereo, the equivalent side signal filter is (as used in
h s sc=0.5 h c1 sc−0.5 h c2 sc
and in order to reduce possible artifacts, the gain difference of this filter between successive frames is smoothened leading to a filter otl h s sc. The channel filters are then modified according to:
otl h c1 sc =δ+otl h s sc
otl h c2 sc =δ−otl h s sc.
This type of modification does not conserve the shape constraints, however, one can easily see that the shape constraints are still conserved on the side signal filter and this is enough in the case of stereo coding.
The gain constraint on the filters assumes previously computed channel energies, i.e. Ec1, Ec2. It is important to control the gains of the filters, e.g. gc1, gc2 and to avoid unnecessary amplification by limiting the gains. Depending on the properties of the different channel signals, it may occur that the channels are anti-correlated on the whole frequency range or in certain frequency bands. This leads to a certain cancellation when the mono channel is formed. In this case, since the individual channel information has been lost, at least partially and in some frequency bands, it is often beneficial to limit the channels gains when these are greater than a certain amount, e.g. 0 dB. One way to perform this gain limitation is to compute a certain gain factor:
which is the ratio of the effective mono channel energy and the energy of the mono channel if the two channels were uncorrelated. When this factor is less than 0 dB, then we have signal cancellation. In this case, gF quantifies how severe this cancellation is. The gain limitation can then be computed as:
g c1(dB)=max(g c1(dB)+g F(dB),0), when gF<0 dB.
The same limitation holds for the gain of the other channels.
Not only the channel filter parameters need to be encoded and transmitted, but also the mono signal. There are two different principle approaches to consider the mono signal audio coding when deriving the channel filter coefficients.
In an open-loop fashion, the filters are derived based on the original mono signal. This is e.g. the case in
In a closed-loop fashion, the filter calculations are based on the coded and thus already quantized mono signal. This is e.g. the case in
The principles described hitherto are applicable on the complete spectrum, i.e. full-band signals. However, they are equally well or even more beneficially applicable on sub-bands of the signals.
Advantages of the described sub-band processing are that the multi-channel encoding for the different sub-bands can be carried out individually optimized with respect to e.g. assigned bit rate, processing frame sizes and sampling rate.
One special kind of sub-band processing does not carry out multi-channel encoding for very low frequencies, e.g. below 200 Hz. That means that for this very low frequency band, a mere mono signal is transmitted. This principle makes use of the fact that the human stereo perception is less sensitive for very low frequencies. It is known from prior art and called sub-woofing.
In a further embodiment of the sub-band processing the band splitting is done using a time-frequency transform such as, e.g. a short term Fourier transform (STFT), which allows decomposing the signal into single frequency components. In this case, the filtering reduces to a mere multiplication of the individual spectral coefficients of the mono signal with a complex factor.
The parametric multi-channel coding method according to the invention will typically involve fixed frame-wise processing of signal samples. In other words, parameters describing the multi-channel image are derived and transmitted with a rate corresponding to a coding frame length of, e.g. 20 ms. The parameters may, however, be obtained from signal frames which are much larger than the coding frame length. A suitable choice is to set the length of such analysis frames to values larger than the coding frame length. This implies that the parameter calculation is performed with overlapping analysis frames.
This is illustrated in
Also at the encoder, smooth filter parameter evolution can be enforced. It is, e.g. possible to apply low-pass or median filtering to the filter parameters.
State-of-the-art monophonic audio codecs as well as speech codecs perform so-called noise shaping of the coding noise. The purpose of this operation is to move coding noise to frequencies where the signal has high spectral density and thus render the noise less audible. Noise shaping is usually done adaptively, i.e. in response to the audio signal. This implies that, in general, the noise shaping performed on the mono signal will be different from what is required for the various channel signals. As a result, despite proper noise shaping in the mono audio codec, the subsequent channel filtering according to the invention may lead to an audible coding noise increase in the reconstructed multi-channel signal when comparing to the audible coding noise in the mono signal.
In order to mitigate this problem, signal-adaptive post-filtering may be applied to the reconstructed channel signals in a post-processing step of the receiver. Any state-of-the-art post-filtering techniques can be deployed here, which essentially emphasize spectral tops or deepen spectral valleys and thereby reduce the audible noise. One example of such a technique is so-called high-resolution post-filtering which is described in the European Patent 0 965 123 B1 by E. Ekudden et. al. Other simple methods are so-called pitch- and formant post-filters, which are known from speech coding.
The embodiments described above are to be understood as a few illustrative examples of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations and changes may be made to the embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. In particular, different part solutions in the different embodiments can be combined into other configurations, where technically possible. The scope of the present invention is, however, defined by the appended claims.
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|Partial spectral loss concealment in transform codecs
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|Audio coding
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|Citing Patent
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|Feb 22, 2006
|May 17, 2011
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericcson (Publ)
|Filter smoothing in multi-channel audio encoding and/or decoding
|Jan 30, 2006
|Oct 11, 2011
|Panasonic Corporation
|Scalable encoding device and scalable encoding method
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|Audio encoding method and device
|Mar 8, 2007
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|France Telecom
|Device and method for graduated encoding of a multichannel audio signal based on a principal component analysis
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|France Telecom
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|Audio encoding method and device
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|Apr 18, 2017
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ)
|Adaptive bit allocation for multi-channel audio encoding
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|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
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|Manuel Briand
|Device and Method for Graduated Encoding of a Multichannel Audio Signal Based on a Principal Component Analysis
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|Audio encoding method and device
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|U.S. Classification
|704/500, 704/504, 704/501, 704/229, 704/230, 381/17, 704/503
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|May 2, 2005
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Thunder of heaven : The End Series, Book 2. / Tim LaHaye.
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- Publisher: Grand Rapids : Zondervan, 2011.
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| The End Series by New York Times bestselling author Tim LaHaye and Craig Parshall is an epic thrill ride ripped from today's headlines and filtered through Scriptural prophecy. As world events begin setting the stage for the 'end of days' foretold in Revelation, Joshua Jordan must weigh the personal price he must pay to save the nation he loves. Thunder of Heaven appeals to the tens of millions of readers who have already made Tim LaHaye a household name and one of the best selling authors of all time. This book is a return to form for Tim LaHaye whose previous prophetic fiction series, Left Behind, has sold roughly 70 million copies. Those who have read Left Behind and are eager for more highly charged fiction based on biblical prophesies will embrace Thunder of Heaven for the same reasons that turned Left Behind into the world's most celebrated publishing phenomenons of the last two decades.
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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Feature film of Joe Mohn. Was presented to the public in 2014, it is a production of USA. You can watch The Sickness online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2014.
Rating: 5 by 10 users./
Runtime: 100 minutes
Ali Ferda, John Janacone, Jason Fuller, Michael Hackworth, Jen Morgenstern-Procner, Preston Steele, Isabella Johnson, Shane Kimple, Katiee Christine, Kenneth Hober, Megan Allbee, Sully Allen, Kayla Bailey, Metaya Benton, Jimmie Black and Cortnie Bown.
100-minute film (full movie) directed by Joe Mohn.
The original audio of The Sickness has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in USA.
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Screenplay written by Joe Mohn.
Joe Mohn.
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Vicky Guo – Chair of the China Task Force
China Academy of Information and Communication Technology (CAICT)
Ms. Guo has 11 years of experience in mobile security and her work
at CAICT focuses on research within TEE architecture and technology.
Her main responsibilities include managing and drafting standards for
the mobile terminal TEE and bring your own device (BYOD) for the China
Communications Standards Association (CCSA). She also represents CAICT
within GlobalPlatform.
In 2015, Ms. Guo played a key role in CAICT becoming a
GlobalPlatform qualified laboratory. She has also organized multiple
TEE technology workshops and relevant discussions around the topic.
Ms. Guo was elected as Chair of the China Task Force in 2016.
Victor An – Co-Vice-Chair of the China Task
DPLS Labs
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extensive security evaluation experience and has worked as a Project
Manager for companies including Apple, Samsung and China Eastern
Airlines. Mr. An was also Project Manager for GlobalPlatform's TEE
Security Evaluation Project.
Mr. An was elected as Co-Vice-Chair of the China Task Force in 2016.
Xinmiao Chang – Co-Vice-Chair of the China Task
Ms. Chang joined Huawei in 2008 and serves as a Senior Engineer in
the Standardization and Innovation Department. She is responsible for
leading mobile payment and related security platform projects.
Ms. Chang was elected to serve as Co-Vice-Chair of the China Task
Force in 2016.
Michael Lu - Co-Vice-Chair of the China Task
Mr. Lu is Business Development Director at Trustonic, the leading
provider of TEE solutions. He is responsible for the Greater China
Region for Trustonic and previously Chaired the Premium Content Task
Force at GlobalPlatform. He has over 15 years of experience in the
media and technology industries. Before joining Trustonic, he worked at
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security architecture platform and products based on ARM TrustZone
technologies. His previous roles include a position with Freesat, a
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responsible for UK digital TV standards and certification regime for UK
retail TV and STB products. He is Vice Chair of the China Task Force.
Mr. Lu is Co-Vice-Chair of the China Task Force.
Fang Qiang – Co-Vice-Chair of the China Task
Mr. Qiang currently works within the Standardization and Research
team at Alibaba. He has over five years' experience in the field of
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collaboration with organizations such as ITU, GlobalPlatform and CCSA.
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research, and is dedicated to promoting the standardization of
operating system technology.
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Nils Gerhardt - Consumer IoT Task Force Chair
Giesecke & Devrient
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serves as Group Vice President with a global product responsibility for
financial institutions. Within this role, Mr. Gerhardt oversees product
and project management, including product marketing and certification.
Prior to this appointment, Mr. Gerhardt held the position of Vice
President for Product and Project Management at Giesecke & Devrient
Canada across the government, financial, telecommunication and transit
Mr. Gerhardt was elected Chair of the Consumer IoT Task Force and
also serves on the GlobalPlatform Board of Directors.
Philip Hoyer - Identity Task Force Chair
HID Global
Mr. Hoyer is a subject matter expert on security, identity, national
ID, NFC, payment and access control that speaks at major conferences
and has been involved in identity and standardization bodies such as
GlobalPlatform, OASIS, OATH and IETF for over 15 years.
He is Director of Strategic Innovation at HID Global. His main
responsibilities are driving strategic innovation projects,
specifically in mobility security solutions, and the management and
creation of strategic alliances and business unit strategy.
Mr. Hoyer has over 20 years' experience architecting, building and
delivering IT solutions, much of which was gained working as a
solutions architect for a large consultancy.
Mr. Hoyer is Chair of the GlobalPlatform Identity Task Force and
Chair of the Secure Component BLE Connector Working Group.
Alexander Summerer – Vice-Chair of the Identity
Task Force
Mr. Summerer has been working for Giesecke & Devrient since 2008. As
System Architect he was responsible for the implementation and
integration of mobile ID and PKI solutions.
Currently he is working as a technology consultant. In this role, he
drives technology developments for strong authentication solutions and
identity application for mobile platforms. Moreover, Mr. Summerer is an
active contributor in different standardization organizations and is
especially engaged in the standardization of APIs and protocols for
Secure Element based mobile applications in the REE and TEE. He is
currently Chair of the Access Control Working Group and Vice-Chair of
the Identity Task Force in GlobalPlatform.
Sebastian Hans - IoT Task Force Chair
Mr. Hans currently serves as Senior Standardization Manager at
Oracle, previously Sun Microsystems Inc., where he is responsible for
all smart card standardization activities with a strong focus on SIM
and UICC technology. While at Sun Microsystems Inc, Mr. Hans has also
headed up business development within the telecommunications market and
has driven advanced pilot projects for the deployment of Java Card in
the banking, insurance and mobile communication markets. Mr. Hans
represents Sun Microsystems Inc. in ETSI SCP, 3GPP, OMA and is the Vice
Chair of ETSI SCP TEC.
Mr. Hans serves as GlobalPlatform Board Director and Chair of the
Industrial Internet-of-Things Task Force.
Eikazu Niwano - Japan Task Force Chair
NTT Corporation
Mr. Niwano currently serves as a Producer in the R&D Planning
Department of NTT Corporation. He is responsible for managing e-
government and smart card projects across NTT group companies.
Since joining NTT, Mr. Niwano has undertaken research on distributed
system architecture including smart cards at NTT laboratories. He was
also the general manager of the Europe Office of the Information
Sharing Laboratory Group, where he was involved in a number of European
/ international standardization activities.
He is additionally a NICSS (Next Generation IC Card System Study
group) Fellow, sits on the Board of Directors and is the former Chair
of the GlobalPlatform-NICSS Collaboration Expert Group, and serves as
Chair of the SCP10 Task Force.
Mr. Niwano has served on the GlobalPlatform Board of Directors since
2005 and is the current Chair of the GlobalPlatform Japan Task Force.
Olivier Van Nieuwenhuyze - Security Task Force Co-
Mr. Van Nieuwenhuyze currently serves as Security System Architect
at STMicroelectronics. Within this role he has software architecture
responsibilities for the NFC ecosystem and secure elements.
He joined STMicroelectronics in 2003 and since 1999 Mr. Van
Nieuwenhuyze has been active in several smart card projects for
banking, transport and near field communication.
Mr. Van Nieuwenhuyze was elected to serve as the Security Task Force
Chair in 2015. He also currently serves as Chair of the Multi SE
Working Group in GlobalPlatform's Card Committee and Chair of the Root
of Trust Sub-Task Force with the Security Task Force.
Jean-Daniel Aussel – Security Task Force
Dr. Aussel is Head of Standardization at Gemalto. He is responsible
for driving standardization across all application domains related to
smartcards and digital security solutions within the Strategy &
Innovation department.
Dr. Aussel has over 30 years of experience in the management of
innovation and global teams and has led the development of several
embedded and server security products for Bull CP8, Schlumberger Smart
Cards & Terminals, Axalto and Gemalto.
Dr. Aussel was elected to serve as Co-Vice-Chair of the Security
Task Force in 2015.
Xavier Vilarrubla – Security Task Force Co-Chair
Paul Stovold - Public Transportation Sub-Task Force
ITSO Limited
Mr. Stovold currently serves as Governance Manager at ITSO Limited,
where he is responsible for leading compliance through the
implementation of policies and procedures across the ITSO membership.
Prior to this, Mr. Stovold served as Head of IT at financial services
company, Cashflows where he was responsible for systems operations,
software development, technical support & programme management.
Mr. Stovold was elected to serve as Chair of the Transportation Sub-
Task Force in 2015.
GlobalPlatform is a cross industry, not-for-profit association which identifies, develops and publishes specifications which facilitate the secure and interoperable deployment and management of multiple embedded applications on secure chip technology. Its proven technical specifications are regarded as the international industry standard for building a trusted end-to-end solution which serves multiple actors and supports several business models.


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Made in China – Economic Turmoil or Sensible Change?
China's importance for the global economy has reached a point where any major decision by the Chinese could deeply impact the rest of the world economically. We talked to Prof. Rolf J. Langhammer about this situation and what it takes for China to keep on the right path.


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Derby Day, Friday, May 1, 2015
Get ready for DERBY DAY at the Paragon Carousel! Our signature fundraising event, this "play-the-ponies" party is the most unique soiree you will ever attend! "Bet" on the horses, enjoy a gourmet meal, perhaps a mint julep, and get ready to win big! Join us this year and support your local carousel! You can purchase tickets online as well as sponsor your own horse in the race! Last year all the horses were spoken for two weeks before race time! Details can be found here. Start decorating those Derby hats!


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Most of our items are not kept in stock. They are manufactured on demand. Estimate 2-4 weeks until delivery, this may vary according to time of year & pressure of business
There is a surcharge on all orders for shipping except orders over 300 euro, they will be shipped for free. This charge reflects the actual cost of shipping and registered mail.
Regular postal service within Eu costs a maximum of € 13.50. Outside Eu the maximum charge is € 19,00.
Most of the shipping is done by regular postal services. This is inexpensive, safe and relatively fast.
All postal packages are sent with registered mail, this means that you might have to sign for the package when it arrives.
Packages require 2-5 days to reach European destinations, 5-14 days for non European destinations.
When we ship by air mail, customs duties may or may not be imposed by import authorities in your country. These fees are your responsibility, and are not included in our shipping charges.
Parcels will be send out as discrete as possible.
Breathcatchers will accept all information you submit and deal with it in strictest confidence.
All information given to Breathcatchers will be kept strictly private.
No products
0,00 €
Total 0,00 €
Shipping costs:
Netherlands: 6,75 euro
EU: 13,50 euro
World: 19,00 euroOrders over 300,- euro = free shipping!


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Transit Oriented Development (TOD) creates high density, mixed land use patterns with pedestrian friendly environment concentrated around transit stations. This enables people to walk to transit stops or to their daily destinations, and decreases the need for private vehicle use.
Throughout the Wasatch Front Metropolitan Region, the majority of land use development forces people to drive in order to access their destinations. This is due to low density and mostly single use developments built on poorly connected street networks with several cul-de-sacs and few routing options for transport system users. Even though the development of Wasatch Front has the legacy of transit supportive land uses in the region's city centers and previous street car suburbs, the connection between them is still such that it encourages driving as the dominant mode of transportation. Designing streets and street networks that would support TOD environments is still considered with hesitation as the potential solution for traffic congestion and increasing travel demand. One of the reasons for this might be the need to evaluate the effects that TOD has on traffic operations.
This project aims to quantify the traffic impacts of TOD using a study network located in West Valley City, Utah, bordered by 3500 S and 4700 S (north-south), and 4800 W and 5600 W (east-west). This part of West Valley City will go through many development and land use changes in the next 15 years. The Mountain View Corridor is being built along 5600 W, and many other road and transit projects are planned in the vicinity. This area will be focused on transit use, so there is a need to design the best possible TOD features for the planned conditions.
The purpose of TOD is to motivate people to change their travel mode choices. Built environment could be the answer to this challenge. Changing the environment to accommodate walking and transit vehicles could increase the number of transit users. The main points and guidelines of the literature review have been adapted and applied to the project network. The design principles are given separately for each set of improvement measures. The improvement measure designs given in this document are:
- Enhanced street connectivity
- Traffic calming measures
- Innovative intersections
- Transit friendly designs
Once the designs were reviewed, edited, and approved by UTA, we created detailed design for each measure and applied them to the project network. Performance evaluation measures we used are related to traffic analysis, street connectivity, and transit accessibility. The report provides recommendations for future development of the observed network into a TOD-supportive environment.
Download full version (PDF): Traffic Modeling of Transit Oriented Development
About the Mountain-Plains Consortium
The Mountain-Plains Consortium (MPC) theme is "Transportation Infrastructure and Operations to Support Sustainable Energy Development and the Safe Movement of People and Goods". MPC is a competitively selected university program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation through its Research and Innovative Technology Administration.
Tags: Mountain-Plains Consortium, TOD, Transit-Oriented Development, UT, Utah, West Valley City


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CS 257 Chapter – 15.9 Summary of Query Execution Database Systems: The Complete Book. Krishna Vellanki 124. Introduction. What is Query Processor? Group of components of a DBMS that converts a user queries and data-modification commands into a sequence of database operations
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Krishna Vellanki
What is Query Processor?
Query compilation
Number of reasons to sort a relation
Also denoted as B(R).
The choice of an algorithm for each operator is an essential
part of the process of transforming a logical query plan into
a physical query plan.
One-Pass Algorithms for Tuple-at-a-Time Operations: selection and projection
One-Pass Algorithms for Unary, fill-Relation Operations: Duplicate Elimination and Grouping
One-Pass Algorithms for Unary, fill-Relation Operations: Binary operations including Union, Intersection, Difference, Product and Join
To decrease the cost
Read too Late
Transaction T tries to read too late
Transaction T tries to write too late
T could perform a dirty read if it is reads X
A write is cancelled because of a write with a later timestamp, but the writer then aborts
Hashing is done if the data is too big to store in main memory buffers.
Steps to be followed for a Two passed Algorithm based on hashing


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Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: Apostrophe Usage
06-14-04, 07:29 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Apr 2003
- Posts
- 114
Unanswered: Apostrophe Usage
Ok, I still have some uncertainty as to just exactly how this whole apostrophe thing works with databases. I understand that it is a reserved character and so when a sql query runs into one of these creatures it looks at it as something other than a normal character.
I am working primarily in vb/asp/sql server with a little bit of access. I am familiar with the instrinsic 'Replace' function and I use it but I still have occassional problems.
I would like any information I can get on just exactly why/how this thing works and how to work-around the apostrophe when writing to, reading from, and validating data from sql server/access/any databases.
06-14-04, 08:48 #2SQL Consultant
- Join Date
- Apr 2002
- Location
- Toronto, Canada
- Posts
- 20,002
why/how it works: it is designated as the string delimiter
work-around: code two of them in a row inside a string to get one
example: insert into people (surname) values ( 'O''Toole' )rudy.ca | @rudydotca
Buy my SitePoint book: Simply SQL


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Volunteers are vital to keep Nature in Art running. We are very grateful for all that they do! They are here to show you around and have a wealth of knowledge about the gallery and its exhibits.
If you are interested in becoming a volunteer contact us today.
At the moment, we are especially keen to hear from people interested in joining our education team to assist in delivering art activities to schools and young people in their holiday time. Please contact Jean Baynham (01452 733947 eMail Jean / Anoushka ) to find out more or ask when you next visit the museum.
Our longest serving volunteers have been working with us for over 20 years and enjoy being part of a team that makes a real difference as well as being able to see the changing exhibitions and meeting the artists in residence.
To find out more, call us on 01452 733942, call in next time you are passing
or email us
Stewarding in the galleries
Helping with schools
Manning stalls at our Craft Fair
Behind the scenes archiving
Exhibition preparation
Marketing support
Gardening and a number of other one-off collection based projects.
We have information sheets on some of these activities which we would be pleased to send you.
Volunteers can find opportunities that suit their own diaries. Some volunteers help quite regularly, others much less frequently, but all their contributions make a big difference.
We have been very grateful to members of NADFAS who, from time to time, have assisted us with one-off with special projects.
Volunteers at Nature in Art


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Movie of S. Craig Zahler. Introduced in cinemas in 2015, with production teams of USA. You can watch Bone Tomahawk online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2015.
Rating: 5 by 12 users./
Runtime: 100 minutes
Lili Simmons, Patrick Wilson, Kurt Russell, Sean Young, Geno Segers, Matthew Fox, David Arquette, Kathryn Morris, Jamie Hector, Richard Jenkins, Sid Haig, Michael Paré, James Tolkan, Brandon Molale, Fred Melamed and Eddie Spears.
100-minute film (full movie) directed by S. Craig Zahler.
The original audio of Bone Tomahawk has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in USA.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2015.
Screenplay written by S. Craig Zahler.
Benji Bakshi.
Dallas Sonnier, Amanda Mortimer, Gregory Zuk, David Gilbery, Robert Jones, Joseph Gabay, Peter Sherayko, Scott Fort, Wayne Marc Godfrey, Jon D. Wagner and Jack Heller.
This film was produced and / or financed by Caliber Media Company.
Wild Side Films, Falcon Films and Celluloid Dreams.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Bone Tomahawk has a duration of 100 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in EnglishDolby Digital in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Bone Tomahawk in FULLTV Movies.


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We all love peanut butter. It is not just tasty, but is also super nutritious. It packs in fiber in your diet, provides the body powerful antioxidants and vitamins and is also a great source of good fat. It boosts immunity, reduces the risk of heart diseases and is perfect for bone building. As a result, it is the perfect ingredient to be used regularly in our diet. And if you have a brownie made with peanut butter, it surely is going to turn out heavenly.
A brownie with peanut butter is an absolutely decadent treat, perfect for kids as well as adults craving for sweets. It is nutty, chewy and of course, chocolatey and here's your chance to learn the tricks to prepare the ultimate Peanut Butter Brownie recipe.
Let's Check The Recipe:
Preparation Time: 20 minutes
Cooking Time: 30 to 35 minutes
Servings: makes 16 squares
Peanut Butter: ½ cup
Margarine or butter: 76 grams
Eggs: 2 pieces
Caster sugar: 85 grams
Brown sugar: ½ cup
Vanilla extract: ½ teaspoon
Dark chocolate: 150 grams
Plain flour: 125 grams
Baking powder: ¼ teaspoon
Salt: a pinch
Chopped nuts: as per choice
Method Of Preparation:
Step 1
Pre-heat the oven to 180 degree Celsius and keep it ready for baking. In the meanwhile, grease a baking dish generously with butter. Line it with a parchment paper and apply some butter on it to prevent sticking. However, if you are using a silicon mold, there is no need to grease. Simply turning it upside down will be enough to remove the brownie.
Step 2
Place a pan on low flame and add the peanut butter, margarine, chopped pieces of dark chocolate along with caster sugar and brown sugar. Let them melt together. Remember to stir it occasionally to prevent burning. Switch off the heat when it forms a smooth and shiny sauce. Let it cool down.
Step 3
It is now time to add the eggs. Do not add eggs to the hot mixture. First let it cool down and then add the eggs one after the other. Whisk well until it mixes well with the other ingredients. Add vanilla extract and mix well.
Step 4
Sift together the flour, baking powder and salt in another bowl. Pass it through the sift thrice to mix all the ingredients properly. Mix this dry mixture with the wet peanut butter mix prepared earlier. Divide the flour mix into small batches and fold it into the wet mix. Stir in the rest of the flour and mix until it forms a lump free batter.
Step 5
Pour it in the baking dish and level it with a wooden spoon or rubber spatula. If you want, sprinkle chopped walnuts, almonds and peanuts on top of the brownie batter. Bake for 30 minutes if you want a slightly fudgy brownie. If you want it to be a little more stiff, keep it in the oven for another 5 minutes and delicious peanut butter brownies will be ready to eat.
Step 6
Now it is time to decorate this little masterpiece. In a bowl, take some chocolate and melt it in the microwave for about 30 seconds. Put it in a piping bag and drizzle it on the brownie for an excellent glaze. Alternatively, you can melt some peanut butter in the same way and pour it over the brownie. And if you wish to be even more creative, place a dollop of fresh whipped cream on each piece. Let it cool completely before you cut it into pieces.


text:
Personalized Study Tips for Visual Learners
Every student studies in their own way, usually a tried and true method that has been tested throughout elementary, middle, and high school as well as college.
There are three kinds of learners: auditory, visual, and kinesthetic. You usually have figured out what kind of learner you are by college and are able to apply specific study techniques in regard to this in order to study your best.
By the time you get to college, you think you know how to study (or have never had to study before). But sometimes life throws you for a loop and you discover that, wow, you actually do need to study or that your study methods are insufficient for your current learning needs. You need some new and improved ways to study.
Read on for some personalized study tips for visual learners!
Color Code
A great way to help you stay organized in your studying is to color code your materials! This can be utilized in many different ways. The first step is to see how you want to split the sections up in order to code them. Do you want to separate important pieces of info by quotes, dates, concepts, and important facts? Or do you want to split it by era? Or do you want to split it even more by focusing on subtopics, like political, economic, and social?
Whatever sections would be most beneficial to you, split them that way. Assign each topic a color (and make yourself a key so you do not mix up what color represents which section). And then every time you find another piece of information quickly decide which section it belongs to and color code it!
Sometimes even analyzing a piece of information to decide which section it belongs to can help hurry the studying process along as you think in-depth and use your past learning to influence your future learning. The color coding can be a gateway to several other studying techniques that can be used together in tandem. This includes using colored index cards for notes, using colored highlighters in your book, using colored tabs in your books, and more.
Write in Your Book
For some people, the concept of writing in a book is appalling and for others, it is a way of life and learning. If it does not tear your heart up inside to do it, then write in your book! As you are reading, circle, highlight, underline — do what you need to do! Write yourself little notes as you are reading and discovering what you think is important and what you do not think is important.
Seeing your notes next to the text you are referring to can help you to state a concept more concisely and precisely and remember exactly what you are referring to in your note. Flashcards can be great but because your note and the actual text you are referring to are separate, it can disjoint the two parts of the same information in your mind.
You can make yourself a key so that you know what it means when you underline a piece of information versus circle it and even make a shorthand code for your note taking. This can be helpful because using a code or shorthand keeps your mind awake. You need to be paying attention as you write your notes because if you mess up on the shorthand or code, you will not be able to study the material correctly. It will make you stay vigilant and alert as you are perusing your text and studying.
The margins of a book are also only so big so you need to keep what you are writing down short and to the point lest you write yourself a note that takes up an entire margin. What happens if there are more notes you need to write later down on the page? You have already run out of room. And often having huge blocks of handwritten text next to the text in the books can be hard to look at. Your mind, already tired from studying, will shy away from it and your mind will memorize the shape of the big block of text that you have written rather than the actual content in your big block of notes.
Another great little technique is at the end of every page, stop and try to figure out what the author's thesis was for that page. Why did they write it? Why did they think it was necessary? What was the point of this page, and every page? Read deeply and investigate, and then write the thesis sentence at the bottom of the page where you will easily be able to find it. It can help you identify trends or analyze patterns that may have been escaping you until then.
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Results 1 to 8 of 8
10-21-09, 02:51 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Jan 2009
- Posts
- 3
Need opinion for choosing Primary Key for my table. (specific)
For the intro : I'm using SQL Server 2000, and i use client side cursor, and i want to use resync command from ADO. The problem is that the resync needs PK from the table.
And here is my table:
1. Sales Order
2. Order
The Sales Order consist of:
1. Order No. (PK)
2. Date
3. Client
4. etc
The Order table consist of:
1. Order No. (FK)
2. No
3. Item
4. Quantity
Now, i want to give the Order table a PK, but i confused what should i use/add to the table so i can have PK. Or is there any other way?
Maybe this is a very basic question, but please any help would be nice.
Thank you,
10-21-09, 03:22 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Location
- London, UK
- Posts
- 741
I don't know your data and your business but at a guess I'd expect (OrderNo, Item) to be unique - assuming Item means a SKU or product code of some kind.
10-21-09, 04:05 #3Registered User
- Join Date
- Jan 2009
- Posts
- 3
Oh yea, sorry that i forgot to explain about the data.
The Sales Order consist of:
1. Order No. (PK) = the sales order number
2. Date = the date that the sales order issued
3. Client = the name of the client
4. etc
For example
Order No | Date | Client |
The Order table consist of:
1. Order No. (FK) = the sales order number from Sales Order (PK)
2. No = the order of the item on the list
3. Item = name of the item
4. Quantity = quantity of the item
For example:
Order No | No | Item | Qty
001 1 handphone 11
001 2 envelop 5
002 1 pen 12
002 2 post it 4
002 3 mouse 5
003 1 laptop 2
so, it's like that.......
10-21-09, 09:09 #4Registered User
- Join Date
- Jul 2009
- Location
- Michigan
- Posts
- 125
From your description, the Order No. and No columns of the Order table are unique so you can use the combination as the primary key.
If the No (item number) column changes when an item gets deleted or the items get renumbered for some reason this might cause a problem. In that case I would add an Identity column to the Order table and make that my primary key.
10-22-09, 23:47 #5Registered User
- Join Date
- Jan 2009
- Posts
- 3
I already resolve this one, i have 2 ways:
1. Using IDENTITY column (thx for the previous post)
2. Using Look-up table to set composite primary key.
Thank you,
10-23-09, 04:31 #6Jaded Developer
- Join Date
- Nov 2004
- Location
- out on a limb
- Posts
- 13,692
if you don't allow a customer order to have the same product appearing more than once on invoice then order no + product no is a natural key to choose
however some systems require products in a specific order (often the order the customer has specified them) so it may instead be order + row number. this helps the customer because the order is in the sort order they expect to see assuming they marry up your delivery to their internal order.I'd rather be riding on the Tiger 800 or the Norton
10-26-09, 20:39 #7Super Moderator
Originally Posted by IppoLou
- Join Date
- Jun 2004
- Location
- Arizona, USA
- Posts
- 1,848
"Lisa, in this house, we obey the laws of thermodynamics!" - Homer Simpson
"I have my standards. They may be low, but I have them!" - Bette Middler
"It's a book about a Spanish guy named Manual. You should read it." - Dilbert
11-03-09, 13:37 #8Registered User
- Join Date
- Oct 2009
- Posts
- 5
It looks like you are trying to model a standard order-orderline relationship... the following has a great discussion on the topic:
Database Design - Many-to-many-Order System
I might also add that there doesn't seem to be any real requirement/benefit of using a natural composite key here, why not just use a surrogate orderline PK, and keep OrderID as your FK in the OrderLine table?