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Digging Deep in the Garden (The Collection)
Modern Mint have in stock a fantastic collection of books by one of our favourite gardening writers, earth friendly gardener John Walker.
"Cuts right through to the heart of the important issues."
We have been a fan of John's writing for awhile now, his voice a lively discussion starter on the ideas that pervade the gardening industry.
We need a disrupter like John Walker, the earth friendly gardener, and in this collection you too can become acquainted with his ideas and advice on gardening.
Have You Read 'Digging Deep' 1 & 2 Yet?
In these two books – Digging Deep 1 & 2 – John gets his spade right into the earth, to uncover answers to some of our most pertinent gardening questions. Find out:
Which celebrity gardener had a 'wobble' over climate change.
What effect GM crops might have on our gardens and allotments.
Why pesticides need to be consigned to the history books.
How pulling down garden fences can improve biodiversity in our gardens.
And that is just for starters in these cage-rattling essays!
"An intelligent reminder of the joys and responsibilities of gardening."
Originally part of the popular and long-running 'Digging Deep' series in organic Gardening magazine, this two book collection includes the piece 'Time To Power Down' which won the Garden Media Guild Environmental Award.
If you want to buy this 2 book collection but already have a copy of one of these books, don't despair – it is better value buying the two together and the one you already have can be given away to a friend.
These ideas are worth sharing with anyone who loves to garden!
To learn more about John Walker, the earth friendly gardener, see an interview he gave us previously on the Modern Mint blog…
Earth Friendly Gardener Interview
Otherwise, add this book to the shopping cart now!
(And remember, this book would make a wonderful present too, if you have someone in mind who needs a little garden inspiration!)
You may also like…
How To Create An Eco Garden£16.50
Musca Trowel£33.00


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
69 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Hotel Kaiserhof Eisenach is welcoming all guests in Eisenach with 64 comfortable rooms to stay in. If you feel like having a meal not included in your chosen type of catering, you can always taste local dishes in the restaurant of the hotel. Car parking possibility is available nearby. For recreational purposes you may try the wellness services provided by the hotel, <a/an> hairdresser's parlour will also be waiting for you. Bike rental, bowling, billiard and minigolf opportunities will also be available nearby to help you spend your leisure time actively. The bar is an ideal location for a personal meeting and a relaxing evening talk. You can secure your valuables in the safe. You can browse the Internet via wireless connection (WiFi) available at the hotel. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Hotel Kaiserhof Eisenach (including any available for an extra fee), you will find them on the information sheet below.
Payment In order to finalize the reservation you may be required to provide credit card guarantee or advance payment by credit card, depending on the chosen room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time is 14:00, the latest check-out time is 11:00. The personnel of the hotel can speak with you in English and German languages.
Hotel Kaiserhof Eisenach rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Parking (5 €/night)
Free WiFi in shared places
Billiard, Squash, Minigolf, Bowling, Bike rental at the accommodation
- Wellness section, relaxation
- Finnish sauna
- Hairdresser's parlour
Pet friendly (10 €/night), Bar, Elevator, Safe deposit box
Own restaurant
Hairdryer, Desk in the room

subset: commoncrawl


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British Game Publisher Vows To Do Right By Emulated Game Makers
Noah J Nelson on Monday, Feb. 3rd
Remember the controversy over the UK's Elite Systems last week? Its the company that had a successful Kickstarter run to make a bluetooth accessory that would turn an iPad into a clone of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum gaming computer.
It turned out that they hadn't paid any of the game developers whose work they were publishing on the iOS App Store in months. Now, according to Ars Technica, Elite Systems is looking to make right:
Now, in an open letter to the community, Elite Director Steve Wilcox says he has withdrawn all of his company's ZX Spectrum apps from the iOS App Store as he takes steps to contact all the developers involved and to nail down the rights and royalties situation.
Funny how people will do the right thing when a portion of the planet's population starts shaming them in public.


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Chic Street
Dublin's fashion pack were out in style as IMAGE and H&M came together for an exclusive celebration. In lieu of the launch of the high street brand's hotly anticipated Isabel Marant Pour H&M collection, an elite selection of lucky IMAGE readers were invited to look and shop the French designer's pieces ahead of its official release.
The most talked about fashion collaboration of the year didn't disappoint, either, with pieces like the much-coveted sequin trousers and Marant signature fringed booties selling out before shoppers could say ?high street?. Afterwards, guests sipped prosecco and tucked into delicious macarons before departing, clutching goodie bags complete with a stunning Isabel Marant Pour H&M scarf. A very fashionable evening, and the perfect toast to the new collection.


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Keith Ferrazzi, author of Never Eat Alone (and Foreword author for my Focus Like a Laser Beam) has created a cool online tool to help you get focused and in action to achieve your dreams.
The model is based on three steps:
1. Focus on what you want
2. Diagnose what's getting in your way
3. Build a Dream Team for support
This seems simple, but I agree that the power of focus and the power of sharing your goals and dreams combine to make a big impact. Keith has added his emphasis on connecting with others to goal achievement. If you keep up with my writing about breakthroughs, you know that I could not agree more. Check it out!


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Anderson Replacement Crank Operator
A quick learner from Kentfield, CA says:
May 27, 2014
Anderson part number stamped on operator arm is 1361316. Is your part number 39-146 exactly the same? Can I get it in white instead of stone?
Tom from SWISCO responded:
May 28, 2014
When I cross-reference that number, I get our 39-146. However, I cannot say if it is exactly the same or not. When you compare the specs we show to your own hardware, how do they match up?


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Photos of a new-born baby which was picked inside a public toilet alive, has shown just how wicked human beings are even to their own blood.
Some photos which were making rounds on social media after being shared on Facebook reveals a baby which was found alive in a pit toilet yesterday. The baby was rescued and washed clean afterwards.
The details of where and when this happened was not immediately ascertained as at the time filing this report.
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The forum module allows your owners to participate in moderated, online discussions, regarding topics that are important to your condo community.
Online service requests ensure easy tracking and follow up. Owners can enter their own requests ensuring communication is clear and concise.
Condo Control Central provides unlimited storage, for the corporation's important documents. Such as by-laws, rules, minutes, financial statements, and more…
This feature will allow your owners to track on-site events in one location. The system sends automatic email notices to keep your owners and residents informed.
With Condo Control Central you have the ability to set up a website for community access. It includes your own domain ie: greatcondo.ca.
Spend less time printing and mailing, send announcements and documents by email. Condo Control Central makes it easy to track and manage lists.
The approval and fulfillment process can be a very time-consuming process, it doesn't have to be. With our Purchase Order feature, you can generate purchase orders with ease.
Now your owners can order status certificates online, pay using a credit card, and receive their completed status certificate by email.
The Condo Control Central maintenance tracking module allows you track and store all of your maintenance activities in one location.
By setting up an online store within Condo Control Central, owners and residents can place orders quickly, securely and at their own leisure.
Through flexible tracking options, Condo Control Central helps make sure tasks are followed up in a timely manner.
Managing amenity bookings can be very time consuming. Condo Control Central ensures no more lost or double bookings, all managed with a few clicks of a mouse.
This feature allows your concierge/security personnel to track authorized entry to a unit when the owner or resident is away.
The package tracking feature keeps a log of all packages received by the front desk, and can record the signature upon pick up.
"Pass On Log", "Communication Log", "Shift Log". We've taken this basic but important communication tool and brought it online.
Condo Control Central's incident reports, record all incident details, allowing easy referencing later, and keeps an official record of exactly what happened.
Condo Control Central makes it easy to track and retrieve checked out keys, right from the concierge desk.
Let Condo Control Central help you take control, with either a fully paperless option, or by using printed parking permits.
Discover Condo Control Central's all-in-one communication & tracking system built exclusively for condominiums


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Online Store
The following products are available only from our online store. All marked down shoes are Final Sale. If you are concerned about proper fit, you may come into our Davie store (2233 S. University Drive, Davie FL 33324) to try them on. However, sizes are limited and may not be available for long.
Home / Shop
Newton Distance IV Women
- Description
- Specifications
- Customer Reviews (0)
Engineered mesh Upper The Distance IV from Newton is composed of a well structured Engineered mesh, which is seamless and provides lightweight breathability and structure in key areas. This allows for superior comfort with out irritation and also let fresh air permeate its construction keeping the foot cool and comfortable. The enginnered mesh is formed from a 4-way Stretch Metatarsal Panels that offers the wearer a more individualized fit. The midsole of the Distance IV shoe has a EVA High-rebound compound designed to provide excellent cushioning and support to the underfoot. It also has the innovation of the Action/Reaction Technology, specifically in the forefoot and heel. Generated by the active movement of the lugs, Action/Reaction Technology creates a responsive, trampoline-like cushioning system that provides quicker bounce-back and loses less energy than a traditional foam-core running shoe. You will also find the highly responsive POP1 in 5-lug Platform. The Prominent, powerful lugs with square corners deliver Newton's most respon
– Engineered mesh – Is seamless and provides lightweight breathability and structure in key areas.
– 4-way Stretch mesh Metatarsal Panel – Offers a more individualized fit.
– Overlays – Are anatomically placed to provide a secure fit.
– Stabilization tongue – Features a radial band to provide a comfortable precision fit.
– Heel Lace Lock – Provides a snug heel lockdown.
Add a review for Newton Distance IV Women
Online Return / Exchange Policy


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Bengaluru: Ex-servicemen demand resignation of Home Minister Rajnath Singh over 'OROP'
The Sainik Welfare of India Mission (SWIM), has demanded the resignation of the Union Home Minister, Rajnath Singh, as the government 'humiliated' striking ex-servicemen on August 14 by 'police action' near Jantar Mantar in New Delhi. (OROP- One Rank One Pension)
The National President, K S Bharatiya and Vice President, William Abraham, said at the instance of the Home Minister, the Delhi Police Commissioner, B S Bassi, ordered the eviction of ex-servicemen, their wives & war widows, many of them in their 70s-80s from Jantar Mantar, when they were 'peacefully demanding implementation of Koshyari committee report on one rank one pension'.
They said that the Koshyari committee unanimously found merit in one rank one pension and strongly recommended 'DROP" be determined by a separate special commission.
The organization has criticized the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for making a mockery of its election manifesto. They said that the BJP in the run-up to the Indian General Election in 2014 had included 'OROP' in its manifesto and Narendra Modi gave several assurances at different political rallies, but is backtracking on implementing 'DROP'.
They have condemned the attitude of the government and said that their statements of 'being with the Armed forces' were nothing but lip sympathy. "There is a huge rally on 15-09-2015 starts from Gandhi bhavan to freedom park. Ex-servicemen and their familes, War widows to join in the protest to support OROP.


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YOPP Southern Hemisphere
To further YOPP planning and activities for the Southern Hemisphere a dedicated subcommittee and webpage have been set up.
The subcommittee is led by PPP Steering group member David Bromwich, Polar Meteorology Group, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center in Columbus, OH, USA. For more information, please also visit their website.
YOPP-SH Meeting #1
The first Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) Planning Meeting took place on 6 June 2016 as part of the Polar Weather and Climate Week hosted by the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, US (more information). A report on the meeting including the different nation's contributions to YOPP-SH can be downloaded here (pdf).


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When Ann Ogden Gaffney was diagnosed with stage II kidney cancer at age 53 in 2001, she had surgery and went on with her life. An unrelated stage IA triple-negative breast cancer diagnosis in early 2005 changed everything for her.
CT: Why do you think cooking became so important to you during your breast cancer treatment?
Receive monthly updates, including information about web exclusives, events, resources, articles and highlights from new issues—direct to your email inbox. Be among the first to hear the latest news from Cancer Today! Click here to sign up!


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FDA Extends Cigar Registration Period By Six Months
- December 22, 2016 |
- By Blake Droesch
Cigarmakers seeking approval under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's new premium cigar regulations are getting a bit of extra breathing room.
The FDA recently issued an extension for newly-regulated tobacco manufacturers, pushing back the agency's registration deadline to June 30, 2017. FDA registration requires tobacco manufacturers to re-register with the agency by December 31 of each year, but for this first year, the agency is extending the deadline by six months. The extension, however, only applies to manufacturers that released premium cigars prior to August 8, 2016—the date in which the agency began regulating the cigar industry. Cigarmakers who released blends after August 8 will not receive the six-month extension and are required to complete registration prior to introducing new blends to the market.
In an updated version of the FDA's industry guidance, called "Registration and Product Listing for Owners and Operators of Domestic Tobacco Product Establishments," the agency states that additional time will "allow for submission of higher quality information" from manufacturers.
The revised section acknowledges that some manufacturers of newly deemed products may require additional time to complete the forms accurately, especially if the products require multiple submissions.
According to Section 905(i) of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, manufacturers registered with the FDA must include a Product List that details "all tobacco products which are being manufactured, prepared, compounded or processed by that person for commercial distribution." The Product List must also be accompanied by:
- A reference from the FDA authorizing the marketing of the tobacco product
- A copy of the labeling found on the packaging of the tobacco product
- A sample of the advertising for the tobacco product
Registration also requires manufacturers to submit biannual reports for cigars that have not been included on previous lists disclosed to the FDA. The reports must include cigars that are being introduced or reintroduced to the market, as well as those that have been altered or discontinued.
While manufacturers who released blends before August 8 will benefit from the extension, the FDA has a separate deadline for submission of ingredient information: August 8, 2017 for "small-scale tobacco manufacturers," which includes cigarmakers with 150 or less full-time employees and an annual revenue of $5 million or less. For larger companies, the ingredients deadline is February 8, 2017.


text: I was told I should come by and introduce myself. About Me Hi, I'm Jake from Dallas, TX, and I have been smoking on my OK Joe for about a year now. When I first got my OK Joe I went through and did some basic mods: 1. Extended exhaust vent to grill level 2. Purchased a convection/baffle plate 3. Charcoal Basket 4. Gasket around the doors to cook area and fire box I've smoked ribs, pulled pork, and chicken so far. I'm trying to practice enough to where I feel comfortable doing a brisket. I've come to find that I prefer briquettes to lump coal and I prefer pecan wood for most of my smokes. What I Need to Work On 1. I may need to check for leaks in my smoker, since I didn't use any sealant when I put the smoker together. 2. I've attempt the minion method, but I'm pretty sure I screwed it up. I'm always looking for advice/recipes/mods for smoking.


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Society of Accounting Education, Pakistan and IICFA signed an MoU
- Posted by Administrator
- Posted in Alliances, General, Media
The Society cheap NFL jerseys of y Accounting of Education, Pakistan cheap MLB jerseys (SOE) and the International ?wiadomo?ci Institute of Generalforsamling Certified Forensic Accountants, (IICFA) USA have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding cheap jerseys (MOU).
The MOU allows both Professional Bodies to provide IFAP service and support to each other and members and collaborate on joint research, education and on other areas of mutual interest.
This new relationship will reinforce the ties between our wholesale nfl jerseys two organizations and help us in our mutual goal to further strengthen the Forensic Accounting wholesale mlb jerseys Profession." The MOU specifies the criteria by which members of one body studio are eligible for membership in the other.


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Shuffle! Episode 13 English Subbed
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"House of Twilight"
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Episode Summary: With Primula taken back to the Realm of the Demons, Rin and Kaede try to cope with their missing family member. Ultimately, Primula's condition comes out in the open and the one and only cure is revealed.


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In this episode, we share our interview with University of Aberdeen professor of history, Dr. Kirsteen MacKenzie.
Dr. Kirsteen MacKenzie Twitter | Website
Links mentioned in the show
Help us share Outlander!
If this episode tickled your Outlander fancy, head over to iTunes and leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe!
Ways to subscribe to The Outlander Podcast:
• Click here to subscribe via iTunes
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Check out our partner, Zencastr! Use coupon code OUTLANDER20 for 20% off 3 months or 20% off for a year.
We'd love to hear from you! Leave a comment below, send us an email at [email protected], or call our feedback line at 916-604-4777.


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The topic 'my downloads not in my account' is closed to new replies.
Your Email Address (required)


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When creating a catch-all email address for your business, event or brand, experts recommend not using "info@," or other similar innocuous email addresses. Besides lacking personality and being overly generalized, businesses make the common mistake of utilizing the firstname.lastname@example.com email address as the flagship point of contact for interaction through websites and marketing materials.
This is a mistake, as is using similar bland email addresses such as:
- email@example.com
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- firstname.lastname@example.com
In fact, below are a few challenges that you may run into if you are using an email@example.com email address. If you need alternate suggestions that will work better for you, your customers and your brand, Trillion can help. In the meantime, did you know that…
1. Info@ email addresses are not very friendly or personable.
You must think about your customer or the person you are communicating with. How do you think they feel sending an email to the very vague and mysterious "info?" Most people wonder if, or how often, the email address is monitored and if the person doing so will know how to help. Connecting with your customers and prospects is an important interaction that should feel personal. (Are you signing emails "Sincerely, Info?" We doubt it.) Instead, you should ditch the info address for another more relevant personality that suits your brand. Also, there is nothing wrong with using a first name such as email@example.com. If your company requires you to keep the ambiguous "info," you might reply back from "[insert your company name] team." It is still fairly anonymous but projects a warmer personality.
2. Some service websites don't allow you to use info@ email addresses.
Facebook won't allow you to register for personal pages or businesses pages with an email address that starts with info@. Role-based email addresses (addresses not related to an actual person) are becoming more frowned upon when creating accounts. To register, a legitimate user will need to start the page or register using their personal contact info as a way of verification. Once created, others can be invited to administer the company page within their Facebook account.
3. You're more likely to be flagged as spam with an info@ email address.
That's right, your important message or reply can be filtered into the abyss of junk mail. Info@, admin@, webmaster@ and similar generic email addresses can be perceived as spam, bots, or automated email addresses which can prevent your desired recipient from ever reading what you had to say. So if you want to have your message delivered, use something more relevant and engaging that is a better reflection on your brand.
4. On the flip side, info@ email addresses are more easily targeted to receive spam.
Not only do you not want your emails to be flagged as spam, but by using the "info@" email address it could lead to you receiving lots of spam. Yes, you can become more eligible to receive spam email by utilizing email@example.com. That's because the automated systems operated by big-time spammers attach "info" to valid domain names. Since many businesses use info@ email addresses, the spammers' success rates are pretty good. If you are receiving large amounts of spam from a similar source, you can try black listing the IP address of the sender. You can see it in your email source code or include the IP address as something your website forms include upon submission.
Whether the team at Trillion is building a brand from the ground up or rejuvenating one, we regularly recommend a catchall-type email address that best reflects the brand's personality. Ours is email@example.com. If you want to build a stronger brand for your customers and prospects, give us a call at 908.219.4703 or complete our handy contact form. We look forward to speaking with you.


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War Veterans, AD1939. Is yours here ? 19 men
In reply to:
War Veterans, AD1900. Is yours here ?
Shirley Walsh 4/16/11
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN CORPS OF VETERANS.AD1939.19 men.
"Advertiser" newspaper.22 May 1939. p.12.
The chairman of the S.A.C.V. (Mr. W. J. P. Giddings) died during the year.
Of the 19 veterans present there was only one Australian soldier,
Mr. E. Ritter, who went with the New South Wales contingent to the Sudan campaign,
the first war in which Australian troops, as such, were engaged.
1....Ashby, G., Corporal, Frontier Light Horse, Kaffir and Zulu Wars,1877-79.
2....Banning, W., Sgt.-Mjr., King's Royal Rifle Corps, Burmah, Relief of Chitral,
....................South Africa
....................and Great War.
3....Bell, W.W., Kaffrarian Rifles; Zulu War, 1879.
4....Black, W., Lieut., Royal Marine Light Infantry, Egypt, 1882,
..................and Great War.
5....Blake, W., Cpl., Duke of Cornwall's Light In fantry; Egypt, 1884.
6....Booth, J. Sergt., King's Liverpool; Egypt, 1882; Burmah 1885-9;
...................South Africa, 1899-1902;
...................and Great War.
7....Burton, H.J., Royal Navy; Egypt, 1882.
8....Butterworth, T.J., Sgt., 32nd Regiment; Egypt, 1884;
...................and Great War.
9....Bywater, E., Derbyshire Regiment; Tibet; South Africa, 1899-1902,
..................and Great War.
10..Colley, L.E., Lieut., Yorkshire Regiment; Tirah,Khyber Expeditionary Force;
..................South Africa,
..................and Great War.
11..Craton, A.E., Regt.-Sgt-Mjr., Yorkshire Regiment; Tirah, Khyber Expeditionary Force;
..................and Great War.
12..Currell H., Royal Navy; Egypt. 1882.
13..Evans G., King's Royal Rule Corps; Chitral; South Africa, 1899-1902.
14..Fabri, A., Royal Navy; Egypt. 1882.
15..Horne, H., Royal West Kents; Egypt, 1882.
16..Reilly, J., Perthshire Light lnfantry; Zulu War, 1879.
17..Ritter, E., Sudan campaign (see note above).
18..Sadler, D., Cpl., 5lst Foot; Afghanistan, 1878.
19..White, R., Regt-Sgt-Mjr., 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards; Waziristan, Relief of Pekin;
................and Great War.


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Since the growth of online social media, there has been a large pattern of growth in the use of it. The bookmarking method; where users of the social media sites tag and present items they believe their friend may enjoy, has been the vehicle in which many social media sites have really found success. This prolonged success has brought about the need to produce many kinds of marketing exclusively for social bookmarking.
A big obstacle in using social bookmarking for a marketing device is picking websites that will be best utilized for the purposes you desire. Every property of social media has a different audience, different material it focuses on, and features that are different from the next site. To assist you in deciding which social media site may be the best for you, we will go over some of the most popular ones.
Digg This is probably the most famous social bookmarking site. Digg is good at sending traffic to other websites, but the large amounts of visitors to the sites don't last for long. They are estimated to have 8.5 million unique visitors every month, and they have a mostly male audience. Many of their visitors are in the 18-24 age range with an income of $30,000-$60,000. Lists, interesting photos, and interesting corporate happenings do well on Digg.
StumbleUpon Presently, StumbleUpon is the fastest growing social bookmarking website. It's very entertaining and assists you to find user-submitted content that would never be possible on a standard search engine. Their member base is over 3.6 million and they are estimated to have 1 million unique visitors every month. Toolbar activity is probably a lot higher. There are just a bit more male users than female, and the 45-54 age group is the most active in the site. People who have a household income over $100,000 are more likely to use this site. StumbleUpon is unique because it brings repeated jolts of traffic to your site over time, and the more people who stumble on your page and give it a good rating, the better your site will do.
Del.icio.us This site is one of the older sites, and has been bought by Yahoo! This site accommodates older audiences and is a bit more business-related. There are mostly male visitors on Del.icio.us, and most users are between 35-64 years of age. People who have an income lower than $30,000 make up the largest piece; the next largest is the $60,000-$100,000 range. Their estimated number for unique visitors per month is 2.7 million. They have also just added a bookmarks extension for Mozilla Firefox. Del.icio.us now allows users to access their bookmarks through the browser and through their site.
Reddit This is also very popular, and it has a mostly male audience. Ages 35-44 and 45-54 are the most active on Reddit. Incomes vary between $0-$30,000 to $60,000-$100,000. Reddit has almost 1 million unique visitors per month. The subjects that do well are corporate news, environmental news, and political stories. It is similar to Digg because lists and entertainment stories are popular.
Are the social bookmarking services suited for SEM strategies?
It is undecided how social bookmarking can be put into a good strategy. There are a few main ways it can be done. Each way can be added to the best SEO practices and made to produce an effective ROI. Experts in social bookmarking can take these methods and use them to improve the ROI, as well as maintaining the ethical and effective methods.
Brand Marketing Getting plenty of exposure for your products, brands, and services is always good. This method involves developing bookmarks across all levels of social bookmarking sites to build brand awareness and search engine saturation. This usually is attractive to small business owners and large corporations because it is affordable and it's very effective when promoting products/services. It also uses a combination of SEO and non-SEO-friendly sites to get better brand awareness, traffic, and links.
Is there a certain method that will work for branding? The main method is to make plans for many pages in your site to be available to be bookmarked. This way, all links won't go to just one URL. Putting a large amount of social bookmarking links along a network of websites will produce saturation and buzz for your campaign.
Community Leveraging The main goal with this method is building up links naturally by using social media as a vehicle. You are just adding social bookmarks in a certain area, you are developing a profile to try and develop content for the targeted social bookmarking community and build upon your profile. You will then be able to enthrall the other community members. You can make contacts and community members can be persuaded to bookmark your URL. Then you will get more exposure and it will eventually lead to inbound links, getting you traffic and link popularity.
This is a regular occurrence; some content is produced with a specific bookmarking site in mind. The URL gets submitted to a site like Digg and leveraged to grab front page exposure. This will attract traffic, exposure, and inbound links to your site and do it naturally. This method will take a lot of time and work to have success, and be ethical. If this method is not done the right way you could get your site banned from the social bookmarking site.
Link Development This method is common with Internet marketers and SEOs because it will produce quality inbound links to your internal pages, home page, sitemap, and other areas. These links let spiders crawl through your pages fast and efficiently, give link value, and let the SERPs fill up with your site's pages. This method is great for a site that only needs links for SEO goals. If you look through the social bookmarking sites, you can find which ones are SEO friendly or redirected. You will get good preparation when you create a list of your accounts at social bookmarking sites that are SEO and non-SEO-friendly.
You should make sure every account is in good standing and optimize your bookmark pages so they will be crawled and indexed better. Space them out so the links appear more natural for the search engines and links from every part of the site will get attention.
This section of online marketing and SEO is so appealing because it is new. In the future there could be automated scripts to do this work, but social bookmarking will probably be done by hand. You have more control when things are done by a person. If you use a structured approach to the three methods above, your social bookmarking endeavors can be realized without the chance of losing creativity in how the methods will be reached.


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Buying A House Before Christmas – Yes Or No?
With the holiday season right in front of us, some of our current buyers have a dilemma, whether to buy a house or to wait till the holidays end? The answer to this question should always be yes if you are asking for professional advice.
Why should I buy a house before Christmas?
Celebrating Christmas in the new home can just improve your mood and your holidays. But why should you buy the house in that exact period?
Take a look at our list, and you will understand.
Fewer Buyers
It is not a secret, and Christmas time means fewer people on the streets, more preparation of the holiday dinners and parties.
While everyone else is occupied, you should look for your new house, fewer people on the streets means fewer buyers on the real estate market, therefore, less competition.
Interested sellers
Just like buyers are looking for a new house to spend their Christmas in, the sellers are looking forward to their new houses. If you make an early offer that will allow the seller to get out from his old house.
By the time for Christmas has come, you will probably spend holidays in the new home. Promise the completion before the holiday season arrives, and you will be good to go.
Hurry up
Even though the time around the 25th is perfect for buying a house, you shouldn't think the New Years' Eve is just as good, in fact, after the New Years Eve the real estate market is just getting busier. Buying a house before holidays come is a good idea especially if you think about incoming Christmas break followed by the New Years' rush. Nobody could hope for a lower price or winning the bidding war in that condition. Thousands of new buyers will hoard towards the real estate agencies and sellers hoping they would get the best price. Even though you could think people will be occupied with their families and New Year resolutions, they will, in fact, flood the real estate market. So be sure to start looking for the perfect house in December or even November and if you're lucky enough you will find it.


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With her passion in one hand and purpose in her heart, Deida took a leap of faith in 2002 and headed to Los Angeles, CA. While living in LA, Deida quickly ascended to become one of the most sought after makeup artists in town working on numerous commercials, music videos, TV productions, editorials, personal appearances and fashion shows including the prestigious Mercedes Benz Fashion Week in NYC. She was also one of nine artists selected to work as a celebrity makeup artist on Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball Weekend in 2005.
Although her love for makeup led her to the City of Angels, Deida remained focused on the inner call to mentor young girls. In 2004, she followed that voice and started Reel Beauty, Inc.
Today Deida Massey is the Founder of Reel Beauty, Inc a 501 (c)(3) organization that assists at risk urban girls. "We teach them to value themselves and empower them with selfworth, selfesteem and selfconfidence so they will be productive citizens within their environment. We do that by offering 14 activity based workshops designed to help these young women resolve the problems they struggle with day to day."
Deida realized how detrimental the messages in today's music, culture and media portrayal were. "I wanted to do something to combat all the negativity." Reel Beauty's mission not only made inner city girls feel beautiful inside and more selfassured, but also equipped them with tools to help them succeed in life.


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Dalian Atkinson was a class act both on and off the pitch, says Big Ron
Dalian Atkinson's death, shot by a police Taser outside his father's house while reportedly overwrought and emotional, did not mirror his life. At least not his football life. He smiled a lot.
The best-known photograph of Atkinson is of him holding the League Cup by the pitch at Wembley with his manager at Aston Villa, Ron Atkinson - a man whom Karren Brady once imagined to be his father.
In one sense the woman who is now West Ham's chief executive was right. Big Ron was a father figure to Dalian at both Aston Villa and Sheffield Wednesday (below) and, had he stayed fit, they might have won more than the League Cup.
"I cannot believe what has happened, it is an absolute tragedy, an absolute waste," Ron Atkinson reflected.
"He was one of the easiest guys you could imagine managing. He was happy-go-lucky, he was always smiling, always laughing."
Dalian never laughed or smiled quite so much as on the rain-spattered day in south London when he scored the goal of the inaugural Premier League season in October 1992.
Facing Wimbledon, Atkinson picked the ball up in his own half, rode three challenges, and then spotting Hans Segers off his line, he chipped the keeper from 20 yards. As he went over to the crowd, a Villa fan brought over an umbrella for him to celebrate under.
"My feeling about that goal was that, had it been scored at Old Trafford or Anfield, it would have become world-famous," said Ron Atkinson. "But because it was scored at Selhurst Park against Wimbledon with some empty terracing behind the goal, it didn't have quite that impact.
"I do believe that had Dalian stayed fit, Villa would have won the Premier League in 1993. Dalian and Dean Saunders were the best attacking partnership in the league, nobody could live with them.
"And then, just before Christmas, Dalian got injured, he couldn't come back until Easter and we lost a bit of momentum. Manchester United had a better team that season but we had the better strikers.
"He wasn't a footballer you ever worried about. Dalian had the knack of being able to produce in the biggest games.
"He wasn't quite so reliable in the run-of-the-mill fixtures which I think cost him when he went to Spain to play for Real Sociedad after Sheffield Wednesday were relegated. He could do it against Real Madrid but not Osasuna."
If Dalian's best goal was at Selhurst Park, his most important was at another unprepossessing venue, Prenton Park. There, in the first leg of the 1994 League Cup semi-final, with Tranmere leading 3-0, Atkinson scored with the final kick of the night. It gave Aston Villa the impetus to overturn the result in the second leg.
Dalian did not long outlast Big Ron's departure from Villa Park. He and Saunders both ended up in Istanbul, Atkinson with Fenerbahce, Saunders at Galatasaray.
The move did not work, there was a loan spell with Manchester City as they floundered in the second tier and his career petered out on football's distant shores, in Saudi Arabia and South Korea.
"He was unlucky," said Ron Atkinson. "Had he been born 10 years later, he would have been around when there was a dearth of English strikers.
"But he had to compete for an England place against the likes of Gary Lineker and then Alan Shearer and Andy Cole. It was a disappointment for him.
"But I will always remember a lovely, lovely man."
Belfast Telegraph


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This Means Nothing – Belfast 15 May 2012Posted by Irish Street Art in Featured Street Artist.
Tags: Belfast, paste, This Means Nothing, Whitewash
Fresh from his exhibition titled 'Rented Spaces', 'This Means Nothing' told IrishStreetArt.com of his most recent project. Rented Spaces was held in an unused coffee shop on Royal Avenue in Belfast. It was part of the open source project which aims to breath new life into empty retail units in Belfast through supporting the arts. 'I was delighted to exhibit in a space of this nature rather than a traditional gallery setting.'
This Means Nothing has been living in Belfast for the past five years and his work represents his views on urban living ranging from the complex and disorderly nature of cities to the social and economic divisions within the metropolis. 'I use paste-ups when working on the streets and use stencils when I have more time (permission) to paint.'
This Means Nothing will be painting at 'Titanic Lock Down' on the 1st and 2nd of June at T13 in Belfast, as well as at Whitewash 6 in July. These are must not miss events for fans of Irish Street Art. To keep up to date with This Means Nothing follow his blog or facebook page.
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Nearly four years later I found this post…
A God Size Dream can be little or big. It is yours. It is between you and God. The Moms in Prayer I had envisioned would have had at least 5-10 moms meeting. That never happened. The most we have ever had is 4 and usually we only have 2-3 women praying. But, that is okay. God size dreams can unfold very different than what we expect. Thank you to Dana, Leah, and those other women who have followed on the Facebook page. We can pray everyday. We can dream everyday. Baby steps continue. I think I'll go shower now….
Jennifer K. Cook
Jubilation in July.
Christmas in July.
Jesus comes into us every day. Every month. Every Year.
Sonya inspired me to write this post today. She is a fellow God Sized Dreamer. We are women who are following the calls of our hearts…led by the Lord. In 2013 several women were chosen to read and respond to You Were Made for a God Sized Dream by Holley Gerth.
My God Sized Dream for 2013 is to start a Moms in Prayer group for our community. So I have been praying about this. I have been taking baby steps to talk with other moms about this idea. Here are the praises to share in a snap shot:
1. My husband has been a patient listener and encourager as I often worry about details and drama.
2. I have met some moms who are interested in coming alongside me to pray for their…
View original post 414 more words


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Music is harking back to a more alternative mould and we are seeing, and hearing this more frequently than ever especially with independent music. British singer David Knowles is a great example exuding a guitar sound of distinctive pleasure, substance and poetry with his new album Footsteps.
With a gravelly voice similar to Chris Rhea and an acoustic sound similar to Jose Gonzalez Knowles he conveys his music in a very intense tone with a very distinguished voice and sound.
Footsteps is a nine song set and has quite an acoustic approach with overtones of grunge, rock and soul. Despite his originality there are a couple of covers on the album, one of the tracks Ain't No Sunshine (the Bill Withers classic) has been covered a lot in the past, but Knowles's approach is quite nice. The same goes for the Jimi Hendrix cover Hey Joe.
According to his press release lyrically, David draws inspiration from classic writers including William Blake, Oscar Wilde, Jack Kerouac and Hunter Thompson. Years spent traveling the world, this is quite apparent as the songs on Footsteps are poetically profound. Child Soldier being an example, it has a Pearl Jam vibe to it.
Despite all this profoundness the album is dark in tone and mood, Footsteps is not for the faint hearted and don't listen to it to make you feel joyous. That said it is interesting music and worth a listen, it's an album that doesn't overrun and has several gems.
Highlights include:
Child Soldier
The Alchemist
Hey Joe
Ain't No Sunshine
Silence In The Storm
Knowles will be embarking on a short live tour incorporating a series of exclusive "Live in your Living Room" shows for fans and taking in a series of UK dates as well as Wexford/Ireland and Amsterdam/Netherlands.
Fans signing up to the David Knowles mailing list can win the opportunity to host their own "David Knowles Live in your Living Room" show later this year. Knowles is also due to perform at the Bedford in Balham, south-west London on 30th March.


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We will help you find a private welsh tutor in Wishaw and across the UK. Private welsh tuition is an excellent way to boost confidence as well as increasing grades and doesn't have to be boring! Please use our service to find Wishaw welsh tutors and select the one who best fits your requirements.
First Tutors is the best place to find the most suitable Wishaw welsh tutors for your needs, enabling you to find a home Wishaw welsh tutor for any subject including GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Chemistry. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn Spanish, take a Arabic course or prepare yourself for French life, we can help - and all in Wishaw! Our search will order welsh Wishaw tutors in your area according to their welsh tuition charges and proximity to you.
If you are a Wishaw welsh tutor wishing to offer your local welsh tuition services in Wishaw or anywhere else across the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we offer here. Home welsh tuition is a fantastic way to re-affirm your welsh knowledge while helping someone else, all in the Wishaw area!


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About This Activity
Duathlon: 5k run, 30k bike, 2.5k run>
Run is 5K.
The old Knights Ferry Duathlon course - the run is paved loop, the bike is a paved out-and-back, all with rolling hills.
Duathlon - $50 per person pre-registered, $60 day of
Duathlon Relay (1 runner & 1 biker) $90. per relay team pre-registered, $110 day of
5K Run - $30. per person pre-registered, $35. day of.
Race Packets
Numbers and T-shirts are not sent out in advance. Please pick-up race day. Registration and check-in opens at 7:30 a.m.
All pre-registered participants receive theirs prior to the event start. All race day registrants will receive theirs upon completion and/or first come first served basis. All participants will receive a shirt.
Medals 3 deep in ten year age groups through 70+. Trophies to overall winners.
Donated prizes will be raffled (by bib number) after the race. You must be present to win.
The preservation of the salmon natural spawining habitat in the Stanislaus River.
Duathletes must use a bike helmet(ANSI approved)
See bekow


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Gemini Jets 1/400 United Airlines Boeing 737-500 die cast model
Sold for:
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- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
Item Description:
This small but accurately produced model of Gemini Jets 1/400 United Airlines Boeing 737-500 is brand new. Registration number: N928UAPayment accepted: I accept Paypal, bank transfer to HK and UK bank account. Personal cheques (Pound sterling and HK$ only). Postage: Airmail International Postage is US$5, optional US$2 extra to have it recorded. I can combine shipping. You are very welcome to email me if you have any enquiries. If you are looking for any specific 1/400 or 1/500 you are also very welcome to let me know. Happy collecting!


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The Perfect Family Trailer (2011)
30 April 2011 Drama, Comedy 84 mins
Kathleen Turner stars as suburban mother and devout Catholic Eileen Cleary, who has always kept up appearances. When she runs for the Catholic Woman of the Year title at her local parish, her final test is introducing her family to the board for the seal of approval. Now she must finally face the nonconformist family she has been glossing over for years...
Watch the official The Perfect Family 2011 trailer in HD below or find more The Perfect Family videos on Vidimovie.


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Senator Morahan To Name Rocklander To Newly Created State Panel On Underage Drinking
Senator Thomas P. Morahan, author of a recent law creating a State Advisory Council on Underage Alcohol Consumption, attended the SADD Youth Convention in Rockland County recently at St. Thomas Aquinas College to announce the appointment of Ms. Sharon Hittman, a distinguished community activist from Rockland County who has worked on underage drinking prevention initiatives for over 15 years, to the 'NYS Advisory Council on Underage Alcohol Consumption.' Ms. Hittman, a member of the Rockland County Coalition for Drug Free Schools and Communities, a member of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) , and a member of Students Against Destructive Decisions( SADD) received national accolades for creating and distributing 'Alcohol Poisoning Wallet Cards.'
The newly created State Council on Underage Alcohol Consumption* is scheduled to meet in January, 2007, but increasing incidents of underage drinking in the lower Hudson Valley; coupled with the release of statistics on underage drinking from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, prompted the immediate appointment of Hittman to the newly created council. A 2005 HHS national survey shows that 10.8 million persons aged 12 to 20 reported drinking alcohol. Nearly 7.2 million young people were listed as binge drinkers, and 2.3 million young people reported being heavy drinkers.
* New York State Advisory Council on Underage Alcohol Consumption (S.7058, Signed Chapter. 168)
Powers and duties of the council:
1. to receive information with respect to, and to study and analyze, incidents of underage consumption of alcoholic beverages, and to examine the elements of such incidents to identify those factors that are consistently associated with such behavior;
2. to identify and analyze the responses to underage drinking made by governmental officials, including law enforcement officials and prosecutors, and to make recommendations as to whether such responses appear to be achieving decreases in the incidence of such behavior, and if not, whether it appears that a change is required in policies and procedures;
3. to conduct public hearings as may be necessary to carry out its functions under this article;
4. to make recommendations with respect to the following:
(a) educational programs to teach children the dangers of underage
(b) training programs for law enforcement officials and prosecutors to sensitize them to the special nature of youth-related crime and to encourage them to develop appropriate responses;
(c) the appropriateness and effectiveness of existing civil and criminal laws in redressing underage drinking and any changes that should be made in such laws; and
(d) such other matters as may be deemed appropriate by the council after consultation with involved parties;
5. promulgate any necessary rules of order or procedures relating to the administration and performance of the powers and duties of the council pursuant to this article; and
6. to perform all other tasks necessary and convenient to carry out the functions, powers and duties of the council and to effectuate the purposes of this article.
The council shall submit a written report to the governor, the majority leader of the senate and the speaker of the assembly by no later than October first of the year next succeeding the effective date of this article and annually thereafter, setting forth the recommendations and activities of the council on matters within the scope of its powers and duties as set forth in this article.


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The teachings of political theorist Leo Strauss (18991973) have recently received new attention, as political observers have become aware of the influence Strauss's students have had in shaping conservative agendas of the Bush administrationincluding the war on Iraq. This provocative book examines Strauss's ideas and the ways in which they have been appropriated, or misappropriated, by senior policymakers.
Anne Norton, a political theorist trained by some of Strauss's most famous students, is well equipped to write on Strauss and Straussians. She tells three interwoven narratives: the story of Leo Strauss, a Jewish German-born émigré, who carried European philosophy into a new world; the story of the philosophic lineage that came from Leo Strauss; and the story of how America has been made a moral battleground by the likes of Paul Wolfowitz, Leon Kass, Carnes Lord, and Irving KristolStraussian conservatives committed to an American imperialism they believe will usher in a new world order.
Many neoconservative intellectuals and Bush Administration officials claim Leo Strauss, the philosopher who fled Nazi Germany for the United States in the nineteen-thirties, as their political forebear. Norton studied at Chicago, the center of the Straussian academic universe, and the book has the flavor of an amusing tell-all. (When she moves to Brown and discovers Lacan, Foucault, and Derrida, one horrified Straussian says, "You have gone over to the dark side of the Force.") Norton's account is a sort of critical field guide to Straussians, taxonomizing their "variants and subspecies" and assessing the ways in which some of them have affected U.S. foreign policy. She points out that, whereas neoconservatives talk of clashes between Islam and the West, Strauss was a close reader of medieval Muslim political theory and decried Western intellectuals for their ignorance of the non-Western world: "The Straussians have set themselves to guard the gates Strauss opened."


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I'll get the ball rolling with this Charleston from a British TV show called Strictly Come Dancing. It's like a ballroom dancing competition show which involves celebrities.
Christmas was brought in by pope Julias. Assimulation of other gods was brought about by Elagabalus
No where in the bible does it say to celebrate Christmas or Easter. This period of the year has many pagan "religious" celebrations, Saturnalia ie god saturn, winter solstice druids, Nimrod (Baal, Tammuz,), sol invictus/Mithras the … Read more


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If social conservatives were hoping to ride to the White House on tide of unquenchable Puritan backlash against President Obama's birth control mandate, they'll find their hopes tragically dashed. According to a new poll, the majority of Americans like the idea of giving birth control to anyone who wants it.
The poll, conducted by Quinnipiac University, found that 54% of Americans support the administration's mandate that employer sponsored plans provide birth control at no cost to employees who wish to use it under the Affordable Care Act. Only 38% of poll respondents opposed the measure.


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Debi Diamond is one of the most hard-working babes in the game right now. And she has been one ever since she joined the industry back in the 80s. She was born in 1962 in California and she has had a busy career ever since her first first scene. She is a real blond bombshell,with big green eyes and a pair of fake monster DD-cup boobs. She is a real tall babe,5'12 tall and weighing 127 lbs,which is nothing when you come to think of it. Over the course of her really long and really prolific career,she has done scenes as Shelley Ray,Deborah Diamond and Josi Emerson. In 1995,she was named the Performer of the Year and she is already in the Hall of Fame.
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DocumentsWriter's add delete query and add delete term add to the number of bytes used regardless of the query or term already existing in the respective map.
- All
- Comments
- Work Log
- History
- Activity
- Transitions
Patch. The query value was changed to BufferedDeletes.Num instead of Integer to save a little on object pointer allocation.
As a side note, there are a number of unrelated generics warnings when compiling.
Do you mean post a patch for 3.1? The change is fairly simple, can you simply add it and commit?
Yeah I can add it. I didn't realize you're waiting for someone to take on that issue .
I reviewed the patch and it no longer applies to DocumentsWriter anymore, since deletes happen inside SegmentDeletes. So:
- delete-by-term: am I right to say it's handled properly in SegmentDeletes.addTerm()?
- delete-by-query: seems like SegmentDeletes.addQuery() always increments bytesUsed, whether the query was already in the map or not. I think that's wrong, so I'll add a patch that fixes it for you to review.
Patch against 3x, though I believe it'll look the same against trunk. Fixed SegmentDeletes.addQuery and added a CHANGES entry. I'd appreciate if someone can take a look before I commit.
New patch looks good Shai! We had already fixed the dup-Term case...
Committed revision 1062824 (3x).
Committed revision 1062832 (trunk).
Thanks Jason !


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Phonics, Method of reading instruction that breaks language down into its simplest components. Children learn the sounds of individual letters first, then the sounds of letters in combination and in simple words. Simple reading exercises with a controlled vocabulary reinforce the process. Phonics-based instruction was challenged by proponents of "whole-language" instruction, a process in which children are introduced to whole words at a time, are taught using real literature rather than reading exercises, and are encouraged to keep journals in which "creative" spelling is permitted. A strong backlash against whole-language teaching polarized these two approaches to reading instruction. Many schools have since come to use a combination of the two techniques.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 20, 1984
|Filing date
|Mar 27, 1981
|Priority date
|Mar 27, 1981
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Harry Kroger, Richard A. Soref
|Original Assignee
|Sperry Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (60), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to the measurement of temperature using optical techniques and more particularly relates to an apparatus for determining temperature utilizing a sensor material having a thermally dependent refractive index.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Present technology utilizes thermistor beads having a temperature dependent resistance characteristic, wherein the thermistor's resistance is monitored to yield an indication of temperature. Such sensors, however, suffer from various disadvantages including susceptibility to electromagnetic radiation interference and the noise produced thereby. Furthermore, the flow of sensing current through the thermistor element may cause a temperature rise in the sensor, thus rendering such sensors inaccurate. These sensors are also bulky, slow responding, and costly to produce.
Optical sensors have the advantage of being relatively insensitive to electromagnetic interference as well as being small in size and adaptable to inexpensive manufacturing techniques. Optical sensors known in the art include birefringent digital temperature sensors which exploit temperature dependent birefringence effects of various crystals. In such a sensor, a source spectrum is transmitted by a fiber bundle through a polarizer. The polarization vector of the resulting light is then rotated by the birefringence cell through an angle which is dependent upon the temperature. A second polarizing filter is then used to convert the polarization changes into intensity changes. Such a sensor, however, requires the use of costly birefringent crystals and has a limited dynamic range. A further optical temperature sensor known in the art exploits the temperature dependent phosphorescence decay time of phosphors. In sensors of this nature a phosphor bonded to one end of a fiber optic light guide is illuminated with pulsed laser light. By examining the decay time of the phosphorescence emitted by the phosphor, a temperature measurement may be made. Such a sensor, however, requires complex electronics and has a slow response time.
The present invention provides a compact, simple, and economical apparatus having fast response for measuring temperature at remote and non-remote locations.
In a preferred embodiment of the first surface temperature sensor, a layer of sensor material having first and second surfaces and a temperature dependent index of refraction n2, such as amorphous hydrogenated silicon, is coupled to an optical fiber core having an index of refraction n1, forming a dielectric interface therebetween. The intensity of light reflections resulting from light incident to the dielectric interface will depend on the index of refraction n2, which in turn is temperature dependent, thereby providing a light signal whose intensity is temperature dependent. The intensity of such a light signal may be detected and utilized to provide an indication of temperature.
In another embodiment of the first surface optical temperature sensor, the ratio of hydrogen to silicon in amorphous hydrogenated silicon is smoothly varied to provide a changing light absorption characteristic across a cross-section of the layer of amorphous hydrogenated silicon, thereby becoming increasingly opaque to light incident thereon and consequently substantially reducing reflections from the second surface of the layer. The method for fabricating the optical temperature sensor including amorphous hydrogenated silicon having a smoothly varying ratio of hydrogen to silicon comprises varying the partial pressure of hydrogen in the atmosphere in which silicon is r.f. sputtered onto a substrate.
In the preferred embodiment of the interferometric temperature sensor, a layer of sensor material having a temperature dependent index of refraction n2, such as amorphous hydrogenated silicon is coupled to an optical fiber core having an index of refraction n1 to form an etalon type interferometer in which the reflections of light resulting from light having approximately normal incidence to the first and second surfaces are utilized. The light reflected from the first and second surfaces resulting from light having substantially normal incidence thereupon will constructively and destructively interfere and therefore the light intensity will vary depending upon the index of refraction of the sensor material n2, which in turn depends upon temperature, thereby providing a light signal, the intensity of which is temperature dependent. The intensity of such a light signal may be detected and utilized to provide an indication of temperature.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first surface temperature sensor in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph useful in explaining the operation of the present invention.
FIGS. 3A through 3E are diagrams of alternative embodiments of the temperature sensor in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is an interferometric temperature sensor in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph useful in explaining the operation of the present invention.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are alternative embodiments of the temperature sensor according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 are block diagrams of the temperature detector systems in accordance with the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, a fiber optic first surface optical temperature sensor includes an optical fiber 11 coupled to a film of sensor material 12 forming dielectric interface 13, sensor material 12 being in turn coupled at interface 14 to reflection inhibiting material 15 which has a surface 16. Optical fiber core 11 may be surrounded by cladding 17. In the preferred embodiment, optical fiber core 11 is a multimode optical fiber and sensor material 12 comprises amorphous hydrogenated silicon, a-(Si:H). The hydrogenated silicon sensor material may be deposited by r.f. sputtering in a gas mixture of hydrogen, argon and phosphorous. In addition, other useful sensor materials would include Si, Ge, a-(Se), a-(Ge:H), CdS, CdSe, AlSb, CdSSe, GaAs, GaAlAs, InP and other substances selected from the 3-5 and 2-6 compounds of the periodic table of the elements.
The sensor material may be deposited by r.f. sputtering, thermal evaporation, inductively coupled r.f. plasmas or by E-beam evaporation depending on the material selected. Alternatively, the sensor material may be deposited on a film of glass and polished, the glass cut to a small disc, and the small disc thereafter attached to the fiber using transparent cement. Although any optical fiber core material may be used, silica, is preferred. The fiber may be single mode or multimode and may have any diameter, any numerical aperture, and may have either a graded or step index profile.
It is well known in the optical art that light incident on the interface between two dielectrics having differing indices of refraction n1 and n2 will be reflected, transmitted, or both reflected and transmitted depending upon the indices of refraction and the angle of incidence. For light incident upon an interface between the first and second dielectrics having indices of refraction n1 and n2, respectively, the percentage of reflected power reflected from the interface will be ##EQU1## Where θ1 equals the angle of incidence and θ2 equals the angle of the refracted light propagated through the dielectric having an index of n2. Referring again to FIG. 1, light rays 20 having normal incidence at the dielectric interface 13 between optical fiber core 11 and sensor material 12 having index of refractions n1 and n2, respectively, will be partially transmitted as shown by light ray 21 and partially reflected as shown by light ray 22. Since light rays emerging from optical fiber core 11 emerge in a cone having a small angle such light approximates the normal incidence on interface 13. Substituting 0� for θ1 and θ2 corresponding to light impinging upon the dielectric interface 13 for normal incidence, equation (1) becomes: ##EQU2## Thus, if the indices of refraction of fiber core 11 or sensor 12 change with respect to one another, then the reflectance power R will also change.
In the instant invention, temperature dependent changes in the n2, of sensor material 12 in response to temperature changes, Δn2 /ΔT, are utilized to sense temperature changes. Many semiconductors, including those mentioned hereinabove, exhibit such a temperature dependent index of refraction. It has been suggested that Δn2 /ΔT for amorphous silicon is approximately the same as that for crystalline silicon since the retention of the short range order in the amorphous phase provides an average interband separation similar to that occurring in crystalline silicon. Thermally induced index of refraction changes in crystalline silicon have been found to be related to two effects: (1) volume changes, that is expansion and contraction of the crystalline lattice, and (2) electron-phonon scattering effects at constant volume. Considering the crystalline lattice as composed of individual single oscillators, volume changes will lead to an increase or decrease in the number of oscillators per unit volume, since temperature changes cause an increase in volume but do not affect the mass of the material.
It is well known that the energy band gap of a semiconductor is temperature dependent as related by the equation
E.sub.g (T)=E.sub.g (0)-K.sub.1 T.sup.2 /(T+K.sub.2) (3)
where Eg (0)=the band gap energy at 0� Kelvin;
T=temperature in degrees Kelvin; and
K1 and K2 are material constants.
If a single oscillator model is used to approximate the behavior of crystalline silicon, then the value of the index of refraction n in terms of energy band gap and frequency may be related by the following equation:
n.sup.2 =1+A/(E.sub.g.sup.2 -(hγ).sup.2) (4)
where A is proportional to the electron density,
γ=the frequency of the illuminating light,
h=Planck's constant.
Then, ##EQU3## where β=the thermal expansion coefficient for the material. The first term is dependent upon the energy band gap and the second term is dependent upon the thermal expansion coefficient for the crystal.
Although the index shift Δn2 /ΔT for the sensing material may be small, the change in reflectance power R may be large. Selecting an optical fiber core 11 having a negligible Δn1 /ΔT, differentation of equation (2) shows that: ##EQU4## For amorphous hydrogenated silicon at 22� C. for an incident light ray 20, having a wavelength of 633 nanometers, sensor material 12 having an index of refraction n2 of 3.095, and a band gap edge at 585 nanometers, coupled to an optical fiber 11 having an index of refraction n1 =1.47, equation (2) yields R=0.127. In silicon's transparency region (approximately 1,500 nanometers) Δn2 /ΔT is thus approximately 2.4�10-4 /C�., yielding a reflectance power change ΔR/ΔT of 0.4% per degree centrigrade. Such a change in reflectance is easily detected utilizing methods known in the art.
The selection of the wavelength of the incident light is not critical; the peak wavelength can satisfactorily be chosen in the range from λ=500 nanometers to 1,500 nanometers for a-Si:H. In practice, one may either choose the light source to approximately match the sensor material or tailor the sensor material to match the particular source chosen, as discussed below.
The composition of the hydrogenated silicon can be tailored during the r.f. sputtering process by adjusting the partial pressure of the hydrogen present during sputtering. By varying the partial pressure of hydrogen present during sputtering, compositions ranging from 20% hydrogen/80% silicon, to pure silicon may be obtained using this method. The fundamental energy band gap edge of hydrogenated silicon may be adjusted over a range of approximately 550 to 1100 nanometers. The optical properties of such compositions vary smoothly from one composition to the next as shown in FIG. 2, wherein are shown four a-Si:H samples having varying hydrogen/silicon ratios and their resulting characteristics shown by curves 30 to 33. Selection of the appropriate composition, thus provides a convenient method for tailoring the sensor composition to the light source and fiber optic material utilized.
Using this sputtering process the composition of a hydrogenated silicon film 12 may be graded from the interface 13 to interface 14 with an accompanying variation of thermooptic properties. This is accomplished by removing hydrogen gas from the system as the sputtering process proceeds. For example, a film comprising 20% hydrogen and 80% silicon may be formed at the fiber optic interface 13 (FIG. 1) with a gradual change in the film until it becomes pure silicon as one moves farther from the interface 13 to interface 14. Such a graded composition film has important properties as will be further described.
The first surface optical temperature sensor described thus far utilizes only changes in reflection at the optical fiber-sensor film interface 13. It is thus necessary to suppress reflections that occur at interface 14 of sensor material 12. This can be accomplished in several ways as shown in FIGS. 3A through 3E. In FIG. 3A, anti-reflection coating 41 is shown aligned with sensor material 12. Anti-reflection coating 41 is a dielectric well known in the art selected so that all reflections at interface 14, which is adjacent to anti-reflection coating 41, are inhibited. In FIG. 3B a black, absorbing film is placed in alignment with sensor material 12 which will absorb substantially all light incident thereupon. In FIG. 3C, a material whose refractive index closely matches that of the sensor material 12 is aligned therewith. Material 43 is further selected to be opaque at the optical source wavelength. Since the refractive index of material 43 substantially matches that of sensor material 12, there will be little or no reflection at the interface 44 therebetween. Furthermore, as the light propagates through material 43, it is absorbed since material 43 is selected to be opaque at the frequency of interest; there is therefore substantially no reflection from surface 45. In FIG. 3D, a structure utilizing the graded composition hydrogenated silicon discussed above is shown. When the graded composition material is used for sensor film 46, the index of refraction and the optical absorption coefficient may be smoothly varied from interface 13 where it comprises an a-Si:H mixture to a second surface 47, where it is nearly pure silicon. As the light propagates through graded material 46, it is absorbed so that there is substantially no reflection from surface 47. FIG. 3E shows a basic structure comprising sensor material 12 in which the wavelength of the incident light source is approximately 500 Angstroms less than the wavelength of the band edge gap. Since the incident light will thus fall within the absorbing region of the sensor material 12, there will be little or no reflection from surface 48.
In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 4, the second surface reflections are not suppressed but are utilized to provide an interferometric sensor similar in operation to that of a Fabry-Perot Etalon. In FIG. 4, the optical fiber core 50 having an index of refraction n1 is coupled at surface 51 to sensor material 52 that has a temperature dependent index of refraction n2, and is in turn coupled at surface 53 to dielectric 54 which has an index of refraction n3 and a surface 55. Sensor material 52 has a thickness D and may be of the same semiconducting sensor material as previously described, for example, amorphous hydrogenated silicon, while dielectric 54 may be any material having an index of refraction different from the sensor material, preferably lower, and including, for example, air.
Refer again to FIG. 4. In operation, light ray 56 propagates through optical fiber core 50 and has approximately normal incidence to surface 51 (light ray 56 is shown deviating from normal incidence for clarity). At surface 51, a portion of the light will be reflected as shown by light ray 57 and a portion will continue to propagate through sensor material 52 as shown by light ray 58 until it strikes second surface 53 whereat a portion will be reflected as light ray 59. Additional light rays will be reflected and propagated between the first surface 51 and second surface 53 as shown. Emerging light rays 57, 60 and 62 will interfere with one another in constructive and destructive interference. The optical performance of thin films such as those utilized herein is well known in the art. The reflectance power R on a non-absorbing substrate such as optical fiber core 50 for light rays having normal or nearly normal incidence is: ##EQU5## where β=(2πn2 D)/λ at normal incidence, β=(2πn2 D cos φ)/λ at slight deviations from normal incidence.
Refer now to FIG. 5 which shows the reflectance power R versus wavelength for a smooth, parallel 1100 nanometer thick amorphous hydrogenated silicon film in accordance with equation (7). Curve 70 shows an oscillatory interference pattern at a temperature T1, whereas curve 71 shows the interference pattern found at a temperature T2 which has the same oscillator pattern shifted along the abscissa. From equation (7), it is clear that if n2 is temperature dependent, the reflectance power will change for different temperatures as shown in FIG. 5. It is equally clear that in order to insure best results, optical fiber core 50 and superstrate 54 should have indices of refraction n1 and n3, respectively, that are relatively independent of temperature changes.
A substantially monochromatic light source selected to have its central wavelength near the midpoint of a side of one of the sinusoidal cycles in the sensor material's transparent range, as shown for example by point 72, is preferably used to illuminate the etalon sensor. Since such a wavelength lies on curve 71 in its region of maximum linearity and slope, changes in R, such as ΔR in FIG. 5 may be used in a temperature sensor having high resolution and linearity.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that changes in the thickness D of sensor film 52 (FIG. 4) due to thermal expansions and contractions will also affect the reflectance power R and may need to be included in the calibration of the interferometric sensor of the present invention. Reflectance changes due to thermal expansion and contraction of a sensor material such as a-Si:H are substantially smaller than the reflectance changes due to the change in the index of refraction, and may in many instances be ignored.
It is well known in the art that an etalon type interferometer will yield a series of circular fringes in the well known interference pattern. Equation (7) describes the case in which one observes primarily the central fringe at normal incidence or at slight deviations therefrom. In practice, the light from the fiber fore 50 having index of refraction n1, does not emerge in a parallel-on axis beam. The light will emerge from the fiber core 50 in a cone of rays with a maximum half angle of θ1 relative to the fiber axis. When entering sensor material 52 having index of refraction n2 greater than n1, this angle is decreased in accordance with Snell's Law of refraction θ2 =n1 /n2 �θ1. The angle θ1 may be determined from the numerical aperture (N.A.) according to the relation sin θ1 =N.A. For a sensor where n1 =1.5 and n2 =3.8, then θ2 =1.5/3.8, then θ2 =1.5/3/8�θ1 = 0.39 θ1. If, for example, the numerical aperture equals 0.20, then θ1 =11.5� and θ2 will equal 4.5�, which provides light rays having an angle of incidence upon sensor material 52 that is close enough to normal so that light from substantially only the central fringe is returned and equation (7) is predictive of the sensor performance. Furthermore, integrating equation (7) over the full range of light ray angles (in this example 4.5�), as occurs in a multimode optical fiber averages the nonnormal incident light. This averaging in effect occurs over the 4.5� cone and yields a response substantially the same as if the incident light were restricted to purely normal incidence.
Typically, the thickness of the sensor film D, would approximate the wavelength of the light used to illuminate the sensor material, for example, 1000 to 3000 nanometers.
In addition to the basic structure described in FIG. 4, an optical absorber 75 as shown in FIG. 6A may be added to surface 55 to minimize interference from external light sources. In FIG. 6B a metal film 76 has been added at surface 53 to provide reflection in lieu of dielectric 54 while simultaneously minimizing interference from external light sources and protecting the dielectric surface.
In operation, it is necessary to collect light reflected from either the first surface reflective sensor or the etalon type sensor and channel it to a detector, while segregating the return light from the light incident to the sensor material. Two structures useful for accomplishing this function are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
In FIG. 7, a fused fiber coupler comprising fibers 80 and 81 are physically fused at junction 82 which forms an optical directional coupler having input ports 83 and 84 and output ports 85 and 86. Optical light source 90 is coupled to input port 83 and sensor 91 is coupled to input port 84. Optical detector 92, which is used for detecting the intensity of light reflected from the sensor 91, is coupled to an output port 85, the remaining end of optical fiber 80 terminates at optical port 86 into an absorber 93 which absorbs substantially all light incident thereon. In operation, light incident from optical light source 90 propagates through fiber 80 and at junction 82 couples into fiber 81 propagating in a direction towards sensor 91. At sensor 91, in accordance with the principles previously disclosed, light will be reflected depending upon the temperature of sensor 91 and propagate through fiber 81 to detector 92 where the intensity of the reflected light maybe determined. Since a portion of the light from optical source 90 will continue to propagate in optical fiber 80 past junction 82, it may be absorbed by absorber 93 to prevent unwanted reflections and thereby decrease noise.
If fiber 81 has a larger core diameter than fiber 80, the ratio of light reflected from sensor 91 remaining in fiber 81 will be greater than light coupling from fiber 81 into fiber 80, and propagating towards optical source 90, thus maximizing signal-to-noise ratio by maximizing the power available at detector 92.
FIG. 8 shows a differential or subtractive system that minimizes intensity variations in the detected signal due to optical source fluctuations. The sensor system of FIG. 8 utilizes the fused fiber coupler of FIG. 7 and comprises optical source 90 coupled to input port 83 and sensor 91 coupled to the remaining input port 84. First and second optical detectors 92 and 93 are coupled to output ports 85 and 86, respectively, the output signals of optical detectors 92 and 93 being coupled to difference circuit 94 whose output may in turn be coupled to signal processing means 95 and is in turn coupled to utilization means 96. In operation, light signals generated in optical source 90 propagate through fiber 80, the power therefrom dividing at junction 82 part of which propagates towards sensor 91 in fiber 81, the remainder of which propagates to the second optical detector 93 as a reference signal. Light which propagates towards optical detector 91 will be reflected therefrom in accordance with the temperature detected and propagates back towards the first optical detector 92. Optical detectors 92 and 93 detect the intensity of light received from their respective output ports 85 and 86 and generate a signal corresponding in amplitude thereto. The output signals of optical detectors 92 and 93 may then be fed to a difference circuit 94 which may be a differential amplifier that generates an output signal representative of the difference between first and second optical detectors output signals. The reference signal appearing at optical detector 93 and the return signal appearing at optical detector 92 are thus subtracted from one another and instantaneous time variations in the optical source strength will be subtracted out, thereby providing more accurate and noise free signals. The output signal of difference circuit 94 may be further processed in signal processing circuit 95, which may be a preamplifier or other circuit needed to condition the signal, the output of which is in turn coupled to utilization device 96, which may be a meter or other device useful for displaying an electrical voltage or current.
While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation and that changes may be made within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.
|Beysens, "Simple, Reliable, and Sensitive Interferometer for the Measurement of the Refractive Index of Liquids as a Function of Temperature", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 50(4), Apr. 1979, pp. 509-510.
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|U.S. Classification
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|Apr 27, 1981
Owner name: SPERRY CORPORATION, MIDDLESEX, MASS. A CORP. OF D
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KROGER, HARRY;SOREF, RICHARD A.;REEL/FRAME:004003/0401
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KROGER, HARRY;SOREF, RICHARD A.;REEL/FRAME:004003/0401
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|Jun 7, 1988
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
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All 4 movie Reviews
Zelda UO: Episode 1
Rated 2.5 / 5 stars
Why. You have so much potential and your art skill is pretty decent, but christ man, animate better.
Ive watched your movies for over 4 years, hoping to see improvement each time. But I dont. All you do is make everything prettier. Thats it. You still use the tweenimation, which just makes everything in the movie feel fake and slow. Instead of making everything pretty actually animate using your tablet, I know you have one put it to good use and stop tweening, look at egoraptor and harrypartridge. They dont use tweenimations and pretty effects to make their animations good. They use their talent to actually animate and bring things to life. Based on what ive seen of your work, you dont. Sorry scoot, stop trying to win us over with 3D effects and actually improve the ANIMATION.
Kerslash Episode 1
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars
Well done. Its animated nicely but is kind of choppy sometimes.
Also the caharcters are seem to well...derp sometimes. Im not sure if thats intentional or not.
One las tnote, the opening I feel is very generic and over the top Im sure thats probably the joke but eh, could've made it more original.
You do have potential here so keep up the work. Try to improve in baby steps.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Im a brony, and this was hilarious. I dont see why so many other bornies get so butthurt.
And for the most part its not much of an exaggeration, atleast for the dark part of the brony communnity.
But back to this, great animation, good voices, and good humor. Good job Spazkid.
The Average 7th Grader 1
Rated 4 / 5 stars
Bonus points for the Earthbound BG Music.
Good job on this.
Glad you caught that, thanks :)