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Southwest Airlines carried the most domestic passengers in December, totaling 8.9 million. American Airlines led in international travel, carrying 1.7 million people overseas.
For the year, Delta Airlines led both domestic and international travel, with almost 11.1 billion domestic "enplaned passengers" — which includes trips with layovers (meaning they're counting each time a person boards a plane — and 20.9 million international enplanements.
Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson airport was the busiest airport in December, with 3.4 million passengers. It was followed by Dallas/Fort Worth, with 2.2 million travelers. For the year, Atlanta led with 42.5 billion, followed by Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, with 30 billion.
Airline travel up last December
By Keith Laing - 03/10/11 08:28 PM EST


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[Due to the increasing size of the archives, each topic page now contains only the prior 365 days of content. Access to older stories is now solely through the Monthly Archive pages or the site search function.]
Geely acquiring flying car startup Terrafugia
November 14, 2017
Zhejiang Geely Holding Group has entered into an agreement to acquire Terrafugia, a US-based company developing practical flying cars.Terrafugia was founded in 2006 by five MIT graduates; since then, the company has delivered a number of working prototypes. Terrafugia aims to deliver its first flying car to the market in 2019, with the world's first VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) flying car being made available by 2023.
Under the terms of the agreement, Terrafugia will remain domiciled and headquartered in the US, and continue to focus on its existing mission of developing flying cars. Terrafugia will also benefit from the Geely Group's significant expertise and track record of innovation within the global auto industry. This deal has received approval from all relevant regulators including the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CIFIUS).
Neste and American Airlines collaborate to explore opportunities for renewable fuel use; High Freeze Point HEFA
November 13, 2017
Neste, the world's leading producer of renewable diesel, and American Airlines, the world's largest airline, have entered into an agreement to explore opportunities to further reduce American's environmental footprint through the use of Neste's renewable fuels. One goal of the cooperation will be complementary efforts to facilitate acceptance and commercialization of High Freeze Point HEFA (HFP-HEFA) renewable jet fuel (Also called HEFA+), which is currently under consideration for approval by ASTM International.
In 2015, Neste and Boeing announced they would work together toward ASTM International fuel standard approval allowing the commercial use of HFP-HEFA renewable aviation fuel by airlines, with the ultimate goal of accelerating adoption of renewable aviation fuel by establishing a standard that, while reducing the maximum blend level acceptable, also relaxes the processing requirements and increases the yield of the renewable fuel. (Earlier post.)
Phase 1 of DOE-funded ABBA Integrated Biorefinery project begins; renewable jet, gasoline, diesel and nanocellulose
October 24, 2017
Phase 1 of the ABBA Integrated Biorefinery project, to be built at the AVAPCO Thomaston Georgia site, has begun. The project, which will co-produce full replacement renewable jet fuel, gasoline, diesel and Bioplus nanocellulose from woody biomass in an integrated biorefinery at AVAPCO's site in Thomaston, Georgia, has received a $3.7-million award from the Department of Energy. (Earlier post.)
The project aims to demonstrate that co-production of high volume commodity fuels and low volume, high value co-products enables profitable biorefineries at commercial scale. ABBA integrates the biorefinery value chain by converting wood to cellulose and cellulosic sugars, which are then converted to cellulosic biojet and nanocellulose. Patented technologies and intellectual property will be provided by AVAPCO, Byogy and Petron. Technology collaborators also include the Renewable Bioproducts Institute at Georgia Tech and the University of Tennessee,Knoxville.
Gevo, Los Alamos to collaborate to develop high-energy-density renewable missle fuel
October 09, 2017
Gevo, Inc. will be partnering with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) on a project to improve the energy density of certain Gevo hydrocarbon products, such as its alcohol-to-jet-fuel (ATJ) (earlier post), to meet product specifications for tactical fuels for specialized military applications such as RJ-4 (exo-dime- thyltetrahydrodicylopentadienes), RJ-6 (a blend of JP-10 and RJ-5) and JP-10 (exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene). ChemCatBio, a consortium within the US Department of Energy, awarded funding to LANL in support of the project as one of 9 projects to accelerate the development of catalysts and related technologies for the commercialization of biomass-derived fuels and chemicals.
Gevo and LANL are looking to develop a low-cost, catalytic technology that would be bolted-on to Gevo's existing isobutanol-to-hydrocarbons process to produce high energy density fuels (HEDFs). The proposed approach would develop air-stable, photocatalysts on solid support for flow reactors. Photocatalytic (visible light) cylcoadditions would increase energy density upon cyclization by at least 100 kJ/mol. With the successful scale-up of this technology, it is believed that Gevo's HEDFs could be produced at a lower cost than the petroleum-based equivalent, even at current oil prices.
Gevo to supply alcohol-to-jet fuel to Virgin Australia
October 04, 2017
Gevo, Inc. expects to supply its renewable alcohol-to-jet fuel (ATJ) (earlier post) to the Virgin Australia Group. The Virgin Australia Group will be responsible for coordinating the purchase, supply and blending of the ATJ into the fuel supply system at Brisbane Airport in Queensland, Australia.
Gevo's ATJ is expected to be blended with traditional jet fuel and supplied on flights departing Brisbane Airport, including Virgin Australia flights. It is currently contemplated that Gevo will ship the first gallons of ATJ to the Virgin Australia Group in October 2017.
Agrisoma expanding partnership with Univ. of Florida on biojet fuel in US; Carinata seed
October 03, 2017
Agrisoma Biosciences Inc. is expanding its partnership with the University of Florida (UF) to advance the supply of biojet fuel in the United States. The Québec-based company and its subsidiary, Agrisoma USA, is working with a network of 40 academic researchers from seven universities associated with UF's Institute of Food and Agricultural Science. Agrisoma's goal is to maximize production of carinata seed grown in the southeastern US.
Brassica carinata (carinata) is a non-edible oilseed crop used to produce industrial oil with highly desirable fuel chemistry for 'drop in' aviation fuels. The research project will operate under the oversight of the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture, in conjunction with the Florida-based Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC).
High-density renewable jet fuel from eucalyptus
October 02, 2017
Researchers at Washington State University and the University of Nevada developed a novel process for synthesizing dense jet fuel from mint, pine, gumweed, eucalyptus or other plants.
The process, known as biphasic tandem catalytic process (biTCP), synthesizes cyclic hydrocarbon compounds for jet fuel from terpenoids, the natural organic chemical compounds found in many plants. Cyclic hydrocarbons are molecular compounds with structures that can store high levels of energy. The researchers were able to create a high yield of the cyclic hydrocarbon p-menthane from eucalyptus oil. A paper on the work is published in the journal Green Chemistry.
Masdar Institute's SEAS harvest marks critical milestone in development of sustainable aviation biofuel
Masdar Institute of Science and Technology's Sustainable Bioenergy Research Consortium (SBRC)—a non-profit entity supported by Etihad Airways, Boeing, Takreer, Safran and General Electric— announced that its flagship project, the Seawater Energy and Agriculture System (SEAS) (earlier post), has reached a critical milestone in its development of sustainable aviation biofuels through the first harvest of the biofuel feedstock. Masdar Institute is a part of the Khalifa University of Science and Technology.
Dr. Alejandro Rios G., Director of the SBRC, led a team of Masdar Institute researchers in harvesting the first crop of the biofuel feedstock Salicornia, which is a local salt-tolerant and oil-rich plant. The harvesting took place at a two-hectare SEAS pilot facility in Masdar City, where seafood and sustainable biomass are being cultivated using saltwater and desert land to contribute to the UAE's sustainable food and fuel security.
easyJet and Wright Electric: all-electric short-haul flights within a decade
European airline easyJet has outlined a strategy to progressively decarbonize and reduce noise from aviation operations. A collaboration with US company Wright Electric will support the goal for short haul flights to be operated by all-electric planes.
Wright Electric has set itself the challenge of building an all-electric commercial passenger jet capable of flying passengers across easyJet's UK and European network within a decade.
Mercedes-Benz Vans, Matternet and siroop start pilot project for on-demand delivery of e-commerce goods; Vans & Drones
September 29, 2017
Mercedes-Benz Vans, US drone systems developer Matternet and Swiss online marketplace siroop have started a pilot project in Zurich to test an efficient van and drone-based system for on-demand delivery of e-commerce goods. The drone delivers the shipment not to the consumer, but rather to the delivery van, which handles delivery for the final segment of the last mile.
The pilot project, which started with first trials on 25 September, represents a significant milestone for autonomous aerial systems: it is the first time that extensive beyond-line-of sight drone operations with the use of vans as landing platforms are taking place in a major urban area to test a fully-automated e-commerce drone network. The development of the overall system uses an iterative approach and is based on early testing and continuous optimization.
British Airways partners with Velocys on renewable jet fuel from household waste
September 19, 2017
British Airways has entered a partnership with Velocys to design a series of waste plants that convert household waste into renewable jet fuel to power its fleet.
The first plant will take hundreds of thousands of tonnes of household waste per-year, destined for landfill or incineration, including diapers, plastic food containers and chocolate bar wrappers, and convert it into clean-burning, sustainable fuels. This will contribute to the airline's commitment to reduce net emissions by 50% by 2050.
U Delaware team develops efficient catalyst for production of renewable jet-fuel-range alkanes from biomass under mild conditions
August 16, 2017
A team at the University of Delaware has synthesized renewable jet-fuel-range alkanes by hydrodeoxygenation of lignocellulose-derived high-carbon furylmethanes over ReOx-modified Ir/SiO2 catalysts under mild reaction conditions (170 ˚C, 5 MPa). Their paper is featured on the cover of the journal ChemSusChem.
In their work, they found that Ir−ReOx/SiO2 with a Re/Ir molar ratio of 2:1 exhibits the best performance, achieving a combined alkanes yield of 82–99% from C12–C15 furylmethanes. The catalyst can be regenerated in three consecutive cycles with only about 12% loss in the combined alkanes yield.
AFRL APTO tests EPS Graflight V-8 diesel for unmanned aircraft; 40% less fuel than typical engine, less vibration
August 13, 2017
The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Advanced Power Technology Office, along with Engineered Propulsion Systems and the Arnold Engineering and Development Center, recently concluded ground-based testing of an advanced diesel engine that promises to increase the utility and ease the logistics burden of military aircraft missions.
The high-efficiency aviation diesel engine is a potential replacement for current manned and unmanned aircraft internal combustion engines. Designed by Engineered Propulsion Systems as part of an AFRL effort, the Graflight V-8, 4.3-liter engine is a "clean sheet" design specifically intended for aircraft use. It is liquid-cooled and capable of using either a composite or aluminum propeller.
California Energy Commission to award up to $3M to support development of bio-oil as intermediate for renewable jet fuel
August 12, 2017
The California Energy Commission is issuing a solicitation (GFO-17-901) to provide up to $3 million in funding for innovative, pre-commercial low-carbon fuel production processes that result in the development of bio-oil as an intermediate fuel with wide-scale adoption potential used for renewable jet fuel production.
For the purpose of the solicitation, bio-oil is defined as a synthetic or organic equivalent to crude oil such as bio-crude. Funding will support pilot-scale demonstrations of a thermochemical platform using advanced thermochemical conversion methods successfully proven at the lab or bench scale to efficiently produce bio-based intermediate fuel and potential co-products. Applicants must site a demo facility in California that will produce a minimum of 50,000 gallons of bio-oil intermediate fuel over the term of the project.
Pathway for CO2 catalytic processing of oleic acid into C8-C15 alkanes; jet-range hydrocarbons
August 01, 2017
Researchers in China are proposing new pathways for the CO2 catalytic conversion of oleic acid into C8-C15 alkanes. The yield of C8–C15 products reaches 73.10 mol% in a CO2 atmosphere—much higher than the 49.67 mol% yield obtained in an H2 atmosphere.In the the absence of an external H2 source, the researchers report generating aviation fuel-like products through the aromatization of C3H6, oxidative dehydrogenation involving CO2 and C3H8, and hydrogen transfer reactions account for hydrogen liberation in oleic acid and achieve its re-arrangement in the final alkane products. A paper on their work appears in the RSC journal Green Chemistry.
Continental Motors Group expands general aviation diesel engine family with new fixed- and rotary-wing variants
July 29, 2017
Continental Motors Group is expanding its family of diesel aero engines with the CD-265 and CDR-285 engines. The CD-265 is intended for fixed-winged applications while the CDR-285 is designed for rotary wing applications.
As the other members of the CD-200 family, the CD-265 and CDR-285 are horizontally-opposed (boxer), four-cylinder, direct-injection, air-cooled turbocharged engines. The new 5.0-liter engines, with a compression ratio of 15:1, produce 265 hp at 2500 rpm and 285 hp at 2700 rpm. Both derive from the CD-230 that was first certified by Continental Motors in December 2012.
Parker Aerospace offering lubrication, combustion, & thermal management systems to cut aircraft engine weight, fuel consumption, and emissions
June 24, 2017
Parker Aerospace, a business segment of Parker Hannifin Corporation is introducing technologies designed to enhance the efficiency of aerospace engines in the areas of lubrication, combustion, and thermal management systems.
Engine lubrication innovations include the first-time use of composite materials for engine lubrication reservoirs, deploying oil demister technology to reduce emissions, and the development of sophisticated test rigs to optimize engine lubrication systems. Among the Parker Aerospace innovations in engine combustion are ecology tanks, enhanced combustor and fuel atomization nozzle design, and flexible lines for fuel manifolds. Parker Aerospace is also developing highly efficient, low-profile thermal management equipment to save envelope and weight on the engine.
Airbus Helicopters unveils Racer high-speed demonstrator configuration; in-flight "start-and-stop"
June 21, 2017
At the Paris air show, Airbus Helicopters unveiled the aerodynamic configuration of the high speed demonstrator it is developing as part of the Clean Sky 2 European research program. Codenamed Racer (Rapid And Cost-Effective Rotorcraft), this demonstrator will incorporate a number of innovative features and will be optimized for a cruise speed of more than 400 km/h (249 mph).
It will aim at achieving the best trade-off between speed, cost-efficiency, sustainability and mission performance. Final assembly of the demonstrator is expected to start in 2019, with a first flight the next year.
New efficient biphasic catalytic process for conversion of biomass to dense jet-range fuels
June 13, 2017
Most current bio-jet fuels consist primarily of linear or branched chain alkanes; they suffer from low densities (~0.76 g/mL) and low volumetric heating values compared with those of petro-jet fuels. As a result, most alternative fuels have to blend with petro-jet fuels to meet the energy density requirements.
Cyclic hydrocarbons (i.e. cycloalkanes) can be used to make dense jet fuels with high thermal stability. However, industrial synthesis is costly, and the precursor from hydrocracking of petroleum has low selectivity. Now, researchers from the University of Nevada and Washington State University have developed a novel efficient biphasic tandem catalytic process (biTCP) for synthesizing cycloalkanes from renewable terpenoid biomass (such as 1,8-cineole). A paper on their work is published in the RSC journal Green Chemistry.
DLR and Lufthansa Technik investigate aviation biofuels in large-scale test
June 08, 2017
In a large-scale test, researchers at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR), together with Lufthansa Technik and the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Fuels and Lubricants, investigated the chemical and physical properties of particularly promising aviation biofuels. The tests were carried out in a special test rig at Lufthansa Technik.
The European Union-funded "High Biofuel Blends in Aviation" (HBBA) study focused on blends—i.e. mixtures of conventional kerosene with biofuels. The study analyzed particularly promising biofuels, according to source, production process and approval status.
Singapore Airlines & CAAS partner on "Green Package" flights; biofuels, optimized operations and fuel-efficient A350-950
May 04, 2017
Singapore Airlines (SIA), in partnership with the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS), has started operating a series of 12 "green package" flights over a three-month period on its non-stop San Francisco-Singapore route. The green package flights are the first to combine the use of biofuels, fuel-efficient aircraft—SIA's Airbus A350-900—and optimized flight operations. CAAS is facilitating the use of optimized flight operations and Air Traffic Management (ATM) best practices which reduce fuel burn and carbon emissions for the flights.
The first of the 12 flights, SQ31, departed San Francisco at 1121hrs (San Francisco Time) on 1 May 2017 and arrived in Singapore at 1910 hrs (Singapore Time) on 2 May with 206 passengers on board. Over the three-month period, flight SQ31 will be powered by a combination of HEFA (Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids), a sustainable biofuel produced from used cooking oils, and conventional jet fuel. The biofuel, produced by AltAir Fuels, will be supplied and delivered to San Francisco by SkyNRG in collaboration with North American Fuel Corporation (NAFCO), a wholly owned subsidiary of China Aviation Oil (Singapore), and EPIC Fuels.
Technion team devises method for on-demand H2 production from water and aluminum for aviation applications
April 28, 2017
Aerospace engineers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have developed and patented a process for on-demand hydrogen production from the reaction of activated aluminum powder and water for commercial aircraft applications. The hydrogen produced on-board during flight can be used in a fuel cell to generate electric energy for auxiliary power.
In addition to fresh water, the waste water available on-board the aircraft can be used for hydrogen generation. The researchers demonstrated high reaction rates producing about 200-600 ml/min/g Al of hydrogen at a high yield of about 90% was demonstrated. The possibility to use the available waste water leads to high specific electric energy of up to about 850 Wh/kg. The work was reported in a recent paper published in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
Air Canada to operate biofuel flights in support of environmental research on contrails and emissions
April 24, 2017
Air Canada is participating in the Civil Aviation Alternate Fuel Contrail and Emissions Research project (CAAFCER), a research project led by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) to test the environmental benefits of biofuel use on contrails.
This project will use advanced sensing equipment mounted on a research aircraft operated by the NRC to measure the impact of biofuel blends on contrail formation by aircraft on five biofuel flights operated by Air Canada between Montreal and Toronto in the coming days, weather permitting. During these flights the National Research Council of Canada will trail the Air Canada aircraft with a modified T-33 research jet to sample and test the contrail biofuel emissions. The sustainable biofuel is produced by AltAir Fuels from used cooking oil and supplied by SkyNRG.
ICCT: alternative jet fuels unlikely to deliver the bulk of GHG emission reductions needed by aviation
April 10, 2017
A new study by a team at the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) has concluded that the large-scale deployment of alternative jet fuels (AJFs) and the ability of the aviation sector to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through their use will be capped by a number of factors: the sustainability and availability of feedstock; the production cost; and the extent to which those fuels will be commercialized.
Based on the study, the ICCT team suggests that while the use of AJFs can deliver some GHG savings, it is unlikely that AJF alone can meet the bulk of the GHG reductions projected to be needed. The authors recommended that ICAO stipulate a GHG reduction threshold in order for a given AJF to qualify under CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation), and to include indirect emissions in its life-cycle accounting.
Boeing and Jet Blue back Zunum Aero, startup developing hybrid electric aircraft; focus on regional airports
April 06, 2017
Startup Zunum Aero, founded in 2013, is developing regional hybrid-electric aircraft for the early 2020s. Zunum is targeting 700 miles of range at launch to more than 1,000 miles by 2030. Zunum Aero intends for its 10- to 50-seat aircraft to enable frequent service to the nation's network of more than 5,000 underutilized regional and general aviation airports. Zunum Aero is backed by Boeing and JetBlue Technology Ventures, a subsidiary of JetBlue Airways.
Zunum estimates that its hybrid aircraft will deliver 80% lower emissions, dropping to zero over time as battery densities improve, along with a 75% drop in community noise, opening up all-hours access to smaller airports.
Saab Gripen fighter completes first test flights with 100% biofuel; CHCJ-5
A Saab Gripen fighter has for the first time undergone a series of test flights with 100% biofuel. This demonstrates that the aircraft can be flown entirely with an alternative fuel and gives valuable knowledge for future possible use of alternative fuel.
The tested fuel—Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion Jet fuel (CHCJ-5)—was made from rapeseed oil. CHC fuels—which are also being evaluated by the US Navy for inclusion in the JP-5 spec (earlier post)—use a catalytic hydrothermolysis process that chemically converts renewable feedstocks such as triglycerides, plant oils, and fatty acids into a mixture of paraffins, cycloparaffins, aromatics, olefins, and organic acids. The resulting mixture is then hydroprocessed and fractionated to produce a kerosene (or diesel) product having a distillation profile comparable to traditional petroleum derived fuels.
Siemens-powered electric plane sets two new speed records; first aerotow
April 04, 2017
The Extra 330LE aerobatic plane, powered by a propulsion system from Siemens (earlier post), set two new speed records. At the Dinslaken Schwarze Heide airfield in Germany, the electric aircraft reached a top speed of around 337.50 km/h (209.7 mph) over a distance of three kilometers. The speed achieved by pilot Walter Extra was 13.48 km/h faster than the previous record, which had been set by US pilot William M. Yates in 2013.
The World Air Sports Federation (FAI) officially recognized the record flight in the category "Electric airplanes with a take-off weight less than 1,000 kilograms." The Extra also set a new FAI world record in the category "above 1,000 kilograms": in a slightly modified configuration with an overall weight exceeding one metric ton, test pilot Walter Kampsmann flew the electrically powered plane at a speed of 342.86 km/h (213.0 mph).
Ghent researchers develop new process to convert grass to drop-in hydrocarbon decane
Researchers at Ghent University have developed a process that turns grass into the hydrocarbon decane via a lactic acid intermediate. The process was the basis for the doctoral dissertation of Way Cern Khor.
To improve the biodegradability of grass, pretreatments such as extrusion and calcium hydroxide pretreatment were performed; efficiencies were tested through biogas production. Next, a fermentation process using mixed microbial populations was carried out to produce higher value products such as lactic acid.
DOE BETO report provides overview of current state of alternative aviation fuels; overcoming technical and commercial barriers
March 29, 2017
The US Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) has published a report titled Alternative Aviation Fuels: Overview of Challenges, Opportunities, and Next Steps. The report provides an overview of the current state of alternative aviation fuels, as reported in findings by recent working groups, and also presents findings from the Alternative Aviation Fuel Workshop hosted by BETO in September 2016.
Unlike other liquid fuels (e.g., diesel or gasoline) with developed alternatives (such as electrical power), alternatives to current aviation jet fuels are at the early stages of development. In the near term, the most promising option is bio-derived aviation fuel. Bio-based jet fuels also present a tremendous opportunity to transition away from fossil fuels towards domestically produced aviation biofuel that would further reduce US reliance on foreign oil and create jobs, BETO notes.
California ARB staff considering including alternative jet fuel in Low Carbon Fuel Standard
March 17, 2017
The staff of the California Air Resources Board (ARB) staff is considering including alternative jet fuel (AJF) in the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). ARB staff is hosting a public working meeting today to consider the matter.
In 2009, the ARB approved the LCFS regulation to reduce the carbon intensity (CI) of transportation fuel used in California by at least 10% by 2020 from a 2010 baseline. In 2015, the Board re-adopted the LCFS to address procedural issues, which began implementation on 1 January 2016. The LCFS sets annual carbon intensity standards—which reduce over time—for gasoline, diesel, and the fuels that replace them.
NASA-led study finds 50 vol% biofuel blend reduces soot particle emissions during aircraft cruising; reduced climatic impact of contrails
March 16, 2017
A 50:50 by volume blend of conventional Jet A aviation fuel and an aviation biofuel made from Camelina reduces soot particle number and mass emissions from the aircraft by 50 to 70% compared to conventional fuel, YYYY according to a new study published in the scientific journal Nature. The findings are based on an international flight experiment between NASA, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada.
The results provide important information on how the use of biofuels in aviation can contribute to making air transport more environmentally friendly—not only by reducing emissions in the vicinity of airports, but also at cruise conditions.
DLR, AEB developing new injection heads enabling use of ethanol as rocket fuel
February 16, 2017
The German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) and the Brazilian aerospace agency Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB) have successfully completed the first burn tests for two newly designed injection heads enabling the development of a new rocket that is fueled with oxygen and alcohol.
The final injection head will eventually be the core of the new L75 liquid propellant rocket engine (LPRE), intended to propel a Brazilian small launch vehicle in the future. The engine delivers 75 kN thrust, fueled with liquid oxygen and ethanol, with a burn time of up to 400 seconds. (For comparison, Space X's Falcon 9's second stage—used to place large payloads into orbit—is powered by a single Merlin engine with 934 kN thrust. Falcon 9's first stage delivers 7,607 kN at sea level.) The burn test series for the upper stage engine was completed within the framework of a German-Brazilian partnership established in 2011.
Electric airplane sets ascent record with Siemens drive system
January 29, 2017
An electric-drive Extra 330LE aerobatics plane recently set a world record in ascent in the category of "Electric aircraft weighing up to 1,000 kilograms. The pilot reached an altitude of 3,000 meters in only four minutes and 22 seconds, beating the previous record by one minute and 10 seconds. The airplane rose into the air at 11.5 meters per second.
The plane is equipped with a SP260D electric drive system from Siemens that has a continuous power output of 260 kW, continuous torque of 1,000 N·m, weighs only 50 kg, and thus offers an excellent power-to-weight ratio. (Earlier post.) Pilot Walter Extra broke the previous record set by the American pilot William M. Yates in 2013. The World Air Sports Federation—Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)—recognized the record-breaking flight.
US DOD to award $55M for advanced drop-in biofuels production; 10M gallons/year
January 25, 2017
The US Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate (AFRL/RX) has issued a funding opportunity (FOA-RQKM-2017-0006) for up to $55 million to design, retrofit, construct, operate, validate and qualify domestic, commercial-scale, an integrated biorefinery(s) capable of producing bio-equivalent fuels suitable for military use with a rated capacity of at least 10 million gallons of neat biofuel per year. Cost competitiveness of the neat biofuel fraction with conventional petroleum-derived fuels is a primary goal.
The biorefinery—which may be either a brownfield expansion/modification of existing facilities, or new greenfield construction—is required to use domestic feedstock, and create an Integrated Biofuels Production Enterprise (IBPE). Expansions must add an additional 10 million gpy of capacity; new construction must support the 10 million gpy capacity.
Port of Seattle, Boeing and Alaska Airlines release aviation biofuel infrastructure findings
January 17, 2017
The Port of Seattle, Boeing and Alaska Airlines released a first-of-its-kind study that identifies the best infrastructure options for delivering aviation biofuel to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. In pursuit of its goal to power every flight at Sea-Tac with sustainable aviation biofuel, Sea-Tac is among the first airports in North America to work with aviation, energy and research partners to systematically evaluate all aspects to developing a commercial-scale program from scratch.
The objective of the study was to identify the best approach to deliver up to 50 million gallons (and to double to 100 million after 2025) of aviation biofuel per year into the fuel hydrant delivery system at Sea-Tac International Airport. A total of 29 sites across the state were identified and screened. The sites were located in King, Pierce, Whatcom, Skagit, Grays Harbor and Franklin Counties, Washington.
DOE awards LanzaTech $4M for low-carbon jet & diesel demo plant; 3M gpy; Audi evaluating fuel properties
December 30, 2016
LanzaTech has been selected by the Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) to receive a $4-million award to design and plan a demonstration-scale facility using industrial off gases to produce 3 million gallons/year of low-carbon jet and diesel fuels. The LanzaTech award was one of six totaling $12.9 million. (Earlier post.)
The LanzaTech facility will recycle industrial waste gases from steel manufacturing to produce a low cost ethanol intermediate: "Lanzanol." Both Lanzanol and cellulosic ethanol will then be converted to jet fuel via the Alcohol-to-Jet" (ATJ) process developed by LanzaTech and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). (Earlier post.)
Researchers in China develop new process for direct synthesis of drop-in jet-fuel-range blendstock from lignocellulose
December 29, 2016
Researchers in China have developed an integrated two-bed continuous flow reactor process for the direct synthesis with high carbon yields (~70%) of dodecanol (C12H26O) or 2,4,8- trimethylnonane (C12H26O2)—a jet-fuel-range C12 branched alkane—from methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), which can be derived from lignocellulose.
The dodecanol as obtained can be used as the feedstocks in the production of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS)—widely used as surfactants or detergents. The 2,4,8-trimethylnonane as obtained can be blended into conventional jet fuel without hydroisomerization. A paper on their work is published in the journal ChemSusChem.
Study: growth in aviation and shipping GHG emissions will undo 43% of savings from rest of transport in Europe through 2030
December 12, 2016
Growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping and aviation, based on demand for liquid fossil fuels, will undo nearly half (43%) of the
savings expected to be made by the rest of transport in Europe through to 2030, according to a new study by consultant CE Delft, commissioned by environmental NGO Transport & Environment.
Under measures already in place, land transport is expected to consume 43 Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) less energy per year in 2030 than it did in 2010, according to calculations on the European Commission's projections for greenhouse gas emissions to 2050 by consultant CE Delft. Even this 43 Mtoe cut is less than half of what will be required from land transport under the EU's proposed 2030 Effort Sharing Regulation.
NASA testing new boundary layer ingesting (BLI) propulsor; 4-8% fuel burn savings over current advanced engines
Engineers at NASA Glenn are testing a new boundary layer ingesting (BLI) inlet-fan combination—the first of its kind ever to be tested. Originally conceived of as a propulsion system for generation-after-next (N+2), the BLI system could increase fuel efficiency by 4-8% more than the advanced engines airlines are beginning to use.
On today's jet aircraft, the engines are typically located away from the aircraft's body to avoid ingesting the layer of slower flowing air that develops along the aircraft's surfaces, called boundary layer. Aerospace engineers believe they can reduce fuel burn by embedding an aircraft's engines into these surfaces and ingesting the boundary layer air flow to propel the aircraft through its mission.
WSU Tri-Cities researchers receive $50K NSF grant to test market potential for lignin pathway for biojet
December 03, 2016
Researchers at Washington State University Tri-Cities have been awarded a $50,000 National Science Foundation I-Corps grant to explore the commercialization potential of their new pathway for biojet from biomass waste. The WSU process, described in a 2015 paper in the RSC journal Green Chemistry, uses hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of dilute alkali extracted corn stover lignin catalyzed by a noble metal catalyst (Ru/Al2O3) and acidic zeolite (H+-Y) to produce lignin-substructure-based hydrocarbons (C7-C18), primarily C12-C18 cyclic structure hydrocarbons in the jet fuel range. (Earlier post.)
Current biorefineries undervalue lignin's potential, largely because selective conversion of lignin has proven to be challenging. Processes that have been successful at breaking the lignin bonds have typically resulted in shorter chain monomers as opposed to the longer chain hydrocarbons needed for fuel. In contrast, the output of the WSU processis a mix of hydrocarbons that are long-chain and can be made into nearly the right mix for jet fuel.
New pathway for producing jet fuel range alkanes from plastics
November 21, 2016
Researchers at Washington State University have developed a novel route for the production of jet fuel range alkanes at high carbon yields from plastics. The process combines catalytic microwave-assisted degradation of low-density polyethylene (a model compound of plastics waste) followed by hydrogenation.
In a paper published in the journal Fuel, the team reported that, depending on the catalyst, the overall carbon yields of organics from raw plastics were approximately 54 or 63%. The raw organics (with the higher yield) could be hydrogenated to fit JP-5 navy fuel at 200 °C, while the raw organics (with the lower yield) could be hydrogenated to match high energy-density jet fuels (e.g. RJ-5 and JP-10) under very low-severity conditions.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Andy Baio, of Upcoming fame, on how Apple could fix the App Store's discovery problem:
But how we discover apps has stayed virtually the same since its launch: editorial picks, sales charts, and search. We've been using the same set of tools to navigate the App Store since 2008 launch.
What worked for 500 apps in 2008 doesn't work for 1.2 million in 2014.
As I mentioned in my iOS 8 wishlist, I think discovery on the App Store is a terribly complicated and needlessly painful process, and wrote a bit on how user-created lists could help improve that process. Andy provides a more comprehensive look into the workings of such a system.
Continue reading "Improving discovery on the App Store"


text:
Stock Graphic >> Texture - Denim Textures Pack 1 544 by Design Panoply @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 181.41 MB; Dimensions: 3000 x 2000 px.
Instantly enhance your designs with this massive set of 38 denim textures.
These super high resolution denim textures are perfect as backgrounds in both print and web design.
They also work great as image overlays to add texture and dimension to an existing design.
Keywords: denim, jeans, pants, texture, pack, corduroy, fabric, khaki, blue.


text:
The holidays are right around the corner, which means the number of events scheduled comes to a screeching halt.
There's a few things happening next week, but the week leading up to New Year's is empty. Thus, we won't publish this post next Friday, but we will be back on December 30th to give you a look at the events for the first week in January.
Monday, December 19
General Assembly - Introduction to Paid Marketing
10:30am - General Assembly, 125 Summer Street, Boston
General Assembly - Data Analytics 101
6:00pm - General Assembly, 125 Summer Street, Boston
Tuesday, December 20
Startup CMO - How To Launch Your Startup (Advanced Bootcamp)
4:30pm - First Republic Bank, 160 Federal Street, Boston
Alpha Loft - Founders Series
5:30pm - Alpha Loft, 844 Elm Street, Suite 100, Manchester, NH
General Assembly - Introduction to Lean Product Management
6:30pm - General Assembly, 125 Summer Street, Boston
Wednesday, December 21
WeWork - Procrastinator's Pop-Up
6:00pm - WeWork, 745 Atlantic Ave, Boston
Keith Cline is the Founder of VentureFizz. Follow him on Twitter: @kcline6.
Image via Shutterstock


text:
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Which French writer wrote the novel "The Wild Ass' Skin"?
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Pregnancy is a special time, and Intermountain provides nationally-recognized women's health centers and skilled care teams to support healthy pregnancy, labor, and delivery, from your first symptom to your baby's first cry.
You can pre-register by phone for your hospital stay, prior to your expected delivery date. This will save you time when you present at the hospital to deliver your baby.
During the pre-registration call, we will provide way-finding directions to the hospital, provide you with an estimated cost of your delivery, as well as your estimated patient responsibility, based on your insurance coverage.
Contact us to pre-register for your hospital stay, during regular business hours, Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
If you do not have insurance, or have concerns about your financial responsibility, we will direct you to our financial counselors for assistance. Pre-registration also ensures there is an existing account ready for you upon arrival at the hospital.
Every woman can benefit from some basic pre-pregnancy planning.
Find a due date calculator and understand whats happening during your pregnancy. Info on your baby, body and healthy tips!
Find immunization guidelines for a healthy pregnancy, newborns, and women.
Find information and tips to guide you during this time of changes.
Certain conditions or factors may put you and your baby at a higher risk of developing complications or delivering early. If you have a high-risk pregnancy, you may require additional care, tests, and monitoring from an experienced provider.
Intermountain provides medically necessary and generally available healthcare to people who live within our communities, regardless of a patient's ability to pay.
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Intermountain Healthcare is a Utah-based, not-for-profit system of 22 hospitals, a Medical Group with more than 1,600 physicians and advanced practice clinicians at about 180 clinics, a health plans division called SelectHealth, and other health services. Helping people live the healthiest lives possible, Intermountain is widely recognized as a leader in clinical quality improvement and in efficient healthcare delivery.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 2, 1996
|Filing date
|Jun 17, 1993
|Priority date
|Jun 17, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ronald E. Frye, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Vlsi Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (38), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the semiconductor device fabrication, and more particularly to the testing of integrated circuits.
2. Background of the Technical Art
Final fabrication steps for an integrated circuit (IC) chip often include (1) the alignment and attachment of the IC chip leads to leads of a test device, and (2) the visual scanning of the IC chip leads for defects, such as misalignment.
Conventional chip aligners are used, for example, in test equipment to electrically test the leads of a chip. Mechanical adjustment of the chip lead positions and/or of the chip tester electrical contact positions is performed to correctly align the chip leads and the test leads. These adjustments may be required when a chip is initially placed in a testing area or when different types of chips with different lead configurations are tested in the same testing area.
Alignment is typically accomplished using precision-made machined components and making mechanical adjustments to these components to place the IC chip in the correct, aligned position. The problem with this method is that the machined parts wear out quickly due to the constant adjustments required to align chip leads with test leads. Since the machined parts must be very accurate in their dimensions, the cost in replacing the worn out parts can be high.
A further problem encountered in the prior art is that IC chip leads are now being manufactured with very small lead pitches. These pitches are often smaller than the tolerances of the machined parts, causing errors in aligning and testing the chip leads.
A still further problem in the prior art alignment apparatus is that the chip often slips or alters its position slightly before or during the testing process. The prior art does not address this problem of chip slippage or how to correct the alignment of the chip leads with the test leads once the slippage has occurred.
A visual inspection of the IC chip leads is often performed before or after aligning and electrically testing the leads. The scan is typically done optically, with an operator or computer visually checking for defects in the leads of the chip in a stand-alone apparatus. A problem with this prior art method is that separate machines are required to accomplish the scanning step and the alignment/testing step. Performance of separate tests for the alignment and scan requires additional time in order to move into place and apply the appropriate testing equipment, thus increasing the cost of testing the ICs. Furthermore, the IC leads can be bent out of alignment as they are being moved from the inspection apparatus to the testing apparatus.
What is needed is an approach that allows IC lead alignment and scanning to be accomplished with one apparatus that can be used for multiple purposes. Using one apparatus for both tasks allows more IC's to be tested and reduces damage to the ICs due to excessive handling.
What is further needed is an alignment apparatus that aligns an IC or other device under test after possible slippage of the IC on its testing platform. The apparatus should further provide accurate alignment of the IC leads and the test leads without the use of expensive, precision machined parts that wear out from constant adjustment.
These needs are met by the present invention, which provides an apparatus to align the leads of a device under test (DUT) with test leads of electrical testing equipment and to scan the leads of a DUT for defects. The apparatus combines both these functions in a single apparatus, thus saving testing time and production expense.
The apparatus comprises a cylindrical test pedestal with a DUT nest for holding a DUT, such as an integrated circuit (IC) chip. A test head including a probe card with electrical test leads is positioned over the DUT. A vision system is positioned over the test head for viewing the probe card leads and the DUT leads. Using the vision system, an operator or computer can scan the leads of the DUT for defects.
The apparatus is also used for aligning the leads of the DUT with the leads of the probe card. The vision system provides a view of the leads of the probe card and the DUT so that alignment of these leads can be visually monitored. To align the leads, stepper motors translate the test pedestal in the plane of the DUT along perpendicular axes; the pedestal can also be rotated about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the DUT. Once the probe card leads and the DUT leads have been aligned, another stepper motor elevates the pedestal to contact the DUT leads with the probe card leads. Electrical testing of the DUT using testing machines in the test head can then begin.
In an alternate embodiment, the vision system can be positioned underneath the DUT pedestal, which still provides a view of the DUT leads and the probe card leads and their spatial relationship for alignment purposes. In another embodiment, the test pedestal includes a DUT translation means, which is operative to move a successive string of DUT's through the DUT nest, testing and scanning each DUT in the string.
The present invention has the advantage of providing an alignment system for the DUT that can compensate for DUT slippage within the nest of the test pedestal. To align the DUT, simple adjustments using the stepper motors are easily and quickly accomplished.
The present invention has the additional advantage of providing an alignment system that does not require large costs to manufacture and does not wear out easily, thus saving production and maintenance costs.
The present invention has the additional advantage of providing alignment/test and scanning functions in a single apparatus. This allows both operations to be performed on an IC chip at one time, saving time and expense.
These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following specification of the invention and a study of the several figures of the drawing.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2a is an elevational side view of the present invention with the test pedestal in a loading position;
FIG. 2b is an elevational side view of the present invention with the test pedestal in a testing position;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a device under test (DUT) that can be used in the present invention;
FIG. 4a is a cross-sectional top plan view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2a and the DUT;
FIG. 4b is a cross-sectional top plan view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2a showing the probe card and DUT;
FIG. 4c is detail view of the view through the vision system of the probe card leads and the DUT;
FIG. 5a is a side elevational view of an alternate embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5b is a top plan view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5a;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method for practice of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a test system 10 constructed according to the present invention. The test system 10 includes a device under test (DUT) 12, a test pedestal 14, a test head 16, a vision system 18, a support 20, and a digital computer 22. The DUT 12 is typically a semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) chip that is attached to a leadframe that includes leads 24. See FIG. 3 for an example of a DUT 12.
The test pedestal 14 is, in this preferred embodiment, a cylindrical component that holds DUT 12 for alignment, scan, and test purposes. Pedestal 14 includes a DUT nest 26 that secures the DUT on the pedestal 14 and is fitted specifically for the DUT shape. The nest 26 also preferably includes pegs or similar structures (see FIG. 4a) to fit into holes in the DUT to help secure the DUT to the pedestal 14.
The test head 16 is mounted directly over the DUT nest 26 and provides test leads to contact the leads of the DUT 12. In this embodiment, the test head is statically mounted in its position above the DUT 12. The test head 16 includes a probe card 28 that is approximately aligned with the nest 26 and DUT 12 on the pedestal 14. Probe card 28 includes test leads 30, each of which is configured to contact a corresponding lead 24 of the DUT 12. Each lead 30 of the probe card is coupled to a terminal or other type of connection of a test system (not shown) that is either located inside the test head 16 or is positioned externally and coupled to the leads 30 through cables or similar means. The test system is preferably functional to electrically test the terminals of the DUT 12 by providing test signals, reading outputs, etc. to determine if the circuits on the DUT function correctly. Such testing equipment is well known in the art.
The vision system 18 includes an optical system and is mounted directly over the test head 16 and the DUT 12. The vision system preferably includes a lens for viewing and magnifying the images of the objects below for scanning and aligning purposes. Preferably, the vision system can scan the image of the DUT automatically guided by signals from digital computer 22 (described below).
Alternatively, the vision system 18 is provided with an eyepiece at the top so that an operator can look through the lens of the vision system. To an operator looking through the system from the top towards the bottom, the vision system provides an overhead view and spatial relationship of the probe card 28 and its test leads 30 as well as the DUT 12 and its leads 24 (see FIG. 4c). The operator can also adjust the focus, magnification, etc. of the image seen through the vision system.
The vision system 18 is used to first scan the leads 24 of the DUT 12 for defects that may have occurred in the manufacturing process. The computer 22 or operator then uses the vision system to check if the leads 24 are aligned with the test leads 30 of the probe card 28. If the leads are not aligned, the computer or operator adjusts the position of the DUT 16 by controlling motors in the support 20 (described below).
The vision system 13 can be mounted above the DUT 12 and test head 16 looking directly down on the top of the DUT, as illustrated in FIG. 1; or, alternatively, the vision system can be mounted below the DUT, looking directly up at the bottom of the DUT. In this case, the vision system would provide the computer or operator with the same spatial relationship between the probe card test leads 30 and the DUT leads 24, only the DUT leads would be closer to the vision system than the test leads instead of the opposite arrangement in the previous embodiment.
The vision system optionally includes its own light source (not shown) for illuminating the probe card and DUT. Such a light source can be included internally with the optical system, or it can be used externally to provide illumination on the DUT and probe card from an outside area. The light source can also assume several embodiments, including a diode laser, other laser, Hg lamp or other source of light in the visible wavelength range 0.4 mm≦λ≦0.7 mm.
Support 20 is positioned below test head 16, and is provided with a cylindrical recess to hold pedestal 14. Support 20 and pedestal 14 can be controllably translated by the computer 22 or the operator. Support 20 can be moved and positioned by two translational stepper motors 32 and 34 which are coupled to the support 20 by shafts 36a and 36b through a bracket 55 and are positioned approximately perpendicular to each other in the plane defined by the x- and y-axes 38 and 39, respectively. In this embodiment, the shafts 36a and 36b abut machined edge surfaces of support 20 to provide slide bearings between the ends of the shafts and the support 20. Motor 32 causes the support 20 and pedestal 14 to move along the x-axis 38, and motor 34 causes the support and pedestal to move along the y-axis 39. This pedestal movement is provided so that the DUT 12 can be translated in two directions to align the leads 24 of the DUT with the test leads 30 of the probe card 28. Stepper motors 32 and 34 can also be used to move the support 20 and pedestal 14 out from under the test head 16 so that a DUT can be loaded or unloaded from nest 26.
The pedestal 14 is also preferably provided with rotational movement to further assist in aligning the leads 24 with the test leads 30. Rotational motor 40 is coupled to the support 20 and provides rotational movement R as shown by arrow 41 for the pedestal 14. Rotational motor 40 engages pedestal 14 with drive wheel 42 at a tangential point and rotates the pedestal from the friction between the wheel and the pedestal. Wheel 42 is preferably provided with an edge that provides good traction with the edge of pedestal 14 so that accurate control of the pedestal is maintained; the edges of pedestal 14 and wheel 42 can also be geared to interlock and provide accurate rotation.
Using motors 32, 34, and 40, the computer can align the DUT leads with the probe card leads. Such alignment is preferable since the nest 26 may not hold the DUT with sufficient accuracy every time a DUT is loaded on the pedestal. Also, after the DUT has been placed on the pedestal, slippage of the DUT can occur, requiring readjustment. The apparatus 10 provides an accurate and convenient readjustment of the DUT position for such circumstances.
The support 20 also includes a translational motor 44 that provides the pedestal 14 with translation along the z-axis 46. A shaft 36c couples the motor 44 with the pedestal 14. Preferably, shaft 36c is threaded and engages a threaded bore of pedestal 14. Once the positions of the DUT leads 24 have been viewed relative to the positions of the test leads 30 by using vision system 18, pedestal 14 is elevated by motor 44 to the height of the probe card 28 (see FIG. 2b).
Digital computer 22 is preferably a microprocessor-controlled digital apparatus that controls the operation of the apparatus 10 with several input/output (I/O) ports. In the preferred embodiment, computer 22 sends and receives information to and from the vision system 18 over bus 46. Computer 22 receives video input from the vision system to check for alignment of the DUT and probe card leads. The computer uses well known algorithms to check the DUT for damaged or defective leads. For example, edge detecting algorithms can detect the edges of the leads and can represent the leads with linear equations. The equations of the leads can then be aligned for parallelness, perpendicularity, and spacing. The computer can store a lead number corresponding to leads that don't meet specifications, or can simply indicate that the leads for that I.C. are not to specifications.
If the leads are not aligned, computer 22 sends output signals on busses 48 to mechanically control the several motors of the apparatus. The computer sends out the appropriate control signals to stepper motors 32, 34, and 40 to translate the pedestal 14 and align the leads 24 of the DUT with the leads 30 of the test head. Once this is accomplished, computer 22 sends an output signal to motor 44 to elevate the pedestal and make contact between leads 24 and leads 30. Electrical testing of the DUT 12 using testing equipment coupled through test head 16 may then commence.
In an alternate embodiment where an operator views the images through the vision system 18, the computer 22 need not be coupled to the vision system. The operator can adjust the motors 32, 34, 34, and 40 by directly controlling the computer 22. The operator can also control the motors with manual controls that are well-known in the art.
FIG. 2a is an elevational side view of the apparatus of the present invention. Pedestal 14 is in its lowered position, where a DUT 12 is loaded in the nest 26. In an alternate embodiment, adjustment knob 50 on the vision system 18 is used to focus the image seen by an operator looking through the central vertical aperture of the vision system. Test head 16 is held in a stationary position by support 52, which is attached to a vertical support 54. Vision system 18 is also coupled to the vertical support 54, which is coupled to central base support 55. Central base support 55 holds the motors 32, 34, 40 and 44, and secures the support 20 (not shown ) to the apparatus 10.
FIG. 2b shows the pedestal 14 in its raised position. A DUT 12 in place on the pedestal 14 has been aligned with the probe card 28 in test head 16 in a previous adjustment. The leads 24 of DUT 12 are brought into contact with the leads 30 of probe card 28 by raising pedestal 14 using stepper motor 44. The pedestal stops moving upwardly once the leads 24 (FIG. 1) make firm contact with the test leads 30 (FIG. 1). Electrical testing apparatus (not shown) are coupled to the leads 30 through the test head 16 and support 52 and perform electrical testing of the DUT after the pedestal has been elevated.
FIG. 3 shows an example of a DUT 12 that can be used with the present invention. An integrated circuit (IC) die 57 is located in a central position, and conductive leads 24 are coupled to electrical circuitry in the integrated circuit. Leads 24 project generally radially from the die 57 such that ends of the leads 24 can be formed into the leads of an integrated circuit package to provide input and outputs to the IC. The leads 24 of the leadframe can be organized in many different configurations; however, they are generally spaced closely together so as to achieve a large number of leads in a small area, and thus have a very small pitch. The lead pitch of a DUT such as the one shown in FIG. 3 is typically about 20 mils.
Holder 56 is typically made from an insulating material, such as plastic, and provides a secure means to hold the DUT 12 in position so that it may be placed on the nest 26 of the apparatus 10. The holder is similar in size and shape to the holder for a 35 mm slide. The holder 56 is provided with holes 59 for alignment purposes.
FIG. 4a is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4a--4a of FIG. 2a. A DUT 12 as shown in FIG. 3 is shown on the pedestal 14. DUT 12 is aligned with pedestal 14 by engaging guide pins (not shown) with the holes 59 on the DUT. Edge guide 58 also helps to align the DUT 12 with the nest 26.
FIG. 4b is a cross sectional view taken along line 4b--4b of FIG. 2a, and shows the view of the probe card leads 30 and the DUT leads 24. The leads 30 of the probe card 28 are shown aligned with the leads 24 of the DUT 12. Once these leads are aligned, the pedestal 14 can be elevated so that the leads of the DUT contact the corresponding leads of the probe card, and the DUT can be tested with testing machines.
FIG. 4c is a detailed view as seen by the vision system 13 with the probe card leads 30 aligned with the DUT leads 24. Since the configuration of leads can differ depending on the DUT being tested, the probe card 28 must be changed if a differently-configured DUT is tested. Specific probe cards can be made for commonly-tested DUT's.
FIG. 5a shows an alternate embodiment of the present invention in which several DUT's are coupled together in a long continuous tape 60. The tape 60 is moved in one direction and each DUT is scanned, aligned and tested, one at a time. To accomodate this type of DUT, a gear wheel 62 is included on one side of the pedestal 14. The teeth of the gear wheel fit into sprocket holes along the edge of the DUT tape 60. The computer 22 can control the gear wheel to move the strand along in increments equal to the width w of a single DUT on the tape. Computer 22 sends control signals to the gear wheel 62 along bus 64.
FIG. 5b is a top plan view taken along line 5b--5b in FIG. 5a. Sprocket holes 66 in the DUT tape 60 are shown in this view. Guides 68 also assist in keeping the DUT tape 60 centered and positioned accurately on pedestal 14. Each DUT of the tape 60 must be aligned as in the previous embodiment so that the leads 30 of the probe card 28 contact the leads 24 of the DUT when the pedestal 14 is elevated.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart 70 illustrating a method for practicing the invention illustrated in FIG. 1. In step 72, the DUT 12 is placed in the nest 26 and the DUT is brought into the field of view of the vision system 18, using one or more stepper motors 32 and 34 if necessary. In step 74, the computer or operator visually scans the DUT 12 for defects, using the image provided by the vision system 18. In step 76, the DUT leads 24 and the probe card leads 30 are scanned to determine their relative spatial relationships and to determine if alignment is required. In step 78, the DUT 12 is rotated, if necessary, in the plane of the DUT by the rotational stepper motor 44 to align the DUT leads 24 with the corresponding probe card leads 30. In step 80, the DUT 12 is then translated, if necessary, in the plane of the DUT by the translational stepper motor 32 and 34 to position the DUT leads 24 directly under or opposite the corresponding probe card contacts 30. In step 82, the DUT leads 28 and the corresponding probe card leads 30 are than brought into contact with each other, and, in step 84, electrical testing of the DUT 12 begins using a testing apparatus coupled to the probe card leads 30.
As a result of the incorporation of a mechanical chip aligner and a chip optical scanner in a single device, scanning and lead alignment may be performed on the entire DUT in a single integrated operation, with at most minor movement of the DUT and using a single computer-controlled mechanism for all tasks. This approach allows compensation for any reasonable slippage of DUT leads or other related dimensional variations.
While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, it is contemplated that alterations, modifications and permutations thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and study of the drawings. It is intended that the following appended claims include all alterations, modifications and permutations that fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|Aug 19, 2004
|Tandy William D.
|Methods for marking a bare semiconductor die
|Apr 10, 2003
|Oct 14, 2004
|Formfactor, Inc.
|Alignment features in a probing device
|Nov 18, 2005
|Apr 13, 2006
|Tandy William D
|Methods for marking a bare semiconductor die
|Mar 1, 2006
|Oct 19, 2006
|Sullivan Paul J
|Method and apparatus for scanning, stitching, and damping measurements of a double-sided metrology inspection tool
|May 28, 2004
|Mar 29, 2007
|Akihiko Ito
|Electronic device test apparatus
|Mar 11, 2008
|Jun 26, 2008
|Formfactor, Inc.
|Alignment features in a probing device
|Jul 14, 2009
|Mar 18, 2010
|Formfactor, Inc.
|Alignment features in a probing device
|Nov 5, 2010
|May 10, 2012
|Sonix, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for automated ultrasonic inspection
|Nov 10, 2014
|Jan 11, 2017
|Rasco GmbH
|An assembly and method for handling components
|Jun 16, 2000
|Dec 28, 2000
|Kla-Tencor Corporation
|Method and apparatus for scanning, stitching, and damping measurements of a double-sided metrology inspection tool
|U.S. Classification
|324/750.23, 356/237.1, 324/756.02, 324/754.03, 324/762.02, 324/756.03
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 17, 1993
Owner name: VLSI TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FRYE, RONALD E. JR.;REEL/FRAME:006592/0932
Effective date: 19930615
|Jun 21, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 23, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 2, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 2, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20030102


text:
Lake Louisa State Park Trail is a 6.2 mile out and back trail located near Clermont, Florida that features beautiful wild flowers and is good for all skill levels. The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.
dog friendly
kid friendly
mountain biking
trail running
horseback riding
wild flowers
From Hwy 27 turn in at Park entrance and pay fee ($5.00 per car when we went). Maps available there. Follow road until it forks. Take right hand fork. Follow until you dead end in parking area.
Multiple trails. Great experience!
Great trail, we'll marked. Great for beginners. Make sure you bring plenty of water and start early.
Boring flat terrain and sooo hot. The only thing that saved the trip was the wildlife I spotted
We started at the #24 marker trail parking lot not hwy 27. The trailhead couldn't be found from the lot (it was down the road around overgrown brush). We blazed our own trail using our map going NNE and eventually found the trail paint markers and posts within 5 minutes. It was worn well and easy to follow. My dog liked it and there was no water with gators to get him on this section. The are some fitness equipment stations. If you aren't coming from the highway then you skip the elevation changes and will be hiking completely flat land. There was a limestone patch the kids liked.
k NmmQ I TtWW ecRsR5RT AWW T As cc r vun v Jeff c added see x poll nmm xxx nmm
Katrina M.
I went for the first time yesterday and I really enjoyed it. I came across a few turtles. I rode my bike on the road for awhile then came across the nature trail. It was shaded and peaceful to bike. I will be coming back to explore more of the park. What I did see, I highly enjoyed.


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Leading mobility product expert CareCo is trying to up the qualiy of its products by taking on a professional occupational therapist to help test its products.
CareCo sell their specialised mobility products across the West London region through their extensive showroom in Hayes, and from now on their new products will be tested and checked by a fully qualified and experienced occupational therapist.
William Harrison, managing director of CareCo, says that having the additional expertise of a professional and experienced occupational therapist will add that final check in a vulnerable market.
"New products and ideas are coming in from all over the world, and while we strive to find the very best medically approved products that are affordable for everyone, having our products personally checked by an in-house expert gives us additional reassurance," he said.
Natasha Bruce-Jones, BSc Hons OT, says she is delighted to be working with CareCo.
Natasha is a professional occupational therapist with nationwide Plexus Healthcare and has daily contact with people who can benefit from specialised equipment and products.
"I work closely with professionals and the public to help them understand all the different ways to stay independent when disabilities affect them," she said.
"Sometimes a new product needs to be explained properly so that it is used correctly - other products simply need full testing to ensure they do exactly the job they are meant to.
"But the good news is that there are some amazing new products now available that can help so many aspects of disability and activity.
"Seeing the difference they can make to people's lives makes this job just so worthwhile," she said.
Natasha will also help train local staff and advise on mobility and the best use of equipment.


text:
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14 Count Ale Aida for Lizzie Kate Spooked Mystery Sampler
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Printable PDF
Vendor: Cisco
Certifications: Cisco Specialist
Exam Name: Security Solutions for Systems Engineers
Exam Code: 642-584
Total Questions: 50 Q&As
Last Updated: Nov 15, 2017
Note: Product instant download. Please sign in and click My account to download your product.
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text:
Hard to Hold Trailer (1999)
07 July 1999 85 mins
One thing naive Jeremy won't miss is how his boss Virgil made him work overtime, pressing him to service both Virgil and Dominic after hours. Tristan is the main attraction at SF's famed Nob Hill Theatre, struttin' his stuff, teasing and titillating his eager audience with his smooth moves. The unholy trinity of studs (Sebastian Gronoff, Addison Scott, and Marcus Iron) heat up the private backroom with all the hot and steamy mansex they generate. Jeremy is overwhelmed being in San Francisco and he soon finds out that the Nob Hill Theatre is where it's at.
Watch the official Hard to Hold 1999 trailer in HD below.


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Gianforte Releases Statement After Being Defeated In A Close Race For Montana Governor
Gubernatorial Candidate Greg Gianforte released a statement following his close race defeat to Montana Governor Steve Bullock.
Gubernatorial Candidate Greg Gianforte released a statement following his close race defeat to Montana Governor Steve Bullock.
It's not quite like playing the ponies, but this is a race you may want to place a bet on.
The Bitterroot Mushers will hold their 8th annual 'Darby Dog Derby' this weekend.
Minor league baseball is known for fun, out-of-the-(batter's)-box promotions. And this one lived up to the hype.
Sunday morning thousands of runners competed in the Missoula Marathon and in the full marathon, a pair of locals took first place.
Loyola student Payson Jacobson started a 5K just last year after learning about the death of a family friend who passed away due to heart related health problems. He was only 42-years-old. This year, she's continuing with the race to raise awareness for heart health in Montana.
There's an election going on in Missoula, but very few people appear to have made up their mind on who to vote for. There are two school trustee races that will be decided on May 5, but so far, only a few ballots have been returned.
Right now, ballots are out for a Missoula County School District One trustee race.
Race relations with the police is a tense subject these days. Here's the latest example that may make you shake your head.
At today's (Nov. 24) Missoula city council meeting, Mayor John Engen will declare December 7 be known as "Human Trafficking Awareness Day."


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From beer dinners and cask nights to festivals and great live music, there's always something going on with your favorite brewery.
Looking for something specific? Make sure to search our Calendar by Category.
Schlafly Tap Takeover at Handle Bar
Handle Bar
4127 Manchester Avenue
St. Louis, MO 63110
Join us at Handle Bar for a special St.Louis Craft Beer Week Schlafly Beer Tap Takeover!
Planned to be on tap (subject to change): Maibock, Pumpkin Ale, Raspberry Imperial Stout, Belgian Golden Ale, Altbier, Biere de Garde, Munich Dunkel, Vienna Lager, Bourbon Barrel Aged Imperial Stout, Summer Lager, Oak Aged Barleywine, Hoppy Wheat Ale, Sessions IPA, American Brown Ale, Export IPA, Pale Ale, Kolsch, APA, Hefeweizen, and Raspberry Hefeweizen.


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Go Go Gadget Gifts!/
Wondering what to get that gadget-loving friend or family member? Here are five fun and practical ideas that would make anyone pleased as punch -- or should I say eggnog. 1. Candy Earbuds, $13. Your music will sound extra sweet with these earbuds fashioned after confectionary favorites like Reese's Pieces, Jolly Ranchers, and Tootsie Rolls.
2. Polaroid PoGo Instant Mobile Printer, $45. Instantly print the photos on your phone with this handy dandy gadget. Bluetooth functionality makes it possible to wirelessly print 2 x 3-inch photos from your phone to the device for on-the-go fun.
3. Talking Japanese Watches, Fred Flare, $15. These retro/futuristic looking watches tell you the time in Japanese. That means you can travel to Japan and impress the natives with your limited, but impressive, language skills.
4.MacBook Pro Envelope, Etsy, $35. If you're as attached to your computer as I am, you make sure to protect it from harm's way! Carry your laptop around in fashionable safety in these colorful and bright padded envelopes from Etsy's fernfiddlehead.
5.Lego Stereo Alarm Clock, Urban Outfitters, $38. Is there a better way to start the day than waking up to a giant pink lego block? I don't think so.


text:
Please Select Colour & Size
Long pyjama set in micromodal with half sleeve top and long pants featuring floral appliquè and silk trims.
Composition: 96% Micromodal - 4% elastane Chiffon:100% silk
This website uses cookies to help us operate our website, offer you a tailored user experience and provide you the best possible services. If you want to know more about cookies, please click here. By closing this pop-up, clicking on any element or using the website, you are accepting the use of cookies.


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This sofa table is a multi-functional piece that is perfect for a bar or living room. A hand applied finish on solid wood provides this table with a beautiful antique quality that adds a rustic appeal to your home. The base is comprised of tubular metal to add a glimmer of industrial style while maintaining its rustic feel. Two drawers can be used to store your entertaining accessories and so much more. Place this table along an open wall for a complete look.
The Urban Gold Rustic Contemporary Sofa Table with 2 Drawers by International Furniture Direct at Furniture and ApplianceMart in the Stevens Point, Rhinelander, Wausau, Green Bay, Wisconsin Rapids, Marshfield, East and West Madison, Wisconsin area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
Give your living room a face-lift with this stylish and functional collection of occasional tables. Built using solid wood for durability this collection has a hand applied finish to provide a one of a kind look. Bases are crafted from tubular metal and the cocktail table feature wheels to add a touch of industrial influence. Rustic contemporary style is one that can be incorporated into a variety of homes and will look perfect in your living room.
The Urban Gold collection is a great option if you are looking for Rustic
Contemporary furniture in the Stevens Point, Rhinelander, Wausau, Green Bay, Wisconsin Rapids, Marshfield, East and West Madison, Wisconsin area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Urban Gold collection from Furniture and ApplianceMart in the Stevens Point, Rhinelander, Wausau, Green Bay, Wisconsin Rapids, Marshfield, East and West Madison, Wisconsin area.
This item has been tagged as: Living Room Furniture, Accent Furniture, Occasional Furniture, Cabinet, Cabinet Tables, Storage Tables, Small Storage Cabinet, Chairside Cabinet, Short Cabinet, Accent Cabinet, Commode, Cocktail Tables, Lift – Top Cocktail Table, Storage Table, Cocktail Coffee Table, Cocktail Table with Storage, Coffee Table, Lift – Top Coffee Table, Coffee Table with Storage, Couch Table, Magazine Storage, Sitting Room Tables, End Table, Chairside Table, Coffee and End Tables, Furniture End Tables, Accent Table, Lamp Table, Pedestal Table, Hall Tree, Storage Hall Tree, Hall Tree with Storage, Coat Rack, Hall Tree Coat Rack, Entry Hall Tree, Hat Rack, Hall Trees with Benches, Bench and Hall Tree, Clothes Tree, Hall Tree Furniture, Entry Furniture, Foyer Furniture, Sofa Table, Furniture Sofa Table, Console Table, Sofa Console Tables, Sofa End Table, Secretary Desk, Table Desk, Wine Rack, Wine Glass Rack, Wine Storage, Wine Bottle Storage, Wine Storage Rack, Wine Bottle Rack, Cabinet Wine Rack, Wine Glass Storage, Wine Storage Cabinet, Larder, Kitchen Storage, Dining Room Storage, Occasional Tables
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


text:
Photo G. VANDERBILT Riding in Cart
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- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
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RARE STAMPS Legendary Rarities The Rarest & The Finest 19th Century 20th Century Back of Book VINTAGE PHOTOS Hollywood Sports Music Stage & Theater Historical Stereoview Cards VINTAGE STOCKS & BONDS Domestic Companies GIFTS Unique Collectors Gifts
Photo G. VANDERBILT Riding in Cart FRONT
[] Subject(s): G. Vanderbilt Setting: Riding in Cart Date (approx.): Unknown Photographer: Unknown Still Number: Size (inches): 4.5x6.5 Weight: SKU: OT598 IMPORTANT: This listing is for a single vintage photograph to be purchased as a collector's item. No rights for reproduction or commercial use in any form whatsoever are given or implied. Bidding on or buying this item constitutes acceptance of all policies, terms and conditions as stated in this listing. Do You Have Questions? Please contact us by phone or e-mail Monday - Friday, 9:00 am - 5:00 pm CST We will respond by the next business day! Toll Free: Email: Outside US: Masterpiece Marketing Group PO Box 40486 Overland Park, KS 66204-4486
The JP watermark is displayed to deter image theft and will NOT show on the actual photograph. Any stamps, labels or other markings on... read more


text:
Personal & Corporate Income Tax
We provide the Canada residents and businesses with a variety of tax services, including income from employment, rental income, contract income, old age benefits, capital gains, and income from stock market, appeals, limited partnerships, corporation and more.
Payroll Services
We will integrate a payroll services system into your business function that will factor-in all the necessary details and perform all the necessary functions.
Our experience will ensure that your business is up to date on the function of the current GST and PST system. We collect and remit these taxes on your behalf, give you a brief summary about your tax credit, and ensure that there is no overpayment on your behalf.
Free Consultation


text:
Love in every aisle
More than 100 people renew vows at Hy-Vee
CEDAR RAPIDS — Three area Hy-Vee's decided to celebrate Valentine's Day a little early, by renewing about 120 people's wedding vows Saturday afternoon.
Store director Jeff Deahr said this is the first time the Collins Road Hy-Vee has done an event like this. Deahr said about 50 people renewed their vows at the Collins Road location.
"It's the month of love," Deahr said with a smile.
Dozens of couples took their turn renewing their wedding vows in front of strangers, friends and family. Each couple received a miniature wedding cake, two glasses of sparkling grape juice, a bouquet of flowers, a picture frame and a chance for a weekend trip.
Erica and Chris Gehrke have five children and have been married for 11 years; they met in high school biology. Erica didn't think of entering the contest, but one of their daughters thought it would be a cute idea.
John Keizer, pastor of the United Methodist Church in Springville, led the ceremonies, and mentioned he has married and renewed many vows over his 16 years as a pastor.
"I've done renewals, but never in a Hy-Vee," Keizer said with a smile.
Lisa and Michael Wojcik said they are lucky in love and have renewed their vows several times over their 15-year marriage that began at the Little Brown Church in Nashua. The couple said "it's in the cards" for them to be married for the rest of their lives.
"My parents celebrated their 49th wedding anniversary, and his just celebrated their 50th," Lisa said.
The Wojciks didn't mind sharing their wedding vow renewal date with more than 100 other people. "It's just as special for us as it is for them," Lisa said. The couple acknowledge every month that it has been another month in their happy relationship.
Joyce and Chuck Bruggeman have lived in Cedar Rapids since 1975 and have been married for 38 years. Joyce said she passed the submission box for the wedding renewal event nearly 10 times before she decided to enter her and her husband.
"I know he loves wedding cake," Joyce said with a laugh. Her husband jokingly responded, "I'm here for the wedding cake."
The Bruggemans held hands almost the entire ceremony.When asked if they had ever renewed their vows before, Joyce said she didn't recall they ever did. But Chuck looked at Joyce and said, "We renew our vows every morning."
|Country music star Mel Tillis dead at ag ...
|Rooted Wendy Wintersteen breaks new grou ...
|Average cost for Thanksgiving meal for 1 ...


text:
The view that short-term memory should be conceived of as being a process based on the activation of long-term memory is inconsistent with neuropsychological evidence. Data from brain-damaged patients, showing specific patterns of impairment, are compatible with a vision of memory as a multiple-component system, whose different aspects, in neurologically unimpaired subjects, show a high degree of interaction.
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.


text:
Archie Comics sent Major Spoilers a sneak peek of Sonic Universe #24 that arrives in stores next week (January 12, 2011).
"Treasure Team Tango" Part Four: The wild grand finale to our craziest story yet! Four teams vie for the precious Sol Emerald! Will Team Rose help Blaze save her world? Will Team Dark beat them into submission? Will Nack's "Team Hooligan" cash it in, or will the Babylon Rogues beat them to it? You can't miss this blockbuster conclusion!
SCRIPT: Ian Flynn
ART: Tracy Yardley!, Jim Amash, Phil Felix and Jason Jensen
COVER: Tracy Yardley!, Jim Amash & Ben Hunzeker
Shipping Date: 1/5/11
On Sale at Comic Shops: 1/12/11
Newstands: Week of 1/25/11
Comic, 32 pgs, 40 lb. glossy stock, Full-Color
1 Comment
Heh…Cream. I keep thinking of her as a bystander, just like Marine. She should not be there.
If they released the Sonic Comics from issue 1 as digital comics…I would buy them.


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Partner with Reel Grrls
Bring Reel Grrls to your community with through a variety of activities in media literacy, media production, and media justice to spotlight current issues, strategies, and stories in your community.
Tune in to this Reel Grrls Apprenticeship Program produced video on Powerful Voices, an inspiring sister-organization and community partner working hard for gender justice in Seattle's central area and southend:
Hire Reel Grrls Pro
to get a stunning product, that is professionally executed and efficiently produced, as well as the satisfaction of empowering young, motivated girls at the doorstep of their media-making careers, and making Reel Grrls mission real as we educate, mentor, and equip girls and young women with state-of the-art digital media training…all while aligning your company/organization/institution with a community committed to creating a better tomorrow for girls and their allies. Check out this video of past partnership:
Professional Development Trainings
Community Events & Education
Reel Grrls makes media fun for all with a variety of programs and events. Through partnerships we strive to build sisterhood and solidarity with awesome girl-serving organizations such as You Grow Girl, Powerful Voices, Young Women Empowered, the Gates Foundation, the Service Board, YouthSpeaks, and more.
In addition to girl centric groups we also work with a variety of organizations like: Seattle Parks, Seattle Schools, Southwest Youth & Family Services, SOAR's Roadmaps Project, Seattle Public Libraries, King County Library System, Sno-Isle Library System, the University of Washington, and the City of Redmond.


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Paytm – Get Flat Rs.200 Cashback On Booking Two Movie Tickets
Paytm – Get Flat Rs.200 Cashback On Booking Two Movie Tickets. Paytm is these days rocking with offers on your best source of entertainment – Movies ! It is again here with an amazing offer. Get flat Rs 200 Cashback on minimum booking of two tickets. Avail the offer now !!
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- Offer valid till 26th October Midnight only.
- Cannot be clubbed with any other offers and promo codes.


text: Gulangyu, separated from Xiamen by the 500-metre-wide Egret River, with an area of 1.77 square kilometres, enjoys a lauditory title "Garden on the Sea." The original name of the islet was Yuan Zhou Zi. In the Ming Dynasty it was renamed Gulang, meaning ''drum waves", because the holes in the southwestern reefs hit by the waves make sounds like the drum beating.


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OK. it's 145mph steady winds, and i dont' wanna deal with it, since i live in a trailerpark. MILF wants to go see her new greatgranddaughter. 1500 frikkin' dollars in hotel reservations, and that doesn't include burgerking and wafflehouse on the way.
and we have a roadtrip. you dedicated players i've dealt with here will see me until i leave this weekend, i may post while i'm gone, but (if no house wrecking storm) i'll see you saturday 22 oct. gawdbless your mess, see you in game\
if i'm not in my own SundaySunday room, and CNN reports my house missing, see you whenever!
just like 2 years ago:)
btw: i'm pulling the backup hard drive from the box, and carrying the W7 repair disc. yup that much fear
edit: Awrite! no hurricane. MILF still wants to go see great grandbabies, so except for random stuff from my nexus 7, i'll be out-of-game for a while. just like 2 years ago (hurricane was wide-miss then too--still went to tennessee)
Edited by EM1O, 05 October 2016 - 12:05 PM.