text:
Your looks, as well as your office's looks, matter a lot!
When you happen to own a big business, it becomes very important to maintain your image as well. You might have seen how different businessmen make it their priority to look good. Their attire, their looks all help in portraying a good and professional image. Your looks matter a lot if you wish to succeed, after all,that people see what they believe in. If you look professional, then your clients know that your work would also contain the same amount of professionalism in it. Just how it is important for a businessman to take care of his looks, similarly it is important to him that this office building also looks clean and maintained. Even if you don't happen to own a big business, you would still want to look good in other people's books! As long as you will be seen under a good light your business will flourish and for this, you need to make sure that your office maintains its looks as well.
Boost up your image!
According to different businesses and building owners, it is important for them to maintain their image and so commercial cleaning services are required by them all. These services are required so that the company's building manages to look professional. And also, as it is important to maintain hygiene and to have a healthy environment these services are required almost each month. It is important that your office has a clean environment. Employees are usually under stress as they have to meet deadlines, and an untidy office can cause them even more troubles. Plus the more clean and tidy the office will be the less the chances of your employees falling sick.
What kind of services are you provided with?
There are many companies who provide you with various cleaning services; you can find yourself the right company that would provide you with all the required services, altogether. Such a company is the Prestige Property Services, which is there to fulfill all your cleaning needs.These commercial cleaning services include office cleaning, waxing of floors, stripping and sealing of the flooring, carpet shampooing, the office windows are cleanedspotless, etc.In fact, the whole of your office building is cleaned spotless! Usually, these services also include porter services and handyman services also you can even get the backyard of your office maintained.
You are provided with a cleaning service program which includes all these services mentioned. You can then select whichever services you require and whichever suits your budget. No matter how big your business might be, the cleaning service company will make sure to provide you with best janitorial services. These services will make your office look extremely professional and would help in portraying how high your standards are! It is always better to get these commercial cleaning services as these services help in making other people think highly of you and benefit the company in return as well.


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<- Back
"Гэты пан не касаўся..."
* * *
This master wouldn't touch anything in the world, they were a supervisor. The master was why the fly flies. He was a bachlor, unmarried. We were already living there when his mother died. My mother then interred, washed, cleaned up, and dressed her. Then for the last rites the priest came, so he had to be met with song, a religious one. She died, just the same, the simple women went, washed her, gathered up everything, dressed and buried her.
She had two sons. There was a second, but that one rode horses and in Turkey he was killed falling off his horse. That guy loved to ride around the villages, with other guys, being young. And he rode the horse somehow there, the horse stumbled, or something, and he fell and was killed. He wasn't married. Unmarried, one and the other.
(Dzyashenko, Ksaveryy Kazimiravich, n 1920, Dzyashenko, Sof'ya Stsyapanauna, n 1921, Pershamayski settlement).

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Marinco Platform Mounting Bracket Boat Swim Platforms
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text:
10:53 AM - September 29, 2007 by Steve_OS
Da Czar is back! Make sure you check out Episode #4 from the Sim City Sports Network headquarters. Let us know what you think!
"Welcome to the Sim Citi Sports Network "Special" Weekend update edition. Da_Czar has a few more tips for those who can't wait to get their grubby little hands on NBA 2k8. So put the demo down, grab a seat and check out Episode 4 of the SCSN."


text:
We investigated the influence of motion context on tactile localization, using a paradigm similar to the cutaneous rabbit or sensory saltation (Geldard FA, Sherrick CE. Science 178: 178–179, 1972). In one of its forms, the rabbit stimulus consists of a tap in one location quickly followed by another tap elsewhere, creating the illusion that the two taps are near each other. Instead of taps, we used position of a halted brush and instead of distance judgment, localization responses. The brush moved across the skin of the left forearm, creating a clear motion signal before and after a rabbitlike leap of 10 cm (at 100 cm/s). Three before-and-after velocities (7.5, 15, or 30 cm/s) were used. Participants (n = 13) pointed with their right arm at the felt location of the brush when it halted either 1 cm before or after the leap. These stops were 12 cm apart, but distances computed from localization responses were only 5.4, 6.5, and 7.5 cm for the three velocities, respectively (F[2,11] = 15.19, P = 0.001). Thus the leap resulted in compressive position shift, as described previously for sensory saltation, but modulated by motion velocity before the leap: the slower the motion, the greater the shift opposite to motion direction. No gap in stimulation was perceived. We propose that velocity extrapolation causes the position shift: extrapolated motion does not have enough time to bridge the real spatial gap and thus assigns a closer location to the skin on the opposite side of the gap.
- somatosensory space
- completion
- motion interpolation
- position shift
- local sign
a number of illusions reveal interdependence between perceptions of space and time. Temporal aspects of the stimulus may affect perception of its spatial properties, and vice versa. A well-known tactile illusion of the first kind is sensory saltation (cutaneous rabbit; Geldard and Sherrick 1972), also shown to occur in vision (Geldard 1976) and audition (Getzmann 2009). In the "utterly reduced rabbit" version of the illusion (Geldard 1975; Trojan et al. 2010), two spatially separated taps delivered at a temporal interval of 100–200 ms are perceived as much closer together than they really are. Normally, illusory motion is also perceived as if the same moving object caused both taps on the skin (for review and detailed investigation of the quality of apparent motion in touch, see Cholewiak 1999; Cholewiak and Collins 2000). Continuous motion is subject to a similar spatial distortion: brushed regions of the forearm seem increasingly short as the stimulus velocity increases beyond 15 cm/s (Whitsel et al. 1986). At 100 cm/s, the perceived path of the moving brush is approximately half that at 10 cm/s (Fig. 4, Whitsel et al. 1986). This dependence of perceived distance on time in perception of motion suggests there are limits on the "allowed" velocities, i.e., that very high speeds will not be perceived. Instead, a bias in the perception of distance traveled (or time) will occur to reduce perceived speed. Such a low-velocity prior was proposed for both tactile and visual motion (see Goldreich 2007; Stocker and Simoncelli 2006; Weiss et al. 2002).
The utterly reduced rabbit consisting of two taps is an utterly impoverished stimulus and cannot offer many clues about the way we process natural motion stimuli. The original form of the rabbit is slightly richer: multiple taps are applied to one skin site, followed by a tap at another. The resulting sensation is that of multiple taps distributed along a motion trajectory, as if a rabbit is hopping along the skin (Geldard and Sherrick 1972). The roughly uniform spatial distribution of the perceived taps mirrors the equal temporal intervals between them. Perceived spatial intervals also mirror time intervals in paradigms not involving motion (the tau effect, Helson and King 1931). A reverse bias also exists, i.e., the judgment of temporal intervals is strongly influenced by the spatial separation between successive stimuli (the kappa effect, Cohen et al. 1953). The cutaneous rabbit, tau, and kappa effects all suggest an underlying bias toward perceiving that objects move at constant velocity, an idea considered in the older psychological literature (see Collyer 1977; Jones and Huang 1982). Jones and Huang propose that "the functional relations between distance, duration and velocity provide a natural context for distance and duration judgments" (p. 128).
A related idea underpins our approach. We think that motion across the receptor surface, being the most ubiquitous form of natural stimulation, is a powerful organizing principle for spatial maps, i.e., the neural representations of the skin's surface that underpin our spatial abilities (see Hiramoto and Cline 2014; Seizova-Cajic and Taylor 2014; Wiemer et al. 2000). Statistical regularities of physical motion are therefore a "natural context" not only for relational judgments but also for perception of the location of individual stimuli.
Thus the aim of the present study was to test whether a constant-velocity constraint, or perceptual tendency to minimize deviations from constant velocity, influences localization of tactile stimuli. Specifically, we tested the idea that when a position on the skin is arrived at through constant-velocity motion, its perceived location is susceptible to a constant-velocity bias. This has not been formally tested, as past research has utilized mostly simple stimuli from which it would be difficult to extrapolate velocity.
The stimulus used to test our proposal—called the Abridging stimulus—places a discontinuous motion signal, similar to the cutaneous rabbit, in the context of continuous motion. It was used for the first time in our previous study (Seizova-Cajic and Taylor 2014). A brush moved up and down the forearm, from a location near the wrist to a location near the elbow, providing a reliable estimate of object velocity. We introduced uncertainty into the motion signal by taking the brush quickly (at 100 cm/s) across an artificial tactile scotoma in the middle of the forearm (an area that remained unstimulated while we brushed the surrounding parts of the skin; see Fig. 1). This stimulation results in compressive mislocalization of positions bordering the scotoma, abridging the space (Seizova-Cajic and Taylor 2014). The segment of the Abridging stimulus that crosses the scotoma provides a signal similar to the cutaneous rabbit. A touch on one side of the scotoma is quickly followed by a touch on the other side, and these positions are felt to be closer together than they really are. However, an important difference in comparison to the classical, discrete rabbit stimulus is the motion context.
In the present study, our critical manipulation was to vary the velocity of the brush before and after it crossed the scotoma. The question of interest was whether the speed outside the scotoma would modulate the amount of compression. Because a slow velocity would move the brush a shorter distance than a fast velocity in the brief time taken to cross the scotoma, we hypothesized that a constant-velocity constraint on perception would lead to greater compression in the context of slower velocity. If speed outside the scotoma did not modulate compression, then this would provide evidence against a constant-velocity constraint. On the other hand, the presence of any compression would be consistent with a low-velocity constraint. Note that the two constraints are not mutually exclusive.
Three different velocities were used on three different days to brush the skin of the forearm from the wrist to the elbow and back, across a 10-cm tactile occluder (scotoma) in the middle of the forearm. The outcome of greatest interest was perceived terminal position of the brush after it crossed the occluder and briefly halted. Blindfolded participants also reported on the sensations felt on the forearm during repetitive back-and-forth brushing.
The study was approved by the University of Sydney ethics committee. Participants provided their written informed consent to participate in the study, according to the procedure approved by the committee. Thirteen participants (6 women, 7 men; age 21–48 yr) each attended on 3 days to complete the experiment. Ten subjects were naive and were paid for their participation.
Apparatus and Setup
Participants were seated with their left forearm pronated and supported on an armrest placed perpendicular to the seat back (see Fig. 1A). This arm was hidden from view by a 12 × 18-in. Wacom graphics tablet sitting vertically upright between the participant's arms, parallel to the length of the forearm. The participant held a graphics tablet stylus in the right hand. During all stimulation, participants were blindfolded and wore headphones playing white noise.
The left forearm was fitted with a leather sleeve that had two rectangular 6 × 5-cm windows over the dorsum of the forearm. These were separated by a 10-cm metal-covered occluder, which was centered on the forearm. Thus when the dorsum of the forearm was brushed from one end to the other there were two ∼5-cm areas of stimulation separated by a 10-cm gap (artificial tactile scotoma). Two brushes (1 cm thick and 4 cm wide) were mounted on a single carrier, which was driven parallel to the forearm by a computer-controlled stepper motor (Excitron Au Controllercoder model Au57-40M). The distance between the brushes was set to achieve a 100-ms traverse time over the occluder and was thus different in the three different speed conditions. Only one of the brushes was in contact with the skin at any given time (see Fig. 1A, C, and D). When the carrier moved distally, the proximal brush swept the skin from the elbow toward the occluder as the distal brush moved along the occluder. The proximal brush then moved onto the occluder, where for ∼100 ms both brushes were located. This was followed by the distal brush stepping off the occluder and moving along the skin until it stopped near the wrist (while the proximal brush moved along the occluder). This constituted a single sweep. When followed with a sweep in the other direction (wrist to elbow) this constituted an up-and-down sweep.
The across-the-occluder time is approximate because 1-cm-thick brushes were manually adjusted to the appropriate height for each participant, resulting in small variations in the degree to which the hairs splayed. The two brushes were also manually adjusted to the appropriate separation for each speed, and their position could vary by 1 or 2 mm.
There were four targets at which the brush could stop, labeled A, B, D, and E starting from a proximal location (near the elbow; see Fig. 1B). Separation between the two proximal targets, A and B, was ∼3.6 cm, with the same separation for distal targets D and E. Targets B and D were 12.0 cm apart. In Baseline conditions, an additional target (C) was located halfway between B and D. This location was underneath the occluder in all other conditions. The purpose of using this additional target in Baseline trials only was to suggest to participants that stimulation could occur anywhere along the forearm.
The experiment had a 3 (velocity) × 2 (duration of exposure to brushing, hereafter simply "exposure") × 2 (direction of approach) design. The dependent variables were localization by pointing and phenomenological report. In the report, participants indicated where on the arm they felt the brushing and how intense it was.
The main independent variable was velocity on either side of the occluder (Slow: 7.5 cm/s, Medium: 15 cm/s, or Fast: 30 cm/s). The three velocity conditions were presented in separate sessions on separate days, counterbalanced across participants. The gap in stimulation was 100 ms in all three conditions. We also manipulated exposure (Short and Long) and direction of approach (Proximal or Distal).
In each session the participants completed a "Short" run followed by a "Long" run of brushing. In Short the brushes made one or two up-and-down sweeps before stopping at each target location. Between Short and Long runs the brush made 100 nonstop up-and-down sweeps. In Long there were six or seven up-and-down sweeps between stops. The order of runs was fixed to test for any immediate illusion (observable in Short) and any cumulative effects (observable during Long).
The targets near the occluder (B and D) could be approached from two directions. We refer to the approach from the wrist toward the elbow as the Proximal direction and the approach from the elbow toward the wrist as the Distal direction. Targets A and E were at end points of brushing motion and could only be approached from one direction (A with proximal motion and E with distal motion).
In each run the brush stopped 24 times at the locations on either side of the occluder (B and D). Half of the 24 stops were approached during Proximal motion, while the other half were during Distal motion. Locations A and E were stopped at only six times each, and their main purpose was to suggest to the participant that the brush might stop at any location along the arm. Each time the brush stopped, a computer-generated sound alerted the participant to point to the current location of the brush, which remained stationary on the skin for the duration of the pointing response. Pointing comprised moving the right hand holding the stylus from the rest position (at the right of the table) to touch the stylus to the graphics tablet, as if pointing at the site of the brush on the skin. After a period of 4 s from the moment it stopped, the brush resumed moving. In each velocity condition, participants completed a total of 60 pointing trials per Short and Long runs or 120 trials overall [48 trials each for targets B and D (2 directions × 2 exposures × 12 repeats) and 12 trials each for targets A and E (2 exposures × 6 repeats)]. Targets were presented randomly with the constraint that all targets were presented twice before any could be presented again.
Basic localization ability was determined at the beginning ("Baseline pretest") and end ("Baseline posttest") of each session. For each trial, the experimenter brushed the participant's arm at one of five target locations (A–E) with the direction of brush motion orthogonal to the long axis of the forearm (Fig. 1B; in other conditions, the brush moved along the long axis of the forearm). Participants responded by pointing to the location with the stylus. Each location was brushed six times in a random order with the same constraint as the other conditions (all targets were presented twice before any were presented again) for a total of 30 trials.
Participants attended on 3 days. On each day, they completed four runs comprising Baseline pretest, Short, Long, and Baseline posttest in that order. In a single session, the brushing on either side of the occluder used in the Short and Long runs were of the same velocity. The duration of each session differed for the Slow, Medium, and Fast conditions, taking ∼75 min, 60 min, and 45 min, respectively. Participants provided phenomenological reports after Short and Long runs or at the end of the session. They were asked to indicate where on the arm they felt the brushing and how intense it was by drawing on outlines of an arm. If they felt changes over time, they made multiple drawings. Other comments regarding the sensations they had noticed during the brushing were also encouraged.
Data Analysis
Phenomenological report.
Participants indicated where along the arm they had felt brushing, and their reports were classified in the following categories indicating the degree of motion completion across the gap, i.e., closing of the gap: 1) two separate areas of brushing (no completion) with no changes over time; 2) two separate areas of brushing (no completion) but gap decreased during the session; 3) no gap in brushed area (completion) for part of the time; 4) no gap in brushed area (completion) for the whole time.
If participants reported different percepts in Short and Long runs in a single session, the corresponding ratings were averaged so that each participant contributed three ratings in total, one for each velocity. Categories 1–4 thus indicate increasing degree of completion and were analyzed with Friedman's ANOVA to determine whether motion completion was affected by velocity.
Pointing responses.
Raw data were localization responses to targets A–E expressed as x coordinates of the graphics tablet in millimeters, with 0 at the proximal corner of the tablet. Target A was near the elbow crease and target E near the wrist. Responses of individual participants were checked for outliers, using as the criterion the variability of their 6 (in Baseline) or 12 (other conditions) responses to a single target. Variability expressed as the standard deviation (SD) was computed for each individual and each target. The mean and SD were then computed for the set of those values (across all participants for any given combination of velocity and exposure), and limits for deviation from the mean were established with the 2.5 SD criterion. If an individual SD for any target exceeded this limit, then the participant's responses to that target were investigated for outliers and up to two responses were removed. Approximately 0.9% of pointing trials were excluded on this basis, with relatively even spread across experimental conditions.
We computed position uncertainty for our brush stimulus as a median variable error, i.e., one-half of the interquartile range (IQR) for a given set of responses: 12 responses of the same participant to the same target (B or D) in the same experimental condition (e.g., target B, Distal motion, Short exposure) or 6 responses for Baseline conditions. A four-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the brushing conditions, with factors 1) location (B, D), 2) velocity (Slow, Medium, Fast), 3) brush localization Before vs. After it crossed the gap, and 4) exposure (Short, Long).
Of most interest to us were responses to the brush halted at targets B and D, adjacent to the occluder (thus no statistical analysis is presented for targets A and E, for which we collected a quarter of the responses as for B and D). Distal motion took the brush across target B to target D, while Proximal motion took it across target D to target B. Thus, to compute our final measure (referred to as the "computed B–D distance") for each individual participant for each direction separately, the mean response to B was subtracted from the mean response to D. This computation accounted for the potential dependence of perceived distance across the skin on velocity (Whitsel et al. 1986), due to which the perceived starting point of the brush crossing the occluder would not be equal for different velocities. We were only interested in localization of the brush after it crossed the occluder and how it depended on the outside velocity (not in how velocity influenced perceived extent of the brushed skin).
A three-way repeated-measures ANOVA (velocity × exposure × direction of approach) was used to compare computed B–D distance across conditions and a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (velocity × pre/post) to compare computed B–D distance for the Baseline data collected at the beginning and end of each of the three sessions.
Error bars in Figs. 3 and 4 were computed with the method suitable for repeated-measures designs that removes irrelevant overall intersubject variability (see Cousineau 2005). Here, the removed component of variance was the tendency for individuals to reach closer or further overall when pointing. The error bars thus reflect the intersubject variability in the response pattern, i.e., in the differences between conditions, which is of interest to us. Confidence intervals (CIs) reported in text were computed with BCa bootstrap procedure in SPSS.
Phenomenological Report
Although 10 cm of the skin was never brushed, participants indicated that the brushing stimulus felt continuous along the forearm for at least part of the time in 35 of 39 responses across all three velocities. Results broken down by velocity show that 6, 8, and 7 of 13 participants (46%, 62%, and 54%) experienced full motion completion throughout the brushing session in Slow, Medium, and Fast conditions, respectively. Median (IQR) scores for the three velocities, shown in Fig. 2, were 3.5 (3.0–4.0), 4.0 (3.5–4.0), and 4.0 (3.0–4.0). Friedman's ANOVA shows that the difference between the velocities was not significant (χ2[2] = 3.36, P = 0.186).
Pointing Responses
A timeline of pointing responses within each session is shown in Fig. 3. For this illustration, each participant's responses were binned such that their first three pointing responses to a target within a run were averaged to create the first bin. The next bin contained the next three pointing responses to that target location, and so on. Figure 3 shows that immediately after Baseline there is a large compressive effect: separation between the blue lines (Distal motion), as well as between the green lines (Proximal motion), is smaller than B–D separation in Baseline pretest at all three velocities. Shift of proximal targets (A and B) toward the opposite side is very pronounced for all velocities. Further analysis was carried out on the computed distances ("blue" B–D distance and "green" B–D distance) calculated for each velocity, exposure, and direction of approach. The actual distance between targets B and D was 12 cm, including the 10-cm gap plus 2 cm of brushed skin, 1 cm on each side of the occluder. Note that a smaller computed B–D distance means greater mislocalization of positions B and D.
A critical finding was that computed distance increased with the velocity of the brush. The results are shown in Fig. 4. The means were 53.9, 65.5, and 75.1 mm in the Slow, Medium, and Fast conditions, respectively. The mean difference (95% CI) between Medium and Slow was 11.6 mm (4.4–20.7) and between Fast and Medium was 9.7 mm (1.6–17.1). These differences are comparable to the differences of 7.5 and 15 mm predicted from constant velocity assumption, although they do not increase with velocity. (The prediction was derived as follows: at Slow velocity of 75 mm/s distance traveled in 100 ms would be 7.5 mm, at Medium velocity of 150 mm/s it would be 15 mm, and at Fast velocity of 300 mm/s it would be 30 mm. Each value is corrected by adding a constant of 20 mm to account for the accurate perception of extent of brush motion when traveling across the skin between the occluder and targets B and D. Thus, should localization be based on extrapolated motion alone, the predicted values for the computed distance would be 27.5, 35.0, and 50.0 mm for Slow, Medium, and Fast velocities, respectively.) Perceived B–D distances, however, are greater than the predicted values (thick dashed line in Fig. 4).
A three-way repeated-measures ANOVA (velocity × exposure × direction of approach) showed a significant main effect of velocity (F[2,11] = 13.841, P < 0.001). Repeated contrast analysis compared Slow to Medium velocity conditions, finding a significant difference (F[1,12] = 6.164, P = 0.029, r = 0.58), and Medium to Fast, also significant (F[1,12] = 7.528, P = 0.018, r = 0.62). The main effect of exposure was not significant (F[1,12] = 2.422, P = 0.146). However, one interaction term involving exposure and velocity approached significance (F[1,12] = 4.653, P = 0.052): the computed B–D distance in Fast decreased from 80.5 mm in Short to 69.8 mm in Long, while for Medium velocity it barely changed (66.0 vs. 65.0 mm). The main effect for direction of approach was significant (F[1,12] = 6.327, P = 0.027, r = 0.59), with 6.3 mm smaller computed distance in Distal than Proximal approach (95% CI: 2.4–10.3). There were no statistically significant interactions involving direction.
Baseline was analyzed to determine whether brushing resulted in a change in perceived locations in posttest depending on velocity. Computed B–D distance in Baseline posttest across all velocities was 99.9 mm, much smaller than the 119.9 mm in the pretest. The mean differences for Slow, Medium, and Fast were 15.6 mm (95% CI: 1.9–28.7), 25.5 mm (15.9–35.2), and 18.9 mm (8.8–30.5), respectively. A 3 (velocity) × 2 (pretest, posttest) ANOVA showed that the difference between pretest and posttest was highly significant (F[1,12] = 34.45, P < 0.0001), but there was no interaction with velocity (F[2,24] = 0.640, P = 0.536).
As can be seen in Fig. 3, distribution of responses shifted distally after Baseline pretest. We quantified this shift for responses B and D using their center (average), which was positioned at 153.4 ± 9.2 mm (mean ± SE) in Baseline pretest. One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in the amount of shift between the three velocity conditions (F[2,24] = 1.276, P = 0.297). However, their combined 28.5 ± 12.8-mm displacement from Baseline pretest was statistically significant (t[12] = 2.228, P = 0.046). In Baseline posttest the center of B and D responses shifted back to 141.0 ± 9.8 mm.
Position Uncertainty
In Baseline pretest, position uncertainty measured as median variable error was on average 9.0 (±0.6 SE) mm for target B, not significantly different from 11.3 (±1.1) mm for target D (t[37] = 1.733, P = 0.09). Brushing conditions produced more uncertainty, with 14.4 mm average across both targets (meaning that ∼50% of all responses to any single target would have fallen within a 30-mm range). The four-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between proximal target B (14.7 ± 0.8 mm) and distal target D (14.2 ± 0.8 mm) (F[1,12] = 0.17, P = 0.69). Position error decreased with velocity and was 15.5, 14.8, and 13.0 mm for Slow, Medium, and Fast, respectively [linear trend approached significance (F[1,12] = 4.04, P = 0.07)]. Exposure to brushing increased the error from 13.3 (±0.4) in Short to 15.6 (±0.4) in Long brushing condition (F[1,12] = 4.76, P = 0.05). The most pronounced and highly significant difference was between the variable error for location targeted before the brush crossed the gap (12.8 ± 0.8 mm) vs. after it crossed the gap (16.0 ± 0.9 mm), regardless of whether the location was B or D (F[1,12] = 15.55, P = 0.002). None of the two-way or three-way interactions was statistically significant.
Our results strongly support the hypothesis that perceived terminal position of a moving object is susceptible to a constant-velocity bias. Here, the velocity of the brush motion before the gap modulated its perceived position after the gap, such that slower before-the-gap motion resulted in a shorter apparent leap than faster motion. In other words, how far the cutaneous rabbit jumps depends on how fast it is running before making the leap. Velocity modulation came on top of a large inward position shift of the two targets. The third main finding is that the 10-cm physical gap in stimulation was perceptually completed, such that in most cases motion felt continuous. The latter two findings, the Abridging effect and motion completion, confirm the results from our previous study (Seizova-Cajic and Taylor 2014).
Findings secondary to our main aims included a change in Baseline localization after brushing, with 20-mm inward shift of points on either side of the gap (Fig. 4B). This effect was not modulated by velocity. Previously we found a similar compression not only when the gap was stitched in time but also when the brush had a long traverse time over the gap (see Fig. 4A, Seizova-Cajic and Taylor 2014) and thus cannot interpret it as the carryover (learned) effect of compressive mislocalization. It is not clear what causes it. There was also an effect of direction: distal brush motion resulted in a smaller apparent leap (greater mislocalization) than proximal. Our estimates of position uncertainty were similar for proximal and distal locations (B and D), so the result is unlikely to be due to this potential factor. Our final finding that has no obvious explanation is that the distribution of responses to the brushing stimuli shifted distally soon after the brushing began (relative to the responses in Baseline pretest). It is possible that some aspect of the setup that differed between Baseline and brushing runs caused distal attention shift, which in turn affected localization. Manipulation of attention caused position shift of a sensory saltation stimulus pair in a study by Kilgard and Merzenich (1995). Their stimulus location and parameters were similar to ours, and the mean difference between the perceived locations under proximal and distal instructions was 3.1 ± 0.5 cm, comparable to our 2.8 ± 1.3 cm mean distal shift for the center of the B and D pair.
Our main results can be summarized as 1) motion interpolation (by which we mean filling in of any spatiotemporal discontinuity with motion signal from the surround) and 2) velocity-dependent compressive mislocalization (position shift). We discuss each in turn, examining their potential mechanisms and interrelationship.
Motion Interpolation
Our motion stimulus, a brush, paused briefly at times when the localization response was required but otherwise moved up and down along the forearm. The brushed areas that provided a clear motion signal and speed estimate therefore flanked the gap, creating an artificial scotoma and conditions for motion interpolation when the object was "hidden" by the occluder. Participants anecdotally reported that they could not always clearly feel the position of the halted brush, which might have reinforced a motion tracking strategy.
Vision research has shown that small spatiotemporal interruptions in a motion path (e.g., 13 ms, 0.16° presented in peripheral vision) go unnoticed if sufficient time has passed between the motion onset and the interruption, as this allows for the motion percept to stabilize (Kanai et al. 2007). Smooth motion interpolation can also be achieved through attentive tracking of moving objects in the presence of an ambiguous motion signal, crossing much larger gaps (Shiori et al. 2000). These and similar findings (e.g., Chun and Cavanagh 1997) suggest that, once established, the motion percept plays a role in the "retention of spatiotemporal continuity of an object" (p. 944, Kanai et al. 2007), i.e., an object constancy assumption.
Consistent with this idea, as well as the gestalt principles of grouping by motion (Todorovic 2011; Wertheimer 1923) and completion (Pessoa et al. 1998), most of our participants reported perceiving a single object moving up and down their forearm with no gaps in stimulation, although in reality there were two brushes straddling a very large (10 cm) gap. Anecdotal reports and lighter brushing in the middle of the forearm reported in drawings suggest that other stimulus features, such as the bristliness of the brush, were not necessarily interpolated, only the motion. We also know that there are time limits on completion—when the temporal gap in our previous study was ∼660 ms, completion normally did not occur (Seizova-Cajic and Taylor 2014).
It is important to note that phenomenological experiences of motion continuity can occur in response to very different spatiotemporal patterns. Two such patterns are shown in Fig. 5, A and B. Figure 5A mimics a real-world experience of occlusion: it shows constant-velocity motion with a spatiotemporal gap that allows (the perceived) motion to continue unchanged throughout the gap until the physical stimulus reappears. Figure 5B shows our Abridging stimulus, with a highly incongruent spatiotemporal gap (also illustrated in Fig. 1D, right): any object undergoing interpolated motion would need to suddenly accelerate in order to connect to the position where the physical stimulus reappears.
Velocity-Dependent Compressive Mislocalization (Position Shift)
Position shift of the two targets bordering the scotoma brought them 54 mm closer to each other relative to their 119-mm distance in Baseline pretest (averaged across all 3 velocities). This combined position shift exceeds the combined position uncertainty of the two targets, which we estimated to be ∼30 mm. Illusory position shifts in the presence of motion have been richly documented and debated in the vision literature (see reviews by Eagleman and Sejnowski 2007; Whitney 2002), but in most cases they are in the direction of motion: motion stimuli appear to be displaced forward compared with briefly presented stationary stimuli (flash-lag effect, Nijhawan 1994) or when their last location is reproduced from memory (representational momentum; for review see Hubbard 2005); stationary stimuli enclosing areas filled with motion seem to be displaced in the direction of motion (Ramachandran and Anstis 1983), as do stationary objects placed in the vicinity of motion (Whitney and Cavanagh 2000). This forward bias is opposite to the compressive illusory shift we report, which is backward, toward the motion origin.
So why did position shifts occur in our study? As indicated above, the large spatial and negligible temporal gap in our stimulus would require a single moving object to speed up dramatically (see Fig. 1D and Fig. 5B). We have previously proposed that the observed compressive mislocalization, or perceptual shortening of the gap, in these circumstances is driven by perception that the stimulus is delivered by a single brush (consistent with an object constancy assumption), combined with a bias against unusual perceived accelerations (Seizova-Cajic and Taylor 2014). However, unequivocal evidence that motion is at least partly responsible for the position shifts was lacking until now. The fact that localization error is correlated with the surround velocity removes any doubt. Nevertheless, we do not rule out minor contributions from other sources, such as the enlargement of receptive fields devoid of input when they are surrounded by active neurons, shown in vision to result in small position shifts (Kapadia et al. 1994; Pettet and Gilbert 1992).
Pure extrapolation of motion velocity predicts a greater compressive mislocalization than observed, and thus cannot be its sole explanation (compare thin dashed arrows in Fig. 5C to actual localization responses). It is likely that the position signal from the halted brush also affected localization. A formal model of length compression developed by Goldreich (2007) and Goldreich and Tong (2013) for briefly presented tap stimuli—including the cutaneous rabbit—combines a current position signal ("measured" position) with a constraint (prior) to predict perception of intertap distance. Our results are consistent with this general approach. These authors also implement the idea that subsequent positions of a moving object influence perception of its previous positions ("postdictive" inference, Eagleman and Sejnowski 2000) in their model. Applied to our paradigm, it means that the perceived brush position before the gap (which we measured with the brush halted in position) would feel different in retrospect, after the brush crossed the gap; it would be drawn toward subsequent brush positions, as shown in cutaneous rabbit studies. In other words, the postdictive element of the illusion would likely result in an even smaller measurement of gap size. However, the continuous brush motion as well as perceptual completion in the present paradigm make individual target positions indistinguishable. This makes it difficult to assess the degree of postdictive inference.
Mechanisms Responsible for Position Shift
Our findings suggest that both motion and local position signals contributed to the assignment of terminal location of the moving brush. They support the idea that spatiotemporal mechanisms are used and rule out some of the alternative theories proposed in vision that focus on separable temporal or spatial mechanisms (for review see Whitney 2002). One is the temporal integration (or temporal pooling) hypothesis, according to which the position of a moving target is integrated over a fixed time window (Lappe and Krekelberg 1998). It predicts greater bias toward the origin of motion for the faster-moving objects in the present study—opposite to our findings. Another proposition is that a spatial bias in perception of moving objects compensates for neural latency (see Whitney 2002). Such a bias could also be velocity dependent, but again in the direction of motion, opposite to our findings.
Our spatiotemporal account needs to explain the origin of the observed bias against sudden accelerations. Its possible origin is experience with moving objects accumulated through evolutionary and personal experience. How accumulated knowledge is built into perception has been a subject of much theorizing and variously labeled unconscious inference, perceptual constraints, expectations, biases, priors, etc. (see Kubovy et al. 2013). As mentioned in the introduction, two plausible constraints have been proposed for perception of moving objects that come into contact with our skin: a low-speed constraint, according to which objects move at relatively low speeds, and a constant-velocity or low-acceleration constraint, according to which they rarely undergo sudden changes in speed. Either of these constraints would influence perception more when the motion signal is less clear, but only the latter (low acceleration) constraint can take advantage of motion context in the surround of the area with the poor motion signal. A clear motion signal in the surround allows velocity to be interpolated into areas where the signal is less clear (as described in vision by Kanai et al. 2007; Nowlan and Sejnowski 1995). Note that an untested notion of constant-acceleration constraint might be the most general and most adequate formulation of constraints on our motion perception, given that statistical regularities of physical motion also include accelerations and decelerations, which could also be interpolated.
A low-acceleration prior in touch was formalized in a Bayesian model by Goldreich and Tong (2013) and pitted against their low-speed prior to determine which of the two better predicts Helson and King's (1931) tau effect and Geldard's (1982) multitap rabbit sequence. The low-speed prior won (see their Figs. 10–12). With sufficiently dense sampling, tap stimuli modeled by Goldreich and Tong approach our continuous brushing stimulus. If a low-speed constraint were superior in predicting the above experimental results, could it also explain ours? The answer is negative: a low-speed prior predicts greater contraction for higher before-the-leap speed (see appendix for details; predictions based on the low-speed prior were computed with the Leaping Lagomorphs application, Goldreich and Tong 2013), a pattern opposite to both our results and predictions of the low-acceleration constraint. It is of interest to consider why the low-acceleration constraint did not predict the tau and multitap rabbit patterns as well as the low-speed constraint, as described above. We think the reason is the absence of a clear velocity signal in those patterns, which did not allow the low-acceleration constraint to be given a fair test.
We thus propose that motion, i.e., velocity interpolation, causes position shift. What neural mechanisms might be responsible? Motion provides context for perception of spatial position, and two prime candidates for context-sensitive neural mechanisms are feedback from higher-level motion neurons with large receptive fields to the neurons with more accurate representation of spatial position, and lateral connections between neurons at various levels (Bouecke et al. 2011; Khuu et al. 2010; Muckli et al. 2005; Neumann 2003; Nishida and Johnston 1999). The basic architecture of such a neural model, and how it would process our stimulus, is shown in Fig. 6. Its feedback and horizontal connections impose contextual "meaning" on the individual neurons through selective excitation and inhibition. Note that neurons represented as gray filled circles receive only feedback and horizontal signals when the Abridging stimulus is applied, but this is sufficient, without direct sensory input, to account for perception of motion in the nonstimulated area. The model also needs to explain the position shift. We propose that motion neurons, in addition to direction and speed, also signal motion extent and bias perceived absolute position of the local neurons via feedback connections. Support for this idea comes from the Kilgard and Merzenich (1995) study mentioned above, which shows a relative independence of the perceived separation between two stimuli delivered in very quick succession and their perceived absolute position (see their Fig. 1c). It suggests that the mechanism signaling separation or extent is partially separable from that signaling position. We believe that our proposed neural model is also consistent with the Bayesian model by Goldreich and Tong (2013; see their Fig. 8 and related discussion) who explain the same (Kilgard and Merzenich 1995) finding as the change in uncertainty about position of taps under the influence of attention. Their model postulates a low-speed prior, which modulates perceived position and perceived separation, distorting the original position signal ("measured" position). Implementation of a low-speed prior would presumably involve higher-order tactile motion neurons, which would distort the position signal and determine perception of extent, as we propose (for comparison, Stocker and Simoncelli 2006 propose that the population response of neurons in visual area MT reflects the influence of the visual low-velocity prior).
Applied to our stimulus, the model described above would "hook" the end point of extrapolated motion (the rightmost gray square in Fig. 5B) to the next available signal about stimulus position (black square on the other side of the gap). The instantaneous effect of this would be a compromise between a position signal from the end point of a motion vector and a local position signal, resulting in the velocity-dependent stimulus mislocalization (backward position shift). Should a similar stimulation pattern be repeated many times, mimicking surgical extraction of a patch of skin or a tactile "scotoma," longer-term changes might occur such as a change in the neural signature (local sign) in the local position neuron.
We answer in the affirmative to Whitney (2002), who asked whether tactile motion information influences the apparent position of a tactile target (p. 215). The velocity of surround motion biases perceived position of skin patches bordering an artificial scotoma in the direction opposite to the direction of motion, unlike previously described motion-induced position shifts. Our artificial tactile scotoma simulates loss of input from an area of the receptor surface but is only temporary. Permanent scotomas create a need for lasting, plastic change of the sensory apparatus. Motion interpolation or completion can thus be viewed as only the beginning of a more lasting plastic change that will occur if the conditions of stimulation last (Pessoa and De Weerd 2003). Cortical plasticity studies (Merzenich and Jenkins 1993) show that such plastic changes occur in sensory neurons. A possible neural mechanism that involves motion neurons signaling extent would support this function of motion.
This work was supported by Australian Research Council Discovery Project DP110104691 to T. Seizova-Cajic. J. L. Taylor was supported by a fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).
Author contributions: E.H.L.N., J.L.T., and T.S.-C. conception and design of research; E.H.L.N. and J.B. performed experiments; E.H.L.N. and T.S.-C. analyzed data; E.H.L.N., J.L.T., J.B., and T.S.-C. interpreted results of experiments; E.H.L.N. and T.S.-C. prepared figures; E.H.L.N. and T.S.-C. drafted manuscript; E.H.L.N., J.L.T., J.B., and T.S.-C. edited and revised manuscript; E.H.L.N., J.L.T., J.B., and T.S.-C. approved final version of manuscript.
We thank David Menardo for constructing the apparatus.
Predictions based on a low-speed prior (Goldreich 2007; Goldreich and Tong 2013) were computed with Goldreich and Tong's (2013) Leaping Lagomorphs application (http://psych.mcmaster.ca/goldreich-lab/LL/Leaping_Lagomorphs.html). Percepts for the three brushing conditions were simulated to estimate expected gap sizes for the three brushing conditions. Densely spaced taps were used to approximately simulate our continuous motion stimulus (see Table A1 for parameter values: Sigma-s in the table represents spatial uncertainty, and sigma-v is dispersion around the zero-speed expectation; smaller values of sigma-v indicate stronger low-speed expectation).
To estimate the leap distances for the three velocity conditions, two separate simulations were performed within each condition (see Fig. A1)—one to find the perceived position of location B before the brush moved over the gap (Fig. A1, left: Bbefore) and another to simulate the response to location D after the brush had just traversed the gap (Fig. A1, center: Dafter). The perceived locations of B and D were then used to compute a gap size (Fig. A1, right). This simulated how computed B–D gap size was derived in our experiment (subtracting the response to the location before the leap from the response to the location after the leap).
The observer's spatial uncertainties (sigma-s) for each stimulation location were taken from our position uncertainty results for B and D in Baseline pretest (see Position Uncertainty).
Predictions based on these parameters gave computed B–D distances of 10.58 cm for Slow, 10.01 cm for Medium, and 9.85 cm for Fast, demonstrating a trend of greater compression at faster velocities (opposite to that found in our study). We also ran the simulations using position uncertainty values of B and D during brushing conditions (when there is greater uncertainty), which resulted in the same (but stronger) trend as that reported here.
- Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society


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The History of the Universe according to CANDELS. Mark Dickinson (NOAO). CANDELS and high redshift star f ormation. CANDELS fields offer the deepest multiwavelength data to measure SF UV rest frame (all fields; better in some than others) H a (3D-HST+AGHAST; all fields)
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Mark Dickinson (NOAO)
Assumes no extinction!
L*(IR) (Magnelli+2011)
Assumes no extinction!
Mostly GOODS +
Madau & Dickinson
CANDELS fields at 160 mm
HST WFC3 region outlined in red
The deepest far-IR observations at 100 – 500 mm:
Elbaz et al. (GOODS), Dickinson et al. (COSMOS, UDS)
GOODS-Herschel data products now public @ HeDaM
COSMOS+UDS data newly obtained and are now being analyzed together with CANDELS HST data
Red square: CANDELS WFC3 region
Thanks to HanaeInami, Paola Popesso, Ivan Valtchanov, Daniela Coia!
GOODS+CANDELS fields are unique for PACS and SPIRE 250 mm data deep enough to detect ~L*IR galaxies at z ≈ 2
L*(IR) vsz.
Magnelli et al. 2009, 2011
Gemini Science Meeting
Magnelli et al. 2013: GOODS-Herschel + PEP, 0 < z < 2.3
Direct far-IR measurements down to LIR≈ 1011Lo at z=2 and LIR ≈ 1012 Lo at z=2
But faint end at z > 1 is only constrained by stacking on 24mm sources.
Slope and integrated r(LIR) are still quite uncertain
The decline of the ULIRGs at z < 2 is well determined, but the bulk of the IR luminosity density at z > 1.5 is not yet directly resolved
Magnelli et al. 2013
Bethermin et al. 2012
Bethermin et al. 2012; Berta et al. 2011
Lots of work to date both by CANDELS team members + community using CANDELS data
Very little direct information on dust-obscured star formation at these high redshifts
(inferences on extinction from UV spectral slopes)
Bouwens et al. 2012
See talks by Sandy Rogers; Paola Santini; MaurilioPannella; Marco Castellano
Global dust attenuation inferred from UV spectral slopes peaks strongly at z ≈ 1 to 2
Finkelstein et al. 2012
Bluing trend at z > 4, but the galaxies are entirely UV-selected LBGs
Bouwens et al. 2009, 2012,Dunlop et al. 2011
Finkelstein et al. 2012, etc. etc.
Williams et al. 1996: HST optical
Hughes et al. 1998: SCUBA 850 mm
F. Walter et al. 2012, Nature
SFR ≈ 850 Mo/yr
This is the tip … but how big is the iceberg?
GN20: z(CO) = 4.055
GN10: z(CO) = 4.0425
Magdis et al. 2012
Daddi et al. 2009
Capak et al. 2008, Daddi et al. 2009a,b, Coppin et al. 2009, Capak et al. 2011, Combes et al. 2012, Walter et al. 2012, Maroney et al. (submitted), etc. etc.
IRAC 4.5mm
Madau & Dickinson
Much early work was done in GOODS thanks to the very deep IRAC, near-IR (ISAAC) and optical (ACS) photometry, but other, wider surveys now have very deep data too and are playing an important role.
Ilbert et al. arXiv:1301.1357 COSMOS + UltraVISTA, K < 24
Photo-z's & masses: Janine Pforr
z > 3: the faint guys win!
"Raw" measurements – very preliminary!
See talk by Andrea Grazian
Flux excesses in Spitzer IRAC bands give evidence for (very!) strong Ha and [OIII] in LBGs at z > 4
Not seen (to this extent) in most comparable LBGs at z < 3 – strong evolution?
This can have a significant impact on derived stellar masses, ages, and SFRs
z ≈ 7 – 8 (stacking)
3.8 < z < 5: individual sources
IRAC ch1:
Shim et al. 2011
Labbé et al., submitted
Stark et al., submitted
Candidates at the highest redshifts (z ≈ 10) are generally extremely faint single-band detections. They have come and gone in different data, and their interpretation is hotly debated (e.g., Bouwens et al. 2008, 2011, 2012, Ellis et al. 2012, Brammer et al. 2012).
See Jim Dunlop's talk, next…
Ellis et al. 2012
Progenitors of today's Milky Way at z ≥ 7 would be have < 1% of their present-day DM halo masses
Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2010
z = 0: M(halo) = 1012 Mo
z = 7: M(progenitor) ≈ 1010 Mo
Millennium II simulations used here have high s8 compared to current estimates, making progenitor masses too large
Abundance matching between DM halo mass function and observed UV luminosity function predicts Milky Way progenitors at z = 7 to 10 should be 1 – 3 mags fainter than the current HUDF limits.
z = 7
Current HUDF limits
z = 10
z = 7
z = 10
Kuhlen & Faucher-Giguere 2012
Beyond CANDELS and the HUDF
Beyond CANDELS and the HUDF
Coe et al. 2013: Candidate triply lensed galaxy
zphot = 10.7
Zitrin et al. 2011
50 pc resolution!
Zheng et al. 2012
zphot = 9.6
Bradley et al. 2012
zphot = 6.7
zspec = 4.92
"JWST now with HST"
Optimal cluster lenses provide a magnification factor of ~2.5 (1 mag) for high redshift background sources over most of the field of view for an HST or JWST instrument.
This is equivalent to boosting HST's aperture to JWST size.
Smaller areas / volumes receive much larger magnification boosts of 2-3 magnitudes (or more).
Blank fields
JWST NIRCAM blank field limit
Part I: topics that I touched upon
Part II: topics that I didn't discuss (but which many of you will!)


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luxury beauty brand
,a calming and clarifying antioxidant, ant aging tonic for all skin types. What it is formulated to do, this uplifting tonic simultaneously infuses hydrating and ant aging nutrients deep into the skin for visibly tighter pores and a healthy glow, due to a unique combination of African red tea, white tea, and pomegranate - natures most skin friendly antioxidants. What it is formulated without, parabens- sulfates- synthetic fragrances- synthetic dyes- petro-chemicals- phthalates
Water, Sodium PCA, Betaine, Panthenol, Oleth-20, Allantoin, Red Tea Leaf Extract, White Tea Leaf Extract, Pomegranate Flower Oil, Matricaria Flower Oil, Mandarin Oil, Orange Oil, Tangerine Oil, Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Sorbate, Phenoxyethanol, Citric Acid, Limonene.
After cleansing or as a casual pick me up anytime during the day, spray on face, neck and chest. Can be used as a mister on top of makeup for an instant dewy look...
|Shipping Weight
|3.2 ounces
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Australian Drivers Can Easily save Money on Car Insurance
Car Insurance is one of those things that we have to have, but don't you get fed up of paying more than you have too. A general rule of thumb is if you can't afford the insurance, you can't afford the vehicle but maybe you are missing a few tricks that could save money on your car insurance policy.
Rather than getting overwhelmed by choice, we provide a few tips and tricks to help you save money when choosing a new car insurance plan. Learn the true value of your vehicle for more accurate results, understand the types of brokers out there and how you can use your excess to save money too.
In order to pay less for your next insurance plan you need to know the value of your vehicle, to not be afraid to play vendors off against each other and finally understand the risk of increasing your excess for lower premiums. Mastering these three core principles is the recipe to saving money.
Money Saving Ideas
The following are a few questions you can raise when going through the motions of choosing car insurance:
Young drivers: Always pose the question to your insurance provider, "will an advanced driving course reduce your premium?" Course prices can range from $300 to $700, but it can save you $50 per month on premiums. This saving pays for the course within the first year and will continue to do so year after year.
Like for like: One provider may be cheaper, but not necessarily provide the correct cover. Always check the fine print to ensure you are comparing the same levels of cover before buying.
Additional drivers: To save that little extra money, consider leaving additional drivers off your policy e.g. younger drivers. The more people conducting your vehicle, the more you will spend to have them covered.
Vehicle Value
Knowing the value of your vehicle will help you choose a more reasonable plan and being over-protective of your car in this case will only cost you more money. Generally, most people will choose the 'recommended' value shown by the provider and this is where the vendor wins. Look at second hand car websites and speak to local dealers to get a true value for your vehicle, don't pay more than you have to or don't lose out on needed cover for replacing your vehicle by incorrectly valuing your vehicle.
When renewing your car insurance policy too, providers will keep your car value that you entered when first opening the policy. After said policy expires, your car won't be worth the same so make sure to save money that the vehicle value is renewed too.
Car Insurance Shopping
Without a doubt, shopping around is the best way to save money on car insurance. Use comparison websites to get a general benchmark, but don't stop there. After picking your top three, individually phone those companies for a quote and see how they compare to the internet results. Generally, the providers will ask what price you have received elsewhere and it's this bidding war where the real money saving action is seen.
Below is a rough guide to some of the better known providers in Australia, so if they come up in your top three this information may prove helpful:
Just car insurance: Good for younger drivers with modified vehicles other providers usually dismiss.
AAMI: Willing to compete on other insurance quotes, whilst their variable excesses can quickly cut costs too.
NRMA: More suited to older Australians and those with long driving history.
Youi car insurance: Not great for drivers in their 20's. They ask many questions in hope of lowering your premium.
Bingle car insurance: a low cost provider that advertise a budget, no frills product, but there are brokers that still come out cheaper.
Save Money on Excess
It boils down to how much risk you are willing to take and 'variable excess' allows you to slide between levels to change the total car insurance price. Weigh up the amount that you use your vehicle and the areas that you drive and park within. Reducing your premium and having an excess of $900 may be suitable for those driving shorter distances in outback areas, whilst a higher premium and lower excess might suit those city dwellers.
This is a personal decision, but would you prefer to keep the upfront savings and only pay if you do happen to have a road incident or pay less if you (touch wood) have an incident?
TOPICS: Money House and Garden


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Press Release: Ed Map Appoints Shannon Meadows as Chief Revenue Officer
Ed Map Reorganizes to Support Company's Evolution to a Software and Services Focus
NELSONVILLE, OH, August 16, 2016 – Ed Map, Inc., a leader in content strategy and logistics, today announced that Shannon Meadows has joined the firm to unify sales, marketing, and business development strategies.
Over the past year while serving as a Strategic Advisor, Meadows has been helping Ed Map refine its holistic solution for the traditional higher education market that addresses the increasingly problematic issue of course materials affordability and access. "Shannon has been a leader in the EdTech sector for more than fifteen years, successfully benefiting the customer community, employees and investors," notes Ed Map President and COO Kerry S. Pigman. "The changes impacting higher education in general, and the course materials industry in particular, have been accelerating over the past decade. Ed Map has adjusted many parts of our business to address and capitalize on the…Read More


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This year on the 4th of July, America celebrates 240 years of independence. But the name 'America' is centuries older -- and was first coined on an early 16th century map to label the new lands. VOA Khmer's Men Kimseng narrates.


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DSC Logistics
Supply Chain Management and Logistics
Ann Drake
CEO, DSC Logistics Founder, AWESOME
DSC LOGISTICS is a leader in transforming logistics and supply chain management into a critical business strategy based on collaborative partnerships, innovative thinking and high-performance operations.
DSC is the Founding Partner of AWESOME, and is planning the Fifth Anniversary Symposium. May 3-5 in Chicago.
Learn more at awesomeleaders.org
achieving women's excellence in supply chain operations, management, and education.
At DSC Logistics, we've made it our business to work with some of the most successful companies in the world – companies recognized as industry leaders. Not only has the supply chain changed dramatically, but these companies have changed, too – reinventing themselves, sometimes multiple times, to expand their markets, improve service to customers, increase efficiency and drive innovation.
As different as these companies are, they share some qualities that affect the kinds of partnerships we've been able to achieve. We've learned what companies need and expect from their supply chain partner:
Professionals who are the caliber of their own leaders so they can plan and strategize together.
The most successful companies are focused on talent. And they want partners with equal talent, intelligence, competence, confidence and creativity. A strong partnership comes from teams capable of not only implementing short-term strategies but also advancing long-term goals. DSC has developed a unique Partnership Process to maximize the impact of collaboration.
Technology that collects accurate, real-time data – and experts with the ability to turn reliable data into valuable information.
Big Data has transformed our industry – but its value depends on people who can expertly analyze and interpret it. At DSC, we've put the tools, techniques and people in place to provide decision-makers with reliable and immediate information.
Processes and people with the capacity for agility and rapid responsiveness.
DSC is known for innovative engineering and for experts who see both the critical details and the big picture. Our people think of each customer's business as if it was our business. We are continually exploring new approaches, new technology and new solutions to proactively make the supply chain more efficient and responsive.
In today's business environment – global, complex, competitive and unpredictable – it's not enough for a supply chain partner just to keep up. We need to anticipate, innovate and collaborate. We need to lead.
DSC Logistics
1750 South Wolf Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018


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- Industry Offerings
- Competencies
- Services
- About Us
- Insights
Device Data Analytics
Device Data Analytics
Data collected from smartphones can help to generate interesting insights for socially connected consumers. Sasken has developed an advanced recommender system that helps to generate insights from application usage patterns of millions of connected consumers. The platform is based on big data technologies and
- Helps to ingest data from millions of handsets in real time
- Builds graphs with millions of nodes. Every node in the graph represents an application, user or telecom operator
- Application recommendation logic is supported above the big data graph to provide recommendations to consumers, operators and device OEMs
Not able to find what you are looking for?
Platform Architecture
Success Stories
26 Sep
Live Video Surveillance Mobile Client
Scope Development of smart phone video surveillance client for the operator's live video service Solution Smart phone... more
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26 Sep
Audio Book Application
Scope The customer planned to develop Audio Book Application as part of its strategy to transform to digital content... more
Success Stories
26 Sep
Video conferencing client for enterprise collaboration
Scope Sasken's customer wanted to enable the business users with a high quality video conference application for every day,... more


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Perspectives on Global Constitutionalism
By Gabor Halmai
While global constitutional ideas migrate across countries, continents, agencies, and institutions, internationally accepted principles of constitutionalism and human rights influence national governments that have been able to keep their sovereignty. This book looks into the fascinating question of convergence and sovereignty by approaching the issue from various angels: the use of foreign and international law in national constitution-making and constitutional interpretation on the one hand, and the use of international human rights by domestic courts on the other. The book covers ten countries through different perspectives, focusing on the interplay between the national jurisdiction and international and foreign law. It argues that, despite the different postures towards the use of foreign and international law, constitutionalism and judicial review have 'gone global,' and there is definitely a growing horizontal communication between constitutional systems. The consequence of this development is the emergence of a 'transnational or cosmopolitan constitutionalism.' The book examines how this process can be sped up by the inevitable constitutionalization of international law. [Subject: International Law, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Human Rights Law, Comparative Law, Politics]
312 pages
Publication Date: 6/2/2014
Format: Cloth


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Can I run Microsoft word on aMacBook Pro? If its possible, how do I run the program?
- Asked by Serena I from Grande Prairie
1 Answer from the Community
Best Answer:
Yes you can, but you have to purchase a license for the OSX version of Microsoft Office.
Apple uses a different operating system than Windows, and though the software may look the same, it is written differently to cater to the nuances of the operating system.
Once the software is installed on the PC and the Mac, you can use files back and forth from one to the other computer, without a problem.
- Answered by Rocco R from Rosendale
- Jul 27, 2013


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Potential Complications – Post Donation
This project began because donors were asking Sigrid for an easily understandable list of possible complications. In response, Sigrid started a list which she then supplemented with information found in medical journals. The list below is not based on any formal study and it is possible that some of the complications actually have nothing to do with the organ donation, but are here because living organ donors thought they were related to their donation.
It is also worth noting that most donors Sigrid has met say they had no complications, and even among those who did have complications, she's only met six who say they regret their decision to donate. Of those who regret their decision, all but two would have gone through with the donation anyway to save someone they cared about. This is a subtle but important distinction, and it is why the ALODN focuses its attention on helping donors who have already decided to donate or who have donated. One problem, from the ALODN's perspective, is that people who have negative outcomes tend to be more hesitant to share their stories than people who are happy with the result. This undoubtedly effects the types of stories that end up on this website. Sigrid personally thank all living organ donors who shared their stories and all the interns who over the years have helped find medical articles relevant to each potential complication.
Most of these complications passed within months if not days, but a couple people report having complications that have lasted longer. The fact that it is so hard to find a comprehensive and easy to understand list of living organ donor complications shows that much work needs to be done to improve living organ donor informed consent. It also shows that much more thorough and long-term studies of potential complications for living organ donors need to be done.
The complications listed here pertain mostly to kidney donation, but those complications that also (or specifically) pertain to liver donation are marked with a green asterisk (*). Most recent medical articles follow entry. Red for kidney. Green for liver.
Here is the list of potential complications (they are not in any particular order):
*Remaining kidney will not make up all lost function — on average donors have a permanent 25-35% loss in overall kidney function.Some donors suffer from kidney disease, which may or may not be treatable depending on the cause. See articles (1) (2).
*Risk of developing kidney disease — Low risk of an 8-11 fold increase in the relative risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for kidney donors. (1).
*Complications in post-donation pregnancies — Approximately 5.5% risk of gestational hypertension and/or preeclampsia post living kidney donation. Also some data but no percentage risk for lower likelihood of full-term deliveries, higher likelihood of fetal loss, higher associations with gestational diabetes, and higher risk of proteinuria for kidney donors. For liver donors there has not been enough research to make any conclusions. (1) (1).
*Bruised, cracked, broken, or removed rib.
*Hernia(s) — usually can be repaired surgically.
**Depression — approximately 22% of liver donors self-reported depression symptoms as a result of the donation. For kidney donors that number has been reported as anywhere from 10 to 30% — Usually the depression is short term and can be treated with counseling. See articles (1) (1).
**Loss of appetite — Common in surgical procedures. Treatable based on the cause. See article.
*Muscle cramps and spasms — Treatable dependent on the cause. See article.
*Biliary complications — Approximately 7-9% in one local study. Treated by post surgical drainage. See article See article.
**Difficulty breathing due to a buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest, i.e. pleural effusion– can be treated but the sooner the better.
*Infection, at the incision site or more general, experienced by 7% of kidney donors –can be treated with antibiotics. See article.
*Infection, at the incision site or more general, experienced by 7% of kidney donors -can be treated with antibiotics.
*Urinary track infection(s) –can be treated with antibiotics; seen in 1.3% of kidney donors. See article.
*"Phantom" kidney pain — can be treated with counseling. See article.
*Bruising and/or sensitivity at the incision site — usually abates with time. See article.
*Restlessness, anxiety, insomnia — can be treated with counseling (reduced with Motivational Interviews) or could be a sign of kidney disease that needs medical attention. See article.
*Sense of loss; bereavement — can be treated with counseling. See article.
*Swelling at the incision site — usually abates with time but may need treatment. See article.
*Impotence — usually abates with time but may need treatment. See article.
*Blood clots — treatable with medication.
*Fever(s) — treatable with medication; observed in 6.6% of patients. See article.
*Injury to other organs during surgery — may be treatable, depends on what type of injury and how severe. See article.
*Pneumonia — needs treatment. See article.
**Sore throat — usually abates with time. Probably due to intubation. A possible complication for any major surgery.
*Back pain — usually abates with time. See article.
*Internal bleeding — requires treatment. See article.
*Abdominal pain — usually abates with time. See article.
*Shock due to unexpected procedure (e.g. rib removal) — can be treated with counseling. See article.
*Fatigue — usually abates with time. See article.
*Kinked or squeezed intestine — usually can be surgically repaired. See article.
*PTSD because of complications — can be treated with counseling. See article.
*Sweating, i.e. problems with internal temperature control — may abate with time, usually can be treated.
*Job loss and financial burdens (e.g. too much time off, slow recovery, inability to perform job functions well) — there are some charity options but not many. See article.
*Reduction in income due to lost opportunity or fatigue — disability may be an option See article.
*Bloating — usually abates with time. See article.
*Frequent urination — usually abates with time. See article.
*Guilt feelings if recipient doesn't do well — can be treated with counseling. See article.
*Sense of abandonment by society due to difference in attention pre-surgery vs. post-surgery — can be helped by donor support groups and/or counseling. See article.
*Pain while lifting heavy objects (e.g. a child) — usually abates with time. See article.
*Repair surgery(ies). See article.
*Constipation — usually abates with time. See article.
*Bowel obstruction — can be treated or surgically repaired. See article.
*Nausea — usually abates with time. See article.
*Nerve damage — sometimes can be treated; Occurred in <1% of donors. See article.
*Mild Hypertension — treated with a single dose of antihypertensive medication; seen in 7% of donors. See article.
**Allergic reactions to medications. For example, one liver donor reported an allergic reaction to heparin. A possible complication for any major surgery. See article.
*Blood in urine.
To add a complication you have personally experienced, or to add source material, please write to firstname.lastname@example.com
If you have a complication. we hope you feel comfortable enough to share your experiences with the donors and potential donors on the ALODN support group which is for all living organ donors and those considering donation at https://www.facebook.com/groups/588973681237149/, but there is also a closed Facebook group for just donors who have have complications https://www.facebook.com/group/livingdonorswithcomplications/.


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Duration: 3min 46sec Views: 8 813 Submitted: 3 years ago Submitted by:
Description: Busty blonde Kagney Linn Karter has come over to talk to her friend's husband Ryan who's not sure his wife's new tits are such a good idea. Wanting to help him out, she lets him feel her up and after that the sparks start flying and this bimbo gets boned from behind.
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Pornstars: Kagney Linn Karter


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We applaud the decision of the Federal Circuit Court to uphold the Northern District of California court ruling that the patent exchange provisions ("patent dance") as outlined under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BCPIA) is optional; however we are cautious with the approach of the courts to section two of the ruling, which notes the 180 day notification of launch of the biosimilar cannot be before FDA approval of market authorization.
Biosimilars play a critical role in increasing access to much needed, life-impacting treatments, as seen through the tremendous success of these drugs in Europe and Australia. Once allowed to reach full potential in the U.S., these drugs stand to reduce the burden of healthcare costs and increase access for patients with debilitating diseases. In order to be most successful, it is crucial that government policies create a market that fosters healthy competition between product manufacturers. Through this ruling, while the court has provided a welcome clarification of the usage of the patent exchange provision between the biosimilar and the reference product manufacturer, it has allowed reference product producers an additional six months of diminished competition following a biosimilars approval, thus minimizing both the cost savings and patient access which biosimilar products provide.
Pfenex, as a pure play biosimilars producer, is positively positioned to advance biosimilars proliferation throughout the market. Our unique Protein Expression Technology has the potential to create biosimilars with a fingerprint-like identity to a reference product as determined through robust bioanalytics, allowing us to rapidly develop and create high-quality biosimilars products. With eight biosimilars candidates currently in the pipeline, we are excited at the potential market growth of the these life-changing drugs; however, we urge regulators and legislators to consider the impacts of this ruling on payers, patients and the healthcare system as a whole. Pfenex looks forward to continuing to work closely with stakeholders to create a streamlined path forward for these products that increases patient access and creates a robust global marketplace.


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Reuters Staff
1 Min Read
Oct 18 (Reuters) - Tabcorp Holdings Ltd
* trading halt
* seeks trading halt pending outcome of discussions on potential change of control transaction Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays.
© 2017 Reuters. All Rights Reserved.


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BEML Recruitment 2017 notification along with online application form to fill up for 107 vacancies of AGM & DGM Diploma Trainee Posts is now available at www.bemlindia.com.
BEML Diploma Trainee Recruitment 2017 Notification: The authority member of Bharat Earth Movers Limited has issued a new notification regarding to BEML India and inviting online application on main portal site at www.bemlindia.com in order to fill up total 107 vacancies of Deputy General Manger, Engineer, AGM and Other Various Posts. So those candidate to the Karnataka state who are looking for Latest Government Jobs then this is good opportunity for them.
Recently ad advertisement has been circulated by authorities of BEML in which they have stated about upcoming recruitment drive for Diploma Trainee jobs. Only those aspirants can apply who have done diploma or engineering in required field so on short only engineer firm related person need to apply their application on or before last date of application which is mentioned in notification. Brief details of this recruitment regarding to eligibility criteria are as follow though it is recommended that you should go through whole notification at least once.
Candidates are you seeking Government jobs in BEML so keep visiting on this site we are providing all details of all Government Jobs and if you are searching job in BEML so in upcoming days if BEML releases any kind of notification so you can view that on the same page.
BEML Recruitment 2017 for Diploma Vacancy:
Name of Organization: Bharat Earth Movers Limited
Number of Vacancies: 107 Posts
Name of Posts: Various Posts
Posts Wise Details:
- Deputy General Manager (Grade-VII): 17 Posts
- Assistant General Manager (Grade-VI): 18 Posts
- Senior Manager (Grade-V): 05 Posts
- Manager (Grade-IV): 09 Posts
- Manager (PR) [Grade-III]: 01 Post
- Officer & Engineer (Grade-II): 15 Posts
- Engineer & Officer (Grade-I): 09 Posts
- Diploma Trainees: 33 Posts.
Job Location: All Over India
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Education Qualification:
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- For more details regard education details please read official notification for this section.
Age Limit:
- Applicant should have age between 26 year to 46 year as on 13th April, 2017.
- Age relaxation will be applicable as per government rules.
Application Fee:
- For General and OBC category should have to pay Rs. 500/-
- For SC/ST/PWD category candidates not to pay any application fee.
- Note: Application fee only pay in State Bank of India in the BEML Account No. 31006750220.
How to Fill BEML Online Application Form 2017:
- Visit the official website at www.bemlindia.com.
- Now find recruitment link on the home page and click on it.
- Fill up the required details carefully in the online form.
- Upload photograph, signature etc images if required.
- Pay application fee online or generate challan and deposit fee in the bank.
- Submit final application and take a print of it for future reference.
Office Address:
The Deputy General Manager (HR),
Recruitment Cell,
BEML Soudha, No.23/1, 4th Main Road,
S.R. Nagar, Bangalore – 560027.
Important Dates to Remember:
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Download BEML Diploma Trainee Notification 2017
BEML Recruitment 2017 Apply Online
Official Site: www.bemlindia.com
Note: Here, we will update all latest information regarding BEML Recruitment 2017, syllabus, exam dates, admit card, answer key and results on our site regularly. In case any query regarding our article related, please comment here.


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Melbourne, Feb 26 (ANI): Forget about diets, exercise and other weight-loss methods, for LAP band surgery is a cheaper way to fight obesity and diabetes, according to a new study.
The first of its kind Victorian study by Monash and Deakin universities has found that gastric banding can also provide more healthy years to highly obese patients, while saving the system thousands of dollars in ongoing costs.
The findings come in line with calls by doctors for weight-loss surgery to be subsidised.
Deakin University researcher Catherine Keating claimed that the immediate surgical outlay offset years of associated health costs.
"Our research shows that it costs less to treat type-2 diabetes early through gastric banding surgery than to allow the same person to live their life with the disease and face ongoing escalating treatment costs,'' The Herald sun quoted her as saying.
She added: "Most importantly, these patients could enjoy a dramatic improvement in their quality of life because early treatment using gastric banding surgery results in remission of diabetes for many patients.''
For the study, the researchers followed 60 obese patients for two years and found that the lifetime health care costs of gastric banding was 98,900 dollars, as compared with 101,400 dollars losing weight through conventional methods.
Also, the researchers highlighted that patients who had the immediate benefit of lap band surgery gained an additional 11.4 years of type-2 diabetes-free life, while those relying on conventional weight loss to beat the disease benefitted for only 2.1 years.
Ray Farrugia a patient who dropped from 122kg to 81kg through lap banding, said: "It's been brilliant. I was a happy fat guy, I never had any worries about my weight. But I could not run 50m without being out of breath. Now I can go for 5km.
"I would never have considered the surgery because it was such a big cost, but if it was subsidised people would undertake it.'' (ANI)


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Blue Hens 2008 Season ends with 21-7 Setback to Villanova
NEWARK, Del. (Nov. 22, 2008) -- Villanova ran up 317 yards on the ground led by Aaron's Ball's 105 yards and two touchdowns as the Wildcats downed Delaware 21-7 Saturday afternoon at Delaware Stadium in the Blue Hens' final football game of the 2008 season. Delaware, which got its only points on a 34-yard scoring strike from Robby Schoenhoft to Martwain Johnston (above) in the final quarter, closed out a disappointing, injury-plagued season with a record of 4-8.
- Filename
- #56 Walter Blair.jpg
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Memorial Bridge News
UNH Faculty and Students to Present at 68th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics
On Sunday, November 22nd in Boston, MA, members of UNH working on the Memorial Bridge Project will present on their work. Dr. Kenneth Baldwin, Dr. Martin Wosnik and graduate student Ian Gagnon will present on their plans to install a tidally driven turbine on the Piscataqua River. The presentation focuses on their work measuring river flow rates to evaluate how much power could be converted into usable electricity and the instruments and methods used to collect data. More information can be found here: http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DFD15/Session/D14.3