text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 23, 2002
|Filing date
|May 12, 1998
|Priority date
|May 12, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Roch Andre Guerin, Sanjay Damodar Kamat, Ping P. Pan, Vinod Gerard John Peris, Rajendran Rajan
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (81), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to packet data transmission systems and, more particularly, to packet data transmission systems which provide a quality of service to individual or a group of flows in a router.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many applications inherently require the network to provide them with a steady stream of packets in order to work correctly. Some typical examples are those involving audio or video playback like video conferencing or video-on-demand applications. Most of these applications perform very poorly if the network does not provide them with a certain minimum amount of bandwidth on an end-to-end basis. Furthermore, several video and audio coders can vary their rate of coding based on the bandwidth that is made available to them. Thus, an a-priori knowledge of the bandwidth that the network can provide is useful for these applications to select the appropriate parameters for the coding process. If the network can provide minimum rate guarantee to a flow, then this rate can be used by the sender to appropriately deliver packets to the network so that the receiver gets a continuous stream of packets. The net result is a smooth and timely playback operation at the receiver.
There are many other applications where the provision of an end-to-end rate guarantee might be most useful. In a Virtual Private Network these rate guarantees may be used to dimension the size and number of virtual links that need to be setup. Other situations might use the rate guarantee as a means to obtaining a certain level of service from the network. For example in a World Wide Web environment a higher rate guarantee directly translates into a shorter time for downloading web pages.
Provision of service guarantees, especially rate guarantees, is becoming increasingly important in packet networks, and in particular the Internet. This is caused by both the heterogeneity of requirements from new applications, and the growing commercialization of the Internet. Support for such service guarantees requires that the network control the amount of resources that each flow or set of flows is allowed to consume. The network resources whose consumption is to be controlled, consist primarily of buffers and link bandwidth, with buffer management and scheduling being the associated mechanisms.
FIG.1 is a prior art illustration of a scenario where a flow 50 (or set of flows) between sender 20 and receiver 21 is to be guaranteed a given level of service as it crosses network 1. As they cross network 1, packets originating from sender 20 traverse links 30 to 34 and network elements, e.g., switches or routers, 11 to 14. Resources that need to be controlled in this example are the bandwidth on links 30 to 34 and the buffer space in network elements 11 to 14. This control is effected by controllers 40 to 43, where each controller is responsible for ensuring that packets from flow 50 have access to sufficient buffers and bandwidth at the corresponding network element and link, respectively. For example, controller 41 is responsible for guaranteeing to flow 50 buffers in network element 13 and bandwidth on link 33, despite the presence of interfering traffic from flows 64 and 65 which are contending for the same resources.
There is a cost associated with implementing such resource controllers. They are required to perform a number of processing steps for each packet received, in order to determine the appropriate actions to take on the packet and enforce the desired service guarantees. The cost is a function of the number and complexity of these per packet processing steps, which usually grow with the accuracy and efficiency of the service guarantees to be provided. As a result, it is desirable to identify mechanisms, that can be used to implement resource controllers at the minimum possible cost for a given level of performance in providing service guarantees. In particular, this means devising solutions that can scale with increasing link speeds.
In that context, it is important to understand the generic cost components of resource control. As mentioned earlier, there are two types of resource control mechanisms, buffer management and scheduling, which are responsible for controlling access to buffer and link bandwidth, respectively. Of the two, it turns out that packet scheduling costs are typically greater than those associated with buffer management.
This is because buffer management only involves the decision at the time of a packet arrival of whether to admit or drop it and this decision can be made based on a fixed amount of "state" information. Specifically, the information used in making buffer management decision typically consists of global state information, such as the total buffer content, and flow specific state information, such as the current number of packets for the flow. There are many examples of existing buffer management mechanisms that correspond to this model. Some of the more popular ones include threshold based mechanisms [I. Cidon, R. Gu�rin, and A. Khamisy. Protective buffer management policies. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, 2(3):240-246, June 199], schemes such as Early Packet Discard (EPD) [A. Romanow and S. Floyd. Dynamics of TCP traffic over ATM networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., (13(4):633-641. May 1995, J. Turner. Maintaining high throughput during overload in ATM switches. In Proceedings of INFOCOM, pages 287-295, San Francisco, Calif., April 1996], Random Early Discard (RED) [S. Floyd and V. Jacobson. Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, 1(4):397-413, August 1993], and Fair RED (FRED) [D. Lin and R. Morris. Dynamics of random early detection. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM, pages 127-137, Sophia Antipolis, France, September 1997].
Scheduling decisions, on the other hand, require both flow specific state information, such as when the last packet of a flow was transmitted and the rate or delay guarantee for the flow, and operations involving all the flows currently contending for access to the link. The latter is typically in the form of insertion and deletion operations in a sorted list of packets waiting for transmission. For example in the case of algorithms such as Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) [A. K. J. Parekh. A Generalized Processor Sharing Approach to Flow Control in Integrated Services Networks. PhD thesis, Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, February 1992. No. LIDS-TH-2089] or rate controlled Earliest Deadline First (EDF) [L. Georgiadis, R. Gu�rin, V. Peris, and K. N. Sivarajan. Efficient network QoS provisioning based on per node traffic shaping. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, 4(4):482-501, August 1996], the sorted list consists of maximum departure times for packets from each active flow, where the maximum departure time for a flow is computed so as to ensure specific rate and/or delay guarantees.
FIG. 2 is a prior art illustration of the operation of buffer management and scheduling mechanisms as performed by the prior art at a typical network node to control the amount of resources that can be consumed by different flows. Packets from different flows arrive on input link 35 where they are first processed by the buffer manager unit 70. This unit makes decision of whether to accept and store an incoming packet into buffer 72, based on the total number of free buffers (white space in the figure) and the current buffer occupancy of the flow to which the packet corresponds. Specifically, the figure shows packets 51, 54, and 56 from flow f1, packets 52 from flow f4, and packets 55 from flow f3, arriving to the buffer on the input link. The buffer manager unit 70 about to process incoming packet 56 from flow f1 to determine if it should be accepted in the buffer. Based on the buffer state for flow f1 shown in FIG. 2, adding packet 56 would take flow f1 above its allocated buffer space. As a result, packet 56 will be accepted into the buffer, only if flow f1 is allowed to "borrow" free buffers from some other flows, e.g., flow f10. Buffer management schemes differ in how aggressive they are in allowing active flows to borrow free buffers from other flows, and this corresponds to different trade-offs between potential efficiency and protection of rate guarantees.
Transmissions out of the buffer and onto output link 36 are controlled by the scheduler, which consists of a processing unit 71 and a sorted list of packet transmission times 73. The processing unit 71 computes for each queue associated with a flow fi, the latest time ti at which the packet at head of the queue for flow fi should be transmitted on the link. In the case of a WFQ-like scheduler, this time is based on the transmission time of the previous packet from flow fi and the rate guarantee for flow fi. For example, if flow fi just transmitted a packet of size Pi at time t, and has a rate guarantee of Ri, the processing unit 71 will compute the next transmission time for a packet from flow fi as ti=t+Pi/Ri. This transmission time ti is then inserted in the sorted list 73, between the times tk and t1 such that tk<ti≦t1. Transmission unit 74, then selects for transmission on the output link 36, the first packet from the flow fj whose transmission time is at the head of the sorted list 73. For example, the figure shows that a packet from flow f7 is about to be transmitted on output link 36, and that the previously transmitted packets were packet 81 from flow f5, packet 82 from flow f1, packet 83 from flow f4, packet 84 from flow f3, and packet 85 again from flow f1.
FIG. 2 further illustrates an important cost component of packet scheduling, namely that the size of the sorting list 73 grows with the number of flows to which service guarantees need to be provided. This can be a major impediment to scalability as speed increases. As a result, it is desirable to devise approaches that eliminate this exposure, even if at the cost of some decrease in performance guarantees or increase in the cost of other system components that are less critical for scalability purposes.
One possible direction is to lower the cost of sorting by allowing some coarsening of the information to be sorted. This is the approach of [S. Suri, G. varghese, and G. Chandranmenon. Leap forward virtual clock: A new fair queuing scheme with guaranteed delay and throughput fairness. In Proceedings of INFOCOM, page 558-566, Kobe, Japan, April 1997], which achieves a reduction from log N to log N in complexity, where N is the number of flows to be sorted. While this helps decrease sensitivity to the number of flows, the dependency on this factor remains. A possible approach that eliminates this dependency altogether is that of the Rotating Priority Queue (RPQ) proposal of [D. Wrege and J. Liebeherr. A near-optimal packet scheduler for QoS networks. In Proceedings of INFOCOM, pages 577-585, Kobe, Japan, April 1997]. In the RPQ scheme, the ordering of packet transmissions, which the sorted list provides, is now provided by keeping a fixed number of queues and rotating the priority values of each queue every T time units. Transmissions are always from the highest priority queue, and incoming packets are put in the queue whose current priority corresponds to their desired transmission time. The complexity of the sorting operation is replaced by stepping through a set of queues on transmissions, and deciding on which queue to insert a packet in on arrivals. Accurate control of packet transmissions may require a relatively large number of queues, and furthermore the RPQ scheme alone does not provide for isolation between flows, i.e., excess traffic from one flow can impact the service guarantees of another flow.
A need therefore exists for a rate guarantee method which entirely avoids the necessity for a sorting operation, and therefore eliminates dependency on the number of flows in packet transmission decisions. The implementation must meet the further requirement of minimizing overall complexity, and more importantly, being able to also ensure rate guarantees to individual flows even in the presence of excess traffic from other flows. The method's complexity must also not significantly depend on the accuracy of the guarantees it provides, e.g., the increase in the number of queues of RPQ.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for providing rate guarantees to individual flows (or set of flows) through the use of a novel buffer management scheme.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for providing rate guarantees to individual flows which entirely avoids the need for a sorting operation and therefore eliminate the dependency on the number of flows in packet transmission decisions while further minimizing overall complexity, even in the presence of excess traffic from other flows.
It is still yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for providing rate guarantees whose complexity does not significantly depend on the accuracy of the guarantees it provides, e.g., the increase in the number of queues of RPQ.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for providing rate guarantees whereby a single link may be shared amongst multiple streams with link reservations in a manner that is fair, efficient and scalable.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for enabling routers (switches) to support differentiated services over and above regular packet forwarding.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for allowing simple FIFO scheduling of streams merged into a single class.
It is yet another object of the present invention to implement the present method as computer readable program code contained on a computer usable medium.
Accordingly, the aforementioned objectives are achieved through the use of a novel buffer management scheme that enables rate guarantees to be provided to individual flows (or sets of flows) without requiring a sophisticated scheduler that can arbitrate between packets waiting for transmission. A flow or stream is a sequence of packets originating from an application on a source and terminating in an application on a destination. By intelligently allocating and isolating the buffer space dedicated to each flow an appropriate per-flow performance guarantee can be provided.
An individual flow may require a certain quality of service guarantee from the network. While there are many different ways in which quality of service can be guaranteed to individual flows (streams) most involve complicated scheduling policies. These policies have a complexity of O(log N) where N is the number of streams that are multiplexed at the link. The method of the present invention limits the complexity of the scheduler to a simple First In First Out (FIFO) scheduler. A FIFO scheduler has O(1) complexity and is, therefore, very simple to implement. The inherent simplicity is a driving force towards widescale use as a scheduling policy in today's routers. Despite its simplicity, one of the main drawbacks of the FIFO scheduler is it's inability to provide service differentiation to individual streams. A single flow that is sending traffic in excess of its negotiated profile can swamp the buffers and cause packets of conforming flows to be dropped. We overcome this problem by shifting the burden of service differentiation from the scheduler to the buffer management module, which intelligently decides which packets are to be accepted to be queued up for transmission. This selective admission is used to ensure that different streams can be provided with the required bandwidth guarantees. The present invention is primarily interested in a single quality of service parameter, namely the provision of rate guarantees to streams. In other words, it is a goal of the present invention to ensure that a particular stream can be guaranteed to receive a certain minimum bandwidth at the router through the allocation of a predetermined portion of a storage buffer to each stream. By intelligently allocating and isolating the buffer space available to each flow, appropriate per-flow performance guarantees are provided.
There are many benefits to providing rate guarantees by relying solely on buffer management. In general, buffer management operations typically require a constant number of per packet processing steps, which translates into low complexity and good scalability properties. In addition, it is worth noting that buffer management, and therefore its cost, is necessary even when a separate scheduling mechanism is used. This is because scheduling at best guarantees sufficient transmission opportunities to individual flows. However, those guarantees are of little benefit, if a flow has no packets waiting because another misbehaving flow is occupying the entire buffer space. Hence, buffer management is also needed if service guarantees are to be provided.
The foregoing and other objects, advantages, manner of operation and novel features of the present invention will be understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and appended claims.
FIG. 1 illustrates the path of a flow across a network, and identifies where and what resources need to be controlled, in order to provide service guarantees to the flow.
FIG. 2 illustrates the operation of generic buffer management and scheduling mechanisms at a network node to control the amount of resources that can be consumed by different flows.
FIG. 3 illustrates the different steps involved in deciding whether to accept or reject a reservation request. These steps take place in the control plane.
FIGS. 4a & b illustrates the different modules that are related to buffer management in the router. These steps take place in the data path and are executed for every packet that is received.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating the processing steps to determine whether to accept or reject a received packet.
FIG. 6 is software which illustrates the processing steps to determine whether to accept or reject a received packet.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating the processing steps when a packet is transmitted onto the output link.
FIG. 8 is software which illustrates the processing steps when a packet is transmitted onto the output link.
FIG. 9 illustrates a system where there are multiple queues at an output link which are arbitrated by a Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) scheduler.
In the following description of the preferred embodiment, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The method of the present invention has applicability to any packet communication network. For the purpose of illustration, consider the most popular packet switched network of today, namely, the Internet. A source creates a packet of data which is sometimes called a datagram and injects it into the network. The Internet Protocol (IP) network consists of packet forwarders called routers that are responsible for directing the packets from their source to their ultimate destination. The routers exchange control information with their peer routers to determine a consistent way of forwarding packets.
The operations performed in a router can be divided into two distinct categories based on whether they are in the control path or the data path. The control path is used to provide control information to the router so that it can allocate resources for a flow or a group of flows which is generically referred to as a stream. A stream is the basic unit for which resources are allocated in the router and is identified during the setup phase, otherwise referred to as admission control. The process of admission control is performed as part of a setup procedure performed by the router and involves a setup protocol that analyzes reservation requests as they occur from a plurality of packet streams. The admission control algorithm decides to accept or reject a stream based on whether there is sufficient buffer space available to be allocated to that stream. This stream setup may be achieved by way of configuration or some explicit reservation protocol like the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) [R. Braden, et. al. Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)—version 1, functional specification. Request for Comments (Proposed Standard) RFC 2205, Internet Engineering Task Force, September 1997 and is part of the control path.
The net result of the admission control process is that a packet stream n is guaranteed to receive at least
of bandwidth measured over a sufficiently long interval of time. This interval of time is bounded above by TotalBuf/C sec.
Where the terms of equation 1 include;
AllocBuf[n]: denotes the maximum number of bytes from the buffer that can be allocated to stream n. This byte allocation figure is determined at the time the stream is setup (admission control stage) and is a function of the rate R in bytes/sec that needs to be guaranteed to stream n.
Sparebuf: denotes the maximum leftover buffer space after all streams have been allocated, where
TotalBuf: is a constant that denotes the maximum buffer size at the output link measured in bytes.
Note that buffer space is measured in bytes, since packets can be of different sizes, and the transmission time of the packet is proportional to the size of the packet.
Using equation 1 it is possible to devise an admission control strategy that provides rate guarantees to packet streams once they are admitted. That is, by intelligently allocating and isolating the buffer space available to each packet stream a performance guarantee can be provided to each stream.
FIG. 3 is a top level diagram illustrating the admission control strategy. The diagram depicts the general mechanism for processing a reservation request from a packet stream n. The setup protocol typically involves sending a Reservation Request 101 to the router 102. The router 102 then determines if it can accept the request by checking if there is sufficient link capacity as well as buffer space to satisfy the request. The router's 102 decision logic outputs a decision to either accept or reject the packet 103. Recall that the total buffer space that is available at the output is fixed and is denoted by TotalBuf. So if there are a total of N streams currently allocated and multiplexed on the output link, Totalbuf is defined by
If a new stream N+1 makes a reservation request, that is it desires a rate of R bytes/sec, it requires a buffer allocation in bytes equal to;
If there is sufficient buffer space to make this new allocation then it is admitted; if not it is rejected. A determination of sufficient buffer space is in accordance with the following equation;
Note that rate reservations from new streams can occur at any point in time (e.g. during the processing of packets from previously accepted streams). After the new stream (stream N+1) is accepted, in addition to updating AllocBuf[N+1];
SharedBuf and Sparebuf need to be updated as follows:
SharedBuf: denotes the shared buffer space (in bytes) currently available. This variable is initialized to Sparebuf.
At the admission control stage each stream is allocated a certain portion of the total buffer space which is guaranteed to be available to the stream for the purpose of packet processing. If at any point in time a stream needs more buffer space than its initial allotment it may grab buffer space from the shared buffer space. The concept of shared buffer space can viewed from a number of perspectives including, but not limited to representation as a fixed portion of the total buffer space dedicated to satisfying streams which require more buffer space over and above their initial allotment. Alternatively, shared buffer space can also be viewed as constituting that portion of the total buffer space which is yet to be allocated to any particular stream. Regardless of the definition applied to shared buffer space it is important to note that the division of buffer memory into fixed and shared parts need not be a physical one and can be accomplished by the simple accounting procedure described herein.
Certain policies can be applied in deciding whether to grant a stream shared buffer space or not depending on the stream's current buffer utilization and the overall buffer availability. The particular policy selected should be in accordance with the particular application and its associated system constraints and objectives.
The inverse operations are performed when a packet stream reservation is terminated. Note that it may be desirable to ensure that there is some amount of shared buffers available at all times so that there are sufficient buffers to hold transient bursts.
After a packet stream (e.g. granting a rate request R) is initialized in the router at the admission control stage, packet processing for the initialized stream follows. Packet processing includes a number of data path operations which define the process. The processing of a packet as soon as it is input to the router involves 4 main steps; 1) classification, 2) policing, 3) buffer management, and 4) scheduling. FIGS. 4a and 4 b illustrate the aforementioned steps associated with processing each packet 110 received by the router.
FIG. 4a is a block diagram which illustrates the operations of packet classification 111, conformance testing 112, and buffer management 113. The buffer management operation 113 is the focus of the method of the present invention. As each packet is received by the router it is classified as belonging to a stream based on a subset of bits that are carried in its header and this process is referred to as Packet Classification 111. This process includes the performance of certain sanity checks to ensure that it is a bona fide IP packet. Then based on the fields in the packet header it is classified as belonging to one of a plurality of streams which is identified by a streamid. This streamid can be used as an index to retrieve information that is relevant to this stream, like the output interface through which the packet is to be forwarded, the address of the next hop router, etc.
In addition to performing packet classification 111, the incoming packet may be subjected to a conformance test 112 to determine if the stream is in-profile. If this step is implemented, the incoming packet is marked with a bit if it is "out-of-profile". A determination as to whether a packet is in-profile or not involves checking the packet against a Leaky-Bucket [J. Turner. New directions in communications (or which way to the information age?). IEEE Communications Magazine, 24(10):8-15, October 1986] type of counter to identify whether the source has sent more packets into the network than it negotiated at the time the stream was set up. Packets that are marked as out-of-profile can be preferentially discarded over unmarked packets during periods of congestion.
Subsequent to the operations of packet classification 111 and conformance testing 112 is the step of buffer management 113. At this step a decision is made as to whether there is sufficient buffer space to store the packet until it is transmitted out on the link. It is during this step that a decision to accept or reject the packet is made. The inputs to this decision process are (1) the stream identifier (streamid), (2) the amount of total free buffer space and (3) the buffer space currently occupied by all the streams. The present method decides to accept or reject each packet based on a premise of being able to provide rate guarantees to streams based on several different state variables.
FIG. 4b describes the packet processing operations which occur subsequent to buffer management 113 including scheduling 115, transmission 116 and updating of the buffer 117. The FIFO link scheduler 115 continuously picks one of the waiting packets 119 from the queue of packets accepted by the buffer manager 113 for transmission on the link 116.
The method of the present invention eliminates the drawbacks associated with a simple FIFO scheduler by using a relatively simple accounting mechanism, incorporated into the buffer management process 113, to decide which packets to accept and which to reject. This accounting mechanism involves a few simple operations at the time the packet is received as well as when a packet completes transmission on the link. The details of the accounting mechanism are described an in FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8.
The process step of packet transmission 116 is the last stage in the packet's movement through the router. At this stage the packet is transmitted out on the link 116. When the packet transmission has completed, the scheduler is notified of a "link free" event 118 so that it can pick up the next packet for transmission and the cycle continues.
The Buffer Management module 117 must be updated every time there is a change in the buffer occupancy. When a packet is transmitted out on the link the buffer counts have to be appropriately updated 117 to reflect the fact that the transmitted packet is no longer occupying valuable buffer resources.
The process stage of buffer management 113, illustrated in FIG. 4a, concerns buffer availability and occupancy. The buffers referenced at this stage can be physically distributed across a switch or router in several different ways. For example, a switch can have buffers at the input or output or both. Ideally, a switch should operate several times faster than the input links and should have all of its buffers at each of the outputs—the output links being the likely points of contention. This illustrative embodiment is described herein as buffer management with queuing at the output. In this embodiment the buffers where incoming packets reside are all located on the output link of a particular router or switch. Since the queuing at each of the outputs is decoupled it is possible to consider a single output link in isolation for the purposes of illustration. It is assumed that for each output link there is a single buffer memory that all the arriving packets contend for. This memory can be physically located on the output link adapter or distributed throughout the router. Consider a single output link of capacity C bytes/sec and let N denote the number of streams that are multiplexed on this link.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the processing that occurs at the time of receiving an arriving packet. FIGS. 6 and 7 describe this process in flowchart and program statement form respectively.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart describing the processing which occurs each time a packet is received. Step 40 represents the entry point into the packet evaluation routine which decides whether to accept or reject a currently received packet. The first operational step 42, classifies the received packet to one of a multiplicity of previously accepted (e.g. granted rate requests) packet streams n, where n is an integer in the range 1 to N. Step 44 is a decision step which determines whether the addition of the currently received packet in bytes to the buffer does not exceed a first threshold, the maximum buffer size in the illustrative embodiment. If so, the process continues at step 46, otherwise, the packet is dropped at step 56 and the process terminates at step 58. Step 46 represents a second decision step where a determination is made as to whether the addition of the packet in bytes to the pre-determined portion of the buffer dedicated to stream n, associated with the packet, is less than or equal to a second threshold. In the illustrative embodiment, the second threshold represents the maximum number of bytes allocated to stream n in the buffer. If the packet addition exceeds the second threshold at step 46, process continues at step 48. Step 48 represents a third decision step to determine whether the currently received packet can be stored in the shared buffer region. If the currently available shared buffer space minus the length of the currently received packet in bytes is greater than zero, in the illustrative embodiment, the packet will be stored in the shared buffer region. At step 50 the packet will be accordingly marked as belonging to the shared buffer region as opposed to the general buffer region. Process then continues at step 52 where the amount of shared buffer space will be updated to account for the storage of the currently received packet.
If it is determined at step 46 that the currently received packet can be accommodated into the available buffer space allocated to stream n, process continues at step 54 where the packet is marked as not belonging to the shared buffer space. At this point, steps 52 and 54 converge at step 58 where the total allocated buffer space is updated to reflect the addition of the recently received packet. At step 59 the pre-determined buffer space allocated to stream n is correspondingly updated to reflect the addition of the packet. At step 60 the packet is enqueued onto the output link for later transmission. The process terminates at step 61.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart which illustrates the accounting which must take place, in accordance with the method of the present invention, each time a packet is dequeued for transmission. It is assumed that a simple FIFO scheduler picks up packets from this queue for transmission on the link. Step 62 represents the entry point into the packet transmission routine. At step 64 the amount of total buffer space available is decremented by the packet length to be transmitted in bytes. At step 66, the pre-determined buffer space allocated to stream n is decremented by the packet length to be transmitted in bytes. Step 68 represents a decision step where it is determined whether the packet to be transmitted belongs to the shared buffer space. If not, the packet is transmitted onto the link at step 72, otherwise, the amount of shared buffer currently available is incremented by the packet length in bytes. The process terminates at step 73.
FIG. 8 represents program code which illustrates the process defined by the flowchart of FIG. 7.
The general algorithm described herein including the program code described at FIGS. 6 and 8, may be implemented as readable program code stored on a program storage device and readable by a machine (e.g. processor).
So far it has been assumed that there is a single FIFO queue that holds all the packets awaiting transmission on the link. While this is the simplest form of scheduling there are several other types of schedulers that have been extensively studied in the literature, [H. Zhang. Service disciplines for guaranteed performance service in packet-switching networks. Proceedings of the IEEE, 83(10):1374-1396 October 1995]. It is possible to apply the mechanisms described to scheduling mechanisms other than FIFO.
FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment including multiple queues at the output link with a Weighted Fair Queuing scheduler 153 arbitrating between the different queues. A description of the Weighted Fair Queuing approach can be found in [A. Demers, S. Keshav, and S. Shenker. Analysis and simulation of a fair queuing algorithm. Journal of internetworking: Research and Experience, 1:3-26, January 1990], and is incorporated by reference herein. In Weighted Fair Queuing each stream is placed in any one of the queues 151 based on some predetermined policy. Whenever a queue is given a transmission opportunity the packet 152 at the head of the queue is transmitted. If the buffers are statically partitioned among the different queues, the mechanisms described in this embodiment can be directly applied to provide buffer management for each of the queues.
While only particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious that additional modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Still, it is not intended that this invention be limited, except as indicated by the appended claims.
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|Aug 30, 2002
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|Nortel Networks Limited
|Routing and rate control in a universal transfer mode network
|Nov 10, 2003
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|Method and apparatus for shared buffer packet switching
|May 10, 2002
|Jan 15, 2008
|Altera Corporation
|Method and apparatus for packet segmentation, enqueuing and queue servicing for multiple network processor architecture
|May 20, 2002
|Feb 26, 2008
|Altera Corporation
|Mechanism for distributing statistics across multiple elements
|May 10, 2002
|Mar 4, 2008
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|Apparatus and method for queuing flow management between input, intermediate and output queues
|Aug 10, 2004
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|Alcatel-Lucent Canada Inc.
|Method and apparatus for monitoring buffer contents in a data communication system
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|Sep 22, 2009
|Altera Corporation
|Method of policing network traffic
|May 10, 2002
|Oct 20, 2009
|Altera Corporation
|Method and apparatus for using multiple network processors to achieve higher performance networking applications
|Oct 31, 2006
|Apr 13, 2010
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Packet processing
|Jan 18, 2005
|Aug 10, 2010
|Siddhartha Nag
|Network traffic admission control
|Nov 3, 2003
|Aug 31, 2010
|Siddhartha Nag
|End-to-end service quality in a voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Network
|Oct 11, 2000
|Feb 8, 2011
|Siddhartha Nag
|Graphical user interface (GUI) for administering a network implementing media aggregation
|Apr 26, 2006
|May 24, 2011
|Marvell Israel (M.I.S.L) Ltd.
|Efficient management of queueing resources for switches
|Aug 10, 2006
|Jun 7, 2011
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for managing voice call quality over packet networks
|Apr 29, 2004
|Jun 21, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Network amplification attack mitigation
|Jun 27, 2006
|Sep 13, 2011
|Nxp B.V.
|Communication devices, communication systems, a Bluetooth communications protocol communication device, and communication methods
|Jul 14, 2005
|Oct 4, 2011
|Prom KS Limited Liability Company
|Administering a communication network
|Jun 10, 2009
|Nov 22, 2011
|Nvidia Corporation
|Mitigating main crossbar load using dedicated connections for certain traffic types
|Feb 7, 2008
|Feb 21, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and system for automatically prioritizing opportunity based customer requirements
|Aug 31, 2010
|May 22, 2012
|Prominence Networks, Inc.
|Graphical user interface (GUI) for administering a voice over internet protocol (VOIP) network implementing media aggregation
|Feb 22, 2010
|Oct 9, 2012
|Fujitsu Limited
|Packet transmission apparatus, line interface unit, and control method for packet transmission apparatus
|Aug 10, 2009
|Nov 20, 2012
|Prom Ks Mgmt Limited Liability Company
|End-to-end service quality for latency-intensive internet protocol (IP) applications in a heterogeneous, multi-vendor environment
|Jun 10, 2009
|Dec 4, 2012
|Nvidia Corporation
|Mitigating main crossbar load using dedicated connections for certain traffic types
|May 12, 2011
|Feb 26, 2013
|Microsoft Corporation
|Network amplification attack mitigation
|Apr 24, 2006
|Apr 23, 2013
|Prom Ks Mgmt Limited Liability Company
|Back-to back H.323 proxy gatekeeper
|Nov 4, 2005
|Jun 4, 2013
|Prom Ks Mgmt Limited Liability Company
|Multiplexing several individual application sessions over a pre-allocated reservation protocol session
|Nov 19, 2007
|Nov 26, 2013
|AlterWAN Inc.
|Wide area network with high quality of service
|Apr 28, 2010
|Jul 8, 2014
|Adtran, Inc.
|Systems and methods for providing service admission control in telecommunication networks
|Jun 6, 2011
|Aug 12, 2014
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for managing voice call quality over packet networks
|May 11, 2012
|Dec 23, 2014
|Prom Ks Mgmt Limited Liability Company
|Graphical user interface (GUI) for administering a network implementing media aggregation
|Oct 1, 2012
|Jan 6, 2015
|Prom Ks Mgmt Limited Liability Company
|End-to-end service quality for latency-intensive internet protocol (IP) applications in a heterogeneous, multi-vendor environment
|Sep 10, 2013
|Apr 21, 2015
|Alterwan, Inc.
|Inter-autonomous networking involving multiple service providers
|Jul 13, 2010
|May 19, 2015
|Viasat, Inc.
|Flow congestion management
|Feb 7, 2011
|Aug 18, 2015
|Marvell Isreal (M.I.S.L) Ltd.
|Enhanced tail dropping in a switch
|Apr 1, 2014
|Apr 5, 2016
|Marvell Israel (M.I.S.L) Ltd.
|Multibank egress queuing system in a network device
|Jun 10, 2009
|Jun 14, 2016
|Nvidia Corporation
|Mitigating main crossbar load using dedicated connections for certain traffic types
|Apr 1, 2014
|Nov 1, 2016
|Marvell Israel (M.I.S.L) Ltd.
|Scalable multi-client scheduling
|Feb 2, 2015
|Dec 20, 2016
|Alterwan, Inc.
|Private tunnel usage to create wide area network backbone over the internet
|Feb 4, 2015
|May 30, 2017
|Alterwan, Inc.
|VPN usage to create wide area network backbone over the internet
|Aug 17, 2015
|Jun 20, 2017
|Marvell Israel (M.I.S.L) Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for storing packets in a network device
|Mar 8, 2016
|Aug 1, 2017
|Sony Corporation
|Wireless communication system, wireless communication apparatus, wireless communication method, and computer program
|Jan 12, 2001
|Jul 18, 2002
|St. John James T.
|Methods, systems and computer program products for bandwidth allocation based on throughput guarantees
|Jun 8, 2001
|Feb 6, 2003
|Tetsuya Onoda
|Resource reservation scheme and packet scheduling scheme for file transfer
|Oct 4, 2001
|Apr 17, 2003
|Janoska Mark William
|Multi-dimensional buffer management hierarchy
|May 7, 2002
|Jan 1, 2004
|James Yik
|Time-indexed multiplexing as an efficient method of scheduling in hardware
|Aug 30, 2002
|Mar 4, 2004
|Nabil Bitar
|Buffer management based on buffer sharing across ports and per-port minimum buffer guarantee
|Nov 10, 2003
|May 13, 2004
|Broadcom Corporation
|Method and apparatus for shared buffer packet switching
|Dec 12, 2003
|Jul 1, 2004
|Haifeng Xu
|Method and apparatus for providing a buffer architecture to improve presentation quality of images
|Nov 3, 2003
|Sep 2, 2004
|Siddhartha Nag
|End-to-end service quality for latency-intensive internet protocol (IP) applications in a heterogeneous, multi-vendor environment
|Apr 16, 2004
|May 12, 2005
|Akihiro Hata
|Packet switching device
|Aug 10, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Robotham Robert E.
|Method and apparatus for monitoring buffer contents in a data communication system
|Apr 29, 2004
|Nov 3, 2005
|Microsoft Corporation
|Network Amplification attack mitigation
|Jun 10, 2003
|Nov 10, 2005
|Boyce Jill M
|Multimedia server with simple adaptation to dynamic network loss conditions
|Jul 14, 2005
|Jan 26, 2006
|Prominence Networks, Inc.
|Administering a communication network
|Nov 4, 2005
|Mar 16, 2006
|Prominence Networks, Inc.
|Multiplexing several individual application sessions over a pre-allocated reservation protocol session
|Apr 26, 2006
|Nov 1, 2007
|Marvell Semiconductor Israel Ltd.
|Efficient management of queueing resources for diffserv-aware switches
|Oct 31, 2006
|May 1, 2008
|Arndt Manfred R
|Packet processing
|Jun 27, 2006
|Nov 27, 2008
|Roland Van Der Tuijn
|Communication devices, communication systems, a bluetooth communications protocol communication device, and communication methods
|Feb 7, 2008
|Aug 13, 2009
|Johnson Charles C
|Method and system for automatically prioritizing opportunity based customer requirements
|Aug 10, 2009
|Dec 3, 2009
|Siddhartha Nag
|End-To-End Service Quality for Latency-Intensive Internet Protocol (IP) Applications in a Heterogeneous, Multi-Vendor Environment
|Feb 22, 2010
|Sep 23, 2010
|Fujitsu Limited
|Packet transmission apparatus, line interface unit, and control method for packet transmission apparatus
|May 12, 2011
|Sep 1, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Network Amplification Attack Mitigation
|Jun 6, 2011
|Sep 29, 2011
|Gagan Choudhury
|Method and apparatus for managing voice call quality over packet networks
|Mar 8, 2016
|Jun 30, 2016
|Sony Corporation
|Wireless communication system, wireless communication apparatus, wireless communication method, and computer program
|Aug 30, 2016
|Dec 22, 2016
|Kip Cr P1 Lp
|Streaming methods and systems for network devices
|Jun 10, 2003
|Feb 19, 2004
|Thomson Licensing Sa
|Multimedia server with simple adaptation to dynamic network loss conditions
|U.S. Classification
|370/230, 370/462
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 17, 1998
Owner name: IBM CORPORATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GUERIN, ROCH A.;KAMAT, SANJAY D.;PAN, PING P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009329/0474
Effective date: 19980623
|Sep 14, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 29, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 29, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 23, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 10, 2014
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Effective date: 20140423


text:
We are doing science for policy
The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is the European Commission's science and knowledge service which employs scientists to carry out research in order to provide independent scientific advice and support to EU policy.
To ensure a secure and sustainable supply of raw materials and to better manage resource use, Europe requires comprehensive knowledge of the entire raw materials value chain. However, information is often scattered across several sources, such as ministries, agencies, geological surveys, research institutes, and universities.
The JRC has published an interactive European map with information on breast cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care for 35 countries. The map provides a Europe-wide snapshot to help the EU and Member States secure equal access to high quality care across the continent.

subset: commoncrawl


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After seven years of battle,'Fingers' Fingleton departs
The OFT chief executive has experienced setbacks in his many tussles with the grocery industry, but he's certainly left his mark.
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Implementing the HO 'AIR' [Klaritizer] libraryTips & tricks, working results, technical support
Re: Implementing the HO 'AIR' [Klaritizer] library
by mightymosaic » Sat Aug 02, 2014 11:19 pm
Oh ive had that for over a year now, I wouldnt be able to work without it. its key for proper nebula work flow!
- mightymosaic
- Member
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Re: Implementing the HO 'AIR' [Klaritizer] library
by glaca » Wed Jan 11, 2017 1:23 am
delchambre wrote:So, here is the result of the following test : http://www.delchambre.be/audio/Kush_Aud ... la_vs_DSP/
A : Plug-in+Mojo
B : Plug-in
C : Nebula
I didn't like the mojo on the plug-in but in the other test below, it's another story, I don't regret the few euros spent in ...
I made a last test before Clariphonic DSP trial expires : kush audio plug-in VS Bidule (Plogue) including 3 instances of Nebula 3 (AIR Focus / AIR Clarity / Mojo for dry), the idea was to be able to insert the "Nebula AIR" easily as the original vst.
I never used the hardware version but I prefer the Bidule+Nebula version(thank's Henry for the nice job).
It was a real surprise to me when I saw that Bidule+3 nebula took less cpu then the original vst, perhaps due to the jbridge on this dsp ? (I run Presonus Studio One x64 under Windows 7 x64 i5 2550K + 16gb + ssd).
You can hear the difference here :
https://soundcloud.com/delchambre/sets/ ... bidule-dsp
Bidule screenshot configuration with BlueCatAudio Frequency Analyst of the configuration (max peak mode) : http://www.delchambre.be/audio/Kush_Aud ... bidule.jpg
DSP screenshot : http://www.delchambre.be/audio/Kush_Aud ... phonic.jpg
So my personnal conclusion is :
- Nebula "AIR" sounds better (probably less differences in real life, because you don't have to turn the knobs so far)
- Nebula "AIR" takes less cpu (waiting for x64 release of Clariphonic DSP)
- Nebula "AIR" doesn't need an iLok2
- Nebula "AIR" is a lot off cheaper (if you already have bidule and nebula!)
BUT is not so easy to use as the original VST
except that when you use often you know what settings you have to load in Nebula
Nebula rules, Nebula learn you to work with a clean attitude, thank's to all developpers.
I want to reproduce Clariphonic based on HO's AIR. Was inspired by your Bidule instance. I think I can recreate this in Metaplugin.
I want to ask about you mixer settings. It's not the value of Focus and Clarity programs on the pic but the level off modules going to the mixer is that correct?
Is the Mojo simulating/acting as Dry signal input ?
I believe you still have to load different values of Focus, Clarity programs. Is this correct ?
Edit - Can't find mixer for Metaplugin...it's limited in this area. So I'm thinking Bidule...but it would be for this Library.
Also can't find a flat Mojo setting in programs I downloaded from Henry
Each is coloured. Mid, Max ,Min ...and there is another one...I can't see a flat Mojo. Am I missing it ?
best vibes
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This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
White Rose Flower Knob Walking Stick with Black Beechwood Shaft
Any lady will love using this cane that features a pale rose knob handle finished nicely with a silver and black collar and sleek black lacquered shaft. This cane is designed for users up to 180 lbs and comes up to 37".


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- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
76 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Guests looking for accommodation in Hann. Münden are welcome to book nine nicely furnished rooms at Schlafschön am Gasthaus Letzter Heller Hann. Münden. The guesthouse is offering you freshly prepared fine local meals in its restaurant every day. Car parking possibility is available nearby. Nearby bike rental, bowling, minigolf, water ski and boat rental opportunities may provide an excellent option for those who love to spend their leisure time actively. If you have a suitable portable device, you can connect to the Internet via a wireless network (WiFi) available at the guesthouse. The exact list of services available at Schlafschön am Gasthaus Letzter Heller Hann. Münden (including those for an extra fee) and the exact list of equipment in a room can be found on the information sheet below.
Payment Depeding on the selected room, date and price, you may be asked to provide credit card guarantee or to pay by credit card in advance.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in to your room is 15:30, the latest time to check out of your room is 15:00. The personnel is at your service in English and German languages.
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Own restaurant
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With two-thirds of the world's poor rural poor, rural democratisation is clearly relevant and urgent, but at the same time an especially difficult--and underestimated--challenge. If democracy is to be organically rooted in any society, the struggle to "get there" must systematically be opened up to integrate rural poor citizens system-wide, taking stock of their aspirations and, more importantly, their existing efforts to gain control of decision-making affecting their lives.
Public Services & Democracy works on a range of subjects and issues.
Water Justice works on a range of subjects and issues.
Since the awakening of the squares in 2011 the political atmosphere in the Spanish state has changed dramatically. "Frustration, despair and fear, instead of being channelled towards the far right, have gone towards the creation of opportunities to meet other people facing similar situations, support each other and resist."
Everywhere – from Brazil to Britain, from Barcelona to Berlin – the reality behind the language of 'participation' is contested, complex and contradictory. To encourage and support participatory democracy, a political party has to lead processes of experimentation, critical reflection and challenge, through which people are able to educate themselves to become subjects and therefore knowing actors.
The blockade of the European Central Bank in 2012 and 2013 started as a German initiative but has triggered an international movement responding to a Europe in crisis.
What does the concept of energy democracy offer to the struggle against climate change and energy poverty?


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How is your LO when you shop?
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March 20th, 2013, 05:21 PM
Super Mommy
Join Date: Jan 2011
Posts: 648
OMG...Kelsey is a terrible shopper lately. This afternoon we went to Wal-mart and as soon as we get into the store, she is pointing to something that she wants to hold and then freaking out when she doesn't get it. She does this through the entire store!! She can spot Minnie Mouse on ANYTHING...I swear, no aisle is safe....we go into the shampoo aisle and she spots a darn Minnie Mouse on a bottle and wants to hold it......cereal aisle and of course she spots Elmo on a box of cereal.......light bulb aisle and she spots a Minnie Mouse night light. AHHHHHHHHHH I had to battle with her through the whole store. It's getting out of control.
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text:
Treatment Routes for Exploring Agitation (TREA)
The recruitment status of this study is unknown. The completion date has passed and the status has not been verified in more than two years.
Verified July 2009 by National Institute on Aging (NIA).
Recruitment status was: Recruiting
Recruitment status was: Recruiting
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First Posted: January 12, 2009
Last Update Posted: July 3, 2009
Information provided by:
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
- Full Text View
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- Disclaimer
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No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|June 2011
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|June 2011 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):


text: Lon, I would be happy to see an E-Group for ribes (Currants and gooseberries) Ed Mashburn Northumberland BerryWorks 707 Front Street Northumberland, PA 17857 Ed at currants.com WWW.Currants.com (570) 473-9910 [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] ------------------LIST GUIDELINES---------------------- 1) Please sign your posting. Include climate and location information if relevent. 2) Attached files will be stripped from your messages. Post attachments on the www.YahooGroups.com website. 3) To unsubscribe send a BLANK message to nafex-unsubscribe at yahoogroups.com 4) Include only pertinent comments/questions when replying to a posting and NOT the entire message (especially if the initial posting was large). Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/


text:
GraphicRiver Computer Display 8313834
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Technology \ Computers
Desktop \ Screen \ Computer \ Telecommunication \ Visual \ Technology
Stock Vector - Computer Display 8313834 by dooder @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Technology \ Computers
Modern Desktop Computer, vector illustration
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Vision; Stop Smoking; Notebook and Tablet; Kitchen Tools; Investment; Thinking; Editor Tools.
Keywords: communication, computer, design, desktop, device, digital, display, electronic, equipment, flat, flat screen, frame, internet, isolated, keyboard, modern, monitor, network, object, pc, retro, screen, space, tech, technology, telecommunication, view, visual, white, wide.


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interactive advertising
Houses.com Selects Blue Fountain Media As Its National Interactive Advertising Agency Of Record
New York & Miami – April 2014 – Houses.com, an online real estate brokerage and marketplace for single-family homes, today announced that it has selected Blue Fountain Media as its national interactive advertising agency of record. The New York City-based
At Ontwice, we like to define us as a mixture of talent, tenacity and very curious to watch out for the latest trends. We work hard with our clients, interactive advertising is our passion and what makes us grow as
Founded in 1998, WDDG is a premier interactive design firm headquartered in New York City. Our expertise lies in designing and developing kick-ass websites and mini-games for some of the best brands out there.
511 Canal Street, 4th Floor
Web: http://www.iab.net/mixxawards
Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/IAB
About The IAB MIXX Awards:
The international IAB MIXX Awards honors the teams and talent that push interactive advertising to new levels—celebrating creatives and brands for unprecedented work in the interactive arena and elevating the
Gitam BBDO
One of the largest advertising agencies in israel, and part of the bbdo worldwide network, they know what really matters the work!
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text:
Anyone with a lick of sense knows the answer to that one: Your prospective customers! Period. It's not for you. It's not for your mamma. It's not for your IT Department or Sales Department. And it's not for your CEO or your stockholders. It's to attract new business to your business and/or to support customers you already have. But how many people have those goals at the forefront of their mind when they design or redesign a website? From what we see here at seOverflow, certainly not enough!
We know SEO and we've seen and analyzed the technical aspects of hundreds of websites. We have also seen enough strange things that we've learned a little about usability, too. Website usability is a professional specialty all its own, and we certainly don't claim to be the experts, here are a few very basic usability suggestions we'd like to share:
- Make it easy for people to contact you and make it totally obvious how they can do so. Making contact is the first step to making a sale, so you must remove any obstacles from the process.
- Put your contact form on all pages of your site. The side bar is a good place for a short contact form.
- Put your phone number on all pages of your website and put it in a prominent place. Don't make people look around for your phone number.
- Don't let your website forms discourage people. Instead, trust your sales folk to deepen relationships, nurture prospects and close sales.
- Make your web forms absolutely simple. A first name and either a phone number or an email address are really all you need to establish contact with a prospect, send them a newsletter or deliver sales materials. Yes, it's often useful to have more info, but consider whether it's worth the cost of losing a prospective customer before you require it.
- The usability experts at Marketing Experiments tell us that requiring a captcha in order to submit a form often causes abandonment, so avoid that feature on your forms pages.
- Make your font readable. It doesn't matter what your pages say if they are unreadable to your customers or prospective customers.
- Not everyone knows how to increase the font size in their browser, but that doesn't mean they don't want to buy diamond rings or schedule plastic surgery or get an estimate for a new roof.
- Almost 13% of the US is already over age 65. Another 11% are in the 55-64 age group. You may have eagle eyes, but they definitely do not. If you want your web pages to appeal to this 24% of the population, use fonts of at least 12 pixels.
If you can follow the 3 simple guidelines above, you'll be off to a good start. And if you'd like to delve more deeply into website usability and testing, give seOverflow a call at (303) 905 1504. We can recommend some experts that we've been working with who can really help you out.


text:
We recommend upgrading to the latest Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, or Firefox.
If you are using IE 9 or later, make sure you turn off "Compatibility View".
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AUSTIN (KXAN) — A cyberattack is disrupting the internet across the United States.
New Hampshire-based Dyn said its server infrastructure was hit by a distributed denial-of-service attack, which works by overwhelming targeted machines with malicious electronic traffic. The company said in a series of statements that the attack took place early Friday local time and created disruption.
The level of disruption caused was hard to gauge, but Dyn provides internet traffic optimization to some of the biggest names on the web, including Twitter, Netflix and Visa. Users who logged on early Friday morning noticed the outages.
South by Southwest has extended their discount registration deadline until 11:59 p.m. pacific time on Oct. 24 due to the widespread outages.
According to techcrunch.com, other sites experiencing issues include Box, Boston Globe, New York Times, Github, Airbnb, Reddit, Freshbooks, Heroku and Vox Media properties.
As of 1:50 p.m. CST, Dyn stated on its website: the advanced monitoring issue has been resolved. Our engineers are still investigating and mitigating the attacks on our infrastructure.
Last month, security issues blogger Bruce Schneier wrote "Some of the major companies that provide the basic infrastructure that makes the internet work have seen an increase in DDoS attacks against them."
With additional reporting by the Associated Press


text:
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Description of the Accommodation
Rooms, services When taking a trip to China, booking a room at Wuzhen Good Luck Inn Jiaxing may be a great decision. The hotel is offering 19 comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Jiaxing. If you have a suitable portable device, you can connect to the Internet via a wireless network (WiFi) available at the hotel. The exact equipment and the exact list of available services of Wuzhen Good Luck Inn Jiaxing can be read on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours You will be able to speak with the personnel in Chinese - China and English languages.
Wuzhen Good Luck Inn Jiaxing rooms Rooms
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Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
Desk in the room


text:
John Richard Collection's Profile
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General Style: Transitional
Material: Metal, Glass
Color / Finish: Antique Bronze
Lamp Type: Incandescent
Dimensions: 38" H x 50" W
Electric Power: 60w w
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Our area's most celebrated event during National Volunteer Week 2013 is Volunteer Mid-South's Spirit of Giving Awards luncheon on April 25th.
This special event honors outstanding people and programs making a difference across the Mid-South. The deadline for nominations is soon – April 9th – but the forms are easy to complete.
United Way of the Mid-South is a sponsor of the luncheon and thanks everyone for promoting the spirit of volunteerism across our community.
To learn more about honoring a local volunteer with a nomination and about the luncheon at the Holiday Inn at the University of Memphis on April 25th, visit this site .


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01380 739 139
for a building that doesn't cost the earth...
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COzY Homes
COzY Homes
High-quality turnkey projects throughout Devizes
If you require an expert architect to undertake a turnkey project contact Architecture Verte. We specialise in the complete design, installation and commissioning of COzY homes. Check the details below.
3-bed turnkey option
For affordable, high-quality homes contact Architecture Verte. We use the latest technology and building methods to produce highly sustainable homes. Our project fulfils the government demands for an environmentally friendly home.
The 3-bed turnkey design has been developed from the award-winning Tommy House that was designed by Steve Willis and built in the Ferns by Tommy Walsh.
The turnkey option includes kitchen and bathroom fittings all electrical and plumbing. The only elements not included are the final paint finishes and the cost of services connections.
Affordable housing options
If you want to invest in an affordable housing project, contact Architecture Verte. We produce the maximum area for a house with minimum costs.
Our turnkey projects include all electrical and plumbing installations. We provide high-quality kitchen and bathroom fittings for the homes that we build. You only need to bear the final paint finish and services connection costs.
We provide a dependable turnkey option with our COzY Home projects. For more details, get in touch with Architecture Verte today.
For an affordable turnkey project option in and around Devizes, contact Architecture Verte on
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At IFS we have streamlined our financing processes to create simple and easy insurance premium financing solutions. Our easy to use financing, our knowledgeable team and technical advantages set us apart from the competition.
IFS Financial Services Inc. offers a complete range of premium financing options for your clients. We offer a wide range of payment plans to meet your client's needs.
To assist you in providing immediate pricing we offer many methods of quoting. Personal lines quoting can be used online to generate an instant quote and contract from your computer. To obtain a commercial quote, simply fill in the "Commercial Request" form online and submit. A quote will be provided to you within 1 hour during regular business hours of 8:30am - 7:00pm Atlantic Time.
Through the use of our secure online system you can view your client's account, obtain quotes, generate contracts and more.


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NEWARK, N.J. (CBSNewYork) – A new business is opening in New Jersey's largest city.
Whole Foods announced it will be opening in downtown Newark.
"I was hoping it wouldn't take so long, but we're here and we're happy to be here," Whole Foods regional president Christina Minardi said. "We're very happy to be here."


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When George Osborne claimed earlier this month that the long years of economic stagnation might be coming to an end, there was still a tentative note in his voice, still an insistence that the incipient recovery could not be taken for granted. Since then, however, indicator after indicator has suggested that the green shoots have not just emerged, but are thrusting upwards with vigour. Manufacturing confidence is at an 18-year high. GDP forecasts have been revised sharply upwards. Consumer confidence has doubled within three months. Unemployment is falling and employment rising. The housing market – and the construction sector in general – is returning to health. In short, the dearest wish of the Chancellor's heart appears to have been granted: a return to growth.
At this point, two caveats are often raised. The first is that Britain's economy remains vulnerable to external shocks – the recovery could still be derailed by a slowdown in China, or a renewed crisis of confidence in the eurozone, or the tremors caused by a withdrawal of quantitative easing in the United States. This is true – but all these factors are outside Mr Osborne's control. His task must be to do what he can to ensure that we are in the best shape to weather such shocks should they emerge, and to power towards prosperity if they do not.
This brings us to the second objection. It is that the growth we are seeing is superficial, even evanescent. Government is still spending far too much, and racking up too much debt. Our economy remains dangerously unbalanced, with manufacturing and exports too weak to replace consumption and debt as the drivers of economic activity. Even the present growth is of the wrong kind – fuelled in part by a revival in the housing market, which in turn has been stoked by government provision of easy credit.
To which Mr Osborne might well respond: yes, but you've got to start somewhere. At this point, any kind of growth is better than no growth at all. In truth, there are encouraging signs in many sectors of the economy, not just those that overheated in the Labour years. And while a house price boom driven by the expansion of the Help to Buy scheme is a worry, it is one for the future, rather than the present.
Where the Chancellor and his critics will be in full agreement, however, is that his job is by no means over. The task now may be to secure growth rather than to produce it, but it remains as urgent as ever – not least because of the siren voices who will be urging him to avoid any tough decisions or rows with the Liberal Democrats, and ride whatever prosperity emerges to the election in 2015. We got a glimpse of this mentality in Nick Clegg's conference address, when he proudly reeled off a list of measures that he had prevented the Tories pushing through – including some that would have improved Britain's competitiveness in both the short and long term.
Across the world, the abiding lesson of the economic crisis has been that failing to carry out reform in the good times is a recipe for greater pain in the bad. So if the economy is getting better, the Tories should grow bolder. They certainly have the room for manoeuvre, having won the argument over austerity so convincingly. This gives them licence to pursue the kind of measures that will ensure further growth – and, incidentally, make the case for a majority Conservative administration in 2015.
What might these be? Continuing to cut back the wasteful state, while investing in the infrastructure needed to support the economy in future. Increasing the housing supply dramatically, while protecting communities' rights. Creating incentives via the tax system for firms to invest their large cash surpluses in expanding facilities, hiring more workers and pursuing innovation to drive up low productivity. Connecting Britain to the emerging economies of the East and South, by capitalising on our strengths (such as our world-class universities) and redressing our weaknesses (such as a cumbersome visa system that deters foreign businessmen from investing here). It has taken much hard work to bring the flickers of life back to the economy. To put it back on a sustainable footing will take even more.


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BioMed Central's in-house team
BioMed Central management team
Bev Acreman: Vice President, Marketing and Open Access Business Development, BioMed Central & Springer
Bev leads BioMed Central & Springer Open's commercial team including Sales, Marketing, Customer Services and Communications/Events, all of which aim to maximise exposure for open access publishing. Bev's career in STM publishing started in an engineering research organisation; she then worked for Elsevier and later moved on to Taylor & Francis before joining Springer/BioMed Central in September 2009. In addition, Bev is Vice President, Marketing leading Springer's global product marketing teams.
Deborah Kahn: Executive Vice President, Publishing, BioMed Central
Deborah is responsible for the overall strategy, development and growth of BioMed Central's publishing portfolio. Deborah's career has spanned STM journal and book publishing, database publishing, and research and consultancy. She has been a supporter of open access since the beginning. A mathematician by training, she also has a Masters degree in Organisational Behaviour and a Diploma in Integrative Psychotherapy.
Peter-Paul Delsman: Head of Publishing Operations, BioMed Central
Peter-Paul is responsible for leading the London Journal Editorial Office to support the peer review processes for authors, reviewers and editors across all open access journals. In addition he manages the Production and Datawarehouse teams at Biomed Central, ensuring content is published to a high quality quickly and efficiently. Peter-Paul's career has many years of experience in an operations environment which spans across book and journal publishing in the STM world. Peter-Paul has a background in Russian linguistics.


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This buddy lets you search Wikipedia on chat!
Use this Code if you want to integrate an 3rd Party API in your Chat buddy!
Download sample codebase here
This buddy replies are stored in the Mysql Database!
Use this Code if you want to use Mysql as your data Backend.
Download sample codebase here


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I have never been lost. In fact, none of us dogs have ever been lost. Mom keeps us inside a fence and the gate is always locked. But many years ago, we did lose a pet. It was before I came to live with Mom, but she has told the story many times - about the day they came home and found the gate open, and Harvey, their beloved Boston terrier, gone.
It was a terrible day for everyone, especially for Jessica, Mom's other child. Harvey actually belonged to her. Mom tells how they searched the neighborhood for hours, called all the animal shelters, put up posters, and placed ads in the paper. But there was no news. It was especially hard because they weren't sure what had happened. Had they accidentally left the gate open? Had someone stolen Harvey when everyone was at work and school? Was he hurt? Was he scared? Was he even still alive? Mom knew that they would probably never find him. But she tried to keep up hope for Jessica's sake.
I am glad I have never been lost. But if something did happen one day, and the gate was left open and I just had to go exploring, I have a much better chance of being found than Harvey did. I have a chip.
"Chip" is actually short for "microchip." Micro means it is small - no bigger than a grain of rice. It doesn't look like much but it is awesome! It carries a number that can be read with a special reader. And that number tells whoever is reading my chip where Mom lives and how to contact her.
It didn't hurt either. I did have to go to the vet. It felt sort of like getting a shot. But I didn't mind because I always get a special treat after a trip to the vet - especially if I have to have shots.
I am seven years old and have had my chip since I was a puppy. It doesn't itch or bother me at all. I don't even remember that I have it most of the time. I only remember when I hear about someone losing a dog or cat. Yes, cats can get chips too!
I don't think it costs a lot of money either. There are nine of us dogs and cats at Oak Valley and we all have chips. Mom isn't rich so it must not cost too much. And it doesn't have to be replaced when it wears out. Can't say that about my collar and tags!
Nope, I don't worry at all about getting lost. No matter where I may roam, a vet or the animal shelter will probably have a chip reader. And Sally, our friend at the shelter, says that they scan all pets for chips now as soon as they come to the shelter, just in case they have lost their Mom.
So please, if you are a pet Mom (or Dad), get them a chip. Then you won't ever have to go through the agony of wondering what happened to a much-loved family member. May is Chip Your Pet Month! What a great way to celebrate - by chipping all of your furry family members!
P.S. The story of Harvey does have a happy ending. A few months after he disappeared, Dad saw him at the home of an elderly gentleman who lived several streets away from them. He said Harvey just showed up at his house one day hungry and scared. He never saw the posters. He did look in the paper but didn't see Mom's ad. So he just let Harvey live with him. Harvey looked happy and healthy and he and the man really seemed to love each other. Dad and Mom talked and decided to let Harvey stay there. Besides, by then Spot, the Chihuahua, had found Jessica - but that is another story!


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Receive industry and products news from the market categories that matter to you most.
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Series 300 Weld Head enables displacement monitoring.Nov 24, 2016
Available in offset (302H/115V or 230 V) and inline (301H/115V or 230V) models, Series 300 Weld Head features graphical screen of actual displacement with .0001-inch (2.5 micron) resolution fine tuning of weld time. Designed with linear magnetic force actuator and microprocessor-based electronic control, unit enables up to 3 welds per second using programmable force and is suitable for... Read More
Weld Head System suits safety critical applications.Feb 24, 2016
Designed for applications requiring precise position and force control, Series 320 Electronic Weld Head System features inline and offset opposed electrode configurations. Users can set displacement limits and use weld-to-displacement feature to stop weld precisely during collapse. For integration with PLCs, I/O offers 4 programmable relay outputs. Other features include initial part detection... Read More
Lincoln Electric Brings a Complete Orbital TIG Solution to Weld Various Pipe and Tube Sizes and ApplicationsMay 20, 2014
New clamp-on style weld heads and off-board feeders expand the orbital system for welding smaller-diameter pipe and tube Cleveland – The Lincoln Electric Company is bringing welding operators in refineries, power generation and pressure vessels a single system solution for welding various pipe and tube sizes with the new HELIX® C450 and C663 weld heads. With these orbital TIG (gas... Read More
Enhancing Our Orbital Welding Capabilities at Astro Machine WorksApr 03, 2013
At Astro Machine Works, we feel it is our responsibility to only use top of the line equipment and the latest technology. Our newest addition to our equipment list is a Liburdi Portable Orbital Welder, the PTW 160. It has some pretty extraordinary capabilities considering it is the smallest portable welder available. For starters, the PTW 160 can go where traditional welders can't. It weighs only... Read More
Orbital Fusion Head utilizes digital technology.Aug 02, 2011
Measuring 1.7 in. wide, Model 860 welds tube from 2-6 in. and can be used in tight clearance applications for welding fitting-to-fitting or fitting-to valve. Enclosed autogenous weld head features over-close collet clamping system and full exchange water cooling system that allow for true 100% duty cycle. Digital encoder drive motors eliminate need for calibration. Read More
Miyachi Unitek to Attend FIEE Electrica / Electronic Americas in BrazilMar 22, 2011
Company to feature laser marking, resistance welding and reflow soldering capabilities MONROVIA, CA - Miyachi Unitek Corporation, a leading manufacturer of resistance welding equipment and laser processing systems, announces it will attend FIEE Electrica / Electronic Americas March 28-April 1 in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Miyachi Unitek will showcase its laser marking, resistance welding and reflow... Read More
Orbital Welding Heads feature compact, ergonomic design.Jan 26, 2011
Automatic TS 8/75 tube/tubesheet welding heads have ergonomic double grip with control buttons for clamping and welding. They have pneumatically operated clamping/centring system that lets user work with several welding heads simultaneously as well as adjustable support legs. Integrated rotating wire feed ensures feed velocity and impact position for filler wire are constant, while closed cooling... Read More
Retaining Heads improve welding performance.May 10, 2010
TOUGH LOCK(TM) Retaining Heads integrate Dual Taper Technology, second rear taper between gooseneck and contact tip, to help dissipate heat and provide consistent welding performance while extending life of consumables. Available in 2 versions compatible with either Tregaskiss Slip-On or Thread-On Nozzles, heads complement TOUGH LOCK Contact Tips, which feature dual-lead thread design. Design... Read More
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Orbital Weld Heads utilize 100% digital technology.May 04, 2010
Incorporating digital encoder drive motors, 800 Series maximizes arc-on productivity and eliminates need for weld head calibration. Over-close collet clamping system and full exchange water cooling system allow for true 100% duty cycle. Available in 5 models, enclosed autogenous orbital weld heads cover broad range of tube sizes from .125-6.625 in. OD. Read More
Tregaskiss Upgrades TOUGH LOCK Contact Tip System with New TechnologySep 28, 2009
WINDSOR, Ontario - September 16, 2009 - Adding to its already high-performing TOUGH LOCK(TM) Contact Tip System, Tregaskiss has upgraded the design of its TOUGH LOCK Retaining Heads. At no additional cost to its customers, the TOUGH LOCK Retaining Heads now feature Tregaskiss' Dual Taper Technology - a second rear taper between the gooseneck and the contact tip. This design further improves... Read More
Weld Heads provide integrated welding solutions.Dec 17, 2004
Suited for applications in automotive, aerospace, and appliance industries, MH series 1201, 1301, 1501, and 1601 heads are designed for benchtop use. Models 1501 and 1601 can optionally be configured for pedestal use, as C frame prevents electrode deflection during weld. All heads utilize ac or dc inverter controls and are available with displacement and force monitoring options. Read More
Servo-Motor Driven Weld Heads offer repeatable force.Jun 18, 2004
Used in automation or benchtop welding, 70 Series weld heads provide consistent welding force down to 0.25 lb, independent of part height and with no overforce. Products feature controlled, repeatable servo-motor actuation; overforce protection; programmable search position; 32 schedules; remote control I/O; and PC communication. Offered in parallel and opposed configurations, products also... Read More
Orbital Weld Heads weld pipe in place.Feb 04, 2004
Redhead weld heads, used with digital Tubemaster Power Source, are designed for orbital welding of pipe/tubes from 0.5-6.625 in. Products can be used for autogenous welding applications or with optional wire feeder. Mechanical device maintains constant arc length on out-of-round pipes, and design incorporates continuously adjustable clamping. Weld heads mount on one side of weld joint, allowing... Read More
Focus Heads suit welding and heat treatment applications.Jun 30, 2003
Luminator(TM) heads are based on 1-piece machined body, sealed to industrial standard IP55 for work in demanding conditions. Straight and right-angle forms are available with CCTV option available for right-angle version. Basic head accepts ancillary items such as air knives and welding gas nozzles. Precision fixing points allow repeatable mounting on robots and other processing equipment. Read More
Weld Head suits limited-clearance applications.May 23, 2003
Orbital Model 8 Series, for fusion TIG applications, welds tube and thin-wall pipe from 0.25-6.625 in. OD. When connected to cooling unit, all components are liquid cooled, including cables, clamp housings, and electrode rotor. Narrow width of head makes it suitable for applications such as welding fitting-to-fitting or fitting-to-valve body assemblies, and welding materials such as stainless... Read More
Weld Heads allow welding of pipes and tubes in place.Oct 22, 2002
Quickclamp Weld Heads are designed for GTAW circumferential butt welding of pipes and tubes. They cover size range from 1 in. OD tube to 6 in. pipe. Units include electronic Arc Gap Control, filler wire feed capability, torch rotation, and torch oscillation with adjustable stroke width, speed, and end point dwell. Heads mount using adjustable clamp. Standard 2 lb wire spool, mounted directly on... Read More
Welding Head can be used with up to 500 W of power.Oct 22, 2002
Model YW20 for Nd:YAG laser welding consists of focusing module, connector head, and collimator. It is available with or without camera adapter. Offered with working distances of 90 and 100 mm, head can be configured with recollimating housing and/or CCTV adaptor either in-line or at right angles to output laser beam. Achromatic, distortion-free optics allow precise alignment and simultaneous... Read More
Welding Heads suit medium to large-scale resistance welding.Oct 02, 2002
Model MH-1201A offers force from 70 to 250 lbs and provides absolute weld-to-weld consistency. Model MH-1301A, with 100 to 400 lbs of force, features integrated weld transformer and is suitable for demanding applications. Heaviest duty weld head, Model MH-1401 allows forces up to 1000 lbs. All are plug and play, benchtop units built on heavy-duty frames. They can be run with either AC or DC... Read More
Weld Heads have overforce protection.Jun 21, 2002
Peco 60 Series Weld Heads for small scale welding are available in opposed or parallel gap configurations, and in bench-top or automation modules. All have manual actuation with overforce protection, making them suited for fine welding applications such as medical devices, solar cells, and hybrid circuit manufacturing where operators can control part fit up and check part alignment before welding. Read More
Weld Heads provide automated parts positioning.May 29, 2002
F120-Z pneumatic operated pincer head precisely self-centers around parts for automated welding. MFP-Z motorized weld pliers use pincer heads that self center around parts. Motorized heads offer built-in displacement measurement. They can be fitted with quick-change electrode holders, minimizing change out time in automation. Pincer heads are suitable for small electronic packages, which are... Read More


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|17 Apr 2011
window 7 Home Premium 64 bit
Age Of Empires 3 Lags On My Window 7
Hi guys I really need help with my window 7 and age of empires 3. I install the game many times and it still has this problem. [The problem is basically the game lags really really hard every 5 mins and then the other 5 mins it goes back to normal with a consistent pattern of lagging stopping lagging stopping]. It is not my connection because I've tried it on my window vista and it does not have this problem. Also when I open the game there is a message saying that "window 7 color scheme has been changed to basic" which I know why, but would this be the cause of the lag in the game? I really dont know how to fix this problem. I've research on google for like the past month to try to find a solution, but I couldn't get it to work properly on my window 7. Please Help Guys!
My computer is Window 7 Home Premium 64 Bit / AMD Athlon x4 620 Processor 2.60 GHz / 6.00 GB Ram / NVIDIA GeForce 9100 Graphics /
I mean my computer have more than enough to run this game, but why does it lag like this?
Please Help!
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2011
Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit
Did you update your graphics/chipset drivers to the latest version? If not, download the latest drivers from your manufacturer's official site.
The color scheme thing is just partly disabling Windows Aero, which is done to improve your gaming performance.
Also note that your graphics card is fairly weak. Age of Empires III does not require anything too fancy to run, but at times it can really use up your card. (lots of particles, objects, animations).
|My System Specs
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Government will also benefit from austerity by being forced to prioritize and to become more efficient. Programs will be cancelled, and those that survive will learn to survive with reduced funding. Although government agencies themselves rarely face extinction in the way that businesses do, they will be reorganized. Elected officials, on the other hand, know that they could be one election away from spending more time with their families.
How can government agencies save money, particularly in information technology?
- Use what you already own. Check your hardware and software inventory. You may find that you own licenses for products you have not rolled out into production. Be careful not to purchase new software that duplicates functions of products you already own.
- Get people trained. Hardware and software can't help you if people don't know how to use them. Most of the time we use only a fraction of the features in the products we think we know. Sometimes I will sit with a super-user and just watch how they interact with a product. I usually come away with several ideas to make me more productive.
- Streamline your business processes. Take a hard look at bottlenecks in your processes. Are they necessary? Could you take a shorter path to your destination?
- Be strategic. What is your core mission? Do your projects and initiatives help you achieve it? If what you are doing strays too far from your mission, you will find your agency adrift.
I'm going to stop here for now, because these are plenty. It's far better to finish the projects you have than to start new ones you won't finish.
Austerity can clear the mind and strengthen the body. With greater focus, you are more likely to achieve your goals. These principles are no less true for government than they are in your personal life.


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Current Rating: 4.00
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Running Time: 117 min.
Release Date: October 17, 2014 (limited) - October 17, 2014 (USA)
DVD: June 2, 2015
Current rating:
based on 6 votes
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Cast: Kristen Stewart, Payman Maadi, Lane Garrison, Joseph Julian Soria, John Carroll Lynch