text: By Larry Pearson Without much fanfare, VT Halter Marine, Gulfport, Miss. is completing a number of very large and capable vessels for both commercial and U. S. Government interests. The company seems on track with the objectives set last year by CEO Boyd E. "Butch" King to add additional projects to their two shipyards located in the Pascagoula, Miss. area. Moss Point Operations For example, the company will christen the Oscar Dyson October 17. This is a very unique Fisheries Survey Vessel for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a Federal Government agency. The vessel is 208 ft. long with a 49-ft. beam and a relatively deep 28-ft. hull that has a maximum draft of 19 ft.. The Oscar Dyson has a steel, ice-classed hull with an aluminum deckhouse and is anticipated to run at 14 knots. The vessel features diesel/electric power for all operations. The power is supplied by a pair of Caterpillar 3512 diesels, each producing 1,340 kW and two Caterpillar 3508 engines producing 910kW each. For propulsion power, a pair of Ansaldo electric motors connected in series and rated at 3,016 total HP drives a Rolls Royce propeller that is 169-inches in diameter with five blades. The propeller spins at 134 rpm. A 720 kW Elliot White Gill bow thruster is included for vessel maneuverability and ease of docking and undocking operations. Sine the vessel is SOLAS classed, it has a emergency 170 kW generator powered by a Caterpillar 3306 diesel The navigation, communications, mission electronics and integrated bridge are supplied by Seacoast Electronics. The fisheries vessel will carry a crew of 39 persons. Tank capacities include 400 metric tons of fuel, 375 metric tons of ballast and 36 metric tons of fresh water. As a fisheries research vessel, the Oscar Dyson is outfitted with a Rapp Hydema trawling system, a Huber Stern gantry crane and side frame and an Amclyde Centerboard Handling system. The Oscar Dyson is the first of four planned Fisheries Survey Vessels. "The ships in our fleet are 32 years old," said retired Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacker Jr., NOAA administrator. Named after a late Alaskan fishing executive, the Oscar Dyson is a $38.3 million contract for VT Halter Marine. Total cost of the vessel including outfitting is $55 million. The vessel will be one of the most advanced in the world with ability to track fish using hydro acoustic technology. Fishing grounds management is critical, according to Lautenbacker. "We are the custodian of one-fifth of the world's fishing grounds and this vessel will have a $3 billion impact on the U.S. fishing economy," Lautenbacker said. The Oscar Dyson is expected to be complete and on sea trials during the first quarter of 2004. LSV The largest contract at VT Halter Marine is for two Logistic Support Vessels (LSV) for the U.S. Army. LSV-7 has a length of 313 ft., a beam of 60 ft. and a depth of 19 ft.. It is designed and built to carry of 2,000-deck cargo that could include combat vehicles or armament cargo. It has a drop down bow ramp facilitating the loading and unloading of this cargo on unimproved beaches anywhere in the world. LSV-7 is essentially finished and will be delivered in 2003. LSV-8 is under construction and will be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2004. Supply Boat The first vessel to be delivered this year from VT Halter Marine's Moss Point Operations is a 220-ft. by 46-ft. by 17-ft. supply boat for undisclosed interests. It is similar to many high capacity supply vessels built this year with a pair of Caterpillar 3516 main engines and a Caterpillar 3508 driving a 1000 HP bow thruster. Two additional Caterpillar engines drive liquid mud pumps on one end and the compressor that powers the bulk mud system on the other end. The vessel is classed DPS-1 and can carry 5,100 barrels of liquid mud, 6740 cubic ft. of dry bulk along with fuel oil and fresh water. Delivery is set for the fourth quarter, 2003. The Moss Point Operation is also building some subassemblies for the Pure Car Carrier described below. The subassemblies are much more than the welding of flat plate. Rather, sophisticated three-dimensional shapes are being fabricated that look as much like metal sculptures as they do parts of a vessel. Pascagoula Operations The most impressive vessel from a size or deadweight ton carrying capacity being built anywhere on the Gulf Coast today is the Pure Car Truck Carrier being built at VT Halter Marine in Pascagoula. The vessel is a 579-ft. long by 102 ft. wide by 91.9-ft. RoRo car and truck carrier being built to a proven design. There are six other similar vessels currently in operation. The Jean Anne will be DNV classed and U.S. flagged for International service. The vessel can carry up to 4,300 vehicles and will work between the Hawaiian Islands and the U. S. West Coast. The vessel will be propelled by a single screw, slow speed MAN B&W diesel propulsion plant capable of generating 11,300 kW and driving the vessel to speeds no less than 20.1 knots. The slow speed engine outputs directly to the shaft. There is no reducing gear and it is for sure the vessel will never go in reverse. There is a 1,000 kW bow thruster and an 800 kW stern thruster. Three MAN B&W 920 kW generators provide ship's power. The Jean Anne is essentially a powered 11-story floating parking garage with steel-box like construction. The vessel's 11,192 short tons of steel is configured to form 10 flat steel storage decks with ramp access for drive on loading of the vehicles. Three of the decks (5, 7 & 9) are lift decks to accommodate vehicles of different heights. There are two loading ramps side starboard and starboard aft. These storage decks have minimal outfitting required requiring reduced multi-craft interface, resulting in low risk, simple construction. VT Halter Marine is building 332 assemblies and 107 pillars for the vessel. Crew size is 23. The three areas of the vessel which contain major outfitting are the engine room, bow thruster space and the accommodations house. These spaces are a very small area of the overall area of the Jean Anne and can be isolated to provide additional protection for delicate materials and equipment such as machinery, piping systems, and accommodation furniture and bulkhead finishes. To date about 500 ft. of the hull is complete and about half of her 11 decks have been installed When complete in 4Q 2004 the Jean Anne can carry about 13,000 dwt, the largest commercial ship built in the Gulf Coast for quite some time. Superstructures The Moss Point Operations has an active aluminum fabrication area with two major projects underway. The company is building the superstructure for the renovation of the U. S. Coast Guard's 49 Island Class patrol boats. The vessels were originally built by Bollinger Shipyards and the Coast Guard is returning the vessel to that shipyard for the renovation. VT Halter Marine builds the shell of the superstructure and barges them to Bollinger. The superstructure is approximately 15.7-ft. high, 28.5 ft. long and 13.85 ft. wide. To date, Halter has shipped one superstructure to Bollinger with a second to be shipped in October. Passenger Ferry VT Halter has also reentered ferry business with an all-aluminum vessel capable of carrying 272 passengers. The vessel is 95-ft. by 24 ft. by 9 ft. and has an enclosed main deck, a second deck open on the sides with bench seating and additional seating on an open third deck behind the pilothouse. Powered by a pair of MTU 12V2000 engines, the vessel is expected to reach 18 knots. Twin Disc gears transfer power to a pair of 42-inch fixed pitch propellers. Electrical power comes from a pair of John Deere 30 kW units. Delivery is set for first quarter 2004. Towed Container VT Halter Marine has also landed a new contract for the Pascagoula operation. They will build a very large towed container vessel for use on the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts with a specialized deck configuration that contains fittings for ocean-going carriage. The 343.5-ft. by 94-ft. by 21-ft. vessel will be ABS Classed A-1 Ocean Service with USCG Certificate of Inspection under Subchapter CG-257. The deck is designed for 3,200 lbs per square ft. and 40-ft. ISO containers with a stack weight of 275,000 lbs. There are 24 under deck compartments with two full-length longitudinal bulkheads and seven transverse bulkheads. The vessel will have a raised forecastle deck with a breakwater. Delivery is planned for the second quarter of 2004. Additional details regarding the customer and the major equipment and systems will be released at a later date. It is clear that VT Halter Marine is back as a major shipbuilder. It has obtained large military and commercial orders as well as aluminum work for smaller vessels. Both yards are very busy and with new work on the horizon, VT Halter Marine is one shipyard that has emerged from past financial difficulties with a strong order book and a management team that knows where it is going.


text:
Also: I went through some newspaper archives, trying to find anything about John Beck's mullet, or any of his hairstyles, really. But all I came up with was this long-ago quote from his father, Wendell, about his son's high school career:
As a junior, the scrawny Beck split time with a senior. A year later, he approached 6-feet, 170 pounds.
"He could throw the ball 60 yards, but the kid didn't get hair in his armpits until he was a senior," said his father.
There's no indication as to whether the younger Beck had an armpit mullet at the time.
Anyhow, above, please find Beck in August, during training camp, via the AP's Alex Brandon. No mullet.
Speaking of which, no one imagined the crackling surprise in store for John Beck hair fans.
I seem to recall Beck once saying that he wasn't going to cut the mullet until the Redskins season ended. He seemed to live up to that pledge, because by the time he was photographed again this spring, the hair was gone. Gone, but not forgotten. Can't wait to ask him if he saved a few strands.
(Lockout lockout lockout lockout lockout lockout lockout lockout .)

subset: commoncrawl


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Image Copyright: National Archives and Records Administration
By Linda Wheeler
Copyright: Special To The Washington Post
Union Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs detested Robert E. Lee, who had once been his friend and mentor, even his idol. Once Lee defected to the Confederate side, Meigs turned against him with a vengeance.
Because of that dynamic, today we have Arlington National Cemetery.
As quartermaster general and close adviser to Lincoln, Meigs was often consulted on matters of logistics. When the need arose for a new military cemetery, he recommended Arlington House — which was owned by Lee's wife, Mary. The military was already occupying the estate, and it was conveniently close to Washington. It also offered the opportunity to make sure the Lees would never want to return to their home.
Read More


text:
MLB Boston Red Sox 2004 World Series Champions Pennant
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This auction is for a Vintage MLB BOSTON RED SOX CIRCA 2004 WORLD SERIES CHAMPIONS LOGO Baseball Pennant. It has no Pinholes and a Sharp Tip. It is a Full Size Pennant. It is in Mint Condition. I SHIP WORLDWIDE AND I COMBINE SHIPPING COSTS. CHECK OUT MY EBAY STORE AS I HAVE OVER 2000 PENNANTS LISTED. CHECK OUT ALL MY OTHER RED SOX PENNANTS! I WILL SHIP UP TO 4 PENNANTS FOR THE $7.00 TO THE USA ONLY. Attached is a Photo to show the Condition.Please E-Mail me if you have any Questions about this item.I descibe all my items as best as i can.It is in my Opinion,i cannot be Responsible therefore i cannot offer a refund.Payment must be made within 7 DAYS.I accept PAYPAL ONLY.IF THERE IS A PROBLEM,CONTACT ME FIRST. THANK YOU. Save on Shipping Costs when I ship Multiple Items.Winning Bidder pays all Shipping & Handling Costs.See below for S&H prices.I only ship the way i have stated and for that price only. Shipping Costs USA $7.00 and 50 Cents for each additional Pennant Won. CANADA $11.00 and $1.00 for each additional Pennant Won. INTERNATIONAL $20.00 and $1.00 for each additional Pennant Won. I ship all my Pennants Flat to the USA and WORLDWIDE.


text:
HPV Vaccination Rates Still Very Low
A recent study found that fewer teenage girls and young women are getting vaccinated for the human papillomavirus (HPV). Persistent infection of HPV can lead to cervical cancer. In addition, the research found that most who do opt for vaccination fail to complete all three parts of the regimen.
J. Kathleen Tracy and her team reviewed 9,658 medical records from girls and women aged 9-26, who were seen at the University of Maryland Medical Center between August 2006 and August 2010. The figures showed that only 27.3% of these patients were vaccinated. In addition, 39.1% of the vaccination group completed only one dose, 30.1% completed two and only 30.7% finished the full course.
The most common defaulters were women aged 18-26, and African-American women. Ms. Tracy explains that the 18-26 age group is at a transition stage in life, when such things as leaving home and school and moving to university is prioritised, leading to missed vaccines.
Ms. Tracy said: "Women who are eligible for this vaccine and could potentially benefit aren't getting it at rates to maximally prevent cervical cancer".
"This highlights the need for public health promotions and practice patterns to encourage vaccine uptake or at least discussion of the pros and cons".
There are currently two vaccines available in the US. Gardasil, approved for girls aged 9 and older, protects against four types of HPV. Cervarix covers the two strains of HPV that are responsible for most cases of cervical cancer.


text: I now have a persistent WiFi connectivity issues. As far as I can remember, it didn't happen with the stock android 2.1 that came with the phone. These are the steps that describe the problem: 1. I'm near my home router or a public Wifi hotspot. 2. Turn Wifi on. 3. The phone scans for available networks and automatically connects to the network. 4. The phone has internet connectivity for few minutes. 5. Suddenly the WiFi indicator (notification bar) turns off. 6. Entering the WiFi setting page, the WiFi is still turned on but the networks are displayed as not in range. 7. Trying to scan again doesn't help. 8. Turning WiFi off and on again repeats the steps from #2 above. Also tried wipe+return to default+reflash rom. Also happened in another rom based on LeeDrOiD Mod V2.0a.


text:
US insurers and pension funds seek to hedge deflation
Equity-heavy insurers and pension funds in the US are ramping up their inflation hedging programmes as fear grows over the negative impact a deflationary scenario would have on this asset allocation strategy, according to a senior figure in the New York office of Deutsche Bank. This is driving options markets to overvalue the risk of deflation relative to US treasury inflation-protected securities (Tips).
Riddhi Barman, head of rates structuring for Deutsche Bank in the US, says insurers' and pe
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text:
I suppose Bush/Cheney thinks Al Qaeda need help in it's membership drives?
(and is your resident blogger allowed a couple of tin-foil hat observations every quarter or so?)
If asked 2 years ago if the White House could be this stupid, I would have said *no way!*
After what else has been happening in DC, with the GOP under heavy legal fire against the leadership cult figures in the House and Senate, the Abramoff cases, the second federal grand jury hearing testimony about Plamegate, a growing perception that the mid-term elections, rather than the condition of the war "on the ground," will drive troop levels in Iraq, the continued strikes by the U.S. against Pakistani targets looks like really desperate efforts to generate some good news in the War On Terra(tm) and Shock And Awe in Iraq.
These missile strikes, combined with last month's flap about the "poem" spelling out G.W.'s name being inserted into Pakistani textbooks seem designed to destabilize the current government in Pakistan and invite a new Islamic theocracy to fight. Or create another imputed "failed state" condition that will give an excuse to invide Pakistan as well.
Perhaps under the guise of denying terrorists access to Pakistan's atomic weapons and the Chasnupp and Kanupp nuclear reactors ?
It would not be at all out of the question (particularly in light of the administration's deliberate deception about the yellowcake "sales" to Iraq) to use a threat like an anti-Israel, anti-US theocracy with nukes as an excuse to invade Pakistan, and to "bring democracy" to more of the region.
Two years ago I wouldn't have believed it.
I can only ask "what's next?"


text:
State Rep. Rosita Youngblood said today that she wants to examine whether casino revenue now earmarked to reduce the city's wage tax should be used instead to bring down taxes for homeowners under Mayor Nutter's property tax reform effort.
Every county in the state other than Philadelphia uses casino funds – paid into the Property Tax Relief Fund – to reduce property taxes for homeowners. At the time casino gaming was legalized in Pennsylvania, Youngblood said, financial analysts said Philadelphia residents paid less in property taxes and more in wage taxes than most state residents – and city residents would be better served with a reduction in wage taxes.
Youngblood, a Philadelphia Democrat, said the formula needs to be examined again with the implementation of Nutter's Actual Value Initiative (AVI), which is meant to base taxes on the market value of properties, correcting decades of bad assessments.
AVI, however, is going to reduce the tax bills for commercial properties and shift the tax burden more heavily on to residents. The administration says that more than two-thirds of homeowners will see a tax decrease or an increase of $400 or less, but some homeowners in changing and growing neighborhoods are facing large increases in their tax bills.
In a statement, Youngblood said her proposal would require the Legislative Budget and Finance Committee to study whether property tax relief w
Click here for Philly.com's politics page.


text:
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Bali offers so much to tourists that it is hard to comprehend what a holiday in Bali can bring. Temples, beaches, dance, culture, diving, snorkeling, water sports, volcanoes, markets, festivals, wildlife and much more all enticing elements to attract tourists to this far corner of the world. Bali is a place where gentle swaying palm trees stand within tropical gardens surrounded by singing birds and colorful flowers. There are new things to discover every minute of the day.
Bali with its strong Hindu and Christian religious heritage apart from the rest of Indonesia which is Muslim offers a warm welcome to people from any corner of the planet. The warmth and friendship Indonesians portrait is genuine and goes deeper than suspected at the first meeting.
Bali offers both peace and tranquility as also noisy and colorful street life. The Indonesian pace of life is a few notches slower then in most western countries. This is why westerners feel so attracted to this remarkable island, where ancient traditions can be felt in every nook and cranny. Balis main attractions can be found in the wilderness of the island. Stunning nature, volcanic mountains and pristine beaches offer the tourist the get-a-way they might be seeking for. Wildlife can be found all over the island, and some of the wildlife parks are totally amazing.
Bali is covered with hotels, resorts and other types of accommodation. Wonderful western style restaurants and hotels, but also basic Indonesian style accommodations are offered all over the island. Back-to-basics is the new trend. People are prepared to pay top prizes for a simple beach hut in walking distance from the surf. The busiest tourist area is Nusa Dua but also south and central Bali are popular. Many intimate exclusive boutique hotels can be found in these areas. Private villas can be rented in one week time frames. Spa hotels and resorts are the next hit, live in abundance during your get-a-way. Sauna, massage, yoga and total relaxation are the main themes in these resorts.
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text:
The Danakil Desert in the northern portion of the Rift Valley is home ...
The ranks of teh maz increase in number with the successful initiation...
Turkana children are adorned like adults in their society. Young girls...
Seconds before circumcision, a young initiate is blessing with a showe...
Maasai warrior in teh rain in the Loita hills.
Elders supevise all Maasai ceremonies and serve as advisors and guides...
PHOTO Interview
Name: Liz Gilbert
Age: 45
Birthday: November 12
College: Parsons
Favorite Color: Brown
Favorite Book: Warriors and Strangers by Gerald Hanley
Favorite Movie: The Killing Fields
Favorite Food: Paleo Banana pancakes!
For how long have been in photography?
Over 20 years
How did you start?
With a plane ticket to Africa, a camera and a map….
How would you define yourself as an artist?
Jack of many trades, master of none, but the fun is in the trying Elizabeth L. Gilbert moved to Africa in 1991 to work as a photojournalist. Her images of conflicts and cultural issues in Somalia, Rwanda, and other East African countries have appeared in TIME, Newsweek, Life, and the New York Times as well as other European publications. She is the author of Broken Spears: A Maasai Journey and Tribes of the Great Rift Valley.
Please could you tell us about "TRIBES OF THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY" ?
LIZ: The book is a collection of images from a three year journey across the Great Rift Valley documenting whatever remained of traditional culture and adornment.
How did you get the idea to film"THE LAST SAFARI"movie www.thelastsafarimovie.com?
LIZ: I always wanted to bring the photos I had taken back to the people who made them possible. It was a dream even when I was working on the books.
The people in the photographs were the ones I most wanted to see them. www.thelastsafarimovie.com
Was it difficult to finance the production and post production of the movie?
LIZ: Fund raising is always a challenge. We felt truly humbled by the support we received from both private investors as well as our Kickstarter sponsors.
Where we can see the movie?
LIZ: Right now it is touring film festivals and should be available on DVD and digital download in 2015. You can always go to the website
or Facebook page to watch the trailer and learn more about screening opportunities at: www.thelastsafarimovie.com and www.facebook.com/thelastsafari
Do you have anothers works/projects has given you the most satisfaction?
Designing jewelry referenced in African history with African artists for my company Shompole Collection www.facebook.com/ShompoleCollection has been a creative venture that has given me a lot of pleasure. Making things with my hands, working alongside other artists, finding inspiration in Africa – these are things are all connected.
Who are the photographer's you admire the most?
LIZ: Malick Sidibe, Edward Curtis, James Nachtwey….but there are so many inspiring photographers out there. Right now I am loving Mutua Matheka's architectural photography
What about architects and designers?
I'm building a treehouse now and so I am looking more at set design for inspiration – everything from Pirates of the Caribbean to old Tarzan film and of course the Swiss family Robinson stuff.
What are your next projects?
Apart from the treehouse, I am starting a media collective in Kenya called Toolbox and am hoping to recruit talented young Kenyan photographers.


text:
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text: It seems intuitive that there are things we can't rely on the "free market" to take care of. The Founding Fathers seemed to have realized this when they, for example, created the USPS. They recognized that there are things that are too important to leave to the dog-eat-dog capitalism of the free market. Many people point out the inefficiencies, waste and financial hardships facing a service like the USPS. But that's not the point! The success of the USPS is not measured by its revenue or even financial viability, but rather by the service it provides to the citizens. Nobody measures the success of the Fire Department by how much money they made, but by how many lives they saved, even if they lost money in the process or became a financial burden on the taxpayers. The health, education and safety of the American citizen are deemed by the so-called "socialist" to be too valuable to be bought and sold on the market of profit-driven competition. When did that become evil? Capitalism is not a bad thing. We all agree that Capitalism is one of the major reasons for the technological revolution we're all enjoying today, not to mention the opportunity it provides for all of us to make a good living and/or become rich. No one is against Capitalism. It's just not the answer to everything, that's all.


text:
NEW YORK -- Nate Robinson missed New York's game against Atlanta on Wednesday night because of a sprained left ankle, leaving the Knicks without their top reserve.
Robinson was hurt Saturday during the second half of the Knicks' loss at Miami and hasn't practiced since. He scored 29 points, despite just five after halftime, and is averaging 27.4 since the All-Star break.
Knicks coach Mike D'Antoni said Robinson told him he was having trouble going to his left because of the injury.
Jared Jeffries (bruised left knee) also was sidelined for the Knicks.


text:
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Financial Management… in a Tough Economic Climate. March 11, 2009 - 2:00 pm to 3:30 pm Oracle Conference Center Presented by: Ira Holtzman, CFO, The Health Trust. Meeting Purpose.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
March 11, 2009 - 2:00 pm to 3:30 pm
Oracle Conference Center
Presented by: Ira Holtzman, CFO, The Health Trust
Program service expense* $100,000
Total annual expense $125,000
Percentage spent on programs = 80.0%
* Some watchdog groups exclude donated and contributed services from these measurements since they are difficult to value. They feel they can distort the ratios.
AIP (American Institute of Philanthropy): BBB (Better Business Bureau)
M&G expense $ 20,000
Total annual expense $125,000
Percentage spent on M&G = 16.0%
Fundraising expense $ 5,000
Total annual expense $125,000
Percentage spent on fundraising = 4.0%
Fundraising expense $ 25,000
Related fundraising revenue $100,000
Cost to raise $1 from fundraising = $0.25
Current assets $100,000
less: current liabilities (50,000)
Working capital $ 50,000
Current assets (less Inv.)$100,000
Current liabilities $50,000
Quick ratio range = 2.0 to 1.0
Current assets $100,000
Current liabilities $50,000
Current ratio range = 2.0 to 1.0
Cash + Marketable Securities $100,000
Current liabilities $50,000
So in the above example, it means that for each $1 of current liabilities, there are $2 in cash assets to back it up
Available net assets* $100,000
Annual budgeted expense $35,000
Years of available assets = 2.8
* Excludes property and equipment and donor advised endowments. Board designated amounts would be included because they could be spent if necessary
The terms "not-for-profit" and "non-profit" are generally used interchangeably. And, just because an organization is nonprofit doesn't mean they don't have profits. It just means that no individuals profit from the profit of the corporation although bonuses may be made.
"Unrestricted" funds are donations that are available for the nonprofit to use toward any purpose. Unrestricted funds usually go toward the operating expenses of the organization.
"Temporarily Restricted" funds are donations to a nonprofit organization where the donor may designate or "restrict" the use of their donations to a particular purpose or project. An example is a gift to a particular scholarship fund at a university.
An "Endowment" is a permanent fund bestowed upon an institution, such as a university, museum, hospital, nonprofit, or foundation, to be used for a specific purpose. Generally, the Endowment's principal is set aside in perpetuity to spin off annual interest for the institutions use.
A "Board Designated Endowment" are usually dollars set aside by an institution to act like an "Endowment" in order for the institution to avoid spending the principal. The difference is that if the institution later decides to spend out the principal, they can.
Assets are property, including real property (for example, land or buildings) and personal property (for example, cash, stocks, accounts receivable, inventory) that belongs to a person, corporation, institution, or other entity and have a current or future economic value to its owner.
Liabilities aredefined as a company's legal debts or obligations that arise during the course of business operations. These are settled over time through the transfer of economic benefits including money, goods or services.
Net Assets are defined as the difference between a company's total assets and liabilities; Owner's equityis also defined as its net worth. It is also stated as the owners economic interest in the assets of a business.
The Statement of Activities is the nonprofit equivalent for the Income Statement or Profit and Loss Statement (P&L).
The Statement of Financial Position is the nonprofit equivalent for the Balance Sheet
Financial Accounting Standard 117 introduced clarification for these statements for nonprofits back in 1993
The term "Net Assets Released from Restrictions" refers to when restricted assets are used for the specific restricted purpose they were intended for and/or are reclassified when one of the following occurs:
- The program and/or purpose of the restrictions are met,
- Time based restrictions expire,
- Equipment-acquisition restrictions are satisfied
Net Assets are then released from restricted funds to unrestricted funds to cover the cost of the program and/or purpose.
Direct costs are those costs for activities or services that benefit "specific projects". For example, salaries for project staff and materials required for a particular project. Because these activities are easily traced to projects, their costs are usually charged to projects on an item-by-item basis.
Indirect costs (sometimes referred to as overhead) are those costs for activities or services that benefit more than one project. Their precise benefits to a "specific project" are often difficult or impossible to trace. For example, it may be difficult to determine precisely how the activities of the Human Resource director of an organization benefit a specific project.
Cost allocation should be related to the types of activity being accomplished. In other words, if an employee is raising money then that time and associated costs should be charged against Fundraising.
If an employee is performing work related to the direct exempt purpose for the organization (the reason why the nonprofit operates) then that time should be charged against Program.
And, if an employee is conducting business that benefits the organization as a whole (i.e., human resources, accounting administration work) that time should be charged against Management & General.
The accrual method. The accrual method is the more commonly used method of accounting. Under the accrual method, transactions are counted when the order is made, the item is delivered, or the services occur, regardless of when the money for them (receivables) is actually received or paid.
The cash method. Under the cash method, income is not counted until cash (or a check) is actually received, and expenses are not counted until they are actually paid.


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HW - Lonely Nights (Vocals)
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- May 31, 2009 | 10:00 PM EDT
- File Info
- Song
- 3 min 1 sec
- Score
- 4.42 / 5.00
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Please contact me if you would like to use this in a project. We can discuss the details.
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- Rated 4.42 / 5 stars
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Rated 5 / 5 stars
Sounds Good
came here from " The Last Degree" Animation
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Changed My Life
Timothy Swazey were the fk are you?!? these are great beats. i want this guy to rap on all of your songs.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
nice beat bro, cool track. the lyrics are dope but i know that was somebody else xD id like to hear more from u and that tim guy. stay up bro.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Underrated much?
Need a blunt need to confront. Timothy needs to stick as your vocal guy, he is really nice at it. There are a few errors in his voice, but this song was made like 2 years ago. Ironically, this is one hell of a song! One of your best! :)
I love the receptiveness of it all, it goes along very well with the kickin lyrics. Extremley creative and oldskool. Nice job. Loving it!!!


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Calamity fell young fifteen-year-old Prince William on August 31, 1997 when his mother, Princess Diana, died in a fiery automobile accident. The entire world grieved at the loss.
Was there a hint or foreshadowing of this terrible event in a midpoint astrology aspect?
Please note though that there is no such thing as a death aspect or death midpoint. Each astrological configuration, direction, or progression is interpretated according to that unique individual's chart. There are usually many possibilities some favorable and some harmful. The final outcome is never pre-determined.
Let's look again at Prince Will's natal chart for midpoints to his moon. We see his Moon midpoints Sun Mars. The Sun represents self-expression and Mars shows energy. A Sun Mars person is described as energetic with strong ambitions and determination or when seen ineffectively, a stubborn belligerent and obstinate person.
|Prince Will Midpoint Sun Moon-Neptune
|Click to Enlarge
Moon represents his mother and emotionalism. One interpretation is a strong willed emotional person and more strikingly — prone to violent upsets.
Fast forward to Princess Diana's chart during that fatal August month.
We see a couple of very important transits. The first is Pluto square Mars, which entered on June 16th and wasn't slated to leave until October.
|Prince Will Midpoint Sun Moon-Neptune
|Click to Enlarge
Pluto represents intensity and Mars energy. This might mean a time of intense work and productivity, or sadly a time of serious mishaps and accidents.
Similarly, transiting Neptune was conjunct her natal Saturn with an exact placement that same month. Neptune represents idealism and inspiration but also deceit and betrayal. Saturn stands for discipline and stabilization and when ineffective, separation and oppression.
Was there treachery in Princess Diana's life during this time? A situation of Neptune deception that undermined her Saturn discipline might account for the tragic death.
Many questions about the cataclysmic event were raised and later a full investigation revealed that the driver was dangerously intoxicated with alcohol — a fatal Neptune undermining action that carelessly took the lives of Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed. .
In a few years Prince Will's sorrow would turn to joy as he found support and friendship that culminated in marriage. Discover more in the next blog.
Copyright © 2011 Aren Ober ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


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Inspired by "Wagon Wheel Watusi for 10 Minutes" I asked a classically trained film auteur, Brent Mata, to give me the "Black Swan" treatment. It's just so dark! Ryder deserved an Oscar for asking the […]


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Penelope Tyler is getting annoyed at her boyfriend for walking around filming her. She's got a to-do list, and she means to get on it, but he wants to have fun. She's in a good mood today, so she puts some music on and does a little dance and striptease.
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With the cold still getting into our bones here in the Midwest, I've been making a lot of 'warm belly' meals. I classify anything that is hot, hearty and filling to be perfect to zap the cold out! Since I grew tired of making meat dishes, I decided to make a chunky vegetable soup with a kick.
- Leek (2lg or 4sm)
- Onion (1 Med White)
- 3cups of small Red Potatoes
- 1 pkg Mini Portobello Mushrooms
- 1 bag of Mini Carrots
- Vegetable Broth (32oz)
- Pepper & Salt
- 2tbsp Better Than Bouillon (Vegetable)
Cook on High for 4 hours or until Vegetables are cooked through but not mushy. Add Salt & Pepper to taste!
This is a really great soup with a good steamy kick due to the leeks. It's also very filling for just being vegetables and a nice break from meats. However, you can couple it with Red Grape Chicken Salad sandwiches and it would make the perfect meal!


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Posted June 12th, 2009, 10:09 PM
Is there any place other than the Tour Saver Book where one can obtain a 2 for 1 coupon for the Tramway? I have not been able to find one and that is the only coupon I still need and paying $99 for the book is not worth it to me.
Thanks in advance!
Thanks in advance!


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 26, 1993
|Filing date
|Aug 27, 1991
|Priority date
|Mar 13, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Eston Jonsson, Roland Waern
|Original Assignee
|Swedima, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (57), Classifications (25), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 752,458, filed on Aug. 27, 1991, now abandoned, which in turn was a National Phase application based upon PCT application No. 90/00157, filed Dec. 3, 1990, in turn based upon Swedish patent application No. 8900872-6filed Mar. 13, 1989, priority for which is claimed.
This invention relates to preparations that are intended for use in the human oral cavity to prevent and/or decrease the amount of mercury and/or mercury vapor that is emitted from mercury-containing amalgam fillings in teeth.
The invention also includes a method of preventing the emission of mercury and mercury vapor from amalgam fillings in teeth.
For many years amalgam has been used extensively in the restoration of human teeth. The amalgam is an alloy of mercury and other metals such as silver, tin, copper and zinc. The amount of mercury in these types of amalgam is mainly from about 50 to about 70%, by weight.
Recent studies have demonstrated that metallic mercury is released from the amalgam as a vapor in the human mouth. This emission of mercury vapor is a continuing, ongoing process, but the amount released per second demonstrates significant fluctuations, depending upon several factors, such as the temperature of the amalgam filling, and whether the filling is exposed to abrasion, such as chewing, brushing, grinding or other types of mechanical force. Accordingly, several studies have shown that the emission of mercury vapor increases significantly during periods of chewing or the like, when compared to periods of no mechanical stress.
In the publication "Striden om amalgamet", page 21 Kalla 33, by the Swedish Federal Research Department report from 1989, measurements are reported of this emission of mercury vapor. Apparently, these measurements are made on the total exhaled air from test persons and are, accordingly, demonstrating "diluted" sum numbers from all the teeth in each person's mouth. Reported results are shown in FIG. 1. In this Figure, curve I shows a series of measurements made on eleven test persons without amalgam fillings. Curve II shows a series of measurements made on nine test persons, wherein each person has up to four amalgam fillings on the occlusal surfaces. Curve III shows a series of measurements made on ten test persons, wherein each person has more than ten amalgam fillings on their occlusal surfaces. The curves show how the emission of mercury vapor measured in micrograms per cubic meter of the exhaled air varies in time when the test persons are chewing.
Curve I of FIG. 1 also shows that test persons with no amalgam filling in their teeth still emit a small amount of mercury vapor, and this amount is not influenced by chewing. Such emission is probably due to the presence of mercury deposited in the human body through means other than amalgam fillings, and is continuously emitted.
From curve II of FIG. 1, it can be seen that the amount of mercury vapor in the exhalation air increases sharply and very quickly when chewing is started. Further, even after chewing has ceased for 30 minutes, the amount of mercury vapor only slowly decreases toward the starting value. Curve III of FIG. 1 demonstrates a very sharp increase in the emission of mercury vapor. The maximum values after 30 minutes of chewing are many times higher than the starting point before the chewing was initiated. Further, the increased values remain during a long time after completed chewing. Since the emitted mercury vapor probably, at least partly, is absorbed by the human body, a potentially significant health risk is presented.
A need therefore exists for a method by which the amount of mercury and mercury vapor emitted from dental amalgam may be eliminated or reduced so that the amount of mercury being exposed to the human body can be made significantly reduced. Further, a need exists for a composition that is capable of significantly reducing the emission of mercury vapor from mercury-containing amalgam fillings.
FIG. 1 contains three curves showing the emission of mercury vapor over a period of time, Curve I representing a person with no mercury amalgam filling, Curve II showing the effect of chewing upon the release of mercury vapor in persons having up to four amalgam fillings, and Curve III showing the effect of chewing on persons having more than ten amalgam fillings.
FIG. 2 is a plot showing the amount of mercury released over a period of time, during and subsequent to brushing, using toothpaste with and without sulfur.
Surprisingly, there has now been found a method for reducing or eliminating mercury emission from dental amalgam which comprises contacting the dental amalgam, as by brushing, rinsing or masticating, with a composition comprising sulfur. Oral compositions, such as toothpastes, tooth powders, mouth washes, chewing gums, mouth sprays, lozenges, sachets, dental cooling fluids, and the like, comprising sulfur and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, are also provided, which, when placed in contact with mercury-containing dental amalgam, cause a reduction or elimination of mercury vapor emission from such amalgams.
The invention in its most general form concerns the use of sulfur to prevent or reduce the emission of mercury or mercury vapor from amalgam fillings in teeth. In connection with this, the invention also includes the use of sulfur in preparations for this purpose.
In one embodiment, the product of the present invention also contains, besides sulfur, a grinding or polishing substance.
In a second embodiment the product is characterized in that it is a toothpaste. Such a toothpaste may contain, in addition to the sulfur, one or more of the following ingredients:
Aluminum hydroxide
Blue #1
Calcium carbonate
Carbomer 956
Carboxymethyl cellulose
Cellulose gum
Dicalcium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate
Disodium phosphate
Disodium pyrophosphate
Eggshell powder
FD & C Blue #1
Hydrated silica
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
Methyl paraben
p-Hydroxy benzoic acid
Pareth 15-7 and 15-9
Peppermint oil
Potassium nitrate
Propyl paraben
Propylene glycol
Red #30 Lake
Red #33
Red #40
SD Alcohol 38B
Silicic acid
Sodium benzoate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium carrageenan
Sodium chloride
Sodium fluoride
Sodium lauryl sarcosinate
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Sodium metaphosfate
Sodium monofluoro phosphate
Sodium phosphate
Sodium saccharin
Spearmint oil
Tetra-potassium pyrophosphate
Tetra-sodium pyrophosphate
Titanium dioxide
Trisodium phosphate
Water hydrated silica
Xanthan gum
Yellow #10
Zinc citrate trihydrate
Zirconium silicate
In a third embodiment of the invention the product is characterized in that it is a chewing gum. Such a chewing gum may contain, in addition to the sulfur, one or more of the following ingredients:
Acesulfane potassium
Artificial color
Caramel color
Corn syrup
FD & C Yellow #6
Natural and artificial flavor
Gum base
Sodium saccharin
In a further embodiment of the invention, the product is in a liquid state in the form of a mouth wash water or mouth spray. Such a mouth wash Water or mouth spray may contain, in addition to the sulfur, one or more of the following ingredients:
Acetic acid
Benzoic acid
Citric acid
Domiphen bromide
Ethylpyridinium Chloride
FD & C #40, Blue #1, Yellow #5 and #10 and Green #3
Poloxamer 407
Polysorbate 20
PVM/MA copolymer
Red 33
SD Alcohol
Sodium acetate
Sodium Benzoate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium borate
Sodium chloride
Sodium citrate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Sodium saccharin
Sodium salicylate
Tetrapotassium phrophosphate
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
Xanthan gum
Zinc chloride
In a further embodiment the product is characterized in that it is a cooling liquid used for dental tools for drilling, grinding, polishing or scaling. Such a cooling liquid may contain water, in addition to the sulfur.
In a further embodiment, the product is characterized in that it contains, in addition to the sulfur, a drying, coagulating, or curing adhesive, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Preferably, the sulfur used in the present invention is in free form, that is as elemental sulfur, when it contacts the amalgam. The sulfur may be initially present as free sulfur, or may be present as a complex or component of a molecular structure, provided that, upon application to the oral cavity, the sulfur is capable of reacting with the mercury to form an insoluble compound or complex. A safe and effective amount is present in the compositions of the present invention.
As a result of practical series of test it has been determined that sulfur, in chemically free form, has the property of preventing or reducing the emission of mercury vapor from amalgam fillings, when added to the oral cavity and especially to amalgam fillings. The exact chemical or physical processes making this possible, are still unknown, but probably the sulfur, together with emitted mercury vapor, forms mercury sulfide, which is extremely difficult to dissolve in either water or acidic solutions. Consequently, the mercury sulfide, if swallowed, should pass through the human body in a chemically unmodified form. Accordingly, sulfur in any form that is capable of reacting with mercury to form mercury sulfide is operable within the scope of the present invention.
As noted, the oral compositions of the present invention comprise a safe and effective amount of sulfur in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term "pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier", as used herein, means any suitable vehicle which is non-toxic, which is not reactive with the sulfur, and which can be used to deliver or apply the present compositions to the oral cavity. Such carriers include the usual components of mouthwashes, toothpastes, tooth powders, prophylaxis pastes, lozenges, chewing gums, mouth sprays, sachets, and the like and are more fully described hereinafter. Dentifrices (including toothpastes, gels and toothpowders) and mouthwashes are the preferred systems.
In general, the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier can comprise from about 0.1% to about 99.9% by weight of the oral compositions herein, preferably from about 50% to about 99.9%, with from about 80% to about 99% being most preferred. Depending on the type of oral composition desired, the safe and effective amount of sulfur can comprise from about 0.005% to about 50%, usually from about 0.005% to about 5.0%, typically from about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight of the compositions, and preferably from about 0.01% to about 1%, with from about 0.05% to about 0.1% being most preferred. Particular kinds of such compositions are illustrated hereinafter. All percentages and ratios are by weight, unless specified otherwise.
Dentifrice compositions (e.g., toothpastes, toothgels, and toothpowders) generally comprise in addition to the sulfur, a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier which can comprise the usual and conventional components of these dentifrice compositions. For example, the dentifrices of the present invention may include abrasive polishing material, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, coloring agents, emulsifying agents, water-soluble fluorides, thickening agents, humectants, alcohols, and/or water. A safe and effective amount of the sulfur, in dentifrice compositions of the present invention, can range from about 0.01% to about 50%, with from about 0.01% to about 2% being more preferred, and from about 0.05% to about 0.1% most preferred.
The abrasive polishing material contemplated for use in the dentifrice compositions of the present invention can be any material which does not excessively abrade dentin. These include, for example, silicas including gels and precipitates, calcium carbonate, dicalcium orthophosphate dihydrate, calcium pyrophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium polymetaphosphate, insoluble sodium polymetaphosphate, hydrated alumina, and resinous abrasive materials such as particulate condensation products of urea and formaldehyde, and others such as disclosed by Cooley et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,070,510, Dec. 25, 1962, incorporated herein by reference. Mixtures of abrasives may also be used.
Silica dental abrasives, of various types, can provide the unique benefits of exceptional dental cleaning and polishing performance without unduly abrading tooth enamel or dentin. Silica abrasive materials are also exceptionally compatible with sources of soluble fluoride. For these reasons they are preferred for use herein.
The silica abrasive polishing materials useful herein, as well as the other abrasives, generally have an average particle size ranging between about 0.1 to about 30 microns, preferably between about 5 and about 15 microns. The silica abrasive can be precipitated silica or silica gels such as the silica xerogels described in Pader et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,230, issued Mar. 2, 1970 and DiGiulio, U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,307, Jun. 21, 1975, both incorporated herein by reference. Preferred are the silica xerogels marketed under the trade name "Syloid" by the W. R. Grace & Company, Davison Chemical Division. Preferred precipitated silica materials include those marketed by the J. M. Huber Corporation under the trade name, "Zeodent", particularly the silica carrying the designation "Zeodent 119". These silica abrasives are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,583, Jul. 29, 1982, incorporated herein by reference.
The abrasive in the dentifrice compositions described herein is generally present at a level of from about 6% to about 70%, preferably from about 15% to about 25%, when the dentifrice is a toothpaste. Higher levels, as high as 90%, may be used if the composition is a toothpowder.
Flavoring agents can also be added to dentifrice compositions. Suitable flavoring agents include oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermint, oil of spearmint, oil of sassafras, and oil of clove. Sweetening agents which can be used include aspartame, acesulfame, saccharin, dextrose, levulose and sodium cyclamate. Flavoring and sweetening agents are generally used in dentifrices at levels of from about 0.005% to about 2% by weight.
Dentifrice compositions can also contain emulsifying agents. Suitable emulsifying agents are those which are reasonably stable and foam throughout a wide pH range, including non-soap anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic and amphoteric organic synthetic detergents. Many of these suitable surfactants are disclosed by Gieske et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,234, Sep. 27, 1977, incorporated herein by reference.
It is common to have a water-soluble fluoride compound present in dentifrices in an amount sufficient to give a fluoride concentration of from about 0.0025% to about 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0.005% to about 2.0% by weight, to provide additional anticaries effectiveness. Preferred fluorides are sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, indium fluoride, and sodium monofluorophosphate. Norris et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,946,735, issued Jul. 26, 1960 and Widder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,154, issued Jul. 18, 1972 disclose such salts as well as others.
Water is also usually present in the toothpastes of this invention. Water employed in the preparation of commercially suitable toothpastes should preferably be deionized and free of organic impurities. Water generally comprises from about 10% to about 50%, preferably from about 20% to about 40%, by weight of the toothpaste compositions herein. These amounts of water include the free water which is added plus that which is introduced with other materials, such as with humectants, e.g., sorbitol.
In preparing toothpastes, it is generally necessary to add some thickening material to provide a desirable consistency. Preferred thickening agents are carboxyvinyl polymers, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose and water soluble salts of cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose. Natural gums, such as gum karaya, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, can also be used. Colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate or finely divided silica can be used as part of the thickening agent to further improve texture. Thickening agents in an amount from about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition can be used.
It is also desirable to include some humectant material in a toothpaste to keep it from hardening. Suitable humectants include glycerin, sorbitol, and other edible polyhydric alcohols at a level of from about 15% to about 70%.
For a fuller discussion of the formulation of toothpaste compositions reference is made to Harry's Cosmeticology, Seventh Edition, 1982, Edited by J B Wilkinson and R J Moore, pages 609 to 617.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a mouthwash composition. Conventional mouthwash composition components can comprise the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier for the present invention. Mouthwashes generally comprise a water/ethyl alcohol solution (water:ethyl alcohol ratio from about 20:1 to about 2:1) and preferably other ingredients such as flavor, sweeteners, humectants and sudsing agents such as those mentioned above for dentifrices. The humectants, such as glycerin and sorbitol give a moist feel to the mouth. Generally, on a weight basis, the mouthwashes of the invention comprise: about 5% to about 60% (preferably about 10% to about 25%) ethyl alcohol; about 0% to about 20% (preferably about 5% to about 20%) of a humectant; about 0% to about 2% (preferably about 0.01% to about 0.15%) emulsifying agent; about 0% to about 0.5% (preferably about 0.005% to about 0.06%) sweetening agent such as saccharin; about 0% to about 0.3% (preferably about 0.03% to about 0.3%) flavoring agent; and the balance water. The amount of surfur in mouthwashes, is from about 0.005% to about 20%, typically from about 0.05% to about 0.1%.
Other embodiments of the oral compositions herein include lozenges and chewing gums. Suitable lozenge and chewing gum components are disclosed in U.S. pat. No. 4,083,955, Apr. 11, 1978 to Grabenstetter et al., incorporated herein by reference.
A chewing gum will typically comprises a gum base, a suitable softener such as glycerine, typically present in an amount from about 1 to about 10 percent, by weight; and a small amount of flavor oils such as cinnamon, peppermint and spearmint oil, such as from about 0.1to about 2 percent, by weight. A humectant such as sorbitol and/or mannitol may also be present, in an amount form about 5 to about 30 percent, by weight. Natural sugars, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, and dextrose also may be used, and/or artificial sweeteners as described hereinabove.
The pH of the present compositions and/or the pH of such compositions in the mouth can be any pH which is safe for the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Such pH values generally range from about 3 to about 10, preferably from about 4 to about 8.
The compositions of the present invention can be made using methods which are common in the oral products field. For example, toothpaste compositions may be prepared by mixing part of the humectant and water together and heating to 66�-71� C. The fluoride source, if present, is then added along with the sweetener, the sulfur, the opacifier and the flavor. To this mixture is added the abrasive which is mixed in well. The thickener is then slurried with the remainder of the humectant and milled prior to being added to the other components.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing or inhibiting the release of mercury vapor by contacting the oral cavity, especially the teeth or dentures, with a safe and effective amount of a sulfur. The phrase "safe and effective amount", as used herein, means an amount of sulfur, which is sufficient to reduce or inhibit the release of mercury or mercury vapor from amalgam, while being safe to the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Generally, a total amount of at least about 0.01 grams, preferably at least about 0.025 grams, of the sulfur, in the oral cavity is effective. Generally, the amount used is within from about 0.01 grams to about 5 grams, with from about 0.025 grams to about 1.0 grams being preferred, and from about 0.05 grams to about 0.5 grams being most preferred. The preferred method for contacting the oral cavity for the method of treatment of the present invention involves contacting the amalgam with one or more of the compositions described above, as by brushing the teeth or dentures with a toothpaste composition of the present invention.
The following examples further describe and demonstrate preferred embodiments of compositions and methods of use within the scope of the present invention. The examples are given solely for illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of this invention, since many variations of the present invention are possible without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
The following composition is representative of a dentrifrice composition of the present invention.
______________________________________Component Weight %______________________________________Sorbitol (70% aqueous solution) 35.000Water 29.351PEG-6<1> 1.000Silica Dental Abrasive<2> 20.000Sodium Fluoride 0.243Titanium dioxide 0.500Sodium saccharin 0.286Sodium alkyl sulfate 4.000(27.9% aqueous solution)Flavor 1.040Carboxyvinyl Polymer<3> 0.300Carrageenan<4> 0.800Sulfur 7.480* 100.000______________________________________ n<1>PEG6 = Polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of 600. n<2>Precipitated silica identified as Zeodent 119 offered by J. M. Huber. n<3>Carbopol offered by B. F. Goodrich Company. n<4>Iota Carrageenan offered by Hercules Chemical Company.
This composition is another example of a dentifrice of the present invention.
______________________________________Component Weight %______________________________________Sorbitol (as in Example I) 35.000Water 29.653Sodium Fluoride 0.243PEG-6 (as in Example I) 1.000Carrageenan (as in Example I) 0.800Sodium saccharin 0.280Titanium dioxide 0.500Flavor 1.044Silica Dental Abrasive (as in Example I) 20.000Sodium alkyl sulfate (as in Example I) 4.000Sulfur 7.480* 100.000______________________________________
The compositions of Example I and II are effective products for reducing mercury and mercury vapor emission, and are cosmetically acceptable.
In the above compositions the abrasive may be replaced by equivalent amounts of other abrasives such as calcium carbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium orthophosphate dihydrate and hydrated alumina with similar results being obtained. Similarly, other thickeners, such as gum arabic and carboxymethyl cellulose may be used as well as other fluoride sources such as stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, indium fluoride, zinc fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate. Silicas are the preferred abrasives when fluoride sources are used in the compositions. Other polyepoxysuccinic acid polymers having mass average molecular weights above about 500 may also be used in equivalent amounts in place of the 1000 molecular weight material. Daily use of 1 gram of the compositions in Examples I or II to brush the user's teeth or dentures results in inhibition and reduction of emission of mercury and mercury vapor from dental amalgam.
The following mouthwash composition is another composition of the present invention.
______________________________________Component Weight %______________________________________SDA 40 Alcohol 8.00Flavor 0.08Emulsifier 0.08Sodium Fluoride 0.05Glycerin 10.00Sweetener 0.02Benzoic acid 0.05Sodium hydroxide 0.20Dye 0.04Water 76.48Sulfur 5.00* 100.00______________________________________
The following is a lozenge composition of the present invention.
______________________________________Component Weight %______________________________________Sorbitol 17.5Mannitol 17.5Starch 13.6Sweetener 1.2Flavor 11.7Color 0.1Sulfur 4.4Corn syrup balance______________________________________
The following is a chewing gum composition of the present invention.
______________________________________Component Weight %______________________________________Sorbitol crystals 38.44Paloja-T gum base<1> 20.00Sorbitol (70% Aqueous solution) 22.00Mannitol 10.00Glycerin 7.56Flavor 1.00Sulfur 1.00* 100.00______________________________________ n<1>Supplied by L. A. Dreyfus Company
The compositions of Examples III, IV and V are also effective mercury vapor-reducing products and are cosmetically acceptable. Daily use of a composition of Examples III, IV, or V by contacting with the oral cavity of the user results in inhibition and reduction of the emission of mercury and mercury vapor from dental amalgam.
Through pilot tests, where teeth with amalgam fillings were polished with a rubber cup using a preparation consisting of a mixture of sulfur and vaseline, the inventors have observed that after such a polishing, the emission of mercury vapor is reduced or disappears to a very large extent. The measurements of the emission of mercury vapor have in this connection been carried out by means of a nozzle close to the treated amalgam surface, from which the air has been sucked out and transported via a tube to a photospectrometer. The sulfur contents, that have been used in this connection, are high, preferably 5 weight % or more.
Further series of tests have been carried out to verify the effects of sulfur also in lower concentrations. At these tests first of all a "rest point" has been measured, whereby the emission of mercury vapor has been registrated over an "undisturbed" or untreated tooth by means of a nozzle close to the amalgam surface of the tooth. All the registered values are presented in microgram mercury per cubic meter of air. After measurement of the "rest point" or the initial value the actual tooth has been polished under standardized circumstances with a rubber cup covered with ordinary toothpaste, commercially sold under the name of ACTA and in a following test covered with the same toothpaste but with an added ingredient of chemically free sulfur, where the sulfur content amounts to 1 weight % of the toothpaste.
The results of the series of tests carried out on one test person (subject of experiment) are shown in Table 1. A similar test series on another subject is shown in Table 2. It is worth noting that the subject of experiment 1 is a dentist and therefore, through his profession, supposedly has been exposed to mercury to a great extent. Furthermore, he had a considerable number of amalgam fillings. Consequently, mercury could be found as a "disturbance", emitted partly via the respiratory organs and partly from teeth in the environment. Test person 2 has a comparatively small number of amalgam fillings and has probably not been exposed to mercury to a considerable extent through other sources.
From the measured values shown in Table 1 it can be seen that the amalgam fillings continuously, i.e. at rest, emit a considerable amount of mercury vapor. After polishing with ACTA toothpaste, with no added ingredients, the content of emitted mercury vapor increased drastically, at least by a factor 2, up to a factor of 10-15. After polishing with ACTA, toothpaste with 1 weight % of sulfur added, the contents of mercury in the sucked (inhaled) air at every tooth decreased considerably. Thereby most of these values are lower than the originally measured "rest point". It should also be mentioned that the polishing with this toothpaste with sulfur added occurred immediately after the measurements were taken showing the increased values after polishing with toothpaste with no ingredient added.
From Table 2 it is obvious that the measured values are at about the same or a somewhat lower level than for person 1. Also, in this case, a considerable increase of the content of mercury vapor was reached in the air that was sucked close to the amalgam surface, after polishing with a toothpaste with no added ingredient. Further, the values confirm, after polishing, with toothpaste with sulfur added, that a considerable reduction of the content of mercury vapor can be obtained.
In addition to the above experiments, it could also be mentioned that mercury vapor from amalgam fillings might be dangerous for the carrier of such fillings as well as for the dental team who is handling or grinding the amalgam fillings. The mercury vapor is consequently an occupational hygienical problem for the dental staff.
Two series of measurement have been carried out on a third subject to demonstrate the lapses of time of the indicated effects. In the first test series, the initial value was determined, whereafter the tooth in question was polished with ACTA toothpaste with no added ingredient. Measurements were made of the content of mercury vapor in the air close to the polished amalgam surface (tooth 46) and thereafter with intervals as per Table 5 and FIG. 2.
The decreasing rate amount of the increased value, if no further measures are taken, very clearly corresponds with the result shown in the above-mentioned publication "Striden om amalgamet". Consequently, after two minutes, the content of mercury vapor has been considerably reduced from the maximum value immediately upon the polishing and has been further reduced by about 50% after half an hour. The conclusion of these experiments is that in spite of a rather quick reduction of the content of mercury vapor immediately upon the treatment or stress, there still remains a very increased value during intervals of one hour or more.
The other experimental series (earlier in time than the one mentioned above) on a third test person, was carried out in order to make clear how long the duration of the reduction of the content of mercury vapor is, after polishing with a sulfur-added toothpaste. Because of the relative position of the test series, the measurements could not be carried out on the same tooth (tooth 46), which was used for the above experiment of duration, but was made on another tooth (tooth 36), explaining why the figures are not directly comparable.
The results of this second series of measurements are also shown in Table 5 and FIG. 2.
The conclusion from these test results are that, the obtained reduction of the content of mercury vapor, if sulfur is added, will remain at about the same level for at least half an hour and probably for a longer time. After aforementioned experiments, two further experimental series have been carried out on person 3, in order to determine the percentage of sulfur that might be optimal in the toothpaste. Here the measurements have been made in such a way that, firstly, an initial value was taken, and then a value after polishing with a toothpaste without added ingredient. Hereafter, the mouth was washed with water, measurements were taken and, after that, polishing was made with a toothpaste with sulfur as an added ingredient, followed by mouth wash and measuring. After that, a renewed polishing was made with a toothpaste free from added ingredient, mouth wash, measuring and polishing with sulfur added toothpaste with a different percentage of sulfur, whereafter mouth wash and measuring were carried out, and so on. In this way the following percentages of admixture were tested: 0.1 weight % of sulfur, 0.05 weight % of sulfur, 0.02 weight % of sulfur, 0.01 weight % of sulfur and 0.005 weight % of sulfur. The measurements have been carried out on two different teeth (the teeth 36 and 46) of the test person 3 and the results are being shown in Table 3.
From the measured values of Table 3 it is possible to make the conclusion that a satisfactory effect is obtained at a percentage of sulfur as low as 0.1 weight %. Further, there remains a good effect also at such a low percentage as 0.01 weight %. Probably an optimal value is therefore somewhere between these limits and it is also probable that enlarged experimental series would confirm that an optimal value is to be found somewhere between 0.05 and 0.1 weight %.
Since it is clear that the favorable influence of the sulfur remains during a rather long time, it might be possible that the figures in Table 3 are impaired by some errors, as the measurements have been carried out in a row. This is illustrated by the fact that the measured values, taken immediately upon polishing with a toothpaste without sulfur ingredient, have a tendency to decrease, the more experiments that have been made. In order to correct this possible cause of error to some extent, it can be speculated that the measured values, after polishing, both with a toothpaste without added ingredient and with toothpaste with sulfur added, have been influenced to the same degree. After converting the test values in this way, so that the measured figures after polishing with a toothpaste without added ingredient are on the same level, the values are as per Table 4.
Also, from the values shown in Table 4, it can be seen that the necessary percentages of sulfur to obtain the desired effect, are very low and can be expected to stay under 0.1 weight %.
The sulfur that has been used in all the pilot tests has been of normal trade quality. When measuring the size of grains in a microscope it has been noted that most of the grains have a size of about 0.025 mm. However, both bigger and smaller particles have been observed, and 0.05-0.001 mm are probable limits of the size of the grains.
The favorable effects of the admixture of sulfur have been confirmed by practical tests with sulfur added to toothpaste of completely conventional type. However, there is no reason to believe that the favorable effect should depend on the way in which the sulfur is supplied. It seems to be clear that the effects are not deteriorated if the sulfur is given in such a way that the sulfur is brought into close contact with the amalgam surfaces. It has also been shown that a favorable effect is obtained with a sulfurous chewing-gum. The invention, however, also is intended to cover a supply through liquid preparations in the form of mouthwash water and mouthspray, which, among other things, can be used in order to decrease the emission of mercury vapor in dental treatment.
It especially is worthy to note that the dental staff in its daily work is exposed to more mercury vapor, to a greater degree, than the average carrier of amalgam fillings. Therefore, the present invention includes dental preparations, used by the dental staff, that have the actual sulfur ingredient added, especially preparations containing grinding or polishing agents.
Further, the invention includes an admixture of sulfur in a preparation base containing a congealing or curing binding agent or adhesive so that the preparation can be brought to the actual tooth surfaces in the form of a congealing, curing or drying varnish which preferably is brought to the amalgam fillings before they are treated. In this case the content of sulfur should be calculated on the dry matter of the actual preparation so that, at the calculation of the content, emitted solvent, if any, is being deducted. Further, the invention includes cooling medium (spray), which is used for cooling dental equipment and instruments, that has an added ingredient of sulfur.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for reducing mercury or mercury vapor emission during dental reconstruction or cleaning comprising contacting the amalgam with sulfur before and/or during such reconstruction or cleaning. If drilling is required, the fluid, such as water, used to cool the drill bit during drilling may contain sulfur and in such a fashion the sulfur in the cooling fluid may react with free mercury or mercury vapor that is generated as a result of the drilling. Similarly, the polishing or grinding composition used to clean or repair reconstructed teeth that contain dental amalgam, may also contain sulfur so that during the polishing or grinding, the dental amalgam is contacted with sulfur which may then react with any mercury or mercury vapor that is generated as a result of the polishing or grinding process.
When the preparation according to the invention are in a liquid form, with a low viscosity, the sulfur forms sediments comparatively rapidly with the grain sizes mentioned above (0.05-0.001 mm); thus, such a preparation, already after a short time of storage, must be suspended or mixed once more before it is possible to use it. The invention therefore includes the use of smaller particles in these cases, even particles in the colloidal field, i.e. 0.001-0.000001 mm. Sulfur, in colloidal form, can, of course, also be used in other presented methods, where the increased proportion between the surface of the sulfur and its mass can be expected to raise its activity and thereby strengthen its effect.
As can be seen from the invention as described, it also includes a procedure of reducing or preventing the emission of mercury or mercury vapor from amalgam fillings in teeth. In its most elementary way this procedure concerns the supplying of sulfur to the amalgam filling to bring it into a close contact with the fillings. As to the invention, the sulfur is supplied through a carrier, which has a further purpose, for instance grinding, polishing and reduction of bacterial growth or caries. The sulfur can be mixed in the above-mentioned form and in the above-mentioned percentages. The method also includes bringing the sulfur into a very close contact with the amalgam.
TABLE 1______________________________________ μg Hg/cu.m. air measured close to the tooth:Test person I 14 26 36 46______________________________________Before treatment 90 35 80 85After polishing 215 180 850 1400with Acta tooth-paste withoutadded ingredientAfter polishing 50 45 52 95with Acta tooth-paste with 1weight % sulphur______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________ μg Hg/cu.m. air measured close to the tooth:Test person II 14 26 36 46______________________________________Before treatment 72 45 90 62After polishing 510 660 235 220with Acta tooth-paste withoutadded ingredientAfter polishing 60 86 120 58with Acta tooth-paste with 1weight % sulphur______________________________________
Polishing with Acta toothpaste without resp. with sulphur added.
TABLE 3______________________________________StartValue μg Tooth 36 Tooth 46Hg/cu.m. 120 45______________________________________Without S 980 14000.1% S 60 135Without S 590 11000.05% S 70 95Without S 880 5600.02% S 105 150Without S 430 8300.01% S 110 115Without S 615 8500.005% S 110 180______________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Startvalue μg Tooth 36 Tooth 46Hg/cu.m. 120 45______________________________________Without S 980 14000.1% S 60 135Without S 980 14000.05% S 116 120Without S 980 14000.02% S 116 375Without S 980 14000.01% S 250 194Without S 980 14000.005% S 174 297______________________________________
TABLE 5______________________________________Emission of mercury in μg hg/cu.m. of air from two amalgamfillings after polishing with a tooth-paste with an added ingredientof sulphur (tooth 36) and with polishing with a tooth-paste withoutadded ingredient (tooth 46) as a function of time.Time (minutes) Tooth 36 Tooth 46______________________________________ a 150 75 b 825 845 c 92 -- 2 70 360 5 70 350 7 60 44010 60 28015 70 39020 70 49025 75 27030 86 24535 75 240______________________________________ a: Initial value. b: After polishing with a toothpaste without added ingredient. c: After polishing with a toothpaste with 1 weight % of sulphur added.
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|U.S. Classification
|424/49, 514/922, 433/229, 514/974, 106/35, 424/705, 433/228.1, 433/215, 424/440, 424/703, 433/226, 424/48
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 7, 1991
Owner name: SWEDIMA, INC., ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:JONSSON, ESTON;WAERN, ROLAND;REEL/FRAME:005866/0259
Effective date: 19910813
|Jul 5, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 17, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 12, 2003
Owner name: GEMIDIFARM A.S., GREECE
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|Aug 11, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 26, 2005
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 22, 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
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