text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 18, 1994
|Filing date
|Feb 14, 1992
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 1989
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Felix P. Shvartsman
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (30), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (151), Classifications (35), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/466,935 filed Jan. 18, 1990 (now abandoned) which was a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/375,100 filed Jun. 30, 1989 (now abandoned).
The invention is directed to a method for making embossed optical elements and particularly for making embossed holograms.
Holographic optical elements are a specialized class of surface relief holograms which are used to replace conventional optical components in laser scanning devices such as rotating mirrors, galvanometers, and other such beam-deflecting devices and their associated optics. Various types of holographic optical elements are described in "Holographic Laser Scanners For Nonimpact Printing" by C. J. Kramer; Laser Focus, pp 70-82, June 1981. European Patent Application 86308641.9, published as 0 223 508 on May 27, 1987, discloses a scanner system using rotating, high efficiency holograms to deflect a light beam achieving a linear scan. The hologram thus allows high system efficiency without requiring the input polarization to be aligned to the fringe pattern. The high efficiency, deep groove, phase hologram required for such a system is obtained by using a photoresist as the recording medium. While photoresist recording media are satisfactory for making individual deep groove, phase holograms, a method is needed to replicate faithfully the holographic optical elements to maintain the high aspect ratio needed for each duplicate element. The term "high aspect ratio" means that the depth of a groove is substantially greater, i.e., 2, 3 or more times greater, than the width of the groove.
Conventional relief holograms used in graphic arts applications, e.g., on bank cards, packaging, and book covers such as the December, 1988 (Vol. 174, No. 6) issue of National Geographic, etc., typically are lower aspect ratio reliefs having a reflective backing. Such holograms may be manufactured by a number of replicating processes including thermal embossing of thermoplastic films having a reflective surface and molding of UV-curable liquid resin layers.
Schlesinger et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,635 discloses an embossing process for replicating holograms wherein, instead of a nickel master, the hologram or photoresist image is employed directly to replicate impressed images on various thermoplastic materials by heating the hologram or photoresist image and pressing it into the surface of the thermoplastic material to produce replicated impressions of the hologram or photoresist image therein.
Japanese Patent Publication 58144879 discloses the production of hologram copies by irradiation of a curable liquid resin layer sandwiched between a relief hologram and a support. The relief hologram master is prepared conventionally and the liquid resin may consist of monomers, oligomers or prepolymers. In the process, the sandwiched liquid layer is cured by light, e.g., UV light, passing through the transparent support.
Japanese Patent Publication 58144878 discloses the production of hologram copies by coating a relief mold with UV- or electron beam-curable liquid resin, curing the resin and removing the relief mold. Holograms produced include Fresnel, Fourier transformation and Fraunhofer types.
Japanese Patent Publication 58144877 discloses the production of hologram copies by coating a thermoplastic resin mold with a UV-curable liquid resin, curing the resin and then removing the mold.
Although the conventional methods of replicating holograms meet many of the needs of the graphic arts industry, they have been unsatisfactory for replicating the high efficiency, deep groove, phase holograms required for laser scanner systems. In the case of thermal embossing, the deep groove, high aspect ratio relief hologram is not faithfully reproduced and in the case of molded UV-curable liquid resins, a residue of UV-cured resin remains entrapped in the deep grooves of the mold.
The invention is directed to
1. A method for making an optical image clement having a high aspect ratio relief hologram comprising the sequential steps of
(a) applying a dry photohardenable film to a surface of a dimensionally stable optically transparent substrate;
(b) embossing the exposed surface of the photohardenable film with the relief holographic image by applying thereto under pressure a stamper containing a reverse relief image of the hologram having an aspect ratio of at least 3:1;
(c) passing actinic radiation through the transparent substrate and the photohardenable film to effect hardening of the photohardenable film while it is in contact with the stamper; and
(d) separating the stamper from the embossed photohardened film.
The Drawing consists of three figures.
FIG. 1 depicts schematically the steps of this invention used for preparing a holographic optical element.
FIGS. 2A-2F is a more detailed schematic description of the holographic element and the process steps used in this invention; and
FIG. 3 depicts schematically an in-line manufacturing embodiment of the invention using blank sheet substrates wherein discs are cut from the sheet after the lamination step.
A. Substrate
The substrate functions primarily as a dimensionally stable support for the photohardened information-carrying layer. It may be either rigid or flexible. To function as a suitable substrate, the disc or sheet should (1) be substantially transparent to radiation of the scanner system or end use contemplated, (2) be uniformly thick across the entire surface area, (3) have minimum birefringence, (4) have a refractive index matched to the photohardened layer, and (5) have a disc geometry suitable for the end use contemplated.
The blank substrate can be formulated from a variety of polymeric materials provided that suitable optical criteria are met. Typical of such polymeric materials are poly (methyl methacrylates), polycarbonates and the like. Of these, polycarbonates are preferred due to their better dimensional stability during environmental changes. In some instances, glass, quartz or other transparent inorganic materials may be used as the substrate. Typically, polymeric materials are preferred due to their low cost and the ease of manufacturing discs therefrom.
Blank disc substrates may be formed by conventional molding methods, such as injection molding or injection/compression molding methods, or they may be cut or stamped from preformed sheets of the substrate material. In one embodiment of this invention the geometry of the substrate is formed before lamination of the photohardenable layer. In an alternative embodiment, the geometry of the substrate is cut or stamped from sheets of substrate material after the photohardenable layer has been laminated thereto. In the alternative embodiment, it is possible to carry out all the manufacturing steps before cutting or stamping the disc from the processed sheet laminate.
B. Dry Photohardenable Film
As used herein, the term "dry photohardenable film" or "dry photohardenable layer" refers to a substantially solvent-free polymeric layer having a creep viscosity of about 20 megapoises or greater and preferably between about 100 and 200 megapoises, as measured with a parallel plate rheometer. Such "dry photohardenable layers" are contrasted with conventional liquid photohardenable layers which typically have viscosities of about several hundred poises or less. For the purpose of this invention, viscosity is measured as creep viscosity with a parallel plate rheometer using a Du Pont Model 1090 Thermal Mechanical Analyzer. In this procedure, a 0.036 inch thick sample is placed in contact between two flat discs (about 0.25 inch diameter). A quartz probe which is capable of accepting additional weights is positioned atop the upper disc and the same/disc assembly is maintained at constant temperature of 40� C. and RH of 44% throughout the measurement. Creep viscosity is calculated from the rate of decrease of sample thickness under equilibrated conditions. The 0.036 inch sample is prepared by laminating together sufficient layers of the test film to obtain the desired thickness. The laminate is then cut to provide a circular sample slightly larger in diameter than that of the rheometer plates.
The photohardenable layer is laminated to the substrate as a preformed dry film photohardenable element comprised of a temporary support sheet or web and a uniformly thick dry photohardenable layer releasably adhered thereto. The photohardenable element may be cut sheets or it may be in the form of a rolled web for ease of use and storage. The non-laminated second side of the photohardenable layer may have a removable protective cover film which is removed before use by stripping it off.
Uniformly thick, dry, photohardenable layers useful in this invention typically have a thickness which compliments the thickness of the substrate so that the thickness criteria of the finished product is met.
The photohardened layer should be firmly adhered to the substrate surface and should have optical characteristics comparable to those of the surface. Preferably the refractive index of the photohardened layer should match that of the substrate 10�0.1 measured at the end use radiation.
The photohardenable layer is a thermoplastic composition which upon exposure to actinic radiation, polymers of higher molecular weight by crosslinking and/or by polymerization. This changes the rheological character of the composition and decreases its solubility in common solvents. Preferred photohardenable compositions are photopolymerizable compositions wherein free radical addition of polymerization and crosslinking of a compound containing one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, hardens and insolubilizes the composition. The photosensitivity of the photopolymerizable composition is enhanced by a photoinitiating system which may contain a component which sensitizes the composition to practical radiation sources, e.g., visible light. Conventionally a binder is the most significant component of a substantially dry photopolymerizable film or layer in terms of what physical properties the film or laminate will have while being used in the process of the invention. The binder serves as a containing medium for the monomer and photoinitiator prior to exposure, and after exposure contributes to the optical and other physical characteristics needed for the optical element. Cohesion, adhesion, flexibility, miscability, tensile strength, and index of refraction (IR) are some of the many properties which determine if a binder is suitable for use in an optical element. In practicing the invention dry film photopolymerizable elements of various types may be used such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,469,982; U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,857; U.S; 4,278,752; U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,635; U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,043; U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,959; U.S. Pat. No. 3,649,268; U.S. Pat. No. 4,191,572; U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,619; U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,010; U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,253 and European Patent Application 87106145.3 filed Apr. 28, 1997. All of these are incorporated herein by reference.
Other equivalent dry film photohardenable film elements include photodimerizable or photocrosslinkable compositions such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,526,504 or those compositions in which hardening is achieved by a mechanism other than the free radical-initiation identified above.
In general the photopolymerizable compositions useful in carrying out this invention contain an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, a free radical-generating initiating system and a binder.
Suitable monomers which can be used as the sole monomer or in combination with others include the following: t-butyl acrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, N,N-diethylaminoethyl acrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, hexamethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-propanediol diacrylate, decamethylene glycol diacrylate, decamethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-cyclohexenediol diacrylate, 2,2-dimethylolpropane diacrylate, glycerol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, polyoxyethylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate and trimethacrylate and similar compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,380,831, 2,2-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propane diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, 2,2-di-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propane dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, polyoxyethyl-2,2-di-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propane dimethacrylate, di-(3-methaeryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of bisphenol-A, di-(2-methaeryloxyethyl) ether of bisphenol-A, di(3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of bisphenol-A, di(2-acryloxyethyl) ether of bisphenol-A, di(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of tetrachloro-bisphenol-A, di(2-methacryloxyethyl) ester of tetrachloro-bisphenol-A, di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of tetrabromo-bisphenol-A, di-(2-methacryloxyethyl) ether of tetrabromo-bisphenol-A, di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of 1,4-butanediol, di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of diphenolic acid, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyoxypropyltrimethylol propane triacrylate (462), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, butylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate, 1,2,4-butanetriol trimethaerylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, 1-phenyl ethylene-2-dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, trimethylol propane trimethacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol dimethacrylate, diallyl fumarate, styrene, 1,4-benzenediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-diisopropenyl benzene, and 1,35-triisopropenyl benzene.
In addition to the ethylenically unsaturated monomers mentioned above, the photohardenable layer can also contain one or more free radical-initiated, chain-propagating, addition-polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated compounds generally having a molecular weight of at least about 300. Preferred monomers of this type are an alkylene or a polyalkylene glycol diacrylate prepared from an alkylene glycol of 2 to 15 carbons or a polyalkylene ether glycol of 1 to 10 ether linkages, and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,927,022, e.g., those having a plurality of addition polymerizable ethylenic linkages particularly when present as terminal linkages. Especially preferred are those wherein at least one preferably most of such linkages are conjugated with a double bonded carbon, including carbon double bonded to carbon and to such heteroatoms as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Outstanding are such materials wherein the ethylenically unsaturated groups, especially the vinylidene groups, are conjugated with ester or amide structures.
Preferred free radical-generating addition polymerization initiators activatable by actinic light and thermally inactive at and below 185� C. include the substituted or unsubstituted polynuclear quinones which are compounds having two intracyclic carbon atoms in a conjugated carbocyclic ring system, e.g., 9,10-anthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone, 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraaquinone, 2-tert-butylanthraquinone, octamethylanthraquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 1,2-benzaanthraquinone, 2,3-benzanthraquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dichloronaphthoquinone, 1,4-dimethylanthraquinone, 2,3-dimethylanthraquinone, 2-phenylanthraquinone, 2,3-diphenylanthraquinone, sodium salt of anthraquinone alpha-sulfonic acid, 3-chloro-2-methylanthraquinone, retenequinone, 7,8,9,10 -tetrahydronaphthacenequinone, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione. Other photoinitiators which are also useful, even though some may be thermally active at temperatures as low as 85� C., are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,760,863 and include vicinal ketaldonyl alcohols, such as benzoin, pivaloin, acyloin ethers, e.g., benzoin methyl and ethyl ethers; α-hydrocarbon-substituted aromatic acyloins, including α-methylbenzoin, α-allylbenzoin and α-phenylbenzoin. Photoreducible dyes and reducing agents disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,850,445; 2,875,047; 3,097,096; 3,074,974; 3,097,097; and 3,145,104 as well as dyes of the phenazine, oxazine, and quinone classes; Michler's ketone, benzophenone, 2,4,5-triphenylimidazolyl dimers with hydrogen donors, and mixtures thereof as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,427,161; 3,479,185; and 3,549,367 can be used as initiators. Similarly the cyclohexadienone compounds of U.S. Pat. No. 4,341,860 are useful as initiators. Also useful with photoinitiators are sensitizers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,275, U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,162, U.S. Pat. No. 4,454,218, U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,052 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,769.
Suitable binders which are polymeric when employed with polymerizable monomers can be used alone, or in combination with one another include the following: polyacrylate and alphaalkyl polyacrylate esters, e.g., polymethyl methacrylate and polyethyl methacrylate; polyvinyl esters, e.g.,polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate/acrylate, polyvinyl acetate/methacrylate and hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate; ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers; polystyrene polymers and copolymers, e.g., with maleic anhydride and esters; vinylidene chloride copolymers, e.g., vinylidene chloride/acrylonitrile; vinylidene chloride/methacrylate and vinylidene chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers; polyvinyl chloride and copolymers, e.g., polyvinyl chloride/acetate; saturated and unsaturated polyurethanes; synthetic rubbers, e.g., butadiene/acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene, methacrylate/acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers, 2-chlorobutadiene-1,3 polymers, chlorinated rubber, and styrene/butadiene/styrene, styrene/isoprene/styrene block copolymers; high molecular weight polyethylene oxides of polyglycols having average molecular weights from about 4,000 to 1,000,000: epoxides, e.g., epoxides containing acrylate or methacrylate groups: copolyesters, e.g., those prepared from the reaction product of a polymethylene glycol of the formula HO(CH2)n OH, where n is a whole number 2 to 10 inclusive, and (1) hexahydroterephthalic, sebacic and terephthalic acids, (2) terephthalic, isophthalic and sebacic acids, (3) terephthalic and sebacic acids, (4) terephthalic and isophthalic acids, and (5) mixtures of copolyesters prepared from said glycols and (i) terephthalic, isophthalic and sebacic acids and (ii) terephthalic, isophthalic, sebacic and adipic acids; nylons or polyamides, e.g., N-methoxymethyl polyhexamethylene adipamide; cellulose esters, e.g., cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate succinate and cellulose acetate butyrate; cellulose ethers, e.g., methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and benzyl cellulose; polycarbonates; polyvinyl acetal, e.g., polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal: polyformaldehydes. Acid containing polymers and copolymers functioning as suitable binder include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,458,311 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,857. Amphoteric polymeric binders are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,635.
In place of or in addition to the polymeric binders listed above particulate thickeners with discrete, orderly orientation can be used such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,754,920, e.g., silicas, clays, alumina, bentonites, kaolonites, etc.
Other components in addition to those described above can be present in the photopolymerizable compositions in varying amounts. Such components include: plasticizers, antioxidants, optical brighteners, ultraviolet radiation absorbing material, thermal stabilizers, hydrogen donors and release agents.
Optical brighteners useful in the process of the invention include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,854,950, incorporated herein by reference. A preferred optical brightener is 7-(4'-chloro-6'-di-ethylamino-1',3',5'-triazine-4'-yl) amino 3-phenyl coumarin. Ultraviolet radiation absorbin materials useful in the invention are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,854,950.
Useful thermal stabilizers include: hydroquinone, phenidone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, p-methoxyphenol, alkyl and aryl-substituted hydroquinones and quinones, tert-butyl catechol, pyrogallol, copper resinate, naphthylamines, betanaphthol, cuprous chloride, 2,6-di-tert-butyl p-cresol, phenothiazine, pyridine, nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, p-toluquinone and chloranil. the dinitroso dimers described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,982, incorporated herein by reference, are also useful. Normally a thermal polymerization inhibitor will be present to increase stability in the storage of the photopolymerizable composition.
Hydrogen donor compounds useful in the photopolymer compositions include: 2-mercaptobenzoxazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, etc.: as well as various types of compounds, e.g., (a) ethers, (b) esters, (c) alcohols, (d)compounds containing allylic or benzylic hydrogen cumene, (e) acetals, (f) aldehydes, and (g) amides as disclosed in column 12, lines 18 to 58 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,390,996, incorporated herein by reference.
Compounds which have been found useful as release agents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,010, incorporated herein by reference. A preferred release agent is polycaprolactone.
Amounts of ingredients in the photopolymerizable compositions will generally be within the following percentage ranges based on total weight of the photopolymerizable layer: monomer, 5-50%, preferably 15-25%, initiator 0.1-10%, preferably 1-5% binder, 25-75%, preferably 35-50%, plasticizer, 0-25%, preferably 5-15%, other ingredients 0-5%, preferably 1-4%.
The temporary support film of the photohardenable film element can be any of a number of films such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,216. The primary criteria for the film is that it possess I 0 dimensional stability and the surface smoothness and release characteristics needed to laminate a uniform layer of photohardenable composition to the substrate surface without distortion of the layer when the support film is removed as in FIG. 2b. To meet this criteria the cohesive force of the photohardenable layer and its adhesive force to the substrate must be greater than its adhesive force to the temporary support film. A preferred support is polyethylene terephthalate.
A second temporary cover sheet, or interleaf may be placed on the second surface of the photopolymerizable layer to protect it from contaminants during storage in roll or stacked cut sheet form and to prevent blocking of the stored element. If used, the protective cover sheet or interleaf is removed from the surface of the photopolymerizable layer before the layer is laminated to the substrate. Any number of films can be used as the cover film provided the film has a suitable surface smoothness and has less adhesion to the photopolymerizable layer than the layer has to the support film. Suitable protective cover sheets or interleafs include polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.
C. Protective Layer
Typically a protective layer is applied over the embossed surface to seal it and provide an abrasion resistant outer surface. The protective layer may be any preformed film or sheet possessing optical characteristics matched to the substrate and the photohardened, embossed layer. Typically, such preformed protective layers are suspended out of contact with the embossed, photopolymerized layer by spacers at their edges which likewise seal the layers together. The air-gap formed thereby, provides maximum refractive index difference at the embossed-surface/air interface. Preferably the preformed protective layer in this instance is the same as the substrate, having the same composition and physical dimensions, resulting in a balanced air-sandwich element. Typical materials for forming preformed, protective layers are those used for the substrate with poly (methyl methacrylate) being preferred. The spacer may be an integral lip at the edge(s) of the substrate and/or protective layer or it may be a separate component. A preferred spacer is a dimensionally uniform adhesive component applied between the edges of the substrate and the protective layer.
Alternatively the protective layer may be applied as a liquid to the embossed, photopolymer layer and hardened, provided that the liquid itself does not adversely affect the embossed, photopolymer surface and that the hardened protective layer has a refractive index sufficiently different from that of the photopolymer layer to provide the needed light diffraction. Such liquid layers may be conventionally coated as a solution and then dried to a hardened layer or they may be coated as a neat solvent-free liquid which is hardened photolytically, thermally or chemically.
The transparent, protective layer may also be vapor-deposited on the embossed, photopolymerized surface using conventional vacuum deposition, sputtering or other such procedure. Likewise the protective layer may be applied as a composite of such vapor-deposited and liquid-coated layers.
D. Embossing
After removing the temporary support, the surface of the photohardenable layer is embossed with an information relief by pressing at room temperature an embossing die or stamper bearing on its surface the negative of the information relief in the form of grooves/peaks. While simple hand pressure is sufficient to embed the stamper surface into the photohardenable layer, use of a press is preferred where uniform high pressure across the surface can be applied momentarily to insure complete conformity of the layer surface to the stamper surface. Similarly, the stamper can be uniformly embedded into the photohardenable layer by passing the aligned laminate/stamper through the nip of a pressure roll laminator, followed by the use of a press. After the stamper's negative relief image has been uniformly embedded in the photohardenable layer, pressure may be relaxed or removed and the photohardenable layer then exposed to actinic radiation passing through the transparent substrate. Alternatively, high pressure may be maintained during actinic exposure.
The embossing die or stamper may be any conventional stamper such as those used in the manufacture of compact discs or video discs. Such stampers are prepared by methods well known in the art, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,650 which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the stamper itself may be a photopolymerized element prepared, for example, by the process of this invention, as follows:
The method of making such photohardened stampers is comprised of the following sequence of steps:
(a) applying an optically transparent dry photohardenable film to a surface of a dimensionally stable substrate;
(b) embossing the exposed surface of the photohardenable film with the surface of relief information;
(c) passing actinic radiation through the dry photohardenable film to effect hardening of the film while it is in contact with the relief information;
(d) separating the photohardened film from the relief information: and
(e) using the embossed photohardened film as a stamper.
The substrate may be either rigid or flexible so long as it is dimensionally stable in the x-y plane and preferably transparent to actinic radiation.
When the stamper is made from a photopolymerized element, it is preferred that a release coating be placed on the embossing surface to facilitate release of the stamper from the embossed medium. Various materials can be used for this purpose, among which are metals such as aluminum and chromium and organic polymers having a low surface energy such as fluoropolymers. The metals can be coated by sputtering and the polymers can be coated by either sputtering or by plasma polymerization.
While the stamper typically is a flat embossing die, it may also be an embossing roll, wherein the roll has one or more negative information tracks along the length of its surface. Such embossing rolls are particularly useful when simultaneously embossing and exposing laminated sheet substrate as in FIG. 3. In this instance, the photohardenable layer is exposed to actinic radiation dust after the nip of the roll imbeds a segment of the negative information relief into the layer with sufficient intensity to fix the dimensions of the information relief in the photohardenable layer before the roll surface detaches from the embossed element. Further treatment may then be applied to completely cure or harden the embossed photohardened layer.
In the instance when preformed substrates are used, e.g., having a disc structure, the sheet support is removed and the stamper is centered over the laminate structure, e.g., using a cylinder in the annular hole of a disc. Shim structure may be provided around the laminate structure to insure surface thickness limitations are met. The centered stamper is then pressed into the photohardenable surface by a mechanical or hydraulic press for the required duration. The photohardenable layer may be exposed to actinic radiation as in FIG. 2D while pressure is applied or the laminate/stamper composite may be removed and placed in a conventional radiation source. After photohardening is complete to the extent that the information relief is fixed in place, the stamper may be removed from the composite to give a laminate photohardened structure having an embossed surface containing the relief as in FIG. 2E. If further curing is required to completely harden the layer any convenient means may be used, e.g., further actinic exposure, heat treatment, electron beam, etc.
E. Photohardenable Layer Application
The photohardenable layer may be applied to the substrate as a preformed solid dry film or as a liquid solution. When the layer is applied as a liquid solution, conventional coating methods may be used such as spin coating, curtain coating, extrusion and the like. It is, however, preferred to apply the photohardenable layer as a preformed solid dry film by lamination.
The photohardenable layer can be laminated to the surface of the substrate using any conventional laminating system. Suitable systems for applying a dry film to a substrate include hot roll laminators or laminators with a heated platen or shoe as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,469,982; U.S. Pat. No. 3,547,730; U.S. Pat. No. 3,649,268 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,436 each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Useful laminating systems wherein a liquid is used to enhance adhesion include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,629,036; U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,076; U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,394 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,264 each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Particularly useful are commercial hot roll laminators, e.g., Du Pont Cromalin� Laminator and Du Pont Riston� Hot Roll Laminator and Laminator, Model 100.
In the laminating step of this invention the protective cover sheet or interleaf, if present, is first removed from the photohardenable layer and the layer is applied to the surface of the substrate under pressure and typically with heat so that interfacial air is removed and void free adhesion between the substrate and the layer is effected. Preferably a hot roll laminator is used to effect such void free adhesion.
In those instances where a preformed substrate is used, e.g., a blank disc, a carrier sheet may be used to carry each preformed substrate or an array of substrates into and through the nip of the laminator to prevent contamination of the rear surface of each substrate. Ordinary paper sheets or webs are suitable as a carrier sheet provided they are lint free and likewise free of contaminants. A suitable carrier sheet is Cromalin� Masterproof Commercial Receptor, Du Pont product CM/CR or other like material. Also in those instances where preformed substrates are used excess areas of the photohardenable element are cut from the edges of the laminated substrate, e.g., from the edges and hole of a laminated preformed disc. In those instances where the adhesive/cohesive forces are carefully balanced, trimming of excess photohardenable material from the laminate may be effected by peeling the support sheet therefrom with excess material adhering thereto.
F. Element Configuration
As illustrated previously the shape of the element may be formed before the process of this invention by conventional molding, stamping or cutting processes or the shape may be formed by cutting or stamping the element from the sheet array. However the element can be removed from the sheet array in the same manner, once the relief has been embossed in the element area of the sheet. In this instance, each embossed element would be further processed as an individual piece. Similarly, the shape of the element may be formed between any of the intervening steps of the process.
Although the shape of the element may be formed with its final lateral dimensions as indicated above, one or more trimming steps may be introduced to form final dimensions from an outsized blank.
The advantageous properties of the lamination and embossing process of this invention can be observed by reference to the drawings and to the examples which follow.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the Drawing, a preformed blank disc substrate 10 on a carrier sheet is introduced into the nip of a roll laminator 118 along with a sheet or web of a dry photohardenable film element 12 whereby the photohardenable layer 14 is laminated to the flat surface of the blank disc using heat and/or pressure as in FIG. 2a. After trimming extraneous photohardenable film 12 from the edges of the disc 10, the temporary support film 16 of the photohardenable element 12 is removed as in FIG. 2b. An embossing die or stamper 20 is positioned in registry with the trimmed laminated element and then pressed into the surface of the photohardenable layer 14 as in FIG. 2c using pressure means 121 to form an embossed surface 22.
Before the stamper 20 is removed from the embossed surface 22, the photohardenable layer 14 is photohardened as in FIG. 2d by exposure to actinic radiation passing through the disc substrate 10 from a radiation source 123. Any source of actinic radiation can be used to expose and cure the layer provided the source is matched to the photohardenable system being used. Photopolymerizable and photocrosslinkable systems typically are sensitive to radiation in the near ultraviolet light range and into the visible portion of the spectrum. The primary requirement of the actinic radiation/photohardenable system is that the radiation used be capable of initiating hardening in the system and that residual initiators in the photohardened layer do not adversely interfere with optical characteristics of the element. Encompassed in the process of this invention are ultraviolet and visible radiation, particularly in the near ultraviolet region. The source of actinic radiation may be any of a number of commercially available systems, e.g., Douthitt VIOLUX metal halide light system, Olec OLITE halide printing light, and the like, or may be a dedicated system manufactured from conventional components.
After photohardening or curing is complete, the stamper 20 is removed from the embossed surface 22 to produce an embossed disc as in FIG. 2e having a high aspect ratio relief hologram.
The high aspect ratio of the holograms made by the method of the invention can be seen in FIG. 2f, which is an enlarged view of Area A of the element cross section shown in FIG. 2e.
Referring to FIG. 2f, the aspect ratio of the relief image is the ratio of the height of the groove/peak, H, to its width, W. In this context, a high aspect ratio is considered to be at least 3:1. In a preferred aspect of the invention, an aspect ratio of 10:1 or higher can be achieved with faithful reproduction of the holographic relief.
Turning now to FIG. 3 of the Drawing, an alternative embodiment of the process of this invention is depicted wherein a single blank sheet is used to prepare several elements. In this embodiment, a blank sheet substrate 10 is introduced into the nip of a roll laminator 118 along with a sheet or web of a dry photohardenable film element 12 wherein the photohardenable layer 14 is laminated and adhered to the top surface of the blank sheet substrate 10. After lamination, the temporary support film 16 of the photohardenable element 12 is removed. An embossing die or stamper 20 is positioned in register over a portion of the laminated sheet with a light source 123 positioned thereunder. The stamper 20 is then pressed into the surface of the photohardenable layer 14 to form an embossed surface followed immediately by exposure to actinic radiation to photoharden or cure the layer 14 before the stamper 20 is removed. After exposure, the stamper 20 is removed and along with the radiation source 123 moves to another portion of the laminated sheet whereupon the embossing and exposure steps are repeated. This step-embossing/exposure procedure may be used repeatedly to form disc information reliefs on the remaining portions of the laminated sheet. Alternatively, an array of stampers 20 may be used in conjunction with a suitable radiation source(s) 123 simultaneously to form disc information reliefs in a number of portions of the photohardenable layer 14 of the sheet laminate. The array may cover the entire useable portion of the sheet substrate or may be a linear array across the width of the sheet which is then stepped along the length of the sheet laminate. Either before application of the protective layer or preferably after, each element is cut or punched from the array in registry with the information relief by means of an appropriate punch or cutter (not depicted). While this invention has been described with respect to the manufacture of disc-shaped elements, it can also be used for other configurations such as cards, webs, tapes, drums or other such shapes.
This example illustrates the preparation of a holographic optical element for use in an optical scanner using preformed substrates as shown in FIG. 1 of the Drawing.
The substrate, which serves as a mechanical support, is a 1.2 mm thick, 120 mm diameter injection/compression-molded poly (methal methacrylate) disc with a 15 mm cylindrical center hole.
The embossable layer is applied to the substrate in the form of a dry film by hot roll lamination. A dry film photopolymer element is prepared by machine coating a methylene chloride solution, the photopolymerizable composition described below onto 12.7 micron (0.0005 inch) polyethylene terephthalate film; a 25.4 micron (0.001 inch) polyethylene film is used as a temporary interleaf. The dried photopolymerizable layer is 25.4 micrometers thick.
The composition of the dry film photopolymer element is as follows:
Brij� 30: Polyoxyethylene (4)lauryl ether Brij� is a registered trademark of ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.
Cyasorb� UV-24: (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(2-hydroxyphenyl) methanone; CAS 131-53-3 Cyasorb� is a registered trademark of American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, N.J.
Tinopal� PCR 2-(Stibyl-4")-(naphto-1',2'4,5)-1,2,3-triazol-2"-sulfonic acid phenyl ester; Benzenesulfonic acid, 5-(2H-naphtho<1,2-D>-trizole-2-ly)-2-(2-phenylethyl)-, phenyl ester; CAS 6994-51-0; Tinopal� is a registered trademark of Ciba Geigy Corporation, Howthorne, N.Y.
Tinopal� SFG 3-Phenyl-7-[2'-(4'-N,N-Diethylamino-6-chloro-1',3',5'-triazinylaminol-coumarin; Ciba-Geigy
TMPTMA: Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol trimethacrylate; CAS 3290-92-4
TEOTA: Triacrylate ester of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane
o-Cl-HABI: 1,1'-Biimidazole, 2,2'-bis [o-chloro-phenyl]-4,4',5,5'-tetraphenyl-; CAS 1707-68-2
Elvacite� 2051; Poly(methyl methacrylate); MW=350,000 Evlacite� is a registered trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del.
Vinac� B-15 Poly(vinyl acetate); M.W. 90,000; CAS 9003-20-7; Vinac� is a registered trademark of Air Products and Chemicals Corp., Allentown, Pa.
TAOBN: 1,4,4-Trimethyl-2,3-diazobicyclo-(3.2.2)-non-2-ene-2,3-dioxide.
______________________________________INGREDIENT AMOUNT (g)______________________________________Elvacite � 2051 32.40Vinac � B-15 12.64TMPTMA 35.55TEOTA 7.90o-Cl-HABI 1.582-Mercapto benzoxazole 0.71Tinopal � PCR 0.20Tinopal � SFG 0.99Cyasorb � UV-24 0.08Brij � 30 7.90Hydroquinone 0.05TAOBN 0.03______________________________________
To support the disc during lamination, it is placed on a temporary carrier sheet of commercial color proofing receptor (Cromalin� Masterproof Commercial Receptor, Product No. CM/CR, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Wilmington, Del.). The dry film is laminated to the substrate using a Cromalin� laminator (Du Pont, Wilmington, Del.) operating at a roll surface temperature of 115�-124� C. Lamination covers the disc surface uniformly and seals it around the edges to the carrier sheet; the disc is cut out with a razor blade and the laminated film cut away from the center hole.
Holographic relief information is transferred to the laminated disc by embossing the dry film layer with a nickel stamper carrying a surface relief corresponding to the holographic optical clement. Holographic diffraction peaks/grooves on the stamper are approximately 0.1 to 3.5 microns and have an aspect ratio of about 20:1 (Aspect ratio is the ratio of the height of the peak/groove to its width.) The polyester cover sheet is removed from the laminated disc. To center the stamper, a centering pin is first inserted into the disc center hole. The stamper is then concentrically fitted to the disc using the same pin. A sandwich is made by pressing the stamper onto the information layer with pressure rolls. The tackiness of the layer holds the stamper in place and the centering pin is removed. The sandwich is then placed between polycarbonate shims to protect the sandwich from the press platens. The sandwich is loaded at room temperature into a 70,000 lb. capacity hydraulic platen press with 12�12 inch die space, 5 inch diameter ram and manual lever action (Pasadena Hydraulics, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.). The load is quickly increased to 40,000 lb., corresponding to a pressure of 2,282 lb./in.2 based on a 17.5 sq. in. sandwich area. The load is released after 15 seconds dwell time and the shimmed sandwich is removed from the press. The shims are then removed from the sandwich.
The embossed information layer is then firmly bonded to the substrate and the embossing made permanent by ultraviolet radiation exposure. The stamper-substrate sandwich, with the transparent substrate facing the light source, is placed approximately 50.8 cm (20 in.) from the source in a high intensity ultraviolet exposure unit (5 kill OLITE� Printing Light, Model AL53-M, Olec Corp., Irvine, Calif.). After a 15-s exposure, the stamper is removed by flexing the assembly slightly. The embossed disc is conditioned for 2 minutes in an argon atmosphere and again exposed 15 seconds in the ultraviolet exposure unit. The embossed surface is inspected with a microscope. It is clear that stamper information has been transferred to the photopolymer layer with good fidelity.
The cured embossed disc contains all the required relief information to be used as the optical scanning element and is used successfully in a scanner system as disclosed in European Patent Application 86308641.9.
This example illustrates the preparation of a holographic optical element with an air-gap protective cover.
A disc holographic optical element for use in a scanner system is prepared as described in Example 1. To the cured embossed surface of the disc 0.25 inch wide, adhesive, annular spacers are applied to the inner and outer edges of the disc. An identical, second, poly(methyl methacrylate) disc substrate is then applied in register to the annular adhesive spacers to form an air-gap between the embossed optical element and the sealed protective layer.
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|Desimone Joseph M
|Functional Materials and Novel Methods for the Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices
|Jun 26, 2006
|Dec 27, 2007
|Bin Wang
|Projection display with a cube wire-grid polarizing beam splitter
|Jun 26, 2006
|Dec 27, 2007
|Bin Wang
|Cube wire-grid polarizing beam splitter
|Aug 31, 2006
|Mar 6, 2008
|Perkins Raymond T
|Projection Display with an Inorganic, Dielectric Grid Polarizer
|Aug 31, 2006
|Mar 6, 2008
|Perkins Raymond T
|Optical Data Storage System with an Inorganic, Dielectric Grid Polarizer
|Aug 31, 2006
|Mar 6, 2008
|Perkins Raymond T
|Light Recycling System with an Inorganic, Dielectric Grid Polarizer
|Aug 31, 2006
|Mar 6, 2008
|Perkins Raymond T
|Optical Polarization Beam Combiner/Splitter with an Inorganic, Dielectric Grid Polarizer
|Jun 22, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|Eric Gardner
|Durable, Inorganic, Absorptive, Ultra-Violet, Grid Polarizer
|Jan 3, 2007
|Jul 3, 2008
|Physical Optics Corporation
|Roll-to-roll method and system for micro-replication of a pattern of large relief three-dimensional microstructures
|Jul 17, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Rothrock Ginger D
|Nanoparticle fabrication methods, systems, and materials
|Apr 16, 2008
|Oct 23, 2008
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Light transmissive stamper, production method thereof, and production method of multilayer optical recording medium
|Dec 15, 2006
|Oct 30, 2008
|Perkins Raymond T
|Polarization device to polarize and further control light
|Jun 22, 2007
|Nov 13, 2008
|Perkins Raymond T
|Selectively Absorptive Wire-Grid Polarizer
|May 17, 2007
|Nov 20, 2008
|Hansen Douglas P
|Projection Device with a Folded Optical Path and Wire-Grid Polarizer
|Jun 22, 2007
|Dec 25, 2008
|Bin Wang
|Reflection-Repressed Wire-Grid Polarizer
|Feb 3, 2006
|Jan 29, 2009
|Samulski Edward T
|Low Surface Energy Polymeric Material for Use in Liquid Crystal Displays
|Dec 20, 2004
|Jan 29, 2009
|University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill
|Methods for Fabrication Isolated Micro-and Nano-Structures Using Soft or Imprint Lithography
|Jul 6, 2007
|Mar 5, 2009
|Desimone Joseph M
|Methods for fabricating isolated micro- and nano- structures using soft or imprint lithography
|Feb 4, 2009
|Jun 11, 2009
|R Tape Corporation
|Process for making shrink films with embossed optical or holographic devices
|Jul 6, 2007
|Jul 2, 2009
|Desimone Joseph M
|Photocurable perfluoropolyethers for use as novel materials in microfluidic devices
|Mar 9, 2009
|Jul 2, 2009
|Perkins Raymond T
|Multilayer wire-grid polarizer with off-set wire-grid and dielectric grid
|Aug 8, 2006
|Dec 10, 2009
|Desimone Joseph M
|Micro and Nano-Structure Metrology
|Feb 4, 2005
|Feb 25, 2010
|Jun-Bo Yoon
|Polymer pattern and metal film pattern, metal pattern, plastic mold using thereof, and method of the forming the same
|Jul 22, 2009
|Apr 29, 2010
|Mark Alan Davis
|Segmented film deposition
|Mar 24, 2008
|Jun 17, 2010
|Desimone Joseph M
|Discrete size and shape specific organic nanoparticles designed to elicit an immune response
|Apr 11, 2006
|Jun 17, 2010
|Ovd Kinegram Ag
|Transfer film
|Nov 10, 2008
|Dec 16, 2010
|Gates Brian J
|Methods for forming sheeting with a composite image that floats and a master tooling
|Sep 10, 2010
|Dec 30, 2010
|Perkins Raymond T
|Multilayer wire-grid polarizer with off-set wire-grid and dielectric grid
|Nov 25, 2009
|May 26, 2011
|Inphase Technologies, Inc.
|Holographic recording medium with control of photopolymerization and dark reactions
|Nov 8, 2010
|Oct 27, 2011
|Lasercard Corporation
|Optically writable holographic media
|Apr 9, 2013
|Aug 29, 2013
|Fujifilm Corporation
|Functional film
|Apr 10, 2014
|Oct 16, 2014
|Airbus Operations (Sas)
|Device and method for applying a micostructured coating to a substrate using a prepolymerized resin tape
|Apr 11, 2011
|Apr 3, 2013
|Optically writable holographic media
|Oct 22, 1999
|May 10, 2000
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Process and apparatus for forming plastic sheet
|Oct 22, 1999
|Feb 20, 2002
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Process and apparatus for forming plastic sheet
|May 29, 2001
|Dec 12, 2001
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Holographic storage medium having enhanced temperature operating range and method of manufacturing the same
|May 29, 2001
|Jan 2, 2003
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Holographic storage medium having enhanced temperature operating range and method of manufacturing the same
|Dec 5, 2007
|Aug 19, 2009
|Byd Company Limited
|Method for forming an embossed holographic pattern
|Dec 5, 2007
|Nov 17, 2010
|Byd Co Ltd
|Method for forming an embossed holographic pattern
|Nov 30, 1995
|Jun 6, 1996
|Honeywell Inc.
|Method for making surface relief profilers
|May 16, 1997
|Nov 20, 1997
|Datacard Corporation
|Curable topcoat composition and methods for use
|Jun 14, 2000
|Dec 21, 2000
|Steag Hamatech Ag
|Device and method for producing a data carrier
|Mar 18, 2002
|Sep 26, 2002
|Imation Corp.
|Thermoplastic substrates for holographic data storage media
|Mar 18, 2002
|Oct 16, 2003
|Imation Corp
|Thermoplastic substrates for holographic data storage media
|May 11, 2010
|Dec 2, 2010
|Watermarx Technology Pty Limited
|Fabrication of photopolymer dies
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 30, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 28, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 21, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Board and Committees
Management Board
The ACJV Management Board is comprised of representatives from the organizations that form the joint venture partnership. Their purpose is to provide overall leadership, guidance, resources and support to the joint venture partnership for the planning and delivery of bird habitat conservation in the joint venture area. Each member is responsible for ensuring that their member organization contributes to the overall goals of the ACJV.
Integrated Bird Conservation Steering Committee
The purpose of the Integrated Bird Conservation (IBC) Steering Committee is to coordinate and monitor activities of the Game Bird and Nongame Bird Technical Committees, including facilitating progress on committee action items, evaluating and discussing emerging conservation issues as appropriate for the respective technical committee and preparing agenda items for the technical committee meetings. In addition, the steering committee will ensure that the technical committees adequately address any action items identified by the ACJV Management Board. The IBC Steering Committee is composed of the chair and vice-chair of the Game Bird and Nongame Bird Technical Committees and the ACJV Coordinator. The specific goals, benefits and responsibilities of the Integrated Bird Conservation Steering Committee are discussed in Appendix IV of the ACJV Strategic Plan.
Game Bird Technical Committee
The ACJV Game Bird Technical Committee comprises staff members of joint venture member agencies and organizations appointed by their respective management board members and representatives of migratory game bird initiatives relevant to the ACJV area. ACJV staff serve as ex-officio members of this committee. The purpose of the ACJV Game Bird Technical Committee is to provide input, guidance and assistance on waterfowl and other game bird conservation in the joint venture based on the best available information to the management board and staff. This committee is responsible for the technical aspects of the planning and delivery of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan and other game bird plans in the joint venture area. Although the technical committee is focused primarily on waterfowl and other game bird science and delivery of conservation to benefit game birds, it is also aware of the efforts of the other bird conservation initiatives in order to make better informed decisions in delivering bird habitat conservation actions. The game bird technical committee will coordinate activities with the ACJV Nongame Bird Technical Committee, the Black Duck Joint Venture Technical Committee, and the Atlantic Flyway Migratory Game Bird Technical Section. This committee shall appoint standing and ad hoc subcommittees as needed to accomplish its objectives.
Nongame Bird Technical Committee
The ACJV Nongame Bird Technical Committee comprises staff members of joint venture member agencies and organizations appointed by their respective management board members and other representatives of the major continental, national and regional bird conservation initiatives in the joint venture area as appropriate. ACJV staff serve as ex-officio members of this committee. The Nongame Technical Committee recognizes and builds upon the existing infrastructure and responsibilities of continental and national bird initiatives including Partners in Flight, U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan and Waterbird Conservation for the Americas. The purpose of the Nongame Bird Technical Committee is to provide guidance on integrating biological planning, conservation design, conservation delivery and evaluation among the major nongame bird conservation initiatives operating within the joint venture area and to compile and provide priority actions for consideration by the ACJV member agencies and organizations. The game bird technical committee will coordinate activities with the ACJV Game Bird Technical Committee and the Atlantic Flyway Migratory Nongame Bird Technical Section. This committee shall appoint standing and ad hoc subcommittees as needed to accomplish its objectives.
Communication Technical Committee
The Communication Technical Committee was formed in 2014 to coordinate on flyway wide issues and to distribute messages and products about the ACJV and contributing partners through our individual networks. This technical committee is composed of communication and/or outreach specialists identified by each member of the management board and lead by the ACJV Outreach Coordinator.
Joint Venture Staff
The ACJV staff are employees of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and coordinate the day to day activities of the joint venture partnership related to the biological foundation, conservation coordination and delivery and communication and outreach. The ACJV Coordinator has overall responsibility for achieving the goals of the joint venture, hiring and supervising joint venture staff, managing the budget, maintaining contacts with the joint venture management board and technical committees, seeking additional funding, and ensuring compliance with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service policies. The Assistant Joint Venture and/or BCR coordinators are responsible for compiling the results of biological planning, maintaining partnerships, and coordinating the delivery of habitat conservation within specific regions of the joint venture (See map for these regions). The ACJV Science Coordinator has overall responsibility for the biological foundation of the joint venture including biological planning, conservation design, research, evaluation and information management. The ACJV GIS Analyst is responsible for developing and maintaining a GIS database for the ACJV. (This position is filled initially through an intra-agency agreement with USGS). The ACJV Communications/Outreach Coordinator coordinates all aspects of outreach and communications for the joint venture including accomplishment tracking and reporting, Web site development and maintenance, congressional outreach planning and developing specific outreach products for specific audiences, including Congress.
Contact the ACJV staff members.
BCR Steering Committees
There are eight Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) partially or wholly within the joint venture boundary. In each of these BCRs, the ACJV is or will be leading, supporting or facilitating integrated bird conservation planning by hosting workshops, writing conservation plans, developing GIS and other conservation tools and facilitating project development. In each of the BCRs where there are active planning efforts underway, a steering committee made up of a representative from each of the states in the BCR and other key partners is guiding this effort. These BCR steering committees provide guidance on developing and implementing bird conservation plans for the BCR.
View the eight BCR regions in the ACJV
State Working Groups
In some states within the ACJV, there are working groups of partners that have come together to plan and implement projects based on priorities in the bird conservation plans at the state level or the portion of a state within a BCR. These working groups can effectively step down regional goals to the state level and prioritize conservation actions within their states. Several states have recently formed bird conservation working groups to help compile information for the bird portion of the state Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy in their state. The joint venture supports and facilitates the formation of working groups in each state or commonwealth.
Focus Area Working Groups
In some ACJV focus areas or regions, there are working groups of partners that have come together to achieve the goals for that focus area or focus region. Examples include the Great Bay Resource Protection Partnership in New Hampshire, South Carolina Coastal Task Forces, St. Lawrence Valley Working Group in New York, Delaware Bay Partnership (New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware) and Chesapeake Bay Waterfowl Working Group (Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and West Virginia). These partnerships can be particularly effective at pooling funds, resources and match to apply for grants. The Atlantic Coast Joint Venture supports the formation of these local partnerships and may be able to provide seed funds to assist in their development or coordination.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Everyone in Juneau is trying to find ways to reduce their energy costs. A catastrophic avalanche took out over a mile and a half of power line from our hydroelectric plant and cut off Alaska's capital city. Everything is operating on huge generators. It's estimated to take 100,000 gallons of diesel every day to keep… Continue Reading


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Each of our classrooms has a set maximum enrollment determined by the licensing guidelines for the particular age group and room size. Escuela Viva is a year round program, with a September start for most children new to our program. Occasional mid-year openings are filled as they become available. Changes in attendance during the academic year can only be made on a space available basis.
We are always accepting wait-list applications. January through April we focus on filling all of our classrooms for the coming fall, though anyone is welcome to join the wait-list at any time on the off chance we have a mid-year opening. It is never too soon to get on the waitlist and once you have paid the $50, your waitlist application is good until your child is placed, ages out or you asked to be removed.
Visit our calendar page to select an Open Tour date.
Open Tours give you and your family an opportunity to visit the school, hear more about our program and ask questions. We HIGHLY encourage that you attend a tour as one of your first steps to the enrollment process (See more about about tours below).
Complete a wait-list application, click on "Get Started" button and you will be able to complete the application online.
Pay online when creating application or send a $50 processing fee (non-refundable) per wait-list application to:
Escuela Viva
Wait-list Application
1111 SE Pine St
Portland Oregon 97214
Once you have completed your wait-list application and we have received your wait-list processing fee you can expect the following:
- An auto-response email will be sent to you from our waitlist program once your wait-list application fee is received (please check your spam or other folders for this email and contact us if not found).
- Once we have an available spot for your child you will receive an email/phone call.
- If you are decided on reserving the spot for your child, we will ask for a non-refundable last month's deposit.
- Once the deposit is turned in, we will send you a Welcome email with information about playdates (2, 2-hour long visits with a parent/guardian), start date and your child's schedule.
Spots are reserved on a first come first serve basis with a deposit of one months tuition. The deposit goes towards your last month with Escuela Viva when proper notice is given (2 months advance notice).
Look at our calendar page to see when our next open tour is scheduled. You can also visit our parent page for more information on policy and practices in our parent handbook. Enrollment paperwork is also found there.
Please let us know if you will be attending: email@example.com. When you email that you will be attending please leave your name and contact information in the unlikely event that we need to reschedule the tour.
Attending an open tour without your child is truly in your child's best interest. Your child will want to freely explore and you will want to listen and ask questions. Children require more supervision than you will be able to give during an open house (and be able to walk away with the information you seek). It is also important that open tour attendees to honor the current classroom communities, their materials and any work they may have in progress and this can be difficult to manage with curious children in tow.
Open Tours are a great way to learn more about our program. We do not typically offer individual tours to families as this can be a disruption for our current children and their classroom experience.
Any questions can be directed to the Administrative Team:
email@example.com or the Director at firstname.lastname@example.com
Open Tours are held regularly (see Calendar).
On-line wait-list form (click here).
New student tuition
Development is a very dynamic process. A child comes into the world fully equipped to learn all that they will learn in their life-time. Providing a loving and nurturing environment that takes into account all of their needs is also a dynamic process. Caregivers must be attuned to the ever-changing needs of the children in their care. The quality of the care your child will receive is dependent upon this! Our tuition rates are based upon the staffing required to provide the highest quality of care throughout your child's tenure at Escuela Viva. Our classrooms have lower ratios of teachers to students, that is reflected in the tuition rates. We are also proud to say that we are a QRIS STAR 5 Program! Click here to find out more about what that means.
As we are an early childhood program providing the highest of quality care designed to support your child's development, staff require regular planning time as well as time to plan their own vacations. Our center is closed 3 weeks out of the year, with a handful of teacher planning days (in-service days), 4 days for parent teacher conferences and holiday closures. These closures allow teachers the necessary time to plan vacations and planning/preparation days while creating the least amount of staffing disruptions. We are sensitive to parents need for child care, as such we will have created a forum on our blog so that parents can plan child-care swaps during these closures.
- All tuition is based on a 49 week school year.
- All tuition is due in equal amounts regardless of your child's attendance.
For Tuition Rates 2015-2016 school year (click here)
For Tuition Rates for 2016-2017 school year (click here)
For Tuition Rates for 2017-2018 school year (click here)
*new rates go into effect in July for new families and September for continuing families.
Please note: Tuition is calculated into 12 equal amounts taking into account our closures.
Living Wages Campaign: Over the next 3 years, we will be increasing staff wages, with the goal of $15.00 an hour as our minimum wage. In order to reach our goal we will be raising tuition over the next three years. Traditionally we have raised tuition 5% a year to cover cost of living raises, rises in rent, etc. Beginning 2015-2016 we will be raising tuition 8% annually over a three year period to achieve this very necessary goal of providing living wages to our staff. In turn, we will be raising salaries accordingly, by 1/3 until January 2018.
Our tuition has traditionally been lower than the rates found at schools offering a comparable level of education, quality care, food and nutrition, awareness and environment. We have found that these three years of increases will put our tuition rates at a level comparable to similar preschools in the Portland area. For more information on our living wages campaign, please read the Living Wages Blog Post.
Option 1: Monday thur Friday
Option 2: Tuesday & Thursday
Option 3: Monday, Wednesday & Friday
Half days (8am-12:30pm)
Full days (8am-5pm)
We do offer limited 7:30am – 4:30pm or 8:30am – 5:30pm check-in / check-out times. Please inquire with someone from the administrative team about availability of these two alternative schedules.
There are occasions when we are able to accommodate schedules that deviate from our regular schedules ONLY when another family's irregular schedule allows us to fill a full regular schedule of Monday-Friday. In the event that we are able to accommodate such an irregular schedule BOTH families are committing to one full year, September-September or Summer-Summer. Once granted an irregular schedule there is NO guarantee that this irregular schedule will be accommodated from year to year. As always, we work very hard to meet the needs of families, when at all possible.


text:
Welcome to Tilley's Favorite.
Tilley's Favorite has a wide selection of all natural preservative free dog biscuits, antlers and chews. You'll be able to find just the treat or chew for your dog, no matter their size.
All of our biscuits are handmade, straight from our Virginia kitchen! We use only wholesome ingredients and absolutely no preservatives. Our biscuits are cured thoroughly to extend their shelf life up to 60 days.
We recommend freezing for longer storage or for a special cool summertime snack!
The biscuits are all hand-cut to about 1-¼″ square, so they are perfect size for any pooch. Our biscuits are cured hard on purpose, so if your friend has bad teeth, try wrapping a biscuit in a damp paper towel and put it in the microwave for a few seconds. That will moisten the cookie and really get those flavors flowing! Each biscuit is about 10 calories and loaded with fiber, so be careful with your little yappers! We don't like chubby pups!
Got a big chewer at home? Dogs have a natural instinct to chew. Our goal is to provide safe chews for all dogs, young, old, big, or small. We have the perfect solution for every dog! Antlers have more calcium and are denser than normal bones, making them much tougher and less likely to shatter or splinter. We carry a large variety of Elk, Moose, Mule Deer, and Caribou antlers, in sizes small enough for your Chihuahua or big enough for your Mastiff to have a hard time wrapping his jaws around! Most of our antlers have exposed marrow, so your dog will forget you even exist while he's gnawing away at it!
When your pup wants a chew, look no further than our selection of chews. For very active chewers pick our Stuffed Cow Hooves Chews. Sweet Potato Chews will satisfy any dog of any size, but are perfect for smaller dogs or those with delicate tummies. Ugli Stix are perfect to keep small dogs busy for a few minutes or a substantial snack for larger breeds.
Here at Tilley's Favorite we truly care about all dogs.
Choose Tilley's Favorite, if you care what you put in your pup!


text:
The Green Earth G-Foam Blaster Concentrate for G-Clean Foamer Pressure Washer Nozzles is designed for use with the G-Clean Foamer nozzle. It delivers thick and deep-cleaning foam for tough cleaning jobs.
- Provides thick and deep-cleaning foam
- For use with the G-Clean Foamer nozzle
- Made with non-hazardous components
- Completely harmless to plants and animals


text:
A match made across the miles: Nnenna Chime & Ugonna Nwosu
Nnenna Chime, 28, is a graduate student. Ugonna Nwosu, 30, is a medical research coordinator. They live in Baltimore.
Wedding date: Feb. 13.
Location: The Cottage in Baltimore for the ceremony; the Villa in Beltsville for the reception.
Guests: 60.
How they met: In August 2008, Nnenna had graduated from medical school in Nigeria and wanted to attend Johns Hopkins University. Hoping to get advice on the application process, she looked through her school's alumni network and found Ugonna, who was working toward a master's at Johns Hopkins. After Nnenna sent him an e-mail, they became Facebook friends and talked every day.
First date: They met in London for a two-week vacation in January 2009. "There were no surprises" during this initial meeting, Nnenna says. Everything was just as comfortable as when they talked online or on the phone. They chatted for hours, got lost in the city and took lots of photos.
The proposal: Nnenna moved to Baltimore for school in July 2009, and Ugonna, who had graduated, stayed in the city to work. While they were having a conversation at Ugonna's apartment in early September, Ugonna casually asked whether Nnenna would marry him. He didn't have a ring, so Nnenna said that he wasn't serious and that he should ask her again when he had one. By the middle of the month, he had the ring. He went to Nnenna's campus housing and gave her the ring box without saying anything. She teasingly gave it back. Then he got down on one knee and asked the proper way, Nnenna says.
The wedding: Some family members from Nigeria came for the ceremony, and they incorporated the traditional breaking of a kola nut into the event. In the tribal ritual, which is reserved for special events, the oldest person present breaks the nut and says a prayer to wish the couple a happy marriage.
Honeymoon: A future trip to Florida or the Caribbean.
-- Kathleen Hom


text:
Here at Dubai Watch Live 1st T20 Between Pakistan vs West Indies. The team will next face to face West Indies tour of England after completing the series on UAE soil Pak vs WI 1st T20. 3 Tests, ODIs and 3 have launched a series of 3 ODI matches will be held today at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium when the matches start at 9 pm The match in time.
Pak vs WI 1st T20 Live Match Ptv Sports
Both the issue of teams injury is taken in the round, Guest West Indies explosive batsmen Chris Gayle, Lendl Simmons, and not Andrei rslz services that were tall pacer Mohammad Irfan and Roman nobles ruled the national team will not become part of the team. National Cricket team will show leadership in the first series after the acquisition of captain Ahmed captain before he had proved that its own currency in the ODI against England. Such is the situation with West Indies captain Carlos breathe heavyweight who was recently appointed to lead.
Pakistan Squad 1st T20:
Green Shirts squad captain Ahmed, Asif Khan, Khalid Latif, Umar Akmal, Shoaib Malik, babraazm, Mohammad Rizwan, Imad Wasim, Hasan Ali, Mohammad Amir, Wahab Riaz, Sohail Tanvir, Mohammad Nawaz, of Saad Nasim and romantic princ.
West Indies Squad:
when the leaders of the West Indies Carlos breathe will weight that Evan Lewis, Johnson Charles, Marilyn symulz, Andre Fletcher, Kieron Pollard, Dwayne Bravo, Jerome Taylor, Samuel Badri, Sunil Narine, rumen Powell, Nicholas porn, Jason puldr, kysrk William Walton and cyduk get services.


text:
malaysian mining company profile
malaysian mining company profile
malaysia mining gold company with website « coal russian. A profile of Gold Mining in Malaysia with directories of companies, people, industry sectors, projects, facilities, news and events.According to tests conducted by Canada-based mining company OlympusRead More
Iron Ore Mining,Exporter And Supplier : Aras Kuasa
Aras Kuasa is a Malaysia based supplier and exporter of iron ore, manganese ore, bauxite mining and production.Read More
About Us : About Us : MMC Corporation Berhad
MMC Corporation Berhad is an investment holding company with interests in Transport & Logistics, Energy & Utilities and Engineering & ConstructionRead More
Santos,About Santos,Company Profile
Company Profile An Australian energy pioneer since 1954, Santos is one of the leading independent oil and gas producers in the Asia-Pacific region, supplying the energy needs of homes, businesses and major industries across Australia and Asia.Read More
Company profile,LinkedIn
Create a LinkedIn Company Page to raise brand awareness, promote career opportunities, and connect with your target audience on LinkedIn.Read More
FORTUNE APPRAISAL SDN BHD,coal, mining
FORTUNE APPRAISAL SDN BHD, Experts in Manufacturing and Exporting coal, mining and 1 more Products. A Supplier on Alibaba.com.Read More
Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB)
MRCB is committed to engage and value our relationships with the communities we serve, as well as with our customers, investors, employees and suppliers.Read More
Malaysia Company Profile,Experian
MALAYSIA COMPANY PROFILE (SAMPLE) Entity Number: 123456-T Entity Name: ABC SDN. BHD. Registered Office Address: 1, 5TH FLOOR, THE BOULEVARD, MID VALLEY CITY, LINGKARANRead More
Mining in Malaysia,Overview,MBendi.com
A profile of Mining in Malaysia with directories of companies, people, industry sectors, projects, facilities, news and events.Read More
Mmc Corporation Berhad (Malaysia),EMIS,Company Data ...
Explore free company information from Malaysia, provided by EMIS. View key emerging market stats, including M&A data, financial statements and moreRead More
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malaysian mining company profile. Kao Malaysia Company Profile Company Outline. Kao Malaysias Mission Statement. Kao Malaysia closely follows Kao worldwide mission, that is, to strive for the .Read More
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Malaysia Mining Companies, Malaysia Mining Companies Suppliers and Manufacturers Directory,Source a Large Selection of Mining Companies Products at Iron Ore, Crusher from Malaysia Alibaba.comRead More
Company Profile,About Chevron,Chevron
Chevron Corporation ranks among the worlds largest and most competitive global energy companies engaged in exploration and production. Read our company profile.Read More
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malaysian mining company profile ,CGM Project Case . Mining in Malaysia,Overview,MBendi.com,the A profile of Mining in Malaysia with directories of .Read More
Lynas Corporation,Home
Lynas Corporation Ltd © 2006 -,Lynas Malaysia Sdn Bhd,PT17212, Jalan Gebeng 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Gebeng, 26080 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia,Phone: +60 9 582 5200,Fax: +60 9 582 5291,ACN 009 066 648 ...Read More
Malaysia Directory: Companies/Oil and Gas
Crest Petroleum Bhd is one of the largest local oil and gas well drilling and marine construction contractors in Malaysia. The Company is involved in the oil and gas ... petrochemical, chemical, industrial gases and power generation industries. The company is continuing the course ...Read More
BHP Billiton,Company profile & Corporate Social Responsibility
We are a leading global resources company. Our purpose is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources.Read More
MALAYSIA AIRPORTS HLDGS BHD (MAHB:Bursa Malaysia): Stock ...
Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad, an investment holding company, engages in the development, management, operation, and maintenance of airports primarily in Malaysia.Read More
Royal Gold,Home
Dividend paying royalty company engaging in the acquisition and management of precious metals interests.Read More
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Company Profiles,Forests Monitor
AOKAM PERDANA BHD (FORMERLY AOKAM TIN BHD) Aokam Perdana, a tin mining company, was launched into the timber business in August 1990, when Managing Director Teh Soon Seng (right) undertook a reverse take-over of the company by injecting timber processor Pembangunan Papan Lapis (Sabah) Sdn ...Read More
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text:
Quick Details
- Place of Origin: Guangdong, China (Mainland)
- Brand Name: Changsheng
- Model Number: GDZ125-5.5
- Application: Milling
- Maximum Torque: 1.85Nm
- Drive: Motor, Motor
- Operating Speed: 24000rpm/m
- Speed: 24000rpm
- Voltage(V): 220/380v
- Cooling: water cooling
- Power: 5.5kw
- Current: 10A
- Collect: ER25
- Dia: 125mm
- Lubrication: Grease
Packaging & Delivery
|Packaging Details
|cor upon customer's request .
5.5kw water-cooling ER25 spindle for wood working
Description :
This model 5.5kw water-cooling spindle for installation ER25 .and this electric spindle is applicable to drill milling processing.it use ceramic bearing,the bearing is precision.
Spindle type: GDZ120-5.5B
2. Power(kw):5.5 KW
6.Cool:cooled by water
8.repair time:bearing(half year),spindle(one year)
10. Bearing number:4
We can provide:
1.water cooling:300w,400w ,800w,1.5kw,2.2kw,3kw,4kw,4.5kw,5.5kw ,7.5kw
2.air cooling: 800w,1.5kw,2.2kw.3.5kw,4.5kw,6kw,7.5kw,12kw
3.ATC spindle: cooled by water: 1.5kw,2.2kw,5.5kw,7.5kw
4.cooled by air: 8kw,9kw (same HSD)
LApplication :
1.Wood working industry, such as wood door engraving and cutting, furniture producing.
2.Marble engraving inducstry, such as tombstone engraving, carved marble screens.
3.Advertising industry, such as acrylic, double color boards engraving.
4.Metal processing and so on.
Thank you for your visiting, and please send me email if you are interested in our products, we provide 24h service.


text:
Is this your business? Claim it today and take control of your Business Credit Rating.
|Company Number
|Phone Number
|0113 250 2811,01132500938
Ashdown Lodge Nursery was formed on the 29th June 1991 , and are based in West Yorkshire, Bradford. They are currently rated A and are considered to represent an unknown risk score. This information was last updated on the 28th October 2013.
No director or shareholder information was found for this business.


text:
I just completed a course entitled Social Software Literacy, which was offered online through Rutgers's School for Communication, Information and Library Studies. The course was inspired by the normal course of action when educating librarians (or anyone, really) on Web 2.0 tools: "here's a list of tools that are out there, how to use them, and this is why they may be good or bad in the library." It was a fun class to take, and ultimately rewarding especially due the blog writing that I did as a large part of the course requirements. The posts below, all categorized as Rutgers SCILS598, is the result of that blog. For more information on the course, you can peruse the wiki that served as our home base throughout the term.
Armed with that base of knowledge, I now want to delve a little deeper into the working of social media in a library context, and am being given that opportunity here on this new blog, as well as through other research-related work with colleagues at UBC, Dean Giustini and Allan Cho. So stay tuned.


text: After seeing the show us your badges thread in Cop Talk, thought it would be cool to see everyone's patches. Your current unit, past unit, or combat patch. Or all of the above. Here's mine. Unit patch is 1AD and combat patch is 1 MEF.


text:
"THE Catholic Church is an institution I am bound to hold divine — but for unbelievers a proof of its divinity might be found in the fact that no merely human institution conducted with such knavish imbecility would have lasted a fortnight."
~Hilaire Belloc
(Quoted by biographer Robert Speaight, in The Life of Hilaire Belloc.)
A place to appreciate the works of the renowned Roman Catholic, Anglo-French historian, essayist and poet.
Monday, October 5, 2015
"The Catholic Church"
Posted by Thomas Yonan at 1:15 AM
Labels: Catholic Church
4 comments:
That's a great quote, eh? I've mentioned it several times on my blog over the years.ReplyDelete
The circumstances that caused Belloc to utter it were very amusing as well.
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
"The circumstances that caused Belloc to utter it were very amusing as well."ReplyDelete
What were those circumstances?Replies
He was meeting with a group of fellow writers who were having a grand time mocking the Church in his presence, some good-naturedly, some venemously. He sat patiently for awhile listening to this until he finally rose up in that majestic manner of his and said those words.Delete
I'll bet not a few jaws dropped when he said it.
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