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A History of Human Culture
The human is by nature (instinct) a social animal. He has been shaped by evolution over a 4 million year period to live in small tribes. With the invention of fire and tools about 2 million years ago, his social life became that of a warrior/hunter. The survival of the individual and immediate family, in those harsh times, depended on the survival of the tribe. Even in these early times each human became members of several groups within the tribe. Females were primarily attached to their own children but also grouped with other females for camp maintenance, care of the sick and wounded, and group food preparation. Those without children grouped for local foraging for food and campfire fuel. Each male primarily served his own family unit, providing food and raw materials for housing and clothing. Males formed fishing, hunting or foraging groups to gather communal food. The males also grouped with all of the other males for defense of tribe and territory. Tribal management and leadership rested with a select group.
The drives which cause the human to gather into groups and sub-groups are instinctive, the product of millions of years of evolution. Human instincts have never been uniform, and many instincts are selfish in nature. Successful group effort requires rules of conduct that everyone follow. Many of these rules require suppression of some instincts and augmentation of others. Behavior which provides benefit to the survival of the group (and ultimately the species) is encouraged and behavior which harms the survival of the group is discouraged. Intellectual control over instinct (self-discipline) developed as a distinguishing characteristic of the human. The more disciplined the tribe, the more focused its work, the better it survived.
A description of the summed social behavior within a group (tribe or sub-group) is called its culture. Each individual within the group is autonomous, but cooperative for a common cause. Each is willing (indeed is driven by his own instincts to do so) to trade certain personal freedoms for the benefits he will gain from the group. As a free-spirit, each individual in the group contributes his behavior to the culture. The 'culture' of a group is not an entity with certain characteristics. The 'culture' of a group is the name given to a descriptive summation of the behavioral characteristics of the group.
Management and planning was required within these ancient tribes. The decision on when to move a camp, for example, and where it should be moved, was critical to the survival of the entire tribe. These actions are not only behaviors themselves, and therefore part of the cultural description, they effect all of the behaviors of the individuals within the tribe. As with tribal leadership, the economic structure was also a part of the cultural description since it detailed the acceptable tribal norms in bartering and trading.
This is an important distinction. A tenet of intellectual elitist ideology (from Marxist roots) is that it is not the horse which pulls the wagon, it is the wagon which abuses the horse by requiring its labor, in spite of the horse being the active element and the wagon the passive. In a like fashion, they claim that it is not the summed behavior of the individuals which defines the culture, it is the culture which robs the individual of its freedom by forcing its rules on the individual as a means of control. This, then, removes behavioral responsibility from the individual and places it on the culture, in spite of the fact that the individual is the active element and the culture the passive (being merely a description of the summation of all of the behaviors in the group). They also eliminate the overlying government and the economic system as portions of the culture, in order to claim it is they who use the culture to abuse the 'people', when in actual fact these two factors are extremely important in their contribution to the behavior of the individual and therefore to the description of their summed behaviors (culture). This also ignores the fact that a large portion of the group (about 70% in the US) are people who work in and manage those activities.
In a free society, the individual is responsible for and should be held accountable for his own actions, since he alone makes the behavioral decision. If he is a member of a certain group he must expect to follow the rules of that group. Unfortunately, many want the benefits of the action of a particular group without sacrificing the necessary personal freedoms to serve as a member of that group.
The ability of man to provide a set of group acceptable behaviors is the result of man's evolution. The details within a cultural set of behavioral standards (such as the language spoken) are incidental. Man developed the ability to speak. It matters not what language he speaks, if the language can provide the needed communication. It matters not what clothing a culture dictates, if they are protective of both man's environmental and his culture's social behavioral requirements. So cultures do not evolve from the simple to the complex, it is man's ability to provide cultures from the simple to the complex that evolved. During the evolution of man, the complexity of his culture increased in stages, along with and following the evolution of man's cultural ability. Once man was capable of a complex society and had formed one, others were formed by derivation or modification. If each element within a group of cultures satisfies the parameter required, though wide differences in practices may exist, then each culture meets the needs of man for a culture.
Any discussion of culture as a causal portion of the process is in error. Culture is an effect of man's evolutionary process, not a cause. Any discussion of culture must be in the vein that man changed, then the complexity of his culture (behavior) changed. This is not to say that all behavior is strictly specified in detail in the coding of the DNA. No complex animal is completely instinctive. There are memory and reason in all. If a behavior in a culture should drift to an action so bizarre that it adversely affects the evolutionary birthrate, evolution, if unrestrained, will quickly nip it in the bud.
The behavior of man (his culture) can affect his ability to survive as a species. An example would be the result of man allowing his population to expand without control, by that threatening two catastrophic consequences: (1) When a population is expanding, natural selection is not allowed to remove degrading mutations from the gene pool unless they are immediately catastrophic. The result is a general degradation of all of man's characteristics such as intelligence, longevity, health, and the passions such as mothers' love, compassion, cooperation, etc. along with the substitution of their opposites. The resulting culture drifts toward self-destruction. These characteristics are visible today. (2) The worldwide ecology, on which man feeds, is limited in resources. Over-population brings disease, starvation, and death.
Are cultures unique to man?
Each mobile complex organism has a pattern of individual behavior unique to that species. This set of behaviors is the culture of that species. That culture provides survival enhancement for that species. All cultures of all animals, including man, are based on instinct. Some species are able to establish intellectual control over some or all of their instincts, by that optimizing the combination. Man is capable of this. At one time he did this. He does not do it now, except in isolated tribal pockets.
Long before man began his journey as a bipedal animal, he had a culture that described his actions. There were language restrictions (one grunt for food, two for sex.). There were food restrictions. There were food gathering strategies. There were food sharing strategies. There were strategies in defense against predators. There were restrictions in working hours. Sleep required certain preparations. The care of the young was paramount. These were instinctive. This early animal had a small amount of memory and was capable of decision making. He was, therefore, capable of certain limited behavioral variations. He was quite capable of surviving. Otherwise, we would not be here.
As man developed, some instincts were strengthened and other instincts were added (e.g., tribal cooperation, tribal defense, etc.). Added memory allowed extensive variations in serving this growing variety of instincts. Food sharing strategy instincts were teamed with tribal cooperation instincts intellectually to serve both instincts, giving birth to our need for a compassionate culture.
Once man became tribal and his tribes became militantly isolated, cultural details diverged. The same instinctual needs were served by these separate cultures but in slightly different ways. Tribal isolation added to the cultural complexity. Speech, dress and hair styles were deliberately different to show tribal loyalty and provide a defensive symbol of defiance against all other tribes. In times of battle they served as identifiers to separate friend and foe. This cultural divergence is visible today in the ghetto invented language, dress and cultural background. They are trying to be a tribe that is separate from all others and they do this by providing diverging cultural identifiers.
Other cultural elements, intellectual products without instinctive roots, have been invented. Hierarchies in the culture (pecking order) were invented to maintain group control. They were necessary once, when tribes were small and quick decisions were needed that could not wait for debate and consensus. They are of doubtful value now.
So, in modern terms, and within our species, what is a culture?
A culture is an agreement by a group of people that establishes personal behavioral standards for that group. A culture is a restriction of individual freedoms in exchange for a uniform cultural environment, one that fits the needs of the consensus. The purpose of a culture is to enhance the enjoyment and security of life of its members. In this vein it provides a uniform societal environment on which each member can depend in making his behavioral decisions. It provides a comfortable and predictable environment in which to live, work, raise a family, enjoy recreation, etc.
Some cultures are more successful than others, where success means species well-being and survival over the long term. Surprisingly, the most successful cultures (on those terms) are the most primitive, such as isolated tribes in Borneo, Australia and South America. Due to their isolation from the species gene pool, gene flow is minimized between their very small gene pool and the vastly larger species gene pool and its rapid accumulation of destructive alleles. Even with large families their numbers remain stable. The limited gene pool size and high death rate provide conditions that make the gene pool simple for evolution to maintain. If they maintain their isolation, birth rate and tribal population, their genetic structure will remain trim and healthy.
It must be admitted that this is doing it the hard way. Culture and evolution control may be integrated so that all may enjoy the current bounty, without sacrificing our future generations to degeneration, degradation, starvation, countless genetic diseases and eventual extinction. Unfortunately, these cultural compromises are not acceptable to cultures steeped in dogma, whether the dogma is religious or socialist.
What makes the difference between cultures? What is required of a stable one?
1. Cultures must have clear-cut and well-expressed rules of conduct. What to do and what is taboo must be shown in unmistakable terms. A rule of conduct that states that anything goes is not a rule. It is an absence of a rule. It is a rule against having rules. There is no such thing as a null culture, a culture without individual freedom restriction. Anarchy is not a culture.
2. A successful culture will provide for the teaching of its rules to its members. The time-honored method of teaching a culture is the family system. Parents obey the personal restrictions of their culture and teach their children to do so. School augmentation insures completeness and uniformity. Some rules are also so important that they must be codified into criminal law.
3. A culture must hold its members responsible for their own actions. The instant that the culture is used as a basis for the breaking of the cultural rules, that culture ceases to exist. The instant that the breaking of rules by one is allowed to be justified by the actions of another, then it ceases being a rule of the culture. The purpose of a rule in a culture is to obtain predictable behavior. If it does not, then the rule becomes invalid. If enough rules are thus declared invalid, then the culture, which consists of these rules, also becomes invalid.
4. The culture must satisfy tribal instincts. If a culture exists, it must have a reason for existing. The only valid reason for a particular culture is that it provides a value for its members perceived by them to be greater than that offered by any other culture. It must differentiate in some manner. If a member of a culture is not loyal to that culture, he should move to a culture in which he is comfortable or abandon all culture. Remaining in a culture (or being allowed to do so) while antagonistic to it is not acceptable in any culture. If many members rebel, the culture collapses, as can be seen in the American culture today. The only successful cultures in America today (if there are any) are the subcultures. Only there can the tribal instincts be served.
5. To be a successful culture, one that provides a dependable environment for all members, rules that describe all human interaction must be provided. These standards include language, dress, ethical values, life philosophy, family structures, customs, music, art, sexual behavior in and out of wedlock, even facial expressions. Each such rule should be required only for species comfort and longevity. No rule should exist which allows the unbridled satisfaction of any instinct.
6. A culture is useless if it does not enforce its rules. A culture that defies its own rules, is a con. It has a purpose other than the health and well-being of its members. A culture that espouses a set of cultural rules that it has no intention of following, is a hollow culture. Living in a hypocritical manner is worse than anarchy. Such a culture mocks itself.
7. A culture that does not condemn those who do not abide by its rules has no meaning.
8. A culture based on knowledge and reason must not have any rule without basis. Every rule must be backed up with an intellectual reason for being. This is absent in all current cultures.
Compassion is emotionally driven, and is an instinct (as are all other cultural forces). When it was developed by evolution, it was a survival tool. The tribe that showed compassion between its members could survive better than one that consisted of selfish individuals. Their world was a harsh and dangerous one. Accidents and sicknesses were common. Floods and famines were common. When an adult was sick or hurt, others helped him care for his children. Food was shared during food shortages. Sympathy, empathy, family love, tribal love, and tribal cooperation are all part of this survival aid. This instinct is under siege. It was successful if it reacted within a small group. When welfare is provided with personal contact, there is a repayment in personal pride and satisfaction, a joy in seeing the results of the sacrifice. When the tribes became huge so that personal contact was lost outside the immediate family, this instinct failed on any charity outside the immediate family. Now that the family unit is also disintegrating, antagonism rather than cooperation is becoming the norm in all social interactions. The modern teaching of personal rights (I have my rights and you are supposed to be tolerant of whatever I do) as opposed to personal cooperation, causes compassion to fall into disuse. Even our government works against the instinct for compassion by taking our money at gunpoint and giving it to a stranger (who we suspect is undeserving) and doing it inefficiently as well. This instinct is falling into disuse (due to lack of personal compassionate behavior). Mutations are occurring which are degrading that instinct. Since we have a population that is increasing rapidly, natural selection will recognize this degradation as successful and spread it around in the gene pool so that everyone will eventually become demanding and hostile toward his neighbor.
The development of culture
A.ramidus was an ape with feet instead of another set of hands. He brought his behavior from the trees. That behavior was then modified because of his feet. The species just before ramidus had hands on both ends since it was before both the ape and the hominid, and the apelike tree dweller was the father of both. Its behavior would be transferred directly to Ramapithicus, the ape that was contemporary with ramidus, since Ramapithicus retained all four hands and did not require behavioral change. ramidus, however, had suffered physical change and was by that compelled to develop new behavior. Primates do not tend to large groups, foraging is much easier if the group is small. Primates do not tend to cooperative defense patterns against predators. The trees are always a quick retreat from danger. Primates do not tend to have groups of males who will rally to the defense of the young and female (an exception is the baboon). ramidus lived on the ground and was a poor climber, even if he happened to be close to a tree. He had no choice but to develop strategies that would allow him to survive. Otherwise, his tribe would have perished. For the same reason, ramidus was forced to develop larger tribes for defense. Still, ramidus did not develop the new cultural patterns. It was evolution by way of instinctive and intellectual changes to ramidus.
So ramidus developed a different culture from that of ramapithicus. That difference was caused by a physical change. The new culture was not a product of intelligence. Ramidus had a small brain. He was almost entirely instinctive. He did not say to himself one day: "You know, I've got to be more protective of my mate and the kids, otherwise my species is in danger of extinction." The new behavior was a product of evolution. New coding on his DNA dictated social change in ramidus. The more pugnacious, protective and cooperative male could raise more children. The more males that stuck together and fought off predators, the more children they collectively had. The male that picked up a stick and used it to drive off a predator became a better protector and could raise more children. New intellectual capacity allowed him to form larger groups and collectively protect the young and female. It was as simple as that, and that is the way a culture is formed.
The ramidus brain lives to this day, buried deep within our own (evolution patches over and adds to, it does not houseclean), and, in fact, handles most of our instinctual chores. It is the part that makes one jump at a loud noise. It causes a mother to love her children. It turns you on when you see cute buns. It further handles the chores of transmitting the things that we reason (the few that are reasoned) to the motor centers that translate thought into action. It acts as a filter, where instinct says to reason on the way through, "Are you sure you want to do this?" If you are working in an objective area, such as with a piece of iron, it cares less what you are up to. Yet let it catch a thought about food, sex, social interaction or survival, and it becomes very interested. This is why we are so good at building airplanes and yet so poor in providing a rational culture in which to live.
Ramidus moved out on the plains and became a herd herbivore. Then came aferensis, followed by africanus. Two million years proves that the ancient hominid and his resulting culture were successful. By then, evolution had given him a modest increase in his brain size to handle the complexities of some needed improvements in his culture (they came after the brain increase and were the result of the increase). When mutations provided a slight increase in brain power (either instinctive or rational) the recipients improved in their ability to handle cultural complexity and were by that able to raise more children. A successful animal tends to increase in population. Increased populations bring competition for food and space. Africanus had learned about basic weapons in defending his tribes from predators. The stage was set for the competition of man with man.
When a group of animals forage, the small group is more efficient than the large. This is caused by the overrun of an already foraged area. If one is behind others foraging, he will come upon a foraged over area and must walk through the others to find a fresh area. If only a dozen are in the foraging party, the walk-through is swift. If a couple of hundred are foraging, the walk through uses up time needed for feeding This is especially critical for herbivores. Herbivores eat low energy food, so they must eat all day. The time lost in walking effects how much food is gathered. While small groups are more efficient in feeding, they are vulnerable to predators. A small child would have little chance with a pack of wild dogs, for example, if his only protectors were his parents. Larger groups can pool their protection resources. A conflict exists between the two requirements (obtaining food and avoiding predation) and different animals use different herd sizes and other strategies.
The strategies adopted by the early hominid were successful. They survived. Their population grew. When a hominid tribe became too large, part of the tribe separated and went to the other end of the valley. The valley now contained two tribes. As long as the valley was big compared with the number in each tribe, there was no problem. Still, both tribes grew, the valley was not big enough for four tribes, and no one knew what was on the other side of the mountain. Each tribe thought the whole valley should belong to them. There was no fraternizing between the tribes. Every time a male stole a woman from another tribe, he brought home the flu or something worse. Strict rules had to be made. The tribe that had to make do with a trickle of water out of a spring was jealous of the neighboring tribe that had a lake. There was always that competition over foraging territory. The tribes became militantly isolated.
Homo habilis came, with a larger brain and a more complex society. He invented the use of fire. He was now able to tenderize some of his food. He could roast roots and tubers. Meat could now be cooked so that he could eat it. He no longer had to wait for a carcass to get half rotten before he could treat himself to some real protein. He could now kill his own and have fresh meat, medium rare, right off the spit.
Homo erectus made the big jump in culture. A confirmed meat eater, he did not need to forage all day. He could eat a couple of pounds off a kill, make a sling out of the skin, throw twenty pounds of his kill over his shoulder, take his family and friends and go traveling. There was no longer any need for tribal confinement. If it became too crowded anywhere, the tribe packed up and went somewhere else. Wherever erectus went, he formed new tribes The cultures of today are the modern versions of these ancient tribes. In search of food and safety, ancient hominid tribes would travel to the next valley and set up shop. Isolated from other hominid tribes, each developed an ever more differing set of behaviors, dress and language. There was little friendship between tribes, mainly because of the competition for the same food source. Tribal isolation also acted as a deterrent to contagious diseases. As each tribe grew, it encroached on the domain of the other. Often there was trouble. Mostly it would be killings in the ground between the two tribes, but friction could easily develop into open warfare, and it often did. Two million years of hominid tribal life preceded the last ten thousand or less in the open structure of the modern world. Ten thousand years ago (an instant in the hominid history), the world wide occupation of all man was hunter-gatherer. That is a tribal occupation. Man is a tribal animal. He is born that way. It will be another million years before it could possibly be bred out of him. A good tribal man thinks that his tribe is the only one. Those other tribes are at the least a nuisance and quite possibly a real danger. Since the people in the other tribe thought in the same way, it was always a powder keg waiting for a match. One does not love that neighboring tribe, especially when food is scarce. It became time to grab a spear and chase them off. If no one wanted to move on, then the tribe with the most members alive after the battle took over the whole territory. It was a matter of survival. Evolution loved it. Evolution reinforced it by selecting on a stronger and stronger coding for tribalism. Very recently in time, as far as evolution goes, the tribes coalesced into countries or major parts of countries, each with its own unique ethnic culture.
Conclusion: Man needs one central worldwide culture with as much commonality as possible.
Multiculturalism is well meaning and compassionate. Both terms are instinctive. Our instincts no longer fit well with our environment. They were constructed during a four million-year period to be tribal in nature. The tribal instinct is to be militant toward all who are not members of your own tribe. Multiculturalism is irrational. Promoting multiculturalism and diversity makes things worse.
To cram a bunch of people into the same city, they must be made to believe that they belong to the same tribe. That is called integration. Integration is a rational solution to this problem with this instinct. That same relationship can be extended to cover the world. This is not a reasoning problem. It is a problem with an instinct (tribalism), one that cannot be solved by using another instinct (compassion). That tribal instinct has been in the inner brain for at least two million years, possibly four. Only evolution can root it out. That will take a bunch of time, like perhaps millions of years. Don't think for a minute that this problem can be solved by teaching reason (tolerance). The tribal instinct was embedded in the brain first, big and strong, long before reason came.
The tribal instinct can be bypassed, however, by forming one big tribe.
Multiculturalism breeds strife, since it preaches the differences between men and their cultures. It intensifies the tribal instinct by reinforcing it through reason. Integration brings peace since it preaches the similarities of cultural values. It diminishes the tribal instinct by reason. This is not an indictment of any culture, it is an indictment of the emotionally inspired but less than intelligent notion that two tribes can occupy the same campsite without both undergoing major cultural compromises. It sounds reasonable, but old ramidus in there doesn't think so. That is where this tribal instinct is, burned into that inner brain. Ramidus was not much into reasoning. Mention forcing him to live at the same watering hole with another tribe and he starts looking around on the ground for a big rock. We need to convince him that those other guys are friends and they are from the same tribe. And mean it. The way to do it is to have one and only one culture. How long will it take to do this around the world? Anything less than 10,000 years would be a real winner.
Man can be quite intellectual. When working on things (where he is objective and constrained by the characteristics of matter) he does quite well, but he lives subjectively (instinctively). He may not try to spear that guy in the next car but he will do his best to beat him away from the stoplight. He may work quite well on something tangible, but the end goal is usually sex. And there are murders every day from greed or love. Still, instincts are not all that bad. It is instinct that get things done and that is the name of our game. When we build an objective thinking machine, and we will soon, how can it be motivated? If we want it to solve a problem, a man will be required to push the machine into action. It will not have instincts to drive it into action. The most logical thing for it to do would be to sit idle and save electricity. It will need prodding to make it work. On the other hand, man is driven and it is his instinct that drives him. All those instincts must be addressed in a culture.
Our new culture must treat man's instincts with compassion, even the ones perverted by evolution. Not by allowing them full sway. Some of those passions can be quite devastating to society, but even those must be recognized and intelligently dealt with.
An instinct may be satisfied, without yielding to the instinct. All we need to do is understand it and its source, and give it a substitute to chew on.
The problems in reshaping our culture.
The main stream American culture was derived from European Christian roots. No longer dominant, its days are numbered. It is being replaced by a culture that negates all of the factors listed above which are normally associated with cultures. They do not believe in a common language. They do not believe in any restrictions concerning dress and think that any personal relationship is acceptable. They are against any fixed policies concerning the conduct of families. They generally oppose punishment for criminals, excepting cases involving racial bigotry or female abuse. They do not believe in racial distinctions, but they fan racial conflicts. They profess no central philosophical beliefs. They voice an active embracing of all cultures, while denying the self-discipline required to conform to any of them. They, in fact, embrace all other cultures while denying a culture of their own. They deny the value system of any other culture, along with avoiding the required self-discipline to be a member of any of them. They call this a culture, where it, in fact, is the denial of the concept of culture. It is an anti-culture. They deplore that others are bigoted, intolerant and insensitive (in areas of race and sex). Whereas they are the most bigoted, intolerant and insensitive of all (toward those who disagree with them). They never argue any point in a rational manner. They, instead, become abusive, emotional and outraged. Be forewarned. These will be the biggest enemies of a culture based on knowledge and will bring out their full lexicon of hateful names to fight it. Unfortunately, this anti-culture dominates the education field. It may very well be that a rational culture is not possible in this country. Perhaps it will be a foreign country, possibly even a third world country, who will spearhead the effort, one that does not have this animosity toward restrictive culture.
Observe modern primitive tribes such as some in Australia, Borneo and Africa. With minor physical and mental hereditary differences, they live an entirely different life from that of the denizens of Silicon Valley, Wall Street, or university faculty row. Few will deny that transporting an infant from those primitive societies, or any other for that matter, to one of ours can produce a well adjusted and perfectly fitting member of our main stream society (the author has two examples in his own family). The intellectual portion of culture is an add-on to the brain. It is a learned process.
This is another reason that the emotional call for multiculturalism and cultural diversity is so silly. It deliberately places social impediments in the path of communication between all mankind. A culture is a learned process. Therefore, it is one that can be learned, even by those from another culture. With an infant, it is a one step process. It becomes more painful and difficult with age, and approaches impossibility at advanced age. So what if it takes a hundred generations to reach a common world wide culture? Ease the transitional pain with time, education and understanding. Allow everyone to maintain their own cultural habits as long as possible while making the transition as easy as possible.
Since culture is a learned process, then education is the key to establishing a new worldwide culture. Since the new world wide culture based on knowledge is a culture foreign to all existing cultures, including our own, the transitional pain will be the same for all. It may be more painful for us than others because a major part of our current culture is an anti-culture, one that seeks to destroy cultural harmony by segmenting and segregating its members to the nth degree and which largely refuses to establish cultural disciplines of its own. We will not only need to replace our current culture, but we must combat counterculture forces as well. It would be far easier to go from the tribe in Borneo, which will be defensive but is accustomed to and obedient to an agreed to set of behavioral values, than to go from our culture that is set against self-discipline with respect to any set of values.
Why do these tribes live as they do? Why do the individuals in the tribes behave as they do? They have the same brains as we. They are as alert and learn as fast. They have the same amount of learned things, age for age, in their brains as we. It is only a different set. A study of their lives gives great insight into ancient man. Early homo sapiens sapiens, too, lived a harsh life. His mind was as active as ours (possibly more so). Yet his communication was primitive, requiring large speech brain power to meet a far smaller communication requirement. Memory requirements were higher than ours, because all knowledge had to be passed down by word of mouth, an error fraught method at best. He had to essentially learn bit by bit for his daily needs, as does modern primitive man. The difference between these primitive cultures and our modern one lies in our ability to collect and record knowledge and hand it down intact. The mechanism for handling knowledge, of reasoning its consequences and forming decisions, is present in all man, a gift from billions of years of evolution.
Education, then, is basic to cultural modification. That education must consist of knowledge (no opinion, no conjecture, no dogma). Give students the information. They can supply the reasoning. To allow full freedom for the mind to manipulate, give it the raw information and let it come to its own conclusion. Do not teach that we should save the whales, teach instead in great detail what a whale is. Let the student see its beauty and its danger. They will be far more militant in saving it. Tell the students the facts, not what they are supposed to reason from the facts. The only time that students need to be taught how to feel about data, is when that opinion is foreign to proper thought. This is why socialism must be taught as answers, not data and questions. Let the students see and understand what their actions should be. Do not act shocked with what comes out. They might just come out with a better set of values than yours.
Our new culture must be allowed to grow naturally. To do that the educational environment must not be restrictive or biased in any direction.Schools must be politically, socially and culturally neutral. This will be the hardest thing for us all to do: Keep our hands off and watch our own little pet bigotries go down the drain.
It is a knowledge-based culture that we want, not the one based on conjecture, opinion, emotion and dogma that we have now. That one is not working. It can't be made to work. Teach these new students as much factual information as we can gather, they will do just fine without the teacher's advice on how to live and what to believe. In a couple of generations, we will have teachers that will not want to cram their culture (or lack of culture) down the student's throats. Ones who will be content with providing good clean fact in the most understandable and unbiased way possible.
URL: http://www.onelife.com/psy/culhist.html


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Opportunities for players with a disability to access football at various levels have grown incredibly over the past few years. You may be an enthusiastic grass roots player who likes nothing more than a kick about with your friends and enjoys the social aspect of this participation. Others may have ambitions to develop as a player and to potentially to play for their country – the good news is that the systems are in place for you access football at the level that meets your needs and aspirations.
Shropshire FA has been supporting people with a disability to get involved in football for a number of years either as a player, referee, coach or administrator. To find out more information in the Shropshire area, please contact Eve Bailey – Shropshire Football Development Officer - Lead Officer for Disability Football. 01743-362769, email firstname.lastname@example.com
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subset: commoncrawl


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Sheridan Road Safety Improvements - The Village Mayor and Board have been working on pedestrian safety improvements along Sheridan Road. The Village has been pursuing pedestrian facilities along State Route 131 Sheridan Road in Beach Park to curb the incidents of vehicular traffic versus pedestrians. Plans have been submitted to Illinois Department of Transportation for a signalized pedestrian crosswalk to connect the residents on the east side of this 5-lane highway to the businesses they frequent on the west side of the road. We have been pursuing additional street lighting along Sheridan Road as well.
Beach Park is confident that the proposed safety improvements we are working towards along this route will greatly improve the safety of both our pedestrians and drivers in Beach Park. Click on this link for the Proposed Improvements
Wadsworth Rd and Lewis Ave Intersection Improvement Information
Lewis Ave - from north of Wadsworth Rd to 20th Street
For information regarding our SSA projects, please visit our SSA Page
For information on Village Construction Projects, please call 847-362-5959. For information on county-wide construction projects, visit:
2017 Street Maintenance Projects
Streets identified for this year's street maintenance project include:
- W. Paddock (Green Bay - Metropolitan)
- W. Bonnie Brook Ln (Northern - Frolic)
- Northern Ave (Warner - Vercoe)
- W. Graves Ave (@ Northern)
- W. Warner Ave (@ Northern)
- Paddock Ave (North - Sheridan)
- Mawman Ave (Geraghty - Sheridan)
- Holdridge Ave (Yorkhouse - Hendee)
- Audrey Ave (Green Bay - Garrick)
- Sallmon Ave (Green Bay - Garrick
The North Avenue Elevated Tank Rehabilitation Project is now complete.


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Thu 2nd Jun 2011 9:00amLacanau Surf Info's Lacanau Surf Report
Fading and bumpy medium range swell from the NW with light offshore winds. Fair conditions. More on http://www.lacanausurfinfo.com
View the Lacanau Surf Report and Forecast. Lacanau Surf Info's Reports have received a total of 470674 views.
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Donald Trump is charging toward a Republican nomination, while Hillary Clinton is making convincing strides towards her own party's nomination.
But the political figure currently gaining steady numbers in approval ratings isn't even running for president.
After all, he doesn't really have to.
As personal attacks on the campaign trail continue to heat up, President Barack Obama's approval rating has been on the rise.
In SurveyMonkey's latest weekly political poll, 51% of registered voters nationwide approve of the way Obama is handling his job as president, while 48% disapprove.
What's more is that you can see these gains across the political spectrum, and they're especially noticeable among Independents.
- Democrats and Independents who lean Democratic? Obama's approval ticked up from 89% to 91% since January
- Among Republicans or Independents who lean Republican, it went from 7% to 10%
- Non-leaning Independents—up from 40% to 46%
Never miss a beat in the 2016 elections
Get weekly reports of who's up and who's down, or put your own custom questions in front of voters.
So what about the actual candidates still in the presidential race? Favorability and approval are one thing, but whether or not a voter will actually vote for a candidate is another.
Even though the Republican field saw candidate Marco Rubio drop out of the race last week, it hasn't had much effect on the support for Republican frontrunner Donald Trump.
Trump's support from all registered voters who identify or lean Republican has held relatively steady 44%, and it's no wonder why.
Among the Rubio supporters polled by SurveyMonkey before the Florida senator suspended his campaign:
- 47% said Ted Cruz would be their second choice
- 30% said they'd choose John Kasich second
- Just 9% said they'd select Donald Trump as their second choice
But even when you adjust for the former Rubio supporters, Trump is still way ahead with 45% of support from voters who identify or lean Republican. Ted Cruz follows with 27% and John Kasich with 18%.
Meanwhile, despite some big wins that will make it difficult for Bernie Sanders to compete, Hillary Clinton's support is virtually unchanged among voters or identify or lean Democratic. Clinton stayed at about the same level (56%), while Bernie Sanders maintained his support at 37%.
Stay tuned to our blog for even more data and updates about politics from the SurveyMonkey Election Tracking product!


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Rumors to the contrary, celebrities do in fact eat, and many of them also cook. The women featured here share a zeal for food, an ethos that requires organic, sustainable foods and a love of family.
1 If It Makes You Healthy: More Than 100 Delicious Recipes Inspired by the Seasons (St. Martin's, $29.99), by Sheryl Crow and Chuck White. The Grammy Award-winning singer is up-front about her lack of culinary skills and, until recently, her unhealthy diet. A breast cancer diagnosis in 2006 compelled her to forgo quick bites and learn as much as she could about healthy eating and its role in combating illness. She had the good fortune to meet Nashville chef Chuck White, who now cooks for her full-time. Together they have assembled a collection of recipes that offers healthier versions of traditional dishes (don't miss the chocolate mousse stiffened with avocado).
2 Eva's Kitchen: Cooking with Love for Family & Friends (Clarkson Potter, $29.99), by Eva Longoria. If you're shocked that the lovely actress is publishing a cookbook, you're clearly confusing her with cooking-impaired Gabrielle Solis, the character she portrays on "Desperate Housewives." The 100 recipes arrayed here reflect the influence of Longoria's Southwestern heritage as well as her unique take on favorite cuisines from her red carpet jaunts around the globe (try the Turkey Shepherd's Pie).
3 My Father's Daughter: Delicious, Easy Recipes Celebrating Family & Togetherness (Grand Central Life & Style, $30), by Gwyneth Paltrow. A scion of thespian aristocracy, a talented actress (with an Oscar to prove it) and singer, Paltrow has much to be grateful for. She credits her father (who died in 2002) for instilling in her a love of cooking, and his throat-cancer diagnosis for leading her to eliminate processed foods from her diet, in favor of organic, macrobiotic ones. This catalog of recipes ranges from corn fritters to duck ragu.


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S2 Security Enhances Support and Service Options for Integrators and Enterprise Clients
S2 has announced enhanced support and service options for both integrators and Enterprise level clients. Emergency support is now available as an option to be combined with S2's standard support program on a system-by-system basis. Once U.S. and international certified S2 Security System Integrators and corporate Enterprise clients opt in to this program, they can access 24/7 emergency support from S2's highly trained in-house technical support enginee
October 25, 2011
S2 Security's High Availability Solution Offers New Speed and Ease for Failover Response
S2 has introduced its High Availability solution for use with the S2 NetBox and S2 Enterprise integrated physical security management systems. S2's new solution offers organizations a system that is easier to configure, faster to deploy and less expensive than second generation solutions.
The High Availability solution uses two network-connected systems in redundant configuration. Unlike competitive implementations, S2's HA option sets up in minutes and delivers 99.999% uptime with minimal administration. In normal operation, the two systems continuously synchronize automatically, failing over as necessary. Resynchronization after failover and repair is also automatic.
August 30, 2011
S2 Security Expands Latin American Operations
S2 Security, the leader in IP-based integrated physical security systems, today announced it has increased its international workforce and forged new and expanded partnerships to meet the demand for its products and services throughout Latin America.
S2 Security appointed Doug Macias as director of sales for Latin America and the Caribbean to oversee expanded operations and bolster S2's longstanding presence in the region. In addition, S2 has grown its systems integrator partner base to over 20 companies that cover all the major markets in the region.
August 02, 2011
S2 Security Reaches New Milestone with 10,000th NetBox Installation
S2 Security today announced the installation of the 10,000th S2 NetBox security management system. Today's announcement comes during a period of rapid growth for the company, which has seen increased demand for its open, scalable, cost-effective physical security management systems.


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Contact Us
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We are here to help you in any way that we can. If you would like to get in touch with us, please use the form below to ask or let us know anything at all.
We will get back to you as quickly as we possibly can.
(Please remember – we aren't a huge corporation with an offshore call-center – it's just the 2 of us. So sometimes, it can take us a few hours or more to reply. We promise that your message is important to us, though!)


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Right now in New York City, guys selling black market cigarettes are much, much less likely to be harassed and arrested (or worse) by the New York Police Department. Apparently, or at least in the eyes of the New York Post, we're supposed to see this as a bad thing (people not getting arrested is certainly a bad thing for the New York Post's reporting, anyway):
It's not a slowdown — it's a virtual work stoppage.
NYPD traffic tickets and summonses for minor offenses have dropped off by a staggering 94 percent following the execution of two cops — as officers feel betrayed by the mayor and fear for their safety, The Post has learned.
The dramatic drop comes as Police Commissioner Bill Bratton and Mayor Bill de Blasio plan to hold an emergency summit on Tuesday with the heads of the five police unions to try to close the widening rift between cops and the administration.
They provide an info box showing, in addition to the huge drop in minor offense summonses, a 94 percent drop in citations for traffic violations, a 92 percent drop in parking violation citations, and a 66 percent drop in overall arrests.


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Diesel Men's 51mm DZ4283 Watch - Black
Treat yourself to this designer watch!
Ion-plated steel case | High-vis baton hour markers & hands
Date function | 100m water resistant & more!
Italian design house Diesel create styles that are consistently up to date with the latest European trends and technology. What sets this brand apart is the vintage edge that adds a casual element to your everyday look, making your style effortless with a sophisticated finish.
- Diesel watches
- Model no: DZ4283
- For men
- Movement: Japanese Quartz
- Dial colour: Black/white
- Band colour: Black
- Case material: Ion-plated steel
- Band material: Metal
- Case diameter (mm, approx includes casing): 51
- Case thickness (mm, approx): 12
- Clasp type: Push button deployment
- Water resistance: 100m, 10BAR
- High-vis baton hour markers and hands
- Date function
- Chronograph
- Pull/push crown
- Scratch resistant mineral
- Battery type: N/A
- Battery life: N/A
- Comes in original packaging
- Country of origin: N/A
- Protected by our 12 MONTH WARRANTY


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Wild Florida Airboat Ride and Shopping Tour Combo (Product Code: 19-19621)
Summary of The Day: Feel the wind blow through your hair on this exhilarating airboat adventure that takes place on the St. Johns River near a swamp located east of Orlando. This Wild Florida Airboat Adventure rides through one of Central Florida's most popular airboat farms - Lone Cabbage. Stop by its small souvenir store and purchase some gifts for friends and family. See many of the wild animals during your airboat adventure such as the famous alligators, deer and various types of fish and birds. Please keep in mind that we cannot guarantee the types of animals spotted and it is based upon your luck that day.
After your 30-minute airboat ride, you'll see a live alligator handling demonstration and admission into the Wild Florida Exotic Animal Park featuring a large variety of wildlife.
Then, we'll head on over to the two finest malls in Central Florida. Visit Orlando Premium Outlets Vineland Rd and the Mall at Millenia and receive a complimentary discount coupon book for both malls! In between malls, feel free to leave your bags in the vehicle so you will not have to carry your bags all day.
|Full Address
|Charley's Steakhouse
|2901 Parkway Blvd,Kissimmee,34747
|Clarion Inn Lake Buena Vista (1075) Zone 4
|8442 Palm Parkway,Orlando,32836
|Crossroads Plaza - Goodings Supermarket
|12521 FL-535,Lake Buena Vista,32830
|Disney All Star Music Hotel - (1133) Zone 4
|1801 W. Buena Vista Drive,Lake Buena Vista,32830
|Disney Swan Hotel (1190) Zone 4
|1500 Epcot Resorts Blvd,,Lake Buena Vista,32830
|Doubletree Resort International - (868) Zone 3
|10100 International Drive,Orlando,32821
|Florida Orange World (Big Orange)
|5395 W Irlo Bronson Memorial Hwy,Kissimmee,34746
|Maingate Lakeside Hotel - (1232 Zone 4)
|7769 West Irlo Bronson Memorial Hwy,Kissimmee,34746
|Publix Supermarket SR535/SR192
|Poinciana Place - 2915 Vineland Road,Kissimmee,34746
|Rosen Inn International (773 - Zone 3)
|7600 International Drive,Orlando,32819
|Rosen Inn Pointe Orlando Hotel (840) Zone 3
|9000 International Drive,Orlando,32819
|Sheraton Four Points Hotel Studio City -732 Zone 3
|5905 International Drive,Orlando,32819
*Adult age: 13 and older
*Child age: 3-12
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The FRX2 is a radio that's always prepared, wherever you are. No plugs or wires are required. Turn the hand crank to power the dynamo motor/hand turbine, or capture the sun's energy and run it on solar power. With this radio you'll always know what's going on, thanks to the AM (520-1710 KHz), FM (87-108 MHz), and NOAA weather bands (7 channels). It has a telescopic antenna to help improve weak reception. But, it's more than just a radio. It is also a flashlight with 3 white LEDs, and a USB smart phone charger (USB cable not included). It also features a glow in the dark locator, DC input (mini USB), Headphone output, and an internal rechargeable Ni-MH battery.
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When Ghosts Attack (8 x ) – Travel to the dark side of the paranormal world, where poltergeist activity – like objects moving on their own – is child's play compared to the torment of a malevolent demon. Told from the first-person perspective of the victims and their loved ones, each episode uncovers multiple ghostly attacks. Hear first-hand what went through the victim's mind as their experience escalated from threatening whispers and dark omens to scratches, shoves, and the anguish of having to live alongside their invisible enemy.
In the premiere episode, sunset is upon the quiet town of Fayetteville, W.Va., as the Settle family unpacks their new home. For Lori Settle, a newly remarried mother, it's the start of an exciting new adventure as a homeowner. But just one week after moving in, Settle notices that her every move seems to be overshadowed by a macabre presence following her around the house. Strange occurrences begin to spook the family, but when the incidents become physical confrontations, Settle starts to fear that a deadly force is on the loose in her home. Then, in central New Jersey, Marsha Eden has finally found an apartment that she and her two daughters can call home. The setting couldn't be more ideal, despite being situated across the street from a creepy, abandoned mill. Soon strange voices heard in the dead of night turn into eerie encounters that the family fears they won't survive.
Other episodes include:
Deliver Us from Evil Spirits
Wicked Warriors
Attack from the Past
Channel: Destination America
Producer: Sirens Media
TX: 20th October 2013
Source: Destination America press release


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get full version for Free
or get $10 off Welcome Bonus
Seems pretty spot on, but why have all the guitars with different tunings? One of them is a whole octave down from Open B for some reason, one's E standard and the other is the correct tuning - Open B.
Good catch. I will fix that.
holy shit... Was this transcribed by hevy devy himself? Great work Jackyl


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Choreographers: Roland Petit & Twyla Tharp
Considered one of Twyla Tharp's most accomplished and striking works, In the Upper Room features a commissioned score by Philip Glass that both propels and liberates the dancers. Since its premiere in 1949, Carmen has remained one of inventive French choreographer Roland Petit's most popular ballets for its keen character studies, theatrical staging and soaring dances. Ballet San Jose artistic director José Manuel Carreño will take the stage for the first time in more than a year to perform the role of Don José for the May 9-10 performances.Tickets and info: balletsj.org; (408) 288-2800.
12/2/2017 » 12/3/2017TBA's Cultural Leadership Presents: Weekend Finance Bootcamp
12/18/2017TBA Generals Registration DEADLINE!!
8/25/2017Bay Area Stares Down White Supremacists
10/26/2016Hello, Terry Boero.


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Feature film of David Rusk and Scott Jardine. Was presented to the public in 2009, it is a production of Canada. You can watch Annual Getaway online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2009.
Rating: 5 by 10 users./
Runtime: 106 minutes
Peter Apostolopoulos, Renee Chouinard, Jessica Danov, Jocelyn Mackenzie Flynn, Stefania Indelicato, Eva James, Scott Jardine, Anthony Morizio, Harry Mouratidis, Frankie Poultney, Elizabeth Michelle Scott, Paul Sturino and Greg White.
Drama, Thriller, Criminal.
106-minute film (full movie) directed by David Rusk and Scott Jardine.
The original audio of Annual Getaway has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in Canada.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2009.
Screenplay written by Scott Jardine and David Rusk.
Jamie Franklin.
Rhea Rusk, Steven Wang, Scott Jardine, David Rusk and D. Murray Rusk.
This film was produced and / or financed by Night Spirit Creations.
Composed by Javed S. Ali.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Annual Getaway has a duration of 106 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in EnglishDolby Digital in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Annual Getaway in FULLTV Movies.


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Results 6 to 10 of 13
Thread: First Trimetster
July 2nd, 2013 06:58 PM #6
July 2nd, 2013 07:03 PM #8
I didnt have a pap smear until I was 22 and married ttc, so you are NOT alone! I was a rape victim as a child and avoided ALL physical exams until 22. I decided to go to a midwife instead of clinical ob/gyn. Fully certified, but less WHITE and SCARY environment. I'd always thought the pap would be terrible, but midwives use soft swab instead of the plastic fork looking thing my old doctor wanted to use, so I knew I was safe and my pap was more comfortable than otherwise would have been. Good luck and look into midwives, you will not regret it!Favorite NamesFord Finnegan - Alethea Justine - Petra Primrose
July 2nd, 2013 07:07 PM #10renrose Guest
July 2nd, 2013 07:09 PM #12Senior Member
- Join Date
- Oct 2009
- Posts
- 816
Thank you to those of you that have very helpful things to say! good to know it is just discomfort and not pain!
Pansy, no I have not. It really not that big of a deal.
Sarahmezz- yes, I know I can post there as well. I just don't want to hijack the post, and since I had a lot of questions I figured I would ask them in a separate thread. On such large threads things can get lost a little easier.
July 2nd, 2013 07:13 PM #14
Every time I wanted to get my prescription re-newed, the doctor had to perform a pap smear first (and I saw more than one different doctor during this time period, so it wasn't just one particular doctor's requirement). So I'm curious how you were able to get a birth control prescription without ever having a pap smear.


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Spain's main opposition Popular Party stood by allegations the government of Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero has been conducting illegal wiretaps of its members.Madrid – Spain's main opposition Popular Party on Tuesday stood by allegations the government of Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero has been conducting illegal wiretaps of its members.
The ruling Socialist Party has energetically denied the allegations, first made on 6 August, accusing the PP of seeking to distract attention from a scandal over alleged corruption involving several of its members.
"If the opposition says that it feels it has been spied on, what the government should do is open an investigation and not insult the opposition, that is what is done in any democratic country," PP secretary general Maria Dolores de Cospedal told a news conference.
"The PP has made its accusation, now it is up to courts to investigate, we are going to stand by our accusation and make clear what is going on," added Dolores de Cospedal, who refused to name the members of the PP who have allegedly been spied on.
Earlier Tuesday Spain's minister for regional cooperation, Manuel Chaves, called on the PP to name the targets of the alleged wiretapping.
"They should say who it is, because if they don't they will go down in history as the great liars in Spanish politics," he told public radio RNE.
Last week PP leader Mariano Rajoy accused Zapatero of "persecuting" member of the PP with "televised arrests," "parallel trials" and "violations of secret investigations".
A number of PP members have been under investigation since February in connection with a scandal in which bribes were allegedly paid to the regional governments of Madrid and Valencia by businessmen to ensure contracts.
The party's treasurer, Luis Barcenas, who has been questioned by a judge in connection with the scandal, announced last month he was stepping down until he was "proven innocent before the courts."
A court in Valencia last week dropped a corruption probe against the head of the Valencia regional government, Francisco Camps, a senior PP member. Prosecutors have since appealed the decision.
AFP / Expatica


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I stayed in a sister resort and so I won't judge the accommodations completely with the exception that Kingsgate is looking rather dated with their deferred maintenance issues. LOTS of peeling paint, water damage from bad drainage from gutters, etc...
What I will say as in the title. Do NOT under ANY circumstances do the sales pitch there. They were awful! They lied about the time it would take to do the presentation saying it would only take 60 minutes. In reality it took 2 hours. They said they were providing lunch which they did but it was not what they promised and thus I couldn't eat it. So, I spent the 2 hours being VERY hungry. From the moment we walked in we were treated as if we were an animal ready for slaughter. There was an expectation you would buy (which isn't bad except that when it was clear we wouldn't they put us through the wringer and treated us like contaminated meat.)
NO respect for us, our time or our money! We have always planed to buy at Wyndham but they have really convinced me it isn't a great idea!
I do not begrudge anyone who is trying to sell. But, there is a basic need for respect and these poor souls didn't seem to know that.
If you do plan to go through this horrific experience. I would recommend you ask for as much money from them as possible, eat BEFORE you go and plan at least 2 hours NOT one.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Travelocity, Expedia, Orbitz, Hotwire, getaroom.com, TripOnline SA, Cancelon and HotelQuickly so you can book your Wyndham Kingsgate reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Wyndham Kingsgate Hotel Williamsburg
- Wyndham Hotel Williamsburg
- Wyndham Resort Williamsburg
- Fairfield Williamsburg Kingsgate
- Wyndham Williamsburg
- Kingsgate Resort Williamsburg Va
- Williamsburg Wyndham


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DALLAS, 25.07.2011 - Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) (NYSE:TXN) today introduced a 3-MHz, 100-mA synchronous step-down DC/DC converter, which integrates a bypass switch and a unique DCS-Control technology. The new device extends battery run-time by 20 percent in low-power wireless and MSP430(TM) MCU-based applications, when compared to competing solutions. The high-performance device has an operating current of only 25 uA and supports many low-power applications, such as Bluetooth® low-energy systems, metering and building technologies, mobile phones, consumer electronics, medical and human interface devices.
The TPS62730 achieves 95-percent conversion efficiency and reduces current consumption drawn from the battery in transmit and receive modes. The device's ultra-low power bypass switch only consumes 30 nA of current for sleep and low power modes. The TPS62730 converter also generates less than 15 mVpp typical output voltage ripple, providing low noise to low-power RF applications, such as those powered by TI's 2.4-GHz CC2540 and CC430 system-on-chip (SOC) solutions. To order samples and an evaluation module or to download the datasheet and SwitcherPro(TM) design tool and PSpice® and TINA-TI(TM) models of the TPS62730, visit: www.ti.com/tps62730-preu.
DCS-Control technology
DCS-Control (TM) technology is an advanced regulation topology that combines the advantages of hysteretic and voltage mode control within a single device, enabling excellent AC line and transient load regulation. The feature provides a seamless transition between high-load and light-load (power save) operation. An additional voltage feedback loop also ensures DC accuracy. DCS-Control technology alleviates the need to research external filtering components, thus reducing associated space and cost.
Key features and benefits
- Excellent low-output voltage ripple (<15 mVpp typical) over the entire load range, which benefits RF applications.
- Small solution size of 12 mm2: 3-MHz frequency and fixed output voltage options require only three external components.
- Input-voltage range of 1.9 V to 3.9 V supports Li-primary battery chemistries such as Li-SOCI2, LiSo2 and Li-MnO2, and also two alkaline batteries.
- Ultra-low-power shutdown/bypass-mode current of 30 nA, typical, supports the sleep and low-power modes of modern RF transceivers.
Tools and support
TI offers a variety of tools and support to speed the implementation of the TPS62730:
- TPS62730EVM-726 step-down DC/DC converter evaluation module (EVM): www.ti.com/TPS62730EVM-pr.
- SwitcherPro(TM) switching power supply design tool: www.ti.com/tps62730spstool-pr.
- PSPICE model: www.ti.com/tps62730pspice-pr.
- TINA-TI transient SPICE model: www.ti.com/tps62730tinati-pr.
- TINA-TI reference design: www.ti.com/tps62730refdesign-pr.
Availability and pricing
The TPS62730 is available now from TI and its authorized network of distributors in a small, 6-pin, 1- mm x 1.5-mm x 0.6-mm SON package, priced at $0.85 in quantities of 1,000. Additional devices with fixed voltages include TPS62731, TPS62372, TPS62374 and TPS62735.
Find out more about TI's low-power RF and power management solutions:
- Download TI's Wireless Connectivity Solutions Guide: www.ti.com/tps62730wcguide-pr.
- Ask questions, help solve problems in the Power forum in the TI E2E(TM) Community: www.ti.com/tps62730powerforum-pr.
- Download the new Power Management Guide: www.ti.com/powerguide-pr.
Für den Inhalt der Pressemitteilung ist der Einsteller, PresseBox.de, verantwortlich.
Es wurde noch kein Kommentar zu diesem Thema abgegeben.


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Wattpad and Patreon
I've joined Wattpad! It only took two workshops from the lovely Linda Poitevin to convince me of the benefits of the platform. I guess it also took me over a year to feel like I was ready enough as a writer to do it. The first workshop of hers I went to was by the[…]Read More


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Reuters Staff
1 Min Read
April 18 (Reuters) - Anteo Diagnostics Ltd
* Earn out with diasource vendors finalised at eur 4.322 million Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays.
© 2017 Reuters. All Rights Reserved.


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Our dear friend and an employee here at Technopark, Mr. Amjad N S , who is also an active participant in various cultural and CSR activities, is unfortunately diagnosed with Systemic Hypertension, a Chronic Kidney disease at stage 5. You can know more about this @https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease
It has been decided to undergo a kidney transplant procedure. Amjad's sister has come forward with consent to be the donor. The total cost of the procedure is around 6.5 lakhs and other expenses reaching another 3 lakhs.
We believe it is our duty to provide all possible support to Amjad and his family to overcome this situation.
We kindly request you to please contribute to this humane cause.
For more details you can contact below anyone
Shagin ( Natana) – 9447776734
Raneesh ( Prathidhwani) – 9947006353
Sreedeep +91 9847376721
For direct transaction, Bank details are:
Acc no: 06831140031408
Ifsc code: HDFC0000683
HDFC Technopark Branch


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Timeless Shave Gel
$ 30.00 $ 57.00
Product Details
Timeless Shave Gel was created by Professional Barbers that have there clients best interest in mind. Our shave gel helps to deliver an extremely close-shave with a calm, cooling sensation while simultaneously invigorating the skin leaving it feeling smooth and toned. Whether you are a Professional groomer providing hot towel shaves in the Barbershop environment or just someone that is looking for a product that will not only assist with improving razor glide thus reducing irritation caused by shaving this is the product for you!
- Supreme Razor Glide Control
- Cools on contact / Fresh scent
- Anti Irritant / Hypo Allergenic
- Soothing / Moisturizing & Toning
- All Natural Formula / For All Skin Types
* Ships within 1-3 days


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Melbourne, Sept. 3 (ANI): A Swedish man stimulates his own breasts with a pump every three hours in an attempt to produce milk.
Ragnar Bengtsson, 26, of Stockholm, revealed that he began his experiment, being documented by Swedish TV8, on September 1.
According to UPI, he plans on pumping his breasts at three-hour intervals every day until the start of December in a bid to create milk.
"Anything that doesn't do any harm is worth trying out. And if it works it could prove very important for men's ability to get much closer to their children at an early stage," the Daily Telegraph quoted Bengtsson as saying.
Bengtsson said that he did not want to use any chemicals, such as hormone treatments known to cause male lactation.
"If it works and the milk turns out to have a high nutritional value, it could be a real breakthrough," he said.
Sigbritt Werner, professor of Endocrinology at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, said that Bengtsson's quest could produce "a drop or two" of milk after three or four months of pumping.
"Women breastfeed after they've been bathing in estrogen during a nine-month pregnancy, so obviously it takes some time," Werner said.
"But if he works on it regularly, he'll likely notice a layer of tissue forming beneath the areola and it should be possible to produce enough of the hormone prolactin to cause lactation," she added. (ANI)


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AN OLDHAM man standing in next week's General Election has admitted he is under investigation for child pornography offences.
Philip O'Grady, standing as an Independent candidate for Oldham East and Saddleworth, has twice been arrested for importing obscene and indecent publications, which allegedly contained images of children being abused.
Mr O'Grady's arrest followed a raid on his Clarksfield home, in December 2003, by Greater Manchester Police and Customs and Excise officers.
The 35-year-old, who is unemployed, has admitted the offence to the authorities, but said he had been working with a secret international organisation for several years in an attempt to study and monitor the dangers of the internet and the growth of child pornography.
Mr O'Grady said the lack of action by the police or Crown Prosecution Service since he was arrested justified his claim and proved the failings and shortcomings of the police and justice system.
He said: "I had been hoping to stand at this election after being put on trial for these charges and in doing so appear as a credible candidate.
"Unfortunately, the delays of both Her Majesty's Customs and Excise and the Greater Manchester Police Abusive Images Unit have meant that I am having to stand as an unknown entity."
Mr O'Grady said he first became aware of the dangers of the internet in 1994, when studying for a Master's Degree in Police Studies, after which he began investigating the whole area of internet-distributed child pornography and related topics.
He said he had been working on the investigation for eight years and had spent that time amassing intelligence, which included a large collection of images of children taken from the internet and ordered from British and Japanese sources, including photographs of naked teenagers.
Mr O'Grady was arrested after customs officers intercepted two Japanese Manga comic books he had ordered, which contained images of children being abused. He said the organisation he was working with had been monitoring the increase in the availability of these images and the gradual strengthening of content.
However, he said he was not prepared to name the group at this time or provide details of their activities.
"Secrecy is the key to their existence," he added.
Mr O'Grady said he wanted to use his own case to highlight the shortcomings of the criminal justice system.
"Since my initial arrest in December 2003, I have only been interviewed once, in February this year, and have been repeatedly bailed. The system is incompetent.
"If I was a danger to children, I would have been at large to commit offences for nearly 18 months. And the worst case scenario for me, if I am found guilty, would only be a community rehabilitation order."
Mr O'Grady said he is standing as an independent candidate to raise the profile of this issue. He wants to tighten up laws on child offences, restrict access to images of children, tighten up bail conditions and stiffen sentencing for those suspected and convicted of offences against children.
He said he wanted to stand trial, so he would be able to prove himself, expose the dangers and failings of the authorities and "dig myself out of this grave I'm in".
Police have confirmed that O'Grady was arrested in connection with child pornography and put under police bail. The Advertiser is in possession of copies of bail notices presented to O'Grady following his arrest.


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Under the direction of Françoise-Renée Jamet and Laurent Marocco, Philippe Roger leads the cast of this movie of France, with dialogues in French (subtitled), whose official premiere was scheduled for 2014. You can watch Le copain d'avant online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in French at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2014.
Rating: 5 by 11 users./
Runtime: 52 minutes
Philippe Roger.
52-minute film (full movie) directed by Françoise-Renée Jamet and Laurent Marocco.
The original audio of Le copain d'avant has dialogues in or French, it was produced in France.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2014.
Laurent Marocco.
Thierry Derouet.
This film was produced and / or financed by Bonobo Productions.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Le copain d'avant has a duration of 52 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in English or French in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Le copain d'avant in FULLTV Movies.


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Genshiken Episode 6 English Subbed
You are watching Genshiken Episode 6 English Subbed from the Genshiken Anime Show. Watch or Download Genshiken Episode 6 MP4 English Sub and other episodes of Genshiken Streamed for Free.
"On Connecting with Others through Subculture"
Stream Genshiken Episode 6
Episode Summary: Kasukabe tries to make herself more appealing to Kohsaka by taking an interest in his hobbies by trying to learn how to play Puyo Pop Fever. Sasahara's sister Keiko also makes an appearance and calls on her brother for help.


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The Legend of Billie Jean Trailer (1985)
"When you're seventeen, people think they can do anything to you. Billie Jean is about to prove them wrong." 19 July 1985 Action 96 mins
Average Texas teen, Billie Jean Davy, is caught up in an odd fight for justice. She is usually followed and harrased around by local boys, who, one day, decide to trash her brother's scooter for fun. The boys' father refuses to pay them back the price of the scooter. The fight for "fair is fair" takes the teens around the state and produces an unlikely hero.
Watch the official The Legend of Billie Jean 1985 trailer in HD below or find more The Legend of Billie Jean videos on Vidimovie.


text: James 1:5-8 King James Version (KJV) 5 If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. 6 But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed. 7 For let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the Lord. 8 A double minded man is unstable in all his ways. James 1:5-8 Living Bible (TLB) 5 If you want to know what God wants you to do, ask him, and he will gladly tell you, for he is always ready to give a bountiful supply of wisdom to all who ask him; he will not resent it.6 But when you ask him, be sure that you really expect him to tell you, for a doubtful mind will be as unsettled as a wave of the sea that is driven and tossed by the wind;7-8 and every decision you then make will be uncertain, as you turn first this way and then that. If you don't ask with faith, don't expect the Lord to give you any solid answer. Living Bible(TLB) The Living Bible copyright © 1971 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved. These are my thoughts, please share yours. 5 God is the giver of wisdom, God was the one that Solomon his wisdom, God does not give a worldly wisdom as many confuse with true wisdom but He gives the heavenly wisdom. We are to wrong but in the right to ask Him, we should seek Him for answers this is wisdom. Looking to God for answers is true wisdom. 6 It is takes faith to trust in Him enough to follow thru with His answers and if we are not willing to follow thru with His word, we will most likely not be given the answer. We must also trust in Him that He can do all things to His will for us and others. We have to trust in His power over everything else and all the negatives that try to get us to trust in something or someone else. It is hard to move thru a wave it keeps pushing you back and we will be the same if we do not have faith in the Lord the waters of life the troubles will push us back to where we can not go forward but thru faith in Him we can get past the ways and move forward. 7 If we don't have faith in Him then we have nothing. 8 When we are double minded we are unable to move if is mind is taking us in two different directions we just fall down instead of going forward.


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Two celebrities up-and-comers are celebrating birthdays today: Sofia Richie and Justine Skye!
Richie, the daughter if classic R&B singer Lionel, is turning 18 while Skye, a performer as well, turns 21. The momentous ages for both ladies signify growth, focus, and fun.
And for us, it's the perfect occasion to compare their fashion sense and beauty looks.
See how the ladies match up, on the next pages.
Note: For those of you in the NYC area, Justine Skye will be having a birthday party at Up&Down tomorrow night. Find out more by going here.
I make approximately $6000-$8000 a month for freelance jobs i do at home. For everybody willing to do basic freelance jobs for 2-5 h /a day at your home and earn good profit for doing it… This is a gig for you… SELF27.COM dfs234sdf
I am profiting in the range of $6k-$8k every month from freelancing at home. For anyone willing to work basic computer-based work for 2h-5h each day at your house and get solid profit while doing it… Try this work SELF49.COM


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July 30, 2007
Republican tax relief packages in 2001 and 2003 resulted in a booming economy, proving that when government gets out of the way, the American people will get to work, says Senator Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.).
- The 2001 and 2003 tax reductions have spurred more than five years of uninterrupted growth; the economy grew at a robust 3.4 percent in the second quarter of 2007.
- Productivity growth has averaged 2.8 percent since 2001, considerably above the average of each of the past three decades.
- Since August 2003, our economy has created more than 8.2 million jobs and the current unemployment rate is just 4.5 percent, lower than the averages of the 1960s-1990s.
- Wages have been on the rise, and real after-tax income is up 9.9 percent since 2000, an average of nearly $3,000 per person.
Further, tax relief has helped produce an economy that has generated higher than expected tax revenues for the federal government, says Kyl:
- Tax receipts have risen 37 percent over the last three years and are projected to increase another 7 percent this year.
- These rising tax receipts have helped drive down the deficit, which is projected to drop significantly in 2007 for the third year in a row.
- The deficit this year is expected to measure just 1.5 percent of GDP, considerably below the average of the last 40 years.
Unfortunately, says Kyl, Democrats have approved a budget that fails to extend the bulk of the 2001 and 2003 tax relief. In addition, some are also proposing another tax hike on higher income Americans and small business owners to pay for alternative minimum tax relief.
Raising taxes -- by allowing tax relief to expire or by passing burdensome new tax hikes -- would threaten the progress our economy has made and discourage future growth, says Kyl.
Source: Jon Kyl, "Coming Hike," National Review, July 30, 2007.
Browse more articles on Tax and Spending Issues


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Bloodbath - The Fathomless Mastery (Music CD)
Release Date: 06 October 2008
Artist: Bloodbath
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Track Listing
- At The Behest Of Their Death
- Process Of Disillumination
- Slaughtering The Will To Live
- Mock The Cross
- Treasonous
- Iesous
- Drink From The Cup Of Heresy
- Devouring The Feeble
- Earthrot
- Hades Rising
- Wretched Human Mirror
Release Date: 06 October 2008
Artist: Bloodbath
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Wessex FM News
2 Rescued From Capsized Catamaran
10:13am 29th June 2014
Swanage Inshore Lifeboat's gone to the aid of a capsized catamaran.
Crew from the motor yacht Castaway, which made the original emergency call to coastguards, pulled the people out of the water.
They towed into Swanage from off Handfast point together with both its occupants where they were met by Swanage Coastguards.
Elsewhere, coastguards rescued a broken down 6 metre RIB from Portland Harbour, while West Bay Inshore Rescue team investigated reports of a Canadian style canoe found drifting on the river Brit nar the Parkdean caravan site
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Ok, you're not getting what I'm trying to say. I'm done.
Ok, you're not getting what I'm trying to say. I'm done.
if (problem)
Visual C++ == C++ with WIN32
If you disagree, please post the differences.
>>MFC is an API. .NET is an API.
Actually MFC is a C++ wrapper for WIN32 (like Borlands OWL) and .NET is a framework
.NET includes a wrapper around various APIs, including WinFX (which replaces WIN32) and a run-time environment, the CLR.
Don't let that stop you though, your really on a roll....
"Man alone suffers so excruciatingly in the world that he was compelled to invent laughter."
Friedrich Nietzsche
"I spent a lot of my money on booze, birds and fast cars......the rest I squandered."
George Best
"If you are going through hell....keep going."
Winston Churchill


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An Estonian desiring to remain unknown has donated half a million euros in support of philosophical literature series Avatud Eesti raamat (AER, Open Estonia Book). The maker of the largest known donation for Estonian culture decided to remain anonymous, in order to avoid the limelight.
A flagship for philosophical literature in Estonian, AER is entitled for a half million euros of additional payment up to 2015. According to cooperation agreement in force from July 2011, between the anonymous donor and the Cultural Endowment of Estonia (CEE), €100,000 a year for five years are donated into AER's grant programme, provided the current sponsor CEE maintains its share of €40,000.
The €500,000 donation is the largest known private donation into Estonian culture. To the knowledge of Postimees, it is not a matter of bequest, but the donor is an Estonian residing and working in Estonia. In order to avoid the public spotlight, however, the person has decided to remain unknown.
In any case, the grant serves to open up new possibilities to broaden availability of philosophical literature and spurs the translators and researches to action.
AER, now blessed in such an exemplary fashion, came into being in 1994, supported by Open Estonia Foundation. In 2000, Cultural Endowment of Estonia became the main sponsor. Over a hundred mainly philosophical books have, up to now, been translated and published within the programme.


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Food safety and hygiene matters. Training presentation for workers in the food industry. Introduction.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Training presentation for workers in the food industry
It is estimated there are:
60-80% of all reported cases come from commercial food premises.
It is also estimated that between 500,000 and 1 million cases of food poisoning occur in Queensland per year.
Bad reputation
Loss of revenue
Business closure
Legal action and penalties
Productivity loss
Work absenteeism
Medical expenses
Hardship and suffering
Permanent disability
DeathCosts associated with food poisoning
Food can be contaminated by the following three main hazard types:
Food that is contaminated with any of these hazards is unsafe and unsuitable to eat.
Bacteria are single-celled living micro-organisms. The most common form of food poisoning is bacterial food poisoning. To survive and multiply, bacteria need:
Under these conditions, bacteria will multiply by dividing in two every 10-20 minutes. After 6 hours, 1 bacterium can multiply into 262,144 bacteria, more than enough to cause food poisoning.
Food poisoning bacteria come from five main sources:
Food at incorrect temperatures
Under ideal conditions, bacteria multiply rapidly between 5°C and 60°C (the danger zone for food).
dormant. Freezing does not kill bacteria.
Poor personal hygiene
Examples of poor personal hygiene include:
Dirty kitchens increase the risk of cross-contamination from pests and particles of food, grease and dirt.
Common pests found in food premises include:
These pests can carry food poisoning bacteria and may also cause physical contamination of food with their droppings, eggs, fur and dead bodies.
Temperature control
Minimise the time that potentially hazardous foods spend in the danger zone.
Always remember to keep:
All food businesses are required to obtain and use a probe thermometer, accurate to +/-1°C to monitor the temperature of potentially hazardous foods.
Avoid cross-contamination
Personal hygiene
When should you wash your hands?
Hand washing facilities
Cleaning and sanitising without a dishwasher
Pest Control
Waste management
Food safety supervisors
From 1 July 2008, all licensed food businesses must have an approved food safety supervisor.
A food safety supervisor is a person who is responsible for day-to-day food safety and has relevant expertise or experience in food safety matters.
The food safety supervisor needs to be reasonably contactable by Council when the business is operating.
Food safety programs
A food safety program is a documented system that identifies, monitors and controls food hazards to prevent contaminated food from reaching consumers.
The Food Act 2006 currently requires private hospitals to have a food safety program by 1 July 2007 and the following high risk food businesses to have a food safety program by 1 July 2008:
Supply – use food suppliers that have a good reputation
Receival – check temperatures of potentially hazardous foods on delivery and store at the correct temperature as soon as possible. Do not accept potentially hazardous food unless it is delivered under temperature control.
Cooking – ensure correct internal temperatures are achieved, using your probe thermometer
Displaying – protect food from contamination and keep potentially hazardous foods under temperature control
Hot holding (bain maries, pie warmers and hot boxes)
Packaging – protect food from contamination and use suitable packaging materials.
Transporting – protect food from contamination and keep potentially hazardous foods under temperature control.
Food disposal
Food recall – a food business involved in wholesale supply, manufacture or importation of food must have a documented system in place to ensure the recall of any unsafe food.
It is essential that food handlers have the required skills and knowledge of food safety and food handling controls to minimise the risk of food poisoning.
As a food handler, it is your responsibility to ensure that food for your customers is safe and suitable to eat.
Happy and safe cooking!


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Located in Downtown Cairo, this hotel is within 1 mi (2 km) of Abdin Palace, Egyptian Museum, and Coptic Museum. Museum of Islamic Art and Khan el-Khalili are also within 1 mi (2 km).


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Carry Trades, Monetary Policy and Speculative Dynamics
We ask when currency carry trades are associated with destabilizing dynamics in the foreign exchange market, and investigate the role of monetary policy rules in setting of such dynamics. In a model where the exchange rate has a long-term fundamental anchor, we find that carry trades can be stabilizing or destabilizing at shorter horizons, depending on the propensity of capital inflows to overheat the recipient economy. In the destabilizing case, we solve for a unique equilibrium that exhibits the classic pattern of the carry trade recipient currency appreciating for extended periods, punctuated by sharp falls.
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|Feb 2011
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Carlsson, Hans & van Damme, Eric, 1993.
"Global Games and Equilibrium Selection,"
Econometric Society, vol. 61(5), pages 989-1018, September.
- Carlsson, H. & van Damme, E.E.C., 1990. "Global games and equilibrium selection," Discussion Paper 1990-52, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Hans Carlsson & Eric van Damme, 1993. "Global Games and Equilibrium Selection," Levine's Working Paper Archive 122247000000001088, David K. Levine.
- Carlsson, H. & Van Damme, E., 1990. "Global Games And Equilibrium Selection," Papers 9052, Tilburg - Center for Economic Research.
- Carlsson, H. & van Damme, E.E.C., 1993. "Global games and equilibrium selection," Other publications TiSEM 49a54f00-dcec-4fc1-9488-4, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
- Emmanuel Farhi & Xavier Gabaix, "undated". "Rare Disasters and Exchange Rates," Working Paper 71001, Harvard University OpenScholar.
- Farhi, Emmanuel & Gabaix, Xavier, 2015. "Rare Disasters and Exchange Rates," CEPR Discussion Papers 10334, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Emmanuel Farhi, 2008. "Rare Disasters and Exchange Rates," 2008 Meeting Papers 47, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- Emmanuel Farhi & Xavier Gabaix, 2008. "Rare Disasters and Exchange Rates," NBER Working Papers 13805, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Francis Breedon, 2001. "Market liquidity under stress: observations from the FX market," BIS Papers chapters,in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Market liquidity: proceedings of a workshop held at the BIS, volume 2, pages 149-151 Bank for International Settlements. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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It has been observed that the most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it, and are notable only by their absence.… Read more
Geoff Huston
Geoff Huston is the Chief Scientist at APNIC, where he undertakes research on topics associated with Internet infrastructure, IP technologies, and address distribution policies. From 1995 to 2005, Geoff was the Chief Internet Scientist at Telstra, where he provided a leading role in the construction and further development of Telstra's Internet service offerings, both in Australia and as part of Telstra's global operations. Prior to Telstra, Mr Huston worked for the Australian National University, where he led the initial construction of the Internet in Australia in the late 1980s as the Technical Manager of the Australian Academic and Research Network. He has authored a number of books dealing with IP technology, as well as numerous papers and columns. He was a member of the Internet Architecture Board from 1999 until 2005 and served as its Executive Director from 2001 to 2005. He is an active member of the Internet Engineering Task Force, where he currently chairs two Working Groups. He served on the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society from 1992 until 2001 and served a term as Chair of the Board in 1999. He has served on the Board of the Public Internet Registry and also on the Executive Council of APNIC. He chaired the Internet Engineering and Planning Group from 1992 until 2005.
Pages created by Geoff Huston
The Internet's Domain Name System is a modern day miracle. It may not represent the largest database that has ever been built, but nevertheless it's truly massive. And even if it's not the largest database that's ever been built, it's perhaps one of the more intensively used. The DNS is consulted every time we head to a web page, every time we send an email message, or in fact every time we initiate almost any transaction on the Internet. It's the essential bridge between a world of human names and the underlying world of binary protocol addresses. And it's fast. Fast enough that it's still largely invisible as part of the user experience, despite continued growth in size. Given the fragmentation of the IPv4 address space with the widespread use of various forms of address sharing, then it increasingly looks as if the DNS is the only remaining common glue that binds the Internet together as a single network.… Read more
Much has been said over the pasts year or so about various forms of cyber spying. The United States has accused the Chinese of cyber espionage and stealing industrial secrets. A former contractor to the United States' NSA, Edward Snowden, has accused various US intelligence agencies of systematic examination of activity on various popular social network services, through a program called "PRISM". These days cloud services may be all the vogue, but there is also an emerging understanding that once your data heads off into one of these clouds, then it's no longer necessarily entirely your data; it may have become somebody else's data too.… Read more
Yes, that's a cryptic topic, even for an article that addresses matters of the use of cryptographic algorithms, so congratulations for getting even this far! This is a report of an experiment conducted in September and October 2014 by the authors to measure the extent to which deployed DNSSEC-validating resolvers fully support the use of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) with curve P-256.… Read more
It has been a very busy period in the domain of computer security. With "shellshock", "heartbleed" and NTP monlink adding to the background of open DNS resolvers, port 445 viral nasties, SYN attacks and other forms of vulnerability exploits, it's getting very hard to see the forest for the trees. We are spending large amounts of resources in reacting to various vulnerabilities and attempting to mitigate individual network attacks, but are we making overall progress? What activities would constitute "progress" anyway?… Read more