text:
Total Money Makeover!
"First I would like to thank Mrs. S for having me as a guest. I love reading her blog and was so excited that she asked me to be a guest!
Thanks, Mrs. S! ;-)
Ok, before I get into my post I'm going to give you a moment to get yourself situated. Get comfy, grab a cup of coffee (or whatever your pleasure is) and enjoy!
Over the last few months I've become a little obsessed with our finances. My husband "brings home" a pretty decent paycheck and I just couldn't see where we were spending so much money. I've known about the "Dave Ramsey" program for quite some time, and when I first found out about the program I was in major denial.
Yes, we are in debt… just like most Americans. We have little consumer debt, I have some "stupid teenager/young adult" debt, we have a car payment, I have student loans from my Associate's degree (Thank you Post 9/11 G.I. Bill for giving me what I paid into! But that's another post for another day). Total, we are about $50,000 in debt. That's a lot of money to owe people, and I've finally had enough.
The Dave Ramsey Program is really just a common sense kind of deal. One of which I am proud to say that I am ready to begin!
Let me go ahead and break down the program for you. The steps are broken down into "Baby Steps" (that makes it much less over whelming in my opinion).
Keep in mind that before you begin the baby steps, if you are behind on any bills try to get current on the ones you are behind on, and make a budget.
Baby Step 1 – Baby Emergency Fund – Save $1000 as fast as you can. This little savings is just in case Murphy decides to pay a visit. You'll have the cash to pay for whatever the emergency is. Keep in mind, this is for real emergencies… like if your hot water heater goes out, car needs repair, etc… not for a cute pair of shoes that are drastically marked down that you must. have.
Baby Step 2 – Pay off all your debts (except your mortgage if you have one). List your debts from smallest to largest (not the smallest interest rate). The smaller the debt, the quicker you get it paid off. Then you use the money that you would have used to pay off the previous debt and apply it to the new debt. And any "extra" money you find, put it towards your debt.
Baby Step 3 – Start your Emergency Fund – this is separate from your BEF (baby emergency fund). This is for 3 – 6 months of living expenses. It's completely up to you how much you want to have in this fund, but in case you or your spouse loses their job (or for us military folks, something happens and we can no longer rely on the military for a steady paycheck), you want to have enough saved so that you can live for a few months if you and/or your spouse can't find a job right away.
Baby Step 4 – Start saving 15% of your income for retirement. You can put this money in Roth IRA or if your employer will match your funds, go through their retirement program. If you aren't sure about investing, get with an ELP in your area to help you out.
Baby Step 5 – Save for your children's education. I think that speaks for itself. Put as much money away as possible to help pay for your kids to go to college. You don't have to save enough to put them completely through, but in this day and age, anything to help them out with college is awesome.
Baby Step 6 – Pay off the mortgage early. Dave Ramsey recommends that you only buy a house when you can put 20% down and get a 15 year mortgage… but if you didn't do it the "Dave Ramsey way" then that's ok too. Since most people will combine BS (baby steps) 4, 5, and 6 just put whatever extra a month towards the mortgage payment. Whenever you have a loan and you pay more then what the monthly payment is, the "extra" money you send in goes directly towards the principle loan. That means, the quicker you pay on the principle, the less money in interest the finance company is getting from you. Sounds good doesn't it?
Baby Step 7 – Build wealth… and give!
I hope that makes sense. If you're really interested in starting the program, remember that you don't have to do everything "by the book." A lot of people slightly vary from the program and still manage to get their debt paid off fast! You can get "Total Money Makeover" from your local library (which I'm sure Dave would absolutely approve of) or you can buy it. DaveRamsey.com usually has some pretty good sales on a lot of the things that will help you become debt free, but the only thing I have bought is TMMO (Total Money Makeover) on iTunes. I definitely recommend reading his book… and if you aren't very religious, be prepared because he makes a lot of (totally relevant) references to the Bible. For me, hearing him compare the gazelle and cheetah to finances, completely made sense.
For my family, we are putting all of the hubs "hazardous duty pay" in savings and not touching it since we'll be moving back to the United States after this deployment. (By the time we leave Germany, we'll have been here for 4 years… and while I know I am going to miss it, I am ready to get back to America!) The only extra money we aren't putting away is the Family Separation Pay. We're starting our snowball with that and I'm hoping to have the majority (if not all) of the consumer debt and my "stupid teenager/young adult" debt paid off. And since we don't have a mortgage, I'm thinking we will talk about buying a house and how much we want saved before we start looking.
Well, I hope you enjoyed this post as much as I have enjoyed writing it. =) I really enjoy sharing what I've learned with others in hopes that it may help someone else."
13 comments:
- Sherri Romney said...
Very interesting! Thanks for posting this.
- August 20, 2010 at 2:54 AM
- annoyed army wife said...
Great post! Great tips! I was actually quite proud to see we do quite a few of those.
- August 20, 2010 at 3:29 AM
- Amber said...
I have read his series and agree with it 100%. It's so difficult to actually practice sometimes - but you just have to commit to it. My hubby and I have agreed that we are going to start it in January 2011 - as our new year's resolution. I'm very excited to see what we are able to accomplish once we commit fully! Thanks for sharing!
- August 20, 2010 at 12:15 PM
- Skinnie Piggie said...
A lot of the couples in our young married's group have been talking about this book, thanks so much for sharing! =)
- August 20, 2010 at 12:47 PM
- Charity said...
I am planning on doing this as well. I am sick and tired of being in debt and having to watch every penny every two weeks. It is not a fun way to live our lives, and I am tired of it. All of our credit cards will be paid off with my husbands enlistment bonus within the next 2-3 months. I cannot wait, then we are going to start on our truck. We have a mortgage for our house back home which causes tons of stress for me, we are hoping it sells within the year.
- August 20, 2010 at 1:06 PM
- JG said...
I love the Dave Ramsey principles. We went to a seminar of his before we got married and learned a lot. Some of his points were more extreme then (He advised not buying a house unless you could pay the WHOLE thing in cash!) but overall, they are good rules of thumb.
- August 20, 2010 at 1:13 PM
- Jessica said...
We are big supporters of the Dave Ramsey plan! We started 2 years ago and have paid off over $50,000 in debts. Now all we have is the mortgage and are working to have that paid off as well. We now operate on the cash system...if we don't have cash for it, we don't buy it...pretty simple and saves a lot of arguements down the road =)
It's been a great feeling to "live like nobody else so we can live like nobody else" (one of my fav. Dave quotes)
thanks for sharing this!
- August 20, 2010 at 1:13 PM
- Julie the Army Wife said...
I really like his program! We need to get back to it.
- August 20, 2010 at 2:17 PM
- Ash and Matt | A SoCal Story said...
I'm familiar with Dave Ramsey because I have a good friend who swears by his system. She and her husband took it to the max and use cash only for all of their purchases (aside from their mortgage). They paid off over $20,000 in debt in record time.
Luckily, Matt and I don't have debts to worry about, but we have a savings system that is pretty similar to his suggestions. My favorite thing about his philosophy is the last step--to become really financially stable so you can help others.
- August 20, 2010 at 4:32 PM
- Neidy said...
Love LOVE Dave Ramsey :) I'm in college with ZERO debt thanks to him. Still working my way up in the world with his advice! :) What a great post!
- August 21, 2010 at 12:58 AM
- Carmen said...
I loved reading this! I've heard about this book and I've been wanting to get rid of our debt. Thanks for the tips!
- August 21, 2010 at 12:15 PM
- AF Recruiters Wife said...
I "heart" Dave Ramsey! We did his class at our last base (the Chapel ahd gotten a grant to pay for it). We paid off everything, except our house and his truck... we could have his truck paid off, but we're divertig from the D-Ramsey path, and doing an adoption, so we'll pay for that before we pay the truck off... he really helped us get a plan, and I can honteslty say in 3 years, we haven't faugt about money!
- August 21, 2010 at 1:57 PM
- Erin said...
My husband and I are on this program! It's great!
I encourage everyone to give it a try. In the last 6 months we have already paid off some stuff and are well on our way to paying off more!
Thanks for helping spread the word about it. I tell everyone we know. :)
- August 21, 2010 at 2:13 PM


text:
Input is always welcome. For commissions, exhibitions/group shows, inquiries, or anything else, definitely email me using the contact form at the bottom:
Sales: Can be directed towards my shop page. Any sales that you are interested in can be arranged and listed for purchase on those sites. Works will not be purchase for cash or check by email. Scammers are big fans of this, I am not.
Things I request no more inquiries on:
1.) Techniques: Most take too long to explain and I don't have a lot of free time. At best you can always request I make a future blog post for said technique. With that said, I'm requesting no more emails on Wintergreen oil. Please just google to find your answers, because that's all I do when I'm responding to those emails and it's just saving a middleman at this point.
2.) Phone calls/Personal Meetings: Please don't give me your personal phone number and/or request I call you or try and set up a "coffee meeting." I like my privacy (and also not a phone person), please respect that. Not trying to be heinous, I just like boundaries.
3.) Invites to join <insert Social Network here>: Please don't invite me to social networks I'm not on, such as LinkedIn. If I'm not on that site, I don't want to be. Honestly, this is probably the easiest way to annoy me.
4.) "Can I use <insert artwork title> on a gig poster design I made" or any other variation: This is kind of specific and I've had a few emails in the past where people assumed I would naturally go along with giving permission to use my images in a gig poster. I'm not usually in support of this because of how the original work was intended to be seen as fine art, not a commercial illustration. If it is used for a commercial or promotional purposes, it cheapens the original value of the image with tour dates and a band name slapped on the side.
Also, for whatever reason, this request gets paired with, "we don't have any money to pay you upfront, but you could get the percentages…blah blah blah…" NO. If you want a gig poster illustration or similar request, you commission one and we work out payment details. That's how business works.
5.) Request for Link exchanges: I'm not taking requests for link exchanges, so please refrain from sending a request. The links I provide on my website are from friends and close business contacts that I want to pay my respects by linking them back. I keep it small and selective and since they're located on the sidebar, I would like to keep it the list short and not distracting for the website.
Lastly, please forgive me if I take awhile to respond back. Things get hectic, but I do keep track of emails that need response. Thanks!
You can contact me with inquiries at meganfrau [at] gmail [dot] com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|29 Sep 2012
Dell Inspiron 1545 Touchpad not working
OK so I have tried deleting the touchpad in device manager and removing the driver, and reinstalling the device from scratch. When this didn't work I thought there must be a problem with the touchpad itself and so bought a new one and installed it. Problem is it still doesn't work.
If I go into device manager and look for it I have to show hidden devices and then it comes up with the yellow triangle next to it.
I show properties on it and it says its the Dell Touchpad, Manufacturer is Alps Electronics, and its plugged into the PS/2 mouse port.
In the Device Status box it says:
This device is not present, is not working properly, or does not have all its drivers installed. (Code 24)
The Driver date is 02/05/2010 and the version is 7.1107.115.102
I have also noticed that on the details tab under power data the current power state is D3, which I believe is off.
Something else I have noticed which may or may not be related is that the laptop doesn't enter sleep mode when the lid is closed, altho it is set to and will enter sleep if I select it in the shutdown options.
I am at a complete loss as to why the touchpad isn't working so any help would be appreciated.
If you need any more info please let me know.
|My System Specs
|29 Sep 2012
Hi Dre9872, Try the vista driver for it ,there is a possibility that the mobo may be failing
|My System Specs
|29 Sep 2012
OK I just tried to install the Vista 64bit Driver version 7.200.202
Didn't work, I didn't even get the touchpad showing up in device manager.
Also I noticed when I installed it said I was installing an older version of the already installed driver. I thought this strange as there should't be a driver installed as I checked the delete driver box when I uninstalled the device.
|My System Specs
|29 Sep 2012
Hi Dre, thats very strange , did you try installing as administrator, is there any chance you accidently disabled the touchpad ? Have you tried a wired mouse if so did that work ?
have a look here http://support.dell.com/support/topi...t?docid=277550 see if anything helps
|My System Specs
|29 Sep 2012
I did install as admin
I cannot see any settings for the touchpad to see if its turned off or not.
I can use a USB mouse just fine.
The Dell support site wasn't helpfull.
|My System Specs
|01 Oct 2012
No one else got any ideas?
I'm pretty sure its not a mobo problem as this laptop only had a new mobo 6mths ago.
|My System Specs
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THE Oakden nursing home scandal has taken another twist with fresh reports senior officials were told last year that some residents had been "locked in corridors" at dinner breaks.
The facility's chief executive Jackie Hanson was reportedly told about the incident at Clements House in March 2016.
The leaked internal memo showed further information was sought for a preliminary investigation two months later and a review into the incident in September.
But SA Health on Friday night rejected allegations they had delayed taking action on the complaint.
A Northern Adelaide Local Health Network spokesman said told The Advertiser immediate steps were taken to address the incident, which was not accurately represented in the internal memo.
"The brief refers to the internal human resource investigation and it is not uncommon for these to take around six months while in-depth investigations take place," he said.
"The CEO of NALHN was advised that the model of care for this specific type of care plan had already been reviewed and appropriate action taken."
Originally published as Claims of Oakden residents 'locked in corridors' refuted


text: certain software (when you install it) puts data into the registry as well as other places. Then when you uninstall it, it leaves those items (purposely) so that when you reinstall it, it knows that you previously installed it before. Is there a way to know when you install a software, all changes that are being made on a system?


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Harley Davidson Motorcycle Custom 5 1/4" Speaker Saddle Bag Pods Waves & Wheels BBP
Waves & Wheels BBP Harley Davidson Saddle Bag 5 1/4" Speaker Panels
Our custom saddle bag replacement lids allow you to add a set of 5 1/4" speakers to your Harley Davison motorcycle that will sound as good as they look. The custom black panels are designed to match the original lids ensuring an attractive fit and finish.
Unlike many other saddle bag speaker replacements manufacturers (Loud Lids) the entire panel does not have to be replaced simplifying the installation and making them more affordable. The panels will fit many Harley Davidson models and other motorcycles offering a unique solution that simply cannot be found elsewhere.
Each purchase includes two panels, instructions and the mounting hardware needed to install them.
- Harley Davidson Motorcycle Custom 5 1/4" Speaker Saddle Bag Pods Waves & Wheels BBP
- Made from Durable Plastic
- UV Resistant
- Black Gloss Finish
- Sold as a left & right pair
- Fits several Harley Davidson models
- Includes hardware needed to install with detailed instructions
- Fits 5 1/4" speakers
- Mounting Diameter 4 3/4"
- This item is New
- 1-Year Half Price Car Audio Warranty
Return Policy
This item can be returned in its original condition within 14-Days for a refund, minus a 20% restocking fee, and minus shipping.
Warranty Information
- This item has a 1-Year warranty.


text:
What to Wear is back and this week we've joined the cool kids by adding a link-up to the mix. Now it's easier than ever for anyone and everyone to take part in this little series of ours. All you need is the occasion and the date of our next post (which I'll fill you in on a wee bit later) and then you're ready to rock. But, wait! Before you get too excited and scroll straight to the bottom to find out the details, why not check out how I rock a floral skirt? I promise, this outfit is worth your time, friends.
When it came to picking this outfit, I decided to go with a skirt and tights that scream spring, since, well, you know, it's SPRING!! I love dressing for spring. It's all about bright, cheery colours... and floral, of course. I adore this skirt. I bought it at Value Village the last time I was in Edmonton, and I'm so excited that it's spring, so I can finally wear it! It has tiny little flower blossoms and leaves on it. Too cute!


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brought to you by simply the best events
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The Labyrinth Challenge is touring the UK! To keep up to date with a particular venue and what's going on at the event, enter the venue you are looking to attend below along with your email address and sign up for our email updates!


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Re: George Washington Bonnett
In reply to:
George Washington Bonnett
Hi Coleen: I do not have any information on George Washington Bonnett and just have information on Samuel Bonnettb. 1834 and married Mary Jane Allen on 2 February 1865.Samuel's parents were Jacob H. Bonnett and Charlotte Hyde.Jacob H.'s parents were Jacob Bonnett and Martha Hughes.Jacob's parents were Samuel Bonnett and Mary Elizabeth Lorentz. These two are my gggggrandparents.Samuel's parents were Jean Jacque Bonnett and Anna Marie Dereux ( my ggggggrandparents ).John Jacque's father was David Daniel ( my gggggggrandfather ).You can contact me at my e-mail address.Have a good day.


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Teacher sponsorship - set up a Paypal regular donation
For regular payments by PayPal (through your account or by credit card), please complete the information below, which then takes you to Paypal to sign up for regular payments either from your credit/debit card, or from your Paypal account.
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By completing the Gift Aid section, I confirm I am a UK tax payer and I would like Child of Hope to treat all the donations I make from 1 April 2009, until I notify you otherwise, as Gift Aid donations.
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Please notify us if you no longer pay sufficient tax on your income and/or capital gains, or if you wish to cancel this declaration. Please also let us know if your name or address changes, so that we can continue to claim Gift Aid. Unfortunately if we do not have a current address, your Gift Aid Declaration will not be valid.


text:
GraphicRiver Facebook Timeline 5854847
Photoshop \ Web Element \ Social Media \ Facebook Timeline Covers
Photos \ Display \ Preview \ Purposes \ Contact \ Support \ Include \ Included
Web Element - Facebook Timeline 5854847 by surajkhatri @ GraphicRiver
Photoshop \ Web Element \ Social Media \ Facebook Timeline Covers
Fully Layered Adobe Photoshop .PSD files
- 7 colors option
- 850px x 315px
- Smart Objects used for photos
- Fully Customizable
- Free Fonts used http://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/open-sans
- Photos in the preview image are used for display purposes and are not included.
Help file include how edit. Contact for any support
High Resolution: Yes; Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS; Pixel Dimensions: 851x315.
Travel Web Banner; Travel Banners; Travel Banners; Beauty and Care Banner; Travel Banner; Travel Banner; Multipurpose Sales Banner.
Keywords: facebook, timeline.
Create GraphicRiver Facebook Timeline 5854847 style with After Effect, Cinema 4D, 3DS Max, Apple Motion or PhotoShop. GraphicRiver Facebook Timeline 5854847 from creative professional designers. Full details of GraphicRiver Facebook Timeline 5854847 for digital design and education. GraphicRiver Facebook Timeline 5854847 desigen style information or anything related.


text:
For many years I taught a beginning writer's course for the Institute of Children's Literature. One of the company's requirements stipulated that teachers attend a staff meeting in Connecticut each year. Although I was wary of flying to New York and staying alone there in a hotel, I felt eager for the chance to visit my agent and editors in person, so I'd make the trip. I'd call my agent ahead of time and tell here which editor I wanted to see. This worked well until one year when she told me that my editor at Scholastic couldn't work my visit into her schedule.
I hid my disappointment and kept appointments with other editors. All went well until it started to rain. I had no confidence in my ability to catch a taxi in the rain and I had only an hour or so before I had to walk to the Port Authority and board a train to Westport, CT. The scholastic offices were very close to my hotel, so close I thought I could walk it I had to. So I called the editor who couldn't work me into her schedule and asked if she didn't have even a few minutes for me. She said to come on over and she would work me in.
So I walked in the rain to the Scholastic offices, looking very wilted when I arrived. But the ms. I'd brought to show this editor was dry in my attaché case and I pulled it out to show to her, giving her a brief synopsis of the characters and plot.
She considered the story, said she couldn't us it right then, but she asked if she could make a copy of the synopsis for her file. Of course I agreed to this although I felt sure she was just being kind because I looked so wet and wilted.
So a couple of days later I went home from New York very discouraged that this editor hadn't liked my ms well enough to accept it on the spot. Of course, I'd always told my writing students to keep their manuscripts circulating, that they'd never sell anything from their desk drawer or their filing cabinet. But I didn't feel up to putting this ms. in the mail to another editor. I shaved it into my file cabinet. And I forgot it as gave up all hope of ever selling it.
Then one day—Surprise! I received a call from the Scholastic editor offering me a contract for that book, The Ghost of Graydon Place. You can imagine my excitement as I prepared the complete manuscript for her. The book came out in paperback and sold well. Years passed. I'd almost forgotten about that book until my new agent asked to see it. She was selling YA books from the 1970s to Thorndike for republication. So now The Ghost of Graydon Place is in hardback and my librarian says it is checked out frequently by reluctant teen readers who They are caught up in the mystery. It is also in demand by English Second Language students who are tired of reading stories for elementary readers and who welcome a real mystery.
I don't think this story really has a moral. I still tell my students to keep their manuscripts circulating, that they can't sell a story from their desk drawer or file cabinet. The memory of this incident reminds me that I have a few manuscripts written a while back that I need to revise and get in the mail.
My most recent book, Eden Palms Murder"–mini synopsis: KEY WEST VISITOR BAILEY GREEN FACES DEATH AT THE HANDS OF BLACKMARKET THIEVES WHEN POLICE IGNORE HER CLAIM THAT HE BOTHER'S HOMELESS FRIEND WAS MURDERED.


text:
Tires Plus of Buffalo
Review for Tires Plus of Buffalo
MIKE J. on 08/08/2015
"Just what you need"
Been going to this location for a number of years now, overall satisfied. Jason the guy at the desk I've seen the last few times ive been in is not as customer friendly as the guy I normally have worked with at this location. I have always been happy with my service though..... Would be nice to see the guy working with your public actually smile though!
Vehicle: Lincoln MKX
Service Date: 08/07/2015
Review Created: 08/08/2015 12:27 PM


text:
I've wanted to make a cardigan for ages. But finding the right pattern seemed to fail me. So it's something that was put on the back burner until the right pattern came along.
This came about because I had just bought the pattern for my Brumby skirt and Brumby is so right for a little cropped top. I think I bought the cardigan pattern just in the nick of time as already it is now OOP. I remember seeing this McCalls cardigan pattern some time ago but it wasn't what I was after at that time. But with Brumby in the making, this now fit the bill to not only full-fill my cardigan make but also for a suitable cropped top for Brumby.
As shown here with Brumby herself.


text:
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Inflate your balloons and tie them directly onto a length of this nylon line to create the floating balloon arch effect.
Use it to bind up quartets of four 5" balloons into a column or simply as a virtually invisible way to tie up party decorations.
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…Remove inefficient organizational units and layers Active and inspirational leader – influence, help, demand and inspire Hands on involvement in growth and restructuring activities – adding his/her competence…
Talkwalker Alert: 50 results for [inspirational]
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working great.. as usual. on Win7 64...
working great.. as usual. on Win7 64...
No.1Priority (12-30-2013)
Supposely approved...then why can't I download the file ?
guys i neeeeeed help plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
win 8.1 x64 dont work =/
but no... work name changer
Last edited by eskiz; 12-30-2013 at 11:43 AM.
how i caaaaaaaan injctooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooor
thank you ! works like a charm 0_0 i use windows 98 12 BIT. THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THIS HACK!
[SIGPIC][/SIGPIC]WAT THE FUDGE YOU LOOKING AT? hehe just kidding
Suspicious program detected...
guys if i go to the game come XIGNCODE can any one help me
Make a post and tell every admin to agree and coordinate an approval scheme, It's annoying going through pages and pages of stupid comments about approving a new hack. Why should they get what they want when you can't get a piece of mind deleting post after post just to approve after.


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
28.37 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Should you be looking for a hotel in Poland, we suggest you take a look at the offers of Rezydencja Bakamus Sandomierz. The hotel is welcoming all guests in Sandomierz with eight comfortable rooms to stay in. For guests arriving by car parking possibility is available nearby. An organized city tour is also available to help you discover all key highlights of the area. The fans of actively spent leisure time may take the boat rental opportunities nearby. Upon preliminary request airport transfer is provided. Wireless Internet connection (WiFi) is available at the hotel, ensuring that you can stay up-to-date during your holiday. An exact and detailed list of equipment in the rooms and of the services provided by Rezydencja Bakamus Sandomierz you will find on the information sheet below, including any applicable additional fees.
Payment Depeding on the selected room, date and price, you may be asked to provide credit card guarantee or to pay by credit card in advance.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to arrive is 15:00, the latest time to leave the rooms is 12:00. The personnel can communicate with you in the following languages: English and Polish.
Rezydencja Bakamus Sandomierz rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
Organized sightseeing nearby, Boat rental nearby
Airport transfer
Hairdryer, Fridge, Desk in the room, Tea/coffee-maker


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Dianna Benoit-Kittell
Listed by Kw Vermont/St. Albans
This traditional white cedar log cabin has the best of both worlds! Want a private wooded lot that is less than 2 minutes to town? Enjoy the cozy radiant floors and propane heat stove in the winter and in the summer open all the sliding glass doors in the cathedral living room for a cool comfortable place to hang out. Large back yard and big kitchen and living room make this a perfect home for large gatherings, plan your summer BBQ here!
Date Showings Begin:
Delayed Showing: Unknown


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Butter You Up
Call us old-fashioned—acts of bravado and grandeur may win hearts in Hollywood—but real charm is easily (and equally romantically) found in everyday life. Take, for example, Clarified Butter—the distillation of creamy, smooth butter. Also known as Ghee, it brings richness, warmth and the purest butter intensity to whatever it graces—a slice of toast, a skillet of vegetables… a tongue. So if you're looking to allure that special someone, might we suggest buttering them up with Ghee.
Unlock The Power of Trader Joe's Ghee
Curious about its charms? See Trader Joe's Clarified Butter (Ghee) in action! Watch our video below!
Get To Know Ghee
NICKNAMES: Clarified Butter, Drawn Butter, Ghee, Liquid Gold
ORIGIN: Made in New Jersey by an Indian family with deep roots in ghee production. It starts as Grade AA Unsalted Butter, churned from the milk of cows that are NEVER treated with rBST
ATTRIBUTES: Solid (at room temperature) and liquid (when heat is applied); Smoke point of about 400 degrees fahrenheit (so it fries like an oil); Needs NO refrigeration
HOBBIES: Cooking, moisturizing, reading romance novels
STATUS: Looking to spread some love
VITALS: 8 FL OZ for $4.79*
*while commodity fluctuation will influence the price, the VALUE is constant, every day
All You Need Is Ghee. And Love. And A Few Other Things.
Cinnamon Bear Toast
Add a little Ghee for a new take on an old favorite. Mix together sugar, spices and Ghee. Spread generously over bread then bake until bubbly. Garnish with fruit for one bear-y cute breakfast. Get the Cinnamon Bear Toast recipe!
Fusili Garden Pasta
For pasta that glimmers, sauté asparagus spears with Ghee then add cooked gluten free fusili, and fresh grape tomatoes and basil. Ghee makes the perfect sauce for this bright and zesty dish. Get the Fusili Garden Pasta recipe!


text: I was checking out the horizon website & they make convection plates for Oklahoma joe smokers. they also make a plate that slides. there is a rod that runs thru the smoker & extends out the smokestack end. what would be the advantage? I would think you'd want to keep the plate up against the firebox.


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Season Preview - Melton Centrals
New year, new faces, new facilities, new ballgame. That's very much the approach Melton Centrals are taking into the 2016 season after a 2015 that saw them fall to second-last on the RDFNL ladder with only two wins for the year, with only the now-departed Kilmore behind them.
Having now moved their headquarters to the brand-new Arnold's Creek Recreation Reserve in Melton West, and a swag of experienced new players coming over with them, Centrals coach Glenn Hopkins is certain that 2016 will see Centrals rise back up the RDFNL ladder on their twentieth anniversary.
"It's important for us to have those more experienced players to help bring the kids along", Hopkins mentioned in the above video.
"We can drill a little deeper into our training and work a little harder on things we probably weren't able to with the inexperience that we had over last season".
"It's being able to get more technical and tactical with the guys and trying to work at a higher level now that we've got those experienced players."
"I think that's going to bring a lot more out in the junior kids too".
Amongst the new faces in Navy Blue this season are key forwards Matt Gilmore from Birchip, John O'Brien, who returns to the club after a stint with Albion in the WRFL and Alex Sweet from Bacchus Marsh, who has been one of the head-turners in pre-season training so far.
"[Gilmore's] a big, strong forward and a beautiful kick", Hopkins commented.
"On a big ground like [Arnold's Creek] there'll be lots of space for him to use his bulk and his speed."
"He's quick over the first ten but a beautiful kick, good hands and a really good attitude."
"[O'Brien's] a good all-round footballer."
"He's a strong player with really good knowledge of the game."
"Alex Sweet's been allright, he won our 2km [time trial]."
"His Dad is a former Centrals guy, and we're trying to bring those former Centrals guys back to the club".
So they well should, if nothing else but to see the new facilities at Arnold's Creek that their old club now calls home, and which has already made a huge impact on the culture at Centrals.
"It's just a whole new atmosphere", Hopkins said about the club's new Melton West home.
"Our attitude is about growing this area, using [Arnold's Creek] as a base for growing that community spirit which we're after".
"We've got a great development around us and we feel we can build the football club through that and be part of the community".
Centrals and RDFNL fans aren't going to have to wait long to see the new facilities in use either, with the Centrals set to open the season on their new ground in the Season Opener against Rockbank on Saturday 9th April under lights, which excites Hopkins and the Centrals community.
"People, I would think, are going to come over to see what the facilities are like", Hopkins thinks.
"Which is what we want – we want to showcase our footy club but also our facilities".
"It's a bit of a different feel here, you can't park your car around the ground, which is a typical suburban footy ground."
"You'll have to come and stand on the fence, but it's going to be worthwhile".
Round 1 v Rockbank (home, night) – first game at Arnold's Creek, first game under lights and first game for the new-look Centrals line-up – if ever there's a time for a club to make a statement, that's it!
Round 2 v Wallan (away) – great test for Centrals away from home against a team that will likely be around the same mark as them this year…if they get this, watch the excitement rise in Centrals Nation
Round 13 v Woodend-Hesket (away) – interesting time of year, and this could be the game that sets the boys from Arnold's Creek up for a finals run – if they can get a win here, they have a bye, Romsey, Rockbank and Broadford to finish out the season…gives them a chance
PREDICTED FINISH: 6th-10th
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text:
Online resources from Westminster Public Library help learners of all ages and needs. These resources can be accessed inside the library by anyone using an Internet computer. Remote access is available to any Westminster Public Library cardholder, unless otherwise noted.
|Are you in preschool or kindergarten?
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NutsA small handful of them -- about 1.5 ounces -- can pack a big nutritional punch with a low carb count. Toss back almonds, hazelnuts, walnuts, macadamia nuts, cashews, pistachios, or peanuts for a high-fiber snack full of healthy fats. (Just be sure to hold the salt!)
AvocadoIt's yummy as-is, but you can also spruce it up for a kick. Mash three avocados, add some salsa, cilantro, and a little lime juice, and voila: guacamole. Keep your serving size to ¼ a cup for a snack that has less than 20 grams of carbs.
Mix some fresh fruit into plain low-fat yogurt for a sweet treat that's light on carbs and a great pre-workout snack. Or if you have a savory tooth, stir in soup mix and use as a dip for veggies or low-salt pretzels.
EggsA scrambled egg white is good for a quick protein fix at home. Or hard-boil a few to keep in the fridge as on-the-go snacks.
CheeseLow-fat types like cottage cheese, ricotta cheese, or mozzarella are high-protein choices that help keep your blood sugar in check. Enjoy ¼ cup of cottage cheese with ½ cup of fruit, a piece of low-fat string cheese, or ricotta spread on whole-grain crackers.
TunaHalf a cup of it paired with four soda crackers is a tasty snack that won't break the blood sugar bank.
HummusYes, it has carbs, but your body digests them slowly. That means they aren't absorbed as quickly as other carbs and won't spike your blood sugar. The chickpeas in hummus give it lots of fiber and protein to fill you up. Use it as dip for veggies, or to spread on whole-grain crackers.
PopcornPut 3 cups of the air-popped kind into a sandwich bag as a grab-and-go option that doesn't overload on carbs. With a dash of salt, it's the perfect savory crunch for an afternoon pick-me-up.


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3 days of hiking in Lamington National Park
Lamington National Park Travel Blog› entry 2 of 8 › view all entries
I had slept like a log the night before, it was good to be in a bed as I usually sleep in a futon on the floor in Japan, not that I don't like it I just usually toss and turn a lot so it was great to get a solid sleep and be refreshed for 3 days of hiking in the beautiful Lamington National park.
The bus came at 8.30 to pick us up, we were on a bus that was used mostly for day trippers who race up to O'Reilly'S where we were staying and spend a couple of hours there before heading back down to the gold Coast. We decided to stay for a few days to get a way from it all and to spend some quality time in the peace and harmony of the great outdoors to escape from our hectic lives in Japan.
The bus made a quick detour to a gated community to get us up close and personal to the rich and famous houses of the Gold Coast, every house had waterfront views with the cheapest house being around 4 million dollars and a lot of the others were valued around 15-20 million.
After we left our fantasy land, we were back to reality as we headed for the road to lead us up the mountain. My son sometimes gets motion sickness but he was doing fine going up the winding roads. The bus stopped at Mount Tamborine, a very pretty little town full of galleries, craft shops and cafes. We only had 45 minutes here but I'm a bit of an art lover so I could have easily passed a few hours in this little town. Before looking at any of the galleries we decided to get some morning tea as we didn't get to eat any breakfast, there is nothing better than freshly baked scones, jam and cream with a good cup of tea so they went down a treat or is it that I don't get to eat that kind of food in Japan.
The last place we went to was an alpacca farm, it was only a brief 10 minutes stop everybody raced into the shop but we wandered over to the Alpacca, Roy was his name a gorgeous white alpacca who's wool was so soft to touch. The bus driver came over and opened the pen and told my son to come over and give him a pat, then he took a couple of family pics for us. we then went into the shop and there they had a balcony over looking the farm with a beautiful view.
We got to Oreilly's lodge at around 12.30, check in went smoothly and we were shown to our room, which was quite simple but it had a balcony with a breathtaking view of Mount Lindsey??????? and of the Great Dividing Range that passes through the states of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
We walked outside and were a little shocked, not to see all the rosellas, laurokeets or the king parrots but to see the large number of daytrippers hand feeding these beautiful birds. I thought we had come here to escape all these people boy were I disapointed admittedly it was a Sunday and only within a couple of hours from the Gold Coast and Brisbane so it was much better and quieter over the next two days.Seeing all these people made me crindge but my son thought it looked like a great thing to do so we bought some food for the birds and joined the circus.
We had lunch around 2 and then decided to do a short hike on the boardwalk and the swing bridges that passes through the canopy of the forest but there were by far too many people and at times probably wasn't very safe as the signs said only a maximum of 4 people should be on the bridges at the same time, one time while waiting I counted 20 people.
Back in our rooms to relax on the balcony, thinking how great it is not to have a TV in the room I looked down to see a pademelon, which looks like a kangaroo but only much smaller, so we went down to have a look I noticed the sign no day trippers, guests only and liked that idea. Down in the open fields, just out from the forest there were around 50 pademelons grazing on the grass. Here we were now not with another person, this is what we had come to the park for. We sat and watched for a good half an hour before going back to our rooms just before going back I had to check on the circus, were there many clowns or had they gone back to the city, I was happy to come back to report that they were gone for the day.
At check in, the receptionist gave us a list of activities that the lodge was offering during our stay and we noticed that there was a glow worm tour from 5-45.


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Red Lentil Soup with Lime and Spinach
Servings: 4 Prep 15 mins Cook 35 mins Start to Finish 50 mins
- 2 cups split red lentils (or yellow split peas), picked over and rinsed several times
- 1 tablespoon turmeric
- 2 tablespoons butter, divided
- 1 tablespoon salt
- 1 large onion, finely diced
- 2 teaspoons ground cumin
- 1 teaspoon ground mustard
- 1 bunch chopped cilantro
- Juice of 3 limes, or to taste
- 1 bunch spinach, chopped
- 4 - 6 tablespoons plain yogurt, strained
Make It
1. Place lentils in a soup pot with 2 1/2 quarts water, turmeric, 1 tablespoon butter and salt. Bring to a boil; lower heat and simmer, covered, until lentils are soft, about 20 minutes. Puree in a blender or food processor.
2. Cook onion in remaining 1 tablespoon butter with cumin and mustard over low heat until soft, about 15 minutes. Stir occasionally. Add cilantro and cook for 1 minute. Add onion mixture to soup and season with lime juice.
3. Just before serving, add spinach to soup and cook just until it wilts. Top with a swirl of yogurt.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 5, 1989
|Filing date
|Aug 25, 1988
|Priority date
|Feb 28, 1984
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Charles B. Roxlo
|Original Assignee
|Exxon Research And Engineering Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (51), Classifications (23), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a Rule 60 Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 021,233, filed Mar. 3, 1987, now abandoned, which is a Rule 60 Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 659,187, now abandoned, filed Oct. 9, 1984, which is a CIP of U.S. Ser. No. 584,540, now abandoned, filed Feb. 28, 1984.
The present invention relates to electrooptic devices whose active material is a superlattice material.
It is known that electromagnetic wave propagation in an isotropic medium causes the induced polarization to be parallel to the electric field and to be related to it by a (scalar) factor that is independent of the direction along which the field is applied. This situation does not apply in the case of anisotropic crystals. Since the crystal is made up of a regular periodic array of atoms (or ions), the induced polarization will depend, both in its magnitude and direction, on the direction of the propagating field. Instead of a simple relation linking the induced polarization p, and the electric field, E, a 3�3 array called the electric susceptibility tensor relates p to E. One of the most important consequences of anisotropic dielectric crystals is the phenomenon of birefringence in which the phase velocity of an optical beam propagating in the crystal depends on the direction of polarization of its electric field vector.
It is possible to effect a change in the index of refraction of anisotropic crystals which is proportional to an applied electric field. This is the linear electrooptic effect. It affords a convenient and widely used means of controlling the intensity or phase of propagating optical radiation in the crystal by the applied electric field. This modulation is used in an ever expanding number of applications including:
the impression of information onto optical beams, Q-switching of lasers for generation of giant optical pulses, mode locking, and optical beam deflection.
The linear electrooptic effect is the change in the indices of the ordinary and extraordinary rays that is caused by and is proportional to an applied electric field. This effect exists only in crystals that do not possess inversion symmetry. The division of all crystal classes into those that do and those that do not possess an inversion symmetry is an elementary consideration in crystallography and this information is widely tabulated. Up to the present time, crystalline materials have been used almost exclusively in electrooptic devices. This is because non-zero electrooptic coefficients occur only in materials which lack a center of symmetry. In the present invention, semiconductor and insulator superlattice materials are used as the active material for electrooptic devices. The superlattice materials are suitable because they lack symmetry due to the presence of large built-in electric fields in each layer.
These superlattice materials have electrooptic coefficients comparable to the best crystalline materials available. They also have the considerable advantage that they can be deposited at a relatively low temperature onto a wide variety of substrates. They can be used for both longitudinal and transverse optical modulators.
The present invention is an electrooptic device whose active material is a superlattice which includes a multilayered material in which electric fields exist between adjacent layers. The active material may be crystalline or amorphous provided that the material lacks reflection symmetry.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention includes an amorphous superlattice material. In another embodiment, the superlattice is a-Si: H/a-SiNx :H.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic energy band diagram for electrons and holes in semiconductor superlattice material, in which the compositional modulation is due to alloying or other gross compositional variation.
FIG. 2 shows an energy band diagram for a semiconductor superlattice material in which the compositional modulation is asymmetric.
FIG. 3 shows a multilayered structure of alternating wide bandgap and narrow bandgap amorphous semiconductor layers.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the position of the individual atoms in the superlattice structure of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition reactor.
FIG. 6 shows the electroabsorption signal vs. dc voltage for a Si/SiNx superlattice with layer thickness LS =20 Å; sample thickness 1.0 μm, photon energy 1.94 eV.
FIG. 7 shows the variation of the single-layer built-in potential φS with silicon layer thickness LS. The inset shows the charge distribution model chosen for the theoretical line drawn.
FIG. 8 shows the electroabsorption spectrum for sample as in FIG. 6, for three values of Vdc where Vac was held constant at 16V.
FIG. 9 shows the electroreflection spectrum of a silicon/silicon nitride superlattice film.
FIG. 10 shows an optical modulator wherein an amorphous superlattice material is sandwiched between two dielectric mirrors and two transparent conductors.
FIG. 11 shows an optical waveguide of amorphous superlattices.
FIG. 12 shows an interferometric amplitude modulator wherein two waveguide phase modulators are combined.
For purposes of illustration, the present invention will be described by an electrooptic device whose active material is an amorphous superlattice material. Such a description is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
An amorphous superlattice includes multi-layered material whose layers are thin sheets of semi-conducting or insulating amorphous material. In a preferred embodiment, the material is formed from tetrahedrally bonded elements or alloys containing said tetrahedrally bonded elements. Each layer is less than 1500 A thick. In a preferred embodiment, the entire layered structure is a thin film material, that is a material that is less than about 10 microns thick. Referring to FIG. 3 the first and alternate layers 1, 3, 5 of the structure have the same given composition while the second and alternate layers 2, 4, 6 . . . have the same composition different from the given composition of layers 1, 3, 5 . . . . Therefore, the spatial repeat distance of the material is the thickness of layer 1 plus layer 2. That is, layer 3 plus layer 4 is a repeat of layer 1 plus layer 2, etc.
A superlattice material can also be made up of three types of layers, where layers 1, 4, 7 . . . are of the first type, 2, 5, 8 . . . are of the second type, and so on. Alternatively, the material composition can be graded continuously, with the composition returning to the original value after a certain repeat distance and the entire cycle starting again.
Superlattice materials can be made up of amorphous materials or of crystalline materials.
The optical bandgap (as discussed below) of the composition may differ from that of materials comprising the individual layers. In a preferred embodiment, the repeat distance is of order 20 A.
A description of the electronic energy levels in terms of well defined E vs k relations, where E is the electronic energy and k is its wavevector, is not possible in amorphous semiconductors in the same way as it is in crystalline semiconductors. Nevertheless, some general features of the electronic energy level spectrum are known to be the same in both crystalline and low defect density amorphous semiconductors. For example, both types of semiconductors have a gap in the density of states between a broad distribution of filled levels (the valence band) and a broad distribution of empty levels (the conduction band). In crystals these energy bands have relatively sharp edges, broadened only by the thermal motion of the crystal lattice. In amorphous semiconductors the density of states edges are broader, being broadened by the structural disorder of the amorphous network in addition to the thermal motion of the atoms. The width of the low energy absorption tail of the optical absorption edge is one measure of the sharpness of the band edges in amorphous or crystalline semiconductors. In any case, an objective measure of the position of the band edges can be defined for both crystalline or amorphous semiconductors by, for example, the energy at which the density of states of the bulk material drops to 1020 cm-3 ev.-1. In this sense, energy band diagrams such as those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, as described above can equally well be applied to amorphous and crystalline semiconductors. The modulation in the band edge energies illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is obtained by modulation of the thin film composition.
The interfacial regions between the layers of the composition of matter of the present invention are substantially defect free. There exist some defects at the interfaces which cause built-in electric fields, as will be discussed below. Referring to FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the lattice structure of the present invention in which the atoms of the alternating layers are indicated by light and dark circles and hydrogen atoms by smaller light circles. The period of structures is d. As is wellknown in the art hydrogen incorporated into the structure has a beneficial effect towards reducing the density of dangling bonds.
Examples of amorphous semiconducting and insulating materials that can be fabricated into amorphous semiconductor superlattices according to this invention, can be divided into two classes:
(1) Group IVA Elements and Alloys include:
a-Si:H, a-Ge:H, a-Si1-x Cx :H, a-Si1-x Gex :H, a-Si1-x Nx :H, a-Si1-x Snx :H, a-Si1-x Snx :H, a-Si1-x Ox :H, a-C:H (tetrahedrally coordinated) a-Si1-x-y Ox Ny :H plus alloys and halogenated (F, Cl) versions of the hydrogenated materials listed (e.g. a-Si1-x-y Gex Sny :H:F).
(2) Group IVA Elements and Alloys Doped with Group IIIA and VA Elements
Suitable n type dopants include N, P, As, Sb, and suitable p type dopants include B, Al, Ga, In, Tl.
As used herein, the subscripts are the atomic fractions of the elements in the material. For example, if x=2/3, then a-Si1-x Ox :H is a-Si1/3 O2/3 :H which is a-SiO2 :H.
Layers 1, 3, 5 . . . and layers 2, 4, 6 . . . may comprise any two of the materials where both are selected from the same class, e.g. a-Si:H/a-Si1-x Nx :H or n-doped a-SiH/p-doped a-Si:H.
In addition the alternating layers may include one material from class 1 alternating with a material from class 2, e.g. a-Si:H/n-doped a-Si1-x Nx :H.
The superlattice used in the present invention also includes layered materials where the composition of each layer is modulated across the layers. For example, if the alternating layers are a-Si:H and a-Ge:H alloys, the transition from a-Si:H to a-Ge:H and from a-Ge:H to a-Si:H may occur gradually over the layer thicknesses starting with a-Si:H, gradually increasing the percentage of a-Ge:H until it is all a-Ge:H. In the next adjacent layer, the percentage of a-Si:H is increased until it is all a-Si:H. All succeeding layers repeat this sequence.
The materials in the two groups can be prepared by plasma assisted decomposition of gaseous mixtures of volatile hydrides, fluorides or chlorides or of the elemental gases themselves in the case of O2, N2, Cl2 and F2, as described below.
There are several deposition processes that are known to produce low defect density amorphous semiconductors. These include PCVD, low temperature CVD and sputtering. Low temperature CVD is restricted to reactive gases that decompose at relatively low temperature such as for example Si2 H6. Sputtering has the advantage of being capable of producing a wider variety of amorphous semiconductor materials than can be made by PCVD or CVD, however, sputtered films usually contain more defects than PCVD films. We describe here a method for using PCVD to make amorphous semiconductor superlattices. To make amorphous semiconductor superlattices by CVD we simply omit the electric discharge used in the PCVD technique. To make amorphous semiconductor superlattices by sputtering it is possible to modify the technique (A. H. Eltoukhy and I. E. Greene J. Appl. Phys. 50, 505 (1979)) for making crystalline semiconductor superlattices by changing the deposition conditions (e.g. substrate temperature, gas pressure and addition of H2 to the plasma discharge) to produce hydrogenated amorphous rather than crystalline semiconductors.
Referring to FIG. 5 a PCVD apparatus for carrying out the fabrication of the superlattice material of the pesent invention is designated as 32. The PCVD apparatus includes a vacuum chamber typically of stainless steel. In the vacuum chamber 13 are electrodes 36 and 38. Electrode 36 is grounded and referred to as the anode. Electrode 38 is insulated from the stainless steel chamber by insulator 10 and is referred to as the cathode. Flat heaters 12 are contained in the electrodes. Substrates 14 which can be insulators such as quartz or metals such as stainless steel are placed in good thermal contact with the electrodes.
The plasma is produced by a low power (5-10 W) RF (13.5 MHz) discharge, by means of an RF generator 16 connected to the cathode. To deposit layered films the composition of the gas in the reactor 32 is changed periodically by opening and closing alternately pneumatic valves 18 and 20 to admit gas A or gas B into the reactor.
In order to avoid setting up pressure transients through the opening and closing of valves 18 and 20 the gases A and B are alternatively shunted into a ballast pump 26 by opening and closing valves 22 and 24 in phase with valves 18 and 20, respectively. The gases are pumped continuously out of the reactor by a pump through outlet 28.
To achieve abrupt changes in composition between adjacent layers requires that the time it takes to change gases in the reactor (molecular residence time) be short compared to the time it takes to grow a monolayer. The molecular residence time R is given by
R=Vp/F.sub.o P.sub.o
where V is the volume of the reactor, p is the gas pressure in the reactor and Fo is the gas flow rate at standard pressure Po. R can be varied over a wide range of values. In our experiments we have used V=30 liters, p=30 m torr, Fo=0.1 liter/min which gives R =1 sec. with a typical deposition rate of 1 Å/sec. the transition from one layer to the next takes place in a time less than it takes to deposit a single atomic layer. The layer thickness is given by the product of the deposition rate and the flow period of the gas. The thickness of the layers can be varied from a single atomic layer to thousands of angstroms.
Example of amorphous semiconductor superlattice that have been produced include:
a-Si:H/a-Si1-x Nx :H
a-Si:H/a-Si1-x Cx :H
The a-Si:H sublayers were made from pure SiH4. The Ge:H layers were made from a mixture of 10% GeH4 +90% H2. The a-Si1-x Cx :H layers were made from a mixture of 50% SiH4 +50% CH4. The a-Si1-x Nx :H layers were made from a mixture of 20% SiH4 +80% NH3. The substrate temperatures were in the range 180�-250� C.
It has been found that the amorphous superlattice material of the present invention have large electric fields (up to 4�105 V/cm) with the sign of the fields alternating between layers. For an a-Si:H/a-SiNx :H amorphous superlattice, these fields are caused by electrons transferred from the nitride to the silicon which are asymmetrically distributed near the interfaces. The interface charge involved (6� 1012 electrons cm-2 is similar in magnitude to that observed in silicon nitride films deposited onto crystalline silicon. However, it is greatest when amorphous silicon is deposited onto silicon nitride, and is concentrated within 20 Å of the interface. This charge is due to strain relieving defects induced by lattice mismatch at the interface.
These large electric fields are distributed so that they point away from the substrate in the a-Si:H layer and toward the substrate in the a-SiNx :H layer. These fields remove the symmetry normally present in amorphous materials, with the direction of the fields imposed by the order of deposition. This lack of reflection symmetry is necessary for a non-zero piezoelectric effect. The built-in electric fields between the layers take the place of the fields present between the atoms in a non-centro-symmetric crystal. In the example described below, the fields are large (4�105 V/cm) similar in magnitude to atomic fields.
It is also possible to remove the intrinsic symmetry by grading the composition of the amorphous superlattice in an asymmetric manner. For example, FIG. 2 shows the electron energy diagram of a material where the composition is changed gradually from a-Si:H to a-SiNx :H to a point where it is abruptly changed back to a-Si:H to begin a new layer. Such a material would have large asymmetric built-in fields and thus be piezoelectric.
Charged defects exist at interfaces both in crystalline and amorphous materials. Thus, both crystalline and amorphous superlattice materials have large built-in fields which remove reflection symmetry. In the case of some crystalline superlattices, this allows an electro-optic effect whereas in others (which intrinsically lack a center of symmetry) it adds to the already present effect.
The built-in electric fields in these layered structures have been measured from electroabsorption spectroscopy. Electroabsorption is the change in optical absorption due to an applied electric field, commonly known in crystals as the Franz-Keldysh effect. Electroabsorption in amorphous semiconductors has been studied both theoretically and experimentally, see e.g., B. Esser, Phys, Stat. Solid; (b) 51, 735, (1972); J. Stuke and G. Weiser, Phys. Stat. Solidi 17, 343 (1966) and R. A. Street, T. M. Searle, I. G. Austin and R. S. Sussman, J. Phys. C. 7, 1582 (1974).
The effect is a maximum at photon energies near the bandgap and decreases sharply at lower energies. In addition to providing spectroscopic information about thin film materials, electroabsorption can be used to determine internal electric fields in device configuration. Nonomura et al, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 21, L464 (1982), have measured the built-in potential of n-i-p amorphous silicon solar cells by monitoring the transmission of a film subjected to both a constant and an alternating field. The electroabsorption signal goes to zero when the applied dc field cancels out the internal fields thereby yielding the built-in potential.
The material used in this measurement were made up of alternating layers of amorphous silicon hydride (a-Si:H) and amorphous silicon nitride (a-Si Nx :H) deposited by plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition of silane and silane:ammonia (1:4 by volume) mixtures as described above. The plasma was not interrupted between layers. Silicon layer thicknesses varied between 8 Å and 1200 Å. Ohmic contacts were used in a sandwich structure so that contact potential did not distort the results.
Making use of the boundary condition that the normal component of the applied electric displacement D=εE is constant, the field within the sample D(x) is the sum of applied and built-in fields:
D(X)=D.sub.dc +D.sub.ac cos (ωt)+D.sub.bi (x) (1)
Here Ddc is the dc component and Dac is the ac component of the applied fields. Dbi (x) is the built-in field, and x is the distance normal to the layers. The local absorption constant changes as the square of the field
Δ(x)=α.sub.o (x)[1+KD.sup.2 (x)].sup.-- (2)
where αo (x) is the zero-field absorption coefficient and K is an electro-optic material parameter which varies with photon energy. In a transmission measurement such as performed here the quantity measured is the change in the spatial average of α(x). ##EQU1## where d is the sample thickness. A lock-in detector was used to isolate the portion, Δα.sub.ω, of (3) which varied at the frequency ω. Substituting (1) into (3) we obtain ##EQU2## Because the bandgap of a-SiNx is ˜4 eV, we can assume that the silicon nitride layers contribute negligibly over the photon energy range studied (1.2-3.0 eV). Assuming that the built-in fields are the same in each silicon sublayer, simple electrostatics gives the change in absorption in terms of the applied voltages Vac and Vdc : ##EQU3## Here αSO and KS are the absorption and electroabsorption constants of a-Si:Hx, and N is the number of layer pairs. The sublayer thicknesses are LS and Ln for the a-Si:H and a-SiNx :H layers, and the dielectric constants are εs =12 εo and εn =7.5 Eo. This equation gives the built-in potential across a single silicon layer, ##EQU4##
FIG. 6 shows Δα.sub.ω plotted against Vdc for two flms with Vac as a parameter. The linearity with respect to Vdc and Vac expressed in (5) was obeyed exactly to within experimental error (3%). The Vdc =36 V intercept of the lines in FIG. 6 is given by Vdc =φs N(Ls εn +Ln εs)/Ls εn. This intercept varies from film to film as the thickness and potential changes, and was as high as 72 V. This is much too high to be accounted for by contact effects. Films of the same layer thicknesses but varying in total sample thickness from 0.2 to 4 μm yielded the same φs within 20%.
The built-in potentials can only be caused by charges which are asymmetrically placed within the layers so that reflection symmetry is absent in the material. Their existence shows that the order of deposition determines the properties of the interfaces. The asymetry is caused by structural defects created during the deposition. Silicon differs greatly from silicon nitride both in crystal structure and lattice constant. These structural mismatches cause strain at the interface which is relieved as the material grows through the introduction of defects.
When silicon is deposited onto silicon nitride, these defects are primarily in the silicon because it is much easier to introduce defects into the silicon as it is growing than it is to introduce them into the already grown nitride. It is reasonable to expect that the defect density would be proportional to the strain produced by the lattice mismatch and that the strain is relieved a defects are introduced. In this case, the defect density would decrease exponentially with the distance from the interface.
It is believed that these materials are proximity doped; the silicon layers are heavily n-type due to electrons transferred from the nitride layers. In amorphous materials, both these electrons and the corresponding positive charges would be expected to lie in defect states which could be concentrated at the interfaces. If one assumes that the charges causing the built-in fields are negative in the silicon and positive in the nitride as well, the sign of the built-in fields observed here imply that more charge is transferred at the interface where silicon is deposited onto silicon nitride. Because our technique is sensitive only to the difference between the two interfaces, we assume that all charges reside near that interface. From the change in built-in potential as the sublayer thicknesses are varied, we can determine the actual distribution of charge near the interface.
Assume a density of traps in the silicon layer which decreases exponentially away from the interface, with exponential width λ, according to nt =ρo exp (-x/.sub.λ). These traps are filled, leaving a positive interface charge on the nearby interface, as shown in the inset to FIG. 7. If the charge density is independent of layer t hickness, electrostatic calculations show that the resultant built-in potential is ##EQU5## where e is the electronic charge. This model is compared with the results obtained for materials with different silicon layer thicknesses LS in FIG. 7. Here a positive φS designates a field which points away from the substrate. A reasonable qualitative fit is obtained with a defect density of ρo =3�1019 cm3 and exponential width λ=20 Å. A decrease in φS at larger LS is observed, consistent with the charge distribution model. However, the built-in potential remains high for low LS, (FIG. 7) indicating that the defect distribution is more sharply peaked close to the interface than the exponential assumed.
The total interface charge density measured here is ρo =6�1012 electrons cm-2. This can be compared with the surface charge which has been measured when amorphous silicon nitride is deposited onto crystalline silicon. Such interfaces are important in some metal-insulator-silicon devices. Surface charge densities have been determined from capacitance-voltage characteristics in films deposited by rf glow discharge, chemical vapor deposition and sputtering, see e.g., R. C. G. Swann, R. R. Mehta and T. P. Cauge, J. Electrochem. Soc. 14, 713 (1969); and S. M. Hu, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113, 693 (1966). These measurements show a charge transfer of the same sign as that observed here, with a density between 1�1012 and 6�1012, depending upon the method of deposition. The present invention has shown that in amorphous/amorphous interfaces, the interface charge is greatest when silicon is deposited onto silicon nitride. Electrons are concentrated in silicon defects within 20 Å of the interface.
Additional information about the interface can be obtained from the spectral dependence of the electroabsorption signal, as shown in FIG. 8. The spectrum is similar to that observed from an unlayered a-Si:H sample except for a small bandgap increase due to carrier confinement. The small signal observed at low photon energies (hγ<1.6 eV) is due to refractive index changes. The spectral shape observed is the same for all values of Vdc. In other words, the built-in potential φs is independent of photon energy, for hγ as high as Eg +0.6 eV. This verifies that the absorption in the nitride layer is negligible. It also indicates that the bandgap changes relatively sharply at the interface between the two layers, for there are no appreciable electric fields in the transition region. This was observed in all the samples studied. In the case of the sample shown in the figures, the built-in voltage changed by lesss than 3 V out of 30. With a field of 4�105 V/cm at the interface, this indicates that the bandgap shift of 0.6 eV occurs within 3A of the interface. This measurement confirms the essentially monolayer shift observed previously by x-ray scattering.
The electrooptic coefficient is the proportionality constant between the change in refractive index of a material and an applied electric field. There exist both a linear electrooptic effect, where the index change is proportional to the field, and a quadratic effect, where the index change is proportional to the square of the field. It is well-known in the art that while all materials exhibit the quadratic effect, the linear electrooptic effect is strictly limited to materials lacking reflection symmetry. The amorphous superlattice materials described here lack reflection symmetry due to the internal built-in fields. These fields, in combination with the quadratic electrooptic effect present in all materials, yield the linear electrooptic effect. In order to have a large linear effect in the superlattice materials, the quadratic coefficients of the two layers of alternating materials should be different from each other. If this is not the case, then the linear electrooptic effects in the two alternating layers cancel because the electric fields in the two alternating layers are equal and opposite. This criterion is met in the superlattice materials of the invention, because the alternating layers are different materials with different bandgaps.
The electrooptic coefficients have been determined in layered materials using electroreflectance. In this technique the change in reflection from an interface due to an applied electric field is measured. FIG. 9 shows the electroreflection spectrum of a silicon/silicon nitride superlattice film. An alternating voltage of 11 volts was applied between a transparent palladium front contact and an ohmic back contact. The data shows a change in reflectance of -3�10-5 at a photon energy of 1.6 eV. This change in reflectivity is due to a change in the index of the superlattice film. The reflectivity can be directly related to the index using the Fresnel equations. These relations imply an electrooptic coefficient of r13 =1.6�10-11 m/V. Here r13 is the proportionality constant between change in the index of refraction for optical fields parallel to the layers (direction "1") and the electric field perpendicular to the layers (direction "3"). This can be compared with r13 =8�10-12 m/V for a BaTiO3 crystal, a frequently used electrooptic material. Thus these layered materials have electrooptic properties which compare quite favorable to the best currently available materials.
The large electrooptic coefficients measured here thus imply a large non-linear susceptibility as well. Thus, a waveguide made from amorphous superlattices could be used to generate second harmonic light. Other non-linear processes such as sum and difference frequency generation would be possible as well.
The superlattice material described herein can be used to form an optical modulator as shown in FIG. 10. An amorphous superlattice material 42 is sandwiched between two dielectric mirrors 43 and 44 and two transparent conductors 45 and 46 to form a Fabry-Perot etalon. The dielectric mirrors could potentially be made at the same time as the superlattice, of identical or different materials. Alternatively, metal mirrors could be used. The entire modulator could be fabricated in a single vacuum chamber, over a large area substrate.
This modulator changes its transmission upon the application of an electric potential 48 between the electrodes 45 and 46. The electric field resulting from that potential changes the index of refraction in the superlattice material due to the electrooptic effect. The change in index shifts the resonance of the optical etalon, resulting in an increase in the optical transmission. If the modulator is illuminated with a steady optical beam 40, the output 50 will be modulated according to the electric potential applied.
This geometry is similar to that described by Phelan et. al. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 38, 596 (1981)), except that dielectric mirrors and an amorphous superlattice are used, rather than metal mirrors and amorphous silicon. Electroreflectance experiments indicate that layered silicon/silicon nitride materials have electrooptic coefficients two orders of magnitude greater than those of ordinary amorphous silicon. Thus, an amorphous superlattice modulator would require lower voltages for complete modulation. In addition, the layered material is an excellent insulator, so that ohmic heating is not a problem.
Dielectric mirrors are better than metal ones because they have negligible loss while retaining reflectivities higher than 99%. Thus, the modulator shown in FIG. 10 would have higher throughput and lower modulation voltages.
It is also possible to make optical waveguides of amorphous superlattices, as shown in FIG. 11. A voltage 68 applied between two transparent conductors 64 and 66 across the superlattice layer 62 modulates the phase of the output light. Two waveguide phase modulators can be combined to form an interferometric amplitude modulator as shown in FIG. 12, see e.g., Leonberger et. al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 565 (1982).
Light incident on the input 70 is trapped in the amorphous superlattice waveguide 78. This waveguide forks to split the light into two parts which pass under the conductors 74 and 76. Voltages 71 and 72 applied between these conductors and the conducting substrate 82 alter the phase of the lightbeam in each path. When the two beams are brought together again interference occurs to modulate the intensity coming out of the waveguide output 80. If the phase of the two paths is the same within an integral multiple of 2, then the output is maximized. If they are out of phase, then less light is output.
Such modulators are currently made from Lithium Niobate to provide ultrafast (1 Gbit/s) modulation of light for optical communication. Layered amorphous superlattices are superior to crystalline materials for many applications because they can be deposited easily at a low temperature without any lattice matching constraint. Thus, they can be deposited onto the same chip as a laser diode and modulation electronics, yielding a complete laser/modulator integrated circuit. In addition, shorter modulator lengths are required due to the larger electrooptic coefficient.
The same symmetry conditions which apply to electrooptics apply to non-linear optical devices as well. In theory the two effects differ only in the frequency of the electric field which is used. Electrooptics is an effect involving a low frequency field and an optical field, whereas non-linear optics uses two optical fields.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 22, 1989
Owner name: EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY A CORP. OF
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ROXLO, CHARLES B.;REEL/FRAME:005113/0712
Effective date: 19841001
|Jan 12, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 15, 1997
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 7, 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 18, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19970910


text:
This is a series of posts exploring the investment philosophy of Seth Klarman, as detailed in his book Margin of Safety.
Portfolio Management and Trading
Portfolio management involves trading activity, regular review of one's holdings, maintaining appropriate diversification, hedging when beneficial, and managing portfolio cash flows and liquidity. What follows are insights on each.
Although liquidity usually isn't of great importance for a long-term oriented portfolio, the opportunity cost of illiquidity can be high so the value investor should strive for an appropriate balance between liquid and illiquid assets.
The number of securities that will effectively reduce portfolio risk through diversification can be as few as 10-15 holdings. Diversification is not about how many different things you own, but how different the risks are in the things that you own.
An investor will achieve better performance by knowing a lot about a few investments than by knowing a little about each of a great many investments. This is consistent with Warren Buffett's "Punch Card" approach.
Hedging can be an effective strategy to reduce risk of loss. When the cost of hedging is reasonable it can allow investors to take advantage of opportunities that would otherwise be too risky. An example of hedging might be selling interest rate futures to reduce downside risk in a portfolio of interest-rate-sensitive stocks.
Trading is the process of taking advantage of bargain opportunities when prices are significantly discounted from underlying business value. When such opportunities do not exist, trading tends to be detrimental to investment success.
It is crucial that investors develop an appropriate reaction to price fluctuations. When prices are falling, investors must resist the tendency to panic. When prices are rising, investors must resist the tendency to become overly enthusiastic.
Are you willing to average down on a security, or buy more at lower prices? If not, you probably shouldn't buy it in the first place. Consider buying a partial position in new holdings so you can average down if prices decline.
Spotting bargains is often easier for value investors than knowing when to sell. It's impossible to know exactly what a security is worth, so how can investors be sure when the gap between price and underlying value has disappeared?
Fortunately there's one simple rule for selling: all investments are for sale at the right price.
Decisions to sell must be based on your best estimate of underlying business value, and how the price/value gap with your current holding compares to other investment opportunities. Investors might also consider the tax treatment of gains when making selling decisions.


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Department 56 Snowbabies are a treasured collection of figurines that create memories to share with loved ones all year long.
Winter Carnival Tree
Item Sku: 4043521
Winter Carnival Tree
Porcelain Bisque, Sisal, Plastic Metal, Glitter, Introduced 2014. Part of the Winter Carnival collection. This sparkling sisal tree is nestled into a sculpted porcelain base. Grab multiples to complete the elegant scene. Be sure to check out the rest of the exquisite Winter Carnival collection.
12H x 4W x 4L
On Sale! 40% Off
/ $18.00