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- HMS Spartan during the Second World War -
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HMS Spartan
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Those known to have sailed in
HMS Spartan
during the Second World War 1939-1945.
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James Adams HMS ManchesterJim Adams joined the Royal Navy aged 16 in 1938, he served on HMS Tetcott and HMS Whitshed, HMS Manchester and HMS Spartan. He survived the sinking of both the Manchester which was torpedoed in 1942 and the Spartan in 1944.
The cruiser HMS Spartan off the coast of Italy providing support for the Anzio landings as part of Operation Shingle. While at anchor on the 29th of January 1944, Spartan was bombed at sunset by 18 enemy aircraft. A bomb blew a large hole in the upper deck, collapsing the mast and flooding the boiler room. The ship was set alight and keeled over to port. The crew abandoned ship and within just 10 minutes, the Spartan was on the seabed. Five officers and 41 ratings lost their lives.
Ronnie Strike Aurora Penelope SpartanI believe my father, Ronnie Strike, who was a Radio Office "sparkie" sailed and was sunk on Aurora. Unfortunately he now has Alzheimer's. I can't be sure, but I believe he once told me that he sailed on: Aurora, Penelope, Spartan and (I think) one of the "Tonipandy Class." Does anyone know of anyway I can confirm this? Sometimes he can talk quite lucidly of his Royal Navy days.Ron Strike
Norman George Ryder Halfacre HMS DorsetshireMy dad, Norman Halfacre was a survivor of the Dorsetshire, he never talked about it. He also survived the sinking of HMS Spartan, it's amazing to read these accounts from the brave men & see the photos, I can't imagine what they went through.Lesley Leworthy
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To test whether the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system reduces adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use and delinquent behavior community wide.
The Community Youth Development Study is the first randomized trial of CTC.
24 small towns in 7 states, matched within state, were randomly assigned to control or CTC conditions in 2003.
A panel of 4407 fifth-grade students was surveyed annually through eighth grade.
A coalition of community stakeholders received training and technical assistance to install CTC. They used epidemiologic data to identify elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors in the community and chose and implemented tested programs to address their community's specific profile from a menu of effective programs for youths aged 10 to 14, their families and schools.
Incidence and prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use and delinquent behavior by spring of grade 8.
The incidences of delinquent behavior, alcohol, cigarette, and smokeless tobacco initiation were significantly lower in CTC than in control communities between grades 5 and 8. In grade 8, the prevalences of alcohol and smokeless tobacco use in the last 30 days, binge drinking in the past 2 weeks, and the number of different delinquent behaviors committed in the past year in grade 8 were significantly lower in CTC communities.
Using the CTC system to reduce health risking behaviors among adolescents can significantly reduce these behaviors community wide.
Health risking behaviors, including tobacco use, alcohol use, and delinquent behavior, have large costs to society.1–4 Their incidence and prevalence increase dramatically during early adolescence from the ages of 11 through 15. The initiation of these behaviors early in adolescence is predictive of greater risk for associated health-related diseases and disorders.5–8 For example, Hingson et al.9 found that 45% of adults who began drinking by age 14 became dependent on alcohol at some point in their lifetimes versus 9% who began drinking at age 21 or later. Nationally, in 2007, 39% of eighth graders had ever drunk alcohol, 22% had smoked cigarettes, 9% had used smokeless tobacco, and 14% had used marijuana.10 Delinquency often precedes drug use initiation in early adolescence11, 12 and is, itself, an important target for prevention. Thirty-eight percent of deaths in the United States are attributable to smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, and diet.1 Rather than waiting until tobacco has caused cancer, or alcohol use has turned to abuse or dependence, or delinquency has become chronic offending leaving a trail of victims, the prevention of delinquency and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs during early adolescence should be important public health priorities.13–15
Advances in prevention science over the past 2 decades have produced a growing list of tested and effective programs and policies for preventing these behaviors.16–19 Yet, widespread dissemination and high-quality implementation of these effective programs and policies in communities has not been achieved.20–23 Woolf24 has urged greater emphasis on the conduct of type 2 (T2) translational research to understand how research advances such as these can be translated into widespread practice in communities. He suggests that T2 translational prevention efforts need to involve multiple sectors in the community and should not be limited to clinical settings where time to provide preventive services is limited and expensive.25 A community-driven, community-wide effort to reduce health risking behaviors, coordinated across health, education, and human service sectors, should significantly reduce health risking behaviors community wide, though Woolf25 notes that this hypothesis is "largely untested" (p. 2439). Prior efforts to activate coalitions of community stakeholders to prevent problems such as drug abuse community wide have not been successful.26
Communities That Care (CTC)27, 28 is a prevention system created to provide training and materials that mobilize and empower coalitions of diverse community stakeholders to prevent adolescent drug use and delinquency by using the advances of prevention science.29 CTC coalitions use the CTC Youth Survey to assess levels of empirically identified risk and protective factors for these behaviors in the community30–33 and use the CTC Prevention Strategies Guide to choose and implement tested preventive interventions to address those risk factors that are elevated in the community. New programs are put in place in appropriate collaborating organizations in the community after staff are trained to deliver the new programs. Implementation of these programs is monitored by the CTC coalition.
A small number of previous efforts to mobilize communities for the prevention of adolescent health risking behaviors have been tested and found to have positive effects. CTC differs from these efforts. Unlike the Midwestern Prevention Project34, 35 36 and Project Northland,37 CTC does not prescribe that specific programs be implemented in a preset order, but rather allows the local coalition to choose programs that best address the community's profile of risk and protection from a menu of tested programs. Unlike Project Northland,37 Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol,38 and the Community Trials Intervention to Reduce High Risk Drinking,39, 40 CTC does not focus exclusively on the prevention of alcohol use but rather on reducing risk factors that predict early alcohol initiation and use as well as other health risking behaviors, including delinquency, in hopes of reducing multiple negative outcomes predicted by common risk factors. Unlike PROSPER,41 CTC does not prescribe that the prevention coalition should be headed by a county extension agent and a representative from the school sector, but allows stakeholders from a variety of organizations in the community to take leadership in the coalition. The CTC system has been implemented in the United States, the UK, the Netherlands, Canada, and Australia. It is distributed by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention of the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. All CTC materials are available on the internet.42 Nonrandomized evaluations of CTC indicate that it helps communities to develop more effective prevention services systems43–46 and can reduce levels of risk exposure and adolescent drug use community wide.47
The Community Youth Development Study (CYDS)48 is the first community-randomized trial of CTC. It is designed to determine whether CTC reduces levels of risk, increases levels of protection, and reduces the incidence and prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use and delinquency in early adolescence in communities. The CTC system is expected to produce community-level changes in prevention service system characteristics, including greater adoption of science-based prevention, increased collaboration among service providers, and increased use, with better implementation, of tested and effective prevention programs that address risk and protective factors prioritized by the community. These changes in prevention service systems are expected to produce reductions in the risk factors targeted by the prevention programs chosen by the community. These reductions in risk factors are expected, in turn, to reduce delinquent behaviors and substance use among young people in the community. According to CTC's theory of change, it should take from 2 to 5 years to observe community-level changes in targeted risk factors, and from 5 to 10 years to observe community-level changes in adolescent tobacco use, alcohol use, and delinquency outcomes.49
Earlier analyses from the CYDS have found that the CTC system had been successfully implemented with fidelity in intervention communities50 and have found significant between-condition differences favoring the CTC communities in levels of adoption of science-based prevention and in levels of community collaboration.51 Analyses also have found that tested and effective preventive programs were selected and well implemented in the CTC communities.48 Hypothesized effects of CTC on targeted risk factors and on the incidence of delinquent behavior have been observed 3 years after implementation of CTC in communities.48 This paper reports the effects of CTC on the community-wide incidence and prevalence of delinquent behavior and tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use among eighth-grade students in a panel followed from grade 5 through grade 8, 4 years after implementation of CTC in communities and 2.67 years after CTC communities began implementing prevention programs selected through the CTC process.
Communities in the CYDS were selected from 41 communities in the states of Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington that participated in an earlier naturalistic study of the diffusion of science-based prevention strategies, called the Diffusion Project.52 The drug abuse prevention agencies in these states identified 20 of these communities that the agencies thought were trying to implement risk- and protection-focused prevention services. These 20 communities were then matched, within state, on population size, racial and ethnic diversity, economic indicators, and crime rates to comparison communities that were not thought to be using a risk and protection-focused approach, and the 20 community pairs were recruited to participate in the Diffusion study. In one instance, 2 comparison communities were identified, resulting in a total of 41 communities. In spite of states' initial assessments of these communities, during the 5 years of the Diffusion Project, neither community in 13 of the 20 pairs of communities advanced in the use of science-based prevention to the point of selecting and using tested, effective preventive interventions to address prioritized community risks.43, 53 These 13 pairs of communities were deemed eligible for inclusion in the CYDS study. Twelve of these pairs of matched communities were recruited for the CYDS. One community from within each matched pair was assigned randomly by a coin toss to either the intervention (CTC) or control condition. Demographic characteristics of the 24 communities are shown in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the flow of communities through the trial.
CTC training and implementation began in the summer of 2003. Intervention communities received 6 CTC trainings delivered over the course of 6 to 12 months by certified CTC trainers. Community leaders were oriented to the CTC system and identified or created a community coalition of diverse stakeholders to implement CTC. Coalition members were trained to use data from surveys of community students collected in 1998, 2000, and 2002 in the prior study52 to prioritize risk factors to be targeted by preventive actions in the community; to choose tested and effective prevention policies and programs that address the community's targeted risk factors; to implement these interventions with fidelity; and to monitor implementation and outcomes of newly installed prevention programs. CTC communities in CYDS were asked to focus their prevention plans on programs for youths aged 10 to 14 years (grades 5 through 9) and their families and schools. CYDS implementation staff provided technical assistance through weekly phone calls, emails, and site visits to CTC communities at least once per year. By June of 2004, coalitions in intervention communities had selected prevention programs to address their prioritized risk factors and had created plans to implement these programs with fidelity. The 12 intervention communities selected 13 different tested and effective prevention programs to implement during the 2004–2005 school year, 16 programs to implement during the 2005–2006 school year, and 14 programs for implementation during the 2006–2007 school year. These included school-based programs (All-Stars, Life Skills Training, Lion's Quest Skills for Adolescence, Project Alert, Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, and Program Development Evaluation Training), community-based, youth-focused programs (Participate and Learn Skills, Big Brothers/Big Sisters, Stay Smart, and academic tutoring), and family-focused programs (Strengthening Families 10–14, Guiding Good Choices, Parents Who Care, Family Matters, and Parenting Wisely).50, 54 Each year, community coalitions implemented from 1 to 5 of these programs to address their own community profiles. On average, 3 programs were implemented per community each year. The new programs were implemented by local providers, including teachers for school programs; health and human service workers for community-based, youth-focused, and family-focused programs; and community volunteers for tutoring programs and Big Brothers/Big Sisters.
Programs selected were required to have been found to be effective in well-controlled trials in preventing tobacco, alcohol, or other drug use or delinquent behavior among youths in grades 5 though 9. Therefore, for this trial, alcohol policy changes (e.g., tax increases, social host liability, keg registration, etc.) were not implemented as part of the trial.55 However, policies and changes in policies related to tobacco, alcohol, and crime were monitored in both intervention and control communities through the study period.
Data on adolescent drug use and delinquent behavior were obtained from annual surveys of a panel of public school students who were in the fifth grade during the 2003–2004 school year in the 24 CYDS communities. Recruitment for the student panel began in the fall of 2003 by mailing information packets and making in-person calls to each school district superintendent and elementary and middle school principal within the 24 CYDS communities, asking for their commitment to participate in the study and outlining the requirements of involvement in the coming year. As a result, 28 of 29 school districts, comprising 88 schools, agreed to participate. All students in fifth-grade classrooms during the 2003–2004 school year in these schools were eligible to participate in the study. The first wave of data, collected in the spring of 2004, was a pre-intervention baseline assessment. Tested prevention programs were implemented in CTC communities beginning in the summer and fall of 2004. The fourth annual wave of data was collected in the spring of 2007 when panel students progressing normally were in grade 8, about 2.67 years after the prevention programs chosen by CTC communities were first implemented.
Grade 6 (Wave 2) data collection included an effort to recruit students who were not surveyed in grade 5. During grades 5 and 6, parents of 4420 students (76.4% of the eligible population) consented to their participation in the study (see Figure 1). Final consent rates did not differ significantly by intervention condition. Consent rates were 76.1% for students in intervention communities and 76.7% for students in control communities. Eleven percent (n = 404) of the students consented in Wave 1 were ineligible for participation in Wave 2 because they moved out of the school district before participating in the study for one semester (n = 388), did not remain in their grade cohort (i.e., skipped or were held back a grade; n = 4), were in foster care and did not have consent from state authorities to participate (n = 7), or were unable to complete the survey on their own due to severe learning disabilities (n = 5). Thirteen of the 4420 consented students were absent during scheduled dates of data collection and were not available for initial surveying. The final active longitudinal panel consisted of 4407 students (2194 girls, 2213 boys; 55% from intervention communities) in 77 elementary and middle schools in grade 6 (41 schools in intervention communities and 36 schools in control communities). Students in the longitudinal panel who remained in intervention or control communities for at least one semester have been tracked and surveyed at each of the following waves, even if they left the community. Ninety-six percent of students in the longitudinal panel completed the survey in Wave 4 (grade 8).
Students completed the Youth Development Survey (YDS),56 a self-administered, paper-and-pencil questionnaire designed to be completed in a 50-minute classroom period. To ensure confidentiality, identification numbers but no names or other identifying information were included on the surveys. Parents of panel students provided written informed consent for their children's participation in the study. Students read and signed assent statements indicating that they were informed fully of their rights as research participants and agreed to participate in the study. Upon completion of the survey, students received small incentive gifts worth approximately $5 to $8. The University of Washington's Human Subjects Review Committee has approved this protocol.
The incidence of delinquent behavior was operationalized as the first self-reported occurrence of any of 4 delinquent acts (stealing, property damage, shoplifting, attacking someone) between grades 5 and 8. More serious delinquent behaviors (including carrying a gun to school, beating up someone, stealing a vehicle, selling drugs, and being arrested) were added to the eighth-grade survey as developmentally appropriate. A measure of the variety of delinquent acts committed in the past year ranging from 0 to 9 was constructed from the eighth-grade data.
Items measuring the incidence of drug use consisted of the first student-reported use of alcohol, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants between grades 5 and 8 (e.g., "Have you ever smoked a cigarette, even just a puff?"). The prevalences (with any use dichotomized as 1 and no use as 0) of binge drinking (consuming 5 or more drinks in a drinking occasion) during the past 2 weeks and use of alcohol, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants in the past month were measured in grades 5 and 8 (e.g., "On how many occasions (if any) have you had beer, wine, or hard liquor during the past 30 days?"). Grade 8 measures also included the prevalence of use of prescription drugs and other illicit drugs (i.e., psychedelics, MDMA ["ecstasy"], stimulants, and cocaine) in the past month. Baseline descriptives for the panel are shown in Table 2. There were no statistically significant differences in prevalence rates or means between panel participants in intervention communities and those in control communities in grade 5.
Variables measuring student characteristics used as covariates in analyses included: age at time of the grade 6 survey; gender (coded 0 = male, 1 = female); race/ethnicity (coded 0 = other, 1 = White or Caucasian); whether the student was Hispanic (coded 1 = yes, 0 = no); parental education level (ranging from 1 = grade school or less to 6 = graduate or professional degree); attendance at religious services during grade 5 (coded 0 = never to 4 = about once a week or more); and rebelliousness in grade 5, which consisted of the mean of 3 items (alpha = .69): I like to see how much I can get away with; I ignore rules that get in my way; and I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad (coded from 1 = very false to 4 = very true). Variables measuring community demographic characteristics included the total population of students in the community, percentage increase in the student population of the community between 2001 and 2004, and the percentage of students who were eligible for free or reduced price school lunch. Intervention condition was coded 0 for CTC communities and 1 for control communities.
Among the 4407 students comprising the consented longitudinal panel, 26.5% were recruited in Wave 2 (grade 6 accretion sample) and consequently did not complete a questionnaire in Wave 1 (grade 5). A small proportion of students were not available for follow-up interviews as shown in Table 3. Overall, 96.7% of panel students participated in at least 3 of 4 waves of data collection. There was no systematic bias due to differential accretion or differential attrition in control and intervention conditions (analyses not shown). With regard to both accretion and attrition, the methods for imputing missing data used in this study have been shown in simulations by Collins, Schafer, and Kam57 and extensions by Graham (2009 –personal communication) to produce estimates of standard errors that differ little from population values.
Students were excluded from analysis if they reported being honest only "some of the time" or less on the survey, reported having used a fictitious drug included in the survey as a validity screen, or reported that they had used 2 of 3 drugs (marijuana, inhalants, or other drugs) on 40 or more occasions during the past month as shown in Table 3).
The proportion of students in the analysis sample who did not respond to the delinquency and drug use questions was small. Item nonresponse ranged from 0.6% (for smokeless tobacco use in grade 5) to 2.7% (for specific delinquency items in grades 7 and 8). Missing data were dealt with via multiple imputation.58 Using NORM version 2.03,59 40 separate data sets including data from all 4 waves were imputed separately by intervention condition.60 Imputation models included student and community characteristics, drug use and delinquent behavior outcomes, and community membership. Imputed data sets were combined subsequently to include both intervention and control groups for analysis.
Intervention effects on the incidence and prevalence of delinquency and drug use were assessed using the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM)61–63 with logit or Poisson link functions for the dichotomously coded (i.e., incidence and prevalence of drug use and delinquency) or count-based outcomes (i.e., variety of delinquent acts), respectively. Random-intercept models were estimated to account for variation across time within students, among students within communities, and communities within matched pairs of communities.
Analyses were adjusted for the student- and community-level covariates (grand-mean centered) described above. In all analyses, results were averaged across imputed data sets using Rubin's rules.64 Approximate degrees of freedom across imputations were calculated using the formulas provided by Raudenbush et al.65;66
To account for the fact that communities were matched in pairs before randomization, the intervention effect for the community-level dichotomous indicator of intervention status (0 = control community, 1 = CTC community) was estimated as the mean difference in adjusted community-level prevalence/incidence rates between intervention and control communities as tested against the average variation among the intervention condition-specific adjusted community-level prevalence/incidence rates, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of community-matched pairs (12) minus the number of community-level covariates and intervention effect (3), minus one (i.e., df = 8)63.
The effect of the CTC intervention in preventing the incidence of delinquency and drug use between grades 5 and 8 was examined using multilevel discrete-time survival analysis (ML-DTSA).67, 68 The risk of initiating delinquent behavior and drug use was assessed for those students in the sample who had not yet initiated delinquent behavior (78.8%), alcohol use (78.5%), cigarette use (91.7%), smokeless tobacco use (97.6%), marijuana use (99.4%), or the use of inhalants (91.4%), respectively, prior to the grade 5 survey. The dichotomous outcomes in the ML-DTSA indicate whether initiation had occurred during the preceding annual wave of data collection. In each respective analysis, students initiating delinquent behavior or use of a specific drug in one grade were not eligible for initiation of that behavior in subsequent grades. Students who did not initiate delinquent behavior or drug use during sixth, seventh, or eighth grade were treated as right-censored observations.69
To test whether the effect of the intervention on incidence was proportional across time, we included interaction effects between the intervention condition variable and time indicators. All analyses were estimated with MLwiN version 2.02,70 using the second-order penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) estimator whenever possible. The second-order PQL estimator did not converge for analyses of the onset of smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and inhalant use. The first-order PQL estimator was used instead.
The effect of the CTC intervention on reducing the prevalence of past-year delinquency, drug use in the past month, and binge drinking in the past 2 weeks in grade 8 was assessed using a mixed-model ANCOVA. In addition to student and community characteristics, respective grade 5 delinquency or drug use measures were included as pre-intervention covariates to adjust for any potential baseline differences. The mixed model ANCOVA was conducted using HLM version 6.0.65
To determine whether CTC had an overall effect on drug use incidence and prevalence by grade 8, and to maintain an effective Type I error rate of .05, an omnibus Group Test Statistic71 was applied to both the ML-DTSA and mixed-model ANCOVAs before analyses of effects on specific drugs.
The omnibus test for overall effects on drug use incidence was statistically significant, t (8) = 2.72, p < .05 (2-tailed). Analyses found a significant effect of CTC on the initiation of the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco between seventh and eighth grade. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for the effect of CTC on alcohol use incidence was 1.60, indicating that students in control communities were 60% more likely to initiate the use of alcohol between grade 7 and grade 8 than students in CTC communities. The AORs for the effect of CTC on the initiation of cigarette and smokeless tobacco use were 1.79 and 2.34, respectively. Figure 2 shows the adjusted predicted hazard of initiating alcohol, cigarette, and smokeless tobacco use. Significant intervention effects on the onset of marijuana or inhalant use in the panel were not observed by the spring of eighth grade (OR = .96 [95% CI: 0.60; 1.53] and OR = 1.12 [95% CI: 0.68; 1.83], respectively).
Analyses found a significant intervention effect on the incidence of delinquent behavior between grades 5 and 8. The effect of the intervention on the incidence of delinquency was proportional across time; no significant time-by-intervention interactions were found. The AOR for the effect of the CTC intervention on delinquent behavior initiation was 1.41, indicating that students from control communities were 41% more likely to initiate delinquent behavior between grade 5 and grade 8 than were students from CTC communities. Figure 3 shows that by grade 8 the adjusted predicted hazard of initiating delinquent behavior was 21% for students in control communities and 16% for students in CTC communities.
Table 4 shows the observed prevalences and AORs of drug use in eighth grade in CTC and control communities. The omnibus test for overall effects on current drug use prevalence was statistically significant, t (9) = 2.61, p < .05 (2-tailed). The ANCOVA analyses showed significantly higher prevalences in the eighth grade in control communities compared to CTC communities of alcohol use in the past 30 days, t (9) = 2.48, p < .05 (2-tailed), AOR = 1.25; binge drinking in the past 2 weeks, t (9) = 2.59, p < .05 (2-tailed), AOR = 1.40; and smokeless tobacco use in the past 30 days, t (9) = 3.23, p < .01 (2-tailed), AOR = 1.79. Eighth-grade students in the panel in control and CTC communities did not differ significantly in the prevalence of marijuana, cigarette, inhalant, prescription drug, or other illicit drug use in the past 30 days (t's (9) = 0.86, 1.47, 0.50, 0.25, and 1.38, respectively).
Analyses assessing delinquent behaviors found that students in control communities engaged in significantly more delinquent behaviors than students in CTC communities in the year prior to the eighth-grade survey, t (9) = 5.43, p < .01 (2-tailed), AOR = 1.34, as shown in Table 4.
Woolf25 has suggested that the prevention of the early onset of disease is an important strategy for confronting America's co-occurring problems of rapidly increasing health care spending and the increasing burden of disease as the population ages. He has noted that chronic diseases accounting for large majorities of health care spending are precipitated by modifiable risk factors. Advances in prevention science identifying risk factors for drug use and delinquency and identifying tested, effective prevention programs and policies have guided the development of the Communities That Care system. The system mobilizes diverse community stakeholders to work together to reduce elevated risk factors in the community. Stakeholder coalitions seek to achieve this goal through high-quality and faithful replication of previously tested, effective programs that address these risks. This study shows that within 4 years of adopting the CTC system, community coalitions can reduce the incidence of delinquent behaviors and of alcohol, tobacco, and smokeless tobacco use as well as the prevalence of alcohol use, binge drinking, smokeless tobacco use, and delinquent behavior among young people community wide by the age of 14.
This evidence that the early initiation of alcohol use, tobacco use, and delinquency can be prevented by coalition efforts is important. The early initiation of these behaviors has negative consequences. For example, those who initiate drinking before age 15 are 4 times as likely to develop alcohol dependence as those who wait until age 21 or older; each additional year of delay in drinking reduces the likelihood of dependence by 14 percent.72 Underage drinking also predicts unintentional injuries, motor vehicle crashes, physical fights after drinking both during adolescence and adult years, and is associated with risky sexual behavior, mental health problems including depression and suicide attempts, and a variety of violent and delinquent behaviors.55 Thus, simply delaying the initiation of alcohol use through age 14, even among those who will ultimately drink alcohol, may have long-term public health benefits. Contingent on continued funding, this panel will be followed and interviewed through one year past normal high school graduation to determine the long-term effects of preventing the early initiation of alcohol use, tobacco use, and delinquency observed here.
This type 2 translational research study indicates that the public health can be promoted and health risking behaviors in early adolescence can be prevented by coalitions of community stakeholders trained to use the Communities That Care system for translating the advances of prevention science into well-chosen and well-implemented prevention practices in communities. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention provides Communities That Care materials electronically for downloading free of charge. However, federal resources are not currently available to support training and technical assistance in CTC for communities that seek to use it.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by a research grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA015183-03) with co-funding from the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
Author Contributions: J. David Hawkins had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Hawkins, Oesterle, Brown, Arthur, Catalano, Abbott, Fagan
Acquisition of data: Hawkins, Fagan, Arthur, Catalano
Analysis and interpretation of data: Oesterle, Brown, Hawkins, Abbott, Arthur, Catalano
Drafting of the manuscript: Oesterle, Hawkins, Brown
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Hawkins, Oesterle, Brown, Fagan, Arthur, Catalano, Abbott
Statistical analysis: Oesterle, Brown, Abbott
Obtained funding: Hawkins, Arthur, Catalano
Administrative, technical, or material support: Hawkins, Fagan
Study supervision: Hawkins, Arthur, Catalano
Financial Disclosure: Richard F. Catalano is a board member of Channing Bete Company, distributor of Supporting School Success ® and Guiding Good Choices ®. These programs were used in some communities in the study that produced the data set used in this paper.
Role of the Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, analysis, or preparation of data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Additional Contributions: Steven Raudenbush Ph.D. (University of Chicago), David Murray, Ph.D. (Ohio State University), and John W. Graham, Ph.D. (Penn State University) provided paid statistical consultation on this study, but the authors are responsible for all analyses and results.
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of the communities participating in the Community Youth Development Study and the collaborating state offices of drug abuse prevention in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.
Some of the information in this paper was previously presented at the May 5–10, 2008 meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, the May 27–31, 2008 meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, and at a research briefing for NIH staff at the National Institute on Drug Abuse on July 15, 2008.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.

subset: commoncrawl


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Affiliated Companies
Ferndale Ready Mix & Gravel, Inc.
Half a century of local service
Ferndale Ready-Mix & Gravel, Inc. has been supplying Whatcom County, WA with its concrete and gravel needs for over 50 years. Ferndale is proud to serve the local construction community on projects large and small.
Ferndale provides a full range of concrete mix designs, along with a broad selection of sand and gravel products.


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Jonathan Clark
Nogales International
April 15, 2011
The dilapidated landing-mat border fence running through central Nogales is slowly coming down.
For the past two weeks, construction crews have been building a taller, stronger and more firmly embedded barrier that by July will cover the entire 2.8 miles of terrain now fronted by the landing-mat fence.
Speaking at a media event Wednesday near the Mariposa Port of Entry, Sabri Dikman, acting patrol agent in charge at the Nogales Border Patrol Station, called the change a "great moment for the Border Patrol."


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Meaning and origin of the Name Linda
Linda is a girl's name. The meaning of Linda can be derived from the Medieval German word "linde" which can mean either "soft" or "tender." The name Linda is also the word for "beautiful" in Spanish and Portuguese, although it is pronounced differently from the name. One of the most common variations on this name would be "Lynda."
Linda was not a very popular name in 2015; the popularity of Linda as a name has it appearing nowhere among the English government's top 100 most popular girls' names.
Famous, Fictional or Important People with the Name Linda
Below are several people who were given this particular name:
- Linda McCartney. She was Sir Paul McCartney's first wife, known for her vegetarianism and photography.
- Linda McMahon. This Linda is the wife of American wrestling promoter Vince McMahon and was a one-time candidate for U.S. Presidency.
- Linda Danvers. This is the civilian name of DC superhero Supergirl.
- Linda Clement. This Linda is a Scottish field hockey player who has scored 61 goals for the Women's National Team.
- There are three films, two albums and two songs titled "Linda."
Useful Resources
Discover the meaning and popularity of other English girls' names


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Tagged: angular, menu, navigation
I am trying to simply change the color of the navigation font. Can you please provide the css code to add into the "Quick CSS" admin.
I used the following to increase the menu font size, via the Quick CSS in the menu:
.main_menu {
font-size: 21px;
The topic 'Color of main menu' is closed to new replies.


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Here we will present to you our Top "5" Lists that we have created articles over to help short-cut you to the right information in the fastest amount of time. These are articles that are some of the most popular reads on our blog, to which we hope you benefit from. We also hope that this is an expedited method to summarize it all for you:
Top 5 Foundation Stocks for a Dividend Investor – October 24, 2014
Top 5 Ways to Save on Energy this Winter – December 7, 2014
Top 5 Low Dividend Yield, High Dividend Growth Stocks – May 6, 2015
Top 5 Benefits for Dividend Investors in a Stock Downturn – September 7, 2015
Bert's 5 "Always Buy" Stocks – September 11, 2015
Top 5 Dividend Aristocrats with Low Debt to Equity Ratios – December 17, 2015
My Top 5 Reasons to Make Larger Investments – January 8, 2016
5 Reasons I Am in No Hurry to Buy a House – March 27, 2016
5 Methods for Earning Income Online While Traveling – July 27, 2016
5 Reasons Why You Need to Side Hustle – October 7, 2016
5 Deciding Factors on an Investment Account for our LLC – October 15, 2016
Please let us know if there is an article you want us to write, a lesson you'd like us to further explain or any other question you may have, so that we can bring our thoughts to the subject. Thanks again for coming to this page!
-Dividend Diplomats


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STEVE INSKEEP, host:
It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News. Good morning. I'm Steve Inskeep.
RENEE MONTAGNE, host:
And I'm Renee Montagne.
A year ago this morning, Hurricane Katrina was battering the Gulf Coast. Along the coast of Mississippi, a booming casino business was destroyed, taking with it an important source of revenue and jobs for the state.
Today, the Beau Rivage Resort and Casino reopens in Biloxi. It's the seventh casino to reopen in recent months. This week we're following the money trail in the aftermath of the storm, in a series Katrina: Where Did the Money Go?
Today we're focusing on the role of private money. NPR's David Schaper reports on how the casino industry is driving the recovery in Biloxi.
DAVID SCHAPER reporting:
It's been a quick year. That's Biloxi Mayor AJ Holloway's first thought as he reflects on what Hurricane Katrina's harsh winds, rains, and 30-foot storm surge did to his city a year ago today.
Mayor AJ HOLLOWAY (Biloxi, Mississippi): What I saw at that time, you know, was just kind of hard to believe. But people just walking around in a daze, didn't know where they were or what they were doing, crying. Going down the beach and seeing the casino barges across Highway 90. I never would have thought we would be where we are today.
SCHAPER: While Biloxi still has years of rebuilding, its recovery is way ahead of other Gulf Coast communities devastated by Katrina.
Mayor HOLLOWAY: I think the biggest, most single event that has allowed the city of Biloxi to recover as quickly as we are is the event of on-shore gaming.
SCHAPER: That was a change in state law approved by Mississippi's legislature and governor just weeks after the storm ravaged the coast. It allows casinos that had been restricted to barges on coastal waters to rebuild on land within 800 yards of the shore. Both the state and the city of Biloxi had a lot riding on getting the casinos to rebuild.
Biloxi took in $20 million a year in gambling revenue - more than a third of the city's budget. And the state lost a half a million dollars in tax revenue each day Gulf Coast casinos remained closed. The law changed lead casino companies, such as Harrah's, MGM Mirage, Penn National and others to invest billions on the Mississippi Coast. And in order to reopen quickly, they've set up slots and other games in what had been their hotel lobbies, banquet halls, and conference rooms.
Mr. MACK JONES(ph): I was just so glad they came back; it gave us something to do in the evenings. And thank goodness for the casinos.
SCHAPER: Mack Jones of nearby Ocean Springs is an almost daily visitor to Biloxi's Boomtown Casino.
Mr. JONES: I'm retired. You can only stand so much of the television.
SCHAPER: The hurricane wiped out many other entertainment options on the coast, so the casinos have been cashing in since the day they reopened.
Mr. TED HARRISON(ph) (Marketing Director, Boomtown Casino): It's more than twice what it was.
SCHAPER: Boomtown's marketing director Ted Harrison says business has doubled in part because with fewer casinos open, they're getting a bigger share of a strong gambling market. According to the Mississippi Gaming Commission, gaming revenues on the Gulf Coast jumped 15 percent from June to July. And for several months now, the handful of casinos reopened in Biloxi have been pulling in 75 to 80 percent of the revenue that a dozen coastal casinos made before Katrina.
And it's not just that the old market is back. Harrison says there are new players, and many are betting more money because they're earning more since Katrina. Players like construction worker Fred Merrill(ph) of Mobile, Alabama.
Mr. FRED MERRILL: I hate that the storm did it, but it's great.
SCHAPER: Wages are good?
Mr. MERRILL: Yes, sir.
SCHAPER: And do you end up spending a little more here?
Mr. MERRILL: Well, you know, it's, you hit pretty good. You've been hitting pretty good since the storm. But you spend more because you make more, you know? You have extra money to spend, so you come out and just enjoy yourself.
SCHAPER: And it's not just construction workers in the area making more money. Casino employees themselves are cashing in.
Ms. SHANTEA JOSEPH(ph): Nothing pays like the casinos. The casinos pay good. The benefits, the insurance, the everything. The atmosphere is totally different.
SCHAPER: Shantea Joseph of Biloxi is at the Beau Rivage Casino and Resort's employment center just outside of town. She's just been hired as a slots rep. Other new hires fill out paperwork and get photographed for ID badges, while dozens of job seekers fill out applications and wait for interviews.
Joseph worked at a different casino before Katrina, but she's moved up to the Beau because workers are in high demand.
Ms. MARIE KLAZOWSKI-TWIGGS (Employment Manager, Beau Rivage Casino): It's an employee's market right now. They can kind of pick and choose where they want to go.
SCHAPER: Beau Rivage employment manager Marie Klazowski-Twiggs says many people who lost their homes have left the Gulf Coast, leaving the casinos and other employers scrambling to fill thousands of jobs, and paying more in wages and benefits as a result. Jobs that used to pay $7 or $8 an hour now pay $9 to $11. Positions that had paid $15 an hour are now around $18 or above.
Ms. KLAZOWSKI-TWIGGS: The competition's getting a little tough out there, especially with experienced workers.
SCHAPER: To retain workers and induce loyalty, more casinos paid employees for a few months after the hurricane and continued benefits even though they weren't working. Some are now helping employees find places to live, one of the biggest problems Biloxi and other coastal communities face.
With so much housing destroyed along the coast, affordable places to live are at a premium. For some, the higher wages are being eaten up by skyrocketing rents and the cost of longer commutes.
Spurred by the new onshore gaming law, most of the casinos are planning to become full-service resorts with spas, entertainment and other amenities that they hope will draw more visitors from outside the region.
Mayor HOLLOWAY: And that's what we want. We want the better quality casinos and the $500, $600 million projects.
SCHAPER: Biloxi Mayor AJ Holloway anticipates a casino-building boom that makes his city, already the third largest gaming market behind Vegas and Atlantic City, even more of a national destination.
Mayor HOLLOWAY: And I think that Biloxi, within the next 5 to 10 years, will have anywhere from 18 to 22 casinos.
SCHAPER: The booming casinos are spurring other kinds of investment in Biloxi, too. High-rise beachfront condominiums are going up, some of them planned even before the storm but many more since. Some residents quietly call what's happened in Biloxi and unfortunate opportunity, tragic in the damage and loss of life, but a chance along the beachfront in particular to build a new Biloxi. Some worry, though, that the cost to this new Biloxi will be much of old Biloxi.
Is there a delicate balance there?
Mr. BILL STALLWORTH (Biloxi City Council Member): There's a very fine and very delicate balance.
SCHAPER: City Councilman Bill Stallworth represents a big part of old Biloxi, East Biloxi, in a neighborhood known as Point Cadet, home to many of the city's older, poorer and minority residents.
Mr. STALLWORTH: As we get to start looking at casinos and high-rise, high-price condos, there's a very fine balance that has to be maintained between the development of those structures and the community. This is a poorer community, and what happens if we get too much of that type of development, people simply are going to lose out.
SCHAPER: Here, Stallworth says, the money for recovery isn't flowing downward. The billions being invested by the casinos haven't made it any easier for folks here to rebuild their homes and mom and pop businesses. Most were uninsured or underinsured. Promised government grants of up to $150,000 to rebuild haven't come in yet, and nobody's sure exactly who will get how much or when.
The rebuilding that is going on is being done by charities. Without them, Stallworth says, there'd be no rebuilding in this part of Biloxi at all.
David Schaper, NPR News.
MONTAGNE: And some residents fear what will happen to Old Biloxi. You can read about it at npr.org.
Copyright © 2006 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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Hidden Websaver Canadian Coupon: BOGO FREE Olivieri Fresh Cooking Sauce!
Here are some good news: This is still available!
Olivieri announced on their Facebook page that they're giving away 22,500 Canadian coupons to try out their Cooking Sauces!
HURRY UP! The coupon will help you get one FREE package of Olivieri Fresh Cooking Sauce when you buy one!!
There are 4 delicious flavours available: Butter Chicken, Peppercorn, Red Thai Curry, and White Wine!
Enjoy :D


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Your science teacher would call this ooey, gooey gunk a polymer. Your mom might call it messy. We call it fun!
You will need
- A new 4 oz. bottle of white glue
- 2.0 mixing bowls
- Water
- A large spoon
- Food coloring
- 2.0 measuring cups
- Borax
- A measuring tablespoon
- A resealable plastic bag
Step 1 Squeeze glue Squeeze the entire bottle of glue into one of the bowls.
Step 2 Add water Fill the empty glue bottle with water, shake, and pour that in with the glue. Stir well.
Step 3 Add food coloring Add a few drops of food coloring to the glue mixture and stir. Set aside.
Step 4 Mix water & borax In a liquid measuring cup mix one cup of water with one tablespoon of borax until the borax all dissolves.
Quick Tip:
You can buy borax at the grocery store—it'll be in the laundry detergent aisle.
Step 5 Add borax solution Measure out one-third cup of the borax water solution, and pour it into the other bowl. You won't need the leftovers.
Step 6 Pour & stir Slowly pour all of your glue solution into this bowl, and stir while pouring.
Step 7 Squeeze & knead The slime will start forming immediately. When you've added the glue mixture and stirred it, pick up the blob that's now in your bowl and start squeezing and kneading it. There will be some water left in the bottom of the bowl.
Quick Tip:
Wash your spoon and bowls as soon as you've finished your slime to make sure the ooze doesn't dry.
Step 8 Gross out friends The more you play with the slime, the firmer and drier it'll get—but it'll still be icky enough to gross out your friends.
Did You Know:
Slime is like quicksand and gelatin—they're all "non-Newtonian fluids" that don't behave according to Sir Isaac Newton's laws of liquids.


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Castel Gandolfo - Pope Benedict XVI on Sunday urged the world not to be "indifferent" to famine, as some 12 million people in the Horn of Africa face starvation amid the worst drought there in decades."We must not be indifferent to the tragedy of the hungry and the thirsty," the pope said in an address to hundreds of pilgrims following the weekly Angelus prayer at his summer residence in Castel Gandolfo, just outside Rome."Many brothers and sisters in the Horn of Africa are suffering these days from the dramatic consequences of the famine, aggravated by war and the lack of stable institutions," he said, calling for "compassion" and "fraternal solidarity".Referring to a Bible passage on the miracle of the multiplication of loaves and fishes by Jesus Christ, he said: "Jesus reminds us of our responsibility - to do everything we can to help those who are hungry and thirsty.""It is an immense task. In this time of holiday, let us not forget to open our hands and our hearts to come to the aid of those who need it," he added.Aid agencies have stepped up efforts to aid the worst affected from the drought in Somalia, with the UN's World Food Programme starting an airlift of food aid into the Somali capital Mogadishu last week despite battles in the city.But charities say more international donations are needed and relief efforts have been hampered by the combat, as well as a ban on some humanitarian agencies by the Islamist group Shabaab which controls much of southern Somalia.
I place no value on anything you say you child molesting two faced son of a seafaring..................
Dear Pope,
I shall not be indifferent to famine or the suffering of my fellow man.
I shall not be indifferent to the scourge of piracy and kidnapping perpertrated by the Somalians.
I shall not be indifferent to the radical Islamic groups stopping aid getting to the starving Somalians.
I shall not be indifferent to the stuffed up lives of the boys who have been sexually molested by Catholic priests.
Spot on!
Even as a Catholic, I cannot support what the Pope is saying here. Giving aid to these people just helps them breed. The world needs fewer of them, not more.
Geez, this is shockingly inhuman. I think you don't really understand what you're saying.
I think 2whitestars sucks a$$
Very Christian of you!
Fish and bread on the way, then Pope?
Nope. But he will pray for them though. Prayer is very high in complex carbohydrates and proteins...
The pope sucks a$$
Or at the very least is responsible for it's coverup!
Let's see now, how about donating at least half of the vaticans' coffers on a permanent basis for starters, and then let the pope choke on 2 pilchards and a bun.
Will the USA Senate and Congress please listen to the Pope!
Your debit reduction plan asks the poor to tighten their belts while the rich carry on eating caviar.
Are you listening?
big words from the leader of the organisation responsible for more abuses and human rights violations than any other organisation in the history of the world. even Hitlers genocide pales in comparison to the atrocities of the "Holy" Roman Catholic Church. Pope Benedict XVI show the world that the church is good, donate some of the billions your church has plundered over the centuries to feed these people don't expect those who live on the bread line and are subjugated by state and church to carry your burden


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Welcome to the Painting Challenge. Here you will find the fabulous, fevered work from miniature painters from around the world. They are of every colour, gender, age and nationality, but all these people have at least two things in common: they love miniatures and they have all taken the Challenge. This site features the current year's event along with archives of past Challenges. Enjoy your visit and please come back soon.
Saturday, 11 February 2017
Crash Land into Saturday
7 comments:
Seems to be a bit of that going around Curt. Good to see you made it! Have one for me :-)ReplyDeleteReplies
Will do. Thanks Millsy.Delete
As long as the number of landings equals the number of take-offs, all is good!ReplyDeleteReplies
Haha! Very true - that is a stat always to aim for.Delete
I am just about to step back onto the day job hamster wheel after a period of illness ..so I am looking forward already to my next weekend off!ReplyDeleteReplies
Well, I'm glad you're feeling better, but I know your sentiment all too well.Delete
It's Tuesday and I'm still wrecking from Thursday! ;)ReplyDelete


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hello, my name is Marie Christine Polymenacou. i m currently in UK and looking for a living in care job. I was born in Athens Greece.
Live In Care Experience: 1-3 Yrs. Yrs
General Care Experience:
Gender: Female
Looking for work in the following Locations:
Other Information
English Language Level:
Driving Licence:
Care Qualifications:
Care Skills:
Current DBS: N/A
Leave Comment:


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If @austensweetin sees his shadow mid air does that mean it's still winter? Tag your outdoor photos #coalinthewild by 3/13 and follow us and @yobeat for a chance to win 1 of 3 prize packs.


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India 1940-42 censored envelopes to England/Scotland x4
Sold for:
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or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay UK
India 1940-42 censored envelopes x4 to England or Scotland, with a range of frankings and all with censor markings .
This is part of a general auction listing today of over 60 lots of Indian stamps & postal history - why not check my other lots?
POSTAGE FOR THIS ITEM (uninsured): UK £0.95, Europe £1.40, overseas £2.00. Packages with total value over about £50 need to be insured except by prior agreement. Benefit from free postage for additional items , subject to weight and maximum valueIf you are looking for something a bit different, please keep an eye on my auction listings (refreshed at least every 7-14 days) for a wide range of more unusual or esoteric items, including stamps. postal stationery and postal history ( worldwide with emphasis on British Asia). Postage : By making a bid, purchasers agree to carry the risk of loss in the post , unless insured post is paid for (Special Delivery for UK, International Signed For or Airsure for international post). A certificate of posting will always be obtained by me for every item. I always try to use obsolete commemorative or definitive stamps when I can but please note this is not usually possible for Airsure/International Signed For.
For anything other than low-weight unregistered postage, particularly multiple purchases, please wait... read more


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Fuglar, Fiskar & Fólk (Faroese for Birds, Fish & People) is Kristian Blak's first solo album where we get to experience his wonderful, vivacious piano-playing in full, as this is the first time in his long career as a recording musician that he is not accompanied by other musicians on the record. This is also a record that encompasses his entire career, from the late 70s to present day, with re-recordings of compositions that fit snugly into the theme of birds, fish and people.
The album was produced by Kristian Blak, and was recorded, mixed and mastered by Benjamin Petersen. The cover and photo was done by veingir.


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The luxury Peninsula Hotels has just introduced the new Peninsula Academy program, giving guests the chance to craft bespoke experiences during their travels and truly become immersed in local culture, history and lifestyle.
Although the name "Academy" seems to imply long-term enrollment, the program is designed so that there are a number of different experiences guests can get a taste of. This includes programs like The Peninsula Hong Kong's Caviar Connoisseurship, The Peninsula New York's Private MoMA Tour, or The Peninsula Shanghai's Heritage City Tour, which involves activities like a luxury drive to some of the city's hottest spots in a 1934 Rolls-Royce Phantom.
As well as many Academy programs for adults, Peninsula also has many options for kids, like origami lessons at the Peninsula Tokyo.
Customizable Hotel Excursions
More Stats +/-
Simplistic Urbanite Hotels
Luxurious Lodge-Like Hotels
Playful Boutique Hotels
Quirky Parisian Hotels
Wellness-Focused Hotels
The Peninsula Hotels' Academy Programs Highlight a City's Best
- By: Laura McQuarrieJun 16, 2014
References: peninsula & luxurylaunches
References: peninsula & luxurylaunches


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Nearest Click & Collect Stores
9ct Gold Jewellery Heavy Oval Belcher Chain 20in/50cm
Estimated 2 - 3 days
This is a more substantial version of the traditional oval belcher. It can be worn alone or with light pendants. Made in England. Nine carat gold.
This jewellery item is supplied with:
- - Luxury presentation packaging
- - 12 months guarantee
- - Free UK delivery (1 - 3 days)
- - 30 day returns policy
This product can be shipped to:
- UK (United Kingdom)
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Should you find any item not to your liking, simply return the unwanted item(s) to us using the enclosed returns form and your purchase will be refunded in full. We assure you of a smooth, easy, and zero hassle returns procedure if you change your mind for any reason.
Please note that earrings and other items of body jewellery cannot be returned for refund as unwanted items in the interests of hygiene
Currently, refunds are processed in an average of 2 days after receipt (Live statistic)
FREE Click & Collect from any mainland participating partner showrooms* (excluding airports and orders paid for by PayPal or Interest Free Credit). For more information on our new Click & Collect scheme please see this link(*UK only)
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Rating: Excellent (5 / 5)
I was a bit wary of buying a gold necklace online yet did so through the Watch Shop. Thankfully on prompt arrival all concern disappeared. The chain is exactly as shown and is certainly strong enough to secure my wifes heirloom around her neck. The links are robust, well made, very shiny and look great around her neck. This chain is definitely exactly what she required after a more thin chain almost caused us to lose the heirloom. The Watch Shop web site gave exactly the right details and especially the weight of gold in the chain. This particularly reassured me to do business with them as I knew what I was getting.
Rating: Very good (4 / 5)
good price, fast delivery and very good customer service (keeping me informed of progress of delivery)
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Finance options are only available for orders to the United Kingdom in GBP


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GraphicRiver Vault Logo 9895718
Logo Template \ Letters
Modern \ Vector \ Provided \ README \ Regards \ Instruction \ Optional
Logo Template - Vault Logo 9895718 by _NAZ_ @ GraphicRiver
Logo Template \ Letters
An excellent modern logo suitable for various purposes.
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Full Instruction and Font Name/Link are provided in README file
Optional color and modification services are also offered by NAZ for an additional fee. Contact me and I'll be happy to help!
kind regards.
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Resolution: Resizable; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
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text:
The straight shooter who never grew up
"Ever watched a porn movie?" the interviewer asked. "Yes," Jurgen Klopp replied immediately.
The name of the porn movie Klopp watched, when he was about 15 or 16, was Josefine Mutzenbacher: wie sie wirklich war (Josefine Mutzenbacher: how she really was).
The film traces the sexual awakening of a young Austrian girl in the 19th century, from an innocent child to a highclass Viennese prostitute.
"I don't remember the plot," Klopp admitted, "but it got right down to business." The interesting point to make here is not the fact that Klopp once watched a blue movie but, that when he was asked about it an interview with a Cologne radio station last year, he admitted it.
Freely. Instantly. With details. Put any other manager in that situation and the likelihood is that, within a matter of seconds, you will be pointing your microphone at an empty chair.
For Klopp, honesty is almost a condition. It is a fearless honesty, an instinctive honesty; almost, in many ways, the honesty of a child. On some profound level, Klopp is still the child-manager who never quite grew up.
There is a simple, crystalline certainty to the way he approaches football: loyal, optimistic, fiercely devout. At a time when Liverpool fans are idly wondering what sort of manager he will make if he ends up taking the job vacated by Brendan Rodgers on Sunday night, this penchant for straight-talking should be kept in mind.
On the face of things, Klopp and Liverpool are a fit so snug they might have been matched on eHarmony.
Borussia Dortmund, where Klopp won two consecutive Bundesliga titles and reached a Champions League final, is a similar sort of club to Liverpool: financially and competitively very much in the second rank of European powers, but with a big name, a gilded history and not so much a fan-base as a congregation.
Both, essentially, are optimistic, dreaming clubs. The issue will come if and when Klopp's ingenuous Swabian candour collides head-on with English football's ingrained culture of cynicism, innuendo and mirage.
Klopp's relationships last. In the last 26 years, he has had a grand total of three jobs: Mainz player, Mainz manager, Dortmund manager. In a way, his great achievement at Dortmund was in maintaining some illusion of continuity in a world where there was none. For even as Dortmund were taking European football by storm, the plates of the game were shifting beneath them.
Key players were snatched away first Nuri Sahin and Shinji Kagawa, then Mario Gotze and Robert Lewandowski went to Bayern Munich. Teams began to work out Dortmund's signature 'Gegenpressing' style, sitting deep and handing them the ball.
Injuries bit hard. Halfway through last season, Dortmund were bottom of the Bundesliga. They recovered, but Klopp realised that this particular arc had run its course. Time for a new challenge.
The question is whether the last couple of years have taught one of modern football's great ideologue the value of compromise. One of the first things Klopp did when he arrived at Dortmund was to jettison perhaps the club's two biggest stars, Alex Frei and Mladen Petric. Rightly, he identified that neither player was appropriate for the high-energy, high-pressing game he wanted to implement. But these are now bigger stakes, and bigger egos. What if Klopp instantly decided that, say, Christian Benteke and Danny Ings were surplus to requirements?
If Klopp had a major weakness during his last few years at Dortmund, it was an over-reliance on favoured players.
Meanwhile, players on the fringes tell a very different story. "It is as if he has something against me," midfielder Ivan Perisic complained after a spell on the bench. "Klopp has his own three or four players, with whom he shares his opinions and his thoughts."
Yet for the majority, the eloquent Klopp is an easy man to fall in love with. He effervesces with honesty, good intentions, the pure joy of football. And for a club where joy has been all too rarerecently, it seems like a good place to start. (© Daily Telegraph, London)


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Savannah Kittens for Sale
Male and female Savannah kittens looking for an experienced home. Exotic cat experience is great, but require lots of care and devotion. We currently have a male and a female and they are both 12 weeks old
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Author has written 12 stories for RENT, Buffy: The Vampire Slayer, and Harry Potter.
Name: Julie / Brokie
Age: 19
Fandoms I Read: Firefly/Serenity, Veronica Mars, The Sentinel, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Buffy: the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Harry Potter, Rent, Lord of the Rings, Pirates of the Caribbean, View Askewniverse, Degrassi: the Next Generation, Queer as Folk, Dead Man on Campus, Murder by Numbers, The Pretender
My Fandoms (Previous to Current): Rent, Buffy: the Vampire Slayer, Harry Potter, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Firefly/Serenity
Favorite Pairings: Veronica/Logan, Simon/Mal, Jim/Blair, Nick/Greg, Xander/Spike, Xander/Faith, Harry/Draco, Mark/Roger, Will/Elizabeth/Jack
Things I Like in Fic: Angst, slash, good dialogue, good characterization, original storylines, hurt/comfort, PWP, well-done AUs, believability, character introspection, Dark!Harry, Dark!Xander, Buffy bashing, love/hate relationships, RPS, crossovers that work, epics
Things I Dislike in Fic: Misspellings, bad grammar, purple prose,refusing to write more unless people review, misuse/overuse of commas, song fics, writers who tell instead of show, two-sided conversations with no line breaks, omg!1eleven!1, caps lock, author's notes within the fic itself, OOCness
Basically, I go for quality fic that gets me involved in the story (although a good bit of pr0n never hurt anyone). I am no longer in the Rent fandom, so any unfinished Rentfics you find here will remain that way. I still read BtVS and Harry Potter fic, but I haven't written any in awhile. My current obsession is Firefly. All the fic found here, plus a couple WIPs and some original stuff, can be found on my website. I also have a livejournal for fic (link above).


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Royal Ascot is viewed by many as the pinnacle of the horse racing flat season – there are no jumps on this course unlike the Grand National which sees horses trip and fall. It's a fabulous reason to spend the afternoon with friends sipping on Pimm's, champagne or something equally as regal while watching these incredible animals racing. It's quite an event.
However there's no escaping the biggest draw of Royal Ascot, or indeed any large racing meeting: looking the part. Especially on Ladies' Day. When the opportunity arose to head to the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, believe me it required a serious operation.
I'm a self-confessed shopaholic. I take time to identify the look I want, experiment with variations on the look, before finally settling on the detail.
Men are traditionally quick shoppers, but experience tells me this is rapidly changing. Gone are the days of picking something off the hanger and buying it without trying it on. I'm a prime example of searching high and low to find the right look, no matter what the cost.
So when George at Asda gave me and a friend the chance to attend Royal Ascot looking dapper in their line of men's occasion wear I of course accepted.
After deciding on how I wanted to dress for the day, it was time to find the perfect attire. I wanted a three-piece suit (well it is Royal Ascot after all) less the top hat. I've always snooped around their clothes section – I seemed to spend half of my life in the Rugby store during my lunch break. While I'm not going for the evening unless I win BIG in which case I'll be flying to Monaco, this particular ensemble jumped out at me.
I tried it on for size, and loved the look. Even my chaperone for the afternoon thought it's a great suit, and believe me readers, when he's dishing out fashion advice you know it's worth listening to.
We had a great time yesterday, making a whopping £250! Not bad for a £10 bet I'd say! War Envoy was the horse of the day, for me. As we were attending on Ladies' Day, it was great to see some lovely lady bloggers head to the races in their evening dresses too. Everyone made the effort to look the part, and despite some sunburn and sore feet, it was worth it.
Thanks George at Asda for the experience, it was the epitome of British indulgence. Perhaps next time I'll manage to get The Girl to come along…


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'Express' info centre opens at Pampa
By Express News Service | Published: 24th November 2013 08:34 PM |
Last Updated: 24th November 2013 08:45 PM | A+A A- |
The information centre of 'The New Indian Express' was opened at Media Centre at Pampa on Sunday.
Travancore Devaswom Board member P K Kumaran inaugurated the centre by lighting traditional lamp 'kuthuvilakku' offered by Pampa Melsanthi Unnikrishnan Nampoothiri.
Addressing the gathering, P K Kumaran highlighted the role of media in a democratic society.
Complimenting the newspaper, the TDB member stressed the part played in strengthening democracy through its network of publications.
Assistant General Manager (Kerala) P Suresh Kumar, Assistant General Manager (Sales) Vishnukumar and Pampa Devaswom Manager Sadasivan Nair were present on the occasion.


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Actor teaches clinicians to communicate
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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services 12 comfortably furnished rooms are offered by Chalé da Montanha Petrópolis to guests looking for accommodation in Petrópolis. The exact list of services available at Chalé da Montanha Petrópolis (including those for an extra fee) and the exact list of equipment in a room can be found on the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in to your room is 13:00, the latest time to check out of your room is 12:00. The personnel of the hotel can speak in Portuguese - Portugal and English with you.
Chalé da Montanha Petrópolis rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
- Finnish sauna
- Pool (Outdoor - seasonally open)
Fridge, Mini-bar


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Learn how to protect yourself from Internet scams. Read our online fraud prevention tips
Musical Instruments ClassifiedsFor Sale Local NY Classified Ads
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Yamaha YDP223 portable digital piano-used..Full weighted 88 keyboard..Includes 2 track recorder, transpose button, electric piano, strings, church organ, harpsichord, choir, metronome, demo songs, grand piano 1, grand piano 2, reverb, effect, and touch controls.. Excellent condition, no flaws...Also includes, bench, music stand, 3 pedal sustain action, and built in high quality speakers...Asking price: $375.00... Please call if interested: 315-457-3008...
Web Id: SYR16880753
Published on Syracuse.com 11/22. Updated 11/22.
Wurlitzer Console Piano and bench. $800/obo Excellent condition- Also Small Baby Grand Cable-Nelson, refinished, excellent tone $1,800/obo 315-437-1908 Leave message
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FAMILY MUSIC CENTER Has it all with instrument Sales/Rentals, Lessons, Repairs Consignments, 914 Old Liverpool Rd. 315-457-7375.
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Trombone with extra valve, with case and mouth piece. Good Condition. $300 or B.O. Phone 315-776-4457
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NEW & USED ACCORDIONS Drums & Guitars. We buy, sell, trade & repair. Allegro Music 5363 W Taft Rd, N. Syr. 315-458-3877
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One Youth Entrepreneur At A Time: Youth Information Technology (YouthIT) Project. Anthony Bloome Washington, D.C. Rotary. The ancient Greek definition of happiness was the full use of your powers along lines of excellence --- President John F. Kennedy. Building the Future…
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One Youth Entrepreneur At A Time:
Youth Information Technology (YouthIT) Project
Anthony Bloome
Washington, D.C. Rotary
The ancient Greek definition of happiness was the full use of your powers along lines of excellence
--- President John F. Kennedy
Building the Future… of your powers along lines of excellence
One African Youth Entrepreneur at a Time
YouthIT Entrepreneur:
Ms. Kapasa Musonda
She is 17 yrs. old!
Le Kay Fashion Design
Youth IT Project that provide humanitarian service
Combine IT and Entrepreneurship Training
Business Creation
YouthIT Pilots: Zimbabwe and Uganda 2004-6
800 youth
Rotary and IYF – YouthIT-Zambia
Awarded Dept of State Grant 2005 - 7
200 Zambian that provide humanitarian service
(40 hours)
IT Training
(80 hours)
(80 hours)
Business Plan
Two ART
Data Entry
Clerks - ZPTC
Young People
to Combat HIV and AIDS
in Africa
73 Plans
22 Plans
Nine Citizen Exchange Winners!
U.S. Department of State funding - US$130,000 grant
Partners – US$90,000 cost-share
Project Coordination& Cost-Share
Rotarians and Rotary clubs - Zambia, California, Texas, D.C.
Peer Health Education
Students Partnership Worldwide – Zambia
Entrepreneurship Training
Business Services Scholarships
Simi Valley Rotary
World Bank
Ms. Kapasa Musonda Le Kay Fashion Design
Princess Sampa Kameela Chileshe MIPS Cornmeal Milling
Ms. Racheal Mofya M&N Bee Products
Mr. Chris Mudenda Computer Recycling (CORE-SADI)
Mr. Kennedy Kombe Sausage Production
Ms. Esnart M'Tonga Esnart Jay Y2Y Cybercafe
Mr. Patrick Daniel Lumu HL Steel Drum Entertainment
Mr. Terrence Simfukwe Image Centre Photography Studio
Mr. Clyde Baron Milimo Specialized Mushroom Producers
YouthIT Entrepreneurs: Looking for Investors that provide humanitarian service
Entrepreneur: Terrence Simfukwe
Image Centre Studios
Mbale, Zambia
US$17,800 and create 6 new jobs
Entrepreneur: Kennedy Kombe
Sausage Production
Chirundi, Zambia
US$2,000 and 4 new jobs
Entrepreneur: Kapasa Musonda
Le Kay Fashion Designs
US$4,700 and 2 new jobs
Rachel Mofya,
M&N Bee Products
YouthIT Award Ceremony that provide humanitarian service
April 2007
The Winners and
Guest Speakers
U.S. Ambassador Martinez, Minister of Health, and Rotary District Governor
So, Want to Invest in Youth Entrepreneurs?! that provide humanitarian service
Anthony Bloome


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Michigan's momentum from the 2012 class already has spilled over into the 2013 class. With two ESPNU 150 Watch List prospects committed in quarterback Shane Morris (Warren, Michigan/De La Salle) and defensive back Dymonte Thomas (Alliance, Ohio/Marlington), Michigan is off to a great start.
The coaching staff has started to identify prospects for each position group as well as where the biggest needs will be on the roster. A big focus again for the Wolverines will be on the defensive line.


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How many pants do you have in your dressing room?
Pants, a symbol of women's liberation in the 1960s, became a key piece in the women's dressing room in a few decades. According to a poll carried out by OpinionWay for the brand Breal, the trousers even appears as one of the favorite pieces of the French women, since 72% of them declare to wear almost every day.
André Courrèges and Yves Saint Laurent were not mistaken in making pants a real fashion piece, since women see it today as an indispensable. Work, leisure, first appointment or great opportunity: the pants are unanimous for all the moments of a woman's life.
Ten pants on average
The survey shows that French women have ten pants on average in their wardrobes. In detail, nearly one in two respondents (46%) said they had between six and ten pants, 28% had more than ten pants, and only 18% had between four and five pants. A minority (6%) said they had only one to three pants.
"Trousers have become fashionable and fashionable for all generations, making them a practical, comfortable, stylish and chic everyday experience," said Nicolas Flaud, Marketing Director of Bréal.
The privileged straight cut
One in two respondents said they prefer straight cuts, which generally adapt to all shapes and morphologies. Almost one-third (31%) favor adjusted cuts and a minority (12%) swear by the bootcut.
The cut of the trousers, however, depends strongly on the age of the wearer. The youngest (18-34 year olds) thus set their sights on adjusted cuts (60% for 18-24 year olds, 40% for 25-34 year olds), whereas the more than 50 years favor the right cuts (61 % For those aged 50-64, and 68% for those aged 65 and over).
What are the ideal trousers for the French? Comfortable pants, regardless of the situation, for 75% of respondents. More than half of the panel (52%) is looking for pants that adapt to their morphology and which mitigate their small defects, while 18% demand absolute support and a flat stomach effect.
OpinionWay conducted the survey for Bréal on January 22nd, with a sample of 1,021 women, representative of the population of French women aged 18 and over.


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African Americans have always been ready to fight throughout America's wars. During World War II, despite the ingratitude of the country for their sacrifice and distinguished...
"Fighting for America: Black Soldiers, the Unsung Heroes of World War II"
by Christopher Paul Moore
One World/Random House,
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400 pp., $27.95
African Americans have always been ready to fight throughout America's wars. During World War II, despite the ingratitude of the country for their sacrifice and distinguished service in previous wars, they resolutely volunteered for duty, remaining in segregated units.
Christopher Paul Moore's book, "Fighting for America: Black Soldiers, the Unsung Heroes of World War II," chronicles the experiences of black soldiers, including Dorrie Miller, the Navy cook who shot down four Japanese planes at Pearl Harbor; the exploits of the Tuskegee Airmen; the sturdy, resolute work of black nurses; and the unsung but pivotal role of black soldiers as the heart of the Quarter Master Corps.
Moore, a distinguished playwright and the son of two WWII veterans who met in Europe, is especially gifted at highlighting the ironies and caprices of black soldiers' lives, as the 1944 cases of Cpl. Leroy Henry in England and of six privates in New Guinea illustrate.
Henry, falsely accused of rape by an English housewife, was found guilty and sentenced to death by a court-martial. When it became clear that the woman had lied, the English rallied to his cause. Spurred on by protests from the NAACP, Gen. Dwight Eisenhower thoroughly reviewed the case, revoked the death sentence and ultimately dismissed all charges.
In the New Guinea case, two white nurses accused six black soldiers of rape. All six soldiers pleaded "not guilty," and trial testimony supported their pleas. Gen. Douglas MacArthur had the last word, and since the case was not made public, was left to his own devices. MacArthur ordered all six executed. Moore notes that "Almost sixty years later, the chief of the prison facility that held the six defendants termed the trial 'gross negligence.' "
Despite systematic racism, black soldiers carried on. The famed Buffalo Soldiers, sent to the front in July 1944, so immediately distinguished themselves that even Winston Churchill took notice. Countless memoirs celebrate the "Red Ball Express" for its incredible accomplishment of moving food and gasoline to forward positions so that troops could move swiftly to Germany in 1944. As Gen. George Patton once exclaimed, "My men can eat their belts, but my tanks gotta have gas."
Moore notes that 75 percent of the Red Ball drivers were black men, many of whom were adept at removing the governors on the truck engines so that they could drive twice as fast as ordered. They did the job so speedily that superiors overlooked this infraction. Indeed, Col. John Eisenhower wrote that without the spectacular performance of the Red Ball drivers, "the advance across France could not have been made."
Most annals of World War II overlook the role of women — especially black women. When the first contingent of the Women's Army Corps (WAC) arrived in England in 1943, there were no African Americans among them. Not until more than a year later were black WACS sent abroad in segregated units.
Getting into the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) was even more difficult for black nurses, as the Army initially replied, "Your application cannot be given favorable consideration as there are no provisions in Army regulations for the appointment of colored nurses in the Corps." When Eleanor Roosevelt and African-American political activist Mary McLeod Bethune applied pressure, the Army relented a bit, granting a quota of 50 black nurses per year to care for Negro soldiers only.
For these nurses, great ironies also prevailed. In 1944, for example, the Army sent 63 black nurses to England to tend German prisoners of war who, given Nazi beliefs in white racial superiority, may have regarded them as subhuman. By September 1945, of the 50,000-member Army Nursing Corps, only 479 were African Americans.
"Fighting for America" is a satisfying read. While it reveals a number of sad and ugly racist episodes in the lives of black soldiers during World War II, it also records, through numerous letters and memoirs, their triumphs and their steadfast and unwavering faith in a just and fair American future.
Moore ends with the conviction to "Carry the flag, because freedom, democracy, and fairness are together the essence of America." Black soldiers throughout the centuries believed that. So do most African Americans today.
John C. Walter is professor of history
in the American Ethnic Studies Department
at the University of Washington.


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Heavy Equipment & Pavement' started by 94gt331, Jul 20, 2014.
Skidsteer is back in action again a few pics.
Looks great! I imagine that little track machine works out really well for what you're doing. Do you push any snow too?
This will be my last post and I'll quit pestering you with how handy this hoe is.
Found this footing **underneath** that stump I took out yesterday. It was heavy!!! The Secret Service boys must have been watching and reported it to Boss Man because the National History Museum called and wanted more pics of it to confirm it was the place where Lincoln sat and rallied the troops during the Civil War. What followed was an offer of $10k to purchase it for the museum.
If I didn't have the Boomer 2000 it wouldn't be in one identifiable piece! You need to get one!
Thanks, yeah we plow snow with it as well, got to keep it running all year!
Forks would be a easy job That hoe would be handy Im looking at one like yours but it swings
That be a Cold ride


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All Posts Tagged Tag: 'natural beauty'
Three Ways to Make Herbal Oils for Natural Beauty Recipes
Infusing oil with herbs is a great way to add color, scent, and healing properties to the raw ingredients you will be using in natural beauty recipes. Simply soaking herbs in oil isn't enough to infuse the oil; it needs to be heated. Luckily, there are a few ways of doing this so you are sure to find one that …Read More
Exquisite Botanical Soap that Cleanly Preserves the Garden
These botanical soap bars are decorated with flowers, herbs, and leaves found in the garden. This is a fun project for encapsulating what grows in your own backyard to bring a little nature to your bath or shower. Handmade soap makes a lovely gift and it is surprisingly simple to make a large batch of botanical soaps with little effort. …Read More
A Sweet Homemade Honeycomb Soap Recipe
I'm just buzzing about this honey soap because it was easy to make and it comes with a bit of a secret. While the soap looks like a sticky block of honey straight from the honeycomb, it's actually an aloe, cucumber, and carrot soap that I've mixed with manuka honey and scented with citrus. The trick to this attractive honey …Read More
Bring the Ocean into Your Bathtub with Handmade Sea Sponge Soap Bars
Organic-looking handmade soap topped with natural sea sponges makes for a gorgeous soap that lathers up beautifully. Sea sponges are a natural, biodegradable alternative to synthetic sponges and they are gentler on skin. The last time I made soap, I set aside one of the batches to pour into silicone molds with sea sponges. About Sea Sponges There are over …Read More
Fresh and Woodsy Winter Forest Soap Recipe
This winter forest soap recipe smells like a walk through the forest in the brisk winter air. This soap is made with two colors of soap swirled together like cool winds in evergreen trees. It's scented with essential oils from forest trees making it both fresh and woodsy. As a bonus, the combination of essential oils will perk you up and …Read More
Lovely Lavender Ombre Melt and Pour Soap
This attractive ombre soap is lightly scented with lavender and moisturizing with rich shea butter. While it looks like a high-end decorative soap from a fancy shop, it's surprisingly easy to make at home. Follow these steps to create beautiful ombre triple-layer soap. Materials 2 lbs shea butter soap base Lavender soap dye 1 teaspoon lavender essential oil divided into …Read More


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So after a few wears, the lace in your lace front wig has quite a bit of gunk building up in it. Whether that be some sweat, foundation, blush ect. it's time to clean it out.
How to Make Quick Ruffles – Tutorial
Here's a quick and easy way to make ruffles in just a few minutes. Continue reading
How to Pin Your Hair, Wig Cap and Wig – Tutorial
Have you ever had that issue where your hair starts slipping and peeking out from under your wig? Or you feel your wig cap slipping backwards into oblivion? Or your wig just keeps shifting and moving around? Well here's how to pin your problems away!
How to Avoid Embarrassing Underarm Sweat Marks – Tip
Making Ears to Match Your Wig – Tutorial
Making a Center Back Part on a Wig – Tutorial
Straightening Kinked Wefts – Tutorial
Hello everyone!
I've started this blog as a place that focuses purely on my costume work. I plan to post not only the finished costumes but progress shots and tutorials I make along the way.
To start, there will most likely be a backlog of everything I've already created up to this point so please bare with me. Not all of it is up to the quality I produce today but I would not of gotten to this point without those beginning costumes as a foundation.
There will also be some cross posting of content because I like to try and get information out there on as many platforms as possible so some of the information on this blog may also be on, but not limited to, my Facebook page, Cospix account, Instagram ect.
Hopefully you find some of my work as a resource or just appreciate what I do. Whatever the case, I hope you like it and thanks for visiting!