text:
Gnar Build Guide by
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Gnar Build
Start With
Rush This
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Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
i will not fancy this up
1 pros cons
2 techniques
3 solo duel and team fights tips
this guide is not facy or anything but try to under stand ... sorry for some wrong grammar
WARNING this guide is for Strong hearted
pros cons
-Tank with enormous dmg
-with tankiness in his mega form mos likely you would be the focus of the enemy
-tons of CC
-need rage gene to transform
-not effective tank in his cute form
-catching the boomerang with impending team fight means a lot!!
-MEGA GNA"R" need good positioning
in lvl 1 most likely ur openent is in the upper hand ... the trick is to last hit minion when their about to die so you will not build up rage quick ... when u becaome lvl 2 this is where you become aggressive 3 stcks of W is lot of dmg while harassing look for your rage you need to be able to transfrom exactly lvl 3 ... using E at a gap closer with accuracy you should be mega gnar close to enemy use W then throw Q ... is the enemy runs throw another boulder to maximize DMG ... the sequence would Be E>W>Q ... ( and try to dish W dmg while gnar is tired)
when it comes to gank the greatest trick is throw boomerang to you main opponent then jump in the head of the ganker that will slow them both but in mega gnar throw boulder to the ganker stun main opponent pick up boulder then throw again while making your escape if your good enough might end up kill them both
Solo Duel / Team fights
in SOlo duel it is very easy ... taunt enemy while in mini form by Q to slow and normal atk to build stack and hit and run tactic ... if he chase you continue to hit and run until your rage gene is "RED" then use E to bounce in front of him and use MEGA GNA"R" > Boulder Toss > W > Q if the enemy is AD he is dead by now ... but if you taunt him and he run just chase him with boomerang and W reserve you hop for positioning it has a long CD so be careful
Team Fights - Before engaging u start with 0 rage so toss boomerang>catch as your rage build up you should get more aggressive in the right moment use Hop>W>Q>MEGA GNAR (to your team mates or wall for CC)>Q>Q>E>W if all turns well you will won the team fight with ease and dont be afraid to sustain some DMG while in mini form it helps build up rage and when you transform youll have 770 hp added so no worries


text:
Al Qaeda's Use of Propaganda
Al Qaeda is a global terrorist organization, which was formally founded in 1998 due to fatwa and press release. The head of al Qaeda is considered Osama Ben Laden, who was killed on 2nd May in 2011. Since its foundation the organization has been seeking how to expend the use of broadcast media in Arabic language. They even pretended to have media office in the UK in London. Today the branches of this organization are detected in 34 countries of the world. They made a lot of attacks for example on the U.S. embassies.
The members of al Qaeda as well as other terrorist organization know that to have success in such deeds like violence is practically impossible without dispelling fear. The will of people is to preserve their lives in secure, that's why fear of death is one of the most powerful mechanisms of manipulation. This method also belongs to those, which are frequently used in al Qaeda. So, propaganda in the biggest terrorist organization is a good tool, isn't it?
Al Qaeda has always appreciated a power of communication. All al Qaeda's branches always wanted to spread ideological propaganda, although its effectiveness depended on circumstances. Al Qaeda's in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) media arm is considered as the least active and effective. Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) had the most active and reliable media tool of manipulation for a long time, but to my mind, their recent material is less effective since the army of Yemen drove some of their representatives out of their secure resorts in 2012. It is said that today Al Qaeda thinks globally, but kills locally. There are acute discussions as for the Jews, America, the West, but the real victims of their deeds are just local people. For example, according to the research, carried out by West Point – military Academy in the USA, most of victims (88%) of al Qaeda's malicious actions in 2004-2008 are not citizens of Western countries, but on the contrary most of them are from Iraq. The researches come to the conclusion that Muslims, whom they supposedly defend, can be in reality probably an object for violence more than western governments which are claimed to be their enemies. We can see actually disconnect between what al Qaeda's leaders say and what they do. So, al Qaeda has its own dirty secrets, but I wouldn't like stress on them now.
Not long time ago al Qaeda shifted to password-protected forums and in late 2012 the migration of terrorists to social networks such as Twitter, Facebook and others accelerated.
Alexander Bortnikov, director of FSB in Russia, claims that ideological guidelines of al Qaeda allow it to enroll new supporters and followers, and its wide use of modern communicatory technologies make the process of radicalization of population more widespread and effective.
Direct digital engagement is one of possibilities to restrain al Qaeda's influence of propaganda. It is the one part of CSCC that is comparatively well known. Since 2011 they have produced over 20,000 engagements in forms of texts, video and graphics. The immediate purpose of their engagement is first of all to contest the space. This informational space had previously been largely presented the enemy. This digital challenges terrorist messages online in Somali, Arabic, Urdu, and largely in English, through social media using video, images as well as words, to undermine all al Qaeda's propaganda.
So, the propaganda of al Qaeda is malicious enough to spoil the minds of people, especially teenagers. That's why society and government should conduct anti-propaganda of violence, extremism via media to preserve us from foundation such organizations as al Qaeda.
- Burke, Jason (2004). "What exactly does al-Qaeda want?". The Guardian (London).
- Cooley, John K. (2003). Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism.
- "The Future of Terrorism: What al-Qaida Really Wants". Der Spiegel. October 18, 2011.
Take into account our political science essay sample if you don't know how to write your own paper. You can not just see how this type of paper should be written, but also get some ideas how to write your own assignment. If you want to get a high grade from your teacher, order a paper on BuyEssay.org. Good writing skills are vital for a good essay – our writers possess those skills and know to handle any type of paper. It doesn't matter what kind of paper you need – a simple essay, or a complicated dissertation because we have a big team of professionals who are knowledgeable in different spheres of study. Use our help if you want to succeed in your study!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1995
|Filing date
|Oct 25, 1994
|Priority date
|Nov 4, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Andrew M. Weber, Aleksander Beresniewicz
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (44), Classifications (50), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
(M).sub.w (VAc).sub.x (VOH).sub.y (CTFE).sub.z
(M).sub.w (VAc).sub.x (VOH).sub.y (CTFE).sub.z
(M).sub.w (VAc).sub.x (VOH).sub.y (CTFE).sub.z
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/146,816 filed Nov. 4, 1993, now abandoned.
This invention relates to refractive index imaging and, more particularly, to photopolymerizable compositions and elements for recording refractive index images (e.g., holograms) in which the binder contains a copolymer of a fluoromonomer, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, and a chlorofluoromonomer.
Holographic recording films containing fluorinated binders are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,471 to Trout. In preferred compositions, the binder is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene with vinyl acetate. Photopolymerizable compositions employing these binders can be imaged to produce reflection holograms with refractive index modulation values greater than 0.040.
The compositions disclosed by Trout have numerous properties suitable for the preparation of head-up displays. However, the disclosed compositions do not provide the desired adhesion to adjacent layers, and high clarity (i.e., lack of haze), required for a commercial head-up display optical combiner. Thus, a need exists for specific compositions that not only provide advantages taught by Trout, but also provide the desired properties of good adhesion and high clarity for use in holography, and particularly for use in constructing single, full color holographic films used in applications such as optical combiners in head-up displays.
In one embodiment, the invention provides an improved photopolymerizable film composition containing a binder, a monomer, and a photoinitiator, adapted for the preparation of refractive index images, wherein the binder is a copolymer comprising the formula:
(M).sub.w (VAc).sub.x (VOH).sub.y (CTFE).sub.z
wherein M is a fluoromonomer, VAc is vinyl acetate, VOH is vinyl alcohol, CTFE is a chlorofluoromonomer; w, x, y and z are weight percents and w is greater than 0% to about 25%, x is about 40 to 90%, y is about 2 to 15%, and z is about 5 to 40%; with the proviso that said polymer contains about 3 to 35% fluorine by weight.
In a preferred embodiment w is 5 to 22%, x is 50 to 75%, y is 3 to 8%, and z is 15 to 30%. M is preferably tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene.
In another embodiment, this invention provides a reflection hologram prepared from this composition. In still another embodiment, this invention provides an optical combiner comprising a reflection hologram prepared from this composition. In yet another embodiment, this invention provides a laminated structure, such as a windshield, containing the optical combiner mounted between two rigid, transparent plies bonded together with a suitable polymeric adhesive, such as polyvinyl butyral. The rigid transparent plies typically are glass.
FIG. 1 illustrates a head-up display system having an optical combiner.
FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred structure for an optical combiner.
The photopolymerizable composition contains a fluorine and chlorine containing organic polymeric binder(s), an addition polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and an initiator system capable of being activated by actinic radiation. Other components conventionally added to photopolymerizable compositions may be present to modify the properties of the composition as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. A useful discussion of the components of photopolymerizable compositions is found in "Photopolymers: Radiation Curable Imaging Systems", by B. M. Monroe, in Radiation Curing: Science and Technology, S. P. Pappas, Ed., Plenum, New York, 1992, pp. 399-440.
Binders containing fluorine, chlorine and hydroxyl functionality have been found to provide the desired properties of high refractive index modulation, favorable adhesive characteristics, and relatively high clarity needed to prepare optical combiners embedded in windshields. Binders that are copolymers having the following constituents are selected in practicing the invention:
(M).sub.w (VAc).sub.x (VOH).sub.y (CTFE).sub.z
where M is a fluoromonomer; VAc is vinyl acetate; VOH is vinyl alcohol; and CTFE is a chlorofluoromonomer.
Perfluorinated fluoromonomers, especially tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, have been found to be particularly useful fluoromonomers (M) and are preferred. Other fluoromonomers, such as vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, fluoroolefins, fluorinated vinyl ether (such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether), and fluoroalkyl acrylates and methacrylates (such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate), may be selected for specific applications. Combinations of two or more fluoromonomers may also be used.
The presence of fluorine in the binder generally reduces the refractive index of the polymer, thereby increasing the refractive index modulation values achieved after imaging and processing the hologram. For a fixed monomer/binder/photoinitiator composition, and for fixed exposure and processing conditions, the refractive index modulation increases with fluorine content. However, the fluorine content should be limited to that which does not cause the film to become opaque. Accordingly greater than 0%, approximately by weight, preferably 5 to 22% by weight, of copolymerized fluoromonomer (M) will be present in the binder. The binder will contain approximately 3 to 35% by weight fluorine, including fluorine present in the chlorofluoromonomer (CTFE) component.
Vinyl acetate (VAc) is present in approximately 40 to 90% by weight, preferably 50 to 75% by weight. However, copolymers made essentially from vinyl acetate and fluoromonomers have poor adhesion to glass, which limits their use in applications in which adhesion to glass is required, such as head-up displays.
Surprisingly, the refractive index modulation of the imaged hologram is improved by inclusion of a chlorofluoromonomer (CTFE) in the copolymeric binder in the amount of approximately 5 to 40%, preferably 15 to 30%, by weight. While chlorotrifluoroethylene is preferred, other chlorofluoromonomers, such as chloropentafluoropropylene, may be selected. Resulting binders have exhibited acceptable clarity with refractive index modulation values as high as 0.075 after imaging. It also has been found that these copolymers unexpectedly exhibit an increase in refractive index modulation values upon alcoholysis. This is unexpected since the vinyl alcohol present to improve adhesion would be expected to reduce the copolymer refractive index modulation.
The binders and photopolymerizable compositions described herein afford a balance of properties desired for the manufacture of optical combiners used in head-up displays. Namely, the binders provide a balance of relatively high refractive index modulation, good adhesive characteristics, and acceptable clarity. Provided that its presence does not unduly interfere with this balance, the binder also may contain other monomer units such as a vinyl ether (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl vinyl ether); an acrylate (e.g., methylacrylate); a methacrylate (e.g., methyl methacrylate); vinyl trimethylsilyl ether; and the like.
Accordingly, it has been found that the vinyl alcohol (VOH) component should be present in at least approximately 2% by weight to obtain desired adhesion, but no more than approximately 15% by weight to obtain useful refractive index modulation values. Preferred compositions will contain approximately 3 to 8% vinyl alcohol by weight.
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the binders need not be prepared by polymerization of the monomers indicated in their structure. Listing of these monomers merely indicates the composition of the binders (as the number of copolymerized momomer repeat units in the binder), not the process by which they were prepared.
The binders of this invention may be prepared by the following process. Vinyl acetate is copolymerized with a fluoromonomer and a chlorofluoromonomer, or a mixture of fluoromonomers and chlorofluoromonomers, using conventional free-radical polymerization processes to produce a copolymer of vinyl acetate, chlorofluoromonomer, and fluoromonomer. Polymerization processes for polymerizing a fluoromonomer with vinyl acetate are disclosed, for example, in Trout, U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,471. If desired, additional monomers, such as vinyl ethers, may be copolymerized with the fluoromonomer, the chlorofluoromonomer, and vinyl acetate.
The vinyl acetate/fluoromonomer/chlorofluoromonomer copolymer is converted to a vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol/fluoromonomer/fluorochloromonomer copolymer by partial hydrolysis or partial alcoholysis in, for example, basic methanol. Well known methods for the production of polyvinyl alcohol from polyvinyl acetate can be used for this transformation.
Fluorinated/chlorinated binders provided by this invention, or mixtures thereof, can be selected for only a portion of the total binder if so desired. In this case, the other binder or binders must be compatible with the other components of the photosensitive composition to avoid undue sacrifice of film clarity, mechanical properties, etc.
Photopolymerizable compositions contain at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer that undergoes free-radical initiated polymerization to form a high molecular weight compound. Suitable monomers are well known in the art. In general, preferred monomers for photopolymer applications have boiling points greater than 100� C., more preferably greater than 150� C.
Monomers suited for use in photopolymerizable compositions adapted for recording holograms are disclosed in: Haugh, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,658,526; Chandross, 3,993,485; Fielding, 4,535,041 and 4,588,664; Keys, 4,942,102; Monroe, 4,942,112; Smothers, 4,959,284; and Trout, 4,963,471, as well as in B. M. Monroe and W. K. Smothers, Polymers for Lightwave and Integrated Optics: Technology and Applications, Part I: Foundations, L. A. Hornak, Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, pp. 145-170. In the preferred compositions, the monomer has one or more of the following moieties: (1) an aromatic moiety that is (i) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, (ii) substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, or (iii) substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic moieties having up to three rings; (2) chlorine; (3) bromine, or mixtures thereof; and the binder is substantially free of said moiety or moieties except for chlorine present in the CTFE component in the binder.
Useful liquid monomers include, for example: 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl methacrylate, phenol ethoxylate monoacrylate, 2-(p-chlorophenoxy) ethyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, 2-(1-naphthyloxy) ethyl acrylate, ethyl 1-benzoyl-2-vinyl-1-cyclopropane carboxylate, etc. Solid monomers, which may be used to advantage in combination with liquid monomers, include: N-vinylcarbazole; 2,4,6-tribromophenyl acrylate or methacrylate; pentachlorophenyl acrylate or methacrylate; 2-naphthyl acrylate or methacrylate.
If crosslinking of the photopolymer is desired, up to about five weight percent of at least one multifunctional monomer containing two or more terminal ethylenically unsaturated groups may be incorporated into the composition. The polyfunctional monomer must be compatible with the other components of the composition and preferably is a liquid. Representative polyfunctional monomers include the di-(2-acryloxyethyl)ether of bisphenol A, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate.
The initiator system has one or more compounds that directly furnish free-radicals when activated by actinic radiation. By "actinic radiation" is meant radiation which is active to produce the free-radicals necessary to initiate polymerization of the monomer. The initiator system also can constitute a plurality of compounds, one of which yields the free-radicals after having been caused to do so by another compound (i.e., "sensitizer") that is activated by the radiation.
Conventional initiator systems, such as: photoreducible dyes and reducing agents, ketones, quinones, dye-borate complexes, and trichloromethyl triazines, can be used to initiate photopolymerization. Photoinitiators are discussed in: "Photopolymers: Radiation Curable Imaging Systems" by B. M. Monroe in Radiation Curing: Science and Technology, S. P. Pappas, Ed, Plenum, New York, 1992, pp. 399-440, and by K. K. Dietliker, in Chemistry and Technology of UV and EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks, and Paints, "Free-Radical Polymerization", P. K. T. Oldring, Ed, SITA Technology Ltd, London, Vol. 3, 1991, pp. 60-525.
Preferred initiator systems contain the 2,4,5-triphenylimidazolyl dimers disclosed in Chambers, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,479,185; Cescon, 3,784,557; Dessauer, 4,311,783; and Sheets, 4,622,286. Preferred 2,4,5-triphenylimidazolyl dimers are 2-Q-chlorosubstituted hexaphenylbisimidazoles in which the other positions on the phenyl radicals are unsubstituted or substituted with chloro, methyl or methoxy groups, such as: CDM-HABI, i.e., 2-(Q-chlorophenyl)-4,5-bis(m-methoxy-phenyl)-imidazole dimer; Q-Cl-HABI, i.e., biimidazole, 2,2'-bis (Q-chlorophenyl)-4,4',5,5'-tetraphenyl-; and TCTM-HABI, i.e., 1H-imidazole, 2,5-bis(Q-chlorophenyl)-4-[3,4-dimethoxyphenyl]-, each of which is typically used with a hydrogen donor.
Preferred sensitizers include those disclosed in: Baum and Henry, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,652,275; Dueber, 4,162,162; Smothers, 4,917,977; and Monroe, 4,987,230. Particularly preferred sensitizers include: cyclopentanone, 2,5-bis[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]methylene]; cyclopentanone, 2,5-bis[(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[i, j ] quinolizin-9-yl)methylene]; cyclopentanone, 2,5-bis[2-(1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)ethnylidene]; and cyclopentanone, 2,5-bis-[2-ethylnaphtho[1,2-d]thiazol-2(1H)-ylidene)ethylidene]. Suitable hydrogen donors include: 2-mercaptobenzoxazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 4-methyl-4H-1,2,4,triazole-3-thiol, and the like. Other suitable hydrogen donors, which are preferred for compositions which contain N-vinylcarbazole, are 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol; 6-ethoxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol; 1-dodecanethiol; and mixtures thereof.
Other components conventionally added to photopolymerizable compositions can be present to modify the properties of the composition, provided they are compatible with the composition and do not adversely affect the properties of either the composition or the resulting hologram, such as optical clarity or adhesion to glass. Such components include: plasticizers, thermal stabilizers, optical brighteners, ultraviolet radiation absorbing material, adhesion modifiers, coating aids, pigments, dyes, and release agents.
The photopolymerizable compositions are dry films (i.e., dry to the touch). The binder is present in sufficient amount to form a film when the composition is coated. The photoinitiator system is present in sufficient amount to initiate polymerization of the monomer on exposure to actinic radiation. The monomer is present in sufficient amount to produce image differentiation on polymerization.
Proportions of ingredients in the photopolymerizable composition will generally be within the following percentage ranges, based on the total weight of the composition: binder 25 to 90%, preferably 45 to 75%; monomer(s), 5 to 60%, preferably, 15 to 50%; plasticizer, 0 to 25 %, preferably, 0 to 15 %; photoinitiator system, 0.1 to 10%, preferably 1 to 7%; and optional ingredients,0 to 5%, typically1 to 4%. If the amount of binder is below approximately 25 %, or the amount of monomer exceeds approximately 60%, the composition may not have sufficient viscosity to form a solid film. At high levels of binder addition, exceeding approximately 90%, performance is unduly lost, and the resulting films have diminished values of refractive index modulation. Likewise, levels of monomer(s) used will be at least approximately 5% since lower quantities will not produce films having practical values of refractive index modulation.
The photopolymerizable compositions are used as a layer applied to a dimensionally stable support. The composition may be directly coated onto the support by any conventional method, or may be cast as a film and laminated to the support by conventional methods. In either case the support generally provides temporary dimensional stability for the photopolymerizable composition prior to mounting on a substrate, and thus the support is releasable from the composition. If the composition is to be irradiated through the support, the support must be transparent to actinic radiation. For some applications, however, it may be desired to retain the support as a permanent overcoat or protective layer for the composition, in which case the support and the composition may be permanently bonded. A preferred support material is polyethylene terephthalate film.
Typically a temporary release film, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, etc, is laminated to the other side of the photopolymerizable composition to protect it during shipment and storage. Conventional intermediate layers or coatings may be used to facilitate the adhesive and/or release characteristics of the support and/or the temporary release film.
A coherent light source (i.e., a laser) is used to holographically expose the photopolymerizable composition. Tunable lasers, which match the broad spectral sensitivity of these materials, may be used to advantage when the composition is sensitized across the visible spectrum.
Techniques for carrying out holographic exposures are well known to those skilled in the art. Early developments are described by E. N. Leith and J. Upatnieks, Scientific American, 212(6), 24-35 (Jun. 1965). A useful discussion of holography is presented in "Holography" by C. C. Guest in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Vol. 6, pp. 507-519, R. A. Meyers, Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, Fla., 1987.
A diffraction grating can be characterized by its diffraction efficiency, that is the percent of incident radiation which is diffracted, and by its thickness. A holographic mirror can also be characterized by its diffraction (reflection) efficiency and by its thickness. A simple but useful theory for holographic gratings and mirrors, generally known as the "coupled wave theory", has been developed by H. Kogelnik, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 48, 2909-2947, 1969. This theory treats the relationship between diffraction efficiency, hologram thickness, wavelength of incident radiation, and the angle of incident radiation. A useful discussion of this theory in regard to refractive index recording systems has been presented in Section II of W. J. Tomlinson and E. A. Chandross, Organic photochemical refractive-index image recording systems, Adv. in Photochem., Vol. 12, J. N. Pitts, Jr., G. S. Hammond, and K. Gollnick, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1980, pp 201-281.
The coupled wave theory characterizes a hologram in terms of its refractive index modulation. This quantity is independent of hologram thickness and the wavelength and angle of incident radiation. Although the theory was developed for holographic gratings and mirrors, it can generally be used to describe the efficiency with which a hologram diffracts light.
Typically the temporary release film is removed, and the layer of photopolymerizable composition mounted on a substrate prior to exposure. The support may remain in place, acting as a coversheet, during exposure. The substrate must be transparent to actinic radiation. If the support remains in place during exposure, it must also be transparent to actinic radiation. Exemplary transparent substrates which may be selected to advantage include: glass, polyethylene terephthalate film, poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, and cellulose triacetate.
In the preparation of holograms from these photopolymerizable compositions, the hologram is fixed by a second, overall exposure to actinic radiation. The refractive index modulation of the hologram can be enhanced by heating to 100�-150� C. for about 0.5-2 hr following overall exposure, as described in Keys, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,102.
Processes for altering the wavelength of response of holograms are described in Smothers, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,959,283 and Gambogi, 5,182,180.
A head-up display is an optical system that displays information on the windshield of a vehicle, such as the front windshield of an automobile or aircraft. The display simultaneously performs as an optical window (which transmits a nearly undistorted image) and as an analog of a conventional mirror or lens. Head up displays are described in Hartman, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,613,200; Moss, 4,790,613; Wood, 4,842,389; Freeman, 4,998,784; and Keys, 4,950,567.
The optical combiner is a holographic mirror, or more complex holographic optics, constructed to efficiently reflect a selected, narrow bandwidth of light and transmit light of other wavelengths. The optical combiner is mounted in front of the operator, typically either in front of, on, or in the windshield. Using the selected wavelength, information is optically projected onto the combiner which reflects it into the operator's line of sight, superimposing the information on the operator's field of view. The operator can view the outside world through the combiner since the combiner reflects only a narrow band of radiation. Thus, the operator has immediate access to the information while continuing to view the path of the vehicle without the need to divert her or his attention to an instrument panel.
A head-up display typically has a light source, collimating optics, and an optical combiner. Referring to FIG. 1, windshield 40 has a first, inner glass ply 24, PVB layer 26, and second, outer glass ply 28. To form head-up display 38, optical combiner 10 is mounted in windshield 40 between inner ply 24 and PVB layer 26 in a position such that displayed information (i.e., vehicle speed, location gauge data, etc.) is readily available to viewer 42. The information to be displayed given on object 50 is projected from light source 44, which may be a cathode ray tube or a vacuum fluorescent display having a curved faceplate, etc., onto optical combiner 10. Optical combiner 1O reflects the information to viewer 42. Viewer 42 perceives the displayed information from object 50 as a virtual image 52, which appears as an image in front of the windshield. Other optical systems for projecting the information onto optical combiner 10 to produce head-up display 38 will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Likewise, details of other applications for combiner 10, such as mounting on a pivotal transparent screen or on the visor of a helmet, for aircraft applications, will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
To produce a head-up display a layer of the photopolymerizable composition is mounted on a transparent ply. In general, the layer will be mounted on the ply after it has been exposed and processed although, in some cases it may be desirable to coat or laminate the composition directly onto the ply and expose and process the composition on the ply. Alternatively, the composition may be exposed on the support, transferred to the ply, and processed. The exposed composition, processed or unprocessed, may be pressure laminated to the ply or may be attached with a transparent adhesive. If the unprocessed composition is laminated to the ply with heat, the lamination and thermal processing steps may be carried out at the same time.
After removal of the support, the hologram/ply assembly may be used as an optical combiner. For many applications, however, the assembly (after removal of the support) is placed in a lamination press along with a second ply with a sheet of polyvinyl butyral (e.g., Butacite� polyvinyl butyral resin sheeting) therebetween so that the hologram is in face to face contact with the polyvinyl butyral interleaf. Heat and pressure are applied (e.g., about 130� to 150� C.) whereby the reflection hologram is enhanced and fixed concurrently with forming a laminate consisting of first ply, hologram, polyvinyl butyral sheet, and second ply. A laminate is thereby formed that contains a holographic mirror substantially free of distortion. The laminate can be used as an optical combiner.
Alternatively, the second ply may be placed directly on the hologram so that a laminate is formed consisting of first ply, hologram, and second ply. Alternatively, instead of being laminated to the first ply, the hologram may be placed between sheets of polyvinyl butyral so a laminate is formed consisting of first ply, first polyvinyl butyral sheet, hologram, second polyvinyl butyral sheet, and second ply. Additional layers and coatings may be added as desired. In cases where holographic recording film (HRF) is in direct contact with PVB, plasticizers from the PVB layer may diffuse into the HRF, causing the HRF to swell resulting in a red shift at the playback wavelength of the hologram. This can be prevented by the use of a barrier layer film between the HRF and PVB layers.
Glass is typically used as the ply in such laminates, and is preferred. However, other transparent sheet materials, such as quartz, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and the like, may also be used for other applications, provided that the thermal treatment conditions selected do not destroy the material.
Referring to FIG. 2, a preferred optical combiner comprises, in order: (A) a first adhesive layer 12; (B) a holographic recording composition 14 having a thickness of 5 to 20 microns; (C) a second adhesive layer 16; (D) a barrier layer 18 having a thickness of 1-10 microns; and (E) a third adhesive layer 20. The optical combiner typically has an overall thickness about 30 microns or less. The first, second, and third adhesive layers are independently selected from the group consisting of: (1) diisocyanates; (2) polyisocyanates; (3) blocked diisocyanates; (4) blocked polyisocyanates; (5) polyurethanes; (6) blocked isocyanate/polyurethane hybrids; (7) ultraviolet curable urethane acrylates; (8) blocked isocyanate/urethane acrylate hybrids; (9) blocked isocyanate/polyurethane/urethane acrylate hybrids; (10) epoxides; (11) blocked epoxides; (12) organosilanes; (13) acrylic, vinyl and nitrile elastomers; and (14) polyvinyl alcohol blends with an aqueous dispersion of said adhesive.
Glass is a preferred material for the inner and outer plies. Polyvinyl alcohol is a preferred barrier layer. Isocyanate-based adhesives, as described above, are useful and preferred for the first adhesive layer 12, the second adhesive layer 16, and the third adhesive layer 20. Aqueous dispersed polyurethane adhesives and ultraviolet curable urethane acrylate adhesives are preferred in particular. Blocked isocyanates are also preferred and may be used alone or in conjunction with other components such as preformed polyurethanes, urethane acrylates, etc.
The same adhesives that are useful and preferred in first adhesive layer 12 are also useful and preferred in second adhesive layer 16 and the third adhesive layer 20. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol blends containing many of these aqueous-based adhesives [blocked isocyanates such as Bayhydrol� 116 (Miles Inc.), polyurethanes such as Witcobond� W-213 (Witco Corp.), water-stable organosilanes such as Chemlok� 610 (Lord; Erie, Pa.), etc.] are particularly preferred for the third adhesive layer.
In preferred embodiments of optical combiner 10, the first, second, and third adhesive layers independently may be an isocyanate-based adhesive, a polyurethane adhesive, a urethane acrylate adhesive, or an organosilane adhesive. Furthermore, each of the three adhesive layers independently may be a blend of one or more of the adhesives with polyvinyl alcohol. In these preferred embodiments, the barrier layer is of polyvinyl alcohol. In these preferred embodiments, the optical combiner 10 is mounted in windshield 40 between inner ply 24 and PVB layer 26 with the first adhesive layer in contact with the inner glass ply 24 and the third adhesive layer in contact with PVB layer 26 in a position such that displayed information is readily available to a viewer.
While the invention has been described in detail with respect to optical combiners, it will be appreciated that the film compositions described herein may be used for a variety of applications that employ reflection holograms, described below, as well as other applications that rely on differences of refractive index, such as optical waveguides and micro-lens arrays. Accordingly, or vice versa, the term "refractive index imaging", or "refractive index images", as used herein encompasses all such applications in which the optical properties of the photopolymerizable film are selectively modified by a patterned exposure to actinic radiation.
Reflection holograms can be used as holographic optical elements, as in, for example, holographic notch filters, and in displays. A holographic notch filter rejects a selected narrow band of radiation and provides maximum transmission outside the selected band. Strong absorption of a narrow, selected portion of the spectrum allows protection from discrete laser lines yet allows for good visibility since the rest of the spectrum passes through the filter. Holographic notch filters provide protection against laser radiation for eyes and for sensors and other optical instruments in both military and non-military applications. Holographic notch filters are described, for example, in Keys, U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,152. Processes for altering the wavelength reflected by a reflection hologram are described in Smothers, U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,283.
Reflection holograms are suited for use in displays as, for example, in advertising or packaging; in security applications as, for example, on credit cards, bank notes, lottery tickets, and the like; and for information storage. Other specific uses for holograms prepared from the photosensitive elements of this invention will be evident to those skilled in the art.
The advantageous properties of this invention can be observed by reference to the following examples which illustrate, but do not limit, the invention.
______________________________________EXAMPLESGLOSSARY______________________________________AIBN 2,2'-Azobisisobutyronitrile; CAS 78-67-1o-Cl-HABI Biimidazole, 2,2'-bis [o-chloro- phenyl] 4,4',5,5'-tetraphenyl-; CAS 1707-68-2CTFE ChlorotrifluoroethyleneHFP HexafluoropropyleneJAW Cyclopentanone, 2,5-bis [(2,3,6,7- tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo [i,j]- quinolizin-9-yl)methylene]; CAS 125594-50-5.MMT 4-Methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol; CAS 24854-43-1NVC N-Vinylcarbazole; 9-vinylcarbazole; CAS 1484-13-5Photomer � 4039 Phenol ethoxylate monoacrylate; CAS 56641-05-5; Henkel Process Chemical Company, Ambler, PASartomer � 349 Ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate; CAS 24447-78-7; Sartomer Company, West Chester, PATHF TetrahydrofuranTFE TetrafluoroethyleneTMST TrimethylsilyltriflateVazo � 52 2,2'-Azobis(2,4-dimethylpenta- nenitrile), CAS 4419-11-8, E. I. DuPont de Nemours, Wilmington, DEVinac � B-100 Poly(vinyl acetate); M.W. 350,000; CAS 9003-20-7; Air Products, Allentown, PAVAc Vinyl acetateVOH Vinyl alcoholVOS Vinyl trimethylsilyl ether______________________________________
Fluorinated polymers were prepared as described in the examples. Inherent viscosities were measured on polymer solutions typically 0.20 weight % in THF at 30� C. (constant temperature bath) using a Cannon-Fenske viscometer. Polymer compositions were calculated from elemental analysis.
Coating solutions were prepared in amber bottles under red light. All components were added to the solvents, then rolled until completely dissolved. The coating solutions had 14 or 15 % total solids. It should be understood that "total solids" refers to the total amount of components which are not solvents, even though some of the components may be non-volatile liquids rather than solids at room temperature. All subsequent operations on coating solutions or resulting films were performed under red lights.
A Talboy coater equipped with a 152.4 micron doctor knife, 3.7 m drier set at 50�-70� C., and a laminator station was used to coat the solutions onto a 50.8 micron thick clear film support of polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar� polyester film). A coversheet of 23.4 micron thick Mylar� polyester film was laminated to the coatings as they emerged from the drier. Coated films were stored in black polyethylene bags at room temperature until used.
The samples were routinely subjected to standard film speed exposures. Thus, the cover sheet was removed from a coated film, and the film was mounted by laminating the soft, tacky coating onto a clear glass plate, 10�13 cm. The remaining polyester support film was left in place during exposure and processing operations. The glass side was then coupled to a front surface mirror with a thin layer of xylene. This stack was mounted onto a computer-controlled, motorized stage. Holographic mirrors were recorded in the film by exposing with a collimated 514 nm argon-ion laser beam oriented perpendicular to the film surface so that the beam passed through the polyester film support, coating, glass plate, xylene layer and then reflected back onto itself by the mirror surface. The laser beam diameter was about 2 cm and its intensity was about 10 mW/cm2. Sixteen mirrors were recorded in each film. Exposure times varied between 0.1 and 5 sec within each set of mirrors, corresponding to incident exposure energies of about 1 to 50 mW/cm2.
After laser exposure, the plates were exposed to ultraviolet and visible light for 120 sec from a Theimer-Strahler #5027 mercury-arc photopolymer lamp (Exposure Systems Corp., Bridgeport, Conn.) mounted in a Douthitt DCOP-X exposure unit (Douthitt Corp., Detroit, Mich.) which delivered about 3 mW/cm2 to the film plane. Finally the plates were thermally processed at 120� C. for 2 hrs in a forced-air convection oven.
The absorbance (optical density) spectra of each holographic mirror were recorded using a spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer model Lambda-9). Peak optical density (OD) and wavelength were measured. Maximum reflection efficiency (Rmax) was calculated from Rmax =1-10-OD. Finally, the bandwidths at 50% and 90% of peak reflection efficiency were measured. Plots of reflection efficiency versus total laser exposure were constructed to reveal the photospeed, which is defined as the minimum exposure required to attain the maximum reflection efficiency possible in the film. In all cases the photospeeds were less than 50 mJ/cm2.
Film thicknesses were measured by first laminating the film to glass, followed by UV cure (120 sec) and bake (15 min at 100� C.). The remaining polyester support film was then removed. A Sloan-Dektac Model 3030 profilometer was used to measure the coating thickness.
Film haze was measured as follows. Films were laminated to microscope slides in triplicate, then were subjected to UV exposure and placed in an oven at 100� C. for 7 days. A Gardner haze meter was then used to measure the % haze of each slide and results were averaged.
Kogelnik proposed the use of the coupled wave theory to describe performance of volume phase holograms. It is assumed that the refractive index modulates in a sinusoidal fashion about some average bulk index with constant frequency and amplitude. The application of Kogelnik theory to the analysis of holographic performance (i.e. peak playback wavelength, peak optical density and bandwidth) allows calculation of this index modulation (Δn).
Examples 1 through 4 describe preparations of TFE/CTFE/VAc terpolymers.
A 3.8 liter stirred stainless steel pressure vessel was charged with 1,360 g of methyl acetate, 650 g of vinyl acetate, 250 g of TFE and 175 g of CTFE. The reactor contents were equilibrated at 70� C. To start polymerization, 30 ml of a 0.30% solution of Vazo� 52 in methyl acetate were introduced into the reactor. This initiator solution was also fed continuously for 150 minutes at a rate of 0.5 ml per minute. After the initiator solution was shut off, reaction temperature was maintained at 70� C. for another 30 minutes. The reactor contents were cooled to 45 � C., unpolymerized gaseous monomers were vented off and the polymer solution was discharged.
A total of 566 g of polymer was recovered. The inherent viscosity of this polymer, as well as of those made in other examples, was determined in tetrahydrofuran, at 30.0� C. and at a concentration of 0,200 g/100 ml. The composition of this polymer was calculated from analytical determination of wt.% C, H and Cl.
This example illustrates preparation of a TFE/CTFE/VAc terpolymer in a 38 liter stirred autoclave. The reactor was purged with nitrogen and charged with 9.0 Kg of methyl acetate, 4.5 Kg of t-butanol, 6.5 Kg of vinyl acetate, 2.5 Kg of TFE and 1.75 Kg of CTFE. After equilibrating at 70� C. the polymerization was started by quick addition of 150 ml of a 0.60% solution of Vazo� 52. This initiator solution was also fed continuously for 150 minutes at a rate of 1.25 ml per minute. After shutting off the initiator feed the reaction temperature was maintained at 70� C. for another 30 minutes. The polymer solution was cooled to 50� C. and 100 ml of a 0.50% solution of methyl ether of hydroquinone inhibitor were added. Unpolymerized gaseous monomers were vented off and the polymer solution was discharged. A total of 5.95 Kg of polymer was recovered.
Procedure of Ex. 2 was followed, except that the initial charge consisted of 6.5 Kg methyl acetate, 6.65 Kg t-butanol, 7.0 Kg of vinyl acetate, 2.5 Kg TFE and 1.75 kg CTFE. Total reaction time was 157 minutes during which 7.36 kg of polymer were made.
Into a 3.8 liter stainless steel pressure vessel, that had been purged with nitrogen, the following ingredients were charged: 660 g of t-butanol, 660 g of methyl acetate, 700 g of vinyl acetate, 160 g of TFE and 230 g of CTFE. The reactor contents were equilibrated at 70� C. and polymerization was started by addition of 30 ml of a 0.30% solution of Vazo� 52 in methyl acetate. This initiator solution was also added continuously for the next 21/2 hours at a 25 ml/hr rate. Ninety minutes into the run 20 g of supplemental CTFE were added over a period of 30 minutes.
After the continuous initiator feed was shut off the reactor contents were maintained at 70� C. for an additional 45 minutes. The viscous polymer solution was cooled to 45 � C., unreacted gaseous monomers were vented off and the product was discharged. After steam stripping and drying the terpolymer yield was 524 g.
Examples 5 through 9 describe the alcoholyses of TFE/CTFE/VAc polymers forming TFE/CTFE/VAc/VOH polymers.
Fifty grams of the polymer film from Ex. 1 were dissolved in a 1 liter round bottom flask in 400 g of methanol and 100 g of acetone. The solution was brought to a reflux and the alcoholysis reaction was started by addition of 10 ml of a 1.00% solution of sodium methoxide in methanol. After one hour the reaction was stopped by addition of 3 g of glacial acetic acid. The polymer was precipitated in cold water, washed twice in distilled water and dried in a vacuum oven to a constant weight.
Composition of this tetrapolymer was determined from the absorption of the --OH band obtained from an infrared scan taken on a thin polymer film. The mole % of vinyl alcohol in the polymer was then read off from a previously constructed calibration curve.
The procedure of Ex. 5 was followed, except that terpolymer of Ex. 2 was alcoholized.
Again the same procedure was used, only with polymer from Ex. 3.
One hundred and fifty grams of polymer from Ex. 4 were dissolved in a 3 liter round bottom flask in 300 g of acetone and 1200 g of methanol. When the polymer had completely dissolved, and the solution was gently refluxing, the alcoholysis reaction was started by addition of 38 g of a 1.0% methanolic solution of sodium methoxide. After 45 minutes the reaction was stopped by addition of 4.5 g of glacial acetic acid. The polymer was recovered from solution and analyzed as described in Example 5.
This example illustrates preparation of a TFE/CTFE/VAc/VOH with a larger concentration of VOH.
Fifty grams of polymer from Example 4 were dissolved in a 1 liter round bottom flask in 100 g of acetone and 400 g of methanol. The alcoholysis reaction was started, at reflux, by addition of 25 mL of a 1.0% methanolic solution sodium methoxide. It was stopped after 45 minutes by addition of 3 g of glacial acetic acid. The polymer was recovered and analyzed as described in Example 5.
Example 10 illustrates the preparation of a CTFE/VAc copolymer.
The following ingredients were charged into a 3.8 liter pressure vessel that had been purged with nitrogen: 400 g of t-butanol, 200 g of methyl acetate, 1000 g of vinyl acetate and 450 g of CTFE. The reactor contents were warmed up to 70� C. and polymerization was started by addition of 30 ml of a 0.30% solution of Vazo� 52 in methyl acetate. The above solution was also added continuously for the next 2 hrs. at a 25 ml/hr. rate. During this 2 hr. period 50 g of CTFE were also added at a 25 g/hr. rate. The polymerization temperature was maintained at 70� C. by adjusting the temperature of cooling water being circulated through the reactor jacket. Thirty minutes after the feeds were shut off, the reactor contents were cooled to 45� C., unreacted CTFE was vented off and the polymer solution was discharged. The polymer yield was 663 g. Composition of this copolymer was calculated from its wt.% of Cl, H and C.
Example 11 illustrates the partial alcoholysis of a CTFE/VAc copolymer to form a CTFE/VAc/VOH terpolymer.
Fifty grams of the polymer from Example 10 were dissolved in a 1 liter round bottom flask in 1000 g of acetone and 400 g of methanol. When the polymer had completely dissolved, and the solution was gently refluxing, 30 g of a 1.0% methanolic solution of sodium methoxide were added. The solution was refluxed for one hour, at which point the alcoholysis was stopped by addition of 3 g of glacial acetic acid. The polymer was precipitated into cold tap water, washed with distilled water and dried to a constant weight in a vacuum oven at 120� C. Composition of this terpolymer was determined by the infrared technique as described in Example 5.
Example 12 describes silylation of a CTFE/VAc/VOH terpolymer.
Fifteen grams of polymer from Example 11 were dissolved in 150 g of THF in a 500 ml round bottom flask. The solution was heated at reflux and 3.0 g of hexamethyldisilazane were added along with 8 drops (about 0.1 g.) of TMST catalyst. The solution was heated at reflux for one hour. The polymer was precipitated in cold tap water, washed once with distilled water and dried to constant weight under vacuum at approximately 120� C. The composition of this terpolymer was calculated from the intensity of the OH band obtained on infrared scan taken on a thin polymer film as described in Example 5.
Control A
This polymer was made by solution copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with vinyl acetate in a 38-liter stirred pressure reactor. The initial charge consisting of 12.0 kg. t-butanol, 2.5 kg. methyl acetate, 8.0 kg vinyl acetate and 1.80 kg tetrafluoroethylene was equilibrated at 65� C. Polymerization was started by injecting 140 ml. of a 4.8% solution of AIBN in methyl acetate. The polymerization temperature was maintained at 65� C. by supplying, as needed, cooling water to the reactor jacket. One hour into the run additional 150 g of tetrafluoroethylene were added over a period of 30 minutes. The polymerization was allowed to continue to a total of 140 minutes. At this time, the reactor contents were cooled to about 40� C. and some methyl ether of hydroquinone inhibitor, dissolved in acetone, was added to the reactor. After venting off unpolymerized tetrafluoroethylene the polymer solution was discharged. The recovered polymer weighed 5450 g It had an inherent viscosity of 1.60 dl/g. and its vinyl acetate content, determined by a quantitative hydrolysis procedure, was 77.6Wt. %.
Control B
Fifty grams of the TFE/VAc copolymer, Control A, were dissolved in a one liter round bottom flask in 500 ml. of acetone and 20 ml. of methanol. To start the alcoholysis 5.0 ml of a 2.00 Wt. % solution of sodium methoxide in methanol were added. The solution was allowed to reflux gently for 2 hours. During this time, the temperature of the polymer solution was 55.8� C. The alcoholysis reaction was stopped by a quick addition of 4 grams of glacial acetic acid. The polymer was recovered by precipitating it into cold water. The solid polymer was further purified by washing it twice more in distilled water. It was then dried under vacuum at around 100� C. to a constant weight. The composition of this polymer was determined by quantitative hydrolysis of remaining vinyl acetate groups.
Examples 13 through 26 demonstrate the effect of alcoholysis of TFE/CTFE/VAc and TFE/VAc based binders on the performance of holographic films. Example 24 demonstrates the effect of a silylated binder. Table I provides a summary of the composition of the binders. Table II summarizes the holographic performance of the respective films. Note that films are grouped in sets for comparison, one with precursor polymer as binder, the others with the partially alcoholized polymer as binder.
Note that film with TFE/VAc/VOH binders such as Ex. 16 give lower index modulation than the TFE/VAc precursors. In contrast films with TFE/CTFE/VAc/VOH binders give higher index modulation and lower haze than their TFE/CTFE/VAc precursors.
Film compositions for examples 13 through 15 , and 17 through 19 were 63.7 wt % binder, as indicated in Table I, 21.0% Photomer� 4039, 8.0% NVC, 3.0% Sartomer 349, 3.0% o-Cl HABI, 1.0% MMT, 0.2% FC-430 and 0.1% JAW (components were coated from a 14 wt % solution in 85:15 methylene chloride:methanol).
Film compositions for examples 16, and 20 through 24 were 63.7 wt % binder, as indicated in Table I, 20.0% Photomer� 4039, 8.0% NVC, 3.0% Sartomer 349, 3.0% o-Cl HABI, 2.0% MMT, 0.2% FC-430 and 0.1% JAW (components were coated from a 14 wt % solution in 85:15 methylene chloride:methanol)
Film compositions for examples 25 and 26 were 63.7 wt % binder, as indicated in Table I, 22.0% Photomer� 4039, 8.0% NVC, 3.0% Sartomer 349, 2.0% o-Cl HABI, 1.0% MMT, 0.2% FC-430 and 0.1% JAW (components were coated from a 14 wt % solution in 85:15 methylene chloride:methanol).
TABLE I______________________________________Binders used in films, Examples 13-26 Inher- entFilm Vis-Exam- Binder cosityple Example TFE CTFE VAc VOH VOS (dl/g)______________________________________13 1 19.1 17.5 63.4 -- -- 1.1917 5 19.8 18.1 58.2 3.9 -- 1.2314 2 20.5 17.0 62.5 -- -- 1.3218 6 21.1 17.6 57.9 3.4 -- 1.3615 3 20.6 16.5 62.9 -- -- 1.4219 7 21.4 17.0 57.9 3.7 -- 1.4616 4 11.3 18.4 70.3 -- -- 1.1720 8 12.8 24.2 57.5 5.5 -- 1.2121 9 13.2 24.9 53.1 8.8 -- 1.2522 10 -- 33.8 66.2 -- -- 1.4223 11 -- 36.7 54.5 8.8 -- 1.5424 12 -- 33.6 50.0 3.0 13.4 1.4725 Control A 22.3 -- 77.7 -- -- 1.6026 Control B 23.4 -- 71.7 4.9 -- 1.60______________________________________ Note: Component amounts of TFE, CTFE, VAc, VOH, and VOS are by weight percent.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Holographic properties, Examples 13-26 Thickness λ.sub.max OD.sup.a FWHM.sup.b BW90.sup.c HazeEx. Binder (μm) (nm) (nm) (nm) (nm) RIM.sup.d (%)__________________________________________________________________________13 1 9.8 503 2.02 28.0 18.0 0.053 10.417 5 10.0 504 2.82 30.0 26.0 0.074 1.0614 2 10.3 504 2.12 25.0 18.0 0.053 6.2718 6 9.9 504 2.76 30.0 25.5 0.073 1.0815 3 10.7 504 2.87 24.0 20.5 0.058 4.0219 7 10.0 501 3.02 28.0 24.0 0.069 0.6916 4 12.9 503 2.15 27.3 21.4 0.063 0.8720 8 10.3 493 3.42 26.7 23.3 0.068 1.4021 9 10.3 494 2.46 25.7 22.4 0.066 1.4122 10 10.4 504 2.30 24.6 21.2 0.061 0.8623 11 10.2 505 2.16 21.8 17.8 0.052 0.6024 12 8.8 504 2.65 27.0 23.4 0.067 1.3225 Control A 10.4 505 2.24 24.0 21.0 0.062 0.7826 Control B 11.1 503 2.71 22.8 18.7 0.054 0.72__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.a Optical Density at λ.sub.max. .sup.b Full width at half maximum reflectance (bandwidth). .sup.c Full width at 90% maximum reflectance (bandwidth). .sup.d Refractive index modulation.
|Cited Patent
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|Apr 22, 1986
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
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|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Crosslinkable fluorine-containing copolymers, and surface coatings based on these copolymers
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|Fluorinated copolymer and barrier films
|Citing Patent
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|Oct 8, 1999
|Sep 17, 2002
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|Lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification
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|Oct 11, 2001
|Apr 13, 2004
|Calhoun Vision, Inc.
|Light adjustable aberration conjugator
|Mar 20, 2001
|Jun 15, 2004
|California Institute Of Technology
|Application of wavefront sensor to lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification
|Aug 15, 2002
|Nov 2, 2004
|California Institute Of Technology
|Lenses capable of post-fabrication modulus change
|Feb 3, 2003
|Nov 30, 2004
|California Institute Of Technology
|Lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification
|Mar 6, 2000
|Apr 12, 2005
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|Process and system of making hologram-recording dry plates
|Feb 23, 2004
|Jul 12, 2005
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|Light adjustable aberration conjugator
|Apr 30, 2001
|Feb 7, 2006
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|Hologram transfer foil
|Oct 8, 2002
|Jul 4, 2006
|Polymer Group, Inc.
|Separator with improved barrier performance
|Jan 30, 2003
|Oct 3, 2006
|California Institute Of Technology
|Method of producing regular arrays of nano-scale objects using nano-structured block-copolymeric materials
|Oct 8, 2002
|Nov 28, 2006
|Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
|Hologram transfer film
|Jun 18, 2002
|May 1, 2007
|California Institute Of Technology
|Lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification
|Nov 9, 2001
|Jun 19, 2007
|Microsharp Holdings Limited
|Optical recording materials
|Sep 8, 2006
|Aug 19, 2008
|Calhoun Vision, Inc.
|Light adjustable aberration conjugator
|May 5, 2005
|Feb 17, 2009
|California Institute Of Technology
|Method for patterning large scale nano-fibrous surfaces using capillography
|Aug 22, 2006
|Apr 20, 2010
|California Institute Of Technology
|Method of producing regular arrays of nano-scale objects using nano-structured block-copolymeric materials
|Jun 16, 2006
|Nov 23, 2010
|Calhoun Vision, Inc.
|Lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification
|Oct 31, 2005
|Sep 20, 2011
|California Institute Of Technology
|Nanoscale wicking methods and devices
|Mar 26, 2008
|Jun 5, 2012
|Daikin Industries, Ltd.
|Composition for fluorine-containing volume holographic data recording material and fluorine-containing volume holographic data recording media made of same
|Mar 28, 2008
|Aug 21, 2012
|Daikin Industries, Ltd.
|Volume holographic data recording media
|Apr 30, 2001
|Nov 29, 2001
|Tetsuya Toshine
|Hologram transfer foil
|Jun 18, 2002
|May 15, 2003
|Jethmalani Jagdish M.
|Lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification
|Jun 18, 2002
|May 15, 2003
|Jethmalani Jagdish M.
|Lanses capable of post-fabrication power modification
|Oct 8, 2002
|Jun 19, 2003
|Polymer Group, Inc.
|Separator with improved barrier performance
|Aug 15, 2002
|Aug 14, 2003
|Jethmalani Jagdish M.
|Lenses capable of post-fabrication modulus change
|Jan 30, 2003
|Oct 2, 2003
|Bronikowski Michael J.
|Method of producing regular arrays of nano-scale objects using nano-structured block-copolymeric materials
|Oct 12, 2001
|Feb 19, 2004
|Serge Gidon
|Individual visual display system
|Nov 9, 2001
|Apr 8, 2004
|Clabburn Robin J.T.
|Optical recording materials
|Feb 23, 2004
|Aug 26, 2004
|Platt Ben C.
|Light adjustable aberration conjugator
|Nov 9, 2001
|Nov 4, 2004
|Clabburn Robin J.T.
|Optical recording materials
|Feb 24, 2005
|Aug 25, 2005
|Takashi Teranishi
|Volume hologram recording photosensitive composition and its use
|May 5, 2005
|Apr 27, 2006
|Flavio Noca
|Method for patterning large scale nano-fibrous surfaces using capillography
|Aug 22, 2006
|Dec 21, 2006
|Bronikowski Michael J
|Method of producing regular arrays of nano-scale objects using nano-structured block-copolymeric materials
|Sep 8, 2006
|Feb 22, 2007
|Calhoun Vision, Inc.
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|Oct 31, 2005
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|Jijie Zhou
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|Apr 6, 2004
|Jul 19, 2007
|Ivy Trust
|Identification means
|Sep 9, 2005
|Jun 5, 2008
|Central Glass Company, Limited
|Windscreen For Automobile
|May 5, 2009
|Nov 19, 2009
|Sony Corporation
|Hologram laminate, hologram copy method, and hologram producing method
|Mar 26, 2008
|May 6, 2010
|Umeda Center Building
|Composition for fluorine-containing volume holographic data recording material and fluorine-containing volume holographic data recording media made of same
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|Light adjustable aberration conjugator
|Feb 26, 2016
|Sep 1, 2016
|Jaguar Land Rover Limited
|Head up display apparatus and display surface therefor
|U.S. Classification
|428/421, 430/916, 430/281.1, 428/516, 428/520, 430/907, 428/442, 430/2, 430/271.1, 430/1, 430/290, 430/909
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 28, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 6, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 4, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Campion made a nuncupative will on 1 March 1619/20 before 'divers credible witnesses': a memorandum was made that he did 'not longe before his death say that he did give all that he had unto Mr Phillip Rosseter, and wished that his estate had bin farre more', and Rosseter was sworn before Dr Edmund Pope to administer as principal legatee on 3 March 1619/20.[11]
While Campion had attained a considerable reputation in his own day, in the years that followed his death his works sank into complete oblivion. No doubt this was due to the nature of the media in which he mainly worked, the masque and the song-book. The masque was an amusement at any time too costly to be popular, and during the commonwealth period it was practically extinguished. The vogue of the song-books was even more ephemeral, and, as in the case of the masque, the Puritan ascendancy, with its distaste for all secular music, effectively put an end to the madrigal. Its loss involved that of many hundreds of dainty lyrics, including those of Campion, and it was due to the work of A. H. Bullen (see bibliography), who first published a collection of the poet's works in 1889, that his genius was recognised and his place among the foremost rank of Elizabethan lyric poets restored.[1]
Campion set little store by his English lyrics; they were to him "the superfluous blossoms of his deeper studies," but we may thank the fates that his ideas on rhymeless versification so little affected his work. His rhymeless experiments are certainly better conceived than many others, but they lack the spontaneous grace and freshness of his other poetry, while the whole scheme was, of course, unnatural. He must have possessed a very delicate musical ear, for not one of his songs is unmusical; moreover, his ability to compose both words and music gave rise to a metrical fluidity which is one of his most characteristic features.[1]
Rarely are his rhythms uniform, while they frequently shift from line to line. His range was very great both in feeling and expression, and whether he attempts an elaborate epithalamium or a simple country ditty, the result is always full of unstudied freshness and tuneful charm. In some of his sacred pieces, he is particularly successful, combining real poetry with genuine religious fervour. Some of Campion's works could also be quite ribald – such as "Beauty, since you so much desire".[1]
Early dictionary writers, such as Fétis, saw Campion as a theorist.[12] It was much later on that people began to see him as a composer. He was the writer of a poem, Cherry Ripe, which is not the later famous poem of that title but has several similarities.
In popular culture
Repeated reference was made to Campion in an October 2010 episode of the BBC TV series, James May's Man Lab (BBC2), where his works are used as the inspiration for a young man trying to serenade a female colleague. This segment was referenced in the second and third series of the programme as well.
Occasional mention is made of Campion ("Campian") in the comic strip 9 Chickweed Lane (i.e., 5 April 2004), referencing historical context for playing the lute.


text:
Millions of people out there right now are harnessing the power of the Internet in order to drive their businesses. While many are paying hundreds of dollars for custom-designed websites, others are going the DIY route and are opening blogs. A blog can be a low-cost way to easily get your information out there, but it still needs to be done correctly.
You should add to your blog as often as possible. The biggest problem with new blogs is infrequent posts. Readers' interest may be piqued at first, but they will become annoyed if they have to wait for new posts all the time. Make sure to blog at least weekly and notify your subscribers.
Keep your blog posts short and sweet. Your blog needs to be filled with information, but also be concise and readable. It's not likely your readers will appreciate flowery language. They want the meat not the garnishment!
You should be adding new content to your blog on a daily basis. If you want to keep your site prominent with the search engines, then you must be continually post new entries. Make sure that what you write is actually useful, not just a lot of fluff to say that you made some kind of entry.
Pay attention to your grammar. This is especially important if you are trying to be an International blogger. If your grammar is not up to par, a lot of people will get annoyed with reading your blog, and think that you are not creditable. There are many programs that you can use to run a grammar check, and you should do this with every entry.
Structure your posts so the reader can simply scan them to catch the gist. Those who read blogs are, as a rule, an impatient bunch. They flip back and forth between pages practically at the speed of light. If you want to get your message across, give them something that will catch their attention with just a quick scan.
Incorporate sharing widgets for social media sites. As you strive to build your readership base, social networking is a perfect way for your readers to share with others. By offering opportunities for your blog to be broadcast to friends and family, you will drive your follower base up drastically.
The best thing you can do to increase traffic to your blog is concentrate on the content. Make it interesting, informative and inspirational. Visitors will return to your blog again and again if they find high-quality, inspiring content every time they visit.
Pay attention to competitors' blogs, and make sure you are doing what you can, in order to stay ahead of the game. Look for new innovative ways to blog according to your target niche. Make sure you do not allow competitors or any others to copy any of your content, either.
Use the first sentence in each paragraph to make the main point of that paragraph. This is an old trick in journalism, a trick from back in time when the point of an article was to actually provide information. Using this approach in your blog will facilitate the needs of those that like to skim a page for the most important content.
Make your blog a primary source of information on the topic. With a simple read through your site, your viewer should feel like they have a thorough understanding of your niche. This will ensure that your readers will come back to your site when they have more questions on the topic.
Try balancing the blog's category distribution. This is a very important blog metric to follow and it can easily be tracked via a blog audit plugin. Retaining a balanced category can help your writing and improve your search engine rankings. Excess content under one category can make a lot of duplicate content in your archives.
Anything worth doing is worth doing right. If you can follow the tips and tactics you have read throughout this article, you're one step closer to building and running an efficient blog. Remember to take your time and to go over this information correctly. If you can implement it, you can build and market a brilliant blog.


text:
I got in a bike wreck yesterday.
Although I struggle to call it a "wreck" as it was more like a slow motion fall. So I guess I should have just started with "so I fell off my bike yesterday" instead.
So I fell off my bike yesterday.
After reading that phrase over a few times it's only getting more ridiculous to me. How does someone fall off something that is shorter than them to begin with?
Anyway, here's what I learned, when a kid falls off their bike people run over to help. When an elderly person falls off their bike people run to help and they also call 911 (yes, some elderly ride bikes in Chicago.) And when someone in their late twenties riding a bike in a skirt falls off their bike moving at a speed so slow they could have just easily stepped off the bike instead, people laugh. They stop in the street and laugh.
I was in a skirt because I was headed to the Second City and right now my class is doing a run of improv shows every Monday. And maybe I just like wearing a skirt when I ride my bike in the city. It makes me feel like I'm Mary Tyler Moore or something. I'm just a modern girl trying to make it in the 70s.
Yesterday however, I didn't make it. I didn't make the curb I was trying to jump like the ballsy ten-year-old I thought I was. Bikers have to ride in the street in Chicago (which is just as terrifying as it sounds) but when I got close to Second City I needed to get it on the sidewalk to lock it up. For those of you that are familiar with Chicago, you know the area around Second City is always super busy at North and Wells. Yesterday was no different.
As all of the pretty looking yuppies were sitting outside enjoying their happy hour drinks on the patio I came cruising in like the cool biker I think I am and decided that rather than walking my bike up on the sidewalk like any normal adult biker would do, I'd just hop that shit like any normal kid biker would do instead. My front tire hit the curb, my bike tire went into the air, and for about two seconds I balanced like that. For two seconds I could have just calmly stepped off my bike and admitted defeat. But instead I tried to force it. I tried to force the bike up onto the sidewalk even though there was no way in hell it was going to happen. And that's when I fell over in slow motion.
Now here's what you should know about my bike. It's like really cool! Is what someone might have said in 1997 when my parents gave it to me for my birthday. It's a forest green Diamondback (with silver lettering, no big deal) and it has handle bars that stick out not just horizontally, but it has vertical handle bars as well. Like I said, it's a really cool bike.
Now that you've got that visual you can fully appreciate the image of me falling off of it in slow motion while wearing a high waisted skirt and crop top.
Was I hurt? Not physically. Just mentally.
And now because I feel like it why don't we all sit and enjoy this wonderful clip of the opening credits from the Marty Tyler Moore show. Turns out she doesn't ride a bike after all. I can't win today. Let's just say that's me at the 55 second mark, instead.
The Mary Tyler Moore Show Opening and Closing Theme 1970 – 1977 from TeeVees Greatest on Vimeo.


text:
My brother and I are headed to Austin for a long weekend. On Thursday nite, we need a casual place where drinking is as important as eating, but without any attitude. Weather permitting, I'm gonna wear torn up cargo shorts, a t-shirt and Reef sandals. A large patio would be nice, as would fantastic people watching.
We'd prefer something "Texas". BBQ, Burgers, Tex-Mex, Mex-Mex, Local Gastropub, etc. Not looking for "Fusion" or Sushi or any of that other stuff. Not cause we don't like it, but because we want to celebrate our Texasness.
We'll be staying downtown next to the Capitol on 11th, but I guess we can do the taxi thing.
On Friday and Saturday, we're headed west to Fredericksburg and the surrounding Hill Country area for all day gluttony.
Here's what's important on Friday and Saturday - game, bbq, chili and Shiner during the day and wine and some nicer Hill Country dining come evening time. Any recs?
We also need recommendations on cheap places to stay in the Hill Country that are close to the aforementioned wine and food.


text:
Best Graphics Card Under $500 for 1440p Gaming
If you have $400-$500 in your hands then I can get you some high end graphics card which can max out everything and help you inhale the aroma of real world while playing your favorite games.
In this article I am gonna list some best graphics card under 500 dollars which will let you play games at 1080p or 1440p on Ultra settings.
You might be thinking about 4k. Is it? The answer is yes! It can even run games at 4k, however, you need to tweak some settings down in the game.
If you are thinking to run these cards on a budget CPU then it would not give the optimum result. Core i5/i7 would be ideal for these cards. If you're trying to build the game for future i.e. if you are trying it make future-proof, then go for it.
I have created this list with lots of research in the market because present market condition is saturated and every other companies are releasing different graphics card with different versions. The common problem which some hardcore and mediocre gamers are facing today is about which one would be the best and that can run games without breaking a sweat.
So without wasting much time, let's dive into the details.
AMD Radeon RX 480 8GB GDDR5
Check Price
This is the only graphics card of AMD which is actually a beast and is the most powerful one. The price of this card isn't much and can max out every settings. This is the best high end graphics card from AMD. What I like the most about this card is, it is a powerful beast available at such a low price. You can it around $250 and it's the best bang for the buck you're willing to spend.
This card gained attention since it has got some efficient technology which helps to reduce power drastically. Previously released cards were really power thirsty and they weren't able to perform at their best.
This card is equipped with AMD VR technology which delivers an excellent VR experience and this card is 100% directX 12 and Vulkan compatible. Freesync technology delivers smooth gaming experience at any frame rates!. This card is a rival of GTX 970 and can match gtx 970 in performance. This is actually a reference card but it's so good to get this card at such an affordable price. This has also got a 4gb version but I would recommend you to go with 8GB to get something extra boost.
See Specs:
|Video Memory
|3x Display port 1.4 (DisplayPort 1.2 certified, DisplayPort 1.3/1.4 ready) and 1x HDMI 2.0b
|Supported System
|Windows 10, Windows 7, Linux
Best Graphics Card under 500 dollars from Nvidia
Zotac GeForce GTX 1070 AMP Extreme 8GB GDDR5
Check Price
This is one of the best Graphics card released from Zotac. It can run power hungry games at the expense of nothing! This is a beast with 1920 cuda cores and 8GB DDR5 RAM. The only downside of this card is that it is large. However, there's a reason behind it. This card is big because it has networks of heat fins and heat pipes to dissipate heat from VRAM and memory.
Zotac has three variants and I like this the most- the extreme edition, with base clock of 1632 MHz and boost clock of 1835 MHz. It can run games at 1440p giving you an awesome gaming experience.
With this card, you can get around 130fps in Hitman, around 170fps in Doom and around 110 fps in Tombraider at max settings. This is by far the best performing GTX 1070. All in all, this card can run any games without breaking a sweat!
|Cuda Cores
|Display Port
|DisplayPort x 3,
|Bus Interface
|PCI Express 3.0
|Base Clock:1632 MHz
Boost Clock: 1835 MHz
|Memory Interface
|256 bit
MSI GeForce GTX 1070 Armor OC 8gb gddr5
Check Price
This card is again the best and the most popular cards in this list. You can't find cards much better than this. Without tweaking any settings, without overclocking, it can give you more than 70 fps on average.
Few games like Overwatch can play smoothly at around 130 fps on average and around 90 fps in Witcher 3. Fallout 4 gives around 65 fps and battlefield 4 gives around 125 fps which is pretty awesome. It is a beast over gtx 980, gtx 980 ti and few others. I would strongly suggest this card to the hardcore gamers because I have tested this card and fell in love with it. I truly appreciate the team responsible for creating such an amazing card. If you're trying to build a $1000-$1500 gaming pc then use it and you will be on top of everything. With a core clock of 1566 MHz and boost clock of 1746 MHz, this card features 8 GB DDR5 memory.
All in all, as tested, this card can run at 4k on maxed out settings. However, it's ideal resolution is 1440p. It can easily play power hungry games at this resolution.
|Cuda Cores
|Display Supported
|4 (max)
|Base Clock:1566 MHz
Boost Clock: 1746 MHz
|Memory Interface
|256 bit


text:
This splendid hotel is centrally located close to the most important motorway to Amsterdam (A4/A9) and not far from Amsterdam's Schiphol airport.The hotel was built in 1976 and consists of a 4-storey hotel with a total of 644 rooms of which 120 are doubles. Facilities include a cosy bar and a restaurant with non-smoking area as well as a hairdresser. The rooms come with an en suite bathroom, and all of them are nicely-equipped as standard. A free hotel-run shuttle bus service links the hotel to the nearby airport. Sports enthusiasts can enjoy a workout in the hotel's gym. a 24-hour snack service and an extensive breakfast is served from 04:00 in the morning.
Accommodation details
5.3 mi / 8.5 km from city centre
General facilities
- Solarium
- Elevators
- Exercise gym
- Internet services
- Shops and commercial services
- Safe deposit box
- Laundry/Valet service
- Currency exchange
- Medical Facilities Service
- 24-hour food & beverage kiosk
Other facilities
Guest rooms include the following facilities: Internet access, Wi-fi, Cot on demand, Extra beds on demand, NO Smoking rooms, YES Disability-friendly bathroom and YES Wheelchair-accessible.


text:
Gradwatch: Matthew Callaby, Design for Publishing, Norwich University of the Arts
"I pretty much scare myself into thinking if i don't work harder, i'll never get to where i want to be"
Describe your work/style in five words:
Smooth, soft, squishy, saucy, fun.
What drives your creativity/work?
It's the whole process: sketching, mixing paints, setting up screenprints, I love it. The fact that I'm very harsh on myself helps. Once a project's finished I'm always thinking about the next one and how I can improve. I pretty much scare myself into thinking if I don't work harder, I'll never get to where I want to be. Or beer, probably just beer.
What idea or project of yours encapsulates your approach best, (and why)?
Blimey, it would have to be designing the identity for Sony Music's after party at the Brit Awards. Having some fun with what would usually be a serious and possibly quite corporate design. Instead of doing what I thought was expected, I just wanted to take a punt and see what would happen by using my own illustrative style.
What is the strangest thing you've done on a project?
Not so much something I've done, but when I was painting a mural in a bar in Canada, I heard screaming and shouting so I went to the window to see what all the commotion was and there were two half-naked men chasing a bear through the streets of Whistler with golf clubs, that was pretty strange.
If you could steal a talent from three people you admire, what would you choose, from whom, (and why?)
Herb Lubalin: The ability to make typography look so sexy. Parra: How he's able to make minimal illustrations and colour schemes make such a big impact. Thinking about it, pretty much everything about him. SupaKitch: Use of colour, shapes, attention to detail, his free-hand type is ridiculous, gets me every time. If you haven't seen the videos I would highly recommend them.
Who would you give your right arm to work with (and why)?
Vault49, a studio in New York which I've admired for a long time now, I feel it would be the perfect opportunity. Their portfolio covers murals, screen-printing, 3D, motion graphics, design, illustration pretty much everything I want to do. There's a perfect balance between traditional and digital mediums which is what I love the most. Or Eugene Riecansky if he knocks a few per cent off.
What would be your dream commission/project?
Travelling abroad to do another large-scale mural would be amazing. If I can keep that ball rolling I'd be over the moon.
Where do you see yourself in ten years' time?
Travelling, painting, exhibiting, a clothing line, designing furniture, a nice studio with white walls and wooden floor – that's the dream.
How will illustration have changed in ten years' time?
There will be a lot more people pursuing careers in these fields as technology is constantly getting faster, cheaper and more accessible. Along with the digital progression and the advancements that come with it, I feel there will also be a great knock-on effect for traditional media. Hopefully unpaid internships won't be around either.
More at callaby.net


text:
Roc Nation Sports hold a celebratory one-year anniversary dinner, and take over Times Square with a large billboard.
Jay Z's Roc Nation Sports agency decided to go big for their first-year anniversary, by taking over New York's Times Square with a massive banner.
They also held a dinner in celebration of the anniversary at the infamous TAO restaurant in NYC, where familiar Roc Nation faces made an appearance, including Rihanna, and of course Roc Nation Sports signees like Robinson Cano, C.C. Sabathia, Hakeem Nicks, and Victor Cruz.
The newest endeavor from Hov found no lack of success this past year, signing athletes like Cano, Sabathia and more. Obviously the ready-made affiliation to the music mogul and his label didn't hurt.
Take a look at the Times Square banner in Roc Nation's tweet below.
#RocNationSports celebrates one year! Times Square NYC - thanks @brandedcities! pic.twitter.com/kFUIvhyKgG
— Roc Nation (@RocNation) April 28, 2014
Rihanna looking flawless at Roc Nation Sports 1 year anniversary luncheon in NYC. pic.twitter.com/w0NeQTyWDr
— Rihanna (@NikoFenty) April 28, 2014


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