text:
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Pure Vanilla Extracts 4 oz. Sampler Pack
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You will receive a 4 oz. bottle of each flavor: Mexican, Indonesian, Bourbon Tahitian, and Bourbon Indonesian.
Makes a great gift!
All of our Pure Vanilla Extracts are cold pressed in the United States from premium beans imported from Mexico, Indonesia and Tahiti.
Contains only Vanilla Bean extractives, water, and 35% alcohol.
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text:
I want to set different warn/crit thresholds for different drives.
I was hoping to use "warning= ..." as full-featured filter creating complex query like that:
warning = (( used > 90% ) and ( drive != F: )) or ( ( used > 99% ) and ( drive = F: ))
But can't identify correct syntax.
Docs says that 'drive' is correct key in warning filter, but i can't find any example of using it such way.
Is it possible at all?
Note: i want to limit server/agent side with single check_disk command and service definition. Multiple service/command definition is not an option.
Let's say - i want to Check disks across infrastructure with single command ( which will do disks auto-discovery, yeah ) and mangle with thresholds for some individual drives letter as exclusions.
NSClient version: '0.4.4.23'
Strings need to be qouted (single ticks) like so:
check_drivesize "warning=(( used > 90% ) and ( drive != 'F' )) or ( ( used > 99% ) and ( drive = 'F' ))"
In your case you can make it a tad simpler though:
check_drivesize "warning=(used > 90% and drive != 'F') or used > 99%"
Thanks MikeIt was really helpful
I ended up with following monster.
alias_disk2=check_drivesize "warn=(used>=80% and drive!='C:\\' and drive!='D:\\') or ((used>=20%) and (drive='C:\\')) or ((used>=95%) and (drive='D:\\'))" "crit=(used>=90% and drive!='C:\\' and drive!='D:\\') or ((used>=30%) and (drive='C:\\')) or ((used>=98%) and (drive='D:\\'))" drive=all-drives "filter=type in ('FIXED')"
2 drawbacks for such solution:
Chef thingsNSClient configuration managed with Chef, and it's being done like that:
Cookbook/recipe code
default['nsclient_checks'] = {
alias_disk_warn: 'used>=80%',
alias_disk_crit: 'used>=90%',
alias_disk_drive: 'all-drives',
alias_disk_exclude: '',
custom_disks: {},
Then a bit of madness in erb template:
# Dynamically create check_disk query if custom_disk thresholds set for given node.
# dw_sx1 = disk_warning_suffix1 , dw_sx2 = disk_warning_suffix2
dw_sx1 = ''
dw_sx2 = ''
# dc_sx1 = disc_critical_suffix1, dc_sx2 = disk_critical_suffix2
dc_sx1 = ''
dc_sx2 = ''
alias_disk_warn = node['nsclient_checks']['alias_disk_warn']
alias_disk_crit = node['nsclient_checks']['alias_disk_crit']
# Iterate over custom disks and create check_drivesize query if any custom limits defined.
node['nsclient_checks']['custom_disks'].each do |disk,limits|
if limits.key?('warn')
dw_sx1 +=" and drive!='#{disk}:\\\\'"
dw_sx2 +=" or ((#{limits.warn}) and (drive='#{disk}:\\\\'))"
if limits.key?('crit')
dc_sx1 +=" and drive!='#{disk}:\\\\'"
dc_sx2 +=" or ((#{limits.crit}) and (drive='#{disk}:\\\\'))"
alias_disk_warn = "(#{alias_disk_warn}#{dw_sx1})#{dw_sx2}" unless dw_sx2.empty?
alias_disk_crit = "(#{alias_disk_crit}#{dc_sx1})#{dc_sx2}" unless dc_sx2.empty?
alias_disk2=check_drivesize "warn=<%= alias_disk_warn %>" "crit=<%= alias_disk_crit %>" drive=<%= @alias_disk_drive%> "filter=type in ('FIXED')" <% unless @alias_disk_exclude.empty? %><%= @alias_disk_exclude %>"<% end %>
By default this code will generate simple alias_disk definition that's checks all drives with common default thresholds
alias_disk2=check_drivesize "warn=used>=80%" "crit=used>=90%" drive=all-drives "filter=type in ('FIXED')"
When there is need to redefine warn/crit for some node we may specify on node level something similar to that:
node.override['nsclient_checks']['custom_disks'] = {
warn: 'used>=20%',
crit: 'used>=30%'
warn: 'used>=95%',
crit: 'used>=98%'
Last will generate check_drivesize query given on top of that comment.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Popular Applications:
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TEA Correspondence
Home / About TEA / Leadership / State Board of Education
Presentation on the Absolute Return Portfolios Managed for thePermanent School Fund and Decision on Absolute Return Investments
April 11, 2014COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL FINANCE/PERMANENT SCHOOL FUND: ACTIONSTATE BOARD OF EDUCATION: CONSENTSUMMARY: This item provides an opportunity for the committee and board to receive a presentation and to review the absolute return portfolios managed for the Permanent School Fund. The board will consider contract extensions where appropriate and possible termination of absolute return fund of fund managers.STATUTORY AUTHORITY: Texas Constitution, Article VII, §5(f).PREVIOUS BOARD ACTION: At the April 2012 meeting, the board approved entering into an absolute return strategic relationship with Grosvenor Capital Management, L.P. and Blackstone Alternative Asset Management. At the November 2012 meeting, the board approved the termination of GAM USA, Inc. as an absolute return manager.BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND SIGNIFICANT ISSUES: At the July 2006 meeting, the board approved a long-term strategic asset allocation which included a 10% allocation to the absolute return asset class. FISCAL IMPACT: The distribution of the Permanent School Fund is projected to be $1.677 billion during the 2014-2015 biennium.PUBLIC AND STUDENT BENEFIT: The distribution of the Permanent School Fund will flow to the school districts and reduce the tax burden to the public and the state of Texas.PROCEDURAL AND REPORTING IMPLICATIONS: Not applicable.PUBLIC COMMENTS: None.ALTERNATIVES: No alternative actions are proposed regarding this item.OTHER COMMENTS AND RELATED ISSUES: None.Staff Member Responsible:Holland Timmins, Executive Administratorand Chief Investment Officer of the Texas Permanent School Fund


text:
Image 1 of 1
Rural Kentucky road with a four plank fence on right. Infrared (IR) photograph by fine art photographer Michael Kloth. Black and white infrared photographs
- Copyright
- © Michael Kloth
- Image Size
- 1000x667 / 221.8KB
- Contained in galleries
- Infrared Photography, Kentucky Infrared Photographs


text:
Product Description
- MYIUKI Bead Color: Cream / Aqua & Sage Green
- Style/Color: Round Faceted / Turquoise and Green Glass
- Knob Color: Satin Finish
- Knob Dimensions: 1″ x 1″
Color Meaning: The original color of Aqua, Teal and Turquoise all speak of emotional balance and creativity.
Color Pallete: These combined colors is versatile and gives way to other electric colors and vibes as in hues of purple, pops of orange and neutral blends, unlocking resourceful energy.
Aqua Sea Glass on Cream


text:
HONG KONG, Oct 3 (Reuters) - Shares in Chinese property developer Evergrande Group were suspended from trading in Hong Kong on Monday afternoon, the stock exchange said, without giving a reason for the halt.
The shares last traded at HK$5.24, unchanged from Friday. (Reporting by Clare Jim; Editing by Edwina Gibbs)


text:
Orange NJ Real Estate & Homes for Sale
0 Properties Found
Sort Results:
There are currently no properties in Orange NJ Please click the Refine Your Search button below to find other properties in the area.
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Orange NJ Real Estate Listings Provided By:
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Orange ZIPs07050 Homes for Sale 07051 Homes for Sale


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The Taliban once ruled Pakistan's Swat Valley. Now peace has returned.May 9, 2015
MINGORA, Pakistan — Here in Pakistan's Swat Valley, known for gorgeous sunsets and the calming sound of cresting river rapids, there has been plenty of misery over the past decade.
To continue reading this story, you will need to be a digital subscriber to ExpressNews.com.
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text:
Terms of Use
1. Your total price may be different than listed due to any membership discounts, if applicable.
2. If you are renting a gun from the Front Sight Pro Shop, you must also purchase and use ammunition from the Ammo Bunker at Front Sight in that gun.
3. The Nevada State tax (7.6%) will be applied to all purchases. Front Sight credit cannot be applied to sales tax.
4. A 25% restocking fee will be applied to all orders cancelled or rescheduled within the 14 days prior to the start of the course.
5. The Pro Shop and the Ammo Bunker cannot return or exchange ammunition.
6. Membership discount can only be applied to rental guns and gear to be USED by the owner of that membership.
7. Membership discounts are calculated after the order has been submitted. You will be charged the discounted price.
8. You understand that if you are using Pro Shop credit that your membership discount will not apply.
9. You understand some of these items can be dangerous when misused and you accept full responsibility and liability for the safe use and storage of these items.
10. You have read and understand the HELP/FAQ page.
Questions regarding our Terms of Use can be directed to the Pro Shop staff by calling us at 702-837-7433 or emailing us.


text:
Toxic Tutu Trailer (2016)
"The Almost True Story of What Became Of The Toxic Avenger's Mark Torgl" 15 January 2016 Horror
Follow Mark Torgl star of 1984's The Toxic Avenger who played "Melvin The Mopboy" and transforms into Toxie, as he attends the Monster Convention circuit for the first time. Discover the convention world through Torgl's eyes, and learn a deep dark secret that has kept Torgl in hiding for 30 years.
Watch the official Toxic Tutu 2016 trailer in HD below or find more Toxic Tutu videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Guidelines for requesting the exam vouchers
Before contacting CertFirst please make sure to have the proof of payment for the purchase of the exam voucher. If exam voucher was not purchased at the time of course registrations please contact firstname.lastname@example.com to make payment arrangements.
Upon completion of the Course you will be assigned the mock test to help you prepare for the actual certification test. Once the score is 90% for all the assigned exams and above please send an email to email@example.com to request the voucher.
The exam pass guarantee is withdrawn if the candidate does not follow the process / or complete the assigned mock exams.
The processing time for receiving the voucher is 10 business days from the date you request the voucher. If you do not have the voucher in 10 business days please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
CertFirst will only issue the exam voucher for which payment has been received. Free exam pass guarantee does not apply to discounted prices. The attendee however has a free repeat class policy with in one year of the original class date.
CompTIA Security+ Code: SY0-301For more information on how CertFirst can assist you please Contact Us


text:
GOALSTAR Digital Electric Meter, LCD display-Round
Class 100, 240 Volts 2Wire, 60Hz, 15(100) Ampere, 1phase, Class 1
1000 imp/kWh
100 % Calibrated and tested
with ERC
with one (1) year warranty against factory defect.
Also Available:
and FLOWMETER..
(Mechanical and Digital Type)
Special Meters:
* Oil/Diesel Meter
* US Gallon Meter
(for Water Refilling Stations)
* Hot and Cold Meter
With one (1) year warranty against factory defect
Also available:
* Brass Fittings:
Ball Valve w/ Lockwing
Check Valve(Swing and Vertical type)
Corporation Stop Cock
PE Connector
Union Coupling
Magnetic Faucet
Magnetic Ball Valve
Angle Meter Valve
Universal Padlock
* Teflon Tape
* GI Fittings
* Chlorine
For orders and inquiries feel free to contact:
Landline #: 709-2671
Mobile#: 09209831538
Ask for Glenda or Blanca
Online Shop: goalteam.net
Like us on Facebook:www.facebook.com/goalteam
Follow us on Twitter: goalteam.net
Tips for Online Transactions
- Avoid scams by acting locally or paying with PayPal, Bank Deposit, LBC, or Pera Padala without the item.
- Never pay with anonymous payment services
- Don't buy or sell outside of your country. Don't accept cheques
- This site is never involved in any transaction, and does not handle payments, shipping, guarantee transactions, provide escrow services, or offer "buyer protection" or "seller certification"


text:
Smith spurs Saddlers on
Dean Smith is convinced he can save Walsall from the drop but says he needs his players to start backing up his belief with actions.
Last Updated: 01/02/12 4:19pm
Dean Smith is convinced he can save Walsall from the drop but says he needs his players to start backing up his belief with actions.
The struggling Saddlers, who survived on the final day of last season, are facing another desperate relegation battle having won only one of their last 15 league games.
Tuesday night's 1-0 home defeat to Notts County was only their first defeat in 10, with draws dominating of late, but manager Smith was left to rue the Jekyll and Hyde nature of his side's display.
"The first half was nowhere near what we expect, and I don't know where that came from because our recent form has been decent," he said. "In the second half I thought we were a totally different team and should have got something out of the game.
"I told my players at half-time it wasn't good enough, but the second-half performance was more what we are about. I am confident we shall get out of trouble but the lads have got to start doing something about it themselves."
Walsall had a 75th-minute equaliser by George Bowerman ruled out because of a Manny Smith foul on County keeper Stuart Nelson, but Smith insisted: "There was nothing wrong with the goal. It should have been given."


text: Hi everyone, i am coming over to android, having previously used the iphone. I used an app on the iphone called skysms, combined with credits i purchased from a company called freecall it allowed me to send cheap (2p) txt msg to places like Australia . I believe i am looking for some type of voip app for sending sms. Is anybody using one, and could you advise cheers Tom Does anybody know if such an app exists on the


text:
Flexible Dieting : IIFYM
Flexible Dieting or If It Fits Your Macros (IIFYM) simply refers to a way of eating where you are less strict about your diet. Rather than following a rigid set of rules you will adopt a more relaxed approach to what you eat.
Recently this dieting method has gained popularity as a revolutionary weight loss technique.
However, there isn't one basic definition of what it means to follow a flexible diet. There are many different ways to undertake flexible dieting depending on your personal preferences and goals.
Flexible Diet Basics
When people follow a strict diet, at some stage they begin to feel deprived and start craving restricted foods. After weeks without indulging in their favorite meals, eventually they give in.
When this happens most people give up off their diet completely for a time and regain weight rapidly. After a several days or weeks they may return to the strict diet and repeat the cycle.
Conversely flexible dieters realize that an occasional treat – or eating something that is not usually "allowed" – is not a big deal. A little indulgence will not have a major impact on long-term weight loss results.
What is Flexible Dieting?
In general terms a flexible diet does not require you to follow a strict set of rules. You can enjoy your favorite foods to avoid feeling deprived and without experiencing guilt.
- Dieters Calculate their Total Daily Energy Expenditure.
- Establish macronutrient levels according to your goals.
- Eat healthy foods that you enjoy.
- Allow yourself to eat your favorite foods in If It Fits Your Macros.
- Don't feel guilty about eating something not "on" your diet.
- Avoid classifying foods as "good" or "bad".
- Relax and continue with your diet if you do indulge or overeat.
- Focus on sustainable long-term results instead of rapid weight loss.
There aren't really any additional costs with flexible dieting unless dieters sign up for personalised coaching or programs.
A great option is the book, Flexible Dieting: Lose Weight and Start Eating Again, and contains everything you need to know and do to be successful with flexible dieting. Recipes, meal plans, calculations, and much more.
It retails for $19 and is available as an instant download.
Flexible Diets Are More Effective
Research has shown that rigid dieters often weigh more and have less success over the long term than flexible dieters.
Flexible dieting may produce a slower rate of weight loss in the beginning. However, usually people experience better results over the long-term.
Method 1: Reducing Calories with Portion Control
In most cases a flexible diet for weight loss will be very similar to your regular diet. This allows for a smooth transition from your usual way of eating, which makes dieting a lot easier.
However if you are trying to lose fat you will need to reduce your intake of calories.
You don't necessarily have to count calories. If you choose not to do so you could simply reduce portion sizes while continuing to eat the same foods.
Method 2: IIFM – Tracking Macronutrients
Another approach to flexible dieting is referred to as "If It Fits Your Macros" or IIFYM. With this method you plan your meals and track your intake of macronutrients – protein, carbohydrate and fat.
This method can influence body composition more effectively than simply monitoring calorie intake. It can be applied to different goals including fat loss and lean muscle gain.
You will plan your daily meals to provide a certain number of grams of protein, carbohydrate, and fat each day. There are no good or bad foods as long as you keep within your designated macronutrient ratio.
- Dieters can enjoy all of their favorite foods.
- The diet is individualized to suit your personal preferences.
- You are not required to eat any foods that you don't like.
- Research shows that flexible dieters have better long-term success.
- You can enjoy an active social life without worrying about your diet.
- Reduces the stress that is generally associated with strict diets.
- May encourage some dieters to continue eating unhealthy foods.
- Necessary to monitor calories, portion sizes or macronutrient intake.
- Does not place attention on the potentially negative health effects of certain foods such as refined carbohydrates or trans fats.
- Some dieters may have difficulty limiting their intake of certain foods to small portion sizes.
- Weight loss may occur more slowly than on a structured diet.
Moderation is Key
Flexible diets are easier to follow and more enjoyable because they are based on your own food preferences. You can also continue to include your favorite treats in moderation.
However, to support your health it is best to consume the majority of your calories from the nutritious foods you enjoy. As long as most of your diet is healthy this can be an effective method for maintaining healthy weight loss.
Flexible Dieting Resources
- Flexible Dieting Basics at Evidencemag.com.
- Flexible Dieting Guide at HealthyEater.com
- IIFYM Guide at MuscleforLife.com
- MyFitnessPal: App for Tracking Calories/ Macros
- Free Tool for Figuring your Total Daily Energy Expenditure at Freedieting.com
- Rolland-Cachera, M. F., Deheeger, M., Akrout, M., & Bellisle, F. (1995). Influence of macronutrients on adiposity development: a follow up study of nutrition and growth from 10 months to 8 years of age. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19(8), 573-578. abstract
- Layman, D. K., Boileau, R. A., Erickson, D. J., Painter, J. E., Shiue, H., Sather, C., & Christou, D. D. (2003). A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. The Journal of nutrition, 133(2), 411-417. abstract
- Layman, D. K., Evans, E. M., Erickson, D., Seyler, J., Weber, J., Bagshaw, D., … & Kris-Etherton, P. (2009). A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. The journal of nutrition, 139(3), 514-521. abstract


text:
The Epic Ups and Downs of Peter Gelb
Published: March 21, 2013
(Page 6 of 9)
After high school and a stint as an office boy with the theater impresario Sol Hurok, he got a job as a classical-music publicist at Gurtman and Murtha, which was then a public-relations firm. His parents hadn't stopped pressuring him about college, and eventually he applied and was accepted at Yale. As if hedging his bets, he arrived on campus in the fall of 1973 with a job (again secured with his father's help) as director of information for the Yale School of Music. Two weeks of classes was all it took to know he wasn't going to finish the semester, much less get a degree.
When he returned to New York and resumed work at Gurtman and Murtha, he saw a small notice about Vladimir Horowitz's making a comeback in Cleveland. He called Horowitz's manager and suggested the pianist wasn't getting very good press coverage. He was invited to meet Horowitz and his wife, Wanda, daughter of the conductor Arturo Toscanini, and tell them more about good press coverage. It was the beginning of a 15-year friendship in which Gelb eventually became Horowitz's manager.
In 1977 Gelb moved to Boston to work for the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Seiji Ozawa, managing the orchestra's historic tour of China in 1979. Two years later, he was hired by Ronald A. Wilford at Columbia Artists Management in New York. Wilford, whom Gelb considers his mentor, represented many of the greatest classical performers of the last century, but thanks to his sharp negotiating tactics, he was once accused of "killing classical music." ("You can't kill classical music — I tried!" Wilford told me recently at his Broadway office.)
In 1982, Wilford founded CAMI Video and put Gelb in charge. Gelb made nearly three dozen films and documentaries, including "Soldiers of Music," which captured the return to Russia of the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich and his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, after 16 years of exile. (From 1988 to 1993, Gelb produced 25 television broadcasts of Met performances.) When Wilford sold the video business to Sony in 1993, Gelb went with it. He eventually emerged as the president of Sony Classical, with a reputation as a skillful marketer and a master of high-low populist crossover products: lucrative but aesthetically suspect records like Michael Bolton's opera-aria collection called "My Secret Passion," or Gelb's biggest hit, the soundtrack for the movie "Titanic," which sold more than 25 million copies. Nevertheless, he was a champion of classical music; he was eager to enlarge its audience, and he had a knack for handling temperamental artists.
After an initial vetting by Sills, Gelb met with members of the Met search committee. Gelb knew what he would do if he ran the Met. In interviews with board members, he made no bones about why attendance was down and subscriptions were declining. Elitism was strangling the opera company, he said. The Met was disconnected from the daily life of the culture. It was stagnant theatrically. The digital revolution was passing it by. Drastic measures had to be taken.
Two days later, Gelb signed a five-year contract. (It has since been renegotiated several times and last year was extended through 2022.) Gelb spent a year and a half studying under the general manager, Joseph Volpe, who began his 42-year career at the Met as a carpenter. During the apprenticeship, Gelb traveled extensively. He met directors. He took singers to lunch. He attended operas in Europe. He drew up an ambitious program of changes that he announced at a news conference pointedly held on the Met stage in February 2006. Some of his plans to modernize the Met were nothing new. Bing, with similar ambitions, brought in directors from Broadway and Hollywood. More significant than Gelb's decision to change the typeface of the Met logo from Garamond to Baskerville 10 Pro would be the profit-sharing agreements he and Volpe eventually negotiated with the Met's unions. The deals allowed for digital transmission and broadcast of Met productions.
Gelb formally assumed the job as the 16th general manager in August 2006. For the opening of his first season a month later, he jettisoned the old gala format and installed a new co-production of "Madama Butterfly," directed by the filmmaker Anthony Minghella and first staged by the English National Opera. It was a smash; Gelb was the new golden boy. The setup was right out of a libretto.
This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
Correction: April 7, 2013
Because of an editing error, an article on March 24 about Peter Gelb, the general manager of the Metropolitan Opera, misstated the year the Met's recent production of Richard Wagner's "Götterdämmerung" had its premiere. It was 2012, not 2010.


text:
> Career Resources
> Interviews > Career Path
Property leasing is a business where relationships with tenants can last for a number of years and therefore it is essential for property leasing professionals to cultivate cordial tenant relationships through the provision of good client services. To this end, Cheung ka-chun, manager of the Leasing Department at Sino Land Company Limited has a success story to tell.
After completing a degree programme in surveying at the University of Hong Kong in 2004, Mr Cheung joined Sino Land Company Limited as a leasing officer responsible for coordinating leasing administration, renewing tenancy agreements, advising on achievable rental rates, and conducting market assessment and marketing of industrial buildings.
With an outstanding performance record and having built an extensive client network, he was promoted to senior leasing officer in 2005. A year later, he became assistant leasing manager and after just another six months, leasing manager.
Challenging job
The job of a property leasing professional is tough and challenging, according to Mr Cheung. It requires a large working capacity, great flexibility, strong business acumen and high determination to meet specific client requirements.
Major responsibilities are diverse but can be consolidated into client servicing, leasing administration and management such as finding suitable tenants, advising on achievable rental rates based on market assessment, initiating lease renewals, preparing letters of offer and ensuring proper execution of tenancy agreements. Leasing professionals sometimes act as marketing agents for the marketing and letting of properties, contracting for advertising and promotional programmes and providing regular updates on marketing activities.
Mr Cheung adds that in the face of keen competition and fast-moving trends in the market, leasing professionals no longer simply provide transactional leasing services to meet clients' increasingly sophisticated needs. They must be more responsive to clients' requests. Introducing new ideas for services is also a critical factor in successful property leasing deals.
One of Mr Cheung's more notable achievements was the leasing of the commercial building Futura Plaza, formerly an industrial block in Kwun Tong. Recalling the successful project, Mr Cheung's supervisor Ng wai-hong, who is assistant general manager of the leasing department, notes that the challenge then was to reposition this "brand new office building", and to achieve maximum exposure and tenant occupancy via a series of marketing exercises.
Since there are many banking institutions clustered in the district and clients are always in the market for banking and finance services, Mr Ng says their strategy was to identify banks as their major tenants, then capture new tenants to help establish the building's image. They also put in place a new management system and installed necessary facilities.
The project ended successfully with a 95 per cent diversified tenant occupancy rate. The team also lined up networking opportunities for the tenants thus paving the way for a solid long-term relationship.
Wide perspective
To those who look to joining the property leasing industry, Mr Cheung cautions that challenges are enormous.
"We must familiarise ourselves with new features, constantly acquire technical knowledge, understand many new and sophisticated legal terms and face marketing challenges," he says.
Mr Cheung adds that a successful leasing professional must also market properties on a lease basis regardless of size, location and intricacy. To keep current they must frequently update professional knowledge on urban planning, surveying and market developments across Hong Kong. "We must know about competition and the supply and demand in other districts, and can't just focus on the areas we are responsible for," he says.
Allan Chan, associate director of the leasing department agrees. "The property industry is a barometer of the economy," Mr Chan says. He notes also that the thriving economy and the release of real estate investment trusts (REITs) can help further boost the development of the property market, thus providing more job opportunities and better career prospects.
For potential recruits, there is no special academic requirement but a degree in real estate, surveying, marketing or business is an advantage. Much of their daily work will involve talking to clients, co-operating with internal departments in preparing proposals or correspondence and doing ad-hoc tasks which requires technical knowledge and understanding of legal terms. Mr Chan says potential recruits should possess a positive working attitude, analytical skills with attention to detail and good language and communication skills. They should also be customer-focused and have an outgoing and cheerful personality.
Career Path
Initially recruits with no specific experience start as leasing officers with promotions to senior leasing officers or other senior positions possible and commensurate with years of experience and professional knowledge.
Free Subscription


text:
Think Through Geography Student Book 1 Paper Paperback
by Mike Hillary, Jeff Stanfield, Julie Mickleburgh
Part of the Think Through Geography series
Think Through Geography is a highy motivating, enquiry-led Geography course for 11-14 year-olds.
The easy-to-use, differentiated approach guides pupils through each enquiry step-by-step.
It provides challenge and support for all abilities and ensures complete coverage of the Key Stage 3 National Curriculum with in-depth practice in ICT, Citizenship, Literacy and Numeracy.In line with the principles of the Foundation Subjects strand of the Key Stage 3 Stategy whilst maintaining a focus on real places and real people.
Develops thinking skills and motivates pupils through the enquiry-based approach.
Provides differentiation through the stepped tasks and worksheets.
Highlights opportunities for fieldwork, mnapwork, photo/satellite image analysis, citizenship, ICT, numeracy and literacy practice.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 128 pages
- Publisher: Pearson Education Limited
- Publication Date: 01/04/2000
- Category: Geography
Free Home Delivery
on all orders
Pick up orders
from local bookshops


text:
A message from our friends at the Montreal International Game Summit:
The MIGS14 treats its friends well: Twenty per cent off pass prices if you are a member of the Nordic Game Community!
Every year, more than 2200 people from over 20 countries attend the MIGS (Montreal International Game Summit) and over 1000 business meetings take place in our Business Lounge thanks to our online meeting application used at the Game Connection and E3. With its 300+ business executives attending every year, the MIGS is the best place to meet potential buyers, partners or even to pitch your dream company about your projects.
This year, the MIGS is lucky to host the absolute best companies, including Riot Games, Gameloft, Microsoft, SCEA, Noodle Cake Studios, Perfect World, Square Enix, Ubisoft Montreal, Bungie, Netease, Chukong, Frima, Ludia, Oculus VR, Epic Games, Sony and many more leading lights of the industry.
If you want to showcase your work and give others a chance to know the insides-and-outs of your projects, our Expo Zone enables studios to save a pod to demonstrate their latest games, their next generation technologies or their ultimate product in front of the big names of the industry's avid eyes!
Exceptionally this year, we have even saved a big spot, in front of all the other companies at the Expo Zone, for our Demo Zone, aimed at promoting independent developers' works and showcasing them to all the AAA studios attending the event.
After such a condensed program, relax, network and join the MIGS party, or even at the VIP cocktail event to make new encounters and build lasting business relationships. So do not miss your chance to attend what promises to be the event of the year for the gaming industry worldwide; if you are a member of Nordic Game Community, you can benefit from 20 per cent off on our pass prices as well!
Contact MIGS via the Nordic Game Community here if you want to visit Canada 🙂


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On 19 March 2015, the European Court of Justice rejected Dole's appeal against the 2013 judgment by the General Court dismissing its appeal against the European Commission's 2008 Bananas decision.
The ECJ issued a useful reminder of the scope of the EU antitrust concept of a "concerted practice", in particular confirming that EU competition law prohibits communications between competitors relating not only to actual prices but also to factors relevant to price-setting, that there is no need for the Commission to show any actual impact on price, and that the communications need not be between those responsible for pricing within their respective companies.
In October 2008, the European Commission found that three banana importers, Chiquita, Dole, and Weichert (which was controlled by Del Monte at the relevant time) had participated in a price-fixing cartel between 2000 and 2002, contrary to Article 101 of theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union ("TFEU").
The cartel affected eight Member States, where the retail banana market was worth approximately €2.5 billion in 2002. The Commission imposed fines totalling €60 million onDole and Weichert. Chiquita was granted full immunity as the first to come forward under the Commission's leniency programme (its fine would otherwise have been €83.2 million).
The banana business in the relevant Member States is organised in weekly cycles. On most Thursdays between 2000 and 2002, the importers set and announced their "quotation prices" for the upcoming week.
On numerous occasions, often on the day before quotation price announcements, the importers held bilateral phone calls. The Commission found that during these calls, the importers disclosed factors relevant to the setting of quotation prices for the forthcoming week and price trends and indications of quotation prices for the forthcoming week before those quotation prices were set.
After quotation prices were announced on a Thursday morning, the importers also formally exchanged their quotation prices bilaterally. The importers were then able to review each other's formal quotation prices in the light of their previous discussions.
It is well established that Article 101 prohibits not only formal and informal price-fixing agreements and understandings, but also communications falling short of an agreement. Certain collusive behaviour is so likely to have negative effects on competition that there is no need to show that it has actual effects on the market. Experience shows that such collusion harms consumers. In order to determine whether a restriction of competition is such an "object" restriction, so that it is unnecessary to assess its actual effect, the Commission must assess its objectives and market context.
The ECJ recalled that "each economic operator must determine independently the policy which he intends to adopt on the common market" and that accordingly:
While it is correct to say that this requirement of independence does not deprive economic operators of the right to adapt themselves intelligently to the existing or anticipated conduct of their competitors, it does, none the less, strictly preclude any direct or indirect contact between such operators by which an undertaking may influence the conduct on the market of its actual or potential competitors or disclose to them its decisions or intentions concerning its own conduct on the market where the object or effect of such contact is to create conditions of competition which do not correspond to the normal conditions of the market in question.
In this case, Dole argued that the communications between the importers concerned only quotation price trends, and that in any event quotation prices were far removed from actual prices. The ECJ dismissed this argument, however. It noted that a concerted practice may amount to an "object" restriction even though there is no direct connection between that practice and consumer prices.
In any event, in this case, the ECJ observed that:
quotation prices were relevant to the market concerned, since, on the one hand, market signals, market trends or indications as to the intended development of banana prices could be inferred from those quotation prices, which were important for the banana trade and the prices obtained and, on the other, in some transactions the actual prices were directly linked to the quotation prices.
The ECJ also held that it was sufficient for the employees involved in the pre-pricing communications to have participated in the internal pricing meetings. They did not need to have had responsibility for price-setting. It was permissible for the Commission to conclude that the pre-pricing communications reduced uncertainty as to each importer's conduct and were therefore unlawful.
The Dole judgment continues a long stream of case-law from the Luxembourg courts that confirms the breadth of Article 101, and provides an important summary of the current state of EU law in this area. Its particular interest lies in its confirmation that the Commission is entitled to assume that even communications on factors relevant to pricing, but that remain some distance removed from market prices or consumer prices, will have an adverse effect on the market and are therefore "object" restrictions.
From that point, the Commission is entitled to assume that competitors will take account of the information exchanged in determining their conduct, and there is no need for it to show an actual effect on competition. Businesses should therefore avoid any sort of communication with competitors in relation to prices or factors relating even indirectly to prices.


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Miracles Are Everywhere
A big event is happening! Thousands of birds from all over the world have gathered to meet Iesodo, but food is scarce and the flocks are getting hungry. Iesodo provides in a way no one could have expected.
The Wind And The Rain
The flock is soaring through the sky on their way back to the Cypress Tree when a sudden storm approaches out of nowhere! Trapped at sea and frightened, they learn that when you have faith, anything is possible.
Iesodo (pronounced Yay-Sa-Doe) and his friends live in the Holy Land, in a beautiful Cypress Tree on the shores of a vast Lake (or as we know it, the Sea of Galilee). These birds are an unlikely group of friends, and though they have their differences, they have one thing in common: since they met Iesodo, their lives have never been the same. Now they're out to spread his message of hope to the entire bird world!
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Four years ago, a high school classmate quietly asked Katie O'Halloran if she could keep a secret. The nature of that confidence shocked O'Halloran, who was 14 at the time.
"That secret was that she planned to commit suicide," O'Halloran said last week. "It blew me away because she was one of those people who seemed to have everything going for them. She made the junior varsity basketball team, she was a starter, she had good grades, a new boyfriend."
O'Halloran, now 18, made her classmate promise to come to school the next day and was relieved when the girl kept her word. Potential tragedy was averted a few hours later, when the girl's parents discovered a disturbing note in her bedroom and rushed her to a hospital for help.
O'Halloran, however, remains haunted by memories of a sleepless night spent wrestling with the knowledge that someone she knew was ready to end her life. "It was a horrible, horrible feeling that I had all night long, not knowing what to do," she said.
Suicide prevention experts hope to provide some answers during a workshop Friday at the California Center for the Arts, Escondido.
U.S. Surgeon General Richard Carmona and Dr. Scott Poland, a National Emergency Assistance Team member and past president of the National Association of School Psychologists, are among the experts scheduled to speak at the daylong event, titled "Youth Suicide & the School Community."
As of Wednesday, nearly 400 teachers, school administrators, health care professionals and others who have regular contact with teenagers had signed up for the event, organized by the nonprofit Community Health Improvement Partners with help from six other community organizations.
The goal is to make those who have regular contact with young people aware of the youth suicide problem and teach them how to identify and reach out to teens who might be thinking of killing themselves, event organizers said.
Touchy subject
Beth Sise, director of research and prevention at Scripps Mercy Hospital's trauma center, said suicide is a topic people generally don't like to talk about. Most would be shocked, however, if they knew how prevalent the problem is, she said.
According to a 10-year study by Community Health Improvement Partners (a partnership of health care organizations, educators and local groups), San Diego County averages about 10.9 suicides for every 100,000 people, or about one suicide a day. The number is the same as that for the entire United States, but higher than the state's rate of 9.5.
And the figures are a far cry from target rate of five suicides per 100,000 people, set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Suicide is the third leading cause of unnatural deaths for 15- to 24-year-olds in San Diego County, according to the study. Suicides in that age group occur about once a month in the county, the study shows.
"I don't think many of us would tolerate (the current rates) if it were some other natural or non-natural cause of death," said Sise, who chairs the partnership's Suicide Prevention Committee.
Surveys designed to measure the extent of teens' risky behavior consistently reveal there are as many as 25 attempted suicides by youths for every one that ends a life, said Carol Skiljan, executive director of the San Diego chapter of Light for Life Foundation, a nonprofit organization that tries to educate people about suicide.
"We are very concerned about that because unsuccessful attempts put that person at risk for completing suicide in the future," she said.
Sise said the fact that suicide is preventable is also distressing. The suicide report identifies depression and substance abuse as common denominators among many of those who commit or attempt suicide.
Although teenagers are among those prone to both conditions, each is treatable. And research shows that those thinking about ending their lives often hint about their plans before following through, Sise said.
"If you look at studies done by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, they found that generally when people look back, they realize that the person was saying goodbye or they reached out in some way," she said. "We found that sometimes people have sort of a visceral (feeling) that, 'Hey, something's wrong here.' But we haven't given them enough info ahead of time to ask the question."
Person-to-person link
O'Halloran, whose classmate confided in her about her suicide plans, said she didn't know the girl well, but sensed she was going through a difficult period when she invited the girl to talk. Even so, O'Halloran, now a student at San Diego State University, said she was unprepared for what she heard.
"I remember this like it was the other day —— it's such a strong image I can't seem to forget," O'Halloran said. "It seemed like the conversation went on for hours when it was really just half an hour."
She got involved in suicide prevention efforts after hearing a presentation by another friend who told the audience that she, too, had once wanted to kill herself. Again, O'Halloran said, the news came as a shock.
"Not knowing what to do in that situation made me want to get involved and understand it better and help other people," she said. "Because it can happen to anyone. It's not just going to be the person in the corner dressed in black and listening to Goth music. It can be the perfect and popular people who seem like they have everything going for them."
O'Halloran is now a teen presenter for the Light for Life Foundation's Yellow Ribbon Suicide Prevention Program, which Skiljan described as "an entry level public health approach" that emphasizes intervention.
The campaign includes distributing business cards that list the phone numbers of local and national crisis hotlines and encourage anyone who might be considering suicide to hand their card to a parent, friend, teacher or counselor, as a cry for help.
The program also urges young people to reach out to fellow teens who may be having difficulties or seem down on life.
" 'Be a link, save a life' is a phrase that we kind of try to get the kids to internalize," Skiljan said. "All of us, regardless of our expertise, can be a link, be a help. But what we're really advocating is that if kids hear something that alarms them, that if somebody confides in them, this is something that you don't keep secret, you confide in an adult."
Spreading the word
The Yellow Ribbon Program has been in full view lately at several North County schools that observed National Suicide Prevention Month in September. At Poway High School, for example, peer counselors posted signs with the reach-out message, passed out Yellow Ribbon cards and answered fellow teens' questions on the subject.
Other North County campuses, including Ramona, Torrey Pines and San Dieguito high schools, have year-round Yellow Ribbon clubs associated with the San Diego chapter, based in Encinitas, Skiljan said.
Nearly every area school district is sending employees to Friday's workshop. The San Diego County Office of Education's Safe Schools Unit is one of the event's sponsors, along with Scripps Mercy Hospital's trauma service department, Palomar Pomerado Health, Paradise Valley Hospital's behavioral health services department, and Adventist Health.
Safe Schools Unit project specialist Ernestine Smith said the reason behind her office's involvement was simple.
"School people care about children," she said. "The more we know, the more we can help."
Skiljan said the workshop's organizers hope those who attend will pass on what they learn to fellow teachers and school administrators, students, parents and others involved with young people. Although some people fear that talking about suicide will give young people the idea of killing themselves, research shows the opposite is true, she said.
"We found out that these kids, once they had this information, it made them feel better," Skiljan said. "And the kids that didn't show symptoms of it, it didn't put thoughts in their heads or anything like that. It showed the importance of getting the information out ahead of time, before something happens."
Access & Crisis 1-800-479-3339
National Suicide Hot Line 1-800-SUICIDE (784-2433)
Suicide risk factors
Substance abuse
Prior attempt
Poor school connection
Parenting problems
Major warning signs that someone may be suicidal
Talking about or threatening suicide
Recent disappointment or loss
Withdrawal or sudden change in behavior
Giving away possessions
Source: Community Health Improvement Partners' Suicide Prevention Committee
Contact staff writer Andrea Moss at (760) 739-6654 or email@example.com .


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To assess trends in the use of antidepressants among young suicides after the warning that these drugs might increase the risk of suicide.
To assess trends in the use of antidepressants among young suicides after the warning that these drugs might increase the risk of suicide.
Individual data of all 845 suicides in the 10- to 19-year age group in Sweden in the time period 1992–2003 (baseline), and in 2004–2010 (after the warning). Outcome data are prescriptions of antidepressants prior to death and detections of antidepressants in post-mortem toxicology.
After the warning, suicide in this age group increased for five consecutive years (60.5%). The increase occurred among individuals not treated with antidepressants.
This study provides further support for the hypothesis that the warning, contrary to its intention, may have increased young suicides by leaving a number of suicidal young persons without treatment with antidepressants.
In 2003, signals from randomized controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) suggested that these drugs might increase the risk of suicide in young persons. Both American and European authorities therefore issued warnings for the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviour (suicidality) in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications, and in 2004, it was decided that each package of antidepressants had to carry such a warning in a 'black box' [1]. In the USA, this resulted in a prompt decrease in the use of antidepressants among the younger age groups [2-5]. Similar decreases were also reported in Canada and UK [6, 7].
In 2007, reports were published indicating that the suicide warnings might have been counterproductive, because young suicides in USA showed a sudden 14% increase (girls 33%) in 2004, after previously having been continuously decreasing since 1988 [3, 7, 8]. This negative association on the ecological level between the use of antidepressants and the incidence of suicide does not however allow conclusions to be drawn regarding causality. It is not known whether the increase in suicide had occurred among persons treated with antidepressants or among persons who were not treated. Such knowledge is a prerequisite for an interpretation that the reason for the increase in suicide was that a number of depressed and suicide-prone young persons were not taking antidepressant medication due to the 'black box'.
Because suicide among young persons in Sweden had also increased since 2003, we decided to test the hypothesis that this increase had occurred in individuals who were not treated with antidepressants. The rationale for the hypothesis was that depression is the main risk factor for suicide and consequently that, if depression is treated to a lesser degree, the population at risk of suicide will increase and ultimately also the occurrence of suicide.
In the Swedish population, there are about 1.1 million persons in the 10- to 19-year age group.
The National Board of Forensic Medicine provided toxicological data relating to all individual suicide cases aged 10–19 years in the period 1992–2010 (N = 845). Apparently unnatural deaths in Sweden are investigated by forensic pathologists. Their investigation leads to a conclusion as to whether the cause of death was homicide, suicide, accident or natural. In some cases, the cause of death cannot be determined. If investigated further, the majority of these undetermined cases are often found to be probable suicides, mostly because of poisoning [9]. Such undetermined cases may preferably be considered to be suicides and are so in the present study (15.4%). A routine procedure in these forensic investigations is to search for foreign substances in the body. All such toxicological analyses are performed at the same laboratory in Linköping, Sweden. In the analyses, around 200 substances are screened for. All antidepressants can be detected at therapeutic concentration levels. We consider in this study individuals in whom an antidepressant is detected in toxicology as 'treated' and the other as 'untreated'. The date of the forensic investigation was considered as the date of death.
The Swedish Board of Health and Welfare provided aggregated data on the annual use of antidepressants in the 10- to 19-year age group in 1999–2010. These data originate from sales on prescription in Swedish pharmacies regarding all specific antidepressant medications. The volume unit is defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants per day (DDD/TIND). Each medication has a specific defined daily dose corresponding to a 'normal' dosage of the drug (e.g. 1 DDD of fluoxetine is 20 mg, while 1 DDD of sertraline is 50 mg), and this facilitates the summation of drugs of different strengths.
Since 1 July 2005, all prescriptions filled at Swedish pharmacies have been registered in an individual-based database run by the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare, from which it was possible to retrieve individual-level medication data for the period 2006–2010. The registered variables include the patient's personal identification number, which permitted linkage to the toxicology data, the ATC code of the prescribed drug, the amount purchased in defined daily doses, the date of purchase and other variables that are not considered in this analysis. We calculated from these a variable regarding dispensation in the last 6 months prior to suicide.
The three parameters we studied were the use of antidepressants in the population, the number of suicides in the population and the use of antidepressants in individual suicides. As age has been an important variable in the question of antidepressant-induced suicidality, we separately analysed the relatively few suicides in the 10- to 14-year age group.
The study period was divided into the baseline time period before the warnings for an increased risk of suicidality 1992–2002, and the outcome period 2003–2010.
The statistical procedures included Poisson regression for trends and the comparison of trends. If not otherwise specified, one-sided tests were considered, because it was an a priori-hypothesized, and actual, increase in suicide that should be tested. Chi-squared test was used for comparing the rates of suicide in the two periods.
During this period, the use of antidepressants in the population aged 10–19 years increased from 3.5 DDD/TIND in 1999 to 7.3 DDD/TIND in 2002 (Fig. 1, Table 1).
|Use of AD
|Dispensed AD
|Disp >1 AD
|AD in Tox
|Suicide rate
|Persons TIN
|1 028 115
|1 017 036
|1 011 206
|1 008 609
|1 013 995
|1 025 041
|1 046 252
|1 067 667
|1 095 616
|1 126 169
|1 154 616
|1 177 805
|1 192 801
|1 194 124
|1 188 705
|1 177 218
|1 158 093
|1 135 819
|1 106 119
In the whole period, there were 407 cases of suicide (16.2% undetermined cases). The annual numbers varied in the range from 29 to 47 without any obvious trend (P = 0.18, two-sided test). Antidepressants were detected in post-mortem toxicology in 0–4 of these individual suicides per year.
Among the 52 cases in the 10- to 14-year age group, antidepressants were detected in toxicology in only one case during the whole period, and it was uncertain whether suicide or accident.
During this period, there was an obvious change in the use of antidepressants. The steeply increasing trend from the previous period was broken, and the use remained at the 2003 level during the following 3 years (7.9, 8.0, 8.1 and 8.1 DDD TIND, respectively, in 2003–2006). From 2007, the use of antidepressants again increased and had increased to 11.8 DDD TIND in 2010. From 2006, individual-based prescription data were available. These show that the DDD TIND data, based on sold volumes of antidepressants, corresponded to the actual treatment prevalence of 1.1% of the population in 2006 and 1.5% in 2010.
Suicides increased from 43 cases in 2003 to 69 cases (60.5%) in 2008 (P = 0.0037). In 2009 and 2010, however, suicides decreased.
We defined 1992–2002 as period 1 and 2003–2009 as period 2 and performed Poisson regression analyses with the number of either suicide or certain suicides as the dependent variable and calendar year, period, and the interaction between year and period as independent variables. The interaction, estimating the difference in trend between period 1 and period 2, was significant regarding the certain suicides (P = 0.045). When including the undetermined cases, the interaction did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.058).
In a second Poisson regression analysis with the number of suicides with antidepressants detected in toxicology as the dependent variable and calendar year, period, population, use of antidepressants (DDD TIND), and the interactions between year and period as independent variables, the interaction was not significant (P = 0.36), not even if the undetermined cases were excluded (P = 0.30).
The cumulative number of suicides was 407 in the eleven years 1992–2002 and 438 in the 8 years 2003–2010, and the respective cumulative populations were 11 594 322 and 9 330 684 (person-years). Thus, compared with the rate in 1992–2002 (3.5 per 100 000), the suicide rate in 2003–2010 (4.7 per 100 000) was increased by 33.7% (chi-square 17.7, df = 1, P < 0.001). The average number of suicides in which antidepressants were detected by toxicology was 1.7 cases per year in 1992–2002 and 7.4 cases per year in 2003–2010.
The individual-based prescription data revealed that 61 (20.1%) of the 295 individuals who had committed suicide during 2006–2010 had been prescribed an antidepressant in the 6 months prior to suicide. Forty-one (67%) of these individuals had made more than one purchase, indicating actual compliance [10]. In 36 (59%) of those who had made at least one purchase, the purchased antidepressant was detected by toxicology (i.e. 12.2% of all 295 cases).
There were 35 suicides in the 10- to 14-year age group in 2004–2010, but in only one case was an antidepressant detected by toxicology (fluoxetine). From the cases for whom individual prescription data were available (2006–2010), it was further revealed that another child had made two purchases of sertraline on prescription, but this drug was not found in the toxicological investigation.
This is a study of all cases of suicide in the 10- to 19-year age group in Sweden during 1992–2010. It includes objective data showing whether or not the persons had taken antidepressant medication immediately prior to death. This information is highly relevant in attempts to determine the possible effects of antidepressant medication on suicide. To our knowledge, this is the first study where the exposure to antidepressants in suicides is estimated both by prescriptions ante-mortem and by toxicology post-mortem. Furthermore, both sets of data are obtained from databases covering the whole Swedish population.
We found that the warnings for a possible antidepressant-induced risk of suicidality were followed not only by a distinct halting of the previous rapidly increasing trend in the use of antidepressants among children and adolescents, but also by a remarkable increase in suicide. The inclusion of the undetermined cases somewhat diluted this change in trend, which was expected because this category may also comprise other causes of death, foremost accidents, as well as suicides. The main finding of this study is, however, that this increase occurred in individuals who had been neither prescribed nor taking antidepressants, confirming the study hypothesis. At the most, in 2008, the number of suicides was 69 compared with 43 in 2003. The subset of suicides with antidepressants detected in toxicology was, however, only two more cases in 2008 than in 2003. In the separate analysis of suicides under the age of 15 years, antidepressants were detected in only two cases during the whole 19-year study period. Regarding suicides of individuals aged 10–14 years, it can, due to the few cases, only be concluded that antidepressant-induced suicidality appears not to have been part of the causation.
This result contradicts the rationale for the 'black box' that antidepressant treatment might be a risk factor leading to suicide in children or in adolescents. The 2.1-fold increase in the use of antidepressants during 1999–2002 was not paralleled by any significant change in the annual number of suicides.
There is a possibility that the increase in suicide was caused by other factors than lack of treatment with antidepressants, but to our knowledge, no such alternative causal factor has been proposed. By demonstrating that the increase in suicide occurred among individuals who were not treated with antidepressants, however, this study goes one step beyond the correlation in time on the ecological level. It, therefore, provides further support for the conclusion that the increase in suicide after the 'black box' was actually a result of the limited prescribing of antidepressants thereafter. The fact that the study was a test of an a priori hypothesis based on a plausible biological mechanism and that it is consistent with previous US and Canadian findings also lends support to this interpretation. The effect of the 'black box' seems, however, to have come to an end in 2007, because the steeply increasing trend in the use of antidepressants then recovered. Thereafter, the annual number of suicides decreased and in 2010 approached prewarning levels. Therefore, we find it sound to exclude 2010 from the Poisson analyses of trends.
There is, however, also a trend over the two decades for antidepressants to be more often detected in the toxicology of suicides. This is to be expected regardless of any influence of antidepressants on the risk of suicide, as the use of antidepressants in the population increased by 240% between 1999 and 2010. As a consequence, the number of failed treatments must have increased because antidepressant medication is not 100% effective. We have actually in a previous study shown that the increase is far less than expected, and we have interpreted this as evidence for a suicide-preventive effect of antidepressants [11]. Actually, any drug that becomes more common in the population must also be become more common among suicides. Our estimation of treatment from toxicology is an overestimation, however, because the prescription data for the period 2006–2010 showed that not all individuals with antidepressants in toxicology had been dispensed an antidepressant. Thus, the portion of treated suicides was in fact even smaller than that on which we based our conclusion.
It might somewhat obscure the correlation in time that the use of antidepressants after the warnings in 2003 did not decrease but became stationary and started to increase again already in 2007. A probable explanation for this is that depressed young people do not form a homogeneous group. Some might, for example, have expressed suicidal thoughts and others not. The readiness of physicians to prescribe antidepressants to children and adolescents in these two categories might have differed. The warnings in 2003 might have prompted a rapid withdrawal of the medication in young depressed patients with overt suicidal ideation, resulting in an immediate increase in suicide, while the prescribing to children and adolescents not expressing suicidality or judged not to be at risk might have been relatively unaffected by the 'black box'.
Our result is consistent with the time series analyses of Gibbons et al. and Bridge et al. in the USA and by Katz et al. in Canada [3, 7, 8]. They all demonstrated prominent increases in suicide after the black box. Several cross-sectional studies further demonstrate that suicide in young people is not associated with treatment with antidepressants, but with no treatment. Jick et al. [12] analysed all individuals in the UK General Practice Research Database who in 1993–1999 were prescribed one of the antidepressants fluoxetine, paroxetine, amitriptyline or dothiepin. Among the 6976 studied in the 10- to 19-year age group, none had committed suicide during the study period (at least 2 years) and the risk of non-fatal suicidal behaviour decreased continuously during antidepressant treatment. Leon et al. investigated youth suicides in New York City in 1993–1998 and 1999–2002[13, 14]. They found 66 and 41 cases, respectively, below the age of 18. Toxicological analyses were carried out in 58 and 36 of them, and among these, antidepressants were found in four and one case respectively (6.9% and 2.8%). Leon et al. further investigated prospectively 757 mood disorder patients with 6716 time periods being either exposed to an antidepressant or not exposed during a time period of up to 27 years. They found that, although those with more severe affective syndromes were more likely to initiate treatment, antidepressants were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of suicidal behaviour [15]. Moskos et al. [16] found no antidepressants in the toxicology of 49 suicide cases aged 13–21 in Utah in 1996–1998. Sondergard et al. [17] found in a Danish nationwide prescription database that 'Among 42 suicides nationally aged 10–17 years at death, none was treated with SSRIs within 2 weeks prior to suicide'. Dudley et al. [18] found in six studies that 9 of 574 (1.6%) adolescent suicides had recent exposure to SSRIs. We have previously demonstrated with toxicological evidence that SSRIs were less associated with young suicides than were other antidepressants [19].
In England and Wales, Wheeler et al. [20] found no association between the notable reduction in the prescription of antidepressants after the black box and changes in suicide in the 12- to 17-year age group. This is at variance with our Swedish findings, but does not support the rationale for the 'black box'. Wheeler et al. [21] also investigated suicide rates in 23 countries during the period from 1990 to 2006 and concluded that there was no evidence for a change in trend in relation to the time for the warnings, although suicide in young women had increased by 8.1%. The study had, however, no data on the use of antidepressants in the different countries. It might also be that girls more than boys were actually vulnerable for the decrease in prescribing as the US data indicate [3]. This study thus does not contradict our results. Hammad et al. [22] concluded from a meta-analysis that the use of antidepressants in paediatric patients is associated with a modestly increased risk of suicidality. This might be true if it is accepted that 'suicidality' is not necessarily a risk factor for suicide, which the term unfortunately implies. The TADS showed a two-fold risk of 'harm-related events' but not 'suicide-related' in the children treated with fluoxetine compared with those without antidepressants [23].
Whittington et al. [24] meta-analysed data from RCTs of SSRIs in the 5- to 18-year age group and concluded that, with the exception for fluoxetine, SSRIs had 'unfavourable risk-benefit profiles', and particularly so when including data from non-published trials in the meta-analysis. This conclusion was based on the limited evidence for antidepressants being effective against paediatric depression. The scarcity of evidence of efficacy may be due to the many weaknesses in the way RCTs are actually conducted, which is far from the ideal experimental situation [25-27]. These weaknesses decrease the probabilities of demonstrating possible effects of antidepressant drugs because of a statistical type II error (i.e. the statistical power is insufficient). Gibbons et al. recently reanalysed 20 RCTs of fluoxetine or venlafaxine, however, and found that both were more effective in young people than they were in older patients and without evidence of increased suicide risk [28, 29]. Recently, it has also been demonstrated that shortcomings of the universally used Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) further increase the risk of false-negative results (type II error; [30]). Because 'efficacy not demonstrated' is not the same as 'non-efficacy demonstrated', antidepressant medication in depressed children and adolescents might be more beneficial than it appears to be in RCTs. To our knowledge, no study has presented empirical evidence confirming an inference from the RCTs that antidepressants might increase the risk of suicide in youth, although Ghaemi et al. [31], based on several assumptions, recently estimated that 'antidepressants can be said to be, at the population level, neutral in their effects on suicide'.
The strength of this study is that it included all young suicides in Sweden during the eleven years before the warnings for increased risk of suicidality and the 8 years thereafter. Individual data on prescriptions of antidepressants and post-mortem toxicology were available, as well as reliable data on the use of antidepressants in the whole Swedish population. It is a limitation that observational study cannot establish causality, and this study goes only one step beyond ecological study when illuminating the actual use of antidepressants among young suicides.
Youth suicide increased remarkably in Sweden in the 5 years after the 'black box' warnings. The cause of this increase cannot be determined. The fact that the increase in suicide occurred in young persons without antidepressant medication, however, is consistent with our hypothesis that these truly suicidal persons might have been denied antidepressants, or abstained from them, due to the 'black box' and then committed suicide because of untreated depression. Thus, the study supports the notion that antidepressants prevent suicide in youth and contradicts the rationale for the 'black box'. The prevalence of antidepressant treatment is still low in young persons compared with the prevalence of depression. It is a prospectively testable hypothesis that increasing treatment with antidepressants would correspond with further decreasing numbers of suicides. As antidepressant treatment is not 100% effective, however, a greater proportion of the persons who commit suicide would be expected to have antidepressants present post-mortem.
Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council are acknowledged for providing funding (ALF grants). Ulf Brodin, MSc in Medical Statistics, at the Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), is acknowledged for statistical advice.


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questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
Hi, I've never been to to this board so just a quick introduction. My name is Courtney, I'm 29 1/2 weeks pregnant with my second child, 1st I had 4th degree tearing, didn't heal correctly, had to have reconstructive surgery 5 months later. I will be having a planned c-section around week 39 this time around.
I always think the worst and I know a lot of my anxiety comes from all the complications I had during my daughter's delivery, plus reconstructive surgery after!
My question is to anyone who has had a planned c-section.
1. Were you sick with fear beforehand? I know I'll need some meds to calm me down before I'm rolled into be sliced open. I could use some right now to calm me down, can't imagine what the day of will be like for me.
2. What was recovery like for you? I know I'm not going to feel awesome shortly after but I'm just wondering how long it takes to get back to some sort of normalcy, like getting up and down with little problem/pain, running to the grocery store, fixing dinner, going to the mall/zoo etc. I know recovery time is several weeks before I'll actually feel pretty good but just curious about your experience.
3. Is there anything you can do to help healing along? A lot of people have been telling me to get up and move as soon as I can and to walk as much as possible.
Nothing out of the ordinary please! Just normal non eventful c-sections lol I'm already freaking out, I don't need to hear horror stories to freak me out more! :) :)
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
Hi. My c-section was unplanned, but also not exactly emergency. (I was diagnosed with pre-e, so not in labor, but also not prepared to have a baby that day.)
Pre-e and premature birth aside, I would consider the c-section to be non-eventful. I had a spinal tap, which was fine. I used my natural birth breathing techniques for that, and I would definitely recommend practicing some sort of relaxation/breathing techniques now if you plan to have a spinal tap. It took a while to complete and I found it to be a very uncomfortable procedure. Especially if you're anxious now. Sitting and breathing, relaxing your shoulders, relaxing your belly, these will help with that moment.
The surgery itself was fine. I could feel them tugging and at one point could have sworn someone had climbed up on top of me and was digging her knee in to get some leverage. That didn't happen, but that's what it felt like. I could also follow all of the hospital gossip... for a provincial hospital it was a lot more like an episode of Grey's Anatomy than I expected! Being awake during the procedure turned out to be oddly cool.
You can't drive for 10 days afterwards, so plan for that. I was grateful for the five day hospital stay because I needed a little extra time to get my bearings afterward... not so much for the surgery but because of the pre-e and my kid was in the NICU and because I had nursing issues. If you feel comfortable taking the painkillers afterward, talk to your doctor about how they might affect you and BF'ing if you're doing that, but if you take them, take them on schedule. I got behind schedule and felt it right away.
I felt physically pretty well about six or seven days afterward. I definitely recommend plenty of walking as soon as you can, and the regular stuff that you need when you have a new baby (eating well, drinking water, etc.).
In all, I would seriously consider a planned c-section again. I had to grieve my hopes for a natural child birth, but now that I'm over that, I will bring up a serious talk about the possibility of a planned c-section if I get pregnant again.
Best of luck, and remember to breathe.
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
Thanks Dee!!
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
It is totally normal to have fear before a csection. I have had 4 back to back c sections with about 1yr-1 1/2 yrs in between them. So i will share my experience. I will leave out the few issues I did have, but to answer your Q's...
I was always nervous when it came time to it. and they can give you meds like you said tohelp with that but have faith in your docs team and know that most go very well. Try doing some relaxation before. I was put under GA for all of mine so I dont have any thing to say as far as the actual section. I did have my baby with my right after I came out of recovery and up to my room.
Each recovery is different. Depending on how things go and what type of anesthiea you use ect. but I agree with getting up and moving the same day as your section. It will help you later. You can ask for pain meds to help with any pain if you have it.
You dont want to do any lifting if you can avoid it. I have 8 kids so especially after my last 3 sections, I didnt have a choice but to get things done. I was cooking and cleaning that week. Cooking light meals after I came home. If you can get help, take it. I took pain meds and that helped out alot. You can pre cook freezer meals ect help also. But if you can take your time in your recovery and dont do/go things/places if not really needed, this will allow your body to heal.
I wish you a great delivery and fast recovery!
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
i was terrified before my c-section. i was planning a vaginal delivery and had half an hr to mentally prepare myself after i was told i'd be getting a c-section due to my daughter being breeched. the surgery itself went great. it was very uneventful, thank god! but recovery is hell. they will tell you to start getting up several hours after the surgery, once the medicine wears off. they kept me in the hospital for 48 hrs and sent me home with oxycodone and ibuprofen. i personally didn't take the oxycodone once i got home. not so much because i wasn't in pain, but more because i am too paranoid about using it. i just don't want to go there with certain medications.
the worst of the pain lasted about a week and gradually went away over the next 5-7 weeks. i was able to get up and walk around, get out of the house a little bit, but you aren't supposed to really get back to any normal activities until 6-8 weeks post partum, and i definitely wouldn't suggest trying to get by with any sooner. it's major surgery and so many things can go wrong if you don't follow the drs orders with recovery.
i do agree with getting up and moving around as soon as possible though because it really did help me a lot.
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
My first one was planned because my daughter was breech. It was GREAT. I was sick with worry. The anesthesiologist told me he had it easier taking his med school exams than answering my questions :) I was rolled in to the OR at 11am and my daughter was born at 11:29. 4 hours later I was walking the halls and begging the nurces to go home (we have a policy of 4 days in the hospital). I felt great, didn't take anything beyond extra strength tylenol and advil. Of course i was uncomfortable but it was much better than what I anticipated.
Honestly compared to an unplanned csection with 22 hours of labour I felt great after the planned one. It took a good 2 weeks to be able to straighten my back completely but at 4 weeks I was dancing away at a sister in law's wedding :)
Absolutely get up and moving as soon as the nurses allow you. Its not pleasant but it will make the world of difference in your recovery. The sooner you will get up the less swelling there will be and the recovery will be easier.
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
hey there, i had a 4th tear with my first as well, and as you know, recovery was AWFUL. i didn't have to have any further surgery, so i can only imagine how bad it was for you :(
i had a scheduled c-section with my second (which was good, she was 10lbs!) and i will be having another c-section with this baby (in december). i can say honestly, i was terrified before hand, but afterwards (and during really) i was thrilled with what an amazing experience it was compared to birth #1. i don' think anyone that hasn't had major tearing after birth can really appreciate how awful it is.
so to answer your questions (and feel free to message me if you want to talk more! it's so nice to find peopel that have been through similar situations...)
1. Were you sick with fear beforehand?
Like I said, terrified. I have a fear of throwing up, so I made sure I talked with the anethesia woman about medicine she could add if I felt sick. She was great and talked me through everything. I found that while I was lying down and just waiting it helped to keep talking to my husband- I also remember moving my hands and tapping my fingers together constantly just to make sure I could still feel my body and breathe!
2. What was recovery like for you?
I know that when I came home from the hospital (4 days later) I felt pretty decent, though I was still on meds. By the time I was home a week I was off meds and the major pain was gone, though I still was very careful going up and down stairs and picking things up. Though the recovery could be painful, it was nothing like the long drawn out recovery from the tear. I would say the c-section was a bit more intense but for a much shorter time.
3. Is there anything you can do to help healing along?
Yes. WALK WALK WALK. You're going to look at them like they're crazy when they tell you to sit up and swing your legs over the side of the bed when you feel like you'll never move again, but it helps. Each time you get out of bed it's easier and easier.
I've also heard that each night you're in the hospital, trying to lay your bed a little flatter so that you get used to sleeping in a "normal" bed like you have at home. I didn't do that and I got used to sleeping sitting up which was more difficult at home.
Easier said than done, especially when it's so new, but try to relax. Having been through both types of birth, I have no qualms about this next c-section while the thought of a vaginal birth sends me into an anxiety attack! The thing I'm most dreading is the antacid drink they give you beforehand, which is kind of ridiculous, cause it's harmless!
Good luck, let me know if you want any other info,
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
I just had a csection 3 weeks ago for my second LO. My first baby was a vaginal delivery and it was hell. Lots of tearing, no control over my bladder for months after, tons of pain, horrid recovery. The csection I just had was a breeze!
I was told the night before that I was having it so yeah I was completely freaking out. I even crept into my daughters room and snuggled her the whole night just in case something went wrong when I went in. The dr even gave me ativan and it didnt do much. I was terrified.
The actual csection was a breeze, my milk came in the next day even though they said it would take longer than a vag birth, I never took anything stronger than tylenol ever, and I was up and showering about 12 hours after the surgery.
By day 6 I was completely off the tylenol and here at 3 weeks I feel like nothing happened. I will absolutely choose a csection for any future babies.....the recovery was so much easier! Good luck and Ill be thinking about you on the 20th!
Re: questions about c-sections....1st c-section timer here!
I have experienced two planned c sections and did not have trouble with either one. I did have anxiety before the first but was able to really trust my ob gyn. She was very re-assuring. I had an epidural, which I strongly recommend-no "tough guy" act-pain is pain and I want none of it! Both babies were absolutely beautiful because they were spared the stress of the birth canal. I would definitely go this route again.
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Is there a track for 39-408?
A handy person from Oakland CA says:
September 7, 2015
Dave Sr. from SWISCO responded:
September 9, 2015
The 39-408 is a very old style operator and I don't believe too many parts once associated with it are still available. If you could, send us some photos of the operator you have along with any other parts that are related to it, especially the track. This could help us recommend what parts you need, or at the very least a working substitute.