text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 11, 2006
|Filing date
|Dec 21, 2004
|Priority date
|Mar 15, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James B. Johnson, Feng D. Lin
|Original Assignee
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (15), Classifications (40), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/809,608, filed on Mar. 15, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,895,522.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to memory devices and, more particularly, to a duty cycle distortion compensation scheme for the output data of a memory device, such as a double-data rate (DDR) dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device.
2. Description of the Related Art
This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art which may be related to various aspects of the present invention which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
Microprocessor-controlled integrated circuits are used in a wide variety of applications. Such applications include personal computers, vehicle control systems, telephone networks, and a host of consumer products. As is well known, microprocessors are essentially generic devices that perform specific functions under the control of a software program. This program is stored in a memory device which is coupled to the microprocessor. Not only does the microprocessor access memory devices to retrieve the program instructions, but it also stores and retrieves data created during execution of the program in one or more memory devices.
There are a variety of different memory devices available for use in microprocessor-based systems. The type of memory device chosen for a specific function within a microprocessor-based system generally depends upon which features of the memory are best suited to perform the particular function. Memory manufacturers provide an array of innovative fast memory chips for various applications, including Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAM), which are lower in cost but have slower data rates, and Static Random Access Memories (SRAM), which are more costly but offer higher data rates. Although both DRAMs and SRAMs are making significant gains in speed and bandwidth, even the fastest memory devices cannot match the speed requirements of most microprocessors. Regardless of the type of memory, the solution for providing adequate memory bandwidth depends on system architecture, the application requirements, and the processor, all of which help determine the best memory type for a given application. Limitations on speed include delays in the chip, the package, and the system. Thus, significant research and development has been devoted to finding faster ways to access memory and to reduce or hide latency associated with memory accesses.
Because microprocessor technology enables current microprocessors to operate faster than current memory devices, circuit techniques for increasing the speed of memory devices are often implemented. For example, one type of memory device, which can contribute to increased processing speeds in the computer system, is a Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM). An SDRAM differs from a standard DRAM in that the SDRAM includes input and output latches to hold information from and for the processor under control (i.e., synchronous with) the system clock. Because input information (i.e., addresses, data, and controls signals) is latched, the processor may safely perform other tasks while waiting for the SDRAM to finish its task, thereby reducing processor wait states. After a predetermined number of clock cycles during which the SDRAM is processing the processor's request, the processor may return to the SDRAM and obtain the requested information from the output latches.
A technique for increasing the speed of an SDRAM is to implement a Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM. In a Double Data Rate (DDR) memory device, the data transfer rate is twice that of a regular memory device, because the DDR's input/output data can be strobed twice for every clock cycle. That is, data is sent on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal rather than just the rising edge of the clock signal as in typical Single Data Rate (SDR) systems.
As data rates are increased to meet the demands of today's high-speed processing systems, distortion in the data output caused by the switching of components within the memory device may become more significant. Duty cycle distortion caused by the data output registers and latches of the data output of a DDR DRAM can be particularly problematic as data rates increase. Because data is read from the DDR DRAM on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, two data output windows (or "eyes") during which valid data may be read at the output pin of the DRAM occur for each cycle of the clock. If the data output latch distorts the duty cycle of the output data, the size of the windows during which data is valid may be significantly reduced, thus potentially leading to loss of data or reading of incorrect data as data rates increase.
Such duty cycle distortion may result from differences in processing parameters and other processing variations which occur with respect to the different types of components in the output latches and drivers. Additional factors, such as ambient temperature and voltage variations also contribute to duty cycle distortion. As a result, differences in slew rates between p-and n-channel output devices, differences in the mobility of holes in p-channel devices and the mobility of electrons in n-channel devices, variations in voltage levels applied to the various devices, and so forth, all can contribute to significant data duty cycle distortion. Processing variations may be compensated by post-production tuning to adjust for the differences between the p-and n-channel devices. Such a solution, however, is time-consuming and must be performed separately for each memory device, and cannot compensate for differences, such as ambient temperature and voltage variations, that may occur during actual operation of the device.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide a memory device having a circuit which actively compensates for output data duty-cycle distortion during operation of the memory device. Such a circuit could eliminate or reduce post-production tuning, while potentially more accurately responding to and compensating for the duty-cycle distortion caused by the output latch of the memory device.
The present invention thus may address one or more of the problems set forth above.
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual implementation may be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions are made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
Turning now to the drawings, and referring initially to
The device 10 typically includes a power supply 14. For instance, if the device 10 is portable, the power supply 14 would advantageously include permanent batteries, replaceable batteries, and/or rechargeable batteries. The power supply 14 may also include an A/C adapter, so that the device may be plugged into a wall outlet, for instance. In fact, the power supply 14 may also include a D/C adapter, so that the device 10 may be plugged into a vehicle's cigarette lighter, for instance.
Various other devices may be coupled to the processor 12, depending upon the functions that the device 10 performs. For instance, a user interface 16 may be coupled to the processor 12. The user interface 16 may include an input device, such as buttons, switches, a keyboard, a light pin, a mouse, and/or a voice recognition system, for instance. A display 18 may also be coupled to the processor 12. The display 18 may include an LCD display, a CRT, LEDs, and/or an audio display. Furthermore, an RF subsystem/baseband processor 20 may also be coupled to the processor 12. The RF subsystem/baseband processor 20 may include an antenna that is coupled to an RF receiver and to an RF transmitter (not shown). A communication port 22 may also be coupled to the processor 12. The communication port 22 may be adapted to be coupled to a peripheral device 24, such as a modem, a printer, or a computer, for instance, or to a network, such as a local area network or the Internet.
Because the processor 12 controls the functioning of the device 10 generally under the control of software programming, memory is coupled to the processor 12 to store and facilitate execution of the software program. For instance, the processor 12 may be coupled to volatile memory 26, which may include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), Double Data Rate (DDR) memory, etc. The processor 12 may also be coupled to non-volatile memory 28. The non-volatile memory 28 may include a read only memory (ROM), such as an EPROM or Flash Memory, to be used in conjunction with the volatile memory. The size of the ROM is typically selected to be just large enough to store any necessary operating system, application programs, and fixed data. The volatile memory, on the other hand, is typically quite large so that it can store dynamically loaded applications. Additionally, the non-volatile memory 28 may include a high capacity memory such as a disk drive, tape drive memory, CD ROM drive, DVD, read/write CD ROM drive, and/or a floppy disk drive.
The volatile memory 26 may include a number of SDRAMs which implement DDR technology. As mentioned previously, the SDRAM differs from a DRAM in that the SDRAM is controlled synchronously with a timing source, such as the system clock. To accomplish synchronous control, latches are used to provide data and other information on the inputs and outputs of the SDRAM. Thus, for example, for a read operation, the processor may visit a data output latch a predetermined number of clock cycles after issuing the read request. The predetermined number of clock cycles corresponds to the amount of time needed to access the requested data, move the data to the output latch, and allow the data to stabilize. The data is clocked out of the output latch synchronous with the system clock which provides the timing source for the processor. Synchronization of the data read from the output latch with the system clock generally is implemented via a delay lock loop (DLL) circuit, as will be discussed in detail below. In general, the DLL locks the data output signal to the system clock by shifting the DLL output clock signal in time such that the data clocked out of the SDRAM by the DLL is generally aligned with the system clock. Thus, the DLL can compensate for timing delays introduced by various components in the SDRAM.
Write operations also are performed synchronous with a timing source, such as the system clock or other externally provided timing source. Thus, data may be clocked into an input latch and written to the memory array under control of a write clock provided from the external device which is performing the write operation. Delay lock loops also may be implemented to synchronize write data with the write clock.
Turning now to
Control, address, and data information provided over a memory bus are represented by individual inputs to the DDR SDRAM 100. These individual representations are illustrated by a databus 102, address lines 104 and various discrete lines directed to control logic 106. As is known in the art, the SDRAM 100 includes a memory array 110 which comprises rows and columns of addressable memory cells. Each memory cell in a row is coupled to a word line. Additionally, each memory cell in a column is coupled to a bit line. Each cell in the memory array 110 typically includes a storage capacitor and an access transistor as is conventional in the art.
The SDRAM 100 interfaces with, for example, a microprocessor 12 through address lines 104 and data lines 102. Alternatively, the SDRAM 100 may interface with a SDRAM controller, a microcontroller, a chip set, or other electronic system. The microprocessor 12 also may provide a number of control signals to the SDRAM 100. Such signals may include row and column address strobe signals RAS/ and CAS/, a write enable signal WE/, a clock enable signal CKE, and other conventional control signals. The control logic 106 controls the many available functions of the SDRAM 100. In addition, various other control circuits and signals not detailed herein contribute to the SDRAM 100 operation as known to of ordinary skill in the art.
A row address buffer 112 and a row decoder 114 receive and decode row addresses from row address signals provided on the address lines 104. Each unique row address corresponds to a row of cells in the memory array 110. The row decoder 114 typically includes a word line driver, an address decoder tree, and circuitry which translates a given row address received from row address buffers 112 and selectively activates the appropriate word line of the memory array 110 via the word line drivers.
A column address buffer 116 and a column decoder 118 receive and decode column address signals provided on the address lines 104. The column decoder 118 also determines when a column is defective and the address of a replacement column. The column decoder 118 is coupled to sense amplifiers 120. The sense amplifiers 120 are coupled to complementary pairs of bit lines of the memory array 110.
The sense amplifiers 120 are coupled to data-in (i.e., write) circuitry 122 and data-out (i.e., read) circuitry 124. The data-in circuitry 122 and the data-out circuitry 124 include data drivers and latches, such as edge-triggered latches, edge-triggered flip-flops, and so forth, as will be discussed in detail below. During a write operation, the data bus 102 provides data to the data-in circuitry 122. The sense amplifier 120 receives data from the data-in circuitry 122 and stores the data in the memory array 110 as a charge on a capacitor of a cell at an address specified on the address line 104. In one embodiment, the data bus 102 is an 8-bit data bus carrying data at 400 MHz or higher.
During a read operation, the DDR SDRAM 100 transfers data to the microprocessor 12 from the memory array 110. Complementary bit lines for the accessed cell are equilibrated during a precharge operation to a reference voltage provided by an equilibration circuit and a reference voltage supply. The charge stored in the accessed cell is then shared with the associated bit lines. The sense amplifier 120 detects and amplifies a difference in voltage between the complementary bit lines. Address information received on address lines 104 selects a subset of the bit lines and couples them to complementary pairs of input/output (I/O) wires or lines. The I/O wires pass the amplified voltage signals to the data-out circuitry 124 and eventually out to the data bus 102.
Turning now to
Similar to the data-in circuitry 122, the data-out circuitry 124 includes a data driver 206 to drive data out onto the data bus 102 in response to a read request directed to the memory array 110, a data latch 208 to latch the read data until driven onto the data bus 102, and a parallel-to-serial converter 210 to convert the data read from the memory array 110 and transmitted on a wide bus (e.g., a 64-bit bus) to a narrower bus (e.g., a 8-bit bus). The timing source for the data latch 208 is provided by the DLL 126, which provides a shifted clock signal (CLKOUT) having an appropriate timing relationship with respect to the system clock (XCLK), such that the output data signal (DATA) on the data bus 102 is locked to, or synchronous with, the system clock. As discussed in detail below, the shifted clock signal CLKOUT also is distorted to compensate for the output data duty cycle distortion introduced by the data latch 208.
An exemplary embodiment of a typical DLL 302 is illustrated in
A conventional DLL, such as the DLL 302, implements synchronization by forcing at least one of the edges of the clock signal for the data latch 208 to have an appropriate timing relationship with respect to the reference clock signal XCLK, such that the data output signal (DATA) is in phase with the reference clock signal XCLK. The DLL 302 detects a phase difference between two signals and generates a corresponding control signal representative of the difference which is used to add or remove delay elements as needed to attain alignment of the data output signal (DATA) with the reference clock signal (XCLK).
In the DLL 302 illustrated in
The I/O model 310 provides a feedback (or control) clock signal CLKFB which is transmitted to the delay line/phase detector 306 for comparison with the buffered reference clock signal CLKIN. The phase detector 306 determines whether a difference exists between the feedback clock signal CLKFB and the buffered reference clock signal CLKIN. The detected difference determines the amount of delay to be added to or removed from the delay line 306 such that the buffered reference clock signal CLKIN may be shifted by an appropriate amount to produce an output clock signal CLKOUT that aligns, or locks, the data output signal DATA to the reference clock signal XCLK.
When the DLL 302 has locked the data output signal to the reference clock signal, then no difference should exist between the buffered clock signal CLKIN and the clock feedback signal CLKFB. This implies that the delay in the forward path of propagation of the reference clock signal XCLK to the output pin of the SDRAM (DATA) is equal to the delay in the feedback path of the DLL. Thus, if the delays in the forward path are expressed as follows:
d OUT =t RX +t DLL +t DRVR +t OUT
where dOUT corresponds to the delay between the reference clock signal and the data output signal; tRX corresponds to the delay of the receiver buffer 304; tDLL corresponds to the delay in the delay line of the delay line/phase detector 306; tDRVR corresponds to the delay of the clock driver 308; and tOUT corresponds to the combined delay of the data latch 208 and the data driver 206;
Thus, the I/O model 310 introduces delays in the feedback path corresponding to the delay (tRX) introduced by the receiver buffer 304 and the collective delay (tOUT) introduced by the data latch 208 and the data driver 206.
The DLL 302 thus produces a clock signal CLKOUT to drive the data latch 208 such that the data output signal DATA is synchronous with the reference clock signal XCLK. Ideally, all edges of the data output signal should align with the edges of the clock signal. However, as discussed above, processing variations, ambient temperature variations, and voltage variations all may contribute to differences in the operation of the individual components in the output data latch 208 such that the data output signal DATA is distorted with respect to the clock signal XCLK. This natural distortion caused by the output circuit appears as duty cycle distortion in the data output signal DATA. As data output rates increase, the duty cycle distortion may become a significant factor in reducing the valid window for sampling the data at the output pin of the SDRAM, leading to inaccurate reading of data or potential data loss.
An example of the duty cycle distortion caused by the data latch 208 when clocked by a typical DLL, such as the DLL 302, is provided by the waveforms illustrated in the graph of
If, however, the output clock signal CLKOUT from the DLL is distorted in a phase inverse relationship to the distortion caused by the latch 208, then duty cycle distortion compensation for the output data signal results. This type of compensation scheme is evident from the waveforms in
An exemplary embodiment of a DLL 402 which includes duty cycle distortion compensation is illustrated in
In the embodiment illustrated in
With reference to the two-step locking scheme illustrated in
The output of the coarse adjustment circuit 408 is a coarse clock signal CLK(CRS), which is provided to a converter 410. The converter 410 splits the CLK(CRS) signal into coarse rising clock edges CLKR(CRS) and coarse falling clock edge CLKF(CRS), which are provided to two fine adjustment circuits 412 and 414, respectively, each of which includes a phase detector and delay line. The timing reference for the fine adjustment circuit 412 is provided by the clock signal CLKIN+. Thus, the fine adjustment circuit 412 is dedicated to adjusting the relative phase of the coarsely adjusted rising clock edges CLKR(CRS) based on a comparison between the feedback signal CLKFB+ and the clock signal CLKIN+. Similarly, the timing reference for the fine adjustment circuit 414 is provided by the clock signal CLKIN−. Thus, the fine adjustment circuit 414 is dedicated to adjusting the relative phase of the coarsely adjusted falling clock edges CLKF(CRS) based on a comparison between the feedback signal CLKFB− and the clock signal CLKIN−. In an exemplary embodiment, each of the delay elements in the delay lines of fine adjustment circuits 412 and 414 are approximately one-fourth the timing shift of the delay elements in the coarse adjustment circuit 408. For example, if the coarse delay elements each are 200 picoseconds in duration, then each fine delay element is approximately 50 picoseconds.
The finely adjusted rising edges CLKR(FINE) and the finely adjusted falling edges CLKF(FINE) are provided to a converter 416 which combines the edges for input to a clock driver circuit 418. The combined rising and falling edges result in the distorted output clock signal.
The clock driver circuit 418 drives the distorted clock output signal CLKOUT to the clock input of the data latch 208. The clock driver circuit 418 also provides a clock output signal to an I/O model circuit 420. As discussed previously, the I/O model 420 models the delays introduced by the input circuits (e.g., the receiver buffer 406) and output circuits (e.g., the data latch 208 and the data driver 206) such that the delay in the forward path of propagation of the reference clock signal XCLK is substantially equal to the delay in the feedback path. In addition, the I/O model 420 for the DLL 402 also models the behavior of the data latch 208 which causes the distortion of the data output signal DATA. Thus, for example, differences in slew rates of the p-channel and n-channel devices in the data latch 208 are appropriately modeled by the I/O model 420. In an exemplary embodiment, the I/O model 420 includes an actual copy of the data latch 208 which is configured to trigger on every rising and falling edge of the CLKOUT signal provided by the clock driver 418. Because the copy of the data latch 208 is manufactured concurrently with the actual data latch 208, any variations in processing parameters which could affect the behavior of the latch 208 also will affect the behavior of the copy of the latch in the I/O model 420.
The I/O model 420 thus generates a feedback signal having the appropriate input/output delays and which has been subjected to the behavior of the copy of the data latch 208. This signal is provided to a converter 422, which splits the feedback signal into the rising edge feedback signal CLKFB+ and the falling edge feedback signal CLKFB−. The feedback signal CLKFB+ is provided to the fine adjustment circuit 412 for comparison with the clock signal CLKIN+ to determine the appropriate timing adjustment for the coarsely adjusted rising edges CLKR(CRS). Similarly, the feedback signal CLKFB− is provided to the fine adjustment circuit 414 for comparison with the clock signal CLKIN− to determine the appropriate timing adjustment for the coarsely adjusted falling edges CLKF(CRS). As a result, the distorted clock output signal CLKOUT can be generated by the DLL 402 having both rising edges and falling edges shifted in a phase inverted manner to compensate for the distortion in the output data latch 208. When the distorted clock output signal CLKOUT provides the clock reference for the data latch 208, the data output signal DATA on data output bus 102 has substantially reduced, if any, duty cycle distortion.
In one exemplary application in which a reference clock having a 50% duty cycle has been employed, the inventors have observed duty cycle distortion in the data output signal of approximately 58%/42% (HIGH/LOW) if the duty cycle compensation scheme is not implemented. Use of the duty cycle distortion scheme has produced results in which distortion of the duty cycle of the data output signal has been substantially reduced. In the exemplary application, the inventors have observed compensation to the extent that output data duty cycles of 49.2%/50.8% (HIGH/LOW) have been achieved.
All of the delay line/phase detector circuits discussed above include appropriate comparison circuitry to compare the input signals, and appropriate shift circuitry to add or reduce delays in the signals, as is known in the art. Similarly, the clock driver circuits include appropriate drivers arranged in a manner (e.g., a tree-like configuration) to distribute the CLKOUT signal to one or more data output circuits that may be disposed at different physical locations on the substrate for an integrated circuit, as is known in the art. Further, the converters include appropriate conventional circuitry to convert the signals (e.g., split, combine, etc.) in the manners described above.
In the embodiments described above, duty cycle distortion has been discussed in relationship to a 50% duty cycle clock signal. It should be understood, however, that duty cycle distortion is meant to cover all cases in which the duty cycle of an output signal (e.g., the data output signal) is unintentionally different (i.e., distorted) relative to the duty cycle of a reference signal, such as the clock signal applied to a component which produces the output signal.
While the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.
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|Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data using a self clocking link protocol
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|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for providing symmetrical output data for a double data rate DRAM
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|Micron Technology, Inc.
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|Promos Technologies Pte.Ltd.
|Use of multiple voltage controlled delay lines for precise alignment and duty cycle control of the data output of a DDR memory device
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|Round Rock Research, Llc
|Method and apparatus for providing symmetrical output data for a double data rate DRAM
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|U.S. Classification
|713/401, 327/159, 713/500, 713/501, 713/400, 365/233.13, 327/158
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 9, 2009
|Fee payment
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|Sep 11, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 12, 2016
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text:
Desmond Elliot has shared the picture of his first sitting as a member of the Lagos state House of Assembly.
Elliot was inaugurated to the House on Wednesday June 9, 2015.
"Thought to share my very first sitting at the house of assembly.. the phone? cant tell.. It was a memorable experience and all the glory be unto to God.
I thank my party APC – Leader Ashiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, Hon Femi Gbajabiamila and other leaders team DOE wonderful people of SURULERE and my loyal friends and fans. May God bless you all" he wrote in the caption of
the photo.
Present at his inauguration were Nollywood stars Monalisa Chinda, Fathia Balogun, and Ramsey Noauah. His mum was also present.
Desmond Elliot rode a vintage Mercedes Benz to his inauguration at the House of Assembly.
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Bush and Vice President Cheney have excoriated news organizations, especially the Times, for publishing national security secrets, but not this time. "I guess it's easier to rally the faithful with a cry of 'national security' than with a complaint that 'this is really embarrassing,' " Times Editor Bill Keller told the New York Observer.Despite the intense desire on the part of the administration to present a unified front (not to mention a pretty good track record of doing just that), it appears these leaks are springing as the result of pressure from the growing unpopularity and criticism of the war.
But White House counselor Dan Bartlett says officials are indeed upset: "I haven't seen a more egregious leak in my time in government, timed to influence a very important meeting with a head of state."
David Greenberg, a professor of journalism and history at Rutgers University, says that "you see this kind of breakdown in an administration's unitary facade when there's a lot more internal dissension. As a rule, leaking occurs when people in an administration feel there's some kind of advantage to be gained in mobilizing public pressure, and journalistic pressure, against someone else on the inside."
Coincidentally, former CBS correspondent Murray Fromson offers further evidence of this message breakdown in a New York Times op-ed today. Fromson was a Vietnam War correspondent for CBS and finally unveils the source for a story which, according to the reporter, helped "gradually altered perceptions" of that war. It was a story reported first by the late New York Times reporter R.W. "Johnny" Apple Jr. and then by Fromson himself on CBS' airwaves. Fromson writes that his source has released him from his pledge of confidentiality and tells the tale:
In 1967, when I was a CBS News correspondent in Vietnam, I met an American general at a cocktail party in Saigon. He whispered to me: "Westy just doesn't get it. The war is unwinnable. We've reached a stalemate and we should find a dignified way out." He was referring to Gen. William Westmoreland, the commander of United States forces in Vietnam.That "one" reporter, of course, turned out to be Apple and Fromson recalls the visit the two reporters had with their source, General Frederick Weyand and what he told them was fairly explosive – that, in his estimation, it could take "generations" to win a war of attrition in Vietnam. According to Fromson:
The reception was crowded and noisy, and I asked whether I could meet with him at another time. "O.K., but no cameras," he replied. Might I bring another reporter with me? "O.K., but one only."
The report enraged President Lyndon Johnson, General Westmoreland and, as I recall it, Gen. Earle Wheeler, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Johnson then initiated action to call up an additional 205,000 troops for the coming war against the North Vietnamese. But the action was negated by the misleading perception many of us had that the Communists achieved a major victory in the Tet offensive, which began on Jan. 30, 1968.Fromson had previously asked Weyand to allow him to reveal him as the source around the 20th anniversary of the war but the general declined because Westmorland was a friend of his and still alive. The commanding general passed away in 1995 and Apple's recent passing posed another opportunity which Weyand agreed to.
It's an interesting tale, one we may very well be seeing repeated in today's news, as Kurtz points out. It appears there is be a tipping point where sources become more willing to speak and leak as events work against a policy. Not surprisingly, last month's Midterm elections have probably helped the tipping since it has ushered in a Democratic Congress and all the investigative power which comes with it. Fromson acknowledges there is no real way to gauge the impact of his 1967 story, but sees a bigger point:
To me, writ larger, our reports demonstrated how important it was and is for journalists to offer pledges of confidentiality to credible sources in order to report the kind of stories officials normally are reluctant to discuss. It was essential during the Vietnam War, as it is essential today in Iraq.


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Blaine, Washington (PressExposure) March 01, 2009 -- Chi Activate is pleased to announce a new aromatherapy diffuser. This ultrasonic aromatherapy diffuser breaks down essential oils into water producing micro-particles. The aromatherapy diffuser releases a cool mist containing oxygen and ions into the room.
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Veena Notes
June 2017
Already into more than half of year 2017 and I am again amazed by how the time has flown and what a fulfilling first half it has been both on the personal and professional front! The album 'Maithree -the Music of Friendship' is moving forward towards the final stages of mixing and mastering. Naadharasa students worked hard to learn 10 new compositions and perform in the 250th celebrations of the great saint composer Sri Thyagaraja as part of the Carnatic Symphony team in Cleveland OH. Shruthi's conducting of the orchestra and later on singing 'Ave Maria' as a special dedication for Easter Sunday was indeed a wonderful treat. Looking ahead to the upcoming visit to India and tours to Australia, New Zealand and the USA August through November- Do join us if possible. With His Blessings and good wishes it will go well- Until the next time take care- Nirmala
November 2016
Hello everyone, Hope you have all had a good 2016. Thanksgiving has just passed- I have much to be thankful for! Outside the rain falls on the grass and the air gets colder reminding me of winter in Minnesota and my upcoming journey to warmer climes. This year has seen so much already -with 'Maithree' my new CD getting more shape and form at Wild Sound Studios with the addition of friends of the veena - mridangam, ghatam, cello, clarinet, saxaphone, oud, guitar,djembe, bongos and more. Being part of friend Siama Matuzungidi's 'Rivers' and then getting to create my first album of collaboration 'Maithree -the Music of Friendship ' in early summer; travelling to Chennai to perform at Thanjavur Upendran Mama's Remembrance day event; visiting Chidambaram and fulfilling a lifelong dream of visiting the Cosmic Dancer Natraja in His Special Abode there, teaching at the haloed campus of the Tamil Nadu Fine arts University where my own gurus had served for many years (my Gratitude to Vice Chancellor Smt.E.Gayathri); performing in Mysore after many years in two special concerts with wonderful co-artists, celebrating Sri Raghavendra Swamy Aradhana in Chennai and Hanumanthapuram again in the company of fantastic co-artists, having an special concert at Sacred Seven Hills Tirumala Nada Neerajanam supported by another team of top notch performers ; Returning to the US and presenting 'Song of Wonder' with collaborator David Harris at two special concerts including at the historic Sheldon Theater Red Wing; a special concert with Vidwan Thanjavur Murugaboopathi and Vidwan Ghatam Karthick at Winona State University and University of Wisconsin River Falls; presenting another avatar of Maithree at Stevens Point Wisconsin for the festival of India annual event. It has been a busy and fulfilling year and I look ahead to spending December and January in India performing at the Winter music Festival there taking in the sights and sounds of it all with my daughter Shruthi (who will join me from England) along with my parents,sister and family. I look forward to seeing many of you on this leg of the trip and wish you all a wonderful healthy joyful Holiday Season ahead! Take care!
April 2016
Thank you to all of you for your love and affection , for letting me know that you are with me on my journey via this blog. December , January and the first 10 days in February were spent in Chennai--It been been quite the experience. I never expected to be part of the relief efforts in such an involved manner. I believe my being in Chennai for this duration was definitely for many other reasons in addition to participating in the Season -personal and professional. Once again I am grateful to Him. Back in the USA the year has begun with a short tour and concerts at the Laurie Porter concert series in Carleton College Northfield MN, Otterbein University and Dhvani Columbus Ohio and the Hindu Temple in Dayton Ohio with the the wonderful team of Shri VVS Murari, Shri Thanjavur Murugaboopathi and Shri Ravi Balasubramanyam in February and early march. Song of Wonder (with David Harris, Boopathi Anna, young Naadha Rasa performers Sowmya Murthy and Priya and the Voices of Sepharad ensemble) continued its run with performances at Concordia Moorhead University and the Rochester Civic Theater-- Come November this show will be presented at the historic Sheldon Theater in Red Wing MN. March end took me to this years Aradhana at Cleveland State University. I never cease to wonder at the energy of the amazing people who have put their hearts and passions into running this awesome 10 day event year after year.. now for 39 years. It was an honor to perform as part of this event in the company of esteemed artists Shri Raghavendra Rao, Thanjavur Murugaboopathi and Shri Guruprasad in the presence of some of the finest practitioners and followers of this glorious art. Princeton University's Swara inaugurated its performing season with the a Jugal Bandhi concert with Pandit Ronu Majumdar on the bansuri and yours truly on the veena with Vidwan Thanjavur Murugaboopathi and Shri Samir Chatterjee. It was wonderful evening resonating with sounds of the beautiful Indian instruments in the haloed campus of this great University- Happy to be part of this...Arriving back in Minneapolis thanks to planes and delays went straight from the airport to the gorgeous Basilica of St.Mary the venue of MCTC's Spirit and Soul event. What a gratifying feeling to be in the Church built inn 1871 where the entire atmosphere is reminiscent of ancient times. Coming up in April and May performances in Dallas TX, Green Bay WI and (Maithree a new collaboration) SV Temple Edina MN, a new album in the making....Stay tuned! Stay healthy! Stay happy! Take care
December 2015 ..with love from Namma Singara Chennai
8 months since the last time I wrote here. First time for many things..First time reporting from Chennai First experience of a deluge here in the city of my birth. -- in awe at Nature and her immense capacity to bring the unexpected..
Rewinding back to summer 2015..Intense workshops, travel to India for the national program of music and Sangeet Samraat in Bangalore and Chennai..into Fall 2015 .Sounds of the Ancient tour with the wonderful Bansuri wizard Pandit RonuMajumdar with Mridangam master Shri Thanjavur Murugaboopathi and Shri Ajeet Pathak from Bombay on Tabla. A lovely experience. Thank you hosting organizations' hosts and the wonderful artists who were with me ...all brought together for my first tour with Minnesota's own Layyasaaram Institute for the Arts. Sangeet Samraat in Minnesota, Song of Wonder MSAB Arts Tour with David Harris and Voices of Sepherad in St.Peter and Northfield, Summer Rain with Zeitgeist in Grand Marais and Duluth..November also saw Sublime Journey sitar/veena concert to Bahrain and Carnatica's Bharat Sangeet Utsav in Coimbatore, a solo in Dubai. Beginning the season with Parivaadhini and LayaMadhura..before the deluge descended in a big way..Humbling experience being involved in relief efforts in Chennai..Hailing the Spirit of the artist and organizations who are continuing with the music Season with a few schedule adjustments. feeling blessed to have music be part of my life. Chennaites prayers for you all ---Take care !!!
April 2015 (Almost May!)
Spring time again--Time to enjoy the blessing of good weather and new beginnings. The past few months have seen a trip South Dakota and the National Music Museum in February -A thrilling and unique experience to be among some of the most ancient instruments and traditions of the world-- one to cherish always. Concerts in town at the Hosmer Library, classes and workshops, new work creation ---all in all a whirlwind of blessings and music. Onto a new work May 2 Maithree music of friendship --a first ever production, a good amount of travel to Rochester May 6 ,May 9 and then the East Coast May 21 to June 6. Performance at Camp Masala, Summer workshops more travel on the cards..Stay healthy and happy you all --So long until the next time :)
December 2014
Its been six months since my last post and I am surprised ..again!!Where has the time gone ? Looking back -from a trip to India to Kumbakonam in the intense heat of the summer months of July and August for performances at the Wallajahpet Venkatramana Bhagavadhar Festival,recording for television channel 'Podigai', performing in 'Serene' Coimbatore, a trip up the Blue Mountains 'Nilgiris' with my children Neeraj and Shruthi and my parents to the picturesque Coonoor and Ooty; visiting my dear guru Sri Sitarama Sarma Sir-- Shruthi studying with him --all bringing back memories of my own classes with him feeling excited and then all at once realizing that for sure time has flown by :) Wow! to admiring Subramanya Bharathi at Winona State University in September , to Navarathri and the celebrating of Sri Saraswathi, performing back to back performances at the Vedanta Society in Kansas and the Hindu Temple there in October, to moving onto an entirely new genre of music in November with our expressions in 'Summer Rain' with the wonderful musicians of Zeitgeist and the fantastic Shri Thanjavur Murugaboopathi from India, the Song of Wonder concert with David Harris and the Voices of Sepharad and wrapping up the month with presentations of' Melodies and Rhythms - the Art of Improvisation in Carnatic Music ' at St Cloud Minnesota and Minnetonka Minnesota supported by the Minnesota State Arts Board's FATA. Now bags packed and ready to travel to the world famous Music Festival in Chennai, India. Happy Holidays ! Enjoy the season all its colors and this lovely world we live in. My best wishes always - Until the next time take care-
June 2014
I cannot believe that two whole seasons have passed since my last update here. Life has been filled with the many splendors of music all through this time. After concerts in Bangalore and Chennai in December and January, wonder in music became a mantra for me as I explored the many facets of it with colleague and vocalist David Harris in the new creation 'Song of Wonder' which premiered in April 2014. I am delighted that we will be able to bring 'Song of Wonder' to various cities and venues over the course of this year and the next. April also saw the Carnatic Star Festival in which I had the good fortune of performing in the presence of legend Dr Balamurali Krishna. It was an evening to cherish as I sat on stage after my performance watching the Maestro sing his concert. The month of May brought another memorable event - the visit of the great Vidwan Padma Bhushan Sangeeta Kalanidhi Shri TV Shankaranayaran to our school the Naadha Rasa Center for Music. My journey continues from the wonder Mantra to the Mantrapushpam from the Taithreeya Aranyakam (1.22) of Yajur Veda. My veena students, and I, will play this most famous Veda mantra to the chanting of the priests at the Hindu Society of Minnesota at the eighth Anniversary celebrations of the Hindu Society of Minnesota on June 7. July and August will bring me to Chennai, Kumbakonam and Coimbatore. I eagerly await the Wallajpet Venkatramana Bhaghavadhar celebrations in Kumbakonan in July. So long until the next time -take care. May your lives be filled with music in all her glory.
November 2013
It has been a mixed bag these past few months- Returning after the tour of Australia and Singapore organized by Swara Laya Fine Arts Sydney and meeting some wonderful people in that part of the world was most rewarding. International world melody day veena day went off well celebrated by Naadha Rasa -I remember with gratitude and affection my vocal Guru Shri TRS who was part of my life -WHOSE PASSION WILL REMAIN WITH US FOR EVER. His visit to Minnesota in 2004 is an evergreen memory. Aradhana the 18th year event , Diwali at the Plymouth Library and Shruthi and Carnatic Idol season 3 semis and finals in Chicago were all part of these past weeks of musical activity. 'Sangam' a first time collaboration involving 22 musicians Cartnatic and western classical comes together on November 22 followed by the Namaste Slaiche concert. Nov 24 brings us to a historical event -Swami Vivekandanda's visit 150 years ago to the First Unitarian Church on Mount Curve Minneapolis. I am happy to be involved with it all- December in India - looking forward to the International music festival with some of my American friends and students. Hope you can join us. Until the next time stay warm take care
Fall 2013
Another summer -the last weeks of August definitely of the Indian variety ---is coming to a close. So much to share- so much to feel blessed about. The visits to Veenalayam, Toronto , Panchatantra workshops at Madison, Wisconsin and the veena and vocal workshops in California came close on the heels of the duet concert with veena/chitra veena, the Flint Hills International Festival and the great honor of performing for Dr.Abdul Kalam in his maiden visit to the State. Before the blink of an eye appeared the Dikshidar day celebrations, the intensive workshops for Naadharasa and the Krishna Akhandam celebration. The once-in-every-few-years performance at the Minnesota State Fair is now over and bags are being packed for the next tour - Sept 7 from Singapore onto to Perth Australia on Sept 8 then for the next few weeks in the great down under.When I began to study veena and Carnatic music at age 6 thanks to my loving parents --I never gave a thought of what it would lead to and what the path would be- I now reflect and share my humble 2 cents - Follow your heart and your dream always - be prepared to work as much as you can with passion and dedication -and above all have faith in the Universe ----As the clocks are reset in the fall season -recharge my friends and go on -and may His Blessings be with you all - Until the next time -Nirmala
February 2013
The snow is on the ground though very soon we will hear the birds chirping and welcome the buds and the green grass! I cant believe that my last post was in September which seems like a long time back -- Winter was one fast whirlwind of activity. Season 2012 was quite a milestone with a concert at the Aradhana at Thapovanam of Swami Gnanananda, prime time concerts at Chennai Sabhas, a National program of Music concert for Indian Television Doordarshan National in the company of some the best known Indian musicians, it was an absolute treat to wrap up the visit to India with a residency at the American International School New Delhi. I feel very blessed and very glad to have made it through it all - Its only possible because of His Blessings and Grace. Now looking forward to the 'Melodies and Rhythms' project on a mission to take Carnatic music to wherever possible in Minnesota. First stop St.Cloud MN March 5. Am eagerly waiting the double visit to Ohio CCMA ,Columbus OH in early March and Cleveland Aradhana later in the month with a stop in San Diego on March 24. 'Butterfly' travels to St Johns this month and April brings a trip to Houston Texas for the Spring Festival of the Classical Arts Society while it also is the month premiering the new exciting collaboration 'Embracing the Beloved' watch this space for more on this new work :) As always Upcoming Events page has more details -Take care everyone -Until next time -Nirmala


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Has Canada Put a Question Mark Over the Bitcoin?
Bitcoin -- the virtual currency and global payment system -- is coming off a banner year. Recently an official from the Federal Department of Finance apparently indicated in an email to a media outlet that bitcoin is not legal tender in Canada. That was cause for David George-Cosh to suggest that Canada was "putting a question mark over the use of" bitcoin in Canada in a Wall Street Journal post. In my view, the comment from Finance does nothing to inhibit bitcoin's growth, acceptance, or adoption in Canada.


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Fight: Live in Phoenix Trailer (1993)
Live in Phoenix in August 1993. "Into the Pit" "Nailed to the Gun" "Life in Black" "Immortal Sin" "War of Words" "Laid to Rest" "For All Eternity" "Little Crazy" "Contortion" "Kill It" "Vicious" "Reality – A New Beginning" "Light Comes Out of Black" All tracks composed by Rob Halford. Released on the 4-disc "Fight: Into the Pit" set among Halford's series of Metal God reissues in 2008.
Watch the official Fight: Live in Phoenix 1993 trailer in HD below or find more Fight: Live in Phoenix videos on Vidimovie.


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Frightened Rabbit
Torres, Kevin Devine (solo)
Union Transfer
1026 Spring Garden St.
Philadelphia, PA, 19123
Doors 7:30 PM / Show 8:00 PM
This event is all ages
Ever since Scott Hutchison started releasing music as Frightened Rabbit more than a decade ago, his emotionally honest and incisively worded lyrics have been among the project's most beloved qualities. Over the course of five albums, including their new Painting of a Panic Attack, Frightened Rabbit's frontman has made poetry of his misery, and still somehow managed to make it sound anthemic—like a triumphant rallying cry rather than a downer. In all of those respects, Painting of a Panic Attack – produced by The National's Aaron Dessner – is the band's most accomplished collection yet. "Great songwriters touch a nerve, and I think Scott really touches a nerve with these songs," says Dessner. "To me, lyrically, this album is a step above anything he's written before."
Beginning with the 2006 debut album Sing The Greys, Frightened Rabbit have become one of the U.K.'s most beloved exports. Though originally self-released, Sing The Greys earned the band a deal with indie label Fat Cat Records, who re-released the album and the two that followed: 2008's Midnight Organ Fight and 2010's The Winter of Mixed Drinks. Their last album, 2013's Pedestrian Verse, marked their Canvasback / Atlantic Records debut, as well as their most critically and commercially successful albums to date. In the UK, that LP was dubbed "a triumph" by The Quietus, while The Guardian described it as "a collection of stirring, instant anthems." Equal praise came from wide swath of U.S. outlets, including Rolling Stone, Time magazine, and Pitchfork, who praised Hutchison's "lucid assessments of social and emotional turmoil." The album also helped Frightened Rabbit achieve new commercial milestones, bringing a Top 10 debut in the U.K..
"I think a lot of this new record is informed by reaching a conclusion of sorts with Pedestrian Verse—closing a door on a sound that we came the closest to achieving with that album," says Hutchison. After taking some time off from Frightened Rabbit to record and tour in support of the 2014 solo album he released as Owl John, the singer returned to his band with the goal of continuing to explore new approaches to songwriting. One important aspect of that evolution has been a shift to a more collaborative process, with all five band members contributing as songwriters.
Painting of a Panic Attack began in the summer of 2014, when the band – Hutchison, his brother/drummer Grant Hutchison, bassist Billy Kennedy, guitarist/keyboardist Andy Monaghan, and multi-instrumentalist Simon Liddell (who worked with Hutchison and Monaghan on Owl John and joined Frightened Rabbit after Gordon Skene's amicable departure) – convened in Wales to begin demoing ideas. "We started as though we were making an instrumental album," Hutchison explains. They wrote and tracked approximately a song a day during the course of a couple weeks and ended up with a dozen ideas that Hutchison took back with him to his new home in Los Angeles, where he would tackle the lyrics.
The singer had relocated there from Glasgow earlier that same year, and, although initially optimistic about the move, he was surprised to quickly discover that he felt profoundly out-of-step in LA. "I don't usually get homesick," he says, "but I'd never gone so far from home for such a long period of time before." Being disconnected by friends, family, and especially his bandmates was a stark contrast to his life while making Pedestrian Verse, where the band moved in together, forging a camaraderie and connection that was, in Hutchison's own words, "gang-like."
As he worked his way through the Wales demos, Hutchison says, "I was circling what could be a central idea for this record—this sense of not really being sure why I was in LA. But I was still avoiding admitting that that was how I felt." He sent a few tracks to his brother Grant for some feedback. "Grant was like, 'Are you really saying what you think here?,'" Hutchison recalls. "Initially I was pissed, but as I thought about it more I realized that he was right. That, out of the desire for this album to be different, I was avoiding writing about the stuff that actually matters to me and the things that were going on with me at the time. I was fictionalizing a bit too much. And after that conversation, a lot of things came into focus."
The first thing he wrote after that – the anthemic "I Wish I Was Sober" – is sure to become one of Painting of a Panic Attack's signature songs. "It's a lonely song," says Hutchison. "There's a lot of that on this record, because I was really lonely in LA. And I think that's what 'I Wish I Was Sober' came to represent: that desperate point where you're like, 'I have had too much and I don't have anyone to lean on.'"
Of first single "Get Out" – a tune about a lover you'll never get over—Hutchison says: "'Get Out' is about that person to whom you are completely addicted. They are a drug, and the one that you don't feel like quitting. They live in your blood and will not leave. I've always found it compelling to write about the physical nature of love and loss, rather than the mental aspect. 'Get Out' continues that exploration and takes it to a somewhat obsessive level."
As Hutchison continued to work on the new songs, he reached out to Dessner to discuss collaborating – maybe writing a couple songs together. The two musicians originally met in 2013, when Frightened Rabbit opened for The National on a month-long tour. But Dessner was also a longtime fan of the band, and quickly became the obvious choice to produce Painting of a Panic Attack. "Before this," Hutchison notes, "we'd never actually worked with a producer who had such a distinct awareness of our catalog and where we'd been as a band. And Aaron was very mindful of that—what we had done in the past and where we needed to go with this album to take us creatively forward."
Frightened Rabbit arrived at Dessner's Ditmas Park, Brooklyn studio last August with thirty contenders for Painting of a Panic Attack, and whittled down from there over the course of the following month. As they considered which direction the album should take, Hutchison says it became clear that the best tracks were the ones with the most emotional immediacy. "'I Wish I Was Sober' is not the first song I've written about being drunk, and 'Break' is not the first song I've written about being a fuck-up and wishing I wasn't, but it turns out there are many ways of expressing that," says Hutchison. "I think people who are fans of our band come to us for a sense of belonging. I know that's not unique to us, but I really do believe that our music can come to a person at a pivotal point in their life and that we can become this place to consider where you are in the world."
When does a musician finally hit upon his or her particular "sound"? For some, it bursts forth from their body fully formed; for others, it takes months or sometimes years of trial-and-error. For Mackenzie Scott, the singer-songwriter from Nashville who performs under the name Torres, the foundation and framework of her distinctive sound were already in place but it just needed that one crucial final piece.
"My family pitched in to get me a Gibson 335 last year for Christmas," she says. "I didn't quite find the sound I was looking for until I started playing electric." Listen to her self-titled debut album and you'll hear just how crucial that instrument is to her songs now. The delicacy and intimacy that was born from acoustic roots are still there, but now that she's fully plugged in, her music has intensified, with deeper shades of darkness creeping into the mix.
The album also carries with it a rawness and humanism that only serves to increase the feelings of isolation, longing, fear, guilt, revelation, and resolution that Scott expresses beautifully throughout. Torres was recorded over the course of five days in a Tennessee home owned by fellow singer-songwriter Tony Joe White (he of "Polk Salad Annie" fame), and recorded live to tape with as few overdubs as could be managed.
"I wanted this record to be the most honest version of itself that it could be," the 22-year-old songwriter says, "and ultimately that meant that it needed to remain unpolished and fairly raw. I left in a few imperfect vocal takes because I thought it sounded more human that way."
The effect provides the album with a rough-hewn beauty. The cracks that sharpen the edges of songs like the pointed "Jealousy & I" or the drum machine-driven "Chains" gives listeners an even starker look into the heart of these deeply felt songs. And if you lean in close, you might be able to hear the creak of the wooden floors in the house and the hum of the tape machine capturing it all.
To preserve the sonic warmth and integrity of this gritty, heartfelt album, Torres will be available on double vinyl, as well as on CD and digital formats. No matter how you listen to it, though, the songs will cut right to the bone. Scott spills every inch of her soul on these tracks, reflecting the joys and sorrows, and the unpredictability and uncertainty of life and love.
Kevin Devine is an independent singer/songwriter from Brooklyn, NY. He plays alone, with his Goddamn Band, and as a member of Bad Books.
He's currently curating the year-long Devinyl Splits 7" single series, issued via Bad Timing/Devinyl Records and featuring collaborations with Matthew Caws (Nada Surf), Meredith Graves (Perfect Pussy), Mike Kinsella (Owen, American Football), Tigers Jaw, Cymbals Eat Guitars, and more TBA.
Devine is recording his 9th full-length album with John Agnello, to be released in 2016.
$22.00 - $25.00
Upcoming Events
Union Transfer
Tue, November 21
Fri, November 24
Hoodie Allen
Sat, November 25
Kamasi Washington
Tue, November 28
Cut Copy
Wed, November 29
Emily Haines & The Soft Skeleton (Seated Show)


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Musica Latina, Book 1
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Piano - Late Elementary
8 Late Elementary Piano Solos That Celebrate Latin American Styles. Composed by Wynn-Anne Rossi. Book; Graded Standard Repertoire; Piano Collection; Piano Supplemental. Musica Latina. Latin. 24 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.39391).
Item Number: AP.39391
In the Musica Latina series, students experience the rhythms, styles, and musical characteristics of Latin American music. Each piece begins with a short rhythm exercise that prepares students for the rhythm patterns featured in the piece. A brief description of each title helps spark the imagination of the performer. Book 1 is written for late elementary level piano students. Titles: Brasilia * !Habanero! * Selva tropical * Cafe cha-cha * La reina del calypso * Machu Picchu * Alma del tango * Ritmos de la noche.


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13 NEW WINN PCi Hybrid Polymer Cord 5PCHY IRON / WOOD Golf Grips Retail $7 Black
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Thanks to Movie Universe, we have a look at the new LOGAN photo which appears in the latest issue of Empire Magazine. It features Hugh Jackman as "old man" Logan and Patrick Stewart as Charles Xavier.
A couple days ago, the publication released a "fiery" still of Wolverine with a handcuffed Laura/X-23, as portrayed by Dafne Keen.
The film comes to theaters on March 3rd next year!


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MyEssayWriting.com - Essay Writing Services.
The concept of the vernacular is seen as possessing a value far beyond the category of language - as encompassing popular beliefs and practices which could either confirm or contest those authorized by church and state institutions. Minnis addresses the crisis for vernacular translation precipitated by the Lollard heresy; the minimal engagement with Nominalism in late fourteenth-century poetry; Langland's views on indulgences; the heretical theology of Walter Brut; Margery Kempe's self-promoting biblical exegesis; and Chaucer's tales of suspicious saints and risible relics. These discussions disclose different aspects of 'vernacularity', enabling a fuller understanding of its complexity and potency.
• Highly-respected scholar's new contribution to an important area of Medieval studies
• Offers a fuller, richer understanding of the concept of 'the vernacular' in Medieval literature
• Gives insight into the complex relationship between élite and popular culture in the Medieval period
Introduction; 1. Absent glosses: the trouble with Middle English hermeneutics; 2. Looking for a sign: the quest for Nominalism in Ricardian poetry; 3. Piers' protean pardon: Langland on the letter and spirit of indulgences; 4. Making bodies: confection and conception in Walter Brut's vernacular theology; 5. Spiritualizing marriage: Margery Kempe's allegories of female authority; 6. Chaucer and the relics of vernacular religion.


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Brownfield Sites And Environmental Law. Objectives: Define brownfields and explain how they form and what laws are in place to clean them up. Humans are poisoning the Earth!. Major accidents Improper disposal of waste Careless, or ignorant use of resources
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Objectives: Define brownfields and explain how they form and what laws are in place to clean them up.
Can you identify how?– Think of examples
Pesticide plant producing toxic gases
11 Million Gallons!
This was an oil tanker that ran aground in Alaska spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil
210 Million Gallons!
The oil "spill" in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 that spewed oil for 87 days. It was the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry
April 26, 1986
After the meltdown, 237 people suffered from acute radiation sickness. 31 died in the next few months.
From 1986 to 2000: 350,400 people were evacuated and resettled from the most severely contaminated areas
(3.5 min)
Piece of land that was once used for industrial purposes and is now typically abandoned because of suspected contamination
Lead and copper
Gasoline and oil
Respiratory problems
Mercury and arsenic
Cancer and birth defects
Physical and mental disorders
Economic Incentives vs. Health and Environmental Impacts
Coal Mining
Natural Gas Fracking
Deep Oil Drilling
Sometimes we don't always know that a site is dangerous until people start getting sick
1950's-1970's – many suspicious illnesses in this NY neighborhood –
*A woman developed a debilitating weakness and had
to give up working
*a child was born with multiple birth defects
*kids with strange rashes and allergies
*Trees and shrubs dying
*Noxious chemical smells over the neighborhood.Love Canal
What's going on???
Part 1 – six min
Part 2 – six min
High rates of leukemia in the area around the wells.
Trichloroethylene contamination of the town's water supply by three different chemical companies.
Can we fix it? Yes we can!!
Superfundis the common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), a United States federal law designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances.
Can we fix it? Yes we can!!
In 1955 the Charles River in Boston was so polluted anyone who fell in the river had to get a tetanus shot.
Clean up started in the 1960s and in July 2007 the river hosted its first official swim race in decades.


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Maranatha! Recruiting provides premier executive search, resume development and career coaching services to Fortune 1000 companies, industry leaders, and creators of emerging markets since 1999. Nationally known as industry leaders in top-talent acquisition and intelligent staffing solutions Maranatha! Recruiting makes both an art and a science out of efficient executive job placement while our resume development and interview performance coaching services get clients noticed, interviewed and hired.
The search committee of the Board of Directors wanted to express our appreciation for your diligent efforts in this President & C.E.O. recruiting campaign. We were very pleased with the number and quality of applicants you brought to the table. In particular they were outstanding in terms of relevant experience and qualifications versus the position description. I also personally commend you for the professional approach you used in keeping us informed along the way and based on my conversations with candidates they felt the same way. We look forward to working with you in the future. Chairman of the Board ~ 9 Total Placements With This Valued Client.
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For over 17 years Maranatha! Recruiting continues at the forefront of the staffing industry, creating
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resume development and interview performance coaching.
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Featured Projects
On 10, Nov 2015 | In Logos | By nd
International Women's Baseball Center
Client: International Women's Baseball Center — A global swing goes a long way.
On 10, Nov 2015 | In Logos | By nd
Driscoll School
Client: The Michael Driscoll School — K-8 school where creativity and innovation are encouraged.
Brookline Ballet School
Client: The Brookline Ballet School — An elegant silhouette dropped out of two bold B's helps this ballet school stretch beyond the usual.
Maps & Minds
Client: The Michael Driscoll School — Layering an old Mercator contour over the silhouette of a child's head helps set the vision for a school fund-raiser.
On 11, Jan 2014 | In Logos | By nd
Women in the Fastener Industry
Client: WIFI – The nuts and bolts of a network and mentor organization.
B&E Roofing
Client: B&E Roofing — A simple approach using familiar shapes and angles provides a solution for a home improvement contractor.
International Society On Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Client: ISTH Boston – Worldwide organization dedicated to the advancement of understanding, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic and bleeding disorders.
Ideas Boston
Client: Boston Globe — Brainstorming event for new concepts – big and small.
Client: Crowninshield Financial Research — Logo for Boston-based consulting firm, specializing in economics, finance, and accounting services.
Box Populi
Custom memory cases.
Super Bowl
One of "The Fifth Down" NYTimes competition winners.
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Limited Editions Logo
Client: Limited Editions — Rebrand of Newton, MA gallery and shop that offers a mix of whimsical and eclectic items.


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Graham, Maryemma
From Library of Congress Name Authority File
Graham, Maryemma
Instance Of
Scheme Membership(s)
Collection Membership(s)
Additional Information
Birth Date
- 19490613
Has Affiliation
- Organization: University of Kansas
- Organization: Cornell University
Associated Locale
- United States
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
- found: Harper, F.E.W. Complete poems of Frances E.W. Harper, 1988: CIP t.p. (Maryemma Graham)
- found: On being female, black, and free, c1997: CIP t.p. (Maryemma Graham) data sheet (b. 6/13/49)
- found: Faces of Haiti, 2011: page 33 (Maryemma Graham, professor of English, University of Kansas, founder, director Project on the History of Black Writing; PhD in English, Cornell)
Change Notes
- 1987-08-12: new
- 2015-12-21: revised
Alternate Formats


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The grandfather of murdered Orlando girl Caylee Anthony is being evaluated at a hospital after he was reported missing and sent messages to his family that he wanted to end his life.
George Anthony was found early Friday morning at a motel in Volusia County, Fla., with a suicide note after disappearing a day earlier. Family attorney Brad Conway said in a 911 call released Friday that Anthony left home with several bottles of medication and some photographs.
"We're worried that he's done something to himself," Conway told the dispatcher.
Click here to listen to the 911 call.
Click here for photos.
His daughter, 22-year-old Casey Anthony, is in jail charged with 2-year-old Caylee's murder.
Conway told reporters Friday that police helped avert another tragedy in the case by acting immediately rather than waiting the usual 24 hours after someone vanishes.
"Had they done that, we would have had a very different outcome today," the lawyer said. "At worst, George would not be with us if not for the efforts of the law enforcement agencies."
In addition to the prescription drugs, alcohol was also found with Anthony, as well as pictures of his wife, daughter and granddaughter.
Anthony was listed in stable condition Friday at Halifax Health Medical Center in Daytona Beach. Hospital spokeswoman Salina Wang said he'll be admitted after being observed.
"He was taken to a hospital because he was texting his family saying that he was despondent and saying that he didn't want to live any more," said police spokesman Jimmie Flynt. The note found with him indicated suicidal thoughts, Flynt said.
Conway said the family needed distance and George Anthony would be under "intense supervision" after the events of the past 24 hours.
"George has been through a lot. The whole family has been through a lot," he said. "He's OK, and there's relief all the way around."
Anthony failed to show up to a meeting with his family and their lawyer on Thursday. After they were notified, detectives from the Orange County Sheriff's Office reported Anthony missing and began looking for him.
Sheriff's spokesman Carlos Padilla told reporters Friday that police knew "it was imperative to act immediately" once they learned of the circumstances surrounding Anthony's disappearance.
Orange County officers tracked signals from Anthony's cell phone to a location near Bethune Point and also used a description of his car in their search. He was found about 2 a.m. Friday at the Hawaii Motel on South Atlantic Avenue in Daytona Beach.
Anthony sent text messages to his family saying he wanted to end his life, according to Daytona Beach Police Chief Michael Chitwood. Chitwood said Anthony told him there was a lot of pressure on him and he needed to think.
The police chief took him to the hospital under Florida's Baker Act, which provides for involuntary hospitalization for those considered serious threats to themselves or others. Doctors can hold Anthony there for up to 72 hours, Flynt said.
No drugs or weapons were found in Anthony's hotel room early Friday morning.
"We do know George Anthony is saying, 'I don't want to live anymore,'" Chitwood said.
Documents made public on Wednesday suggest Casey Anthony once joked about drugging Caylee.
A former boyfriend, Ricardo Morales, told investigators she had made jokes about giving Caylee baby medicine to put her to sleep, according to MyFOXOrlando.com. But he also said she seemed to have a normal relationship with her daughter.
Casey Anthony, who has claimed that a baby sitter kidnapped Caylee, was notified of her father's condition on Friday morning.
A utility worker found the Caylee's body in December in woods near where she lived with her mother and grandparents. She was reported missing in July, a month after she was last seen.
Documents released by the state attorney's office this week revealed that the toddler's mouth was covered with silver duct tape that had been adorned with a heart-shaped sticker.
The reports also showed that duct tape was attached to her hair, and the girl's remains were placed in a laundry-hamper bag and then secured in a plastic garbage bag before they were left in the woods.
Click here for more on this story from MyFOXOrlando.com.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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AAPO is committed to being able to provide high quality Professional Development courses to its members.
AAPO currently offers two Professional Development modules for new and renewing members.
The two-part induction is delivered via two webinars and is compulsory in becoming a member.
The first webinar introduces new members to our vision, structure, policies and culture. Here you also receive some great tips for starting a business. The second webinar introduces AAPO's Code of Conduct and details ethical scenarios and how the Code of Conduct can be applied.
Please note: The definition that CD is defined as "challenging disorganisation" is incorrect. Although the the ICD is the Institute for Challenging Disorganization, the term CD on its own is short for Chronic Disorganization or Chronically Disorganized.


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4D Networks equip and encourage ministry leaders by bringing people together to share, collaborate and learn.
People have always gathered in groups to discuss ways to learn, improve, or address issues, problems or situations. Such groups are known as "communities of practice". You may already be a member of a group like this at work, church, school, at home or in our hobbies. Some have a name, some don't. People can be core members of some and belong loosely to others.
Each 4D Network is a Communities of Practice which:
1. has a shared area of interest (such as Children's Ministry)
2. builds community to enable interaction (through discussions, collaborative activities and relationship building) and
3. has common practices, experiences, tools and ways of addressing recurring problems.
Through participation in a 4D Network, members are supported and grow in their skills and ministry practice.
The BCSA 4D Networks are autonomous, self-organizing, and operate with varying degrees of formality according to the needs of the members. Members may enter and leave a 4D Network at any time and they only remain active as long as the members benefit from participation and there is a need for a Network in that ministry area.
Pastors Networks by region
Administration & Finance – contact Glenn Dixon firstname.lastname@example.com
Children's Ministry
Youth Pastors
Youth Leaders
Young Adults – contact Scott Berry email@example.com
Small Groups Ministry – contact Jason Hoet email@example.com
Worship Ministry – contact Dan Beasy email@example.com
Church Planting – contact Andrew Turner email@example.com


text:
Derek Michaud specializes in philosophy of religion, the history of philosophy, and philosophical theology. He teaches introductory ethics, religious studies, theology, and general philosophy as well as advanced moral theory, philosophy of religion, philosophical theology, historical theology, and history of philosophy. His doctoral research explored the intersection of early modern science, philosophy, and theology in the 17th century Cambridge Platonist John Smith's doctrine of the spiritual senses.
Dr. Michaud can be contacted via email here.


text:
Very tired all the time have lots of bone problems and rheumatoid arthritis and oesteoarthritis. Can you let me no How long does it take for more serious side effects Thanks
I am 72 years old had RLS since having a revision hip replacement I am taking pramipexole 0.088 mg?
- Asked
- 24 May 2016 by Lady 72 years
- Active
- 17 Feb 2017
- Topics
- rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, restless legs syndrome, pramipexole, gerd, side effect, hip replacement, bones, constant pain, bone
Responses (1)
Further Information
- Pramipexole Information for Consumers
- Pramipexole Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Pramipexole (detailed)
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NJVarsity.com had a chance to speak to senior LB Keith Baker of Scotch Plains (NJ) Fanwood last night. The Raiders are off to a 2-1 start, after suffering their first setback of the season to Irvi...
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text:
Niagara Falls Memorial board re-elects officers
NIAGARA FALLS – The Niagara Falls Memorial Medical Center Board of Directors has re-elected its slate of officers and given new three-year terms to four incumbent board members, hospital spokesman Patrick J. Bradley announced last week.
Reappointed were Chairman James C. Roscetti, a lawyer; Vice Chairwoman Cynthia A. Bianco, Niagara Falls school superintendent; Treasurer Charles G. Rader, retired chief executive officer of IsleChem; and Secretary Margaret M. Toohey of the Lewiston Insurance Agency.
Bianco and Rader also received new terms as board members, along with Dr. Mark D. Perry, Memorial's chief of radiology, and Judith Nolan Powell, a former executive with HSBC Bank.


text: This is one of the great religion of the world. Religion when I say I mean Islam whic rose in Arabia Fourteen thousand years ago. It is said that this is the religion universally applicable in this world. It offers solutions to many different problems of this world. It is a religion of peace, mutual help and triqrality. it does not teach how to fight wiht ohter people. It introduces the best system of finance and accounting to this world. Zakat is the system to introduce in the world which is a remedy to all the economic crises the world is faced with in todays modern and civilized world. it act by working according to the rules set by the holy book of muslims that is holly quran. it si comprehensive and most accurate guide of the people of this world. I would in hte end like ot say this that zakat and islam is the most accurate and comprehensive adn good method glass ionomer dental cartiriges lignocain dental . cartriged lighe creve gel vivaden gp point paper endomerthazone powder. cavit and the carrot diamond burs rays films and the saloon. model of hte car is in the compact disc nokia paper and the philosophy and the religion bibliograpahy category. the accounts will be immiediately activited. server cannot be connected to he and in hte mean while it is a good exercise ti be in he safe place. time is now twelle o clock. i agree to the term's and condition of all free eassys microsoft internet explorer is hte best sort of thing that we ofer


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NuVision to Participate in Geartner Associates Trainings and Show in Orlando, Fla.
NuVision will Exhibit its Full Line of 23- to 47-Inch High-Performance LCD Models and the Revolutionary 52-Inch DLP TV During the Event, Held From March 8-10 at the Rosen Plaza Hotel
Scottsdale, Ariz., March 1, 2007 -NuVision U.S., Inc, a Scottsdale, Ariz. -based advanced HDTV manufacturer, is proud to announce that it will exhibit its full line of 23 - to 47 -inch high -performance LCD models as well as its new revolutionary 52 -inch DLP television during the Geartner Associates trainings and show, held in Orlando, Fla. from March 8 -10 at the Rosen Plaza Hotel. NuVision recently announced that it has appointed Orlando -based Geartner Associates its Florida sales representative partner.
"We are excited to attend this show and training sessions and feature our updated and new product offerings," explained Charles H. Boornazian, NuVision vice president - sales. "Besides our current line that has been receiving rave reviews, NuVision will also be previewing our upcoming 52 -inch 1080p LCD monitor as well as our upcoming innovative full line of IR accessories, some of which feature unique proprietary capabilities to allow easy integration of NuVision TVs in custom installations."
For appointments during Geartner Associates trainings and show, please email firstname.lastname@example.com, or contact Charles H. Boornazian at 860 -677 -6670 or Jon Rendine at 480 -970 -1466. Appointments are being taken for times between 8am to 3pm on March 8th and 9th during the demos and trainings.
For more information, please visit NuVision at www.nuvision.com or call 480 -970 -1466.


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Meath secure first O'Byrne Cup in a decade with win over Longford
Meath 1-17 Longford 1-11
Meath claimed silverware for the first time since their controversial Leinster final win over Louth in 2010 with an O'Byrne Cup victory over Longford in Pairc Tailteann,.
Once again Graham Reilly was their star, running riot with six points before injury forced him out late on.
Before an estimated 5,000 crowd Longford had no answer to the pace of Reilly and tried three different first half markers on him in the first half alone.
The game was effectively settled when Mickey Newman sliced through the Longford defence and set up Cillian O'Sullivan for a goal and a 1-12 to 1-6 lead on 45 minutes.
Longford dominated possession early on, putting the ball repeated through the hands but to little avail and, on those terms, Meath were able to hit them on the break repeatedly.
Reilly thrived with four first half points while Cillian O'Sullivan continued his rehabilitation from a two-year lay off with some nice assists.
But his missed 13 metre free on 21 minutes to give Meath a 0-8 to 0-2 lead stemmed the flow a little and with Donal McElligott into the action the visitors hit back, cutting through the Meath defence as McElligott, Colm P Smyth and Francis McGee teed up Robbie Smyth at close range for a goal that cut the deficit to just one point again.
It checked Meath briefly but they set off again as half-time approached with three successive points from Michael newman (two frees) and Reilly's fourth to lead by 0-10 to 1-3.
Donal Lenihan, Sean Tobin and, late on, Ruairi O Coileain all gave O'Sullivan and Reilly good support in attack while Meath captain Donal Keogan was once again impressive in defence as Meath, who last won the O'Byrne Cup in 2006, kept Longford resurgence at arm's length.
Franics McGee and Robbie Smyth always posed a threat while Paul McKeon showed plenty of pace when he came on at half-time.
Scorers - Meath: G Reilly 0-6, M Newman 0-4 (4fs), C O'Sullivan 1-1, S Tobin, D Lenihan 0-2 each D Smyth, R O Coileain 0-1 each.
Longford: F McGee 0-6 (3fs, 1 45), R Smyth 1-2, M Brady, L Connerton, B McKeon all 0-1 each.
Meath: P O'Rourke; J O'Reilly, D Keogan, M Burke; A Douglas, P Harnan, C Finn; H Rooney, A Tormey; G Reilly, C O'Sullivan, D Smyth; C Downey, M Newman, D Lenihan. Subs: S Tobin for Tormey (44), P Geraghty for Douglas (53), R O Coileain for Downey (56), M Battersby for Reilly inj (68), Nicky Judge for Geraghty (68), D Rowe for Lenihan (68).
Longford: P Collum; CP Smyth, B Gilleran, F Battrim; D Masterson, D Brady, A Dalton; M Brady, B Farrell; B McKeon, D Gallagher, J McGivney; R Smith, F McGee, M Hughes. Subs: D McElligott for Dalton (22), S Doyle for Farrell (23), L Connerton for Masterson (ht), P McKeon for McKeon (ht), B Kavanagh for Gallagher (41), P McGee for Brady (62).
Referee: B Cawley (Kildare).
Online Editors


text:
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Monte Financial Group measures its success by the strength and longevity of our client relationships as we continuously strive to provide clients with a high level of service. The following principles form the foundation which we adhere to:
You and your interests are our priorities. We seek to address your concerns promptly, accurately and completely.
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Your candid feedback is actively requested. Our open communication helps to meet, even exceed your expectations.