text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 27, 1984
|Filing date
|Mar 18, 1983
|Priority date
|Mar 18, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Emil L. Torick, Thomas B. Keller
|Original Assignee
|Torick Emil L, Keller Thomas B
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (28), Classifications (14), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to FM stereophonic broadcasting systems and, more particularly, an improved FM stereophonic broadcasting system which increases the broadcast coverage area over that of current biphonic service yet is compatible with existing monophonic and biphonic receivers.
The potential of FM sound broadcasting has long been recognized, and because of its relative immunity to electromagnetic interference and its ability to provide full audio bandwidth with low noise, was also selected as the transmission method for television sound. Although FM radio was hardly a universal success in the commercial sense when stereophonic broadcasts were first authorized in 1961, it was not long before the attraction of two-channel high-fidelity sound elevated FM to the status it enjoys today. However, although FM-stereo adds a new acoustical dimension to radio reception, it does so only at the expense of serious degradation of another high fidelity parameter, namely, the signal-to-noise ratio.
The noise penalty in stereophonic broadcasting is well known; less obvious, however, is the restrictive influence this phenomenon has on station coverage, which, for equivalent signal-to-noise ratio, typically may be only one fourth or one fifth the area of simple monophonic broadcasts. Several factors constribute to the higher noise levels and coverage losses resulting from multi-channel sound transmissions. When a broadcast station converts to biphonic service, monophonic coverage is reduced because signal power must be divided among the various components of the more complex baseband signal. (The term "biphonic" will be used hereinafter in order to clearly differentiate two-channel broadcasting from other forms of stereophony such as triphonic and quadraphonic broadcasting.) The biphonic signal-to-noise ratio is lower than monophonic signal-to-noise ratio because of the wide band width of the composite signal having the familiar equation
f(t)=M+p sin ω/2 t+S sin ωt Eq. (1)
where M is the monophonic sum signal, p is the pilot, and S is the stereophonic difference signal. With a baseband spectrum extending to 53 kHz for biphonic transmissions, the noise level is particularly high because of the rising spectral characteristic due to frequency modulation. As shown in FIG. 1, the so-called "triangular" noise spectrum increases 6 dB per octave with increasing frequency of the composite-signal. Audio de-emphasis counteracts this somewhat as shown in FIG. 1, but the noise probem is still severe. After demodulation, the noise components of the difference channel subcarrier are added, statistically independent, to the noise already present in the monophonic signal during audio dematrixing.
Any precise computation of the theoretical loss of signal-to-noise ratio must taken into account factors such as the effect of de-emphasis, the format of the audio test signal (which is assumed for the computation), and interleaving. Interleaving is the interesting phenomenon whereby with certain audio signals the peak amplitude of the sum of the main channel signal and the sub-channel signal may be less than the sum of the peak amplitudes of these channels, thus permitting the interleaved signals to be raised to full modulation, with a resultant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. These factors have been studied by a number of researchers, and a calculation of the signal-to-noise degradation in biphonic broadcasting was published by N. Parker and D. W. Ruby in a 1962 paper entitled "Some notes on the calculation of the S/N Ratio For a FM System employing a double sideband AM multiplexer signal", IEEE Trans. Broadcast Television Receivers (International Convention Issue), vol. BTR-8, pp. 42-46, April 1962. The authors assumed the transmission of the peak monophonic power available, i.e., no modulation of the subcarrier (L-R=0); while their report of 23 dB degradation has received widespread acceptance, the figure is not entirely representative of typical programming. More recently, undr EIA auspices, the subject has been studied in greater detail by the National Quadraphonic Radio Committee (NQRC) and in its final report to the Federal Communications Commission, vol. II, Chapter 1, section 1.4, November 1975, by J. Gibson, et al, entitled, "Signal And Noise Levels In Proposed Multiplexed Systems For FM Broadcasting Of Quadraphonic Sound", reaffirmed the 23 dB penalty for a monophonic test signal, but also, by virtue of using a wide variety of audio test signals, demonstrated that a penalty of 26 dB is more representative of stereophonic programming with wide audio separation. For monophonic receivers, the NQRC data predict noise degradation of 1 dB to 7 dB, depending on the paticular type of test signal used.
Such losses of signal-to-noise ratio also cause a reduction in the effective area of coverage of a broadcast station; this effect for a representative set of transmission and reception conditions, based on NQRC data published Jan. 15, 1976 as a Supplement to the aforementioned report of the NQRC to the FCC entitled, "Illustrations to Relations Between Signal-To-Noise Ratio and Range in Existing FM Broadcast Services And Proposed Systems For FM Broadcasting of Quadraphonic Sound", is illustrated in FIG. 2. As a basis for this illustration, the NQRC used the FCC FM Engineering charts for the estimated field strength exceeded at 50% of the potential receiver locations for at least 50% of the time with a dipole receiving antenna height of 30 feet. The transmitter height was assumed to be 1,000 feet with a 10 kilowatt effective radiated power at 98 MHz, and the receiver was assumed to have a 10 dB noise figure. For reception at a signal-to-noise ratio of 50 dB, the limit of station coverage would extend to a radius of 128 miles when monophonic transmission only is employed. However, with biphonic transmission, two-channel reception extends only to a 60-mile radius, and monophonic reception is reduced to 100 miles. Although in reality station service areas are often limited by co-channel and adjacent-channel interference rather than by noise, FIG. 2 represents a useful comparison of the theoretical limits.
A potential solution of the noise penalty problem is the use of companding systems which achieve noise reduction by compressing the dynamic range of an audio program before transmission and expanding it to its original dynamic range at the receiver, the effect of which is illustrated in FIG. 3. The "original program" signal, with a wide dynamic range and a low noise level is represented at the left of the figure, and in the center the program is shown compressed to approximately one-half its original dynamic range for transmission purposes. During transmission, additional noise is introduced at a level below that of the compressed program, but at a level which would have intruded on the program had it not been compressed. Finally, the "expanded program" is shown at the right reconstituted to its original dynamic range and with the transmission noise simultaneously reduced to an unobtrusive level. Companding systems exhibiting these properties have achieved success in various audio applications, including tape and disc recording. For its potential application to broadcasting, tests were conducted in Sweden in the early 1960's utilizing a companding system in the S channel of FM-AM and FM-FM transmission systems; favorable results were reported for the FM-FM transmissions, although the system was never fully implemented. The results are briefly described in Vol. X, Report 300-3, "Stereophonic Broadcasting," of the XIIIth Plenary Assembly, International Radio Consulative Committee (CCIR), Geneva, 1974. Significant improvements in companding systems have been achieved during the last 20 years, and there is now renewed interest in the application of companding in broadcast systems as exemplified by the current examination by the Multichannel Sound Committee of the Broadcast Television Systems Committee of the potential application of companders to the S channel for television audio.
Given the recent advances in the art of audio companding, it is also appropriate to again examine its potential application to FM radio broadcasting. Currently, some broadcasters utilize Dolby-type encoding to provide modest noise reduction in receivers equipped with appropriate expanders and, relatively acceptable playback with simple receivers not having expanding capability. However, the requirement that compatibility with simple receivers must be maintained inhibits the potential for truly significant noise reduction in the other (expander-equipped) receivers.
It is a primary object of the present invention to provide an improved biphonic FM radio broadcasting system that is fully compatible with existing receivers and which achieves better noise reduction than in prior systems.
A related object of the invention is to provide an improved FM radio broadcasting system that will extend the area of coverage of an FM broadcasting station.
In accordance with the present invention, a pair of stereophonically related audio frequency waves characterized as L (left) and R (right) are matrixed to obtain two signals exhibiting the matrix equations: (1) M=L+R, and (2) S=L-R. The difference signal, S is applied simultaneously to a modulator where it is used to amplitude-modulate a first sub-carrier signal and to a compressor which compresses its dynamic range to produce a compressed signal S'. The compressed signal S' is used to amplitude-modulate a second sub-carrier signal of the same frequency but in quadrature phase relationship with the first. Suppressed-carrier, double-sideband modulation of each subcarrier is employed, with the frequency of the subcarrier signals being sufficiently high as to assure a frequency gap below the lower sidebands of the modulated subcarrier signals and the M signal. A conventional low-level phase reference pilot signal, lying within the aforementioned frequency gap, is employed for receiver detection purposes. The aforementioned M signal, the two double-sideband suppressed-carrier signals, and the pilot signal are frequency modulated onto a high frequency carrier for transmission purposes.
The composite, frequency modulated carrier signal is transmitted to one or more remote receivers, which may be of the conventional monophonic or two-channel stereophonic type, or preferably a receiver constructed in accordance with the invention so as to include an expander for expanding the compressed S signal. The composition of the transmitted signal is such that a conventional monophonic receiver decodes only the sum signal M, and a two-channel receiver reproduces the transmitted M signal in both loudspeakers for monophonic reception, and the traditional stereophonic signals for the biphonic mode. A new class of receiver, for providing substantially noise-free biphonic reception, reproduces the transmitted sum signal M and the expanded stereophonic difference signal.
The invention will be more fully appreciated from the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1, to which reference has already been made, is a plot of the FM noise spectrum with de-emphasis;
FIG. 2, to which previous reference has been made, is a plot showing the reception limits for a 50 dB signal-to-noise ratio;
FIG. 3, previously referred to, is a chart which illustrates the principle of signal companding;
FIG. 4 is a frequency diagram of the composite baseband signal developed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of a transmitting terminal for generating the composite signal of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a receiving terminal constructed in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 7 is a plot showing reception limits for a 50 dB signal-to-noise ratio in a FM radio broadcasting system according to the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a plot showing signal-to-noise ratios at key contours.
As background for the present invention, it will be useful to briefly review the basic principles of the existing two-channel stereo system approved by the FCC. In the current FM radio system, the stereophonically related signals that are added together, constitute a "monophonic sum channel" which consists of a (L+R) signal of 50 to 15,000 Hz, where L and R represent the left and right independent audio signals, each of which may also include a 0.7 C "center" component. It is this combined signal that is reproduced by a standard monaural FM receiver, hence the descriptive term "monophonic channel" and the use herein of the letter M to identify this channel. To this is added a double-sideband suppressed 38 kHz sub-carrier signal S sin ωt, where S=(L-R), along with a 19 kHz pilot signal. The composite modulation signal can be written as:
e.sub.m =M+p sin ω/2 t+S sin ωt Eq. (2)
where ω=2πfs and fs =38 kHz, and p is the amplitude of the 19 kHz pilot. Looking at the baseband spectrum, one finds a monophonic channel M from about 50 Hz to 15 kHz, a 19 kHz pilot, and a stereophonic channel S sin ωt signal from 23 to 53 kHz. If SCA (Subsidiary Communication Authorization) is also being transmitted, there would be an SCA frequency modulated subcarrier band in the region above 53 kHz and below 75 kHz. In accordance with the present invention, a compressed S channel (hereinaftr designated S') is transmitted in addition to the just-described signal. The additional S' channel preferably is transmitted in quadrature with the conventional stereophonic subcarrier to produce the composite baseband signal illustrated in FIG. 4 and represented by the following equation:
e.sub.m =M+p sin ω/2 t+S sin ωt+S' cos ωt Eq. (3)
where p represents the amplitude of the pilot signal and ω=2π�38 kHz. The quadrature subcarrier requires no additional spectrum space, and, as will be shown hereinafter, imposes only a negligible penalty in modulation potential.
The transmitter for generating this composite signal is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 5. For purposes of simplicity, some of the more conventional transmitter circuits (e.g., pre-emphasis networks, carrier frequency source, and carrier frequency modulator) have not been shown in detail and will be mentioned only briefly, where necessary, in the following description. The two audio frequency signals L and R, derived from separate sources (not shown), are applied by pre-emphasis networks (not shown) to the inputs of a conventional matrix network 10 consisting, for example, of a network of summing amplifiers arranged to produce at the output of the matrix the two audio signals M=(L+R) and S=(L-R). The monophonic signal, M, is applied aas one input to an adder 12, and the stereophonic difference signal (L-R) is applied to the input of a modulator 14, the output of which is applied to adder 12, and also to the input of a compressor 16 of a suitable noise-reducing companding system. An eminently suitable compressor is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,916 entitled "Signal Compression and Expansion System". Briefly, the compressor (and expander) described therein is of the type which includes a variable gain device for controlling the gain of the input signal and a circuit for generating a control signal for the variable gain device including a rectifier for producing responsively to the input signal a DC signal which substantially follows dynamic variations of the input signal. The control signal generating circuit includes a network of at least three signal paths having differing time constants, the network having a common input terminal for receiving the rectified signal and a common output terminal connected to the variable gain stage for coupling the control signal thereto. All except one of the signal paths each includes means for causing the respective path to be conductive only in response to the rectified signal exhibiting a change in amplitude sufficient to exceed a predetermined voltage, and the said one signal path conducts in response to any differential in voltage between the common input and output terminals.
The compressed stereophonic difference signal from compressor 16, designated S', is applied to the input of a second modulator 18, the output of which is also delivered to adder 12 where it is linearly combined with the monophonic signal M and the signal from modulator 14.
The subcarrier and pilot signals are derived from a carrier generator 20 which is designed to provide an output sine wave signal having a frequency of 38 kHz and includes any one of the known arrangements for providing a 90� phase displacement between the subcarrier output signals applied to the respective modulators 14 and 18, as indicated in FIG. 5. The modulators 14 and 18 comprise suppressed-carrier amplitude modulators of known construction which serve to amplitude-modulate the two subcarriers with respective audio frequency signals so as to produce the two double-sideband, suppressed-carrier, amplitude-modulated subcarrier signals S sin ωt and S' cos ωt. These two signals are then combined in adder 12 with the monophonic signal M and a sine wave pilot signal having a frequency of 19 kHz derived from carrier generator 20. The composite signal produced at the output of adder 12, set forth in Equation (3) above, is then applied to the FM exciter of a transmitter 22 and frequency modulated onto a high frequency carrier for transmission purposes.
A receiver according to the invention is shown in the block diagram of FIG. 6 and, again, for purposes of simplicity some of the more conventional FM receiver circuits (e.g., RF and IF stages, discriminator, and deemphasis networks) have not been shown and will be only briefly mentioned as necessary. In addition to having the capability of achieving maximum noise reduction, in the manner to be described, the receiver is fully compatible with conventional monophonic and two-channel (biphonic) stereophonic broadcasts. A received FM signal is amplified in the RF and IF stages (not shown) of a receiver/demultiplexer 24, and demodulated in any of the known FM detection circuits (not shown) and demultiplexed to derive the audio signals contained in the received FM signal, namely, the signals M, S, and S'. When a monaural broadcast is being received, the output of the demultiplexer comprises only the monaural signal M consisting of (L+R). This signal is applied as a first input to an adder 26 and to the positive input of a subtractor 28, and since no signal is applied to the second input of adder 26 nor the negative input of subtractor 28, the monophonic M signal (i.e., (L+R)) appears at the output of each of adder 26 and subtractor 28 which are applied to the left and right loudspeakers, respectively.
For a received conventional two-channel stereo signal, the M and S signals will be derived at the output of the demultiplexer 24; as before, the M signal is applied to one input of each of adder 26 and subtractor 28, and the S signal, when a switch 32 is in the dotted line position, is subtracted from the M signal in subtractor 28. As a result, the output of adder 26 is the signal 2L, the amplitude of which is then reduced by one-half to obtain a signal L for application to the left loudspeaker (not shown). Similarly, subtraction of the difference signal (L-R) from the monophonic signal yields a signal 2R which, again, is reduced in amplitude by one-half for reproduction by the right loudspeaker (not shown) of the two-channel system. All of the above is typical of the mode of operation of a conventional two-channel FM receiver.
To achieve improved signal-to-noise ratio and extend the area of coverage of the system, the compressed difference signal S' is applied to the input of an expander 30 which exhibits complementarity with the compressor 16 in the transmitter for expanding the compressed signal to its original dynamic range, and this expanded signal, when switch 32 is in the position shown, is applied to the second inputs of adder 26 and subtractor 28. As in the case of the S signal, adder 26 and subtractor 28 produce the signals 2L and 2R at their respective outputs and these are then reduced in amplitude for reproduction by the left and right loudspeakers, respectively. Preferably the switch 32 is automatically actuated from its dotted line position when there is no compressed difference signal at the output of demultiplexer 24 to the solid line position when the received signal contains a compressed difference signal. Such automatic switching can be achieved, for example, by either of the known techniques of modulating the pilot tone, or adding a separate identification signal, when a compressed difference signal is transmitted; a detector in the receiver responsive to the identification signal produces a signal for actuating the switch 32 from the dotted line position to the position shown in FIG. 6.
The penalty in dB signal-to-noise provided by the addition of the companded-biphonic (C-biphonic) channel is compared with the performance of conventional monophonic and biphonic transmissions in the following table.
______________________________________Modulating Transmission Receiver StateSignal Mode Monophonic Biphonic C-Biphonic______________________________________L + R Monophonic 0 N.A. N.A.Only Biphonic 0.92 23.11 N.A. C-Biphonic 0.92 23.11 0.92L (or R) Monophonic 0 N.A. N.A.Only Biphonic 6.94 26.12 N.A. C-Biphonic 8.58 27.76 8.58______________________________________
The table, based on NQRC calculations, shows the predicted performance for various combinations of the three transmission and receiving modes. The comparison is made with two different test signals: a (L+R) signal equivalent to that used by Parker and Ruby, and L (or R) only, representative of most of the NQRC calculations. For either modulating signal, compressed-biphonic reception can be as good as equivalent monophonic reception if an ideal companding system is employed, i.e., sufficient noise reduction is achieved in the S' channel to allow the noise of the M channel to predominate.
FIG. 7 shows a prediction of the reception range limits for a 50 dB signal-to-noise ratio with companded biphonic transmission. The NQRC method and the 50, 50 charts contained in Vol. III, Part 73.333 of the FCC Rules and Regulations were used in developing this plot. It is seen that compared with conventional biphonic transmissions, the improved companded system causes a relatively insignificant reduction of monophonic reception from a 100 mile radius to a 96 mile radius, and a similarly modest reduction of biphonic reception from 60 miles to 56 miles. However, the improved companded biphonic service would extend all the way to the monophonic contour at 96 miles, which represents approximately a three-fold increase in coverage area over the existing biphonic service.
An alternative way of displaying the signal-to-noise of various transmission schemes, also suggested by the NQRC, is illustrated in FIG. 8 wherein signal-to-noise ratios are shown at the so-called "urban" contour (Eo =1 mv/M) and at the "rural" contour (Eo =50 μv/M). For the conditions assumed (which are the same as for the previous figures) all systems will exhibit the same signal-to-noise performance at the urban contour. With such high field strength, reception characteristics here will be dictated only by receiver performance; typically, a signal-to-noise ratio of 65 to 70 dB may be realized. At the rural contour (70 mile radius), conventional biphonic receivers will exhibit a 43 dB signal-to-noise ratio, whereas companded biphonic receivers will achieve 62 dB.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that the improved companded service for FM ratio broadcasting offers the potential for providing service nearly equivalent to that provided by monophonic receivers. Compatibility with existing receivers can be maintained by encoding the compressed signal in a new channel which is in quadrature with the conventional S channel. The necessary transmission equipment is relatively easy and inexpensive to implement, and technology for decoding the S' channel has previously been developed for other applications such as AM stereo and FM quadraphonic reception.
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|Aug 4, 1986
Owner name: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS
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|Jun 24, 1992
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|Jun 24, 1992
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|Jul 2, 1992
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 2, 1996
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|Nov 24, 1996
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|Feb 4, 1997
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Family Life Center Foundation - Call for Innovative Leaders
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Henry C. Gregory III Family Life Center Foundation
Celebrating 35 Years of Strengthening Families
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About the Foundation
The Henry C. Gregory III Family Life Center Foundation, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) public charity. Its mission is to strengthen and empower families and individuals living in the Shaw community and throughout the District of Columbia.
In February 1982, as a result of the vision, conviction, commitment and compassion of the late Dr. Henry C. Gregory III, fifth pastor of the historic Shiloh Baptist Church of Washington, DC, the Henry C. Gregory III Family Life Center Foundation (FLCF) was established. Since November of 1982, it has provided services to the least, lost, locked out and left behind of all ages in its capacity as a tax exempt, public charity.
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The FLCF seeks inspired, innovative and committed people to serve on its board, committees, and task forces. With your help, the FLCF can continue to provide advocacy and philanthropy that address and positively impact the critical issues that affect society, especially those in need. It is FLCF policy to engage in an active and ongoing effort to develop and maintain an inclusive volunteer candidate pool reflective of society's diversity. The FLCF bylaws require that we select individuals for board positions from members of Shiloh Baptist Church and individuals from the community.
The FLCF is looking for individuals interested in helping the FLCF advance its mission whose professional backgrounds are in the following areas:
- Law (especially IRS tax law)
- Finance
- Human Resources
- Early Childhood Development
- Fundraising
- Marketing
- Social Media
We invite you to nominate yourself or a colleague for a position on the FLCF board, committee, or task force today!
To submit a nomination or for additional information, please contact:
Crystal Kuykendall, Chair ( email@example.com)
Isabelle Mack, Executive Director ( email@example.com)
- Program Management
- Budgeting
- Cost Analysis
- Fundraising
- Business Planning
- Management
Good Match For
Requirements & Commitment
- Must be at least 25
- 10 hours per month

subset: commoncrawl


text:
SoFloat is designed in New Zealand - we ensure strict control over quality and craftsmanship to ensure every SoFloat customer is a happy customer.
We believe our luxurious SoFloat products are the best Floating Bean Bags on the market. For this reason we are able to offer our customers peace-of-mind with the following Warranties and Guarantees:
Take your SoFloat outside, leave it outside, rain or shine. We guarantee every SoFloat Sunbrella® Beanbag has been engineered to display minimal signs of ageing in continuous outdoor use. We have sourced the best quality, Marine Grade Sunbrella Fabric that has been designed to withstand the elements.
We stand by our construction techniques by offering a 2 year manufacturer's warranty. All of our SoFloat Beanbags are tripled stitched, with high quality, polyester bonded thread. We have sourced superior components, including YKK safety zips and stainless steel rings. The base of SoFloat is constructed with hard wearing, scuff resistant polyester mesh to ensure easy draining
Warranty applies to all products purchased after 1st August 2016 using Sunbrella® marine grade fabrics and our resort grade construction for longevity. Products purchased before this date have a 12 month warranty from date of purchase.
PLEASE NOTE: It looks like you should be on our GLOBAL SITE
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Anyway back to the stock market. You can certainly pick "safe" stocks to put your money in and get a 5% return in dividends but the trouble with the stock market is the volatility of the market. If you have $5,000 in a bank when you go to draw it out you will have at least $5,000 plus interest. If you have $5,000 in the stock market and go to draw it out you may get $4,500 to $5,500 you don't know and you don't always have the option of picking the time to sell "high". It has been my experience when you need the money and go to sell stock the market will always be down.
Certainly if I was in my Forties I might think what is going on would be great as you could afford to borrow money and buy stock or borrow money and buy a house etc. but as a retiree I need to rely on safe, conservative financial options that provide an income stream or protect my money for when I need to become liquid in an instant. The stock market is part of that investment plan however Certificates of Deposits for a retiree is even a higher part of the investment plan.
Who does this Federal Government propped up of the stock market help the most - it certainly isn't me with less than $10,000 in it. It is the CEO's with stock options and those large corporations the Federal Government bailed out with my money.
I, like millions of others, have tried to do what I felt was right during my life time. I tried to keep a job, I saved when ever possible, I tried to set an example to my children, I didn't steal from my employer, but yet the Federal government, The state of Delaware and the Delmar government just keeps spending money and maintaining a debt that is just unbelievable. The Federal reserve near zero interest rate policy is just a tax on people who save and retirees. Obama is counting on people who save and "do the right thing" as being responsible people and will not create a riot. The good thing about responsible people are; they vote and maybe we will get his ass out of office this time.
"Americans who have done everything right, have worked hard, saved their money and stayed out of debt are the ones being punished by low interest rates," says Richard Fisher, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas and a voting member of the Fed's policy-making open market committee. "That state of affairs is not sustainable for a long period of time."
Retirees spend a lot of money on "non-essential items" items, but with the zero-interest rates I and others like me have cut back on a number of those items. Every time I go into savings to make up the difference in the food and gasoline bills I spend less on or don't even consider dining out, buying another car, or taking a vacation. The government may have meant for lower interest rates to stimulate growth but for the retiree section of the population, it does not feel safe to spend the cash they have on hand.
So are you better off today than you were four years ago? Hell No.


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How To Make Patriotic Mason Jar Luminaries
Hi there! Kim from The Celebration Shoppe here with a fun and easy way to dress up your backyard for that fourth of July picnic: red, white and blue mason jar luminaries. I don't know about you, but I love the mason jar trend that has been around for the past few years. There are just so many projects you can make. Did you catch my fruit coasters and colorful mason jar lids last month? If not, hop over and have a look!
These are so easy to make. You'll just need a few items from your JOANN Fabric and Craft Store:
- Mason jars (I used wide mouth, but they have regular too)
- Mason, Transform wire hangers
- Folk Art multi-surface paint
- Painters tape, wide and Martha Stewart skinny
- Krylon crystal clear acrylic coating
- Fiskars star punch
- Wax paper
- Paint brush & tray
- Xacto knife or razor edge
- Red, white and blue mini candles
- Optional: Nail file to roughen up paint
Let's get crafty! Steps 1 – 4:
- Collect supplies
- Make stencils – I chose two variations of stripes and stars. The stripes were easy of course, but the stars proved a little tougher. I actually started out cutting them out with scissors. Yep… it's possible. But I was quickly looking for another method!
TIP for making sticker stencils: Apply painters tape to wax paper and punch. The punch won't work on the tape alone without sticking, but the wax paper gives it the backing it needs and allows you to peel it up easily.
- Apply stencils
- Paint – give a generous even coat and allow to dry overnight.
- Remove stencils – use a razor to outline the stencil, especially the stars, and peel.
- Roughen or age – if you like, use a nail file to roughen the paint up a little. I took most of the paint off of the raised designs.
- Seal – spray the jars with a clear sealant to ensure they don't flake. Allow to dry per instructions.
- Hang – add metal hangers, insert candles or battery operated candles and hang!
A tip for hanging your luminaries, use fishing line. I use fishing line for so many things, like hanging balloons and other party décor. But if you get the right weight, it can be great for hanging heavier items too. And it gives your luminaries that "mid-air" vibe since you can barely see it!
Welcome to summer and as always, I hope you're inspired to craft, bake, create and celebrate!


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Sisisky, Norman, 1927-2001
From Library of Congress Name Authority File
Sisisky, Norman, 1927-2001
Instance Of
Scheme Membership(s)
Collection Membership(s)
Additional Information
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
- found: Memorial tributes in honor of Norman Sisisky, late a representative from Virginia, 2001: t.p. (Norman Sisisky) p. v, etc. (b. June 9, 1927, Richmond, Va.; served 10 terms as a U.S. Representative for Virginia's fourth district; d. Mar. 29, 2001)
Change Notes
- 2002-05-22: new
Alternate Formats


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2004 Report of Assessment and Research Activities
The IPHC Report of Assessment and Research Activities is a compilation of progress reports relating to staff activities. Some of the information contained here has changed since printing as new data is gathered and analyzed.
- Cover by Forsberg (pdf 108KB)
- Contents (pp. 1-8, pdf 142KB)
- Section 1 (pp. 9-30, pdf
- IPHC research program: Review of 2004 projects and proposals for 2005
- Section 2 - The Fishery (pp.
31-76, pdf 294KB)
- Removals
- 2004 Commercial fishery and regulation changes
- 2004 Sport Fishery
- Wastage in the 2004 Pacific halibut fishery
- Revised estimates of the 2004 personal use harvest, including new estimates for the subsistence fishery off Alaska
- Retention of sublegal halibut in the Areas 4D/4E CDQ fishery: 2004 harvests
- Sampling and Analysis
- Commercial catch sampling
- The presence of swivels on snapped hook gear in the halibut fishery
- Age distribution of the commercial halibut catch for 2004
- Removals
- Section 3a - Population Assessment (pp.
77-148, pdf 690KB)
- Simulations studies of mark-recapture estimates
- Estimates of length-specific commercial selectivity from historical marking experiments
- Assessment of the Pacific halibut stock at the end of 2004
- Analysis of the constant harvest rate policy for 2005
- Analysis of the 1985 hook spacing experiment
- Updated simulation analysis of the CCC harvest policy with separate accounting of males and females (pp. 149-210, pdf 793KB)
- Yield per recruit analysis for a sex specific halibut assessment model
- Investigation of the role of fishing in the Area 4C CPUE decline
- Preliminary estimates based on the 2004 PIT tag recoveries
- Section 3b - Bycatch (pp. 211-242, pdf
- Incidental catch and mortality of Pacific halibut, 1962-2004
- Pacific halibut discard mortality rates in the 2003 Alaskan groundfish fisheries, with recommendations for monitoring CDQ fisheries in 2005
- The Bering Sea trawl fishery Prohibited Species Donation Program: Results from 1998-2004
- Section 4 - Biological Research
- General I (pp. 243-298,
pdf 2.4 MB)
- Cruise report for 2003-04 southeast Alaska juvenile Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) collection charters
- Using otolith chemistry to determine halibut nursery origin: an initial test of concept
- Cruise report for 2004 IPHC winter charters
- Deployment of the Seacat water column profiler in 2004
- General II (pp. 299-344, pdf
- Investigating seasonal migration of adult Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) along the Aleutian Chain using pop-up satellite transmitting archival tags
- Thermal habitat preferences of Pacific halibut and the potential influence of hydrographic variability on a local coastal fishery: project progress report
- A project to test the use of digital video for monitoring the compliance of seabird avoidance devices and seabird mortality in halibut longline fisheries
- Analysis of halibut gonad staging
- Occurrence of double-ring patterns in halibut otoliths
- Incidence of crystallized otoliths from the 2000 to 2002 IPHC setline and NMFS trawl surveys
- Description of a Pacific halibut chronology of bomb radiocarbon from 1944-1981 and a validation of ageing methods
- Technique development and age determination of the Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus)
- Homogeneity test for the Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus)
- Tagging (pp 345-384,
pdf 4.8 MB)
- PIT tagging in 2004
- Review of information on PIT tag loss and detection rates
- Recoveries of double-tagged fish and PIT tag loss rate
- Portside sampling for recovered PIT tags in Pacific halibut
- Tagging studies
- Survey results and analysis (pp.
385-458, pdf 3.3 MB)
- 2004 Standardized stock assessment survey
- Prior Hook Injuries (PHI): Results from the 2004 IPHC SSA surveys and NMFS Bering Sea trawl surveys
- Analysis of prior hooking injury (PHI) classifications on the IPHC setline survey and the effects of PHIs on the length at age of halibut
- Cruise report for the 2004 NMFS Bering Sea trawl survey
- Size and age composition of Pacific halibut in NMFS Bering Sea shelf trawl surveys
- Results from 2003 seabird occurrence data
- Age distribution of Pacific halibut in IPHC stock assessment setline surveys
- General I (pp. 243-298, pdf 2.4 MB)
For a free PDF viewer, please visit the Adobe website.


text:
Velvet Sky
Comments are closed.
Follow Velvet Sky on Twitter @VelVelHoller
From: The Big Apple
It's not even that Velvet Sky is daring to be sexy. She just is. Maybe it's the combination of athleticism and attitude. Maybe it's the go-all-out nature she exudes inside the ring. Or maybe it's just that she's drop-dead gorgeous. But the Connecticut native,and multi-time Knockouts champion, isn't at all shy to bring the sexy to whatever she wants to accomplish. "To me, being sexy is being confident" Velvet says. We couldn't agree more.
– Avid video game aficionado
– Has been featured in multiple magazines covering the video game landscape
– New York Yankees fan and comic book lover
Get the Velvet Wall Banner at ShopTNA.com
MoreVelvet Sky Merchandise At ShopTNA.com
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1122 S Futrall Drive, Fayetteville Fayette, Arkansas - AR (Estados Unidos) Ver mapa
Each spacious guestroom or suite is equipped with free high-speed Internet access, refrigerator and microwave, cable satellite television, free long distance access, toiletries, iron/ironing board, coffee/tea maker and a hairdryer. Suites and mini-suites offer a whirlpool bath, 32-inch flat screen television. Every day begins with a divine complimentary continental breakfast featuring fruit, biscuits and gravy, waffles, cereals, coffee, yogurt and more. Other hotel amenities include an exercise facility, business center. Guests may take a dip in the largest indoor swimming pool in Fayetteville. A friendly staff is ready to ensure a comfortable and memorable stay. Make reservation today and save at this Fayetteville hotel!
Información tasas
La tarifa no incluye tasas locales, suplementos ni otros cargos adicionales que el hotel te pueda cobrar; porque los deberás pagar directamente en el destino. A menos de que el hotel indique lo contrario.
Cómo llegar
161 kms to the nearest airport (tulsa)
Stay at this Fayetteville hotel and enjoy a host of convenient amenities while traveling in Arkansas. The Best Western Windsor Suites is conveniently located off of I-540 with easy access to key area attractions and business locations including the University of Arkansas, Wal-Mart headquarters and lovely downtown Fayetteville. Hotel guests will appreciate a wide variety of options for entertainment and shopping nearby.


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Black haired middle aged dame desires to suck strong fresh dick
Description:Droopy body won't frighten you, cause even with cellulitis ass and dnagling boobs this busty mature brunette is pro in dick sucking. Her tongue and mouth work impressively good pleasing your strong cock. Bending over couch she wants to get poked from behind and gets it straight away.
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text:
( 4.5 Average / 14 Ratings )
Good GPU for the cost. Not very loud, but quite powerful. However I wish I had spent a bit more to get the R9 280X instead.
This was one of the harder choices with some sketchy reviews but I didnt want to spend to much. 150 with MIR and is running perfect as of right now. Am running BF4 and Arma 3 on Ultra settings no problem.
Its a excellent card, I have mine running around 52C on Valley benchmark with it overclocked to 1150mhz and 1425mhz on the memory which I find impressive.
I personally have the MSI Twin Frozr version of the 280, but for $140 after mail-in-rebate, you can't beat it.
Got this card when it was 100 dollars cheaper than it is now. Really about the maximum the A10 7850k can handle without a huge bottleneck. Works great and what's more it looks absolutely fantastic!
Fantastic card! Capable of 1080p Ultra settings on most games. The cooler does a swell job.


text:
Hong Kong Land Site Sold for $196 Million
HONG KONG—A joint venture owned by unlisted property developer Nan Fung Group and Wing Tai Properties Ltd. bought a prime residential site for 1.525 billion Hong Kong dollars (US$196 million) in a strongly contested auction.
The price surpassed market expectations in a sign the city's latest efforts to cool the overheated property market have had limited impact.
The winning bid at the first public land auction held this fiscal...


text:
The move into our new unit is now complete, with the signs going up at the end of last week.There is now more room for stock, better facilities for personal callers and much easier access for loading the paddock support vehicle.Over the years, we have prided ourselves on the service offered to motorcycle racers both personally and via mail order, so we are looking forward to many more days in the paddock, more personal callers picking up spares and continued expansion of the product range in our online shop.
Many thanks to all our customers for their continued support. See you this weekend at North Gloucester's Donington Park meeting and the Thundersport GB round "Thunder at the Rock" at Rockingham. There is still time to call us for any special items that you may need taken to either meeting.
See more news items in our blog.


text: Inspired by the paintings of Monet's Garden, Waterlillies is a completely seamless cardigan worked from the top down. Simple ribs and delicate lace frame the body while gentle stripes of tonal colours work their magic to create a "masterpiece" in knitting. Oversized sleeves complete the look making a very comfortable garment to wear throughout the hottest of Summers. BASIC SKILLS NECESSARY Knit, purl, provisional cast on, increasing, knitting in the round, picking up stitches, bind off. GAUGE 27 stitches x 36 rows = 4"/10cm worked in Stockinette Stitch and US 3/3mm knitting needles Or size needed to obtain gauge. SIZING / FINISHED MEASUREMENTS 1 US 3/3mm 24"/60cm or longer circular needle. Sleeves can be worked on double pointed needles if preferred. Waste yarn for Provisional/Invisible Cast On 2 Stitch Markers 2 Stitch Holders


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This section of the guide covers the game's various accessories, items, materia, and more. We won't have much of a comment on how to use these items, because that's up to you. You can find statistics and other vital information for everything, however. Simply use the links below to get started, Keep in mind that these lists are a sampling and not all-inclusive.
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text:
Swarovski's 2010 Collectible Holiday Ornaments
Have you seen the 2010 Collectible Holiday Ornaments from Swarovski yet? These are one of their top selling items, so cash in on their popularity this holiday season!
Angel Ornament, Annual Edition 2010
This magnificent clear crystal angel is embellished with delicate Golden Shadow crystal stars. Hang it on your tree using the white satin ribbon, or remove the ribbon and use it as a sparkling table decoration. This beautiful keepsake makes a much-appreciated gift too.
Snowflake Christmas Ornament, Annual Edition 2010
Turn your home into a sparkling winter wonderland with the stunning Annual Edition Christmas Ornament! This elegant and seasonal clear crystal snowflake comes with a silver-tone metal tag and white satin ribbon. It makes a magnificent addition to any festive decoration, a beautiful souvenir of 2010 or a much-appreciated gift for your family and friends.
To link to this product from your site please use the link below, but make sure to replace **your unique handle** with your buy.at handle.
Angel Ornament, Annual Edition 2010
Snowflake Christmas Ornament, Annual Edition 2010HTML Code:
HTML Code:
Happy Selling!
Karen Varecka
Account Manager
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (888) 791-0341 x6


text:
Welcome to My Kitchen!!
Are you just starting out on Slimming World? or maybe you are looking for some new ideas for staples to add to your kitchen, well this is just the post for you.
Below is a list of the basic foods I always make sure I have in my pantry cupboard, freezer and fridge.
There are obviously things I sometimes buy outside of that list and you will see such items in the Slimming World friendly products links below.
- Apples (my fav's are Jazz, Fuji, Pink Lady's and Lady Alice varieties)
- Bananas
- Grapes
- Watermelon
- Oranges/Lemons/Limes
- Berries – strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and blueberries
- Seasonal Fruit
- Onions (red and white)
- Garlic
- Ginger
- Tomatoes (Roma and Cherry varieties)
- Courgettes/Zucchini
- Mushrooms
- Peppers (Red, Green and Yellow)
- Salad Leaves (usually romaine or baby spinach/baby leaves)
- Kale
- Fresh Herbs (basil and cilantro/coriander are my main ones, occasionally Italian parsley)
- Potatoes (sweet and white)
- Butternut Squash
- Spaghetti Squash
- Parsnips
- Rutabaga (swede)
- Cucumber
- Broccoli slaw mix (great in stir fries)
- Sugar Snap Peas (my favorite speed and syn free snack)
- Sprouted Grain Bread (HEb)
- Whole Wheat Bread (HEb)
- Whole Wheat English Muffins (USA/Canada only) (HEb)
- Eggs
- Butter (syns)
- Greek plain yoghurt
- Quark
- Low Fat Cream Cheese
- Mozzarella (HEa)
- Cheddar (HEa)
- Parmesan cheese (HEa)
- Feta
- Milk (HEa)
I always make sure I have a good stock of meat/fish products. I often buy big packs and then portion up and freeze, that way I can take out what I need without any waste.
The below are meat/fish items which I usually always have a supply of in my fridge or freezer:
- Prawns/shrimps
- Salmon fillets
- Extra lean ground beef/turkey/lamb
- Stewing beef
- Pork Loins
- Chicken (breast, thighs and drumsticks), plus whole chickens come in handy too
- Lamb loins
- Tilapia
- Sea bass fillets
- Pork Shoulder roasts
- Low syn sausages
- Canadian bacon
- Ham
- Cooked Chicken
It is handy to have a supply of the frozen vegetable bags, so that you can always get that superfree food on your plate, at times when you need to put together something quickly.
I always have a supply of the below speed food items in my freezer, as they can come in really handy when you need some quick speed foods:
- Broccoli Florets
- Cauliflower Florets
- Carrots
- Green Beans
- Spinach
- Frozen Berries
- Stir Fry Veg Mix
Sometimes if I have onions and peppers that are close to spoiling, I chop them up into slices and freeze in freezers bags. You can do this for a whole heap of vegetables and is a great idea for homemade oven chips (check link for how to prepare those for freezing) too. I also add fresh chilli's, whole bulbs of garlic, and peeled ginger root into ziplock bags and freeze, as you never know when you might need some.
and then also the following:
- Sweetcorn
- Garden Peas
- Edamame Beans (great for snacking)
- Rice (various kinds, brown, arborio, jasmine)
- Pasta (penne, spaghetti, lasagne)
- Broth/Stock Cartons (I prefer these over stock cubes, fresher tasting and cleaner ingredients)
- Couscous
- Bulgur Wheat
- Quinoa
- Lentils (brown, green and red)
- Dried beans (chickpeans, kidney beans, haricot etc, super cheap to buy and handy for cheap meals)
- Weetabix (Heb)
- Plain Oatmeal (Heb)
- Coconut oil (syns)
- Ghee (syns)
- Olive oil (syns)
- Spray Oil (I pick varieties where the ingredients is 100% oil, no preservatives etc
- Baked beans
- Chick peas
- Butterbeans
- Soy Sauce (tamari for gluten free or coconut aminos for soy free)
- Fish sauce
- Sesame oil (syns)
- Coconut milk, canned (syns)
- Thai pastes (syns)
- Mirin (syns)
- Tabasco
- Rice vinegar
- Organic Turbinado Sugar (syns)
- Balsamic vinegar
- Worcestershire sauce
- Passata
- Chopped Tomatoes
- Tomato Paste
- Marmite
- Honey (syns)
- Maple syrup (syns)
- Tea and coffee
- Arrowroot powder (syns)
- Cornstarch (syns)
- Tapioca flour (syns)
- Baking powder (syns)
- Baking soda (syns)
- Almond flour (syns)
- Coconut flour (syns)
- All purpose flour (syns)
- Tuna
- Sardines
- Canned salmon
- Selection of raw nuts and dried fruit (HEb choices)
- Unsweetened apple sauce
- Good quality dark chocolate (syns)
- Almond butter (syns)
- Peanut butter (syns)
- Sweet Freedom Choc Shot (syns) – great for a choc fix and only 0.5 syns per tsp
- Sukrin Gold – brown sugar type natural sweetener with no aftertaste
- Sukrin:1 – granulated sweetener with no aftertaste
Far too many for me to actually list, oh boy you should see my collection. My advice would be to start with the basics and each week or fortnight buy a new one until you build up a good selection. Spices are what add all that lovely flavour to your food.
Here are the basics I really do recommend getting:
- Sea salt
- Black Pepper
- Cumin
- Coriander
- Chilli Powder
- Paprika
- Mixed Herbs
- Cinnamon
Start off with those and go from there.
For snack type items, I try to have a selection of things around the 100 calorie (5 syns) mark, which means I can easily treat myself within my daily syn allowance. Here are some of my favs
- Cereal Bars (syns)
- Popcorn (syns)
- Meringues (syns) – mix with fruit and yoghurt for a dessser
- Pizzelles (syns) these are an Italian wafer, great for topping with fruit
- Flavoured Rice Cakes (syns) – again great for topping with fruit or peanut butter for a snack
- I will also sometimes buy flavored yoghurt that is not fat free (better flavour and some are not too bad syn wise)
Also check out my Syn Free/Low Syn Snacks post for many more ideas
Below is a list of useful kitchen items I have:
Obviously it is not vital you have every single item here, but these are what I own and use regularly.
- good quality pans (I love cast iron, but also have a couple of ceramic pans)
- vegetable spiraller (I love my paderno, but a julienne peeler will work fine)
- Peelr
- deep lidded casserole pot (I love my cast iron dutch oven)
- baking trays
- wok
- small egg pan
- grill pan
- Potato Chipper
- weighing scales (for weighing healthy extras etc)
- measuring cups and spoons
- measuring jug
- garlic press, grater, peeler etc
- various wooden spoons, spatulas, utensils
- good selection of chopping boards
- good selection of knives
- knife sharpener
- mini food processor
- hand blender or a full blender if you have room (good for soups etc)
- misto sprayer
- good selection of oven dishes
- colanders
- mixing bowls
- slow cooker
- Instant Pot – best kitchen cooking item ever
- Mortar and Pestle (I love mind for mixing and grinding up spices for my recipes)
- actifry (not essential, but I love mine)
- lidded containers for leftovers
- parchment paper
- aluminium foil
- Meal Prep Containers – great for batch cooking
- Ziplock Freezer Bags – I should have shares in these, love them for freezing all kinds of things.
I have many of these items picked out for you to check out on Amazon here: Slimming Eats Amazon Store


text:
Heroes of Might & Magic, Heroes of Might & Magic 3: Complete and more
Prince of Persia, The Two Thrones, Warrior Within and more
Ultima 1+2+3, Ultima 7 The Complete Edition and more
Thief Gold, The Metal Age and more
Tomb Raider 1+2+3, The Angel of Darkness and more
Wing Commander 4, Heart of the Tiger, Privateer and more
Might and Magic 6-pack Limited Edition and more
Anno 1404: Gold Edition, Anno 1602 A.D and more
DRM-free means no copy protection, on-line checks, or any other annoyances. It's all about just you and your games and movies. You should feel you own the products that you buy - just like a book, or a DVD.
On GOG.com, no matter if you are online or offline, you will never be locked away from your purchases.
Everyone should be treated fairly and not overpay for purchases just because they reside in a different part of the world.
If a product on GOG.com costs more in your country than the price in the US, we will make up the difference in value out of our own pockets, and offer it to you as free Wallet funds that you can use towards any future purchase.
Whenever you buy something and it doesn't work, you should feel safe knowing that you can take it back.
We don't understand why games or movies should be any different, so if your purchase doesn't work and we can't help you fix it, you get your money back.
Our Money Back Guarantee covers you for 30 days.
Leave no monolith unturned. Planet Nomads, the ambitious action/survival sandbox, is inching one step closer to its final release with the 0.8 update, dubbed "Monumental Travels".Finally, the time has come for us to learn more about the purpose of these enigmatic alien monuments. But not before we fool around with all the cool new toys this update
Keep your frenemies close. Prodigy Tactics, the tactical arena brawler with the delightfully diverse cast of characters, just got its first big update since it launched In Development. Those who enjoy giving their friends a good virtual beating will be glad to know that it brings:- 2 multiplayer modes. Play Against a Friend, which lets you invite a
MDK free for 48h • StarCrawlers free for spending 15 USD • 300+ deals up to -90%UPDATE: Noticed the big games that got added to the lineup? They're pretty hard to miss: Divinity: Original Sin 2, Torment: Tides of Numenera, Dead Cells, Pillars of Eternity - Definitive Edition, and Tyranny are now part of the Black Friday Sale.Don't try to beat the r
Facing the Quinn's justice. Batman: The Enemy Within Episode Three, is now available, DRM-Free on GOG.comAs Bruce keeps getting drawn deeper and deeper into the criminal world, the Joker is feeling more and more compelled to succumb to his feral, chaotic nature. Now the Batman must face the consequences of keeping his allies in the dark, as his tie
Red snow. Titan Quest: Ragnarök is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com with a 25% discount until November 28, 11PM UTC.Just as you thought your Titan Quest was over, Ragnarök threatens to end all things, storming in from the north. Brave the cold land of the Celts in this epic fifth Act which brings a 10th Mastery (Runemaster), higher level cap (85
An extra galleon of adventure. Treasure Lands is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com with a 40% discount. The base game and OST are 70% off each until November 28, 11PM UTC.Time to venture beyond the sea! Set foot on dry land and continue your adventures by storming a fort, protecting a village, or exploring an ancient city crawling with undead. A n
Gotta cook 'em all! Battle Chef Brigade is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com.Few things give you a stronger sense of satisfaction than a well-cooked meal. Except maybe slaying monsters in arcade combat. Then chopping them up for parts. Then using said parts to prepare a gourmet dish that can convince even the most demanding judge that you're a ch
Time to take off the glasses. Megaton Rainfall is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com, with a 10% discount until November 24, 6PM UTC.You are a god-like being with virtually unlimited powers. Meanwhile, aliens are invading Earth and totally wrecking the place. It's a match made in superhero heaven.Get those pesky skyscraper-huggers off the planet bu
Owners get the new content for free. Among the Sleep, the first-person toddler simulator with things that go bump in the night and are NOT your own head has just been updated to the Enhanced Edition. Its price has been re-adjusted to reflect the content additions and improvements but previous owners get the update for free. Here's what's new:- Impr
Give this space some quality time. The Star Control: Origins Close Beta is now available to anyone who pre-orders the game (or the Star Control: Bundle) and wants to participate.Called Fleet Battles, this first beta version is about getting your ships together and launching them either against your A.I. opponents or your friends. If you're not enti
West of Loathing is silly, surreal, and from the creators of Kingdom of Loathing! You'd be silly not to play it.Are you the magical Beanslinger, the crafty Snake Oiler, or the punchy Cow Puncher?Find out in our Destiny Assessment Exam:
Stick 'em up, paesano! West of Loathing is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com with a 10% discount until November 23, 2PM UTC.Blazing saddles, ill-mannered cows, awkward musical numbers, sticky mysteries, and more goofy hats than there are bullet holes in the walls of the local saloon: this is a true Wild West epic, complete with open-world explora
True wit. Westerado: Double Barreled is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com with a 50% discount until November 20, 11PM UTC.A smoldering piece or iron took your family away, leaving you a pile of distraught, vengeful pixels. But whose finger was on the trigger? Armed with your stylish bandana, difficult questions, and a gun that can just as easily
For a handful of justice. Helldorado is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com with a 50% discount until November 20, 11PM UTC.The Wild West was never known for its cool-headed people but this nasty kidnapping has brought Santa Fe to its boiling point. Now some calm, strategic planning is required if you and your dodgy bunch are to find answers. There
The halls are alive with the sound of SHOOTING! Tower 57, a top-down shooter taking place inside a dieselpunk tower, is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com with a 17% discount until November 23, 12PM UTC.All that's left of our crumbling civilization are these enigmatic Megatowers. Now seven uniquely skilled individuals find themselves inside one suc
Grimy with a chance of loot drops. Deep Sky Derelicts is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com.Dreaming of social ascendance? Customize your mercenaries, board abandoned alien ships crawling with abominable monstrosities, and defeat them in gruesome turn-based combat...or die from an unfortunate card-draw. This tactical RPG with the unmistakable comic
Gather all parts before venturing forth. Pillars of Eternity: Definitive Edition is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com with a 25% launch discount until November 19, 11PM UTC.The acclaimed isometric RPG now finally in a complete package that includes every bit of available content: Pillars of Eternity - Royal Edition, White March Part I & II, plus t
Shooting like a hurricane. UPDATE: Yeee-haw, all weapon systems are back online! The game now supports Leaderboards and GOG Galaxy Achievements, to help you show off those mad screen-clearing skills.Raiden V: Director's Cut, is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com.The latest entry in the celebrated series that's been sending us straight to bullet hel
About a girl. Stories: Father's Promise is now available, DRM-free on GOG.com. To celebrate, This War of Mine: Soundtrack Edition is 80% off until November 21, 11AM UTC.Surrounded by death and squalor, Adam is desperately looking for a way to leave this war-torn city behind, for the sake of his little daughter. With 4 new locations, additional dia
Reigniting that old flame. Pillars of Eternity 2: Deadfire is coming soon, DRM-free on GOG.com.The sequel to Obsidian's seminal RPG, which brought back all the immersion and attention to detail we remember from the genre's classics, is finally around the corner. Introducing naval battle mechanics, a new vast open world, a relationship system that n


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Garen Build Guide by JRaptor
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Spinning like a boss!
Garen Build
Standard Core
Against heavy ad
Against heavy ap
Example of a full build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Pros / Cons
+ High damage output throughout the game
+ Hard to beat in a 1v1
+ if fed he is unstoppable
+ quite tanky
- easily countered
- can be shut down by hard cc and poke
- long ultimate cd
Skill Sequence
You might already know it. His standard combo: engage with q then activate e. If you take damage also activate w. If the enemy is low use your ultimate to shut him down. Don't waste your ultimate so steal kills! The CD is way to high for that and you might regret it later having your ultimate on CD. Moreover your team also needs some kills if you're already fed.
The only thing you need to know is: Don't push too much with your e in the early game! Otherwise you will get ganked and die. Just push the lane if your enemie is dead or left the lane.
Team Work
Let someone else with hard CC engage. Then follow up and try to deal as much damage as you can with your e and execute a low health target which would otherwise escape with your ultimate.
Tanks for viewing my guide! I really appreciate if you upvote it! And don't forget... Spin to Win! ;)


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Picture: Lily Allen Glamour Women Of The Year Awards held at the Berkeley Square Gardens - Arrivals. London, England - 8.06.10
Lily Allen's pet pooch MABEL has been attacked again - and the singer is calling on fans for help in tracking down the bully who bit her.
The dog was attacked earlier this year (10) and her injuries were so severe, Allen posted pictures of Mabel bandaged up after a trip to the "doggy hospital" on Twitter.com.
And the Smile star has taken to Twitter again to ask for help after Mabel was attacked in London on Thursday (24Jun10).
She wrote, "Mabel has been involved in a bite and run incedent (sic) on hampstead Heath this morning. Tweet me if you saw or heard anything."


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This will also create a good deal of convenience for you as a patient since we can offer these services under one roof.
We are humbled by the trust you have placed in us during your time of need. We strive to get you back to do the things and people you love – just as we would our own Mom or Dad.
Downtown Phoenix Providers
Janet Orozco, PA
Janet Orozco is a Physician Assistant with 13+ years of surgical specialty in spine medicine and pain management.
She also has experience with spearheading new companies, developing clinical pathway protocols, and on boarding new surgeons and clinical providers.
Ann Crist, NP
Ball State University, IN
Gilbert Providers
Lindsay Carter, NP
Lindsay Carter is a Family Nurse Practitioner with several years of experience. Lindsay got her associates in nursing degree in 1995 at New Mexico State University. She then went on to get her bachelors and masters in Nursing at Grand Canyon University.
Lindsay is a member of The American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing.
Glendale Providers
Ryan Gilbreth, PA
Ryan Gilbreth (PA-C) attended Washington State University and graduated with a Bachelors of Science in Kinesiology. After WSU, he attended Pacific University in Hillsboro, Oregon and completed his Masters of Medical Science in Physician Assistant Studies. Ryan brings his experience as a Physician Assistant in Urgent Care to Arizona Pain Specialists.
In his spare time, he enjoys being outdoors playing golf, hiking, camping. He enjoys spending time back where he grew up in the Northwest relaxing by the lake and fishing in the early mornings. Loves to spend time traveling with his wife. He hopes to utilize his training and participate in medical missions both domestically and abroad.
Victoria Gleichman, PA
Victoria Gleichman (PA) is originally from Louisville, Kentucky. She received a bachelor of science degree in psychology at the University of Kentucky. After graduating, Victoria attended the Physician Assistant program at the Medical University of South Carolina.
Victoria has a background in traumatic brain injury research, something she is very passionate about. In her spare time she enjoys reading, writing, traveling, and hiking the mountain ranges around Phoenix.
Marie Demello, MSN, FNP-BC
Skilled professional with more than 15 years experience in the medical profession in various positions. Significant experience in a variety of settings including: case management, long term care, Alzheimer's and dementia care, oncology, psychiatric services, surgical, pre- and post-operative care, and cardiology.
Scottsdale Providers
Bridget Bethea, NP
Bridget is a Family Nurse Practitioner with 18+ years in Nursing.
She has worked in various medical settings which include an Army medic on Black Hawk helicopters, Head and neck cancer, Neonatal intensive care unit, dialysis and Acute and chronic pain management
Working Together to Fight Your Pain
Our medical team works together to bring the patient the highest level of care possible. When you visit you will be greeted by a medical assistant, who will gather critical medical information such as your pulse, temperature, medication information, and any medical concerns you have. The medical assistant will pass this information to your physician assistant or nurse practitioner who will then evaluate you.
The nurse practitioner or physician assistant will consult with you on your specific pain condition, perform a physical examination, gather additional medical information, educate you on your diagnosis and treatment options, and answer any questions you have.
After the consultation, they will inform your physician and relay the necessary information for the physician to evaluate your personal medical case. Your physician will review, oversee, and approve your individualized treatment plan to be carried out during future office visits.
If you are a candidate for a procedure, the physician will perform that procedure in the surgery center on your appointed date. Depending upon the clinic location, you could be treated by an MD or a DO.
Rest assured, every physician at Arizona Pain adheres to the highest of standards; each is fellowship trained and double board-certified.
A successful medical team often works as though in a relay race, passing crucial information on to the next team member. By utilizing the medical expertise of multiple individuals, you can receive the highest level of care possible.


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Meacher defines 'sustainable business'
Environment Minister Michael Meacher put forward a definition of "the sustainable business of the future" in November, identifying transparency and accountability as fundamental requirements. Ministers will shortly appoint an expert group to draw up guidance on the information companies will soon be required to report by law.
Sorry you do not have access to this article. Please contact Customer Support at
or call 020 8267 8120


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Posts: 3
Syracuse, Indiana, US
We only have a few available spots left for this next weekend (Nov. 16th-18th) in downtown Indianapolis. It will be a collaboration with a fellow photographer (MM#: 1185475). This is an open, FREE weekend!! The spots will go fast,I promise! Message me for details.
Nov 10 12 04:19 am Link


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20 thoughts on "Surface Preparation"
I have Supawood Wrap cupboards in my kitchen – can I paint over these and do a technique on them? If so, how do I prep the surface and what paint do I use?
I have furniture from Wherley's and would like to paint it white.
What preparation do I do and what paint do I use, to avoid chipping?
My house is a facebrick built house which has been painted.
What would be the best paint to use to repaint the house? What would the spread required be?
I have plastered and painted (PVA I assume) boundary walls. Large areas of paint scraped off due to dampness. I have also had some cracks opened and plastered.
1. How do I handle this with specific reference to "mapping" effect where portions of existing paint removed ie to smooth it again prior to painting.
2. Do I use plaster primer where plastered 1st prior to Dampseal?
3. Is Micatex the best exterior application for boundary walls ?
Hi, Help! I wanted to whitewash a free-standing cupboard and needed to stain it teak after sanding it down. I sadly used an oil-based stainer instead of water-based and don't want to paint over this! I find it's taking forever and keeps clogging my sandpaper. Is there an easier way, maybe a product I could use to take most of it off? Your help will be appreciated. Thanks Jackie
I really like the DIY info but why does surface preparation only deal with some products and the top of the range products like Double Velvet and Cashmere where one wants the best possible result are not mentioned? Or have I overseen something?
Hi, the interior of my house is a rough plastering surface. Is there a DIY way to transform it to a smooth surface (e.g. like using a scraper and sand paper and maybe a filler I can use to smooth-en the surface)? Please help, I am about to move into this house but I would like to prep it before moving.
Hi, I'm busy redoing my garage. There were a couple of patches where old paint has started to peel off, so I started scraping them and now I have a room with some patches of plaster, some patches of the really old paint, green and some of the the original paint. How much do I have to prepare the surface, take all paint off, or can I just smooth it off by sanding and prime and paint?
I have redone a plastered boundary wall. I had to redo it because of damping in the plaster. Please could you advise me on the preps to take and different products to use to avoid a future repeat?


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Whether it's derived from their antics on the pitch or the way they carry themselves off it, cool footballers gain admiration from any keen football fan and sometimes fans beyond the football world. Stars such as George Best, Socrates and Bobby Moore have all helped pave the way for aspiring cool cats in the game
So we all know that footballers are paid way too much, with most professionals in the Premier league on multi-million pound deals. But putting all jealousy aside, when these footballers have bought their mansions and country townhouses, what extravagant extras do they splash out on inside? Here we take a look at some of the


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Retail $1620! Metal: Sterling & 14kt Gold Marked/Tested Krypell, 925, 14kt Gemstones/Diamonds Blue Topaz Diamond -0.34ctw Clarity: Vs Color: G Measurements: Necklace 16.5" Long, Pendant 30mm X 14.3mm Wide (Inch = 25mm) Weight 30.2g Description: Pre Owned, Excellent Condition.
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3DOcean Instruction pole 11139602
3DOcean Instruction pole 11139602
3D Model
Texture \ Pole \ Signboard \ Model \ Poly \ Instruction \ Game
3D Model - Instruction pole 11139602 by SOLIDEpoint @ 3DOcean
3D Model
Animated: No; Low-poly: Yes; Materials: Yes; Rigged: No; Textured: Yes; UV Layout: Yes; 3D File Formats Included: .3ds (multi format), .fbx (multi format), .max (3ds Max), .mb (maya), .obj (multi format); Created In: maya 2013; Geometry: Polygons; Poly Count: 381.
here is the 3D model of Instruction pole. model is low poly and good for games
texture size – 2048*2048.
poly – 381
Keywords: game, instruction, low poly, model texture, pole, signboard.
Download Link


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Slide 1 of 5
1. L.A. Film Festival
The L.A. Film Festival kicks off its 19th year June 13 when Pedro Almódovar's latest, "I'm So Excited!," opens the fest; Sundance hit "The Way, Way Back" closes things out June 23. In between, catch movies both buzzy and unknown, and indulge in scintillating panels and Q&As.
Photo Source: Sony Pictures Classics
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Store Details
There's nothing like your hometown hardware store. Here at The Home Depot in Pine Brook, NJ we love our community just as much as you do. We support our local high schools, elementary schools and Boy Scouts of America.
We're located at Bloomfield Avenue and Route 46 East near Willowbrook Mall and Etta Konner Park. The great part about our Pine Brook location is that you can find whatever you're looking for, from moulding and millwork to tools, petunias, wall decor and water filters.
We appreciate your business and look forward to seeing you in our store.
Your Pine Brook Store Team


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The Prostacet Prostate formula is a powerful, natural solution designed to:
- Support the Health of the Prostate
- Maintain Healthy Prostate Function
- Support Bladder Health and Normal Urine Flow
9hab zwinat - For Order Prostate Health Supplement by Prostacet
Buy Herbal Prostate Health Supplement by Prostacet 9hab zwinat -
The Prostacet Formula delivers key ingredients to nutritionally support a healthy prostate. Prostacet is an outstanding formula that supports prostate health with Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) which works to nourish this vital organ. Prostacet also contains a healthy dose of lycopene, the remarkably potent antioxidant phytonutrient that has been shown to counteract oxidative tissue damage. Reinforced by other herbs, amino acids, vitamins and minerals, Prostacet has emerged as a premier natural prostate health formula.
Prostate health is a serious issue that affects every part of a man's life. The frequent urination many men experience can make it difficult to visit friends, dine out, or see a movie. It can even interrupt important sleep. Although changes in prostate health are indefinitely part of every man's life, the signs and symptoms that are associated with this condition often prove too embarrassing for most men to even mention. Prostate enlargement is also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH. It remains one of the most prevalent problems for men over the age of 60. Moreover, 90% of all men will experience at least some signs and symptoms by age 80.
90 Day Money Back Guarantee Return Policy.
We take great pride in the superior quality of our products and want you to be pleased with your purchase. We believe in offering the very best value, quality and selection to our customers. You may return any unused and unopened item purchased from us for any reason within Ninety (90) days of your purchase. Customer Care
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The Co-operative Pharmacy has unveiled its latest initiative to help fund community projects in Africa, with the launch of a product designed by students from a Hertfordshire high school.
One Careplast plasters will be on sale in more than 1,700 Co-operative food and pharmacy stores, with money from sales going to Global Ethics.
Under the scheme, 15p from each £1.39 pack sold will go towards medical kits and bicycle ambulances in Malawi.
The launch follows a national competition that saw three female students from Bushey Meads School beat hundreds of entries to design a product that could be sold in the UK to help those most in need in Malawi, a spokesperson said.
They developed a children's plaster pack of animal-print plasters, which will be sold exclusively through the Co-operative stores.
Co-operative Pharmacy OTC commercial director Jennifer Tilley said: "The students certainly did their homework and showed real enterprise. From the animal designs on the plasters to the powerful messages on the packaging, it all linked back strongly to funding medication, staff and other health care in Malawi."


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Ventilation: How Buildings Breathe
Proper ventilation keeps the air fresh and healthy indoors.
Like the lungs, homes need to be able to breathe to make sure that fresh air comes in and dirty air goes out. Air indoors can build up high levels of moisture, odors, gases, dust, and other air pollutants—even exhaled breaths. To keep the air safe indoors, the air needs to circulate with fresh outdoor air.
Homes need to move enough air to provide that crucial circulation. For almost all homes, windows and structural elements circulate fresh air. Many homes have additional mechanical systems to add to the flow. Some sources, such as stoves and bathrooms, need special venting that can remove the pollution they produce.
Ventilation helps reduce indoor air pollution, but it works best if paired with keeping known sources of air pollution out of the building. For example, the only way to reduce the effect of secondhand smoke indoors is to not allow smoking indoors or near the entrances. Ventilation will not solve that problem.
Outdoor air can also bring pollution indoors as well, so taking steps to reduce outdoor air pollution is important, too.
How Fresh Air Comes into Your Home
Air comes into buildings and leaves by three different ways:
- Doors and windows, whenever they are opened.
- Joints, cracks and openings where parts of the building connect, including floors and walls and around windows and pipes.
- Spot ventilation, including fans that pull air from the bathroom.
- Mechanical, whole house systems, to systems in larger buildings that force air into and out of the building.
What Are Some Challenges Triggered by Poor Ventilation?
- When not enough air circulates, pollution builds up indoors. Sometimes efforts to make buildings more energy efficient can backfire by not allowing enough air to move, building up pollution.
- Carbon monoxide can build up to deadly levels indoors without proper ventilation, but it is not the only risk.
- High humidity outside can make indoor air more humid, increasing the risk of moisture damage indoors, such as mold growth or wood rot.
How to Use Ventilation to Protect Health
- Use exhaust fans in bathrooms to remove moisture and gases from the house.
- Fit your kitchen with an exhaust fan that moves the air to the outside. Use the fan or open a window when cooking to remove fumes and airborne particles.
- Make sure gas, propane, wood or other combustion appliances vent completely to the outside. Do not use ventless stoves. Install a carbon monoxide detector near your bedrooms.
- Vent clothes dryers to the outdoors, too. Clean out the vent regularly to make sure the dust does not block air flow.
- If you paint or use hobby supplies or chemicals in your home, add extra ventilation. Open the windows and use a portable window fan to pull the air out of the room.
- Test your home for radon, and if you have elevated levels, hire a professional to add ventilation to remove it. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer.
- If the air indoors remains too moist, look for sources of moisture that need to be controlled. If that still does not solve the problem, if a dehumidifier may help. If you use a dehumidifier, make certain you clean it regularly. Check with an air systems specialist to see if your system needs improvements.
- Never idle your car in an attached garage. The exhaust can move into your home.
For more information:
An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality: Amount of Ventilation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.


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Weekly Linkups
The blogging community is one that is very encouraging and inspiring. I have found that it's a great opportunity to meet and encourage each other as bloggers. Link parties offer you a way to share your work on other websites, as well as find new inspiration as you discover other bloggers who link up! I have discovered some great blogs through link parties, so I definitely recommend visiting other bloggers and showing them some comment love. It is a party, after all!
Below are some of the linkups/blogs where you might see my posts:
Jennifer Dukes Lee #tellHisstory
Coffee For You Heart w/Holley Gerth
100 Happy Days w/Life of Scoop
Take Time (1st Tuesday)
The Circle (3rd Wednesday)
I've been featured here:


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We are not sad about these black teardrop heels, no Sir Ree Bob! The teardrop front of these suede, t-strap heels is a sweet peek-a-boo way to show off some toe cleavage without showing too much skin! ;) The ankle strap and buckle makes for an adjustable fit. There is some real love in the sequin detail located at the heel of these beautiful shoes where rows of large and small black sequins creates a rad chevron design! Heel height is 4 ¼" and front platform height is ½". Available in US women's sizes 5-11.
Available in U.S. women's sizes 5-11.


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Cost of hospital visits expected to rise
July 28, 2010
Fran Bogom, an 86-year-old Buffalo native, was watching television while sitting in bed while drifting off to sleep. She eventually fell from the bed and broke her arm. Bogan, who lived by herself in an assisted living apartment, was rushed to a hospital.
However, the news source reports that Bogom was on Medicare, which meant that a one or two-day stay at a hospital could amount to $10,000, while three days or more would mean that it was compensated.
This rule is an attempt to curb skyrocketing Medicare costs, which reached $509 billion in 2009. To stay for three days, patients must qualify as needing the care or the system will refuse to pay the hospital for the bill and sometimes even issue a fine.
Bogom's stay at the hospital lasted for two days and consisted of an array of medical tests to determine whether any other factors induced her fall. The news provider claims she now has to pay more than $10,000 out-of-pocket.
It is crucial to cut healthcare costs whenever possible and senior alert systems are instrumental in ensuring the safety of elderly persons living alone. By having the opportunity to contact caretakers whenever necessary, seniors can notify the proper people in an emergency and may have their situation evaluated without expensive hospital bills.


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I've beat my personal record of numbers of article written in a month. This is number 18 of November. I started in April, reaching 17 as a beginner with tons of fresh ideas. Granted, for this month, I kind of dragged out "It's a Twapfield" in 4 installments. But given the diversity of material, and given the lengthier nature of certain articles......all things considered, November has been a success. Here's some bullet-points.
- Redesigned the entire site, including a fresh new banner depicting a Mushroom Kingdom zombie apocalypse.
- Rebooted my comic series "It's A Twapfield"
- Started a new series, which you read above, "Catch 4:22"
- Exposed Ark Music Factory sleeper agents "Nicole Westbrook" and "Rebecca Black" in two separate articles, the latter of which received over 800 hits in about five hours time, successfully reaching 10,000 gathered hits in the process.
- Exposed World War Z for the pile of turd it is, inspiring the idiots who are making the film to go back in for re-shoots. Seriously, my review of World War Z was released on November 14th. That article about re-shoots was released THE NEXT DAY, November 15th. Coincidence? I think not.
- I forced Lil Wayne into retirement.
- Hunted some trolls and new-agers.
- Made two videos:
- Took a shirtless Facebook picture.
- Exposed the CIA sex scandals as the false flags they really are.
- Explained through the power of Youtube what it feels like to be white.
-Inception spammed Jenna Marbles.
All in all, it was a successful month for Sweet Funky Freedom. I plan to keep this momentum going into the future; exposing more Ark Conspiracies, releasing new installments in "It's a Twapfield" and "Catch 4:22," and hopefully making more hilarious videos for all of you to enjoy. But remember, November isn't over for three more days, bitches, and since I've already beat my personal best for number of articles in a month....I'm going to take it a step further and release even more killer content before December rolls around. This is MOvember - mo' material for mo' viewers.
See, we may never get another full month of Sweet Funky Freedom. The dreaded December 21st 2012 is less than 30 days away, friends. Our days may very well be numbered.
Everything we fought for in the Alamo will either be remembered or forgotten forever on that day.
So tonight....we dine at the restaurant at the end of the universe. Tonight we feast like kings. Tonight is right for love. Tonight we fly, we feel alive. Tonight, we do the same thing we try to do every night...try and take over the world. Tonight is party time, it's party time tonight. Tonight we lose control, and lie awake with stories. Tonight.........we ride. Tonight there's gonna be a jailbreak. Tonight is ladies night. Tonight is going to be a good night. Tonight is what it means to be young.


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Hiking through the meadow in the valley, the sunlight had not yet
hit these flowers. As I was walking through them, I noticed that
the blossoms were literally dripping with these lovely black and
white butterflies / moths. I realized that they were patiently
waiting for the sun to appear, melting the dew from their wings
which would enable them to once again flit and fly about the meadow.
All images are the property of Terri Steele, please don't reproduce without permission.