text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 18, 2011
|Filing date
|Jan 25, 2007
|Priority date
|Jan 25, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Todor G. Georgiev
|Original Assignee
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (34), Non-Patent Citations (72), Referenced by (34), Classifications (9), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to microscopy, and more specifically to three-dimensional light field microscopy.
2. Description of the Related Art
The microlens array 110 of
Computer-implemented software techniques, which may be equivalent or similar to those used in conventional light field rendering, tomography, and confocal microscopy, may be used to process the captured images. The software may generate 3D views, and may extract other 3D information about the observed specimen 130.
Conventional microscopes typically allow the user to select among several objectives 100 by rotating a mechanical turret. The light field microscope illustrated in
Each microlens array 110 may include, for example, 50,000 to 100,000 microlenses, with each microlens having a diameter of, for example, 125 microns. Such an array of microlenses is expensive and difficult to manufacture. In addition, correction for aberration would be extremely difficult, considering the size and the number of microlenses that are used.
Each microimage captures the circular aperture of the objective, and contains partially illuminated pixels at the edge of the aperture which have uncertain pixel value, and thus may have to be discarded. Further, adjacent microimages may overlap by one or two pixels, and the overlapping pixels may have to be discarded. In addition, there may be many unused pixels on the sensor not illuminated by a microlens. Thus, as much as 50%, or more, of the sensor's pixels may be wasted.
Each microimage is very small. For example, the microlens array may generate 100,000 images, with each image occupying a 10�10 pixel grid on the sensor. For the at least one of the reasons stated above, the image processing software may have to remove a 2-pixel wide border or boundary from each microimage. Thus, out of 10�10 image, only 8�8 is useful. 64 pixels is significantly less than 100 pixels. Further, the smaller the image size, the higher a percentage of pixels will be lost.
Various embodiments of a method and apparatus for a light field microscope that may be used for real time three-dimensional (3D) microscopy that incorporates a lenslet array at or near the rear aperture of an objective lens are described. Embodiments may supplement the microscope objective lens with an array of low power lenslets which may be located at or near the rear aperture of the objective lens, and which slightly modify the objective lens. The result is a new type of objective lens, or an addition to existing objective lenses.
In embodiments, a lenslet array is placed at or near to the objective lens. The lenslet array may include, for example, 9 to 100 lenslets (small, low-power lenses) that generate a corresponding number of real images. Each lenslet creates a real image on the image plane, and each image corresponds to a different viewpoint or direction of the specimen. Thus, embodiments of a light field microscope incorporating a lenslet array as described herein create real images as opposed to the angular images produced by a light field microscope with a microlens array located adjacent to the sensor. The real images capture the angular information differently than the light field microscope with a microlens array located adjacent to the sensor. Using a lenslet array at or near the objective lens, the same angular information is recorded in relations or differences among the much smaller number of captured real images. The relationship between any two of the images records the angular, 3D information for the images.
To retrieve this angular information, one or more of various dense correspondence techniques, which may also be referred to as image registration techniques, may be used to establish correspondence between and among the features on the real images produced by the lenslet array on and captured by the sensor. After establishing dense correspondence using known techniques, the images may be further processed using one or more of various software techniques.
In embodiments, the lenslet array may be located "after" the rear aperture of the objective lens. Since the space available for lenslets (defined by the diameter of the rear aperture of the objective lens) is typically approximately 10 millimeters (mm), if, for example, 10�10 images are desired, lenslets with a diameter of approximately 1 mm may be used. Larger lenses may be used to produce fewer images, or smaller lenses may be used to produce more images. The microscope objective lens is generally strong (high magnification) and thus has a short focal length f. In embodiments, the lenslets are weak (low magnification) and thus have a long focal length F. Note that F>f, so that the lenslets only slightly perturb the action of the objective lens.
The size of the lenses used in the lenslet array make it feasible to correct the lenses for aberrations. Locating the lenslet array at or near the objective lens avoids mechanical complications; for example, no additional high-precision turret to hold the lenslet array is required.
The light field produced by the lenslet array is not transposed. A light field microscope with the lenslet array captures, for example, 100 real images as opposed to, for example, 55,000 angular images captured by a microlens array located at the image plane. As a result, each image captured using the lenslet array is much larger than an individual image captured using a microlens array located at the image plane, which means that there are far fewer wasted boundary pixels as a percentage of the total number of pixels. Thus, the same sensor can be used to capture higher resolution images, with much less loss of pixels, than can be captured with a microscope using a microlens array located at the image plane.
A lenslet array can be placed almost anywhere after the microscope objective lens. In some embodiments, a lenslet array may be integrated with or coupled to an objective lens assembly. Alternatively, a lenslet array may be located at or near of the objective lens in the microscope assembly. In one embodiment, in an infinity corrected microscope, a lenslet array may be located at or near the tube lens, or alternatively the tube lens may be replaced with a lenslet array.
While the invention is described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims. As used throughout this application, the word "may" is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words "include", "including", and "includes" mean including, but not limited to.
Various embodiments of a method and apparatus for a light field microscope that may be used for real time three-dimensional (3D) microscopy and that incorporates a lenslet array at or near the rear aperture of an objective lens are described. A microscope objective lens is of very strong power (and thus of small focal length), especially at high magnification. Quality microscope objective lenses are highly optimized, corrected for chromatic and other aberrations, planar and strongly specialized in different ways. The objective lens is the single most expensive component in a conventional microscope. Replacing the objective lens with an uncorrected array of lenslets may not be feasible. Thus, embodiments supplement the objective lens with an array of low power lenslets which may be located at or near the rear aperture of the objective lens, and which slightly modify the objective lens. The result is a new type of objective lens, or an addition to existing objective lenses. Embodiments may generate, for example, 100 real images of the specimen. These images capture the light field. After establishing dense correspondence using known techniques, the images may be processed using one or more of various software techniques.
In embodiments, instead of placing a microlens array next to the sensor, as is done in the exemplary light field microscope illustrated in
A microscope objective lens typically has a small focal length f of, for example, 1 millimeter (mm) to 10 mm, depending on the power of the objective lens. For example, a typical 60� objective lens has a focal length f of approximately 3 mm. Generally, the higher the power of the objective lens, the shorter the focal length. In embodiments, the lenslet array is located "after" the rear aperture of the objective lens. Since the space available for lenslets (defined by the diameter of the rear aperture of the objective lens) is typically approximately 10 mm, if, for example, 10�10 images are desired, lenslets with a diameter of approximately 1 mm may be used. Larger lenses may be used to produce fewer images, or smaller lenses may be used to produce more images.
Note that the lenslet array may, but does not necessarily, include enough lenslets to "cover" the entire rear aperture of the objective lens. Since the lenslet array will include, at a theoretical minimum, at least two lenslets (in practice, a lenslet array will generally, but not necessarily, include at least nine lenslets), an absolute maximum diameter for the lenslets may be half the diameter of the rear aperture. In practice, the lenslets will generally be smaller than half the diameter of the rear aperture. The actual diameter of the lenslets, as stated, depends on the number of lenslets used in the lenslet array and the actual diameter of the rear aperture.
The microscope objective lens is generally strong (high magnification) and thus has a short focal length f. In embodiments, the lenslets are weaker lenses (low magnification lenses) and thus have a relatively longer focal length, represented herein by F. Note that F>f, and thus the lenslets may only slightly perturb the action of the original optimized objective lens.
The larger lenses used in the lenslet array 210 make it more feasible to correct the lenses for aberrations, which is more difficult (and thus more expensive) or perhaps even impossible to do with lenses as small as those required by the microlens array of
The microlens array 110 of
A lenslet array 210 can be placed almost anywhere after the objective lens 200. In some embodiments, a lenslet array 210 may be integrated with or coupled to an objective lens 200 assembly. Alternatively, a lenslet array 210 may be located at or near (e.g., within several millimeters) of the objective lens 200 in the microscope assembly. In one embodiment, in an infinity corrected microscope, a lenslet array 210 may be located at or near the tube lens, or alternatively the tube lens may be replaced with a lenslet array 210.
Referring to
In optics, there are two types of transforms of the light field: (1) refraction by a lens and (2) traveling a given distance. These transforms may be described by corresponding matrices, and any optical device can be represented as a product of such matrices.
First, the total transformation matrix M for the light field from P2, to the rear focal plane of the objective lens. Then, to the other side of a lenslet placed in the focal plane, and then back by a distance t is derived, such that the transform is a lens transform (i.e. the top right matrix element is 0).
The lenslet is placed in the focal plane. The total transform M of the light field is the product of the (objective) lens transform (f), the distance translation (f), and the lenslet transform. In matrix form, the above is given by:
Note that the leftmost matrix corresponds to the lenslet, the center matrix to the distance translation, and the rightmost matrix to the objective lens. Taking the product of the above matrices yields:
Next, the magnitude of the translation (a shift relative to P2) to the new principal plane P3 is calculated:
Note that the upper right element in the resultant matrix needs to be 0 for the matrix to be a proper lens transform. In other words, the resultant matrix above needs to be:
To generate a proper lens transform from the resultant matrix shown above, the following is solved for t:
which yields:
Note that t is negative because F>f (the lenslets are weaker lenses than the objective lens). The total shift from P2 that defines the new principal plane P3 is x=f+t. A Taylor series expansion may be used to find x:
where f/F is small (as F is considerably larger than f) and the ellipses ( . . . ) are higher-order corrections. Thus, the new principal plane P3 is shifted to the left of P2 (i.e., in the direction of P1). The final transform, after substituting for t, is:
Note that:
Thus, the final form of the transform is a combination of telescope (of small) magnification m, and a lens of focal length mf, where m=1−f/F. The image will be formed closer to the lens, first because the principal plane P2 is moved left (new principal plane P3), and second because the focal length is smaller. Note that the system is equivalent to a new objective lens located at the plane P3. The system consists of two elements, and is something like a telescope with magnification m plus a lens which has the power described by the righthand matrix shown above. Note that the righthand matrix describes a lens.
The system produces a small change to the focal length, represented by mf, where m=1−f/F. Note that m is close to 1, because F is much larger than f, and thus the change is relatively small. For example, if F is ten times bigger than f, the perturbation would be 1/10. The new lens (objective lens+small power lenslet) behaves like the objective lens with modified properties; the principal plane is shifted to P3, and the focal length is changed by the factor mf.
Note that the above calculations apply to all the lenslets 212 in the lenslet array 210. Further note that the above calculations are not intended to be limiting, and that similar calculations may be performed for a lenslet array 210 located at other positions in the microscope assembly.
The optical property that a lens shifted from the optical axis is equivalent to a lens and a prism on the optical axis may be used in finding the focal length F for the lenslets 212. The property is represented by the formula:
where s represents the shift of the lens from the optical axis, and the angle of the prism is represented by θ. Assuming a sensor, for example a CCD, of the dimensions 35 mm�35 mm, and assuming that a lenslet array 210 including 10�10 lenslets 212 and thus used to create 10�10 images on the sensor, the distance (shift) between two images at the sensor is 3.5 mm. In a microscope, the distance from the objective lens to the image plane is typically 160 mm. This produces an angle of 0.022 for an image relative to the optical axis:
If the lenslets 212 have a diameter of 1 mm, the lenslets are shifted from each other by 1 mm in the lenslet array 210, and therefore s=1 mm. Note that:
Substituting 1 mm for s and 0.022 for θ in the above yields F=45 mm for the lenslets. Thus, the correct results under the above assumptions should be produced by a lenslet of focal length F=45 mm, approximately. That it is a very weak lens, as is desired.
The F/number of a lens is defined as focal length/diameter. The lenses above have an F/number in the range of 45, which indicates a very weak and thus very easy to correct lens, with very small (and correctable) aberrations. Normal lenses have an F/number of about 4, and microscope objective lenses may have an F/number closer to 1, which is very difficult to correct. Thus, the lenslets do not introduce much if any aberration.
Note that the above calculations apply to all the lenslets 212 in the lenslet array 210. Further note that the above calculations are not intended to be limiting, and that similar calculations may be performed for a lenslet array 210 located at other positions in the microscope assembly and/or for lenslet arrays of different dimensions or that result in different shifts of the images. Different F/numbers may thus be generated, but note that the F/numbers will tend to be relatively large, and thus the lenslets required will tend to be relatively weak.
Note that there is a large degree of freedom as to where lenslet array 210 may be placed in the microscope. Placement of the lenslet array 210 is not to be limited by the calculations for an exemplary case of a lenslet array 210 located at the objective lens's rear focal plane as given above. Essentially, it does not matter exactly where in relation to the objective lens, within a reasonable range of a few millimeters, the lenslet array 210 is placed. If the lenslet array 210 is moved, the microscope can simply be refocused and the system will work. Note again the case of an infinity-corrected microscope, where a lenslet array 210 may be located at, or may even replace, the tube lens.
Note that the lenslet arrays 210 shown in
Note that the sensor may capture the array of real images 222 as one image that includes all of the real images. Software may then be used to differentiate the real images 222 and to extract angular information from differences among the real images 222, for example via a dense correspondence technique.
Note that
Processing of Captured Images
Captured real images such as those shown in the example given by
As indicated at 504, after dense correspondence of the n real images is performed, various computer-implemented image processing techniques, which may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, and which may include techniques that are equivalent or similar to techniques used in conventional light field rendering, tomography, and confocal microscopy, may be used to further process the pre-processed image information.
Embodiments of a microscope including a lenslet array 210 as described herein may be used to generate a smaller number of higher-resolution real images, and software techniques may then be applied to the captured images to synthesize additional "in-between" images from the captured image information, each synthesized image corresponding to a different (synthesized) view of the specimen. For example, significantly less than 100 images may be captured in order to gain a higher spatial resolution. Generally, at least 100 images are needed to produce quality 3D imaging results. Therefore, additional images may be synthesized from the captured images using, for example, dense correspondence and view morphing techniques. For example, 20 real images may be captured. From those 20 real images, using dense correspondence and/or view morphing techniques, additional in-between images may be synthesized, for example 80 to 1000, or more, additional images may be synthesized. Refocusing, camera motion, view change, etc. may thus be performed. This allows 3D imaging techniques to be performed with fewer actually captured images by generating a sufficient number of additional synthesized images, while providing better image resolution on the sensor. Thus, better image resolution may be obtained with little if any loss of quality.
Exemplary System
Various embodiments of software, including but not limited to dense correspondence software, for capturing and processing arrays of real images generated by a light field microscope 800 incorporating a lenslet array as described herein may be executed on one or more computer systems, which may interact with various other devices. One such computer system is illustrated by
In various embodiments, computer system 700 may be a uniprocessor system including one processor 710, or a multiprocessor system including several processors 710 (e.g., two, four, eight, or another suitable number). Processors 710 may be any suitable processor capable of executing instructions. For example, in various embodiments, processors 710 may be general-purpose or embedded processors implementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures (ISAs), such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, or any other suitable ISA. In multiprocessor systems, each of processors 710 may commonly, but not necessarily, implement the same ISA.
System memory 720 may be configured to store program instructions and/or data accessible by processor 710. In various embodiments, system memory 720 may be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In the illustrated embodiment, program instructions and data implementing desired functions, such as those described above for capturing and processing arrays of real images captured using a light field microscope 800 incorporating a lenslet array, are shown stored within system memory 720 as program instructions 725 and data storage 735, respectively. In other embodiments, program instructions and/or data may be received, sent or stored upon different types of computer-accessible media or on similar media separate from system memory 720 or computer system 700. Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include storage media or memory media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or CD/DVD-ROM coupled to computer system 700 via I/O interface 730. Program instructions and data stored via a computer-accessible medium may be transmitted by transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, which may be conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link, such as may be implemented via network interface 740.
In one embodiment, I/O interface 730 may be configured to coordinate I/O traffic between processor 710, system memory 720, and any peripheral devices in the device, including network interface 740 or other peripheral interfaces, such as input/output devices 750. In some embodiments, I/O interface 730 may perform any necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to convert data signals from one component (e.g., system memory 720) into a format suitable for use by another component (e.g., processor 710). In some embodiments, I/O interface 730 may include support for devices attached through various types of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, for example. In some embodiments, the function of I/O interface 730 may be split into two or more separate components, such as a north bridge and a south bridge, for example. In addition, in some embodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface 730, such as an interface to system memory 720, may be incorporated directly into processor 710.
Network interface 740 may be configured to allow data to be exchanged between computer system 700 and other devices attached to a network, such as other computer systems, or between nodes of computer system 700. In various embodiments, network interface 740 may support communication via wired or wireless general data networks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example; via telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networks or digital fiber communications networks; via storage area networks such as Fibre Channel SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/or protocol.
Input/output devices 750 may include input from a light field microscope 800 for receiving real images 222 captured by the light field microscope 800 using a lenslet array as described herein. Input/output devices 750 may, in some embodiments, include one or more display terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices, voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable for entering or retrieving data by one or more computer system 700. Multiple input/output devices 750 may be present in computer system 700 or may be distributed on various nodes of computer system 700. In some embodiments, similar input/output devices may be separate from computer system 700 and may interact with one or more nodes of computer system 700 through a wired or wireless connection, such as over network interface 740.
As shown in
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system 700 is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of the light field microscope 800 incorporating a lenslet array as described herein. In particular, the computer system and devices may include any combination of hardware or software that can perform the indicated functions, including but not limited to computers, network devices, internet appliances, PDAs, etc. Computer system 700 may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, or instead may operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, the functionality provided by the illustrated components may in some embodiments be combined in fewer components or distributed in additional components. Similarly, in some embodiments, the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not be provided and/or other additional functionality may be available.
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various items are illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices for purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of the software components may execute in memory on another device and communicate with the illustrated computer system via inter-computer communication. Some or all of the system components or data structures may also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on a computer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by an appropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. In some embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible medium separate from computer system 700 may be transmitted to computer system 700 via transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Accordingly, the present invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations.
Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include storage media or memory media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or DVD/CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, DDR, RDRAM, SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc. As well as transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as network and/or a wireless link.
The various methods as illustrated in the Figures and described herein represent exemplary embodiments of methods. The methods may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof. The order of method may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, etc.
Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. It is intended that the invention embrace all such modifications and changes and, accordingly, the above description to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 25, 1902
|Apr 14, 1903
|Frederic E Ives
|Parallax stereogram and process of making same.
|May 6, 1933
|May 5, 1936
|Perser Corp
|Camera for making parallax panoramagrams
|May 8, 1974
|Oct 12, 1976
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of making a synthetic focused image hologram
|Mar 7, 1978
|Dec 25, 1979
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Stereoscopic camera
|Aug 3, 1978
|Mar 11, 1980
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|CCD camera interface circuit
|Jun 24, 1986
|Jul 18, 1989
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Focus detecting device
|Aug 28, 1990
|Dec 31, 1991
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Optical ranging apparatus
|Aug 7, 1992
|Nov 1, 1994
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Multi-image single sensor depth recovery system
|Dec 21, 1993
|Mar 21, 1995
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Image projection system with autofocusing
|Sep 30, 1994
|Aug 19, 1997
|Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho
|Confocal optical apparatus
|Jan 25, 1996
|Mar 17, 1998
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Spectroscopic apparatus and spectroscopic image recording apparatus
|May 4, 1998
|Aug 31, 1999
|Herman D. Mims
|Method and apparatus for improved three dimensional photography
|Jan 7, 1999
|Oct 24, 2000
|Nippon Hoso Kyokai
|Autostereoscopic image apparatus
|Jun 22, 1998
|Jul 31, 2001
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|3D graphics based on images and morphing
|Oct 8, 1999
|Oct 9, 2001
|Nippon Hoso Kyokai
|Optical three-dimensional imaging device which uses an integral photography technique
|Nov 2, 1999
|Jan 15, 2002
|Oni Systems Corp.
|Microlens array with spatially varying optical property
|Apr 17, 1998
|Feb 26, 2002
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Multiple image morphing
|Dec 23, 1999
|Nov 5, 2002
|Microsoft Corporation
|Techniques for spatial displacement estimation and multi-resolution operations on light fields
|Mar 29, 2000
|May 18, 2004
|Microsoft Corporation
|Minimum sampling rate and minimum sampling curve for image-based rendering
|Nov 16, 2000
|Jan 4, 2005
|Agilent Technologies, Inc.
|Confocal imaging
|May 20, 2004
|May 30, 2006
|Nippon Hoso Kyokai
|Three-dimensional image optical system
|Apr 4, 2006
|Nov 17, 2009
|Adobe Systems, Incorporated
|Plenoptic camera
|Oct 30, 1997
|Aug 9, 2001
|Shawn-Yu Lin
|Optical elements comprising photonic crystals and applications thereof
|May 5, 1997
|Dec 13, 2001
|Pierre Allio
|Autostereoscopic imaging device and system comprising it
|Mar 27, 2001
|Oct 3, 2002
|Silverstein D. Amnon
|Single sensor chip digital stereo camera
|Dec 13, 2002
|Jun 17, 2004
|Dan Lelescu
|Statistical representation and coding of light field data
|May 9, 2003
|Nov 11, 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Scanning laser microscope with wavefront sensor
|Dec 5, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Kremen Stanley H.
|Method for creating a holographic screen that reconstructs uniformly magnified three-dimensional images from projected integral photographs
|Aug 5, 2008
|Feb 12, 2009
|Georgiev Todor G
|Method and Apparatus for Radiance Processing by Demultiplexing in the Frequency Domain
|Aug 5, 2008
|Feb 12, 2009
|Georgiev Todor G
|Method and Apparatus for Radiance Capture by Multiplexing in the Frequency Domain
|Sep 18, 2003
|Jun 29, 2005
|Japan Science and Technology Agency
|Cofocal microscope, fluorescence measuring method and polarized light measuring metod using cofocal microscope
|Nov 16, 2000
|May 25, 2001
|Agilent Technologies, Inc.
|Confocal imaging
|Nov 14, 2005
|Jun 1, 2006
|Kremen Stanley H
|Modular integral magnifier
|Apr 3, 2007
|Oct 11, 2007
|Adobe Systems, Incorporated
|Improved plenoptic camera
|Adelson T., Wang J.: "Single Lens Stereo with a Plenoptic Camera," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (1992), 99-106.
|Baker S., Kanade T.: Limits on superresolution and how to break them. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (Jan. 2002), 377 pages.
|Borman, S., and Stevenson, R., "Super-resolution from image sequences-a review", Proceedings of the 1998 Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Publication Date: Aug. 9-12, 1998, on pp. 374-378.
|Borman, S., and Stevenson, R., "Super-resolution from image sequences—a review", Proceedings of the 1998 Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Publication Date: Aug. 9-12, 1998, on pp. 374-378.
|Brown M., Lowe D. G.: "Unsupervised 3d Object Recognition and Reconstruction in Unordered Datasets," in Proceedings of 5th International Conference on 3D Imaging and Modelling (3DIM) (2005), pp. 21-30.
|Chang, et al., "Light Field Compression Using Disparity-Compensated Lifting and Shape Adaptation," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 15, No. 4, Apr. 2006, pp. 793-806.
|Dana Dudley, Walter Duncan, John Slaughter, "Emerging Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) Applications", DLPTM Products New Applications, Texas Instruments, Inc., Copyright 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers., This paper was published in SPIE Proceedings vol. 4985, 12 pages.
|David E. Roberts, History of Lenticular and Related Autostereoscopic Methods, 2003, 17 pages.
|Elad, M., and Feuer, A., "Restoration of a single superresolution image from several blurred, noisy, and undersampled measured images," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Dec. 1997, pp. 1646-1658.
|F. Durand, N. Holzschuch, C. Soler, E. Chan, and F. Sillion: "A frequency Analysis of Light Transport," ACM Trans. Graph., pp. 1115-1126, 2005.
|Farsiu, S., Robinson, D., Elad, M., and Milanfar, P., "Advances and challenges in super-resolution," International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, 2004, 12 pages.
|Fife K., Gamal A. E., Wong H.-S. P.: A 3mpixel multi-aperture image sensor with 0.7um pixels in 0.11um cmos. In IEEE ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers (Feb. 2008), pp. 48-49.
|Georgiev T., Lumsdaine A.: Depth of field in plenoptic cameras. In Eurographics 2009-Annex (Apr. 2009), pp. 5-8.
|Georgiev T., Lumsdaine A.: Depth of field in plenoptic cameras. In Eurographics 2009—Annex (Apr. 2009), pp. 5-8.
|Georgiev T., Wainer M.: "Morphing Between Multiple Images," Tech. Rep. (1997).
|Gortler S. J., Grzeszczuk R., Szeliski, R., Cohen M. F.: "The Lumigraph," ACM Trans. Graph. (1996), 43-54.
|Grzeszczuk, R., et al., "Standard Support for 1-13 Progressive Encoding, Compression and Interactive Visualization of Surface Light Fields," Joint Video Tem (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VGEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q6), Nov. 21, 2001, 11 pages.
|Heung-Yeung Shum, et al., "Survey of Image-Based Representations and Compression Techniques," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Service Center, vol. 13, No. 11, Nov. 1, 2003, 18 pages.
|International Search Report for PCT/US2008/052036, mailed Jun. 23, 2008.
|Isaksen A., McMillan L., Gortler S. J.: "Dynamically Reparameterized Light Fields," ACM Trans. Graph. (2000), 297-306.
|J. Chai, S. Chan, H. Shum, and X. Tong: "Plenoptic Sampling", ACM Trans. Graph., pp. 307-318, 2000.
|J. Neumann, et al., "Eyes from Eyes Analysis of Camera Design Using Plenoptic Video Geometry," Dec. 2001, 20 pages, XP002509893.
|Lee S., Wolberg G., Shin S.: "Polymorph: Morphing Among Multiple Images," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (1998).
|Levin A., Fergus R., Durand F., Freeman W.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics, SIGGRAPH 2007 Conference Proceedings, San Diego, CA (2007), 10 pages.
|Levoy M., Hanrahan P.: "Light Field Rendering," ACM Trans. Graph. (1996), 31-42.
|Levoy, et al. "Recording and controlling the 4D light field in a microscope using microlens arrays", Journal of Microscopy, 2009, 19 pages.
|Levoy, Mark et al. "Light Field Microscopy", Stanford University, Submitted to Siggraph 2006.
|Levoy, Mark, "Optical Recies for Light Microscopes", Stanford Computer Graphics Laboratory Technical Memo 2006-001, Jun. 20, 2006.
|Lin Z., Shum H.: Fundamental limits of reconstruction-based superresolution algorithms under local translation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 26, 1 (Jan. 2004), 83-97.
|Lippmann G.: "Epreuves reversible donnant la sensation du relief ("Reversible Prints Providing the Sensation of Depth")", Journal of Physics 7 (1908), pp. 821-825.
|Lippmann G.: "Epreuves Reversibles Photographies Integrales," Academie des sciences (Mar. 1908), pp. 446-451.
|Lumsdaine A., Georgiev T.: Full Resolution Lightfield Rendering. Tech. rep., Adobe Systems, Jan. 2008, 12 pages.
|Lumsdaine A., Georgiev T.: The focused plenoptic camera. In International Conference on Computational Photography (Apr. 2009), 8 pages.
|M. Levoy, "Light Fields and computational Imaging," Computer [Online], vol. 39, No. 8, Aug. 2006, pp. 46-55, XP002501300.
|Naemura T., Yoshida T., Harashima H.: "3d Computer Graphics Based on Integral Photography," Optics Express, vol. 8, 2 (2001).
|Ng M. K., Bose N. K.: Mathematical analysis of super-resolution methodology. Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE 20, 3 (2003), 62-74.
|Ng R.: "Fourier Slice Photography," Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 (Jan. 2005).
|Ng, Ren et al., Light Field Photography with a Hand-held Plenoptic Camera, Stanford University, Stanford Tech Report CTSR 2005-02, Apr. 2005.
|Park, S., Park, M., and Kang, M., "Super-resolution image reconstruction: a technical overview," Signal Processing Magazine, 2003, 16 pages.
|Schultz R.: Super-resolution enhancement of native digital video versus digitized NTSC sequences. In Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation (2002), pp. 193-197.
|Sebe, et al., "Mutli-View Geometry Estimation for Light Field Compression," VMV 2002, 8 pages.
|Seitz S. M., Dyer C. R.: "View Morphing," ACM Trans. Graph. (1996), 21-30.
|Shing-Chow, Chan, et al., "The Compression of Simplified Dynamic Light Fields," Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Apr. 6-10, 2003 Hong Kong, vol. 3, Apr. 6, 2003, 4 pages.
|Shree K. Nayar, Vlad Branzoi, Terry E. Boult, "Programmable Imaging using a Digital Micromirror Array", Shree K. Nayar, Vlad Branzoi, Terry E. Boult, In Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. I: 436-443, 2004.
|Stevens R., Harvey T.: "Lens Arrays for a Three-dimensional Imaging System," Journal of Optics A, vol. 4 (2002).
|Stewart J., Yu J., Gortler S. J., McMillan L.: "A New Reconstruction Filter for Undersampled Light Field," Eurographics Symposium on Rendering (2003), 150-156.
|T. Georgeiv, K. C. Zheng, B. Curless, D. Salesin, S. Nayar, C. Intwala, 'Spatio-angular resolution tradeoff in integral photography', Proc. EGSR, 2006.
|T. Georgeiv, K. C. Zheng, B. Curless, D. Salesin, S. Nayar, C. Intwala, 'Spatio-angular resolution tradeoff in integral photography', Proc. EGSR, 2006.
|Todor Georgiev and Chintan Intwala: "Light Field Camera Design for Integral View Photography," Adobe Tech. Rep., 2006, 13 pages.
|U.S. Appl. No. 11/874,611, filed Oct. 18, 2007.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/111,735, filed Apr. 29, 2008.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/130,725, filed May 30, 2008.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/144,411, filed Jun. 23, 2008.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/186,396, filed Jun. 23, 2008.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/271,389, filed Nov. 14, 2008.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/474,112, filed May 28, 2009.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/503,803, filed Jul. 15, 2009.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/574,183, filed Oct. 6, 2009.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/628,437, filed Dec. 1, 2009.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/636,168, filed Dec. 11, 2009.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/690,569, filed Jan. 20, 2010.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/690,871, filed Jan. 20, 2010.
|U.S. Appl. No. 12/790,677, filed May 28, 2010.
|Ulrich, Fecker, et al., "Transposed Picture Ordering for Dynamic Light Field Coding," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VGEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q6), Jul. 9, 2004, 8 pages.
|Vaish V., Wilburn B., Joshi N., Levoy M.: "Using Plane + Parallax to Calibrate Dense Camera Arrays," In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2004).
|Veeraraghavan, et al., "Dappled Photography: Mask Enhanced Cameras for Heterodyned Light Fields and Coded Aperture Refocusing," ACM Transaction on Graphics, vol. 26, No. 3, Article 69, Jul. 2007, 12 pages, XP002491494.
|Wilburn B., Joshi N., Vaish V., Talvala E., Antunez E., Barth A., Adams A., Levoy M., Horowitz M.: "High Performance Imaging Using Large Camera Arrays," in ACM Trans. Graph. (2005).
|Xiao J., Shah M.: "Tri-view Morphing," Computer Vision and Image Understanding 96, 3 (2004), 345-366.
|Yang, J C, et al., "A Real-Time Distributed Light Field Camera," Rendering Techniques 2002, Eurographics Workshop Proceedings, PIS, Italy, Jun. 26-28, 2002, 9 pages.
|Zaharia, R., et al., "Adaptive 3D-DCT Compression Algorithm for Continuous Parallax 3D Integral Imaging," Signal Processing, Image Communication, Elsevier Scient Publishers, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 17, No. 3, Mar. 1, 2002, 12 pages.
|Zhang, et al., "A Survey on Image-based Rendering-Representation, Sampling and Compression," Signal Processing, Image Communication, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 19, No. 1, Jan. 1, 2004, 28 pages.
|Zitnick C. L., Jojic N., Kang S.: "Consistent Segmentation for Optical Flow Estimation" in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2005).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 15, 2011
|Feb 28, 2012
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for radiance capture by multiplexing in the frequency domain
|May 14, 2009
|May 22, 2012
|Hajime Corporation
|Multi-function microscope device
|Sep 15, 2010
|Jan 8, 2013
|Visera Technologies Company Limited
|Optical device having extented depth of field and fabrication method thereof
|Jul 13, 2012
|Jun 25, 2013
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Focused plenoptic camera employing different apertures or filtering at different microlenses
|Aug 5, 2008
|Oct 15, 2013
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Radiance processing by demultiplexing in the frequency domain
|Mar 29, 2012
|Dec 17, 2013
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Managing artifacts in frequency domain processing of light-field images
|Mar 11, 2011
|Jan 7, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Light space graphical model in shape from shading
|Nov 30, 2010
|Mar 4, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for rendering output images with simulated artistic effects from focused plenoptic camera data
|Mar 11, 2011
|Mar 18, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for patch-based shape from shading
|Nov 30, 2010
|May 13, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for super-resolution in integral photography
|Nov 30, 2010
|Jun 10, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for rendering focused plenoptic camera data using super-resolved demosaicing
|Nov 30, 2010
|Aug 12, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for calibrating focused plenoptic camera data
|Nov 30, 2010
|Aug 26, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods, apparatus, and computer-readable storage media for depth-based rendering of focused plenoptic camera data
|Jul 11, 2012
|Oct 7, 2014
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-temporal directional light modulator
|Nov 30, 2010
|Oct 14, 2014
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Blended rendering of focused plenoptic camera data
|Dec 16, 2011
|Jan 6, 2015
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-optical directional light modulator
|Nov 3, 2011
|May 12, 2015
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Thin plenoptic cameras using solid immersion lenses
|Oct 24, 2012
|Nov 3, 2015
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-temporal light field cameras
|Sep 15, 2014
|Nov 24, 2015
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-temporal directional light modulator
|Nov 3, 2011
|Nov 24, 2015
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Thin plenoptic cameras using microspheres
|Jan 31, 2013
|Dec 22, 2015
|Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp
|Viewing-angle imaging using lenslet array
|May 8, 2012
|Apr 19, 2016
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for reducing plenoptic camera artifacts
|Dec 29, 2014
|Sep 6, 2016
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Image pickup device and light field image pickup lens
|May 9, 2014
|Jun 13, 2017
|Trustees Of Princeton University
|High-resolution light-field imaging
|Oct 1, 2015
|Jun 13, 2017
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-temporal light field cameras
|Oct 1, 2015
|Jul 18, 2017
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-temporal light field cameras
|Oct 1, 2015
|Sep 26, 2017
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-temporal light field cameras
|May 2, 2017
|Oct 3, 2017
|Ostendo Technologies, Inc.
|Spatio-temporal light field cameras
|Aug 5, 2008
|Feb 12, 2009
|Georgiev Todor G
|Method and Apparatus for Radiance Processing by Demultiplexing in the Frequency Domain
|Jan 19, 2010
|Jul 29, 2010
|Visiongate, Inc.
|Tomographic Light Field Microscope
|May 14, 2009
|Nov 18, 2010
|Jie-Kai Liang
|Multi-function microscope device
|Jan 31, 2013
|Jul 31, 2014
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Viewing-angle imaging
|Nov 25, 2013
|Jul 11, 2017
|Apr 23, 2015
|Oct 26, 2016
|Fundaci� Institut de Ci�ncies Fot�niques
|Image cytometer for characterization and quantification of particulate samples
|U.S. Classification
|359/368, 359/619
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 25, 2007
Owner name: ADOBE SYSTEMS INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GEORGIEV, TODOR G.;REEL/FRAME:018805/0537
Effective date: 20070124
|Jun 18, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Harper Collins Publishers - Bridge To Terabithia
Jess Aaron's greatest ambition is to be the fastest runner in the fifth grade. He's been practicing all summer and can't wait to see his classmates' faces when he beats them all. But on the first day of school, a new kid, a new girl, boldly crosses over to the boy's side of the playground and outruns everyone.
Similar Products
Old Browser Detected
We have detected you are using a browser that is not supported by this site. You may continue to browse, however, you may notice some performance issues with the site.
For a complete experience, please upgrade to one of the following browsers:
Troubleshooting Dialog
Unless asked specificly to view this box, you can disregard everything in here.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Contact Us
9am -5pm M-F CST
Email Us
Handmade Kaleidoscope
By Material
Wooden Kaleidoscopes
Brass Kaleidoscope
Stained Glass Kaleidoscopes
Ceramic Kaleidoscopes
By Price
Kaleidoscopes Under $5
Kaleidoscopes Under $25
Kaleidoscopes Under $50
Kaleidoscope Under $100
Kaleidoscopes - $100 to $300
Kaleidoscopes $300.00 +
Best Sellers- By Price
By Artist
View All Artists
Kevin and Deborah Healy
Carolyn Bennett
Henry Bergeson
Chesnik Kaleidoscopes
Color Spirit Kaleidoscopes
Luc and Sallie Durette
Judith Paul
Steve & Peggy Kittelson
Joanne Jacobs
Sue Rioux
N & J Enterprises
By Type
Vintage Kaleidoscopes
Kaleidoscope Toys
Engraved Kaleidoscope
Custom Kaleidoscope
Musical Kaleidoscopes
Create your own Kaleidoscope
Kaleidoscope Jewelry
Kaleidoscope Jewelry
Kevin and Deborah Healy
Kaleidoscope Necklace in Silver & Antique Pewter Finish
Kaleidoscope Necklace Butterfly
Kaleidoscope Necklace, Mini Puzzle By Artist Roy Cohen.
Mini Saturn Sterling Silver
Sterling Silver Kaleidoscope Necklace with Lotus Flower Design by the Healy's
Kaleidoscope Necklace, Collet Set with Garnet Gemstone By the Healys
Sterling Silver Jewelry, Saturn Kaleidoscope Necklace with Amethyst By the Healys.
Saturn with a Collet Set Turquoise
Gold Vermeil Kaleidoscope Necklace "Floral" By Artists Kevin and Deborah Healy
Kaleidoscope Necklace, "White Rabbit" in Sterling Silver in Champaign By Deborah And Kevin Healy.
Show All Jewelry
Kaleidoscope Toys
Wonder Wands
Small Jazzy
Classic Tin Toy Kaleidoscopes by Schylling
Music Themed Kaleidoscope, Big Jazzy Toy Kaleidoscope
Kaleidoscopes for Kids | Liquid Kaleidoscope $15.99 Each
Kaleidoscope, "Magic Teleidoscope in Blue" By Kaleido Company.
Kaleidoscope, "Magic Teleidoscope in Silver" By Kaleido Company.
Kaleidoscope, "Magic Teleidoscope in Red" By Kaleido Company.
Toy Kaleidoscopes, Gifts for Kids "Swirl" Themed Kaleidoscope by Kaleido Co.
Toy Kaleidoscope "Old World Maps in Brown" By Toysmith.
Show All Toys
Kaleido Supplies Kits
Front Surface Mirror For Kaleidoscopes.
Front Surface Glass Mirror For Kaleidoscopes.
Kaleidoscope Kits
Kaleidoscope Stands
Glass Beads for Kaleidoscopes.
Front Surface Acrylic Mirror, for Kaleidoscopes 6 5/8 inches long by 1 3/16 wide by 1 mm thick KL-15.
Kaleidoscope Lens, Acrylic 32MM or 1 1/4 inch in Diameter Focal length 3.5 to 7 inches in Length KL-15 lens.
Kaleidoscope Supplies, 5 Inch to 6 3/4 Inch Focal Length magnifying Lens for Eyepiece
Dragonfly Bug Eye Lens - Acrylic.
D I Y Kaleidoscope Kit " Discovery in Gold By Kaleido Co.
Kaleidoscope Book, Kaleidoscope Artistry by Cozy Baker.
Kaleidoscope Kits, Make Your Own Kaleidoscope, by Toysmith
Show All Supplies
10" Rosewood Teleidoscope
7 " Brushed Silver Teleidoscope
3" Rosewood Teleidoscope
6 Inch Pocket Teleidoscope Walnut
7" Padauk Teleidoscope
5.5 " Laminated Padauk Teleidoscope
7 " Laminated Teleidoscope
7 " Rosewood Teleidoscope
3" Brushed Brass Musette
11" Bubinga Teleidoscope 2 Mirror
Show All Teleidoscopes
Art Glass
Hand Made Marbles
Fenton Art Glass
Glass Eye Studio
Orient and Flume Art Glass
Show All Art Glass
Unique Gifts
Top 10 Gifts
Christmas & Holiday Gifts
Christmas Toys
All Occasions
Handmade Wooden Wine Accessories
N & J Padauk Double Wheel Kaleidoscope.
Mini Escape Kaleidoscope
Color Spirit Kaleidoscope in Aqua.
Color Spirit Kaleidoscope in Charcoal
Show All On Sale
View Cart
About Us
Email Us
Shopping Cart
Free Shipping! On Totals over $150.00 (Ground UPS USA 48)
Ships Same Day (M-F)
We Know Quality Kaleidoscopes!
Christmas Gifts, Kaleidoscope Necklace, Fluid Necklace Kaleidoscope by Toysmith Blue
Pin It
Christmas Gifts, Kaleidoscope Necklace, Fluid Necklace Kaleidoscope in Blue by Toysmith.
As of November 20th 2017 1 Left then Discontinued.
Item #:
In Stock
These high quality, affordable, blue kaleidoscope favors are a perfect pick for parties, stocking stuffers, treats for students, and more! Strung on a long, silky cord, they are comfortable for kids of all ages to slip on over their head and wear all day. The oil filled object chamber allows the beads to float freely, changing the image inside the kaleidoscope necklace. Since the oil cell is clear, it also lets you see the beautiful colorful beads from the outside!
• This kaleidoscope necklace is 3 1/4" tall with a 1" diameter barrel
• Features a 3-mirrror system for infinite views and wonderful color
• Crafted from high grade acrylic with a separate turning chamber
• Very lightweight kaleidoscope kids necklace!
• A Staff and Customer Favorite for its durability and Beautiful colors and Value.
• More fun!
This kaleidoscope is 3 1/4" tall with a 1" diameter barrel.
Customer Testimonials
"We received the order yesterday! they are awesome my three little girls ages 8,6,5 will love playing pirate with them" Penny
"I wanted you to know that at Christmas I ordered four of the kaleidoscopepes from your company for my daughter, and two friends...they absolutely loved them..In fact I gave away the one I kept for myself...so am replacing it. It is so nice to order from a business like yours...I found out about it when I think your wife was on National NPR about your business and how busy you were getting the gifts out. Thanks your privately owned business and kindness are unique." Susan
"I choose the blue toy kaleidoscope for my son as he is younger and loves to look through them. He can slip this over his neck and wear it wherever so he can view the colors when looking through it. The cost is just $5.50 and are perfect for parties, stocking stuffers, and student prizes." Alison
You May Also Like
Kaleidoscope, Necklace, Christmas Gifts, Holiday Gifts, Fluid Purple Necklace Kaleidoscope by Toysmith
Kaleidoscope, Necklace, Christmas Gifts, Holiday Gifts, Fluid Purple Necklace Kaleidoscope by Toysmith
Kaleidoscope, Necklace, Christmas Gifts, Holiday Gifts, Fluid Purple Necklace Kaleidoscope by Toysmith
Christmas Gifts, Fluid Necklace Kaleidoscope by Toysmith Gold
Christmas Gifts, Fluid Necklace Kaleidoscope by Toysmith Gold
Christmas Gifts, Fluid Necklace Kaleidoscope by Toysmith Gold
Plant Ranch 507 HWY 65
Manly, Iowa 50456
(Phone) 888-454-2068
Site Map XML
About Us
Our Team
Our History
Kaleidoscope Repair
Kaleidoscope History
Contact Us
Shipping Info
International Orders
Returns & Exchanges
Security & Privacy Policy Info
Enter Email Here then press Go for Occasional Specials
We respect your privacy.
Privacy Policy
© 1998 - 2017 Kaleidoscopes To You (Trademarked) All Rights Reserved Worldwide.
<< Back To Shopping
Handmade Kaleidoscope
By Material
By Price
By Artist
By Type
Create your own Kaleidoscope
Vintage Kaleidoscopes
Kaleidoscope Jewelry
Custom Kaleidoscope
Kaleidoscope Toys
Kaleido Supplies Kits
Art Glass
Unique Gifts


text:
The last time a Democratic president got serious about confiscating guns, Bill Clinton sent in the military to firebomb the Branch Davidians in Waco, murdering 78 persons, including women and children.
And Bill Clinton wasn't even a disturbed youth with autistic tendencies and a Satan-worshipping Internet site. He was just a typical liberal Democrat. Just like we have in the White House now.
The current explosion in assault-weapons sales seems to indicate that this time when the Feds burst in, they'll be greeted much less passively.
Maybe our vacationing president should pause for a moment from contemplating his bad golf scores and instead contemplate the reality of having millions of Dirty Harrys sitting around the country cradling their assault rifles and wishing he would make their day with another stupid attempt at gun confiscation so they can retaliate and finally take back our country.
I once corresponded with a federal agent who was at the WACO compound. He told me that he had not come up against that much firepower in Khe Sanh. Why the ATF decided to go after the Davidians in the first place, and how they handled it at the end are another question, as well as the legality of involving the military in a law-enforcement action. But I wouldn't call it murder, per se. They were armed, dangerous, and determined, as well as insane for exposing their kids to this. Yaakov Mridor of the Irgun was arrested and went along quietly, because he didn't want to endanger his children. He had more reason to fight the British than the Davidians had to fight the ATF. If they had been Hamas, you would say they were using their kids as a human shield, and you would be right.


text:
Identifying the Elements of Plot. Plot (definition). Plot is the organized pattern or sequence of events that make up a story. Every plot is made up of a series of incidents that are related to one another. Plot Diagram.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. It shows arrangement of events and actions within a story.
Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two forces in a story. Without conflict, there is no plot.
Character vs Nature
Character vs Society
Character vs SelfPlot: Types of Conflict
This type of conflict finds the main character in conflict with another character, human or not human.
"The new one is the most beautiful of all; he is so young and pretty." And the old swans bowed their heads before him.
Then he felt quite ashamed, and hid his head under his wing; for he did not know what to do, he was so happy, and yet not at all proud. He had been persecuted and despised for his ugliness, and now he heard them say he was the most beautiful of all the birds.
The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Anderson
This type of conflict finds the main character in conflict with the forces of nature, which serve as the antagonist.
It´s a Truffula Seed.
It´s the last one of all!
You´re in charge of the last of the Truffula Seeds.
And Truffula Trees are what everyone needs.
Plant a new Truffula. Treat it with care.
Give it clean water. And feed it fresh air.
Grow a forest. Protect it from axes that hack.
Then the Lorax
and all of his friends
may come back.
The Lorax by Dr. Seuss
This type of conflict has the main character in conflict with a larger group: a community, society, culture, etc.
"I'm tired of living in a hole," said Jenny.
"Let's fight for freedom!" cried Bouncer. "We'll be soldiers! Rough-riding Rowdies! I'll be the general and commander-in-chief!"
The Island of the Skog by Steven Kellogg
In this type of conflict, the main character experiences some kind of inner conflict.
Finally, Sam's father said, "Go to bed now. But before you go to sleep, Sam, tell yourself the difference between REAL and MOONSHINE."
Sam, Bangs & Moonshine by Evaline Ness


text: When you are looking for !city !proptype_lc, you definitely need to be accompanied by tour own real estate agent when you first visit builder sales offices. If your agent is not with you on that initial visit, it is possible you may lose the right to have your agent represent you during negotiations and help you during the construction period, which can be a very costly mistake! You need and experienced agent with strong new construction knowledge by your side throughout the process, from initial floor plan and site selection, through selection of options, and during all phases of actual construction, all the way to closing. Contact us to help you with your !city !proptype_ls search process.


text: In a recent thread, the issue of waiting for a replacement knife was discussed. A number of posters said just to take the silverware from a nearby table if it was a casual place. It made me curious. While I would first ask my server to get me silverware, I would not think twice about exercising self-help and taking it from the table next door. No matter what restaurant I am in. Am I horribly uncouth or just practical?


text:
Tykiesgirl's Shopping Info
Tykiesgirl's Wish List
Items that Tykiesgirl added to their wish list for future purchase or to share with others.
Favorite Products
Items Tykiesgirl marked as favorites from the Scrapbook.com Superstore.
Tykiesgirl's Product Reviews (3)
Product reviews Tykiesgirl has contributed in Scrapbook.com Superstore.
Scrapbook.com Superstore
Shop at the award winning Scrapbook.com Store. You won't find our service, product selection or shopping features anywhere else.


text:
Going Solar Is Now Affordable
Our Experienced Solar Consultants Help You Design The Perfect Solution
From examining your current eletrical usage and costs to assisting with the correct financing plan, you will receive a custom designed solar energy plan which suits you and your family.
What Our Customers are Saying
Our Services
- Why Choose Us?
- About Solar Energy
- Financing Options
Ready To Go Solar?
- Fully licensed & insured installers
- Custom tailored solutions
- Free in home consultations
- Easy financing options
- 20 year warranty
- Transparent contracts
- Eco-friendly
- State and federal incentives
- Roof repair if damaged during installation
- Customer service is our top priority
About Solar Energy
Solar power is energy from the sun that is transformed into thermal or electrical energy.
Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable resource source available, and the United States has some of the richest solar resources worldwide. Modern innovation can harness this energy for a variety of usages, consisting of producing electricity, supplying light or a comfortable interior environment, and heating water for domestic, commercial, or industrial usage.
Solar Benefits
Solar power makes it possible for house owners to utilize the sun to power daily life: running your a/c unit, cleaning clothing, enjoying TELEVISION, cooking supper. All while lowering your carbon footprint, and without burning nonrenewable fuel sources or putting a pressure on the electrical grid. And while the ecological advantages of solar power are substantial, many home owners find that the convenience, distinct features, and cost savings of owning a solar power system are much more alluring.
Top Ten Advantages of Solar Energy
#1 Dramatically lower and even eliminate your electrical expenses
Whether you're a homeowner, business, or nonprofit, electrical power expenses can make up a large portion of your regular monthly costs. With a photovoltaic panel system, you'll produce complimentary power for your system's whole 25+ year lifecycle. Even if you don't produce 100 percent of the energy you consume, solar will decrease your energy bills and you'll still conserve a great deal of loan.
#2 Make a great return on your investment
Solar panels aren't a cost-- they're one of the finest methods to invest, with returns rivaling those of more traditional investments like stocks and bonds. Thanks to considerable electrical power expense savings, the average American property owner settles their solar panel system in seven to eight years and sees an ROI of 20 percent or more.
#3 Safeguard against increasing energy costs
One of the most clear cut benefits of solar panels is the ability to hedge energy prices. In the previous 10 years, property electrical energy rates have actually increased by approximately three percent yearly. By investing in a solar energy system now, you can fix your electricity rate and protect versus unpredictable increases in electricity expenses. If you're a company or house owner with rising and falling capital, going solar also helps you better forecast and handle your expenditures.
#4 Increase your house worth
Multiple studies have found that homes geared up with solar energy systems have greater residential or commercial property worths and sell quicker than non-solar houses. Appraisers are increasingly taking solar installations into consideration as they value houses at the time of a sale, and as property buyers become more educated about solar, need for residential or commercial properties geared up with photovoltaic panel systems will continue to grow.
#5 Boost U.S. energy self-reliance
The sun is a near-infinite source of energy and an essential element of achieving energy independence in the United States. By increasing our capacity to create electrical power from the sun, we can also insulate our country from price changes in international energy markets.
#6 Create jobs and assist your local economy
According to The Solar Structure, the solar market added jobs at a rate nearly 12 times faster than the general U.S. economy in 2015, representing 1.2 percent of all jobs in the nation. This development is anticipated to continue. Due to the fact that solar-related jobs tend to be greater paying and can not be contracted out, they are a substantial contributor to the United States economy.
#7 Safeguard the environment
Solar is an excellent way to decrease your carbon footprint. Structures are accountable for 38 percent of all carbon emissions in the United States, and going solar can substantially reduce that number. A common domestic photovoltaic panel system will get rid of three to four lots of carbon emissions each year-- the equivalent of planting over 100 trees every year.
#8 Show your commitment to sustainability
Sustainability and corporate social duty are essential components of a company's culture and worths. They likewise produce bottom line results. Progressively, customers and neighborhoods are acknowledging and rewarding companies that opt to operate properly. Organisations are finding that "green" credentials are a powerful chauffeur of customer acquiring choices, developing goodwill and improving service outcomes.
#9 Start Saving from Day 1
Solar purchase power arrangements (PPAs) and solar leasing has made it possible for property owners to go solar for little or no cash down.
Numerous house owners opt to finance their photovoltaic panels with among the "pay-as-you-go" funding choices. This implies that a third-party business-- the solar supplier-- owns the solar system and looks after setup, upkeep, monitoring and repairs. You simply pay the solar company for electrical energy-- less than you would've paid the energy business.
As of June 2013, 75% of all American houses have access to pay-as-you-go solar.
#10. Solar is a Secure Investment
The utility companies are infamous for their changing and unreliable electricity costs. There is plainly an upward trend.
With solar panels and easy mathematics, we can determine what does it cost? electrical power will be created, and most notably, at exactly what rate, for at least the next 20 years (repaired energy expenses).
What are the various payment options?
We have many flexible purchasing agreements for customers who would like to install a new home solar system. There are three different payment options, making them a viable choice for customers of all budgets. The payment options include Lease, PPA, and Purchase.
The Lease
- Low, fixed payments each month
- System insurance for 20 years, including maintenance
- Flexible end-of-term options, including system upgrade, lease extension, and free panel removal
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
- We own the solar panel system
- $0 down for installation
- Customers only pay for the solar energy that they use
- Customer pays for the system upfront and owns the system
- System monitoring and maintenance for 20 years
- Receive 30% federal tax credit
- See a return on investment within 7-10 years
What happens when the contract for my lease is finished?
We provide our customers with a few different options for when their lease contract is up. Customers can upgrade their equipment to the newest solar technology available, extend the agreement, or have the panels removed at no cost.
What is the warranty?
The Lease and PPA include a 20-year warranty during the lifetime of the system. This warranty exceeds that of most other solar installers' warranties.
Frequently Asked Questions
Energy Tax Credit For Home Solar Panels. Can This Credit Be Carried Forward And/Or Backward Years?
That is a difficult question, because it depends on your specific situation. In general many tax credits can be carried forward. You may want to ask this question in the Business section, they have a tax category.
Solar Panels Are Expensive Should I Get Them?
Getting solar panels may be an investment, but it will save you many times more what you paid for it. You could also get a lease which costs you nothing up front. There are many online tools which can tell you how much you would need to spend and how much you would save.
Can I Run A Desktop Computer With A Solar Panel?
I Am Moving To Hawaii And The House We Are Living In Has Independent Electricity. (Solar Panels And Gas Powered Generators.)
The system in the Hawaiian house has solar panels that charge a battery bank. If the sun doesn't shine enough, the generator will kick on and provide the extra power needed. An inverter converts the DC voltage stored in the batteries to AC power that you plug into a wall outlet to use. Depending on the inverter, it should be exactly the same as the AC you buy from the electric company now, so anything that you currently plug in to use will work.
The exception is if they are using an inexpensive modified sine wave inverter, that doesn't generate as clean power as a pure sine wave inverter. Some delicate electronics may have trouble running on it. You may want to ask the house owners which type of inverter it is. If they don't know, ask them the model and you can easily look it up.
Can I Power Converter On Solar Pannels Without Battery?
I Have An 200 Watts Dc To Ac Inverter I Have No Battery For It But I Have 2 Solar Pannels Of Each 6 Volts I Will On Them At Sunlight And At Evening I Will Off It Will It Work For Converter To Use It Without Any Problems
Its a likely improbability that this will work as solar panels are rarely direct use in domestic installations as they are generally low current output. Also the inverter would only work in daylight hours. You need a battery or batteries for this application and you will need to calculate the Ampere hour rating required for this load. If you intend running the inverter for long periods its unlikely the solar panels will be able to keep up sufficient charge. The Ampere output of the solar panels is a bit of information you need.
Whats A Good Store To Buy A Solar Panel To Charge 6 Car Batteries.?
I Also Dont Know What Size I Need To Charge Them.
You can find a wide selection of solar panels for sale here.
The size of the solar panel will be determined by a few factors. The key factors will be the capacity of the battery bank (in Amp Hours), how quickly you want the solar panels to recharge your batteries, and also what your solar resources are. There are a lot of informative articles on these subjects here.
You can still use batteries to store your energy produced by the solar panels, just make sure to use "deep cycle" batteries and not car batteries. Deep cycle batteries are designed for a continuous slow discharge and recharge over the course of a day (perfect for solar applications). Car batteries are designed to provide a very quick discharge of a lot of captive energy (in order to start the car's engine) and are also designed to be quickly recharged by the car's alternator.
You can find a selection of deep cycle batteries here.
Hope this info helps.
-Dave C.