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This study examined the relationship between force and cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) in different fiber types fromXenopus before, during, and after cells underwent postcontractile depression (PCD). During a standardized fatigue run, force in the two fast fatiguing (FF) fiber types (types 1 and 2,n = 10) fell more quickly (5.8 vs. 8.1 min) and to a greater degree [0.36 vs. 0.51 of initial (Po)] than in the slow fatiguing (SF) fiber type (type 3, n = 11). After the initial fatigue run, both FF and SF experienced a drop in force to <15% Po (PCD) at a similar time (20.6 vs. 21.4 min). A second stimulation period, undertaken during PCD, produced significant recovery of force in both groups, but significantly more so in SF than FF (64 ± 7 vs. 29 ± 2% Po). This force recovery during PCD was accompanied by a significant increase in peak [Ca2+]c, particularly in SF. However, despite the significant recovery of force during stimulation while in PCD, the amount of force produced for a given peak [Ca2+]c was significantly lower in both groups during PCD than at any other point in the experiment. A final stimulation period, initiated when all fibers had recovered from PCD, demonstrated a recovery of both force and peak [Ca2+]c in both groups, but this recovery was significantly greater in SF vs. FF. These data demonstrate that with continuous electrical stimulation, it is possible to produce a significant recovery of force production during the normally quiescent period of PCD, but that it occurs with a decreased muscle force production for a given peak [Ca2+]c. This suggests that factors other than structural alterations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are likely the cause of PCD in these fibers.
- fatigue
- calcium
- electrical stimulation
- action potential
- transverse tubules
- adenosine 5-triphosphatase
- fiber types
it has been well documented that after a period of fatiguing contractions, skeletal muscle can undergo a period marked by a decreased ability to produce force (7). In low-frequency fatigue (LFF), this decrease in force-producing ability occurs immediately after contractions and can last several hours or even days. It is termed LFF because it usually occurs only in response to stimulation at lower frequencies (<30 Hz), whereas force production in response to high-frequency stimulation is maintained (13, 23). However, a similar phenomenon, termed postcontractile depression (PCD) (28) has been studied primarily in single amphibian skeletal muscle fibers. After contractions, PCD is marked by an immediate (1–2 min) recovery of the fiber, a subsequent decrease in force production for a variable period, and then a complete recovery of force production by the cell after only ∼30–60 min of rest. Unlike LFF, this decreased force production can occur in response to a much wider range of stimulation frequencies (i.e., up to 100 Hz).
Initial investigations on the cause(s) of PCD focused on factors associated with general skeletal muscle fatigue (for review, see Ref.9), including inhibition of force by the accumulation of cellular metabolites such as Pi (6, 11), decreases in cell pH (8, 11), and failure of neuromuscular transmission (3). However, it was demonstrated that during PCD, muscle fibers have the ability to generate normal action potentials (16), show a normal cell pH (30), and when PCD is greatest, that cellular metabolites have recovered to levels that are not different from those found at rest (20). One study showed that PCD is most likely linked to decreased peak cytosolic free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]c) in the cell during contractions (1). Exactly why peak [Ca2+]c is depressed remains unknown, but it appears that decreased release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is one possible factor. When caffeine was applied to cells during PCD, both Ca2+ release and subsequent force production returned to normal (29), suggesting that there is not a decrement in contractile function and/or sensitivity to Ca2+ but that Ca2+ release is merely reduced. However, Tupling et al. (26) recently demonstrated in human skeletal muscle a decreased Ca2+-ATPase activity and calcium uptake into the SR occur during a period of diminished force generation following fatiguing contractions (which the authors describe as PCD). Their results suggest that an impairment of Ca2+ reuptake into the SR is also a potential cause of the decrease in [Ca2+]c that leads to impaired force generation. They further suggest that structural damage to the Ca2+-ATPase is the likely cause of this reduced activity following fatiguing contractions (26).
Although the cause of inhibited Ca2+ release remains unclear, it is apparent that any method of increasing the release of Ca2+ from the SR will lead to recovery of force during PCD. If there is no actual structural damage to the SR- or Ca2+-release mechanisms during PCD, then it is likely that the failure to release Ca2+ is caused by an inability to transduce the electrical action potential signal at some other point in the excitation-contraction coupling process. However, if reversible damage does occur to the SR during PCD, which would prevent normal Ca2+ release despite a normal transduction of the action potentials, stimulation of the fiber during PCD should have no effect on [Ca2+]c or force. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to measure Ca2+ release and force generation during steady-state stimulation before, during, and after PCD in single Xenopus fibers.
Animal care.
The female adult Xenopus laevis was used for this study. These animals were doubly pithed and decapitated, the hind feet were removed, and the lumbrical muscles (II-IV) were dissected free. All procedures were performed in accordance with the University of California, San Diego institutional animal care and use committee and conform to National Institutes of Health guidelines.
Measurement systems.
Single living muscle fibers (n = 21) with tendons intact were microdissected, and the cells were microinjected (World Precision Instruments PV830 pneumatic picopump, Sarasota FL) with the Ca2+ indicator dye fura 2 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR).
Platinum clips were attached to the tendons of the cells, and they were mounted in a chamber filled with Ringer solution consisting of (in mM) 112 NaCl, 1.87 KCl, 0.82 CaCl2, 2.38 NaHCO3, 0.07 NaH2PO4, 0.1 EGTA, pH 7.0. One end of the fiber was fixed, and the other free end was attached to an adjustable force transducer (Aurora Scientific, model 400A, Aurora, Ontario), allowing the muscle to be set at a length that produced maximal tetanic force (Po). The analog signal from the force transducer was sampled at 200 Hz and converted to a digital signal via an MP100WSW analog-to-digital converter and analyzed with AcqKnowledgeIII 3.2.6 analysis software (Biopac Systems, Santa Barbara, CA). Relative force was standardized by comparing force to the maximal tetanic force (P/Po).
Cytosolic [Ca2+] was measured using an epifluorescent microscope system that consisted of a Nikon inverted microscope with a ×40 fluor objective and a DeltaScan illumination and detection system (Photon Technology International, South Brunswick, NJ) (24). Injected fibers were illuminated sequentially (20 Hz) with two excitation wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm, and the resulting fluorescence emission was measured at 510 nm. The ratio of 340/380-nm fluorescence was used to obtain the Ca2+-dependent signal (14). Relative peak [Ca2+]c measurements were standardized by comparing individual 340/380-nm excitation ratio measurements (peak [Ca2+]c) to the highest ratio within that run. Individual resting [Ca2+]c measurements (340/380-nm baseline) were compared with the lowest resting level within that run (24).
Stimulation protocol.
Tetanic contractions were elicited using direct (8–10 V) stimulation of the muscle (Grass model S48, Warwick, RI). Stimulation consisted of 200-ms trains of 70-Hz impulses with a 2-ms duration. Cells were subjected to three fatigue runs in which stimulation frequency was increased every 2 min sequentially (0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 contractions/s) or until <50% initial force was produced.
After the initial fatigue run, tetanic tension was monitored with one tetanic contraction every 5 min. When force output had declined to <15% Po (PCD), a second fatigue run was started (PCDstim). After this second fatigue run, tension was again monitored with single tetanic contractions every 5 min until force output had returned to >50% Po and was obviously recovering. At this point, a third and final fatigue run was performed (recovery). The stimulation protocol for the second and third fatigue runs was identical to the initial fatigue run for each individual fiber. Force and [Ca2+]c were monitored continuously throughout the duration of the experiment (Fig.1). All experiments were performed at 25°C.
Fibers were classified into types by their fatigue response in the initial fatiguing stimulation. Type 1 fibers [fast fatiguing (FF)] showed a rapid fall in force at 0.25 or 0.33 contractions/s, whereas type 2 fibers (intermediate) did not begin to fatigue until 0.5 contractions/s. Type 3 fibers [slow fatiguing (SF)] showed no fatigue until 1 contraction/s but force rapidly declined at 2 twitches/s. Because the PCD and Ca2+ responses were similar in types 1 and 2 fibers, they were pooled into one group of FF fibers (n = 10) for comparison with the more SF (n = 11) type 3 fibers.
All values are presented as the means ± SE. Results were evaluated by using a two-way ANOVA (fiber type × time point) with repeated measures. When significant differences were found between groups, a Tukey least-significant difference post hoc test was used to determine which groups were different. Significance was set atP < 0.05 throughout.
Absolute force developed at the start of the protocol (Po) averaged 1.11 ± 0.12 mN or 340 ± 37 kN/m2 for the SF vs. 2.02 ± 0.28 mN or 355 ± 54 kN/m2 for the FF. Figure 2 shows the relative force produced by both groups at various points in the experimental protocol. Relative force decreased significantly from initial in both groups during the first fatigue run (fatigue). However, force fell significantly more in FF fibers than SF in a shorter time (5.8 vs. 8.1 min). Force for a single tetanic contraction reached the lowest point at ∼20 min after fatigue (PCD) in both groups of fibers, and force at this time was not different between groups but was significantly lower than initial and fatigue. Stimulation during PCD (PCDstim) resulted in a significant increase in force compared with PCD in both groups. Between groups, SF had significantly greater recovery of force during PCDstim than FF. After recovery from PCD (recovery), relative force in SF had increased until it was no longer significantly different from initial, whereas force in FF had increased above PCDstim and fatigue, but was still significantly lower than initial.
Figure 3 shows the relative baseline and peak [Ca2+]c for both groups of fibers at various points in the experimental protocol. Baseline [Ca2+]c increased significantly from initial to the end of the first fatigue run in both SF and FF, followed by a decrease to levels similar to initial in both groups for subsequent time points. No significant differences in baseline [Ca2+]c were found between SF and FF at any time point in the experimental protocol.
Peak [Ca2+]c decreased similarly in both groups of fibers at PCD until it was significantly different from initial or fatigue. During PCDstim, peak [Ca2+]c increased significantly in both FF and SF compared with PCD, but SF increased significantly more than FF so that it was no longer different from initial. At recovery, peak [Ca2+]c in SF was still similar to initial and significantly higher than FF, which, despite increasing significantly from PCD, was still lower than initial.
Figure 4 shows the relationship between relative force and relative peak [Ca2+]cduring the experimental protocol. The ratio of force to [Ca2+]c fell significantly in both groups at fatigue, compared with initial, with FF decreasing significantly more than SF. At PCD, FF and SF were not different, but were significantly lower than fatigue. During PCDstim, force/[Ca2+]c rose significantly in SF so that it was not different from initial but was significantly greater than FF, which was still not different from during PCD. At recovery, force/[Ca2+]c increased significantly compared with PCD in the FF group but was still less than initial and significantly lower than SF.
The results of the present study demonstrated that 1) continuous electrical stimulation of fibers during PCD caused a significant recovery of force, particularly in slow fatiguing fibers;2) this force recovery was correlated with an increase in peak [Ca2+]c; and 3) the normal relationship between force and [Ca2+]c is altered during PCD.
PCD was first reported in single skeletal muscle fibers fromXenopus by Westerblad and Lannergren (28). It is characterized by a variable period of severely reduced force-generating ability following fatiguing contractions, the length of which is determined primarily by fiber type, followed by a subsequent complete recovery of force-producing ability. Unlike low-frequency fatigue (7), cells that are in PCD show decreased force production across a wide range of stimulation frequencies (26). A definitive cause of PCD is still currently unclear, but alterations in Ca2+ metabolism are thought to have a key role (1).
Previous investigations on single Xenopus fibers have suggested that PCD was inducible only in faster fatiguing fibers (types 1 and 2) and that SF (type 3) fibers showed a monotonic recovery of force after fatiguing stimulations (28). Although it is unclear why PCD was found to be induced in all fiber types in the present study, there were potentially significant differences in the stimulation regimens between the previous study and the present one. Both the previous and the present studies utilized 70-Hz stimulation, a frequency shown to be most effective in eliciting PCD in type 1 and 2 fibers. However, the previous study (28) used a 500-ms duration, 2.5-fold greater than the present study. Likewise, after the first few minutes of stimulation, the stimulation rate was increased much more slowly in the previous study, resulting in a much slower induction of fatigue in the SF fibers, whereas the behavior of the FF were very similar between the studies.
Previous investigations have demonstrated that the decrease in force-producing ability during PCD is not due to either a failure of action potential transmission or the accumulation of intracellular metabolites because action potentials are normal (16) and fatigue-related metabolites such as free Pi and hydrogen ion (H+) are not elevated when PCD is greatest (20,26). However, using the Ca2+ indicator aequorin, Allen et al. (1) showed that peak [Ca2+]c is lower during PCD. Therefore, an alteration in Ca2+ handling by the cell was strongly linked to the onset of PCD. Because action potentials propagate normally in these cells and caffeine-stimulated Ca2+ release is normal (29), it was suggested that the deficiency in Ca2+ release is most likely due to an inability for action potential signal to be transduced to the voltage-dependent Ca2+-release channels in the SR. The suggested locale for the impairment in action potential propagation was the triadic junctions. It has been demonstrated that there is a time- and fiber type-dependent increase in vacuole formation after fatiguing stimulations (17, 31). These vacuoles appear to be formed from transverse tubule degradation and swelling, but their role in PCD has been shown to be equivocal as the time course of formation of vacuoles does not necessarily correlate with a decline in force production and these vacuoles do not appear in mouse fibers during LFF when force production is similarly reduced and Ca2+ release is also affected (15).
Although these studies suggested that decreased Ca2+release by the SR was a likely factor in PCD, a recent study by Tupling et al. (26) showed that Ca2+-ATPase activity and Ca2+ reuptake into the SR decreased during a period of diminished force generation after fatiguing contractions in human subjects. These results were consistent with earlier studies in humans showing a decrease in Ca2+-ATPase activity following fatigue (4, 12). This decrease in Ca2+reuptake was suggested to cause a subsequent decrease in SR Ca2+ release and the resulting lower force production (26). The decrease in Ca2+ reuptake and lowered Ca2+-ATPase activity has been suggested to be due to structural damage to the ATPase itself (26). Two suggested causes for damage of the Ca2+-ATPase were calcium-activated neutral proteases (calpains), which can damage SR proteins (10), and reactive oxygen species, which can damage SR membranes (5). In the present study, induction of PCD was accompanied by severely decreased peak Ca2+release, leading to a decreased [Ca2+]cduring PCD. Whether this was caused by damage to the Ca2+-ATPase in the present study cannot be determined. However, as in a previous study (24), there was a significant increase in resting [Ca2+]c in the fibers during the initial fatigue of the present study, possibly leading to the activation of calpains (2). Likewise, the generation of reactive oxygen species would be likely in these fatiguing contractions (22). Although both of these potential modulators of Ca2+-ATPase activity were possibly acting during the present study, neither possibility has been directly studied in this model with respect to PCD. However, our data suggest that structural damage to the Ca2+-ATPase during PCD was unlikely because 1) continuous stimulation during the PCD period resulted in significant increases in both Ca2+release and force recovery and 2) the time course of the recovery from PCD was too rapid to allow for protein synthesis and repair of the SR Ca2+-ATPase in the short time. Likewise, as caffeine administration elicits a large Ca2+ release during PCD, it is not likely that SR calcium stores are affected by decreased reuptake during this period.
An interesting finding of the current investigation is the observation that the force/[Ca2+]c relationship is affected during PCD. The amount of force produced in these fibers for a given [Ca2+]c is significantly lowered at fatigue and especially during PCD (see Fig. 3). This is true not only during single tetanic stimulations, when force production is very low, but also during continuous stimulation (PCDstim) when force recovers. This result suggests that some of the effect of PCD may be attributable to an altered sensitivity to Ca2+ and not solely by a decreased [Ca2+]c in these cells. A previous study on single Xenopus fibers found no change in Ca2+ sensitivity during PCD or recovery but suggested that this parameter could have been somewhat underestimated by the Ca2+ probe aequorin, which can be interfered with by changes in cytoplasmic pH and/or [Mg2+] (1). With use of the same Ca2+ indicator (fura 2) as in the present study it was subsequently demonstrated that fatiguedXenopus fibers did show a reduced Ca2+sensitivity (19), but that investigation did not look directly at PCD. Changes in the intracellular milieu, such as decreased cell pH and the accumulation of Pi, can cause a reduction in Ca2+ sensitivity in skinned skeletal muscle fibers (11). However, because cell pH and muscle metabolites are largely recovered when PCD is greatest in these fibers, the observed decrease in Ca2+ sensitivity in the present study must be due to other factors.
Force recovery during PCD.
If during PCD there is a decrease in the ability to release and/or resequester Ca2+ and a concurrent decrease in Ca2+ sensitivity, the question arises as to how increased force production during PCDstim is possible. It was previously shown that [Ca2+]c is significantly lowered during PCD but that maximal SR Ca2+release is still possible if induced with caffeine (29), suggesting that normal action potentials are not eliciting an appropriate Ca2+ response from the SR. In the present study, the intense stimulation protocol of PCDstim appeared to override this problem in transducing the action potential signal to the SR, allowing for increased Ca2+ release and subsequent increased force production. Previously, stimulation during PCD consisted of single tetanic contractions of 500 ms inXenopus (28) and multiple tetanic contractions over 5 s in humans (26). It is possible that these stimulation protocols were not severe enough or long enough in duration to demonstrate significant recovery of force production because peak force production in the present study did not often occur until 5–6 min into PCDstim (Fig. 1).
Another potential explanation for the recovery of force production despite an altered force-Ca2+ relationship is posttetanic potentiation (PTP). PTP is characterized by an increase in peak tension after tetanic stimulation of the muscle, particularly at less than saturating [Ca2+]c (13, 23, 25). One study in human skeletal muscle showed that PTP can completely abolish the depressed force production during low-frequency fatigue and restore force to prefatigue levels (13). In the present study, the tetanic nature of the stimulus during PCDstimcould elicit PTP and cause the gradual increase in force production seen during this period. The development of PTP appears to be regulated by myosin light chain phosphorylation, which in turn is sensitive to Ca2+ (25). It was shown previously that myosin light chain phosphorylation is actually decreased during fatigue but that similar potentiation to nonfatigued muscle is seen even at a lower [Ca2+]c (25). Therefore, despite the lower peak [Ca2+]c seen during PCD in the present study, PTP could allow for a significant recovery of force for a given [Ca2+]c. The increase in force/[Ca2+]c seen from PCD to PCDstim suggests that this may have occurred.
Fiber types.
It is unclear why the SF fibers in the present study showed a greater recovery of force and [Ca2+]c than FF during and after PCD. One likely explanation is that the deviations from intracellular homeostasis caused by the initial fatigue run, while large enough to cause PCD in all fibers, are not as large in SF compared with FF. In the initial fatigue run of the present study, FF fibers underwent a significantly greater fall in force in a shorter period of time. The SF fibers, having a greater oxidative potential, would be able to restore cellular homeostasis more quickly, reducing the accumulation of harmful cellular metabolites that could cause force depression (20) or cellular damage. For example, Pi, which accumulates with the breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr), reportedly decreases SR Ca2+ release by binding Ca2+ within the SR (21, 27). Although it has been shown previously that PCr is resynthesized rapidly following fatiguing contractions in Xenopus fibers (20), in that study, the FF type 1 fibers showed a decreased PCr-to-Cr ratio after recovery from fatiguing stimulations. This result suggests that Pi accumulation could have been greater in these less oxidative fibers during PCD, as is possible in the present study. Likewise, it has been shown that FF fibers have the largest accumulation of H+, which inhibits normal excitation-contraction coupling, during fatiguing contractions and that they have a slower recovery to a normal intracellular pH during recovery than SF fibers (30). It is possible that differences in pH between fiber types following fatigue could be present during PCD in the present study and contribute to the differences in both force and Ca2+ recovery. Finally, it has been established that different skeletal muscle fiber types have different Ca2+ sensitivities (18), suggesting that some of the differences in the force/[Ca2+]c relationship seen between fibers at various points in the protocol are due to composition-structure differences between fibers.
In summary, the results of this study demonstrate that PCD is reversible if steady-state stimulation patterns are applied to the fiber during the depressed state. This suggests that structural damage to the SR is not likely to be the sole explanation for the PCD phenomenon and that factors related to the restoration of normal Ca2+ handling result in significant force recovery during this time period.
Currently, there is interest in the processes by which muscle, especially cardiac muscle, can modulate the amount of force it produces in response to some insult to the homeostasis of the cells. In cardiac muscle, ischemic injury often results in "stunning" or a prolonged period of decreased force production followed by complete recovery. This process is likely protective in nature, serving to reduce the force output of the heart during a period when intense contractions could possibly do damage. Because force production is intimately related to Ca2+ metabolism in striated muscle, the present study was undertaken to further elucidate some of the relationships between these factors during the process PCD, which is analogous to stunning, albeit on a shorter time scale. Our data show that during PCD, there is not only decreased Ca2+ release but also a decreased Ca2+ sensitivity in these singleXenopus fibers. Both of these are potential mechanisms for decreasing force output for a given contraction stimulus, providing a means to decrease the stresses on a fatigued fiber that is susceptible to tissue damage.
This study was supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Grant AR-40155.
R. Howlett is an National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada) postdoctoral fellow.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: R. A. Howlett, Dept. of Medicine 0623A, Univ. of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0623 (E-mail:rhowlett{at}ucsd.edu).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2001 the American Physiological Society


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NAW Association Executives Council Innovation In Association Business Models. The Fairmont Hotel Grand Ballroom 1, Ballroom Level Washington, D.C. January 28, 2013 1:15 to 4:30 PM. Discussion Leaders Mike Marks & Steve Deist. About IRCG .
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The Fairmont Hotel
Grand Ballroom 1, Ballroom Level
Washington, D.C.
January 28, 2013
1:15 to 4:30 PM
Discussion Leaders
Mike Marks & Steve Deist
1:15 to 2:45
The Short List Of Member Challenges
A Recap From Quebec On Business Models
2:45 to 3:00
3:00 to 4:30
Group discussion:
Reenergizing An Association
Association Vitality Index
Addressing Capability Gaps
It's not about what we're selling, it's about what they're buying
Segment #1
Nice to
Nice to
NeedsDeath of the Generalist
"The specialization trend has been unkind to the association incapable of serving an increasingly diverse membership"
A "one size fits all" model means spending more money but providing less of the critical services
Targeting segments allows us to tailor our investment for maximum effect
If we want to skate to where the puck is going to be, we need to understand the fundamental forces affecting our members
The buffet of choice: customers are taking control of the sales process and information flow
The search for growth: mature markets and a stagnant economy drive consolidation, impersonation and invasion
Workforce issues: the imminent loss of tribal knowledge has now become an emergency
Some factoids from Grainger's Geoff Robinson in emarketter.com, June 2012
Grainger's mobile activity has increased 400% in the past 12 months
Over 50% of its users feel comfortable ordering over mobile devices.
Google reported that 1 in 7 searches are now done on mobile devices.
Customers are no longer just passive consumers of a product or service. They help to create it!
Information can be accessed from anywhere at anytime
Solutions are tailored based on time and place
Your members largely know what the issues are. Their challenge is how to approach and address them.
The following are the top techniques that have proven to be the most powerful for IRCG clients who best reflect your membership
Intentional selling
Tailored service levels
Customer centered innovation
Market driven priorities
The right tool for the job
Analytically led decision making
What should keep distributor managers awake at night?
Finding pathways for continued profitable growth that in today's uncertain environment requires risk taking and innovation
Being able to attract and engage the new generation of workers
Being able to effectively allocate your resources (people and money) in a changing environment (sometimes reallocating is the biggest challenge)
Source: MDM October 25, 2012. Full interview available at www.mdm.com/ext/html/executivebriefing-7min-archive.html
Consultant takeaway: these issues represent a profound and fundamental challenge to the risk averse, tactically focused "owner operator" distributors that represent the bulk of association membership
We need to get closer to members and their customers (insight rather than anecdote)
Stay away from competitive levers: focus on the size of the pie, not how it's sliced
Huge value in timely, relevant and credible data
Raise the profile of wholesale-distribution for Gen X and Y employees
Great value in network effects
Offline association strategy development (conspiracy of effectiveness)
1:15 to 2:45
The Short List Of Member Challenges
A Recap From Quebec On Business Models
2:45 to 3:00
3:00 to 4:30
Group discussion:
Reenergizing An Association
Association Vitality Index
Addressing Capability Gaps
We will draw heavily from this book and it may be challenging
A business model describes the rationale for how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value
At the simplest level there are two parts; how you add value to a market, and how you extract value (get paid)
If your model provides better value/cost ratio then you will grow with those customers who choose you over other alternatives
You will start to fail if you don't provide a better value/cost (time & money) ratio in the increasing range of alternatives
At the time failure is described as being subject to the economy, rising cost & time pressures, technology, and competitive alternatives
Remember that your association started as a monopoly but your members have many more choices today
4. Relationships are established and maintained with each Customer Segment
7…by providing a number of key activities
8. Some activities are outsourced and some resources are acquired outside the enterprise
1. An organization serves one or several Customer Segments
2. It seeks to solve customer problems and satisfy customer needs with value propositions
6. Key resources are the assets required to offer and deliver the previously described elements…
3. Value propositions are delivered to customers through communications, distribution, and sales channels
5. Revenue streams results from value propositions successfully offered to customers
9. The business model elements result in the cost structure
Value Creation
Group events in multiple venues
Standards promulgation
No next best alternative (monopoly)
Committee engagement
Specialized knowledge that is hard to obtain
Early warning on specific threats and opportunities
Access to trading partners
Affinity meetings
Third party service providers
Buying & marketing groups
Print communication
Member outreach
Intellectual property
Owned patents and standards
LMS or other software
Trade shows/conventions
Member dues
Paid seminars and workshops
Licensing fees
Marketing & sales
Event costs
Research investments
The interesting part is in the specifics when looking at each customer segment
Multi-sided platforms bring together two or more distinct but interdependent groups of customers
The platform is valuable to one group of customers only if the other groups of customers are present
The platform creates value by facilitating interactionsbetween the different groups
The platform grows in value to the extent that it attracts more users, a phenomenon known as the network effect
The spooling of the turbocharger is called the network effect
The network effect occurs when the needs of all customer segments are met with balance- so compare notes with team mates around:
How are distributors treated as a favored class?
How much association revenue is linked directly or indirectly to supplier participation (imagine that they are gone)?
What other constituencies or sub segments can be supported?
How well are you being balanced in facilitating interactions?
Be prepared to share your answers
You will need this insight for the group discussion after the breakShort Team Exercise (from Quebec)
1:15 to 2:45
The Short List Of Member Challenges
A Recap From Quebec On Business Models
2:45 to 3:00
3:00 to 4:30
Group discussion:
Reenergizing An Association
Association Vitality Index
Addressing Capability Gaps
1:15 to 2:45
The Short List Of Member Challenges
A Recap From Quebec On Business Models
2:45 to 3:00
3:00 to 4:30
Group discussion:
Reenergizing An Association
Association Vitality Index
Addressing Capability Gaps
The fundamental principle is to find unmet needs (pain or frustration in a few members) and create a fulcrum to leverage this energy to scale into the larger group
It is inherently about a narrow focus that is small and bright
Consultants & Studies
Personal member agendas
Newsletters & spam
Member surveys
Trade show
New ideas
Education Foundation
Trade Association
Since 2004 we have added Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn
1. Market Convergence (DHI)
As product silos evaporate nontraditional players begin competing with your members. This is driven by "the grass is always greener" scenario and customers' desire to consolidate their supplier base (a zero sum game)
2. Industry Concentration (NAED)
Consolidation is really about concentration for the sake of market power. Is the market share for the 10 largest suppliers or the 10 largest distributors increasing or decreasing? Is it fast, slow, or accelerating?
3. Imminent Threat To Survival (HIDA's medical device tax)
This is an external threat that disrupts the fundamental value propositions of your members to their customers, most often created by changes in legal frameworks. Advocacy may be the only viable solution.
Remember that a value proposition is focused on a served customer segment
The real strategic question is what are your multiple value propositions and which group do they serve?
Association membership is generally 1-10% of published NAICS firm counts
How does the other 90% view your 10%? Is asking the 10% the right way to find out?
Associations, as monopolies, were built on providing:
How much are emerging value alternatives gaining traction in your industry?
Most distributor trade associations offered a generic service package and they were separated by the vertical product silo defined by the supplier base
Always relying on the big launch with lots of involvement is effectively solving every problem with a hammer
Sometimes finding something small, bright, and resilient and setting it on fire has a higher probability of becoming self sustaining over time
Don't forget that you are not in a rush
Pass in your five number scores and we will tabulate the groups responses during your activity
The energy to start a brushfire is contained in three broad ideas
Addressing members' critical business needs (although they may not be widely recognized yet), not ours
Creating new value propositions for smaller segments of members that can be isolated from the whole
Letting go of some current activities where we are being held hostage to history, so market forces become a wind at our back instead of in our face
The task for each table is to consider the factors and apply them to our associations to identify a small and bright source of energy for change or renewal
This is actually very difficult and it is not about making your members successful (vitamins) rather finding anger and frustration (pain killers)
We will share our results starting at 4:10 so good luck!
We all need to develop and execute on a coherent strategy
The lodestar is understanding and meeting unmet or unrecognized member needs (they don't know so asking them is pointless and irritating)
"They shuddaoughtawannna do it!"
It is hard to kill a trade association quickly - they slowly fade away
Buy the book and do a business model canvas with your own board
Start a dialog with your best and brightest members to:
Build a real strategy that starts with the external market and then does tradeoffs
Most important for most is finding stuff to STOP doing

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Project Server 2007 is a major release that involves fundamental architectural changes. It is vital that you plan the migration carefully and meticulously - and we have a migration guide in Beta1 (and are planning on an updated one in Beta2) that would help you with that. We strongly encourage you to migrate your Project Server 2003 with the beta version for the migration utility and report issues if you have any.
Upgrade versus Migration
Upgrade is about changing your data in place (i.e. you have Project Server 2003, run upgrade and then you have Project Server 2007) and you can't go back to Project Server 2003. Migration is about taking data from Project Server 2003, fixing things up and then saving it to Project Server 2007. At the end of migration, you will have Project Server 2003 and Project Server 2007. Project Server 2003 to Project Server 2007 is a MIGRATION process, not UPGRADE!
Some more FAQs:
Q: Is cross language migration supported? That is, could I migrate from Project Server 2003 English to Project Server 2007 French?
A: Cross language migration is not supported. We only support migrating across the same language. But after migration, appropriate language packs may be applied on Project Server 2007 to get a similar effect.
Q: Can we consolidate data from multiple Project Server 2003 instances into one Project Server 2007 instance? That is, can I consolidate http://2003PWA/Dept1 and http://2003PWA/Dept2 into a single http://2007PWA/Single?
A: No, you can't do this as part of Project 2007 migration. If you have 2 Project Server 2003 instances, say http://2003PWA/Dept1 and http://2003PWA/Dept2, you need to migrate them to two separate Project Server 2007 instances (i.e. http://2007PWA/Dept1 and http://2007PWA/Dept2).
Q: I migrated a subset of projects to Project Server 2007. If there are users who are on Project Server 2003 projects AND Project Server 2007 projects, how do I manage Resource availability?
A: There is no easy answer to this. In the period when you are operating 2 servers - you won't get an updated resource availability view in either Project Server 2003 or Project Server 2007. So, we recommend that you don't have Project in a side-by-side state for an extended period of time. Alternatively you could build a custom solution that gets resource availability from the two systems and presents a unified view.
Q: Will "linked projects" and "master projects" get migrated?
A: Yes, they will be migrated.
Q: I have Project Server authenticated users in Project Server 2003. After migration, I find no way to login as those users. Did they get migrated?
A: Yes, they got migrated. But you need to setup forms authentication for Project Server 2007 to enable their login (Project Server 2007 relies on the SharePoint/ASP.NET forms authentication infrastructure).


text:
Session fee $200 | Includes the time and talent of the photographer
2-4 hr session and 20+ photos in a private, password protected gallery
Editing and enhancements included. Please allow 2-3 weeks for processing.
Fee does not include any prints, digital downloads or CDs.
Digital Options
10 images - $250
Full gallery - $400
a la carte pricing available after digital package has been chosen
*Retainer - Due to the high demand of newborn sessions with Light of Mine Photography, the session fee is paid to reserve your due date. This retainer is non-refundable.
*Purchase of a digital package is required. The minimum digital investment of $250 is due the day of newborn session.
Interested in having more of this incredible journey documented? Check out my Baby Plans to find an option that will fit your needs!
See what others are saying about their experience with Light of Mine Photography!


text:
To add a photo to your fundraiser, you can choose to upload a photo from your computer or directly from your Facebook gallery.
To add a photo please follow these steps:
1. Log into your dashboard by clicking 'Log in' on the home page (YouCaring.com)
2. Click 'My Account' in the top right corner of the screen to view the list of fundraisers on your account.
3. Click on 'Manage Fundraiser' next to the fundraiser you would like to edit.
4. Click on the 'Photos and Videos' tab.
5. Click on the 'add videos & photos' button.
6. Select 'Facebook photos' to upload pictures from your Facebook gallery or select 'Upload' to upload pictures from your computer.
Please make sure that your pictures are smaller than 6MB. For your reference, the main image displays at 810px by 648px.
You will be able to add up to six images at a time for a total of 24 photos.


text:
Accessories for your Knitter's Pride needles! From needle markers to gauge checkers, you'll find everything here to organize your needles in style!
Katrinkles Mix & Match Mini Tool Set - Tiny (Lace/Sock) Needle Gauge and Gleener Fuzz Remover - On the Go - Raspberry Red are both similar accessories: specialty tools.
We provide endless possibilities for you including yarn, knitting gifts, needles, kits, sale yarn, free knitting patterns, and more! Jimmy Beans Wool is Your Local Yarn Store... Online!


text:
A 4.2-magnitude earthquake struck the Fontana area in San Bernardino County Saturday morning, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
The quake hit around 5:45 a.m. about 1-mile east-southeast of Fontana, 3 miles west-northwest of Bloomington and 4 miles west of Rialto. USGS initially reported it was a 4.3 magnitude, but it was later downgraded to 4.2.
It hit at a depth of about 2.8 miles, according to USGS.
The temblor's epicenter was in a residential neighborhood less than a mile from the Fontana Metrolink station and about 3.5 miles from the Auto Club Speedway.


text:
Debra SnyderBridgton, Maine, US
My voice is mid-range to deep, rich, warm, sincere, friendly, sultry, sophisticated, conversational, modern mom. My delivery style is fluid, natural and authentic. Can show great authority if needed. I look forward to connecting with you on your project. Thank you for your interest.
English (North American), English
North American
Middle Aged, Senior
Special Skills
Audiobooks, Business, Documentaries, Educational, Internet, Podcasting, Radio, Telephone, Television, Videogames
I first worked as a radio disc jockey, recording commercials and hosting a daily show at a number of stations in New England. Although I moved into a career as a published author, over the years I have voiced a number of projects including: a phone line answering system for MBNA bank, training videos, documentary projects that aired on NPR and local stations, as well as numerous webinar, and blogtalk programs.
I have travel extensively as an author and teacher, hosting conferences and events. I have been interviewed on radio broadcasts worldwide and have appeared on national television.
I recently hosted a 10-week online webinar series for Beyond Words Publishing, a division of Simon and Schuster.
I am excited to offer my voice and talents to your project.
American Institute of Holistic Theology, Birmingham, AL
Doctorate of Philosophy, Metaphysics, January 2007
Master of Science, Metaphysics, June 2005 4.0 GPA
University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine
Bachelor of Arts, Communication, May 1993 3.02 GPA, cum laude
Recipient of both Nautilus and Mom's Choice Awards for published works
Writing, Arts & Sciences and Children's Charities
•Author of four books, including award winning: Intuitive Parenting: Listening to the Wisdom of Your Heart released by Simon & Schuster in May 2010 and the newly released Ignite CALM: Achieving Bliss in Your Work in November 2014
Blue Microphones Yeti USB Microphone, Shure SM58 Microphone, Pop Filter
Computer & Software
MacBook with Adobe Audition, Conference call capability through Skype & Google Hangouts
Special Equipment
Fostex Digital Recorder, Sony MDRV6 Digital Headphones
Delivery Methods
email, FTP, regular mail
Turnaround Time
24 to 48 hours depending on the project
Service Description
I work from my home recording studio, and will provide quick-turnaround and a guaranteed clean, high-quality recording delivered to you in the format of your choice. As an award winning author, I also offer copy writing services. I can travel if necessary to your studio location. I am also available for onsite hosting or Emcee work at trade shows and events throughout the world.
Voice Over Clients
Beyond Words Publishing, a division of Simon & Schuster
MBNA America (Phone Service Recordings)
Vega Video and Production
The Dunes Realty (Phone recordings)
Zip Tanz
Numerous Commercials for the following Radio Stations:
Payment Terms
Hire Debra as a voice actor. Payment is made through Voices.com SurePay, an escrow service that guarantees your work is done to your satisfaction. Send payment securely by Visa, Mastercard or PayPal through Voices.com then download your files from the website.
Watch a video to see how to make a payment
Next Steps
To contact Debra Snyder about your project, request a quote today. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step. It's fast and easy.
Hire Debra Snyder as a voice actor. Working with Debra Snyder is fast and easy. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step.
Request a quote for your project today.


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
70 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the Accommodation
Rooms, services Travelling to Italy and looking for accommodation? Take a look at what Oltremare Fiumicino has to offer! Guests looking for accommodation in Fiumicino are welcome to book ten nicely furnished rooms at the hotel. The hotel is offering you freshly prepared fine local meals in its restaurant every day. Car rental service is also available to help you discover all key highlights of the area. Nearby water ski, volleyball, sailing, surfing and boat rental opportunities may provide an excellent option for those who love to spend their leisure time actively. Airport transfer can be requested upon preliminary notice. The bar can be an ideal place for a meeting or a pleasant evening talk. In the safe you can secure your valuables. The hotel is offering wireless Internet connection (WiFi) without charging extra fees, so you may go online anytime with your laptop during your stay. An exact and detailed list of equipment in the rooms and of the services provided by Oltremare Fiumicino you will find on the information sheet below, including any applicable additional fees.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be necessary for finalizing your reservation, depending on the exact room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in to your room is 12:00, the latest time to check out of your room is 11:00. Italian and English languages are spoken by the personnel.
Oltremare Fiumicino rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
Car rental nearby, Water skiing nearby, Volleyball facility nearby, Sailing nearby, Surfing nearby, Boat rental nearby
Default services: Pet friendly, Bar, Elevator, Safe deposit box
Airport transfer
Own restaurant
Bathrobe, Hairdryer, Desk in the room, Mini-bar


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Gardenia Suite Rome is offering five comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Rome. You may secure your valuables in the safe. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Gardenia Suite Rome (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to arrive is 12:30, the latest time to leave the rooms is 11:00. The personnel speaks Italian and English.
Gardenia Suite Rome rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Garden, Safe deposit box
Hairdryer, Fridge, Mini-bar, Tea/coffee-maker


text:
Särelind said the next generation of keyboards would use a new technology which would choose randomly between 256 available channels, and promised to send both Evjeberg and Helle a copy.
The "256 channels" isn't for their existing wireless keyboards, it's for their "next generation" models.
A bit shy of cryptographically secure, I'd say. Credit card numbers and personal information aren't all that's at stake; think about your passwords, PGP passphrases, etc.
Or, um, just watching it at all really.
I know there are security and other settings that when properly configured will help prevent these mistakes, but just look at the number of unsecured business wireless networks out there that don't even have WEP turned on. Its going to be nasty.
and many devices will simply not work unless the end user does.
Crtl + Alt + Del. Wait a few minutes.
Crtl + Alt + Del. Wait a few minutes.
Laugh maniacally. Repeat.
Of course, almost any car can be unlocked by a slim jim anyway, so it's not worth worrying about. If you want your car to not be stolen, you need either to disable it (What I do.), or put a lowjack in it.
It's usually not that hard to kept your car from running. If someone tries to steal my car, they'll find the ignition can be hotwired like normal, but for some odd reason it won't shift out of park...and no, I won't tell you why that is.
Most wireless keyboards, like garage door openers, have their own unique codes and frequencies built in to them so one cannot interface with another in the same way.
According to the manual of my car, I can open some garage doors simply by revving my car's engine. I've not tried it, though.
You are a bit to confident:
Hell, dude, didn't you ever go around town with your parents garage door opener and see how many doors you could open? We used to just leave the doors up (I know, I know... don't moralize in my general direction, OK?) to make the people freak out in the morning. Our record was five doors in one night. Thing is, garage door openers had three wheels with 0-9 on each, so there were only a thousand possible combinations available to them. In tract suburbia, this is trivial. Considering that HP said their newfangled, not-yet-released keyboard has 256 channels, they aren't even as secure as the dufus garage door openers we used to play with. RF is a pretty nice party line when it comes down to implementation.Most wireless keyboards, like garage door openers..
A meter is something that measures - eg water meter, odometer, thermometer. Commonly confused with metre which is the SI unit of distance.
For americans:
A meter is either something that measures (see above) or a weird unit of distance only used by scientists and geeks. It is commonly confused with a metre, which is a conspiracy by the europeans to make everything two thirds smaller. They don't need double garages, because their car fits in one!
It's metre, you insensitive clod!
What's a meter?
You mean metre. It's a measuring unit used by NASA about half the time.
Seriously, though. I've been using Logitech cordless desktops for years - I've had four in my apartment in close proximity with no problem, and used several at work as well. If a mouse or keyboard syncs with a base unit, it syncs to *that* unit. You can sync multiple devices to a base unit, but I have never seen a device sync to multiple base units. A nice little thing about Logitech's system is that they are all compatable - I like the simple diamond mouse and a keyboard without extra multimedia buttons, and detest the ergonomic "crashing wave" mouse. I can pick and choose my keyboard and mouse, walk over to a computer, hit the sync button and start using it at that terminal. The only problem I've ever had was when the living room computer was next to the multimedia computer and you sometimes synced to the wrong one... so you'd check before typing willy-nilly.
Wireless keyboards and mouses are great - I swear by them. I change batteries maybe once every 4 to 6 months, and don't ever have to worry about cables. At home I type in my lap, and can have my phone right against the top of my mousepad, my monitor to the left, and a glass of tea to the right and not worry about the cord catching the phone cord or knocking over the tea.
Now, I *would* like an encrypted signal, sure... but gimmie a break... who the hell cares to capture a few hours of my posting to Slashdot and writing rough drafts of lyrics? Certainly not *my* neighbors. Still, I ssh to my servers, and it would be really nice to have a secure connection to my keyboard. If I was really paranoid, I'd stick my monitors in a Faraday cage to prevent the video signal from being broadcast... everybody is sending *that* out (where everybody = really close to 100% of all computers).
Has anyone considered selling wireless hardware that would let me generate my own keys. Then let me install my own keys in my own hardware.
Preferrably with the option of selecting the encryption standard.
I live in a dorm situation, so it is very possible kids who are nearbye will interfere/send keystrokes/recieve keystrokes from my computer. However, Logitech promises Cordless freedom through multi-channel digital radio technology with secure encryption [logitech.com].
Loitech assures us that the kind of stuff mentioned in the article cannot happen [logitech.com]:
But I can't find any more details about this technology. So some logitech keyboard have encryption, some don't. I wonder how easy it is to add encryption to these thigns without latency. I don't want to press "a" and wait 2 seconds while the signal decrpyts for the a to appear on my screen. I wonder how simple or complex the encryption is on my cordless access keyboard. Is it a simple XOR like the AIM passwords or is it real encryption? I don't know. But frankly, I am not worried.To avoid the chance of interference between cordless products, every Logitech cordless product integrates a 12-bit security ID, which allows the receiver to uniquely identify the emitter (i.e., the cordless device, itself) that it is listening to. The 12-bit ID provides 4096 unique combinations of digits, lowering the risk of interference to less than 0.25%. Additionally, in some Logitech cordless keyboards and mice, multi-channel RF technology allows the channel to be changed in the event of a conflict.
To further minimize the impact of the already uncommon conflict or interference, some Logitech cordless keyboards now include secure encryption that protects the security of the data being typed on and transmitted by the keyboard.
Bottom Line: zero encryption with 12-but ID codes is good enough for me. If someone really wanted to get at my credit card numbers, they would probobly come into my unlocked room and find my wallet with my credit card in it instead of building a device to pick up the radio signals from my keyboard. Logitech claims a
The 12-bit ID provides 4096 unique combinations of digits, lowering the risk of interference to less than 0.25%.
Now, I really have no clue whether this is just for show of if it actually does something. Does anyone know?
You can snag 'em here [logitech.com]. No Linux, and there appears to be only an encryption free [logitech.com] version for OSX. Looks like the above are the only types of keyboards that support it.This release includes an encryption feature for the Cordless Freedom(TM) Optical and Cordless Freedom(TM) iTouch(TM) keyboards only.
There could be a number of legitimate ways this happened:
1. The encryption feature was there all along, but they didn't get around to supporting it in the software until now. This often happens in commercial hardware products, when you hit a deadline and the drivers just aren't ready. Although 3 years does seem a bit excessive.
2. The driver actually downloads code to the controller in the keyboard, thereby "upgrading" it to include encryption.
3. The hardware supported it all along, but they were having trouble getting their government paperwork to ship a product with encryption. So they just yanked the feature out of the driver until such time as the paperwork is done. Now its done so they are shipping the drivers.
Turns out it fell between two of the couch cushions, which were depressing the "next channel" button...
Parallel lines never meet, unless you bend one or both of them.


text:
Stock Graphic - Set of display laptop computer 132544 by robuart @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 1.28 MB; Layered: Yes; Vector: Yes.
Set of realistic display laptop tablet computer smartphone MP3 player camera and mobile phone template in flat design style. Different modern personal gadgets
Keywords: office, player, vector, camera, tablet, phone, flat, smartphone, monitor, icons, mp3, set, mobile, business, modern, technology, personal, realistic, and, laptop.


text:
This collection offers a broad interpretation of 'textiles' through photography. The work is on the whole abstract and offers a glimpse into my perception of the world. My eye travels through the environment capturing my experience of colour and texture, portraying the rawness and simplicity, and the inescapable interconnection between the made and the natural.
Most of this work encapsulates my wanderings around of the Stroud Valleys, the South West of England and the Gambia over the past few years, and reflects my questioning of my place in the world – of my sense of belonging within the landscape and with the people I meet along my path.
In 2010, thanks to Arts Council funding, I was commissioned by the Stroudwater Textile Trust to document The Art of Kalamkari, working with Stroud Museum in the Park, that exhibited the work of three visiting Indian textile artists. Some of these photographs are also included here.
Many of the photographs above were selected for exhibitions in Stroud: 'Challenging Textiles', part of Stroud International Textiles Festival in 2009 and 2011, 'Elemental' in 2009, and 'Interwoven' in 2011.
I would like to acknowledge Kel Portman and Walking the Land for inspiring and influencing my work that shows the blurred and interwoven boundaries that exist between the cultures, landscapes and artists I have worked with. The physical, spiritual and cultural boundaries of my every day continue to blur…


text: BC1 June 11 2015 4:39pm 01:36 Arun Bains dies in late night shooting Thu, Jun 11 – : 22 year old Arun Bains was gunned down on April 19th. His death happening the same time that police are investigating other gang related shootings. Can you help Crime Stoppers solve the fatal shooting of Arun Bains? Responsive site? HTTPS:// site?


text:
Tag: Solar Technology - Page 10
Nanoscale artificial leaf can extract hydrogen from water with just sunlight
Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has shown what they call the "first fully integrated nanosystem for artificial photosynthesis".
Researchers discover new way to harvest electricity from plants
Scientists at University of Georgia have developed a way to harvest energy from photosynthesis before the plant uses it.
The Mwezi Light: Illuminating new job opportunities in Africa
It's a unique approach solving both micro and macro level problems with a scalable and sustainable solution.
Solar Impulse: Flying from San Francisco to New York City in a solar plane
The ultimate goal of the Solar Impulse sun-powered plane is to fly around the globe powered by only the sun's rays. But before you can run, you have to crawl and then walk...
New discovery allows low-grade silicon to be turned into high-efficiency solar panels
Some technical breakthroughs are great because they push back the limits of what we can do, bringing us to new summits, while other are great because they allow us to do more with what we already have.
Extremely important graph: Cost of solar headed for parity with coal and gas (and will later beat them)
We're headed for historic milestones in solar power production. These will change the face of human civilization.
SoloPower plant closing, mere months after opening
Mere months after the maker of cutting-edge solar panels opened a manufacturing plant in Portland, OR, backed at all levels of government, it is suspending operations.
IBM solar collector magnifies sun by 2,000x (without cooking itself), costs 3x less than similar systems
Concentrating the sun's ray onto solar photovoltaic (PV) modules requires walking the fine line between optimizing power output and not literally melting your very expensive super-high-efficiency solar cells.
Solar cooling panel could provide AC without electricity by sending heat to outer space
A unique solar panel has been designed at Stanford that cools buildings by reflecting sunlight and radiating thermal energy out into space.
Artificial leaf produces energy from dirty water
The groundbreaking technology has gotten even better with the ability to self-heal and produce hydrogen from dirty water.
All solar efficiency breakthroughs since 1975 on a single chart
The National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV), which is part of the U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), maintains a chart that shows efficiency records for all kinds of research solar technologies, from more vanilla to very exotic flavors.
Solar cells made from trees are easily recyclable
The cells easily seperate apart for recycling by being submerged in room temperature water.
Philadelphia's solar-powered trash cans: Great green idea or flawed design?
Are solar-powered trash cans a fuel-saving, money-saving way to keep the streets clean? Or are they worse than regular trash cans?
Solar cells 'hairy' with nanowires could push back efficiency limits
Nanowires - cylindrical structure with a diameter of about a 10,000th of a human hair - have some very interesting properties that could help create solar panels that are more efficient than was previously thought possible.
Solar technology for farming and urban gardening
Solar power has a place in farms and gardens, with devices designed to do everything from heating water to powering tractors.
A social network for the solar-curious consumer
The Sustainable Energy Network is an online tool that provides advanced simulations and social encouragement for the adoption of solar power and energy efficiency.
World's tallest solar tower (750 feet) to be erected in California... Twice
Brightsource and Abengoa are currently working on a 500 megawatts concentrated solar project in California that would be composed of twin 250-megawatt units with what should be the tallest solar towers in the world.
Pay as you go solar power systems turn lives on in Guatemala
Instead of having to come up with the full amount for a small home solar system, Guatemalans will soon be able to pay as they go, using their mobile phones.


text:
Knob Top Ov Alum&wht by Indesit
Save 3%!
In Stock
1 sold
Item Information
Genuine spare part suitable for selected Hotpoint and Export cookers and ovens.
- Manufacturer Number
- 6204964
- Product Number
How to Advice
How to change a control knob on a hob, Indesit
Fits the Following Models
Choose a manufacturer to reveal the models that the part Knob Top Ov Alum&wht is suitable for.
Customer Reviews
Write the first review of Knob Top Ov Alum&wht.
Questions & Answers
Will this knob fit model EW84p ?
I really only want the white piece with numbers from 100 -- 220 for the top oven, can this be order as a singe item?
16 Aug 2013 by craig
Sorry you can't get just the white bit, please see link below for knob that fits your model
27 Aug 2013 by Anonymous
Delivery Information
For UK orders we offer a Free Delivery, Standard or Next Working Day delivery service.
We have separate delivery charges for Europe, North America, Japan and the Rest of the World based on the size, weight and destination of your order.
Please view our About Delivery page for full details.
Returns & Refunds
If an item is faulty or damaged on delivery and we are notified within 24 hours we will arrange for a replacement or a refund of the item - it needs to be within this time period for us to make claims with our couriers.
If you have simply changed your mind or no longer require the item(s), you must notify us within 7 days from receiving your order. The item(s) must be in their original unused and unopened packaging and be in a resalable condition for a full refund. You will need to pay for the cost of returning the item(s) and the item(s) remain your responsibility until we receive them.
Please view our Returns & Refunds page for full details.


text:
The subject of human sexuality has been the source of contention in Western society for a long time. In many ancient societies, human sexuality was viewed as a natural part of life. Human sexuality was freely expressed and encouraged. Human sexuality was even viewed as part of religious practices. In other words, human sexuality was intertwined with reaching spiritual heights.
However, with the rise and implementation of Christianity in Western Europe in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, human sexuality was viewed as evil and was to be separate from true spirituality. In fact, in order to be spiritual, one had to denounce his/her human sexuality or at least subvert it. Human sexuality was transformed from an integral part of human living to a necessary and tolerable evil only to be used for generative or reproductive purposes.
Human sexuaity in Western society was seen as a lesser evil, particularly by the Puritan and other religious bodies. From this sexual repression, arose other defense mechanism and other forms of displacement. As a result of the repression and suppression of human sexuality, arose oftentimes adherrent ways that people expressed this human need. The human body was viewed as lewd instead of being considered beautiful. Many psychosexual psychoses arose as a result of the severe repression of our basic human sexuality.
In the 1960s, especially during the sexual revolution, there has been a greater acceptance of human sexuality in Western society. Human sexuality was again viewed as an integral part of life and was seen as more than procreative. Despite the liberalization of human sexuality in Western society, there are subconscious undercurrents that human sexuality should not be openly discussed and should be left unmentioned so to speak. This is evident, especially in the United States and some parts of Europe, regarding the sexual education of our young people. Studies have shown that of all the countries in Western society, the United States and England lead in unplanned and unwanted teenage pregnancies. Also, in many Western societies, people who are highly sexual are viewed quite negatively. Why is sexuality STILL a source of contention and often angst in Western society?
I feel like in a lot of ways you've answered your own inquiries. Sexuality is an "integral part of life" so humans are bound to invest a lot of cultural standards around it. It also helps that irresponsible sexual behavior is consequence-ridden and therefore it is at the forefront of the minds of humans. Regardless of contraceptive inventions sexuality does exist for procreative purposes and that is a topic of importance. Humans retain their natural attitudes surrounding this and shape their culture.
by Disappearinghead3 years ago
I was just reading a post on another thread about the 10 commandments and the subject of adultery was raised. The point was that the apparent imbalance between the sexes regarding the law was that women had a lower...
by Grace Marguerite Williams3 years ago
ruthless and predatory? What are the remedies that YOU would suggest to make Western society more evolved and less predatory?
by Alan3 years ago
Sexuality seems to be very high on the list of "sins" with many christians. Why is this, when there are so many cruel and anti-social practices reported in news media across the world? ...
by ahmadraza2127 years ago
My question is that:Can we stop terrorism in our world?and in reply Mr. SimeyC saysWow what a great question; whether there is an answer or not I do not truly know! Terrorism often stems from one faction or another...
by Grace Marguerite Williams3 years ago
the issues of sex and sexuality? Sex and sexuality is a normative part of human life. However, many religionists view sex and sexuality quite negatively, especially women's sexuality. They...
by michifus7 years ago
I have my annoyed hat on and felt the need to comment on recent events in the UK, where two boys have recently been convicted of attempted rape of an 8 year old girl.The boys in question were 10 and 11 at the time and...
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text:
Underbelly Festival 2017: Comedy Club 4 Kids at Underbelly Festival, Southbank
Circuit regulars amend their sets for a family audience. Today's show features performances from Matt Highton, Otiz Cannelloni, Faye Treacy and Tiernan Douieb.
Venue Details & Map
Southbank Centre
- Address
Belvedere RoadLondonSE1 8XX
- Telephone:
- 0844 847 9910
- Public transport:
- Underground and Rail Stations: Waterloo, Embankment, Charing Cross or Waterloo East Buses stop on Waterloo Bridge, York Road, Belvedere Road and Stamford Street.


text:
David S.
New York, NY, 10003
Joined on June, 2012
Gender: Male
Average Rating:
Any day after 5PM
Lives Near:
Can Meet:
Up to 30 minutes away for no additional charge
EducationI have a Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from Embry-Riddle University; I graduated with a 3.5 GPA.
ExperienceI've tutored children as young as 9 years old to adults as old as 60 (and everywhere in between). I'm an engineer who works for an organization that designs artificial hearts; I work with a lot of individuals who don't come from a technical background, yet I have to communicate highly technical concepts, through this experience I have learned to explain ideas carefully and in the simplest possible terms. This skill has proven to be priceless in my tutoring endeavors.
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Does your children or teenagers dislike to wear glasses although they really need it? Then you might want to consider to use contact lens for your them. Although they are still young, they can wear contact lens like the adults.
When choosing between glasses or contact lens for your kids or teenagers, there are some aspects that can be used as consideration such as;
Using glasses are simpler and more practical compare to contact lens. Unfortunately many kids and teen do not like to wear glasses since the glasses often make their appearance become less attractive or nerdy, so it can reduce their self-esteem.
Meanwhile contact lenses require more attention to take care the lenses. But it can boost children self-esteem since they do not have to wear glasses on their face.
Minimum age
Usually most eye doctor can give contact lenses prescription to children at 11 years old. Younger children can also wear contact lenses based on the recommendation from ophthalmologist.
Therefore, the age is not a problem for children to wear contact lenses, although the parents must ensure that their children aware their responsibilities to take care the contact lenses properly.
Many parents are worried about the safety of contact lenses for their children or teenagers. But, as long the contact lenses are made from responsible manufacturer, and taken care and worn properly, the lenses are very safe.
Here are some rules to make sure the safety of contact lenses;
Keep following your ophthalmologist instruction in taking care the contact lenses
Use and replace the lenses according to the schedule that is set by the eye doctor and do not wear them too long.
Do not sleep with the lenses on.
Use tight swimming goggles if you want to use the lenses while swimming.
Do not keep using the lenses if they give uncomfortable feeling to your eyes, or when your eyes feel tired and dry.
These days, every contact lenses are produced in a comfortable design. Many people claimed that the latest contact lenses design makes them feel like they did not wear the contact lenses at all.
But, for some people, putting on the lenses first in the morning would still make them feel uncomfortable and it would take few minutes before their eyes feels normal and comfortable again.
The difficulties in taking care the lenses
In the old days, taking care the contact lenses is quite complicated. Storing and cleaning process require delicate process. But, for modern contact lenses these process become much simpler using multi-purpose cleaner substance and easier storing case.
There are also disposable contact lenses that absolutely do not require any care at all. You just thrown out the lenses after using it once.
Since the glasses can be use and last much longer than contact lenses, the overall cost for contact lenses is more costly. It will become more expensive if you use colored or disposable contact lenses since this contact lenses type is the most expensive type.
The price of the contact lenses also varies depend on the material, type and brand.


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In addition to a variety of binding regulations, you as the New Apartment dwellers also have to change the pattern of life. Lifestyle when inhabiting the house can not be taken entirely to the vertical housing. Decorating Apartment in designing impression is of occupants or prospective client itself. Because maybe 'habit' who used to live... (more...)
The Right Decorating Apartments In Order to Get the Desired Comfort
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I interned at the Colorado Springs Gazette this summer as a general assignment sports reporter. My first assignment on the job was definitely one of the most unique experiences that I have ever had as a reporter. I was sent to cover the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, a famous motor sports race to the top of Pikes Peak. I got to spend the majority of my first week on beautiful Pikes Peak, learning to cover a sport I barely knew anything about. It was definitely the most breathtaking reporting experience I've had.
During the rest of my internship, I covered a huge range of sports: Broncos training camp and the first preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks, a Colorado Rapids MLS game, a rodeo, college football, minor league baseball and more.
I learned so much about the Colorado sports culture, and I learned how to find a good story in something as small as a dog agility competition. I'm so glad I got to spend my summer in Colorado and had a great time learning to be a versatile reporter.
I would recommend that someone apply to this internship if they want a lot of responsibility and independence. This internship will give you a great feel for the newspaper business and lots of individual responsibility.
Kahler is a senior at Northwestern University, where she is studying journalism. Follow her on Twitter at: @kalynkahler


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I saw this via S F Signal blogger John De Nardo's Facebook feed today and it made me laugh.
The 10 Most Clichéd Character Types in Sci-Fi:
10. The Robot Who Wants To Be Human
9. The May-Or May-Not Be the Devil Guy
8. Pure Energy Beings
7. The Accidental Time-Tourist
6. Genetically Superior Smug Humans
5. The Monocultural Alien
4. The Captain Ahab
3. The Bumbling Robot
2. The Evil Twin
1. The Over-Obsessed Scientist
Click on the title link above to have a breakdown and examples of each of the ten – very amusing. But it also got me thinking. I've been working pretty hard on a story recently for a particular market and one of the real issues is making well-rounded, believable characters. And that doesn't just count for my most recent story, it counts for all stories.
Not only do characters have to seem real, they have avoid being cliches like the examples above and they also have to avoid being Mary Sues. I don't have so much of a problem in longer fiction when it comes to building characters, but creating solid characters that the reader cares about in short fiction is really, really hard. Definitely planning your characters as much as you plan your story is a good start. I need to apply the same methods in my short fiction that I apply in my novel length work and really get inside the character's heads. Just because the story is shorter, the characters are no less important.
I think it's one of the things that really sets apart great short fiction writers from good writers. The other things that set them apart are expert storytelling and excellent writing, naturally. All of which I aspire to. Ever onwards. For the writers out there, what are you methods for building good characters? For the readers, what do you like to learn about your characters?
Anyway, go and read the list of ten cliches linked above. It's funny.


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Audio Blog #48Read Now
Well, well, well. Much to discuss this week, yes? The jerk off would-be client who told me I was overcharging, an explanation of what the Black Lives Matter campaign means---or at least OUGHT to mean----a brief history of where all the information about how to make latex masks came from and how it was disseminated, Hollwood's standards of beauty---and ugliness, why actors playing serial killers in movies usually sucks…and even MORE!! Listen if you dare----and eat a chicken and rice teriyaki bowl while you're at it.
Tony Augello
7/10/2016 12:00:31 pm
You're not insane, the douche should have gone to someone starting out if they didn't want to pay for your talent.
7/10/2016 01:03:29 pm
Hey Jordu, can you make me a silicon mask for my short film for $500.00? I do not have much money to spend.
7/10/2016 01:27:05 pm
Hey Jordu I rarely get to comment, because I only get to listen to these while at work. So I apologize for my long comment and grammar as I'm on my phone.
Alco de Groot
7/10/2016 02:26:29 pm
Dear Jordu
Andrew D
7/10/2016 03:45:01 pm
I used to work for Starlog Group in 1984, which published Cinemagic, Fangoria and Starlog. I was an editorial assistant on those mags. Being a film student and a fan of FX, I had much love for Cinemagic. There's a PDF collection available here: https://archive.org/details/starlogmagazine?and%5B%5D=cinemagic&and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22CineMagic%22&sort=&page=2
Greg McDougall
7/10/2016 04:00:25 pm
I miss Dick Smith, too. The overwhelming generosity that he showed to the artists of our industry is unequaled. I had read about his generosity and of course I had his Monster Makeup Handbook (and a few instructional VHS tapes), but I didn't have the personal satisfaction of meeting him until 1994/95 when I decided to one day get ballsy and cold call him.
McGregor Allen
7/10/2016 11:42:02 pm
Thanks for telling it how it is once again jordu! Awesome blog, looking forward to the next.
collier wilmes
7/11/2016 12:10:39 am
Hey Jordu!
7/11/2016 03:11:43 pm
What is the purpose of humans inflicting such horror upon our own species, and the animal kingdom itself?
7/12/2016 12:33:36 am
Hey Jordu I love the blog and look forward to it every week. You bring visceral realness to everything you do, and your audio work is no exception. I was thinking of some other actors that did a good job acting insane/murderous- Glenn Close in Fatal Attraction, Kathy Bates in Misery, Jack Nicholson the Shining, Christian Bale in American Psycho, Jeremy Renner in Dahmer, Javier Bardem in No Country for Old Men, and Michael Rooker in Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer. That's all that come to mind right now but there's lots of good examples out there, and I agree Kevin Spacey is one of the absolute best. Another thing I wanted to mention: do you ever watch the Vice "Munchies" channel on YouTube? There's a chef featured on that channel named Matty Matheson and he kinda reminds me of you. Something in his demeanor and sense of humor. You'll probably disagree but his cooking demos are great regardless. Here's a link to him making an insane lasagna: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZPkIPfnzqs
Josh Foreman
7/12/2016 02:05:37 pm
Concerning Tina Fey on 30 Rock, I agree, that element of her 'being plain' totally annoys me. But I can see how a woman with a large scar on her mouth/cheek in showbiz would probably get that feeling that she's missing out on a lot of roles for 'pretty girls' due to that. Personally I think the scar makes her MORE attractive because it adds interest and distinction, setting her apart from the blandness that is considered "hot". But the thing that bothers me in that show even MORE, is the idea that her character constantly eats junk food. THE WOMAN IS 100 pounds!!! I don't care how fast your metabolism is, no one eats junk food all the time and looks like that!
Dan Frye
7/12/2016 11:33:44 pm
Jordu,fab blog..your thoughts about the black lives matter stuff was full of sense and articulated truth perfectly..I do think America seems to run on fear.These cops bring a picture of black folks to their job..a picture of them as criminals or future criminals.When people are ok to feel vulnerable..to "reach out a hand" to folks they may not understand or fear..
Barry Steele
7/12/2016 11:54:17 pm
Your Blog is like a a rainbow on a rainy day. It makes me laugh, cry,, smile, and appreciate what is around me and in front of me.
7/13/2016 01:33:53 am
Hey Jordu. I always listen to you blogs and enjoy. This one was no exception. I always am gratefully appreciative for everything you do and have done for me. Knowing how passionate you are, the love for the things you do and have learned make it that much more special. I can't thank you enough but, thank you. - Jessie
Any chance you wanna make me a mask for free? I'll give you credit to anyone that asks and it will be great promo for you! bwahahaha ;)
7/16/2016 09:50:24 am
Jesus, what a cock-a-doodle-dipshit!
Gary Dombrowski
7/18/2016 01:48:42 pm
Another great audio blog episode. As for folks that want work for little or no money. This world definitely is not lacking for cheapskates.
Chad Milosevic
7/19/2016 04:58:02 pm
Greetings Jordu from Des Moines, Iowa!
7/24/2016 08:27:11 am
I am definitely against all the remakes and reboots of late, especially ones that are just blatant remakes under the guise of a reboot.
7/25/2016 05:20:16 pm
Hi Jordu,
7/26/2016 02:49:22 pm
Entertaining blog as usual, Jordu. Thank you.
Mark K
7/27/2016 01:29:34 pm
Fantastic Audio Blog as always, Jordu ! Always so interesting to hear your wise and well-rounded view on things. I don't know what is happening in America right now, but the issue of racism is one that must be tackled - so sad to see what has been happening in the News recently.
7/28/2016 12:11:47 pm
Thanks for calling out #ALLlivesmatter as privileged BS. Rudy Giuliani's speech really pissed me off and there was no real response at the DNC, or any attempt to explain black lives matter. Here is a good analogy from the Internet that I sometimes use:
Hey Jordu,
8/5/2016 03:46:18 pm
Sorry, can't stop laughing when hearing your story of that dick face. Hehe. That guy is so idiotic that it's hilarious. Sigh. Lots of idiots like him around.
Your comment will be posted after it is approved.
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January 2017


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MyVideoDownloader Beta V 3.0.6 for Android 4.0+ Download Facebook videos – Save videos from Facebook with the most complete video downloader for Android!
– Download your watched, liked, shared and tagged videos
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– Download videos from your news feed
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– Save interesting profiles and videos in your bookmarks
You can't find a page or a group?
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text:
Results 1 to 6 of 6
August 31st, 2006, 07:25 PM #1
Newbie Need Help
- Join Date
- August 31st, 2006
- Posts
- 4
I heard about the affiliate marketing recently and I was very excited about this. I have started my affiliate through amazon.com. So far I made 2 sales in half a month and earned $9.67. My question is that can I earn enough to quit my daily job which bring home about $2000 a month in a reasonable time frame [1-4 years]? Thanks! if I made any gramatical error, please forgive me. Once again Thanks in advance for your inputs.
August 31st, 2006, 07:34 PM #2
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Location
- Nunya, Business
- Posts
- 23,684
Yes, you can make $2000 a month in 1-4 years. Many, many factors influence that possibility.
August 31st, 2006, 07:37 PM #3
Just want to encourage you to do the following:
First, make it a habit to read, read, read. Whether ABW, etc..This should help you get accustomed to the industry and questions posed by others.
I also encourage you to visit ARC forum and look into some of the Merchants we promote. Currently we are promoting a Coffee Merchant with one of the highest incentive in ARC history.... $5000.00...
Finally, make friends and help others when possible. Haiko has done an excellent job with the ABW forum and I know it is going to be extremely beneficial.
If you have any questions or concerns, please feel to email me at email@example.com
To your success
September 9th, 2006, 04:33 PM #4
- Join Date
- June 21st, 2006
- Posts
- 18
Making over $2,000 per month inside of 4 years is achievable. As mentioned above many factors will influence that. However, hardwork and research will go a long way. If you don't have technical ability of your own, you many need that day job to pay for a graphics designer and search engine marketing specialist.
The goal you've set is absolutely reasonable, and I know some people who do three times that much in a month. The fact that you've set what I consider a reasonable time frame, will only help you out. Most of the newbies launch a site and give up when they aren't millionaires in 6 months. Your approach is more realistic.
Hope this post helps.
***edited out sig***
Don't edit my sig. Each post is participation.
Last edited by Trust; September 9th, 2006 at 04:35 PM. Reason: rule violation
September 9th, 2006, 04:37 PM #5
Don't edit my sig. Each post is participation.
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
- 6,121
"Board Moderation
Board moderators' decisions (including, but not limited to: editing, moving, deleting of single posts or entire threads) are final. You will accept this."
September 9th, 2006, 11:13 PM #6
- Join Date
- August 31st, 2006
- Posts
- 4
Thanks very much for the helpful infos. I am more confident to pursue my goals. I just want $2000 a month, which pay my bills, and beable to work from anywhere. This is my dream for so long. From Now, I will dedicate 20 hours per week. And read on as much I can on affiliate program and start some campaign on my own. I have start two website www.zbought.com and www.vinahub.com and will work on it for about 3-4 months. Is there any more helpful tips, you guy can give this newbie, I will be very appriciated. Thanks for all of your help, Thanks for the wonderful website Haiko..
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The Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns will begin their rookie minicamps Friday. There will be no hitting and no pads. It's just a bunch of 20-something hopefuls trying to act like they know what's going on after being drafted two weeks ago. Many of the rookies arrive with interesting stories, which headlines today's wake-up call ...
RAVENS: If Tandon Doss wants to take wide receiver Anquan Boldin's spot in the starting lineup, he knows he has to reduce the amount of nagging injuries. "Being a younger guy, I didn't take care of my body like I should," Doss told the team's official website. "I'm still trying to learn and become a pro at that. That's becoming a pro and that's what I'm trying to learn. This year I've stayed in the training room, I've been in the training room multiple times a day. It's just something you have to learn, but I'm healthy now and hopefully I can keep it up."
BENGALS: Undrafted rookie Onterio McCalebb, who ran one of the fastest times at this year's scouting combine, has had a long journey to the NFL, bouncing around the houses of relatives and teammates in high school and spending two weeks living on the streets. "I've come a long way from my childhood to now," McCalebb told the Cincinnati Enquirer. "All my life people told me that I wouldn't amount to much and I continue to use that as motivation to fuel me." He is switching from running back to cornerback with the Bengals but returning kicks is his best shot at making the team.
STEELERS: Offensive tackle Max Starks believes Pittsburgh's signing of Guy Whimper means his time with the Steelers is done. "Let me say this, we had a conversation prior (to the Whimper signing), and that decision (to sign Whimper) was made after our conversation," Starks told the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review of team brass. "Now it wasn't said directly to me, but you kind of take that as an indication of what they are thinking. It is not so much on my part as more of them wanting to move on." I don't necessarily view Starks' run with the Steelers as over because of that signing. Given Whimper's struggles over the years, the Steelers could still bring back Starks if he hasn't signed elsewhere.
BROWNS: Armonty Bryant reported for rookie minicamp Thursday, two days after the seventh-round pick pleaded no contest to misdemeanor DUI charges, according to The Plain Dealer. This incident comes eight months after Bryant was arrested for selling marijuana to an undercover police officer. "He was very distraught and felt he let a lot of people down, especially the Cleveland Browns," said Marc Lillibridge, Bryant's agent. "He was adamant about getting a hold of (general manager) Mike Lombardi and making sure the Browns heard it from him." A source told The Plain Dealer that the Browns feel they have a good support system in place that will provide guidance to Bryant.


text:
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Each time a mobile or portable cellular subscriber passes from one cellinto another, the network automatically switches coverage responsibility from one basestation to another. Each base-station transition, as well as the switching processor sequence itself, is called handoff. In a properly functioning network, handoffoccurs smoothly, without gaps in communications and without confusion about which basestation should be dealing with the subscriber. Subscribers to a network need not doanything to make handoff take place, nor should they have to think about the process orabout which base station is dealing with the signals at any given moment.
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Raella Faulkner, at left, and Bobby McElroy survey what's left of their home, April 28, 2014, after a tornado struck the town of Vilonia, Arkansas late Sunday.
Elquin Gonzalez, owner of the Texaco gas station on North Gloster Street in Tupelo, Mississippi, begins cleaning up his business after a tornado touched down, April 28, 2014.
Jimmy Sullinger, sits and watches lightning as a storm approaches the gas station where he works, April 28, 2014, in Berry, Alabama.
Deanna Locke, 17, and her siblings including, from left, Charlotte, Drew, and Trinity examine a downed tree across the street from their home in Tupelo, Mississippi, after a suspected tornado moved through town, April 28, 2014.


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the Accommodation
Rooms, services BB Vatican Accomodation Rome is welcoming all guests in Rome with three comfortable rooms to stay in. In the safe you can secure your valuables. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by BB Vatican Accomodation Rome (including any available for an extra fee), you will find them on the information sheet below.
Payment Depending on the selected date, room and price, you may need to provide credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment to finalize your reservation.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest arrival time is 13:00, the latest time to leave the rooms is 11:00. The personnel can speak Italian and English languages.
BB Vatican Accomodation Rome rooms Rooms
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Safe deposit box
Hairdryer, Fridge, Mini-bar, Tea/coffee-maker