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You wouldn't want heavy wines in the summer, any more than you would read War And Peace on the beach. But there is a spectrum of fine French wines to savor in hot weather. Light or medium weight, the emphasis should be on flavors, and complementing your dining choices.
Let's start with white wines.
Clearly, many meals are going to be informal. Uncomplicated, flavorful wines will set them off perfectly. With a Caesar Salad, topped with grilled chicken or shrimp, try a Château Fage Graves de Vayres 2007 ($9 retail). It provides light flavors with a touch of citrus, complementing the food without competing with it. Another favorite from the Bordeaux area is Monsieur Touton Sauvignon Blanc 2008 ($8). That's the bottle with a picture of the Bordeaux Opera House on the label. Buy it by the magnum for extra value.
Where I live, on Maryland's Eastern Shore, crabs are a festive summer treat. You'll want a good Muscadet from the Loire Valley, such as a Château de la Chesnaie 2008 ($10) or, if you can find it, my personal favorite, a Marquis de Goulaine 2007 Muscadet sur lie ($12). This wine is made to go with light seafood. We have an indelible memory of a chilled bottle of Muscadet with a seafood luncheon at the Old Port of La Rochelle, France. These are wines with more body, fermented with the crushed Muscadet grapes in contact with their lees to bring out flavor.
For oysters, nothing beats real Chablis. That's as it should be, since Chablis grapes are grown in western Burgundy on an enormous subsoil of prehistoric crushed seashells – the same one that emerges farther north as the White Cliffs of Dover! Chablis is being discovered now, and the prices are rising. All the more reason to find a bottle of William Fèvre's Les Champs Royaux 2007 ($28). When we visited him in Chablis, Mr. Fèvre told us that he selects the Chardonnay grapes for this wine with as much care as much as he puts into his grand and premier cru wines, and then barrel ages the wine.
For heavier fare, a more substantial wine. We had lobsters recently, and a bottle of Lucien Albrecht Pinot Blanc Cuvée Balthazar 2007 ($11). This full and richly flavorful wine is named for the family ancestor who first settled in the present Alsatian property in 1698! Look to this firm for a spectrum of values in fine Alsatian wines.
But you have many summer red and rosé wine choices as well. The best known red wine for hot weather drinking is Beaujolais, the one red wine that should be chilled before serving. It is produced in a picturesque region just south of Burgundy. The area is a tourist's delight, and I remember with pleasure a visit ending with a meal of exquisite poulet de Bresse and an assortment of Beaujolais wines. Chicken, roast fish, hamburgers or Caesar salad with shrimp would go very well with these wines.
Here the Gamay Noir grape, outlawed in Burgundy, reigns supreme, producing light, pleasant wines that have fruit flavors. There are now ten classified crus in addition to Beaujolais and Beaujolais Villages, and they range from $10 to $15 for the most part, in a scale of flavor intensity, from Fleurie (lightest) to Moulin à Vent (the only one which might age). Pick your own favorite. Mine is Chiroubles, which is on the light side, but with wonderful berry flavors. Duboeuf is a reliable producer, and the Château de la Chaize in Brouilly also produces an excellent cru ($16) and welcomes visitors.
In France, rosé wines tend to come from either the Loire Valley region of Anjou, or from Provence. Bear in mind that Loire Valley rosé wines tend to be rather light, while those of Provence are a somewhat deeper taste spectrum. Most are not very expensive, and the $12 range will offer some choice. Moreover, since rosé wines are selling well now, other producers, particularly from Bordeaux, are beginning to enter the market.
There are no rosé grapes, and although the EEC tried to rule to the contrary, rosé wine is not a blend of white and red wines. They are red wine grapes, the juice of which is colorless. The color, usually a pale pink, or possibly salmon, is produced by having just short contact with the grape skins, which impart color. In another technique, the saignée or "bleeding," some juice is run off to make the remaining red wine more robust. The runoff wine is now saved as rosé wine.
Chilled rosé wines go perfectly with barbeque, or perhaps roast pork or chicken that you have just taken off the rotisserie. Tavel is a famous rosé wine production region of Provence, that produces only rosé wines. Try a 2008 Château de Segries Tavel Rosé ($11 retail) for a rich, flavorful taste, with some hint of cherry or raspberries. From Bordeaux, I have enjoyed Château Pavie Macquin Rosé (well priced at $12), but I have found the Château Rosé Bourbon ($9) disappointing, sweetish and commercial. From Anjou, the 2008 Domaine des Nouelles Rosé d'Anjou, at just 10.5% alcohol, is light and dry, and at $8.99 a good bargain.
There is more information on French wines in my book, Shepard's Guide to Mastering French Wines, and of course I hope that while you are on the beach, instead of reading Tolstoy, you'll be devouring one of my mysteries instead (www.diplomaticmysteries.com). Let us know your own favorite wines – and any to avoid!


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What is FootGolf?
FootGolf is a new hybrid sport combining golf and soccer. It is played by kicking a soccer ball on a golf course with the objective of getting the ball into an oversized (21-inch in diameter) hole in the fewest amount of kicks.
Why Play FootGolf?
No experience or training necessary before playing. It is fun for the whole family. The objective is to kick a ball. Players can play the 18-hole course in 2 hours. Affordable pricing for Footgolf at Bonnie Dundee Golf Club – only $15 to walk 18 & $9 to walk 10 holes. Optional Golf Cart: $10 per person for 18 & $5 for 10 holes.
When Can You Play?
Saturdays after 4 pm from May- August. You can also play FootGolf on Fridays or Sundays after 4 pm May-August if you book a group of 12 or more in advance. Call Bonnie Dundee for more specific times and dates. Players will book a tee times just as golfers make tee times. This allows golfers and footgolfers to play simultaneously!
Do I need a Soccer Ball to play?
Footgolfers can bring their own balls or rent a ball from the Pro Shop for a small rental fee of $3. There is a limited supply of soccer balls available to rent.
I have never played golf, what do you do once you get to the golf course?
Players must check in at the Pro Shop counter. Our professional staff will greet all players and provide a brief orientation.

subset: commoncrawl


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My Nonprofit Reviews
rambu yati
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1 reviews
Review for World Neighbors, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
I was happy working with WN Indonesia, because WN provide poster, buklet, books n training to build capacity.
learning visit, sharing strategi to empower people. so the people could be self relient. the best WN n Good luck for development in laesser SUNDA ISLAND.
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I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
developing partner capacity in damaged area n isolated area.
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
enlarge working area in Indonesia.
Role: Volunteer & as treasury.


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New Chief Executive Appointment to Tai Calon Community Housing
June 6, 2016
The Board of Tai Calon Community Housing, has recruited an experienced Chief Executive to take forward the organisation.
Joe Logan, currently Chief Executive of Poole Housing Partnership, is to take up the post within the next few months. He has wide community regeneration experience and an excellent track record of leadership,Norma Barry, Chair of the Tai Calon Board, stated:
"We are fortunate to have secured the appointment of such a well respected Chief Executive with sound experience of leading a high performing organisation that has been listed as one of the Sunday Times Top 100 Companies for the last eight years. Joe has also achieved excellent ratings from the Audit Commission and demonstrated his passion for first class customer services."
Commenting on his appointment, Joe said:
"I am delighted to have been recruited to this post. There are many exciting challenges ahead. I am looking forward to working with the Board, staff and residents to build on the progress that has recently been made in improving the organisation's governance and service delivery."
He added:
"The housing sector in Wales, as elsewhere in the country, faces a number of challenges. It is vitally important to keep abreast of these and, through creativity and innovation, ensure that Tai Calon's tenants are provided the highest standards of accommodation, good quality environments and opportunities to improve their well-being."
"I intend using the experience I have gained in strategic area regeneration to work in partnership with stakeholders so that Tai Calon can play key role in development of wider services, such as education, health and employment to ensure that the corporate vision of thriving neighbourhoods where people are proud to live is achieved."
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Day 10 Juicing
Monday, March 18, 2013
the scale today was another lb down for a total of 13.4 so far!
Felt great, and filled with energy and got to do Zumba for 30 min!
Wasn't as hungry today, and it could have been that it was a really cold day and the juices were cold. I decided to make a veggie broth from the pulp of my tomato based dinner juice. The house smelled so nice. Have missed the smell of food being cooked. The broth was really nice and soothing and hit the spot. I added some of the soaked chia seeds in it too.. and mmmmmmmmm
Mom and I had a talk today where I expressed how pressured I felt about a piece of egg, and she apologized. She said she didn't think a little piece of egg would do any harm. So we made a deal that she can ask and will accept whatever answer I give her without further discussion.
I feel like this was part of the changes coming.
Not letting anyone get in the way.
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If you haven't seen Fat,Sick and Nearly Dead I would highly recommend you see it. Also Hungry for change, Vegucated, The Gerson miracle. I studied this before I decided to do it. I educated the family too.
It is not an easy path, but it is a healthy one. I believe I am ingesting more nutrients now that I ever had in my body. I am seeing my family dr today as I want to continue this for probably more than 15 days and want him in the loop.
I have never felt this alert in my life before, so whatever I read about juicing is true. The weight loss is the bonus. A good bonus that makes the tough parts more bearable.
Thank you for the support and caring
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Spark friends
1711 days ago
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Ty NyMorning!!!
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I too get cravings but noticed that If I have something to do, and have juices prepped ahead of time, I don't have as bad of a problem. After the 5th day it got easier. I also make sure that I have hot herbal tea a few times a day, and yesterday I made veggie broth with the pulp of my juicing ( I used the tomato based, veggie only juice- strained it before I drank it as no pulp allowed). I also use chia seeds for added protein. I still have an issue with hearing people chewing food, more than the food itself. I bought myself some minty trident gum which reminds me of brushing teeth and stops cravings on the spot.
Also push the water!
Hope this helps. And thank you for cheering me on!
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Since you have diabetes you will have to have your dr's ok. I have PCOS which makes me pre-diabetic So i have to watch it. My sugars have been bellow 100 for the past 4 days! So something must be working.
Thank you for the support
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Thank you HotPinkCamaro49 ! :D
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Congrats on your weight loss. I don't know how healthy juicing is but if you feel good and like it's helping, that's awesome. Make sure you are getting enough nutrition and keep us posted about how it's going. :)
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Nice work, Ven .... nice work!
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I love reading your posts !!! Keep up the juice fast. How do you able to deal with not eating. I get cravings.
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I would love to do a juice fast, but being diabetic, I am afraid it would mess up my blood sugar. Good luck to you.
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Content Writing
Budget ₹12500-37500 INR
I want content writers on technology blog like iphone, ipad, ios and jailbreak
15 freelancers are bidding on average ₹21986 for this job
Share more of your requirements and talk to me if you're looking for a reliable and consistent writer! I'd be readily available to serve you. Interested? Ping me now! Cheers
Hi, I am well-versed in this and willing to share my recent works with you. Thanks and regards, Pravash
Dear Employer , Looking for a best Content Creator? Well, You have just arrived on a perfect bid. We are a group of 5 fantastic writers and have 9 years experienced in Website Content /Articles/Academic writing and ass More
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Have been reviewing and Writing Creatively since 2014. Written over 100 reviews and have created over 3 books worth of fiction material.
Hire me to write SEO friendly articles because it is my field. I have great expertise in turning your ideas to reality. I offer premium package with rush delivery. My contents are original and never outsourced. Thanks More
My LinkedIn profile says all.. Look my work there. [url removed, login to view]
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I am a freelancer with a range of writing talent that allows me to write on a large range of topics. I enjoy writing material across the board whether it's ghost writing, blogs, case studies, etc. I have an inherent kn More
I am a full time freelance writer and have been working in this industry for over 4 years Four years has given me lots of experience in developing varied range of content, attached are samples of the most common g More


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My Trackers
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The SparkPeople Blog
Stream hundreds of free workout videos and track them in one click. Get fit at home, at work or wherever you are!
Today's Featured Video:
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Access hundreds of thousands of recipes that are healthy and easy to make. Get full nutrition info for every recipe and track with one click!
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Better Breakfast Casserole
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New year=new ME!
Monday, January 07, 2013
2013 is off to a GREAT start! I'm so excited about starting this year out right and meeting my goals! This is the year!
So, here's the facts:
I lost over 25 pounds between July 2011 and Dec. 2011.
I maintained that weight, but did not lose more, for a year.
I am still at least 40 pounds overweight.
I am about size 12, sometimes 14.
This year I have a goal of losing that 40 pounds and getting down to 145! When I hit that, we will see if that's the right weight for me, or if I would be healthier if I lost more. My goal is to be fit and healthy--healthy weight, healthy cholesterol, healthy diet, everything! My plan is to eat healthy, with as many fruits/vegetables/healthy proteins as possible. I also have a goal of walking/running at least 10 miles per week. I'm excited to get to the end of the year and see that I've logged well over 500 miles! That's 100 miles farther than walking the north-south length of the entire state of Minnesota! Sounds fun to me!
So this year represents a new start and a continuation. I'm excited to be on this journey!
This is me--Dec. 14, 2012. Let's see how this picture changes over the next year!
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If you have the time, I encourage you to join our monthly mileage challenge. You set your own goals. I know it has helped me stay on track and also made me push a little harder than I might have on my own. You can find it under the Team Challenges forums at the SparkMinneapolis / St.Paul Team.
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Looking good!
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Great Job of setting your 2013 goals!
Totally love the picture. You are smoking Hot already.
Is your hubby ready for this???? LOL
And just think...we are all going down this road with you.
How special is that?!?
Keep us up to date with those pictures!
I'm lovin' it.
P.s. Love those boots!
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You are looking great!!!!!! Can't wait to watch your progress thru out the year!
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I don't know if you'vce done this, but I think it's important to set up goals and have an eating plan if you want to lose weight. Like I'm going to track my food and only eat X amount of calories per day. Or something like that. For me it is low carbs. I mainly count carbs. But I keep track of my food on the food tracker, and still see the calorie count I'm getting per day (according to them). It's not often real precise, but you get a general idea. I lost 55 lbs between April and the end of November. Then really stalled for the holiday season. Now I'm trying to lose 13 lbs in 13 weeks.
I've got about 26 more to reach my goal. Best of luck to you, Glenn
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Item description for Estela Princesa de la Noche (Spanish Edition) by Marie-Louise Gay, Veronica Uribe, M.D Nicolas Papanicolaou, Christopher Measom, Kimberly Murphy, Marty Matlock & Sylvia Yount...
In this sweetly humorous book, Stella and her brother, Sam, explore the wonders of the natural world. A vast luminous sky, the sun, the stars, and the rising moon form the backdrop for their nocturnal expedition. As they encounter raccoons, fireflies, tree frogs, and bats, Sam wonders if the moon can swim, if the sun wears pajamas, or if he can catch shooting stars with his butterfly net. Stella, as always, has an answer for every question. Marie-Louise Gay's whimsical prose and enchanting illustrations capture the joys of young children making their first discoveries of the world around them.
Promise Angels is dedicated to bringing you great books at great prices. Whether you read for entertainment, to learn, or for literacy - you will find what you want at promiseangels.com!
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- ITV Report
Live updates
Fergie has 'never forgiven' Khan for Man United snub
Former Germany goalkeeper Oliver Kahn thinks Sir Alex Ferguson has never forgiven him for snubbing the chance to join Manchester United.
Kahn told German fans' website Fanbookz that he had a "serious offer" from the Red Devils in 1994, but he instead opted to join Bayern Munich, with whom he played 14 seasons before retiring in 2008.
"Alex Ferguson has never forgotten that," Kahn said. "He still holds that against me to this day."
According to former United goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel, Kahn committed a cardinal sin.
"You never say no to Sir Alex," the Dane said on the same programme. "It would have been a good experience for Kahn (at United)."
- ITV Report
Ferguson: I gave Moyes space at Man Utd
Sir Alex Ferguson also claims David Moyes's appointment as Manchester United manager was as a result of proper process followed by the clubRead the full story ›
- ITV Report
Fergie gives backing to Van Gaal's Man Utd revolution
Sir Alex Ferguson has broken his silence over Louis van Gaal's appointment as Manchester United bossRead the full story ›
- ITV Report
Keane: I don't know if I can ever forgive Sir Alex
Roy Keane has said that he is unsure whether he will ever forgive former boss Sir Alex Ferguson over his exit from Man UtdRead the full story ›
- ITV Report
McIlroy 'in a trance' listening to Fergie team talk
Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson gave a team talk to Europe's Ryder Cup golfers on Tuesday eveningRead the full story ›
Sir Alex Ferguson pays tribute to Real Madrid great
Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson recalled Alfredo Di Stefano's "wonderful balance and poise" as he paid tribute to the Real Madrid legend following his death.
Sir Alex told BBC Radio 5 live that Di Stefano "was without question in that group of great, great players".
"I had the pleasure as a young man of being influenced by the great Real Madrid and Di Stefano. His head was up all the time - he was a fantastic footballer", he said.
"For Real Madrid it is a terrible loss because his presence was always there."
- ITV Report
Murray gets pep talk from Sir Alex Ferguson
Andy Murray has revealed he has been taking advice from Sir Alex Ferguson to help him defend his Wimbledon title.Read the full story ›
Sir Alex Ferguson visits hospital as Unicef ambassador
Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson has returned to hometown of Glasgow to visit Southern General Hospital in his role as Unicef ambassador.
The retired Manchester United manager met new mother Rebecca Young and her twin boys Elliot and Sandy, along with nurses at the hospital to see how Unicef supports new families.
"As a father and grandfather, I value strong family relationships. Seeing this level of expertise at this hospital emphasises to me how important it is for mothers to have the vital support they need to help nurture their children and give them the best start in life," Sir Alex said.
The 72-year-old also met Kimberley Black, who has spent the last week in the hospital's neonatal unit with her 12-day-old son Jason.
The charity is working with the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games to promote its baby-friendly initiative 'Put Children First', which aims to improve health and reduce disease, poverty and exploitation among children.
Sir Alex Ferguson's wines set to fetch £3m at auction
Part of Sir Alex Ferguson's wine collection is expected to fetch around £3 million when it goes under the hammer next month, auction house Christie's says.
The collection features many fine and rare wines including Domaine de la Romanee-Conti Burgundies and many Finest First Growth Bordeaux, ranging in vintages from 1986 (the year he was appointed manager at Manchester United) to 2011.
The former Manchester United manager was known to invite opposition managers to share a bottle with him after games.
The wines will be offered at sales in Hong Kong on 24 May, London on 5 June and online only from 9 June to 23 June, they said.
Sir Alex Ferguson to take on teaching role at Harvard
Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson is to take on a teaching role at Harvard Business School.
As the most successful manager in British footballing history, Sir Alex will be teaching US students taking a university course in 'The Business of Entertainment Media and Sport'.
He said: "I'm delighted to have the opportunity and privilege to contribute to such a respected centre of excellence.
"The time I have already spent at Harvard has been a stimulating experience and I look forward to developing my relationship and activities with the students, faculty and friends of the Harvard Business School community."


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We've all said 'yes' when what we really wanted to say was 'no'. In this LighterLife group we look at why we find it so hard to say no and together we explore situations when we might have struggled to say 'no'.
Saying 'yes' when you mean 'no' often gives mixed messages that are stressful for everyone involved. To help with this we look at how the situations could have been managed better.
We use the 'GAP' plan to help you decide whether you want to say 'yes' or 'no', and how to become more comfortable when you choose to say 'no'.
Once you've learned to say 'no' in a straightforward way, you'll be pleasently surprised by the reactions you get and how you both feel.
Get in touch now and start 'people pleasing' less, and saying 'yes' to yourself more!


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21 March 2017 – As evidenced by a recent poll by Julius Meinl, and more than 80 percent of people feel disappointment in the current world, while 4 of 5 respondents indicated that the disclosure of creative abilities would help them change their perspective on things in a better way. These studies formed the basis of international developments "Pay-by-Verse", the event helps to share the optimism from drinking a Cup of coffee with thousands of associates worldwide.
Offering coffee in order to spark inspiration in each of us, the Austrian brand is inviting everyone to visit in the world Poetry Day (March 21, 2017) participating establishments in Riga, Jurmala and Liepaja. Those who write verse, you can use it as currency to exchange for free coffee.
Despite the fact that survey respondents recognized that creativity helps to open optimistic Outlook on life, less than 1 in 10 respondents indicated that addicted to present poetry. Although 43 per cent mentioned that he wrote poems in childhood, more than half did not return to poetry since then.
In response, the Viennese coffee manufacturer poses a significant and challenging mission: to awaken the inner poets in different parts of the world and show the power of poetry in the struggle against pessimism and routine monotony of everyday life.
Sharing the passion Julius Meinl poetry, the ART Director of the Cafe (the official representative of Julius Meinl in the Baltic States) Daria Shakhova says: "surprisingly, we found a very lively response, both from café participants and visitors who came last year already with the prepared poems and some even recited their works to the astonishment of the waiters. After a long winter so I want to light a poetic mood – "Pay-by-verse" is just a good excuse to get together with friends and family to go out to a cafe, to laugh heartily and to welcome spring".
Speaking about the event, General Director of Julius Meinl, Marcel Löffler says: "the Legacy of the Viennese coffee house culture, namely the special creative atmosphere, which reigns there to this day, demonstrates how poetry can positively influence our emotions. Remember all the masterpieces, all the heated debates that took place for an inspiring Cup of coffee – perhaps You're on the verge of something exciting in Your life?"
This year's event is already in the 1400's cafe from 36 countries for the first time in Singapore and the Netherlands. Find out how You can participate at https://www.facebook.com/JuliusMeinlLatvia/l and www.meinl.lv, www.meinlcoffee.com/poetry/campaigns/pay-with-a-poem-2017/#location


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Houston Plaintiffs Lawyer Steve Mostyn Passes Away in "Battle With a Mental Health Issue"
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end of 5th century
Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1943 (43.49.5-6)
The Met Around the World presents the Met's work via the global scope of its collection and as it extends across the nation and the world through a variety of domestic and international initiatives and programs, including exhibitions, excavations, fellowships, professional exchanges, conservation projects, and traveling works of art.
The Met Around the World is designed and maintained by the Office of the Director.
The Met organizes large and small exhibitions that travel beyond the Museum's walls, extending our scholarship to institutions across the world. See our national and international traveling exhibition program from 2009 to the present.
Works of Art
The Met lends works of art to exhibitions and institutions worldwide to expose its collection to the broadest possible audience. See our current national and international loans program.
The preservation of works of art is a fundamental part of the Met's mission. Our work in this area includes treating works of art from other collections. See our national and international conservation activities from 2009 to the present.
The Met has conducted excavations for over 100 years in direct partnership with source countries at some of the most important archaeological sites in the world. Today we continue this tradition in order to gain greater understanding of our ancient collections. See our national and international excavation program from the Met's founding to the present.
The Met hosts students, scholars, and museum professionals so that they can learn from our staff and pursue independent research in the context of the Met's exceptional resources and facilities. See the activities of our current national and international fellows.
Exchanges & Collaborations
The Met's work takes many forms, from participation in exchange programs at partnering institutions and worldwide symposia to advising on a range of museum issues. These activities contribute to our commitment to advancing the work of the larger, global community of art museums. See our national and international exchange program and other collaborations from 2009 to the present.
Korean Art Collections in the United States
National Museum of Korea, Seoul
South Korea
June 4–August 5, 2012
end of 5th century
Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1943 (43.49.5-6)
Amitabha and Kshitigarba
first half of the 14th century
Unidentified Artist
Rogers Fund, 1913 (13.5)
Large Jar
late 15th century
Rogers Fund, 1916 (16.122.1)
Evening Bell from Mist-Shrouded Temple; Autumn Moon over Lake Dongting
ca. 1450–1500
Style of An Gyeon (Korean)
Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, and Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Rose and John B. Elliott Gifts, 1987 (1987.278a,b)
Illustrated Manuscript of the Lotus Sutra
ca. 1340
Unidentified Artist
Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1994 (1994.207)
Covered Box
10th–12th century
Fletcher Fund, 1925 (25.215.41a,b)
Gourd-Shaped Ewer
early 12th century
Fletcher Fund, 1927 (27.119.2)
Buddha Standing on Octagonal Pedestal
9th century
Seymour Fund, 1954 (54.106a,b)


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 15, 1977
|Filing date
|Mar 17, 1975
|Priority date
|Mar 17, 1975
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Arnold Jay Taft
|Original Assignee
|Personal Products Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (38), Classifications (17), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention concerns the incorporation of protective barrier films in products used to retain fluids exuded from the body such as blood, menstrual fluid and urine. Specifically, the barrier films of this invention are useful in connection with absorbent products such as sanitary napkins, diapers, dressings and the like. The barrier films are likewise useful as liners for such products as bedpans and other receptacles. These films exhibit adequate tensile strength and retain their structural integrity when in contact with the aforesaid body fluids, yet are readily dispersible in water or aqueous solutions of relatively low ionic strength so that the film or the combination of film and product after use may be flushed away.
Heretofore, the choice of suitable barrier films has been extremely limited in that the desirable retention and dispersibility properties in films used for this purpose are infrequently found in combination. For example, the barrier film must be sufficiently strong to resist disintegration for a reasonable period of time when in use, i.e., the film must be insoluble or at least only slightly soluble in body fluids and must exhibit substantial tensile strength when subjected to such fluids. In addition, the barrier film must be readily dispersible in water so that the absorbent product can be conveniently flushed away. The choice of prior art barrier films adequately meeting these criteria has been extremely limited.
The present invention contemplates a product for retaining body fluids which includes a body fluid containing means and a barrier film dispersible in water and resistant to body fluids. The barrier film comprises a film of a cationic polyurethane having a repeating unit of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R1 and R2 are selected from the group consisting of --CH2 --, and alkylene containing carbon atoms, inclusive, Z is a linking condensation residue of a polyisocyanate with a polyol and contains at least four urethane linkages, R3 is alkenylene containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive; R4, R5, R6 and R7 are lower alkyl groups containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive; X is a halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine and bromine; and m is an integer of sufficient magnitude to provide a polymer having a molecular weight of sufficient magnitude to form a film; the equivalent weight of the polymer (based on ionic nitrogen) being no greater than about 2000. Preferably, m has a value of about 10 to about 50. Preferably molecular weight of the cationic polyurethane is from about 8,000 to about 50,000.
It has now been discovered that these polymer films exhibit the unusual properties of retaining their tensile strength in salt solutions such as body fluids while readily dispersing in tap water.
The ionic polyurethanes used in the products of this invention are compatible with a wide range of readily available plasticizers which may be incorporated into the barrier film to produce a relatively noiseless, comfortable product such as an absorbent napkin or diaper without affecting its ability to disperse in water or its ability to retain body fluids.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a sanitary napkin embodying this invention with parts broken away to show the interior construction thereof;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a second sanitary napkin embodying this invention with parts broken away to show the interior construction thereof;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 4--4 of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an absorbent pad or undergarment liner embodying this invention with parts broken away to show the interior construction thereof; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane 6--6 of FIG. 5.
The cationic polyurethane barrier films of this invention change the molecular configuration thereof in response to a change in the ionic strength of the medium to which these films are exposed. In a medium of relatively low ionic strength such as water, the ion-bearing polyurethane molecules generally assume a flexible linear, helical rod, or elliptical configuration, but the molecules change to a randomly convoluted configuration as the ionic strength of the medium increases. Barrier filmsprepared from ionic polyurethanes have maintained their structural integrity when immersed in aqueous 1 wt-% sodium chloride solutions, yet the same films have been found to readily disintegrate or become solubilized in tap water or distilled water. The barrier films can be prepared by condensing a polyisocyanate with a polyol and with a tertiary amino alcohol to produce a tertiary amine-capped condensation prepolymer which is then further reacted with a dihaloalkene to produce the polymericmaterial having the repeating unit shown in Formula I herein above.
The reaction between the polyisocyanate and the polyol is the well-known urethane-forming reaction which is preferably conducted in a solvent underanhydrous conditions and in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as stannous octoate, dibutyl tin dilaurate, or the like.
Polyisocyanates suitable for the purposes of the present invention can be aliphatic, aromatic, mixed aliphatic-aromatic, and can be of monomeric or polymeric length. Typical of such polyisocyanates are tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI), tolylene-2,3-diisocyanate, hexane-1,6-diisocyanate, naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate, diphenyl-3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diisocyanate, diphenyl-3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-diisocyanate dietyl ether, 3-(diethylamino)pentane-1,5-diisocyanate, butane-1,4-diisocyanate, cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-diisocyanate, benzene-1,3,4-triisocyanate, naphthalene-1,3,5,7-tetraisocyanate, naphthalene-1,3,7-triisocyanate, toluidine diisocyanate, isocyanate-terminated prepolymers, polyarylpolyisocyanates, and the like. Illustrative of the commercially-available polyarlypolyisocyanates is a polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate known under the designation PAPI-1 and availablefrom the Upjohn Company. This particular polyisocyanate has an average molecular weight of about 380 and an average of about 3 isocyanate groups per molecule. Another suitable polyisocyanate is a poly(1,4-oxybutylene)-based diisocyanate terminated prepolymer known underthe designation ADIPRENE L-100 (molecular weight about 2050) and ADIPRENE L-167 (molecular weight about 1330), both available from the E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. of Delaware. Still other commercially available higher molecular weight polyisocyanates are a polyester terminated with isocyanate groups known under the designation MULTRATHANE-242 F available from the Mobay Chemical Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and a triisocyanate derivative of glycerol and ricinoleic acid known under the designation SOLITHANE 113 available from the Thiokol Chemical Corporation of Delaware.
Suitable polyols for the present purposes are the polyether polyols such aspolyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polybutylene glycol and the like, which have ether linkages or the polyester polyols such as polycaprolactone and the like, which have ester linkages and polyester-polyether block copolymers thereof which have both ether linkages and ester linkages. For biodegradability, particularly preferred are the aliphatic polyester polyols such as polycaprolactone having a molecular weight in the range of about 800 to about 2000, alone or in combination with a polyether polyol.
Illustrative of the tertiary amino alcohols are 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, p-dimethylaminophenol, and the like.
In preparing the tertiary amine-capped prepolymers, the foregoing reactantscan be added sequentially or in a single step, as desired. Suitable solvents for carrying out the reaction are methylethylketone, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, and the like.
Thereafter, the prepared tertiary-amine prepolymer is alkylated, i.e., quaternized by adding a dihaloalkene such as trans-1,4-dichloro-2-butene (TDCB), trans 1,4-dibromo-2-butene-3,4dichloro-1-butene, or the like, to the reaction mixture at a temperature of about 20� C. to about 100� C., and preferably at a temperature of about 50� C. to about 60� C. An unsaturated alkylating agent may be used in order to increase reactivity. The resulting ionic polyurethane polymer can then be cast into films of desired thickness.
The overall reaction sequence can be illustrated as follows: ##STR2##
Films of the ionic polyurethane polymers may be cast by dissolving the polymer in a suitable solvent, applying the solution onto a release surface and allowing the solvent to evaporate, leaving behind a film whichis then peeled from the release surface. A wide variety of solvents may be used including, for example, water, methanol, ethanol, methylethyl ketone,dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, nitrobenzene, dimethylsulfoxide or various combinations of these. The resin concentrations are limited, on the one hand, by the necessity for maintaining the solution sufficiently dilute so as to exhibit good fluidity and, on the other hand, by the necessity for maintaining the solution sufficiently concentrated so as to limit the volume to be handled to a convenient quantity. In general, it has been discovered that films having thicknesses varying from 0.1 to 5.0 mils can conveniently be prepared from solutions containing about one to about ten percent by weight of ionic polyurethane and preferably from solutions containing about two to five percent by weight of the polymer. The films are cast on suitable release surfaces such as silicon or fluorocarbon resin- (Teflon) coated surfaces. For example, excellent translucent, peelable films are obtained from an ionic polyurethane resin dissolved in a 3 to 4% w/w methanol solution and cast, at room temperature, onto a Teflon-coated pan.
The films of this invention, cast from ionic polyurethane resins, are uniquely suited for use as flushable barrier films in a product used in contact with such body fluids as blood, menstrual fluid, urine, etc. Thesefluids, in general, exhibit properties which, with respect to the films, are analogous to an aqueous salt solution having a salt content which varies from about 0.8 to about 1.5 percent by weight of sodium chloride. On the other hand, the tap water normally supplied to water closets and the like generally has an extremely low salt concentration of less than about 250 parts per million of chloride ion. It has been discovered that the barrier films of this invention maintain their integrity for a substantial period of time in solutions having a salt concentration exhibiting the properties of body fluids, whereas, surprisingly, these films display a far lower resistance to dispersion in tap water. In addition, by modifying the ionic charge density of these polymers, the salt resistance and water dispersibility of the films can be modified to suit the particular purposes of this invention, i.e., to form films which will adequately provide a barrier for body fluids for a suitable length oftime yet which may be flushed away.
Specifically, by lowering the ionic charge density, the barrier films of this invention become more resistant to dispersion in water. However, if the ionic charge density is increased, the films maintain structural integrity in body fluids yet remain water-dispersible. On the other hand, if the ionic charge density is too high, the films lose structural integrity in body fluids. The ionic charge density for the ionic polyurethane resin is an inverse function of the equivalent weight of the polymer expressed as the ratio of the molecular weight of the repeating unit in the polymer chain divided by the number of N+ in the repeating unit, i.e., as the equivalent weight increases, the ionic chargedensity decreases and vice versa. In general, an equivalent weight of about500 to about 2000 is desirable for the present barrier films when used in connection with body fluids. Preferably, the equivalent weight should be in the range of about 750 to about 1400. While the resistance of the barrier films to salt solutions having a salt concentration exhibiting theproperties of body fluids increases with decreasing charge density, the ability to disperse readily in tap water is maintained until relatively low charge density values are reached. Adequate tap water-dispersibility is achieved, however, when the equivalent weight is maintained at a value not greater than about 2000.
The barrier films of this invention are highly compatible with a great variety of plasticizers, thus such plasticizers may be incorporated therein to improve such film characteristics as flexibility, resistance toabrasion, and "noise", i.e. the rattle resulting from the flexing of the film. These properties are particularly important when the barrier films are used in connection with items to be worn such as the aforementioned sanitary napkins, diapers and the like. For these purposes, water-soluble plasticizers such as glycerol and polyethylene glycol can be used, as wellas water-insoluble plasticizers such as castor oil, and the like.
When the films of this invention are used in connection with such products as liners for bedpans and other receptacles for body fluids comprising a relatively rigid vessel adapted to receive an inner liner, they may be cast directly on the inside surface of the receptacle prior to use or may alternatively be precast and then applied to the receptacles. After fluid has been received into the lined receptacle, the entire liner together with the retained fluid may be lifted out of the receptacle and disposed of in a water closet. The films of this invention exhibit sufficient tensile strength when in contact with the body fluid to allow the liner tobe lifted out of the receptacle, yet at the same time are completely dispersible in tap water so as to be readily flushable.
Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an embodiment of the films of this invention as used in sanitary napkin 10 which comprises absorbent core 12 of fibrous material such as comminuted wood pulp fibers,cotton linters, rayon fibers, cotton staple, bleached sulfite linters, other cellulosic or modified cellulosic fibers and the like. Overlying thebottom surface of the absorbent core (that portion of the napkin worn away from the body) is a thin barrier sheet 14 made of an ionic polyurethane film. Fluid pervious cover 16 surrounds absorbent core 12 and barrier sheet 14, with the lateral edges thereof overlapped and secured to the bottom surface of napkin 10. Cover 16 can be extended beyond the ends of core 12 to form the usual attachment tabs 18. While FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a tabbed napkin, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that the advantages according to the use of barrier films of this invention are equally applicable to a tabless product, e.g., one where tabs are not used as attachment means and other attachment means such as, for example, adhesive means, are used, as well as to a disposable diaper comprising an absorbent pad and a backing sheet therefor made from the barrier film.
As incorporated into the product shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the water-dispersible barrier sheet, comprising films of this invention, is uniquely suited to preclude the passage of menstrual fluid or the like through the core to the bottom surface of the napkin. Menstrual fluid, as other body fluids, exhibits properties, with respect to the film, which are analogous to the aqueous solution having a salt content of about 0.8 to about 1.5 percent by weight and it is within these concentrations that the films of this invention are resistant and impermeable. Notwithstandingthe resistance of the films to menstrual fluid, when the films are introduced into an aqueous low salt concentration solution, they are water-dispersible. Accordingly, by employing a water-dispersible material for cover 16 (as well as a water-dispersible core 12) the sanitary napkinsof FIGS. 1 and 2 can be completely disposed of in a water closet. Alternatively, the illustrated napkin may be provided with a non-water-dispersible cover, in which event the cover would first be removed and the pad and barrier film dropped into a water closet for disposal. In either event, the unique barrier film of this invention will completely disperse in a water closet under the swirling action of the lowsalt concentrations found therein, and will not clog or otherwise impair the operation of the water closet and associated plumbing.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a second embodiment of this invention in a napkin of alternative construction. Sanitary napkin 20 is provided with first andsecond absorbent layers 22 and 24. Sandwiched therebetween is barrier sheet26 comprising an ionic polyurethane film of this invention. Fluid pervious cover 28 surrounds absorbent layers 22 and 24, the lateral edges thereof being overlapped and secured on the bottom surface of napkin 20. As in theembodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the cover is illustrated as extending beyond the absorbent layers to form attachment tabs, although it is equally advantageous to use the teachings of this invention in a tabless product. Again the present films are uniquely suited for use as barrier films whichpreclude the passage of menstrual fluid to the bottom of the napkin but which are completely dispersible in water. Hence, if napkin 20 is providedwith a water-dispersible cover, it may be completely disposed of by flushing or, alternatively, if the napkin is provided with a water-resistant cover, such as a polyethylene film, or the like, the covermay be first removed and the remainder of the napkin then can be disposed of by flushing. A particular advantage of a napkin having the constructionillustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 is that the barrier film located between absorbent layers is less likely to exhibit "noise" which could embarrass the wearer, and hence the need for the addition of plasticizers to the film is lessened.
In this connection, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that, while two separate absorbent layers have been illustrated, many alternatives are possible, such as, for example, the use of multiple layers or the forming of the layers by simply folding a single sheet of absorbent material.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate still another embodiment of this invention. Illustrated therein is absorbent pad 30 which is useful as a protective cover for undergarments. Pad 30 is provided with absorbent core 32 and fluid pervious cover 34 overlies the top (the surface worn against the body) and side portions thereof, the lateral edges also overlying the peripheral portions of the bottom surface of core 32. Barrier film 36 is provided to overlie the bottom surface of the core and those portions of cover 34 which overlie the bottom surface. Barrier sheet 36 and cover 34 are secured together and preferably are also anchored to core 32. The outer surface of the barrier sheet is provided with adhesive means 38 which can be, for example, a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive or a double-faced adhesive tape. Adhesive means 38 is protected, prior to use, by strippable, peelable cover 40. In use, cover 40 is stripped from the napkin exposing adhesive means 38. The napkin is then placed, for example,in the crotch portion of a panty or similar undergarment and held in place by adhereing the barrier film portion to the panty. Once again, the uniquefeatures of the barrier film allow the pad to be readily disposed of by flushing.
It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the present barrier films can be designed to particularly function in a specific capacity. Forexample, when used in sanitary napkins, it is clear that the barrier films contact only absorbent materials dampened with menstrual fluid, whereas when the napkins are disposed of, the napkins are fully immersed in swirling tap water. Accordingly, barrier films used for those purposes maybe designed so as to be thinner and a relatively wider range of polymer ionic charge densities may be employed. On the other hand, where the barrier films are used as a liner for bedpans, the films are in more substantial contact with the body fluid and may have to remain in such contact for a considerable time period. Accordingly, thicker, more saline resistant films, i.e., films having a relatively lower and narrower range of polymer ionic charge densities, should be used.
In forming the barrier films, the ionic polyurethanes can be combined also with filler materials. When cast into film form such filler modified filmswill continue to exhibit the desired features of saline resistivity and water-dispersibility. Suitable filler materials are titanium dioxide, kaolin and acrylic resin.
The invention will be more readily understood by consideration of the following examples which describe specific embodiments exemplifying the invention and the methods of making and using the same.
A series of ionic polyurethane polymers are prepared using as the starting material a prepolymer obtained from the duPont Company and sold by them under the trademark ADIPRENE. This prepolymer consists of a diisocyanate terminated poly(1,4-oxybutylene) and has a number average molecular weightof about 1330. The prepolymer is combined with 2-dimethylaminoethanol in a benzene solution and allowed to react therewith at a temperature of 60�-70� C for about 1.5 hours. A quantity of trans-1,4,-dichloro-2-butene is then added to the reaction mixture which is then allowed to further react at the above given temperature for seven additional minutes. A quantity of 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) is then added to the system and the reaction mixture is then cured for about 18 hours at a temperature of about 50�-60� C. with stirring.The proportions of the components used and the resulting polymer equivalentweight (the molecular weight of the repeating unit divided by the number ofN+ in the repeating unit) are given in Table I below.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Molar Ratio of Components Methylene 2-Dimethylamino Chloro-Sample Prepolymer ethanol Dichlorobutene aniline Equiv. Weight__________________________________________________________________________1 1 1.8 0.9 0.1 9202 1 1.7 0.85 0.15 970__________________________________________________________________________
A second series of ionic polyurethanes, as prescribed herein, are prepared by combining, in methylethylketone, a quantity of polycaprolactone polyol having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 with polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of about 2025 and 2-dimethylaminoethanol. A quantity of 2.4 tolylene diisocyanate and stannous octoate (as catalyst) is added and the mixture is permitted to react at about 60� to 70� C for 6 hours. The resulting tertiary amine-capped prepolymer is then quaternized by lowering the reaction mixture temperature to about 50�-60� C. and adding a quantity of trans-1,4,-dichloro-2-butene.
The reaction mixture is cured by maintaining the mixture at about 50� C to 60� C while stirring. The proportions of the various components, the curing times and the equivalent weight of the resulting ionic polyurethane polymers are given in Table II.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Mole Ratio of Components__________________________________________________________________________POLY- POLY-CAPROLACTONE PROPYLENE DIMETHYLAMINO TOLYLENE DICHLORO CURING EQUIVALENTSAMPLEPOLYOL GLYCOL ETHANOL DIISOCYANATE BUTENE TIME (HRS) WEIGHT__________________________________________________________________________3 0.25 0.75 4.0 3.0 2.1 18 7804 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.1 1.0 18 13305 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.6 1.0 18 13806 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.6 1.2 18 13927 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.0 1.0 18 13208 0.25 0.75 4.0 3.0 2.1 18 7809 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.1 1.0 18 133010 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.6 1.0 18 138011 0.25 0.75 4.0 3.0 2.0 24 79012 0.25 0.75 4.0 3.0 2.0 144 79013 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.6 1.2 24 138014 0.25 " " " " 240 138015 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.2 1.0 24 134016 0.25 " " " " 168 134017 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.2 1.0 24 134018 0.25 " " " " 120 134019 0.25 0.75 4.0 3.0 2.0 24 79020 0.25 " " " " 216 79022 0.25 0.75 2.0 2.1 1.0 24 132023 0.25 " " " " 72 132024 0.25 " " " " 24 132025 0.25 " " " " 168 1320__________________________________________________________________________
A third series of ionic polyurethanes, as prescribed herein, are prepared by combining a quantity of polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of about 2025 with 2-dimethylaminoethanol. A quantity of 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate and stannous octoate (as catalyst) is added and the mixture is permitted to react at 60�-70� C for 6 hours. The resulting tertiary amine-capped prepolymers is then quaternized by adding a quantity of trans-1,4-dichloro-2-butene to the reaction mixture which is lowered to a temperature of about 50�-60� C and then cured for a specified period of time with mixing. The properties of the components, the curing times and the equivalent weight of the resulting ionic polyurethanes obtained are given in Table III.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Mole Ratio of Components__________________________________________________________________________POLYPROPYLENE DIMETHYLAMINO TOLYLENE DICHLORO CURE TIME EQUIVALENTSAMPLEGLYCOL ETHANOL DIISOCYANATE BUTENE (HOURS) WEIGHT__________________________________________________________________________26 1 2.0 2.1 1.0 1 134027 " " " " 7 134028 1 2.0 2.0 1.0 1 132029 " " " " 24 132030 " " " " 1 132031 " " " " 24 1320__________________________________________________________________________
Films are prepared from the ionic polyurethanes of the foregoing examples to illustrate the dry strength properties of these films as well as the difference in wet properties when comparing their behavior in various liquid media.
In each case, the ionic polyurethane films are prepared by dissolving the ionic resin in methanol so as to form about 3-5% by weight methanol solutions. The above concentration gave good fluidity (a viscosity of about 15 cps at 25� C) and at these concentrations, films may be prepared having a thickness of from 0.5 to 3 mil while using reasonable volumes of solution. The films are cast in 8 � 8 inch Teflon-coated or silicone-coated pans. The data reported in Table IV below is based on film samples prepared as described above, each sample measuring 10 mm by 10 mm and being 2 mils thick. Reduced viscosity measurements as reported below are made by the method described in Text Book of Polymer Science, W.Billmayer, Interscience (1965). The solvent used in all cases for reduced viscosity measurements is dimethyl sulfoxide and for samples 3 through 10,the solution of polymer is at a concentration of 0.25% by weight, whereas for samples 11 through 31, the concentration is 2.0% by weight. Dry tensile and Ultimate Elongation data are obtained using an Instron TensileTester with the jaw space set at a distance of two inches and the crossheadspeed maintained at two inches per minute.
The samples are tested to contrast the wet properties they exhibit in distilled water, in a 1% by weight sodium chloride solution and, for the two cases noted in Table IV, in pooled samples of menstrual fluid. The samples are immersed in each liquid media for the time specified below andthe condition of the film at the end of this time period is noted either qualitatively or quantitatively. Qualitatively, the condition is describedas Dissolved; Considerable Loss of Integrity (Consid. LOI, where the film has broken up into large fragments); or Complete Loss of Integrity (Comp. LOI, where the film has broken up into small fragments).
Where the wet properties are quantitatively expressed in Table IV, this data refers to the percent elongation in the original length of the film (EOL) as a result of immersion; the greater the percent elongation, the weaker the film. It should be noted that where percent elongation is recordable, (i.e., where quantitative values are given), the film is stronger than those samples for which wet properties are reported qualitatively.
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________ DRY PROPERTIES WET PROPERTIES (EOL in__________________________________________________________________________ %) SOLUTIONCURE REDUCED TENSILE ULTIMATE IMMERSION 1%TIME EQUIV. VISCOSITY STRENGTH ELONGAT- TIME DISTILL. SALINE MENSTRUALSAMPLE(HRS.) WT. (CENTIPOISES) (PSI) ION (%) (MIN.) H.sub.2 O H.sub.2 O FLUID__________________________________________________________________________1 18 920 -- -- -- 20 Dissolved 20 --2 18 970 -- -- -- 20 70% 10 --3 18 780 1.18 120 510 20 Dissolved 60 204 18 1330 0.35 60 210 20 Comp. LOI 10 --5 18 1380 0.86 120 920 20 Consid. LOI 15 56 18 1390 0.77 100 1020 20 Comp. LOI 15 --10 18 1380 0.37 60 480 20 -- -- --11 24 790 0.46 120 420 1/60 Cons/Dissol. 15/50 --12 144 790 0.55 160 880 1/60 70/Dissol. 15/70 --13 24 1380 0.37 100 540 1/60 50/Consid. 5/10 --14 240 1380 0.93 200 1200 1/60 60/Comp. 5/20 --15 24 1340 0.36 80 370 1/60 90/Comp. 5/10 --16 168 1340 0.44 140 280 1/60 100/Comp. 5/10 --17 24 1340 0.43 160 660 1/60 40/Comp. 5/10 --18 20 1340 0.61 200 710 1/60 100/Comp. 10/20 --19 24 790 0.36 100 110 1/60 100/Comp. 30/65 --20 216 790 0.86 220 570 1/60 150/Comp. 30/50 --22 24 1320 0.38 100 160 1/60 90/Comp. 5/10 --23 72 1320 0.79 400 930 1/60 130/Consid. 5/15 --24 24 1320 0.30 200 70 1/60 100/Comp. 5/10 --25 168 1320 0.70 720 830 1/60 200/Consid. 10/15 --28 1 1320 0.42 140 795 1/60 Consid./Dissol. 10/10 --29 24 1320 0.78 500 820 1/60 Dissol. 10/20 --30 1 1320 0.45 220 560 1/60 Dissol. 10/10 --31 24 1320 0.80 640 880 1/60 Dissol. 10/10 --__________________________________________________________________________
As Table IV clearly shows, all of the film samples cast had substantial drystrength properties. In accordance with the teachings of this invention, itshould be noted that the wet properties varied greatly as the ionic strength of the liquid media increased. Specifically, in every case, the films were considerably weaker in a distilled water solution as compared with a saline solution. As menstrual fluid is likewise comparable in ionicstrength to the saline test solution, the data (see samples 3 and 5) shows that this differential wet property of the films carries through for menstrual fluid as well, making these resins particularly well suited for feminine hygiene products where it is desirable that the resin exhibit greater strength in menstrual fluid then in relatively non-ionic water media such as, for example, tap water. In this connection, it should be noted that several film samples were tested by immersion into tap water, in addition to the usual distilled water vs. 1% sodium chloride solution comparison, in order to evaluate the effect of the salt content in the municipal water supply. The results obtained with tap water were essentially comparable to those obtained with distilled water.
A series of films are tested for their ability to act as a barrier to fluids while under stress. Film samples, identified by sample number (see Tables 1 and 2), are subjected to hydrostatic pressure from a 2 inch diameter column of fluid. The film to be tested is clamped between rubber gaskets at the bottom of a 2-inch diameter plexiglass column. Fluid is then pumped into the column at a predetermined rate and the bottom surfaceof the test material is observed through a mirror. The height of fluid headat failure is noted, i.e., the height when a drop of fluid first penetratesthrough the barrier film. Each of the samples used is a film square about 3inches by 3 inches and about 2 mil thick. The rate of liquid flow, a 1% saline water solution, is 725 cc/min and the temperature during testing is25 � 2� C. Test results are reported in Table V as fluid head at failure per mil of film thickness.
TABLE V______________________________________ Head at Failure Per mil FilmSample Equivalent Weight Thickness (in/mil)______________________________________1 920 3.32 970 4.53 780 2.56 1392 2.4______________________________________
Films made from Sample 31 (see Table III) are employed in a commercial sanitary napkin in place of the usual polyethylene barrier film. The commercial napkin is a MODESS* feminine napkin sold by the Personal Products Company of Milltown, New Jersey and has the general configurationillustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings. A series of such napkins are tested on a Dynamic Form Testing apparatus, the test comprising suspendingthe napkin to be tested across a rubber mold which simulates the female form. The form is set into motion by means of a set of gears, cams and rods and simulated menstrual fluid is allowed to drip onto the napkin to closely approximate in-use conditions. The test fluid, comprising 1% sodium chloride, is applied at a rate of about 0.2 cc/min. and the form isoperated at a speed of 60 cycles/min. The fluid capacity of the napkin under dynamic conditions is measured by the total volume of fluid applied at the time of failure, i.e., the time at which spotting is noted on the underside of the napkin. Additionally, the condition of the napkin with respect to wear is given a qualitative rating. These results are reported in Table VI along with data corresponding to that of the commercial napkins.
TABLE VI______________________________________ Capacity WearSample (cc) Rating______________________________________1 23 Excellent2 17 Very Good3 16.5 Very Good4 23.0 Excellent5 21.5 Excellent6 19.5 Very GoodCommercial Napkin 16.8-23.0 Very Good/Excellent______________________________________
As the foregoing Tables V and VI illustrate, the barrier films of this invention are comparable to the films now being used in commercial napkinswith respect to these abilities to act as a barrier. This notwithstanding, as has been described above, unlike the polyethylene films of commercial napkins, the films of this invention are capable of dispersing in tap water and hence, may be disposed of easily in a water closet.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Sep 15, 1964
|Nov 18, 1969
|Bayer Ag
|Polyurethane plastics
|Mar 14, 1967
|Sep 8, 1970
|Mo Och Domsjoe Ab
|Disposable diaper and process and apparatus for making the same
|May 11, 1970
|Dec 11, 1973
|California Inst Of Techn
|Polymeric organic halogen salts
|Apr 26, 1972
|Apr 16, 1974
|Cordis Corp
|Resuscitation support
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|Feb 7, 1977
|Aug 29, 1978
|Alcolac Inc.
|Stable polyurethane latices, emulsifiable prepolymers therefor and methods of making the same
|Nov 17, 1980
|Jul 27, 1982
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Barrierless disposable absorbent article having an absorbent core encased in a homogeneous outer wrap
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|Feb 5, 1985
|C. R. Bard, Inc.
|Breathable ostomy gasket composition
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|Dec 31, 1985
|C. R. Bard
|Ostomy bag with integral breathable gasket
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|Mar 17, 1987
|C. R. Bard, Inc.
|Physiologically compatible adhesive composition
|Dec 30, 1988
|Jul 24, 1990
|Armstead Kenneth W
|Patient underpad
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|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Biodegradable, liquid impervious multilayer film compositions
|Feb 26, 1998
|Jan 12, 1999
|The B. F. Goodrich Company
|Degradable blend composition
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|Aug 17, 1999
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Biodegradable polymeric compositions and products thereof
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|Disposable absorbent article with fit and fluid handling capabilities
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|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
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|Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
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|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
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|Oct 7, 2003
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
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|Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
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|Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
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|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
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|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
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|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Ion sensitive, water-dispersible fabrics, a method of making same and items using same
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|Baxter International Inc.
|Composite membrane with particulate matter substantially immobilized therein
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|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Water-dispersible, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same
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|Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Pre-moistened wipe product
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|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
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|Lang Frederick J.
|Pre-moistened wipe product
|Jun 26, 2003
|Feb 12, 2004
|Yihua Chang
|Water-dispersible, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same
|U.S. Classification
|604/364, 528/84, 604/378, 604/372, 528/82, 528/80, 428/913, 528/81, 428/425.1, 604/369, 528/60, 528/85
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 16, 1989
Owner name: MCNEIL-PPC, INC.
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:MCNEIL CONSUMER PRODUCTS COMPANY;PERSONAL PRODUCTS COMPANY (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:005240/0457
Effective date: 19881128
Owner name: PERSONAL PRODUCTS COMPANY, A NJ CORP., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:MCNEIL CONSUMER PRODUCTS COMPANY, A PA CORP.;REEL/FRAME:005194/0588
Effective date: 19881128


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Williams' 32 points help Bucks topple GrizzliesFeb 6, 2008 - 5:12 AM MEMPHIS, Tennessee (Ticker) -- Mo Williams took charge in the final moments for the Milwaukee Bucks.
Williams scored 10 of his 32 points with less than two minutes left as the Bucks defeated the Memphis Grizzlies, 102-97, on Tuesday.
Charlie Bell scored 17 points and Charlie Villanueva had 16 and a season-high 16 rebounds for Milwaukee, which snapped a three-game losing streak.
"We really needed to get some guys shooting, and Mo was really on a mission," Bucks coach Larry Krystkowiak said. "He really got it revved up and got his flow going."
The Bucks, who also swept the two-game season series against the Grizzlies, have won four straight vs. the Grizzlies.
"I had one thing on my mind, just to play," Williams said. "I play my best when I let my instincts take over. A road win is always good, and we've been searching for them all year. We really like this feeling."
Memphis, which has dropped four in a row, played its third consecutive game without former star Pau Gasol, who was dealt to the Los Angeles Lakers last Friday.
"We've got 34 more games left, and we are going to try to win all 34 games," Grizzlies swingman Mike Miller said. "It is going to be tough but, at the same time, it is our job to go out there and win games."
After Miller drilled a 21-foot jumper with 2:45 left to give the Grizzlies a 95-90 lead, Milwaukee went on a 12-2 run to finish the game.
"I think we had a four-point lead down the stretch, and we could not close it out," Grizzlies coach Mark Iavaroni said. "That has been our problem this entire year, except for some of the games when we've done a nice job down the stretch and, obviously, pulled it out against teams like Orlando, San Antonio and Houston.
"But I think you remember more the close losses and, unfortunately, this was one of them."
Williams, who connected on 14-of-22 from the floor, made an eight-foot jumper with 1:59 left to cut the Bucks' deficit to 97-94.
"We should have trapped (Williams) earlier," Iavaroni said. "We should have gotten the ball out of his hands earlier. That was my mistake. He did a good job down the stretch."
Williams' 20-footer with 64 seconds remaining put Milwaukee up by one.
"Mo hit some big shots for us tonight," Villanueva said. "He's a big-time player, and he showed that tonight."
With Memphis trailing 100-97, Rudy Gay missed a game-tying 3-pointer with six ticks on clock before two foul shots by Williams iced the game.
"I had a perfect look at (the basket)," Gay said. "Usually, I would knock it down, but not today."
Andrew Bogut scored 12 points for the Bucks, who shot 48 percent (44-of-92) and outrebounded the Grizzlies, 48-35.
"Rebounding is really one of their weaknesses, and I hit the boards hard tonight," Villanueva said. "That's where I get a lot of my points is off rebounds."
Miller scored a season-high 32 points and Gay scored 21 for Memphis, which shot 47 percent (36-of-77) and has dropped four straight at FedEx Forum.
"The Bucks got a lot of offensive rebounds," Miller said. "Your defense can only stop them so many times. When you are playing NBA teams, and you give them room to get to the basket they are going to make it."
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You may make oral blunders without even realizing it.
"When working with other people, we always want to put our best forward," says Susan Mason, a principal with Vital Visions Consultants. "But there are three verbal blunders that are real problems for many of us, that keep us from exuding confidence."
Stay away from Mason's three oral "don'ts":
1. "OK?" questions. Ending sentences with those questions may make it sound as if you're collaborative, but actually, it just makes you sound indecisive. Examples: "I'd like you to start that right away … OK?" "This is a good idea … isn't it?"
Tip: Instead of "This is a good idea, isn't it?" say, "This is a good idea. What's your opinion?"
2. Disclaimers, such as, "Of course, I don't know much about this process, but … ." Disclaimers make you sound as though you don't believe in your own ideas. Mason's advice? Put your ideas out there assertively.
Tip: Say "Based on my experience, I believe … ." instead of "I hope you don't think I'm being unreasonable, but … ."
3. Hedges. "Maybe," "perhaps" and "you know" come across as indecisive and wishy-washy. Example: "Perhaps you could come into my office and discuss your concerns" implies that it's optional. Instead, say, "Please come into my office, and let's talk about your concerns."
Related Articles...
- 14 Tips on Business Etiquette No matches


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Top 4 Recommended Gangster Movies to Watch Before American Gangster
by Ken Evans
October 31, 2007
If you read my last recommended list, Top 4 Recommended Westerns to Watch Before Seeing 3:10 to Yuma, then hopefully you took my advice and brushed up your knowledge of the western genre. With the release of American Gangster this coming weekend I wanted to come up with a diverse list of gangster movies to whet your appetite and give you a few films to compare American Gangster to.
If you have the time then watch one or two of these, even if you have seen them, to get in the mood for American Gangster. Get together with a few of your friends, or your significant other, and enjoy some truly classic films, then when you see American Gangster compare it to one of these classics below. So without further ado, I give you my Top 4 Recommended Gangster Movies to Watch Before Seeing American Gangster (in no particular order).
#1 - The Godfather (1972) / The Godfather: Part II (1974)
The Godfather is about the fall of one of the mafia's top crime bosses. Marlon Brando plays Don Vito Corleone who is trying to run his family while also running his illegal businesses. When he refuses to make a deal with a drug dealer they try to take his life. Vito's sons try to take revenge for the attempt on their father's life. Michael Corleone (Al Pacino) ends up the stronger of the sons and takes over for his father. In Godfather: Part II we watch two story lines, one being a flashback to Vito when he was younger and how he came to power. The other being Michael now running the business with a ruthless fist, while struggling to keep the family together.
Francis Ford Coppola's two masterpieces are considered two of the greatest films ever made. The Godfather placing 3rd and The Godfather: Part II placing 32nd on the AFI's Top 100 Films of all time. In my opinion, these are hands down the greatest gangster films of all time. The Godfather won 3 Oscars and was nominated for 8 more. The Godfather: Part II won 6 Oscars and was nominated for 5 more. They encapsulate everything that I love about gangster movies. It's all about family and honor in the midst of illegal business deals and murder. Even as bad and evil as they are, these films glorify and make you want to be a gangster. Of all the organized crime gangster films these two reign supreme. If you haven't seen either one of these then you must watch them as soon as possible.
#2 - Goodfellas (1990)
I hadn't seen this one in forever and I just watched it again the other night. This movie just makes me smile. As violent as it is you can't help but love it. The movie starts with Henry Hill (Ray Liotta) saying, "As far back as I can remember, I've always wanted to be a gangster." Then it cuts to him as a kid watching the gangsters across the street while we hear Liotta narrating why he wants to be like them. Hill starts working for them and starts making his way up the ranks within the mob. Cut to years later, Hill is now a grown man and working alongside James 'Jimmy' Conway (Robert De Niro) and Tommy DeVito (Joe Pesci). They steal and murder all in the name of making a buck. To them anyone who works a 9 to 5 job is a sucker. Ruling the streets through bribes and fear they go wherever they want and get whatever they want. Soon betrayal and paranoia take their toll and Hill is picked up on drug charges. Disowned by the family the FBI gives Hill a choice of spending the rest of his life in jail or snitching and turning everyone in.
What makes Goodfellas great is the direction and performances. Martin Scorsese is a wonderful director who only recently won an Oscar for best director for his work on The Departed. In my opinion he should have won his first best director Oscar for Goodfellas and was robbed by Kevin Costner and Dances with Wolves. This is a story that by itself was interesting but not amazing. Scorsese was able to tell us this story in a fascinating way that sucks you in right from the beginning. Plus the performances by Ray Liotta, Joe Pesci and Robert De Niro were wonderful. Besides his work in Field of Dreams, I have never been impressed with Ray Liotta, but his performance in Goodfellas is still one of my all time favorites.
#3 - The Untouchables (1987)
Besides the family style organized crime movies like The Godfather and Goodfellas, you also have two other kinds of gangster films. The gangster films from the cop's viewpoint and the gangster films from the unorganized gangster's viewpoint. In The Untouchables we follow famous federal agent Elliot Ness (Kevin Costner) as he tries to bring down mob boss Al Capone (Robert De Niro). Ness wants to bring justice to Al Capone but learns that the police force is dirty and in Capone's pocket. Knowing that he can't do it alone, Ness hand picks three others to help him in his battle. Jimmy Malone (Sean Connery) who is a cop known for being a stand-up and honorable guy; George Stone (Andy Garcia) who is fresh out of the police academy; and Oscar Wallace (Charles Martin Smith), an accountant looking to catch Capone for tax evasion. Teaming up they start at the bottom and work their way up Capone's organization wanting nothing more then to bring him down.
When I think of The Untouchables I think of two things. First, it is immensely entertaining but nowhere near the caliber of films like The Godfather and Goodfellas. Second, I think this is the Tombstone of the gangster film genre. This is probably the film I would start someone on if they had never seen a gangster movie before. It just doesn't get as in depth and dirty as most other gangster films. It has some great performances, mostly from Sean Connery. And the train station scene has become one of the most memorable scenes in movie history. But, when taken as a whole, although wonderfully entertaining, it is missing the substance that we seem to get from some of the other films.
#4 - Reservoir Dogs (1992)
You might not want to call this a gangster film, but it definitely is. Six strangers are hired by a mob boss to rob a bank. During the robbery something goes wrong and chaos breaks out. One by one the robbers make their way back to the rendezvous. As they meet back up they start to suspect that one of their own might be a cop. As they start to question each other, tensions rise and not everyone is going to make it out alive.
This is definitely a twist on the classic crime/gangster genre film. But if this is the film that it takes to get you turned on to these types of movies then so be it. Reservoir Dogs is filled with humor, amazing dialogue, intense scenes and twists. It presents a unique and fresh look at the crime/gangster genre from the hired guns viewpoint. It features an all star lineup of actors like Tim Roth, Harvey Keitel, Steve Buscemi, and Chris Penn who all give outstanding performances. If you don't mind excessive language and can appreciate the unique style of Quentin Tarantino then this is definitely a must see.
And so ends another list of great classic films. Try to make some time to enjoy them, whether you're watching them for the first time or reliving all the great moments. It always makes viewing a new release more rewarding after watching some of the same types of films from the past. I loved the comments from the last list so keep them coming. What movies are you going to watch to get hyped up for American Gangster? What are your favorite gangster films? After watching American Gangster how would you compare it to other gangster movies? Remember, in order to truly understand and appreciate the films of today, we must understand and appreciate the films of the past. Let me know what you think!
Honorable Mention for films not on the list: Casino, Scarface, Miller's Crossing, Heat, Once Upon a Time in America, The Godfather: Part III.
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Today is Saturday, June 22, the 173rd day of 2002. There are 192 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
In 1940, during World War II, Adolf Hitler gained a stunning victory as France was forced to sign an armistice eight days after German forces overran Paris.
On this date:
In 1870, Congress created the Department of Justice.
In 1938, heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocked out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch at Yankee Stadium.
In 1944, President Roosevelt signed the ''G.I. Bill of Rights.''
In 1945, the World War II battle for Okinawa officially ended; 12,520 Americans and 110,000 Japanese were killed in the 81-day campaign.
In 1970, President Nixon signed a measure lowering the voting age to 18.
In 1977, John N. Mitchell became the first former U.S. attorney general to go to prison as he began serving a sentence for his role in the Watergate cover-up. He was released 19 months later.
Ten years ago: The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that ''hate crime'' laws that ban cross burning and similar expressions of racial bias violated free-speech rights.
One year ago: The British government announced that two teen-agers who were 10 years old when they kidnapped and killed a toddler had been granted parole. Striking Comair pilots ratified a new contract, ending a three-month strike.
Today's Birthdays: Singer-actor Kris Kristofferson is 66. CBS News correspondent Ed Bradley is 61. Actor Michael Lerner is 61. Fox News correspondent Brit Hume is 59. Actor Andrew Rubin is 56. Actor David L. Lander is 55. Singer Howard ''Eddie'' Kaylan is 55. Singer-musician Todd Rundgren is 54. Actress Meryl Streep is 53. Actress Lindsay Wagner is 53. Actor Chris Lemmon is 48. Rock musician Garry Beers (INXS) is 45. Actor-producer-writer Bruce Campbell is 44. Rock musician Alan Anton (Cowboy Junkies) is 43. Actress Tracy Pollan is 42. Rock singer-musician Jimmy Somerville is 41. Rock singer-musician Mike Edwards (Jesus Jones) is 38. Rock singer Steven Page (Barenaked Ladies) is 32. TV personality Carson Daly is 29. Actor Donald Faison is 28. Actress Lindsay Ridgeway is 17.
Published in the Athens Banner-Herald on Saturday, June 22, 2002.
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December 18, 2012 - National Lacrosse League (NLL) - Washington Stealth
News Release
EVERETT, Wash. - The Washington Stealth have traded goaltender Kevin Croswell to Philadelphia for the Wings' third-round selection in the 2013 NLL Entry Draft.
The 6-4, 205-pound stopper from Peterborough, Ontario appeared in three games for the Stealth during the 2012 season after signing with the team as a free agent seven games into last year's campaign.
With the Stealth, Croswell posted a 1-2 record with a 9.60 goals against average and a .789 save percentage in 149:59 minutes of play.
Following his first game with the Washington franchise, a 14-9 win at Toronto on March 3, 2012, Croswell was named NLL Defensive Player of the Week after posting a 41-save performance.
Prior to coming to the Stealth, Croswell spent a short stint with Edmonton Rush during the 2012 season. He previously played four seasons with the Minnesota Swarm (2008-11).
Croswell is a five-year NLL veteran with a 6-15 overall record appearing in 31 regular season games with Washington, Edmonton and Minnesota. He has one playoff game appearance with Minnesota.
During his career, Croswell has compiled an 11.24 goals against average and a .776 save percentage in 1,141:54 minutes of play.
Croswell was originally drafted by Minnesota in the third round (31st overall) of the 2006 NLL Entry Draft.
• Discuss this story on the National Lacrosse League message board


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Doolan Award 2014 - Grassmarket Community Project
Grassmarket Community Project, Edinburgh
The winners of the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS) Awards 2014 were announced on 18 June. The award-winning projects represent some of the very best of current Scottish architecture and each will go forward to the shortlist for the RIAS Andrew Doolan Best Building in Scotland Award, which will be presented on 5 November 2014 at the National Museum of Scotland. The RIAS Doolan Award is supported by the Doolan family and the Scottish Government. Over the coming weeks we will be highlighting each of these projects in our "featured project" section. The ninth of these is: the Grassmarket Community Project, Edinburgh by Gareth Hoskins Architects.
This project demonstrates the importance of high quality buildings in supportive environments to improve the sense of well-being and strengthen the self-esteem of vulnerable citizens. A wealth of facilities are skillfully inserted into a difficult gap site to provide a new social enterprise amenity which, despite the awkwardness and tightness of the available area on which to build, feels very light and airy. Sited within the World Heritage Site, on the edge of the Grassmarket, the building also responds to the Old Town characteristics of irregular closes and wynds in its approach from the street.
The extension includes a community hall/theatre, cookery facilities, office accommodation, workshop space, classrooms and foyer. A large range of activities are catered for within the building envelope, and immediately beside it. A commercial cafe and catering kitchen, a wood workshop, a computer learning suite, an auditorium, offices, private areas and smaller rooms that are used for teaching, gathering and meetings. Some of the green space in the Kirkyard next to the building has been converted into a herb garden, and culinary herbs are used in the kitchen to prepare meals for community members and for paying customers in the cafe.
Grassmarket Community Project works with a wide group of people who face multiple disadvantages and are the most vulnerable of our citizens. This may include homelessness, physical/mental health, learning support needs and social isolation. The project aims to help people reconnect with themselves through increased self-esteem - with others in a supportive environment - and then with the wider community through enterprise and training opportunities. It offers a mixture of education programs, drop-in services, social enterprise and social integration activities, currently delivered by way of cookery, gardening, woodwork art, music and textiles programs.
Three derelict industrial buildings on the site adjacent to the Kirk House were transferred to Greyfriars Tolbooth and Highland Kirk (GTHK) at nil value by the City of Edinburgh Council and the architects were commissioned to develop the space, extending the Kirk House. The existing industrial buildings were demolished and construction began early in 2012. The extension allows Grassmarket Community Project to continue its work and to develop the services that it provides. The project aims to become self-sustainable through enterprise. Their woodwork enterprise, started in 2009 has already become self-sustainable and both the hall and catering facilities are expected to provide a vital source of revenue.
Photographs © Gillian Hayes


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Kendall Jenner Gives "Brief History Of Suffragettes" In Rock The Vote Video
Kendall Jenner gives "A Brief History Of Suffragettes" in a new video about women earning the right to vote. The clip was released on Tuesday to coincide with National Voter Registration Day. Watch below!
Jenner teamed up with Rock The Vote and the Independent Journal for the project, which features the star changing her look to represent the evolution of women during the plight for equal voting rights. The model narrates the clip, saying at the start, "Every day we vote, we're able to express our opinions online with likes and hashtags. But when it comes to the right to vote, it hasn't always been that easy, especially for women."
Jenner goes on to tell the story of Susan B. Anthony, and notes, "Because of suffragettes and their battle, gender doesn't matter, but you vote always can." She adds at the end, "I'm Kendall Jenner. I'm 19, and I'm here to Rock The Vote."
Ashley Spillane, the president of Rock The Vote, says in a statement, "Kendall Jenner is a cultural influencer who reaches millions of young people in this country everyday and her passion for using this reach to get our peers involved in politics is really inspiring."
As Gossip Cop reported at the time, Jenner also worked with the organization last year. Now going forward as the 2016 election nears, Jenner "will lead the charge as the public face of the millennial engagement effort." Check out the new video below, and tell us what you think. Note: Video no longer available.