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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 2, 2002
|Filing date
|Mar 6, 2000
|Priority date
|Jul 17, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gary D. Gardner, Robert Choi, Cynthia A. Peters
|Original Assignee
|Camelbak Products, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (109), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (61), Classifications (22), Legal Events (18)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of similarly-entitled U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/151,493, which was filed on Sep. 11, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,032,831, is now allowed, and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/118,196 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,767, which was filed on Jul. 17, 1998 and is now allowed. The disclosures of U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 09/151,493 and 09/118,196 are hereby incorporated by reference.
The invention generally relates to personal hydration systems, and more particularly to a personal hydration system with an improved mouthpiece.
Medical research has demonstrated the importance of maintaining adequate hydration while engaging in strenuous physical activities, such as bicycling or mountain climbing. In the not too distant past, participants in such activities carried their water in bottles or canteens from which they drank periodically. More recently, personal hydration systems have been developed which allow users to drink more or less continuously while engaged in sporting or recreational activities. These personal hydration systems typically have a bag-like fluid reservoir that is carried in a back- or waist-mounted pack. A long flexible hose is connected to the reservoir through an exit port at one end and terminates in a mouthpiece at the other end. The hose is long enough to allow the mouthpiece to be carried in the user's mouth to enable the user to draw water from the reservoir at will. Examples of these hydration systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,727,714, 5,060,833 and 5,085,349, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Although personal hydration systems have proven to be a great advance over traditional water bottles, they do suffer from some drawbacks. In particular, it is often difficult for the user to quickly draw an acceptable flow of water from the reservoir. It should be understood that every breath the user spends drawing fluid from the reservoir is one less breath that can be used to deliver oxygen to the user's body. Therefore, there is a need for a mouthpiece that is capable of delivering an increased flow of fluid over conventional mouthpieces, which generally require multiple breaths to be used to draw a sufficient amount of fluid from the system.
Furthermore, it is desirable for the mouthpiece not to leak when in a closed position and to remain comfortably in a ready-to-use position in the user's mouth, even when not being used to dispense fluids. Simply scaling the size of conventional mouthpieces has not solved the flowrate problem because the enlarged designs tend to leak fluid when they should otherwise be in a closed position. This not only diminishes the user's fluid supply, but also leaks fluid onto the user and other surrounding objects.
The present invention is a personal hydration system with an improved mouthpiece. The mouthpiece includes a neck that is coupled to the supply tube of a hydration system and adapted to receive a flow of fluid therefrom. The neck is joined to a resilient head that is adapted to be received within a user's mouth and which preferably is of larger cross-section than the neck. The head includes a dispensing face with a pair of lips that form a normally closed slit through which fluid is selectively dispensed from the mouthpiece. From a closed position in which the lips extend against each other to close the slit and prevent fluid from being dispensed through the slit, the mouthpiece is deformable to a dispensing position in which the lips are spread at least partially away from each other to allow fluid to be dispensed through the lips. The face has a perimeter and a minimum dimension between opposed points on the perimeter. From the perimeter, a bite region extends to a shoulder that joins the bite region to the neck. Typically, the mouthpiece is placed in the user's mouth so that the user's lips extend around the neck portion and against the lip-receiving shoulder to retain the mouthpiece in the user's mouth. In this position, the user's teeth are positioned to bite down upon the bite region to deform the mouthpiece to the dispensing position and thereby enable fluid to be dispensed to the user. The mouthpiece is adapted to selectively deliver fluid at a flowrate greater than presently available through known mouthpieces.
Many other features of the present invention will become manifest to those versed in the art upon making reference to the detailed description which follows and the accompanying sheets of drawings in which preferred embodiments incorporating the principles of this invention are disclosed as illustrative examples only.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a personal hydration system with a mouthpiece constructed according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 1 with a prior art mouthpiece shown in dashed lines.
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of the mouthpieces of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of the mouthpieces of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a rear elevation view of the mouthpieces of FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a top cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 1 taken along the line 6—6 in FIG. 4 and showing the mouthpiece in a closed position.
FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 1 taken along the line 7—7 in FIG. 4 and showing the mouthpiece in a closed position.
FIG. 8 is an environmental view showing the mouthpiece of FIG. 1 positioned in a user's mouth in a dispensing position, with the mouthpiece shown in a side cross-sectional view.
FIG. 9 is a top cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a front view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 8.
FIG. 11 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the mouthpiece of FIG. 1 in a closed position.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 11 taken along the line 12—12 in FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the portion of the mouthpiece shown in FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 is a front elevation view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 11 in a dispensing position.
FIG. 15 is a side cross-sectional view of another alternate embodiment of the mouthpiece of FIG. 1.
FIG. 16 is a top cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 15.
FIG. 18 is an isometric view of another embodiment of the mouthpiece of FIG. 1.
FIG. 19 is a front elevation view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 18.
FIG. 20 is a top cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 18 taken along the line 20—20 in FIG. 19.
FIG. 21 is a side cross-sectional view of the mouthpiece of FIG. 18 taken along the line 21—21 in FIG. 19.
FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 22—22 in FIG. 20.
FIG. 23 is the cross-sectional view of FIG. 22 showing another variation of the lips of the mouthpiece.
A personal hydration system according to the present invention is shown generally at 10 in FIG. 1. System 10 includes a fluid reservoir, or bladder, 12 for storing fluid (such as water, juice, etc.). Bladder 12 is preferably flexible and may vary in size and shape depending on the volume of fluid to be carried by the user and the shape of the pack or other storage pack into which the bladder is stored when carried by a user. Bladder 12 includes an input port, such as a sealable filler spout 14 with a cap 16, which can be opened to empty, fill or clean the bladder. Bladder 12 also includes an exit port 18 onto which one end 20 a flexible hose 22 is mounted. Hose 22 is of sufficient length to extend from bladder 12 in its stowed position, typically on a user's back, to the user's mouth.
The other end 24 of hose 22 is connected to a mouthpiece 26, which is sized to be received within the user's mouth to deliver fluid to the user. Mouthpiece 26 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 2-7. Mouthpiece 26 includes a neck 28 which is connected to and in fluid communication with end 24 of hose 22. As shown in FIG. 6, neck 28 is fit over end 24 of hose 22 and forms a watertight seal. It should be noted that the mouthpiece can be slipped on and off the hose for cleaning or maintenance.
Mouthpiece 26 further includes a head 30, which typically is of lager cross-section than neck 28 and which includes a dispensing face 32 through which fluid is selectively dispensed form the mouthpiece. Dispensing face 32 has a perimeter 34 with a minimum dimension measured from opposed points on the perimeter, as indicated at 36 in FIG. 4. Dispensing face 32 further includes an elongate, normally closed slit 38 through which fluid is dispensed from the mouthpiece. Slit 38 is described in more detail subsequently, but as shown, extends substantially across face 32 and includes ends 40 adjacent perimeter 34.
From perimeter 34, head 30 includes a body region, referred to herein as a bite region, 44 that extends generally normal to the plane of perimeter 34 and provides a surface upon which the user may apply a force, such as with the user's teeth, to deform mouthpiece 26 to open slit 38 and enable a flow of fluid to be dispensed from the mouthpiece. Dispensing face 32 and bite region 44 collectively form a supply chamber 48 into which the flow of fluid is housed before being dispensed to the user. By comparing FIGS. 3 and 4, it can be seen that the length of bite region 44 is less than minimum dimension 36. Typically, bite region 44 has a length that is less than approximately one inch, preferably less than approximately 0.7 inches, more preferably less than 0.6 inches and even more preferably between approximately 0.6 and approximately 0.4 inches. For example, a bite region that is 0.5 inches in length has proven to work well, both from manufacturing and ease-of-use standpoints.
Bite region 44 terminates at a lip-receiving shoulder 46 that connects the bite region with neck 28. Lip-receiving shoulder 46 may also be referred to as a transition region because, as shown in FIGS. 3-4, it extends at an angle between the smaller cross-sectional dimension of neck 28 and the larger cross-sectional dimension of head 30. Shoulder 46 provides a surface upon which a user's lips may be placed when the mouthpiece is used. As shown, shoulder 46 extends generally at an angle of approximately 60° between bite region 44 and neck 28. It should be understood that it is within the scope of the present invention that the shoulder may extend at other angles and may have different shapes, such as curved, concave, convex, etc., as it extends between region 44 and neck 25. An angle of 60° is presently preferred because it provides a comfortable lip-receiving shoulder and also is not too steep to prevent the core pin currently used in the manufacturing process to be removed.
In FIGS. 5-7, it can be seen that slit 38 is formed between a pair of opposed lips 50, which extend across perimeter 34. As shown, lips 50 extend in the direction of the dispensing face's minimum dimension 36, however, it is within the scope of the present invention that the lips, and therefore the slit defined therebetween, could extend across face 32 in other directions as well, such as transverse to the minimum dimension. Lips 50 further extend from the inner surface 52 of the dispensing face into supply chamber 48 to provide an area of increased contact between the lips. This helps prevent fluid from passing through slit 38 other than when the user intends for fluid to be dispensed.
As perhaps best seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, the portion of lips 50 extending within supply chamber 48 includes an end wall 54 and a tapered side wall 56 extending at an angle between end wall 54 and inner surface 52. This angle may vary between approximately 0° and approximately 75°, with a preferred value of between approximately 30° and approximately 60° and a more preferred value of approximately 45°. An angle of 45° is presently preferred because it produces a generally laminar flow of fluid through the slit when the mouthpiece is in the dispensing position, which is discussed in more detail subsequently. In FIGS. 2-7, lips 50 extend against each other to close slit 38 and prevent fluid from being dispensed therethrough. This position is referred to as the closed position of the mouthpiece, and is the resting position to which the resilient mouthpiece and lips return when any applied force is removed.
Mouthpiece 26 preferably includes a pair of stops 58 that extend internally into mouthpiece 26 to prevent supply tube 22 from being inserted into mouthpiece 26 more than a defined distance. For example, as shown in FIGS. 5-7, stops 58 extend into supply chamber 48 to engage end 24 of supply tube 22 and prevent it from being inserted into the supply chamber of mouthpiece 26. Also shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 are the thicknesses of the side walls of mouthpiece 26. It should be understood that they may vary in relative size depending on the particular materials of construction and sizes of core pins and dies used in the molding process to form mouthpiece 26.
A prior art mouthpiece is shown in dashed lines in FIGS. 2-5 and indicated generally at 60. As shown, prior art mouthpiece 60 has many of the same general elements as mouthpiece 26, such as a neck 62, head 64, dispensing face 66, slit 68, bite region 70 and transition region 72. However, prior art mouthpiece 60 has a longer length, yet shorter slit, height and width than mouthpiece 26. By comparison, head 26 is approximately 20% higher and wider than the prior art mouthpiece, yet is approximately 33% shorter in length. Furthermore, head 26 produces a flowrate that is approximately 100% greater than the flowrate through the prior art mouthpiece, yet has a supply chamber than is approximately 33% smaller in volume. For purposes of more detailed comparison, the presently preferred dimensions of mouthpiece 26 are compared below to the dimensions of the prior art mouthpiece. It should be understood that dimensions other than those presented below are within the scope of the present invention.
Head 26 has a circumference of approximately 2.219 inches and is approximately 0.6 inches high and 0.77 inches wide, with side walls that are approximately 0.5 inches in length and approximately 0.05 inches and 0.140 inches thick, respectively. Slit 40 is between approximately 0.445 inches and approximately 0.485 inches long, and head 32 has a supply chamber between face 32 and transition region 46 with a volume of approximately 0.1412 cubic inches. The prior art mouthpiece, on the other hand has a head 64 with a circumference of approximately 1.932 inches and is approximately 0.5 inches high and 0.67 inches wide, with side walls that are approximately 0.74 inches in length and approximately 0.0425 inches and 0.125 inches thick, respectively. Slit 68 is approximately 0.38 inches long, and head 64 defines a supply chamber between face 66 and transition region 70 with a volume of approximately 0.1885 cubic inches.
The increased cross-sectional area transverse to the direction of fluid flow, coupled with the larger slit enables mouthpiece 26 to dispense fluid at a much higher flowrate. In the dispensing position, such as shown in FIG. 10, the slit forms an opening that is sized to enable fluid to be dispensed at a flowrate greater than 30 ml/sec, and more preferably greater than 40 ml/sec under normal operating conditions. In tests, a hydration system with the mouthpiece shown in FIGS. 1-10 has produced flowrates between approximately 35 ml/sec and approximately 45 ml/sec. More particularly, flowrates greater than 41 ml/sec are possible, as compared to a flowrate of 18 ml/sec with the prior art mouthpiece under normal operating conditions. By normal operating conditions, it is meant that the mouthpiece is placed in a user's mouth, urged to the dispensing position described herein, and drawn or sucked upon by the user, much like a person draws upon a drinking straw. This more than twofold increase in flowrate means that a user has to expend less than half as many breaths to draw a desired volume of fluid through the mouthpiece.
In the dispensing position shown in FIG. 10, slit 40 has an area that is greater than 50% of the cross-sectional area of neck 28 (measured transverse to the direction of fluid flow from the inner wall of the neck). Preferably, the area of the slit in the dispensing position is greater than 60% of the area of the neck. As shown in FIG. 10, the slit area is between approximately 50% and approximately 70% of the area of the neck, and more particularly between approximately 55% and approximately 65% of the area of the neck. More breaths devoted to breathing means more oxygen to the user's body, which should thereby increase performance.
In addition to increasing the flowrate of fluid from mouthpiece 26, the dimensions of the mouthpiece also make it more comfortable to use. When the mouthpiece is placed in an operative position in the user's mouth, as shown in FIG. 8, bite region 44 is positioned generally between the user's teeth 74, and the user's lips 76 are naturally seated against lip-receiving shoulder 46 and around neck 28. By naturally seated, it is meant that the user's lips fall into this position, without requiring the user to stretch his or her lips to extend around head 30 or to over-insert mouthpiece 26 into his or her mouth. The spacing of shoulder 46 from dispensing face 32 not only makes mouthpiece 26 much more comfortable to use (because the user's mouth can remain substantially in its normal closed position), but also enables the mouthpiece to more easily be retained in a preferred operative position, as compared to prior art mouthpiece 60. Because of its longer head 64, a user's lips are naturally seated on bite region 70 of prior art mouthpiece 60 instead of transition region 72. In this position, mouthpiece 60 will tend to slip further into or out of the user's mouth unless constant pressure is provided by the user's teeth and/or lips. Furthermore, mouthpiece 60 will tend to pivot within the user's mouth about the regions of constant pressure.
If, on the other hand, the prior art mouthpiece is positioned in the user's mouth so that the user's lips extend around the neck, then the user's teeth will not be properly positioned to bite down upon the "sweet spot" of the head. It should be understood that the bite regions of both mouthpieces have what is referred to as a "sweet spot" or region of less resistance upon which the user can most easily apply force to cause the mouthpiece to deform to its dispensing position. With both mouthpieces 26 and 60, the sweet spot is generally between the dispensing region and transition region. With mouthpiece 26, placing the mouthpiece within the user's mouth so that the user's lips 76 are seated on shoulder 46 automatically positions the sweet spot in a position to be engaged by the user's teeth 74. In prior art mouthpiece 60, placing the user's lips on transition region 72 results in the user's teeth being off-center from the sweet spot. Therefore, the mouthpiece must be repositioned prior to use.
Once positioned in the user's mouth as discussed above, mouthpiece 26 can be deformed from its closed position to a dispensing position, shown in FIGS. 8-10, when a force is applied to the regions of bite region 44 generally adjacent ends 40 of slit 38. This compressive force is applied along the axes of the lips, as indicated generally with arrows in FIG. 10, and causes lips 50 to spread at least partially apart from each other to cause slit 38 to form an opening, also referred to as a hydraulic orifice, through which fluid may be passed. As used here, the term dispensing position broadly refers to any of the positions in which the lips are spread at least partially apart from each other so that the slit forms an opening through which fluid may be dispensed. It should be understood that the size of the opening formed by slit 38 will vary depending upon the amount of force applied by the user.
Once in a dispensing position, the user may draw fluid through the mouthpiece, much like the user would draw upon a drinking straw. As discussed, this is referred to as the normal operating condition for using mouthpiece 26 and any attached hydration system. When this force is removed, the resilient nature of mouthpiece 26, and more particularly, head 32 and lips 50 causes the mouthpiece to return to its closed, non-dispensing position. An example of a suitable material for mouthpiece 26 is fifty-five durometer silicone, although it is within the scope of the invention that other materials may be used as well, as long as they meet the operating criteria discussed herein.
In FIGS. 11-14, an alternate embodiment of the invented mouthpiece is shown and indicated generally at 80. Mouthpiece 80 has the same components and subcomponents as the previously described mouthpiece 26. In addition, mouthpiece 80 includes a plurality of resilient supporting ribs 82 that extend from lips 50 to provide increased protection against leaks by biasing the lips to return to their closed position. As perhaps best seen in FIGS. 12 and 13, a rib 82 extends from each lip 50, and more particularly from side wall 56 of each lip along inner surface 52 of dispensing face 32. It should be understood, however, that it is within the scope of the invention that ribs 82 could alternatively extend along the outer surface of face 32. Each rib 82 extends from a respective one of the lips at a first position, and returns to the lip at a second position spaced-apart from the first. When mouthpiece 80 is in its dispensing position, ribs 82 are bent or deformed from the resting position shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 to a dispensing position shown in FIG. 14. As such, ribs 82 further bias the mouthpiece, and especially face 32 and lips 50 to return to the closed position. Preferably, ribs 82 include ends 84 that extend from lips 50 as described above and taper to an intermediate region 86 of narrower cross-section than ends 84. The reduced size of intermediate region 86, which extends in a portion of face 32 that undergoes significant bending or deformation, minimizes the amount of additional force needed to deform mouthpiece 80 to its dispensing position, while still providing a continuous, curved support for lips 50. In variations of this embodiment, intermediate region 86 is substantially or completely coplanar with inner surface 52.
In FIGS. 15-17, another alternate embodiment of the invented mouthpiece is shown and indicated generally at 90. Unless otherwise indicated, mouthpiece 90 has the same components, dimensions and properties as mouthpiece 26, including a neck 28 and a head 30 that includes a dispensing face 32 (with a pair of lips that define a normally closed slit 38), a bite region 44, a transition region 46, and a supply chamber 48 defined by the dispensing face and the bite region. In FIGS. 15-17, the inner surface of face 32 is generally indicated at 92, and it can be seen that surface 92 has a convex cross-sectional configuration generally transverse to slit 38.
As shown, the thickness of face 32 distal slit 38 is between approximately 0.06 inches and approximately 0.14 inches, similar to the faces of the previously discussed mouthpieces. A thickness distal slit 38 of approximately 0.8 inches has proven to perform particularly well. As surface 92 extends from bite region 44 toward slit 38, it can be seen in FIGS. 15 and 17 that face 32 increases in thickness and extends into the supply chamber until it forms a pair of lips 94 that define slit 38. The radius of curvature of surface 92 is approximately 0.75 inches, although it should be understood that larger or small radii of curvature may be acceptable as well.
Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 18-23 and indicated generally at 100. As shown, mouthpiece 100 has outer dimensions that correspond with the previously disclosed embodiments, including a neck 102 and a head 104 with a dispensing face 106, bite region 108 and lip-receiving shoulder 110. Face 106 extends to an outer perimeter 112, where it is joined to a bite region 108, and includes a pair of opposed lips 114 that define a slit 116 (indicated in FIG. 19) extending therebetween. As shown in FIG. 19, slit 116 is elongate and has a pair of ends 118 adjacent perimeter 112. Unless otherwise specified, mouthpiece 100 has the same elements and subelements as any of the above embodiments, including the shapes, properties and possible variations discussed with respect to the mouthpieces shown in FIGS. 1-17.
Similar to the above-described embodiments, bite region 108 extends from head 104 to form the internal surface, or side wall, 122 of a supply chamber 120, into which fluid is received prior to being dispensed from face 106. As shown in FIGS. 19-21, side wall 122 encircles the supply chamber and forms plural corners 124 distal slit 116. At their apexes 126, corners 124 define fold lines that extend away from face 106 generally transverse to slit 116. Side wall 122 may alternatively be described as including plural discontinuities because the otherwise smooth, or actuate, inner wall is broken by the apexes of the corners.
As perhaps best seen in FIGS. 19 and 21, side wall 122 includes regions 130 that have generally planar configurations and meet to form apexes 126 distal slit 116. When mouthpiece 100 is deformed to its dispensing position, abutting regions 130 are pivoted toward each other about apex 126. Regions 130 give side wall 122 a generally polygonal configuration in a plane parallel to perimeter 112, and as shown in FIGS. 19 and 22, generally resembles a hexagon. It should be understood, however, that there may still be some curvature to portions of side wall 120. For example, a slight curvature proximate ends 118 of slit 116 promotes easier opening of slit 116 when a user bites upon bite region 104. Abutting regions 130 extend at an angle with respect to each other that is between approximately 80° and approximately 130°, preferably between approximately 90° and approximately 125°, and more preferably between approximately 100° and approximately 120°. Angles outside of this range are also within the scope of the present invention, however the above-discussed angular ranges are presently preferred. In mouthpiece 100 shown in FIGS. 19-22, regions 130 extend at an angle of approximately 114° with respect to each other, with side wall 120 having a thickness at apex 126 of approximately 0.16 inches. This thickness is measured from the supply chamber outwardly to the closest point on the outer surface of the bite region.
At apex 126 of each corner 124, bite region 108 has a reduced thickness than the corresponding regions adjacent apex 126. This thinner, generally pointed configuration of the apexes 126, along which the corresponding fold lines extend, enables the mouthpiece to flex or pivot about the apex to the dispensing position when a user bites upon region 108. Because of the reduced thickness at the apex, the mouthpiece deforms substantially by pivoting about the apex instead of by compressing a relatively thick, or even thickest, portion of the bite region. This enables the slit to create a hydraulic orifice with a larger area, without requiring the slit to be lengthened. Upon removal of the deforming force, the mouthpiece is biased to spring back to its original, unstressed position in which slit 116 is closed and no fluid is dispensed therethrough.
Experiments using mouthpiece 100 have demonstrated that fluid may be dispensed from dispensing face 106 at a rate greater than 40 ml/sec, including flowrates of approximately 45 ml/sec, under the normal operating conditions discussed previously.
As shown in FIGS. 20 and 22, lips 114 extend into supply chamber 120 beyond dispensing face 106. Furthermore, lips 114 include end walls 132 and side walls 134 that extend at an angle between face 106 and the corresponding end wall 132. End walls 132 and side walls 134 of lips 114 may include any of the configurations and shapes described above with respect to end walls 54 and side walls 56, including side walls that extend generally transverse to face 106, as shown in FIG. 23. Side walls that extend at an angle of between approximately 30° and approximately 60° are currently preferred because they promote more laminar flow of the fluid as it is received within supply chamber 120 and dispensed through slit 116, however, the invented lips encompass any of the configurations of lips disclosed herein.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.
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|U.S. Classification
|222/175, 222/490, 220/703
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 12, 2000
Owner name: CAMELBAK PRODUCTS, INC., A TEXAS CORPORATION, CALI
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|Nov 25, 2003
Owner name: BNP PARIBAS, CALIFORNIA
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Effective date: 20160401

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Has one programming error killed hundreds of people in airplane crashes? A handful of West Coast computer geeks know the answer. After reading The Pattern, you will too.
Follow auto-pilot programmer Craig Walsh and his beautiful engineer girlfriend Stacey "Jack" Horner as they create, and then confront, a malicious computer virus that seems destined to destroy air travel as we know it....
©2011 John T. Kalnay (P)2013 John T. Kalnay
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text:
Edit Article
wikiHow to Maintain Crystal Jewelry
Everyone owning crystal jewelry wants their precious possessions to shine and gleam all the time, and for this, proper cleaning is very important. So long as you are careful and aware of the proper procedure, it will be an easy task for you to clean your crystal jewelry.
to Maintain Crystal Jewelry1Put a soft thick cloth on the work area to make sure that it's safe if you drop crystal items, and to keep them from rolling away. After that, you can dust the loose dirt on crystal surface with a soft lint-free cloth or makeup brush. Another good idea is to use soft and silky paint brush.
to Maintain Crystal Jewelry2If the jewelry is so dirty that you find it important to wash the piece, you can moisten a toothbrush lightly and dip in a little toothpaste water. Make sure that the toothpaste is soft-bristled because hard toothbrushes can loosen the crystals.
to Maintain Crystal Jewelry3Scrub the crystals jewelry gently in light, circular motions. You can move it along the beads as well.
to Maintain Crystal Jewelry4Put the jewelry into warm water with diluted mild dish detergent. If you want, you can also add a small amount of isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. Then rinse with clean water and dry with an old but clean hanky, which will not leave any fuzz.
to Maintain Crystal Jewelry5Blow dry your crystal piece gently using a hairdryer on low setting. Else, dry it with velvet cloth.
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- Before going for a bath, exercising or using house cleaning liquids, take off your crystal jewelry.
- Don't put on your jewelry before applying makeup, hair products, lotions, or perfume.
- Place crystal jewelry in a separate jewelry box compartments in order to avoid scratching against other jewelry.
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text:
Feb. 2015—Since the conflict began in South Sudan in December 2013, nearly 1,200 schools in the most conflict-affected states have closed. An additional 400,000 children and adolescents have dropped out due to the crisis, and some 90 schools are occupied by fighting forces or internally displaced persons.
When the conflict erupted, some families in the Jonglei state capital of Bor were displaced from their cattle camp, Matok, to an island on the River Nile where they temporarily settled with their cattle. Although fighting drove them from their camp, the children of Matok have been able to continue learning with a simple and mobile USAID literacy program called All Children Reading.
Teachers and elders of the cattle camp are keen that their children learn to read in their mother tongue before they learn other languages. Before the conflict began, the children were introduced to reading in their mother tongue, Dinka Cham, using digital audio players provided by ACROSS, a South Sudanese NGO that implements the literacy program. Teaching materials also included an alphabet chart, alphabet book and story book.
Cattle camps such as Matok have limited access to school, and parents are reluctant to send their children to schools far from the camp. Children spend most of the day playing since their activities are limited to tending cattle, including protecting calves, milking cows and looking for water points. When the All Children Reading program was introduced to Matok, all the children and parents were excited about the opportunity.
A committed Matok mother-tongue teacher, Riak Kuol, brought the program's teaching materials to the island when the community relocated. He also bought a blackboard and chalk to help the children learn. In eight months, the children had already mastered the materials.
When ACROSS staff member John Chol visited them in May 2014, the children welcomed him with songs they had learned from the lessons. ACROSS conducted a simple survey that indicated the children could read their mother-tongue alphabet, short words and simple sentences.
Community elders of the Matok cattle camp commend the positive change in their children. "Our children were very idle," said Deng Bior, the camp's chief. "After releasing all the animals for grazing, all the children would be playing the whole day. But when you introduced the learning of mother tongue, they have now changed their style of playing. They now concentrate on learning to read."
USAID launched the All Children Reading program in 2011 as part of a Grand Challenge for Development to improve literacy rates among children in developing countries. In South Sudan, the program has focused on teaching mother-tongue literacy in lower primary grades as a practical approach for improving literacy, including in cattle camps, where illiteracy rates are high. With the aid of digital audio players, the program has benefitted 150 schools and 50 community education centers in Central Equatoria state and 100 schools and 50 nomadic cattle-keeping communities in Jonglei and Lakes states.
Follow @USAIDSouthSudan, on Facebook, on Flickr
Last updated: September 18, 2017


text:
When the small plane Autumn Veatch was on crashed last weekend in the Cascade Mountains, she said she thought she had fallen asleep and slipped into a nightmare.
"Everything was white, like everything -- all the windows -- everything was white," Veatch, 16, told NBC News. "Then suddenly it was just all trees. And then it was fire."
Her first instinct was to pull her step-grandparents from the wreckage. "They were alive," she told CNN, "and they were both screaming.
"There was no way I could get to Grandma because she was on the far side. But I assumed if I got Grandpa out first then maybe she would come out. But I was trying to pull him out and I just couldn't do it."
So, she said, she was forced to watch them die. "That's something that's going to haunt me forever," she told ABC News.
Veatch, a high school student from Bellingham, Washington, was traveling last Saturday with her step-grandparents, Leland and Sharon Bowman, on a Beech A-35 from Kalispell, Montana, to Lynden, Washington. About 30 minutes before their scheduled arrival, they hit bad weather and fell from radar.
For two days, Veatch was lost somewhere near the North Cascades National Park in northern Washington, sliding over rocks and slipping down a waterfall before eventually emerging from the dense woods and hitchhiking her way to a small-town general store.
"She's a miracle child," family friend Chelsey Clark told the Bellingham Herald this week.
Veatch said she stayed near the crash site for a while. Then she said she knew she had to start moving. She starting searching for water -- a skill learned watching survivor shows on TV with her father.
The second night she slept in a sand bank. She woke up covered in bug bites and chilled to the bone. "I just got this surge of willpower and was like there's no way I can die without hugging somebody again," she told NBC News.
Veatch took the trail to a road near the east entrance to North Cascades National Park, family friend Santina Lampman told the Seattle Times. Monday afternoon, a driver saw her sitting at the trail head, picked her up and took her to a store in Mazama, near the Canadian border.
From there, a store employee helped her call 911.
Veatch was released from the hospital Tuesday.


text:
Introduction to Team Sports/Outdoor - Rugby (1.5 per semester) A course designed to introduce students to the outdoor team sport of Rugby.
Kines 091C Introduction to Team Sports / Outdoor – Rugby (1.5 per semester)
Kinesiology 091 is a course that has been designed to give the Penn State students an introduction to a selected outdoor team sport such as but not limited to Soccer, Ultimate Frisbee, Rugby and/or Speedball. The fundamental skills, strategies and rules will be covered for the selected sport. Successful completion of the course will provide a foundation for participation in intramural activities, recreational activities and provide a gateway to life long movement.
While Kinesiology 091 will focus on the skills, strategies and rules of a selected team sport the underlying sub-focus of this course is the development of the social skills required to be a good team member. The commitment to a team sport requires students to encounter a collaborate atmosphere. As the students seek to solve complex movement problems they learn to co-operate to achieve various team goals. The improvement of individual skills is important however the successful integration of these individual skills into the team is a valuable life lesson. As the student leaves the university the lessons learned in this class will prepare him/her for "team " membership in their various areas of professional practice.
Students in Kinesiology 091 will be evaluated by a combination of evaluation techniques which may include but not be limited to written reports, skills testing, tournament performance and subject evaluation of "team" work ethics.
Clean, safe, well-lit space/field is necessary to properly deliver this course. It is anticipated that the department will offer at least two sections every fall and spring with an expected enrollment of 45 students per section.
Note : Class size, frequency of offering, and evaluation methods will vary by location and instructor. For these details check the specific course syllabus.


text:
Nigerian Popular Comedian Basketmouth after recently announcing that he has decided to kick off The Lords of The Ribs Nigeria Tour with Port Harcourt November 20th 2016, said he lost his mother yesterday night been October 3rd he also disclosed the tragic incident this morning and wrote:
"Last night my angel left me, my first love stopped breathing and it's the deepest pain I've ever felt. I love you for every sacrifice you made to make me the man I am today, I've loved you through the tough times. I've loved you through happier days and all I can say at this point is that I will love you forever. I will miss you mummy". – May her soul rest in peace Amen.
May God in Heaven give him the strength to withstand the lost. RIP to his Mum!


text:
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Trading Name: World First Limited UK
Companies House #: 05022388
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Website: https://www.worldfirst.com/
Review By: Matt Di Vincere, Editor
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World First Money Transfer Review
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Editorial World First Review Summary: "World First is the best money transfer company in the market right now. Extremely reliable, client-oriented, and has a Best Rate Guarantee for UK clients. Sign-up is all online and can be completed within 60 seconds. "
Aggregated Client Reviews: 5,000+ World First reviews, mainly on Feefo's platform. Average Rating: 98%.
Our Readers' Comments: 58 comments, vast majority praising the company.
- Large and Trusted: 75,000+ Active Clients
- 98% Positive Client Feedback
- Best Rate Guarantee (UK)
- Largest Variety of Currencies
- Great Online System and App
- Easiest Sign-Up, Most Courteous Staff
- Unavailable in some USA States
- Minimum Transfer Amount is £1,000 or equivalent
World First – Basic Company Information
Established: 2004.
International Clients: ✓ Accepted
Currencies Offered: 121.
Minimum Transfer: £1,000 (UK) / €1,000 (EU) / $1,000 (USA)
Trading via: Online Platform, Email or Telephone.
Offices In: UK, USA, The Netherlands, Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore.
Regulation: ✓ Financial Conduct Authority (UK), FinCen (USA), Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre (Canada), ASIC (Australia), Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong).
Fees: No fees for UK, European or Australian Clients, regardless of transfer size. No fees above $10,000 from North America (and $10 per transfer below that market.
There is also also an Exchange Rate Guarantee for UK Clients – World First guarantees to beat any quote from any competing companies.
World First Promotions
World First offers a Best Exchange Rate Guarantee for clients from the UK. When you register with them, simply show them a written quote you have received from your bank or other Foreign Exchange company, and they guarantee to beat it.
The full T&C is available on World First's website. Just click on the button below, and then click the green button that says "Find out more".
Additionally, you can win a £500 Amazon voucher if you use our referral link. View more details clicking on the button below.
Read More – Full World First Review
Is World First Reliable?
Company size:
World First Limited, registered and headquartered in the UK is a phenomenal Foreign Exchange company. It offers currency exchange and international payments to private clients and corporate clients. Since its establishment in 2004, the company has rapidly grown, and today it has offices across 4 continents while employing more than 300 people.
WorldFirst is ranked among top UK international money transfer companies in the UK in terms of revenues and boasts more than 75,000 "yearly active" customers.
Regulated By:
Financial Conduct Authority (UK), FinCen (USA), Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre (Canada), ASIC (Australia), Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong).
The rapid growth has won the company an inclusion in the Sunday Times Virgin Fast Track 100, in 2011, and gained it a position in the top 10 Sunday Times FastTrack companies in 2016, more than any other financial services provider in the UK.
In addition to that, it has won several prestigious awards such as the UK Customer Experience Awards in 2013, and UK National Business Award in 2011.
Recently, in April 2016, the company has been announced as the winner of the Queen's Award for International Trade, one of the most lucrative and prestigious awards in the UK.
On June 21, 2017, WorldFirst has changed it's previous logo to a new fresh and clean logo. This change reflects the new tone WorldFirst wishes to convey to its clients and prospective clients: serious, straightforward, no "fluff", transactions.
Moreover to the new logo and website design that has been initiated, World First has also decided to increase its levels of transparency. If you choose an account type, you will be able to view live rates in the same fashion as on Transferwise's website. View our re-branding news item here.
Considering the evidence above, and the fact that the former deputy governor of the Bank of England, Sir David Clementi, serves as the chairman of the board, we conclude World First is highly safe, secure and credible. Moreover, it's one of the fastest growing businesses in the UK, which definitely attests to the level of satisfaction by clients.
Do Clients Like WorldFirst? Reviews From Across The Web
There are 5,100+ World First client reviews on Feefo, one of the largest, most credible user review companies on the planet. Major companies such as Expedia and Booking.com proudly present user experiences listed on Feefo.
There are approximately 200 WorldFirst reviews to be found on ReviewCentre, another of the largest client review engines. World First has 98% positive reviews on Feefo, and 95% on ReviewCentre.
Here's a genuine, verified, comment by a client we have referred to them:
Clients praise World First on every aspect of the service. There's a multitude of client reviews describing:
- Easy sign up process.
- Happy with the rates they are given.
- Dedicated dealers are often mentioned by name, and described using the following adjectives: Professional, Knowledgeable, Polite, Customer Oriented, and Helpful .
- Satisfaction with prompt execution of transfer. Often overnight.
Among many positive reviews, we also witnessed several complaints. The majority of them focused on:
- Slower transactions to specific locations (for instance Brazil), where the process might be a tad more complicated, and requires a sign-off from the funds' recipient.
- Will not provide original copies of certain documents.
- Money not received during bank holiday .
Clients are extremely satisfied with the services provided to them by World First online, and through telephone. The few complaints (dozens from thousands of reviews) focused on areas that are objectively difficult to handle. They are required to retain original documentation, in accordance with Anti Money Laundering laws, as are all Foreign Exchange firms. Transactions are slow to reach specific areas, no matter which company you choose. In most countries, banks do not handle incoming international transactions during holiday seasons.
Overall we couldn't find any consistent, reasonable, complaints that would make us believe the service at World First is nothing short of perfect.
Read Enough?
World First's Exchange Rate & Fees
Fees: None incurred in the UK. None incurred in Europe. $10 in fixed fees for transfers under $10,000 in the USA.
Exchange Rates: As with all international money transfer companies that are geared towards larger transfers, rates are flexible. The more you transfer, depending on the currency pairs, the better the exchange you can get.
The online platform's exchange rates will usually show a saving of 50% when compared to banks, with margins around the 1% mark, which is comparable to other leading companies, and better than many others. It's not recommended to use this platform for large transfers of £20,000 and up without speaking to your dedicated dealer over the phone beforehand, and get better rates than these.
Guarantee: The thing that makes World First undoubtedly cheaper than others is the best price guarantee they have in place.
Limits: The minimum transfer amount is £1,000 (or €1000 if you are transferring from Europe), and with World First's size and liquidity, there is no upper cap on how much you can send. They are handling many business clients and online merchants, and help them transfer millions, to their utmost satisfaction.
* Transfer fees exception – USA / Canada clients transferring less than $10,000 abroad. All other transfers of all sizes do not incur any transfer fees.
Global Reach & Service
- Dedicated Dealer: Yes.
- Offices: UK, USA, The Netherlands, Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore. More over, as a World First corporate client you are able to open collection bank accounts overseas in these regions.
- Ways to approach: Email, Toll-free telephone number, Call-back form, and meetings in worldwide offices.
- Translations: World First is available in several languages. English, French, Chinese, Japanese.
- Accepts clients: Generally speaking, globally.
- Currencies Handled: Over 100.
- Client reviews: Often praise the quality of support and dedicated dealer functionality.
With a dedicated dealer team consisting of hundreds of dealers worldwide, and offices in 5 continents (including a new office in the Netherlands which is due to be opened by the end of June), service and global reach can't get much better than this.
World First Foreign Exchange deals with more currencies than any other company we have compared it to. It has more local translations than 99% of its competitors. It has dedicated support centers in each continent, which make service much more localised than with most companies. It's also worth to mention the sign up process take less than 60 seconds, while most competitors stick to perplexed and complex sign-up forms.
When it comes to global reach and service, World First FX are among the top 10 money transfer companies in the world, and with such an extensive setup of bank settlements across the world, they can make sure the transfer always remains domestic, and avoid recipient bank account fees, which is another invaluable assets. Here is how this works:
Additional Functionalities
- Market Orders.
- Limit Orders.
- Rate Watch.
- Forward Contract.
Many types of forward contracts, as well as many types of rate watch functionalities, make World First one of the best companies for large, hedged transactions.
In Feb 2017, World First has decided to drop World First Markets UK which was a subsidiary company owned by World First UK offering Participating Forwards and Call/ Put options. The reasoning behind that is focusing on the core business of payments, and the fact its corporate businesses was not using World First Markets heavily enough to justify the costs.
In May 2017, World First launched World Account – the top corporate FX feature we have seen. It enables small businesses to open bank accounts across the globe to receive payments into, and also to keep it there and use it for future payments. It is currently available in the UK and Canada.
Read more about World First's re-focus on international business on our news item.
For Online Sellers:
World First is one of few FX companies that help merchants receive payments by setting up bank accounts for them abroad (since May 2017 it is available to all corporate clients). This is an area which is highly complex and most companies would rather avoid, but World First makes it happen, and reduces costs and overheads by doing so.
eCommerce is a growing segment for World First and we have covered the ins and outs of it on our Online Seller Account page.
WorldFirst has one of the top ranked money transfer apps. Unlike most companies – who either don't have an app at all, or have apps that can only watch rates – with World First you can actually make transactions on your mobile phone. This is a great function for expats who constantly need to move money back and forth between different currencies.
The app can be found on iTunes, Google store and is even apt for Smart Watches (perhaps the only app in the industry which is suitable for these devices).
This is yet another area at which World First really excels in. It is one of less than 10 international currency transfer companies in the world with a live, functional app. It is one of around 5 companies that help you open offshore accounts to accept payments. Its hedging options are more sophisticated than the usual (convertible forwards are hard to find).
Even large financial service providers as Virgin Money (a licensed UK bank established by the Virgin Group's founder, Richard Branson, who is a multi-billionaire and one of the investors in rival company Transferwise…) use World First to transfer money for their clients.
Review Summary
- Credibility Score - 98%98%
- Client Feedback - 95%95%
- Fees, Exchange Rates - 92%92%
- Global Reach, Availability, Service - 96%96%
- Added Values - 98%98%
Bottom Line
In our opinion, World First provides one of the best money transfer services in the world. Clients tend to agree with us, with over 95% reporting a positive experience with World First.
Every aspect we have tested, from service, availability, global reach and, of course, price (no fees, and a Best Rate Guarantee) is superb. On top of that, the unique hedging and merchant services, and the fully-functional money transfer app, make it especially ground-breaking.


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Welcome to the eighth Simple Living Wednesday link up! I hope you all are enjoying this warm weather. At least in Indiana it has been record breaking warm. The farmers are concerned about the water table, though. With a mild winter and not much snow, the levels are pretty low already, and now with this unusually warm weather without much rain, crops could suffer this year!
Before we start the fun, let me share with you my affiliate program for Eden Natural Skincare and Cosmetics. If you do not know about this already, I encourage you to look into this wonderful opportunity to make a little money. You do not have to buy anything, just sign up, get your affiliate code and put my Eden image on your website sidebar. When someone clicks on the image on your site, it will take them to my website. If they buy something from my website, you get 10% of that sale! Pretty simple, huh? If you would like more information go here:
Now, back to the link up! I can't tell you how much I enjoy browsing through all of your wonderful posts! I'm so thankful for your participation!
My simple rules are, to please link your post(s) back to Our Simple Farm and please read some of the other wonderful posts that everyone else has linked.
You can post as many as you want. Ideas include anything having to do with homesteading, biblical living, sustainable farming, bartering, income ideas, homemaking, homeschooling, DIY projects and anything else you think would fit! I would love for you to grab my button!
Are you encouraged by Our Simple Farm? If so, would you join me? Look to the upper left to join this blog, subscribe via email or like me on Facebook. You can also look below and become a fan by liking my blog and/or follow me on Twitter!


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Do Americans need to know how all presidential candidates measure up? There is more to this story than meets the eye and The Presidential Height Index indicates that since the 1900 Camp Pain, the taller does much better election 19 times.
CITY IMAGES wants to know If height is so important, how do all these presidential candidates measure up?
What about height and body mass index? Who will this influence perceived leadership abilities with three-dimensional faces and double chins? Is these are that important, then why hold a debate?
The following are height and weight statistics of the Presidents of the United States . The tallest, the shortest, the fattest, the thinnest American Presidents. Who do you like and why?
GOOGLE: voters want to know https://www.google.com/trends/story/c5c95ce9-6b74-4939-b112-57e405ef0109
Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft 3.75 in (192.4 cm) edges out Lyndon B. Johnson as the tallest president.
City Island Images is proud to offer "Front Pages" from newspapers all over the globe. They are today's chosen front pages from many cities and countries. For copyright protection, watermarks are occasionally placed on front pages that cover news events of historic significance.
Through a special agreement with more than 800 newspapers worldwide, the Newseum displays these front pages each day on its website. The front pages are in their original, unedited form, and some may contain material that is deemed objectionable to some visitors. Discretion is advised.
Anyone seeking permission to use a front page must credit the Newseum and contact the newspaper directly for permission. U.S. copyright laws apply.


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We recommend upgrading to the latest Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, or Firefox.
If you are using IE 9 or later, make sure you turn off "Compatibility View".
Handpicked brands for you
Did some shooting earlier this week around #Nashville with some young bucs that rip. Here we got @trainhorn360 messing with a kicker downtown. Photo cred @mcencula


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CBGBs is shuttered: It's the place I first saw Patti Smith play. Just Kids--a tender look at her lifelong friendship with Robert Mapplethorpe--brings back memories about being broke and sometimes at a loss--but still feeling as if something great could happen at any moment and that poetry and literature could change the world.
I love the photos by Jon Naar in The Faith of Graffitti: Before high-tech, non-stick subway trains were born, Redbirds were moving art galleries. Do you remember checking to see if the paint was dry before you sat down and not being able to see out the window? You can see a few of those photos here--and read some of Norman Mailer's essay.
Why am I sentimental about a time when the city had high crime rates and dirty streets?


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Build Guide by Vorpal Shadow
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Shen Build
Purchase Order
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Spells [/u} Exhaust - Exhuast is good for runners when you don't have dash. When they run you hit em' with exhaust and slow. As they slow you (if you have it) shadow dash to them and vorpal blade. Then, you repeatedly attack them.
Teleport - Teleport is good for when you dont have Stand United. this allows you to quickly get in the game early (if you die) or tele to attack a turret or kill another summoner.
Core - Your primary items are Leviathan, Ninja Tabi, and Frozen mallet. These give you survivabilty, speed, and little damage. Leviathan owns when you get kills, giving you +64 for a kill and +32 for an assist. At 20 stacks, damage reduction is +15%. Ninja Tabi for speed as all boots. Frozen mallet slows them allowing exhaust and shadow dash not being used as much. Frozen mallet also gives health + 20 damage.
You want to have someone else with you. Start off by buying a Ruby crystal and heading top or bottom lane. Get in the bush and ambush. Attack minions and make money. Try to get a kill before getting leviathan.Now, you should start getting kills. If you die, its okay but try to stay alive. Get your Ninja Tabi at about 1-20 and frozen mallet heading into about 20-30 min. Now, you can kill. Gank enemies and 1v1 for kils. Do not go against a tank unless they are under 3/4 health. Even though Sword of the divine and Malady get items that help you kill the enemy. For example, a Tryndamere going Hack and Slash or a Dps'er such as warwick or teemo would be good to get armor or something else. Also, if it is a 2v1 you should be able to take them if they are somewhat to 100% squishy. Ability power doesn't do anything so don't get that unless its low like a Malady. If you need anything added tell me.
Skill Sequences coming


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POUR IT ON! 1942. Original WW2 Poster (30 x 40" / 80 x 100 cm) originally rolled and now linen backed. Designed by Garrett Price (1896-1979) this powerful image published by the War Production Board shows a foundry worker transforming molten metal into planes. A rare poster that is seldom seen online.
This poster was in extremely fine condition prior to linen backing.
Condition C9. Sold Linen Backed for $750
To see this poster and others visit our gallery the Limited Edition in old town Katy, Texas. Providing poster sales, Linen Backing, Restoration and Framing services to the Houston, San Antonio, Austin and Dallas regions since 1994.
The Limited Edition Art and Antiques was established in 1994 in Historic Downtown Katy, Texas and features an eclectic variety of antiques, ephemera and original folk art created by the proprietor Elizabeth Proctor.
We specialize in the sales, linen backing, restoration and framing of vintage posters, We purchase collections and offer consignment services for your collections.
Follow us on Facebook at
"About Limited Edition"
Gallery Phone: 281-391-1993
EMail: [email protected]
Location: 5717 Second Street Katy, TX. 77493
Find Us – Google Map


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Patna, Aug 10 (IANS) Actor-turned-MP Shatrughan Sinha on Monday said he was a "committed soldier" of the BJP and has full faith in it, after some party leaders criticised him for praising Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar.
"I joined the BJP when there was no chance of it coming to power," Sinha, the Lok Sabha member from Patna Saheb, told reporters.
Sinha — popularly known as "Bihari Babu" — said that those party leaders who have questioned his commitment to the Bharatiya Janata Party were much junior to him in the party.
Sinha was criticised by some party leaders for praising Janata Dal-United leader Nitish Kumar twice recently. He described Nitish Kumar as the best chief minister Bihar has seen. Some BJP leaders even questioned Sinha for meeting Nitish Kumar twice.


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BalenciagaPink Balenciaga Satin Moto Flap Clutch Bag
This moto clutch is constructed of pink satin with gold toned hardware. Features buckle accents. Zipped pocket at the front. Top zipper under flap. Interior includes a single open pocket with a mirror accessory.
Made in: Italy Color: Pink Fabric Content: Satin Condition: Pre-owned. This item is in good condition.Some discoloration on front and interior zipper hardware. No other visible signs of wear and tear.
Measurements & Sizing
- Total Height: 7"
- Total Length: 11"
Returns & Shipping
Luxury Garage Sale guarantees that all items sold on our site are 100% authentic. All products we accept are inspected for brand-specific guidelines and are put through a rigorous authenticity test process.
Handbags, accessories and jewelry are final sale.
LGS is not affiliated with Balenciaga. We guarantee this Balenciaga item to be authentic. Balenciaga® is a registered trademark of Balenciaga.
Item #: 120131


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March 9, 2005
Federal money for political advocacy is on the rise, says John Samples of the Cato Institute.
In light of recent news that columnist Armstrong Williams accepted $240,000 from the Bush Administration to promote the No Child Left Behind Act, the bigger picture, says Samples, is that the government is using taxpayer money to advocate its policies.
Several examples abound:
- In Washington, D.C., taxpayer money is used to purchase billboards to encourage Metro riders to contact their representatives and demand more spending on the Metro.
- A few years ago, Ohio's governor spent public money trying to defeat an initiative that would have allowed treatment instead of prison for first and second-time drug offenders.
- The Bush administration spent $250 million in taxpayer money on public relations, some of it used to advocate for the Medicare drug benefit and new drug enforcement efforts.
Using government subsidies for political advocacy is nothing new, according to economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo. Twenty years ago, the economists began documenting ways taxpayers were forced to support political causes of the left and the right. Even then the subsidies ran into the hundreds of millions of dollars.
The 109th Congress should get government out of the business of funding political advocacy, and should eliminate subsidies to politically active groups, says Samples.
Source: John Samples, "Defund Everyone," Cato Institute, February 4, 2005.
For text:
Browse more articles on Government Issues


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The 15th Annual
Yankee Peddler Today Festival
September 2018
8-9, 15-16 and 22-23
10:30am - 6:00pm
Clay's Park Resort, Canal Fulton, OH
Switch to
About Us
The Association and the Yankee Peddlers work tirelessly to enable visitors to immerse themselves in a time when crafting was the only way of life. We want our visitors to be able to explore and appreciate the beauty of arts and crafts in as "pure" a way as possible.
The Yankee Peddler Today Festival examines modern crafts. All of our crafters must exhibit all three weekends and demonstrate a minimum 50% of the time. Artisans and crafters are expected to provide educational displays and written histories of their crafts.
Only handcrafted goods made by the exhibitors are permitted. Any accessories (i.e. belt buckles, etc) must also be handmade.
The following items are strictly prohibited for our vendors
crafts made from kits
crafts that appear as if they are made from kits
items with plastic parts and/or plastic trim
arrangements of mass-produced dried or silk flowers
sewing that employs zig-zag stitching or that is made from "cheaters cloth"
"cutesy" items that are not of the period, eg., Disney and Holly Hobby characters
2014-2018 © Yankee Peddler Festival Association
If you are having a technical problem with this web page, please contact the webmaster


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Q&A: What's the best proxy server to get around China's firewall?
August 9, 2011 by admin
Filed under Discussions
Question by Claire: What's the best proxy server to get around China's firewall?
I've been trying lots of them and most don't work and those that do the pages don't load properly. I heard there's a good Arabic proxy server that works?
I guess a cyber cafe is the way to go then huh? Because they already have the software installed.
Best answer:
Answer by Jingjing
Use of proxies or virtual private networks to tunnel through our censorship in China is illegal and can land you in trouble.
As a foreigner visiting China, you are expected to follow the local custom and laws. If you are found in violation, punitive measures can be initiated against you and you might be deported.
We wish you a pleasant stay in China.
Add your own answer in the comments!


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The Solar Dudes return with an episode revolving around some horror stories they have encountered in the industry. Listen as they explore the net metering fiasco in Las Vegas, having to custom-make off the shelf parts in the middle of nowhere, and the different surprise visitors they have met on the job-site.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Subscribe: iTunes | Android | Google Play | Stitcher | RSS


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The start of major construction on the Columbia River Crossing is now set back to late 2014 — and that's if both states and the federal government are able to get financial plans in place, project directors told a legislative oversight committee Tuesday.
The news was delivered during a daylong meeting at Vancouver City Hall, the first convened by the Joint Transportation Committee's Columbia River Crossing subcommittee. The bipartisan group of state representatives and senators is tasked with making recommendations on how to proceed with the $3.5 billion project.
The state's Deputy Transportation Secretary David Dye emphasized the importance of the project, stressing that both Oregon and Washington must commit money soon. Dye chalked up the latest timing setback to "funding realities."
It also puts the project's major construction start time in a place where it's been since 2008: two years away. In 2008, plans for construction were set for 2010, and by 2010, word was construction would start in 2012.
A spokeswoman said Wednesday that minor construction, such as utility and other work, will likely start next year.
"The best possible scenario (for construction) is the latter part of 2014," Dye said. "A lot of things have to come together."
The project is relying on an approximately three-way split between tolling, the federal government and the two states. But uncertainty has swirled as Oregon and Washington legislatures balk at committing on their side without knowing what the
other state is thinking. And the federal government likes to see locals ante up first.
"Why is it the states always have to come forward first and then the feds may help to support us?" committee member Sen. Curtis King, R-Yakima, asked. "What's going to happen if we get there and they don't come forward with the money?"
Oregon Department of Transportation Director Matthew Garrett said that he sees it differently, saying that the project has clearly been labeled a top priority of the Obama administration. But he cautioned that "political winds do blow," and if the president is voted out in November, "I'm not sure we'd be in a similar situation."Most of the meeting was spent acquainting the members to the project and included a three-hour tour aboard a C-Tran bus to see the project site that the media were not allowed on.
Members asked questions about the Coast Guard permitting issue as well, with legislators particularly interested in how the CRC staff selected a 95-foot bridge height, which Coast Guard officials have since said is too low and will not be allowed.
Maritime law prohibits projects from blocking the "reasonable needs" of river users; the Coast Guard has indicated that 95 feet of clearance (and 80 feet in high water) does not meet those reasonable needs.
Staff said they are reassessing river users and hope to have a mitigation plan and a permit by the end of the year.
Oregon Sen. Lee Beyer, D-Springfield, chairman of the Oregon oversight committee — which has held about five meetings already — updated his Washington counterparts on their work. He also said that his committee is far from making recommendations, but offered his personal opinion.
"It's become clear to me that this is really a project of national significance," he said.
Beyer added that Oregon may not have to ask voters to approve the finance plan for its expected share of the project costs: The Oregon Legislature can enact a gas tax or license fee increase without a public vote. Of course, he added, Oregon voters could refer it to the ballot.
At least one Washington committee member, Chairman and Rep. Mike Armstrong, R-Wenatchee, also offered his take on the CRC: "I personally believe that bus rapid transit would do every bit as well as light rail, but that's for someone else to decide as far as I'm concerned. And I don't want this project driven by the chance that there's some federal money we might get."
The oversight committee's next meeting is tentatively set for Aug. 20, with a place yet to be determined.
The members of the committee are: Rep. Ann Rivers, R-La Center; Rep. Jim Moeller, D-Vancouver; Chairman Rep. Mike Armstrong, R-Wenatchee; Rep. Judy Clibborn, D-Mercer Island; Sen. Tracey Eide, D-Federal Way; and Sen. Curtis King, R-Yakima.
Andrea Damewood: 360-735-4542; http://www.twitter.com/col_cityhall; firstname.lastname@example.com.


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VideoHive Fighting club 223146
After Effects Project Files \ Video Displays \ Grunge
Fighting club 223146 by white-shade @ VideoHive
After Effects Project Files \ Video Displays \ Grunge
After Effects Version: CS4, CS5 File Size: 276mb Requires Plugins: No Resolution: 1920x1080
Hello, dear colleagues!
At this time I have something special. If you need to make a promo for a boxing match,
any martial arts or simply aggressive and bright promo to attract attention to your offer then this project for you
If you think this project is too bloody I have included in the archive 2 projects Bloody Version and Version Without blood
Projects are configured identically and differ only in the presence or absence of a bloody design elements.
About project:
Original aggressive design
No plug-ins required
Very easy to use just put yor video in placeholders and edit text
13 textholders
4 placeholders
HD resolution (1080p)
Archive included 2 projects (Bloody Version and Version Without blood) Each project contains 2 version of final result
Long version and Short version
Duration of long version- 00:53. Duration of short version 00:40 (short version does not contain a scene with silhouettes of fighters)
If you need information about audio Ive used in Video preview please, contact me via my personal page.
Font Ive used in the project: Choc
Also archive containes version without prerendered elements. You need Trapcode Shine, Trapcode Horizon and Optical flares to edit this version
If your video should not be about boxing but about another form of martial arts I can edit the project to suit your needs
Preview in HD 1080 resolution
Short version in HD 1080 resolution
Please rate it.
Do not forget to check my bestsellers THE BRILLIANT BEAUTY (its very versatile), SUMMER and other works I promise that you will find many useful things
Wellcome to my channel on You tube if you want to get my FREEBIES
Also don forget to follow me on VIDEOHIVE to getting more useful and even FREE stuff!
Download Link
Create VideoHive Fighting club 223146 style with After Effect, Cinema 4D, 3DS Max, Apple Motion or Flash. Audio or music for VideoHive Fighting club 223146. Full details of VideoHive Fighting club 223146 for digital design and education. VideoHive Fighting club 223146 desigen style information or anything related.


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Choosing the Greater Bangor region to host your wedding or civil union ceremony will be one of the best decisions you make about your big day. Not only will you get the varied landscapes and venues that we offer but you will also have access to the complimentary services of the Greater Bangor Convention & Visitors Bureau (GBCVB).
We can help you find shower, rehearsal dinner, ceremony and reception venues, local area vendors, and accommodations for you and your out-of-town guests. The GBCVB also can provide you with planning information and visitor information. We can help make your wedding stand out and be remembered!
We can assist with gathering room blocks – one phone call to us can get you proposals with rates and availability from our member properties. Looking for area activities for your guests or even to incorporate into your wedding – we can help coordinate group activities or create sample itineraries for your guests.


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Colleen Renner is recognized by Continental Who's Who
Jun 29, 2016, 15:14 ET
LITTLETON, Colo., June 29, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- Colleen Renner is recognized by Continental Who's Who as a Pinnacle Professional in the field of Travel and Leisure. Colleen is a Professional Travel Consultant with Accessible World Travel, LLC.
Specializing in tourism and vacation planning, Colleen is a seasoned consultant providing clients with travel options throughout Mexico, Ireland and Hawaii. Having traveled to over thirty states and countless islands across the world, Colleen's expertise and knowledge of travel and leisure help her greatly when working with clients.
In addition to vacationing, Colleen also assists couples planning destination weddings as well as various cruising options. A testament to her success, she was recognized as a VIP Woman of The Year by the National Association of Professional Women.
Prior to her consulting career, Colleen worked for the state of Colorado for thirty years. She actively maintains affiliation with NACTA and EnGAYged Weddings and enjoys golfing and exercise in her free time.
Throughout the course of her educational career, Colleen attained her Bachelor's degree in Physical Education and Biology from Western State College. She also holds an Associate's degree in Travel and Tourism Management and an additional certificate in Travel Tourism from Arapahoe Community College.
For more information, please visit www.accessibleworldtravel.com
Contact: Katherine Green, 516-825-5634, firstname.lastname@example.com
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/colleen-renner-is-recognized-by-continental-whos-who-300292214.html
SOURCE Continental Who's Who


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Makenna comb
Makenna comb
from 157.00
This charming comb features flexible hand-wired sprigs tipped with dozens of shimmering Swarovski crystals and pearls that are hand-formed into an organic arrangement of beaded beauty.
- Beaded cluster is about 3.75" x 1.25". Comb is about 3.5" long with approximately 1.25" long teeth.
- Genuine Swarovski crystals & pearls.
- Secures with a metal comb that can be additionally secured with bobby pins as needed.
- Packaged in my signature heirloom box.
- Completely handmade in my Denver, CO studio.
- Can't decide which color you need? CLICK HERE to order a swatch card.
- Want to try this on in person or customize your color or design? CLICK HERE to find a boutique near you!
- Ships in 5-10 business days. Please CONTACT my team to inquire about expedited processing.
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