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Resource Center
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If you need help, please click here to contact our Product Defect Lawyers.
Government Resources
- Library of Congress
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Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
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Federal Legislation
- Product Liability Reform Act of 1998 [S.2236.PCS]
- Product Liability Reform Act of 1997 [S.648.RS]
- Federal Trade Commission
Indiana Government Information
Indiana Code
- Causes of Action: Products Liability (IC 34-20)
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- Securities and Exchange Commission
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- U.S. Food and Drug Administration / Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
United States' Code
- The Consumer Product Safety Act (15 U.S.C. Chapter 47)
United States' Supreme Court
- Supreme Court – Recent Cases on Consumer Law
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Sound Multiple Choice Questions Test 2 Tests pdf Download
Practice physics test 2 on sound MCQs, grade 10 speed of sound multiple choice questions and answers. Speed of sound revision test has physics worksheets, answer key with choices as 20 times that in gas, 10 times that in gas, 5 times that in gas and 15 times that in gas of multiple choice questions (MCQ) with speed of sound quiz as the speed of sound in solids is for competitive exam prep. Free physics study guide to learn speed of sound quiz to attempt multiple choice questions based test.
MCQs on Sound Quiz pdf Download Worksheets 2
MCQ. Speed of sound in solids is
- 10 times that in gas
- 20 times that in gas
- 5 times that in gas
- 15 times that in gas
MCQ. Barely audible sound is called
- 1 bel
- zero bel
- 4 bel
- 2 bel
MCQ. Time a sound wave having frequency 2 KHz and wavelength 35 cm requires to cover distance of 1.5 Km is
- 2.1 s
- 10 s
- 20 s
- 8 s
MCQ. Speed of sound can be found by relation
- v = cλ
- v = ma
- v = fλ
- f=1⁄T
MCQ. Frequency of tuning fork depends on
- mass of its prongs
- area of its prongs
- stiffness of its prongs
- density of its prongs


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Minnesota Vikings quarterback Christian Ponder revealed Wednesday in London that he sustained a rib injury last Sunday against the Cleveland Browns.
Ponder said the rib injury occured early in the game but he was able to play through it. He will be limited during the Vikings' walk-through today.
"We'll see how he progresses today and tomorrow," Frazier said. "We'll probably have a better feel on Friday. But today will be a big signal as to what direction we need to go."
Ponder said he's dealt with rib injuries before and played through them times in college.
"We are going to push it to the limit and see what we can do in a smart way," Ponder said.
Through three games, Ponder ranks 21st in the NFL in passing yards (230.2 per game), 22nd in completion percentage (59%) and 30th in passer rating (65.9). He has two touchdown passes and five interceptions.
"My mindset is that I want to play this game, and we'll do everything possible to do so," Ponder said.
"I dont have a concern right now."
The Vikings face the Pittsburgh Steelers Sunday at Wembley Stadium. They arrived on Tuesday while the Steelers will arrive on Friday.


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- Murrieta Valley's boys and girls teams placed fifth in the state in Division I, and took third and fourth respectively at CIF-SS Finals
- Temecula Valley's Brett Campfield finished sixth at the CIF-SS Finals and ninth at State in Division I
- Great Oak's girls team finished fifth in CIF-SS Division IV and 12th in State, in its first year of competition with only underclassmen.
- Linfield Christian's girls' team qualified for CIF-SS Division IV finals for the first time ever
- Vista Murrieta's girls team placed sixth in its section of the Division II prelims
Woodbridge Invitational at Irvine Woodbridge HS, Sept. 17, TBA—— So who trained this summer? Woodbridge's fast, flat course will let you know, and with seven nationally ranked programs in the mix it's the highest caliber early season meet.
Mt. SAC Invitational, Oct. 22, TBA —— Is always a mid-season indicator of whose going to be the best. The majority of the Valley's teams will be there.
Southwestern League Finals at Temecula Valley HS, Nov. 3, 2:30 p.m. —— Chaparral, Murrieta Valley, Temescal Canyon, Vista Murrieta, and Rancho Verde will run against the Golden Bears on their hilly home course.
Sunbelt League Finals at Elsinore HS, Nov. 2, 2 p.m. —— Elsinore, Paloma Valley, Perris, Hemet, West Valley, and Vista del Lago will square off.
Big Sky League Finals at Moreno Valley Calvary Chapel, Oct. 29. TBA —— Calvary Chapel, Linfield Christian, and Lakeside will compete against league power Woodcrest Christian.
Patrick Milloy, Sr., Murrieta Valley
Mike Munoz, Sr., Murrieta Valley
Ryan Sanders, Sr., Vista Murrieta
Nicole Matera, So., Vista Murrieta
Lauren Campfield, Jr., Great Oak
Liana Boucher, Jr., Murrieta Valley
Coach: Ryan Wiley, second season
Key Runners: Jeremiah Wells, Jr.; Andrew Lammers, Jr.; Destin Smith, Jr.; Ryan LaPierre, Jr.; Mark Langworthy, So.; Ariel Clingman, Fr.; Liz Langworthy, Jr.; Kelly Nicholson, Jr.; Sarah Williams, Sr.; Morgan Hefley, Jr.
Outlook: Woodcrest Christian is a perennial power in the Big Sky League, but the Warriors are hoping to sneak by the Royals with a growing squad in numbers and talent. Wiley expects Wells and Clingman to be his frontrunners, and would like to see them place among the top runners once postseason races begin.
Coach: Martin Disenbacher, third season
Key Runners: Ian Iversen, Sr.; Rikya Grayham, Jr.; Vianna Hochstrasser, So.; Amy Porter, Jr.; Heather Donovan, So.; Sonja Hogan, So.; Brittany O'Connell, Sr.
Outlook: Disenbacher lost a couple of his fastest boys to graduation, so the Pumas are lacking in depth, though Iversen could contend as an individual in the tough Southwestern League. Porter and Hochstrasser will provide some strength on the girls side, leading a young but promising squad.
Coach: Larry Allen, third season with Tigers, 25th overall
Key Runners: Tony Martinez, So.; Chris Merchant, Jr.; Josh Birnbaum, So.; Alex Williams, Sr.; Gary Davis, Jr.; Erica Castillo, So.; Jennifer O'Connor, Jr.; Nicole Johnson, Sr.; Elizabeth Martinez-Cruz, Sr.; Pelham Britt, Sr.; Victor Sandoval, Fr.; Amelah McGinness, Fr.; Alison Roeder, So.; Angil Barraza, Sr.
Outlook: When it comes down to the Sunbelt League, Allen admits that Hemet is the obvious favorite on both the boys and the girls sides. But with more and more numbers, Allen's Tigers are looking to be in the hunt —— if not this year then in the future. Allen's son Ryan, a former standout at Temescal Canyon, will help his father with the coaching duties.
Coach: Doug Soles, second season
Key Runners: Lauren Campfield, Jr.; Heather Wilson, Fr.; Pilar Plummer, So.; Alli Gallaher, So.; Abbey Gallaher, So.; Jessica Barnard, So.; Stephanie Winkenweider, Fr.; Christian Harding, So.; Cory Shallow, Fr.; Aaron Bauer, Fr.; Chris Vordahl, Fr.; Will Griffin, So.; Ruben Moreno, Jr.; Robert Fischer, So.
Outlook: The Wolfpack, which is currently running at 115 strong (and growing), will take their young, but hard-working team into the De Anza League as a primer course before being thrust into the Southwestern League in 2006. Despite her freshman status, Wilson should battle it out with Great Oak's veteran Campfield, as the girls try to recreate and even better their state meet performance in 2004. For the boys, Soles will rely on the solid pack of his front seven (listed above) to make the Wolfpack's success widespread.
Coach: Steve Dennison, first season with Lancers, 24th overall
Key Runners: Jefferson Cortez, Fr.; Katie Montano, Fr.; Justin Barker, Fr.; Jake Deavers, So.
Outlook: Dennison moved across Lake Elsinore after spending four years coaching cross country and track and field at Temescal Canyon. He is using his expertise to try and build a solid roster in the Lancers first year with freshmen and sophomores, and has hope in the young talent of freshmen Montano and Cortez.
Coach: Jorunn Phipps, first season
Key Runners: Quentin Haggard, Sr.; Sydney Smith, Sr.; Christina Gomez, Jr.; Erika Lacey, So.; Ashley Johnson, So.
Outlook: Phipps takes over a program Lions first coach Ruth Wysocki built from the ground up. A former distance runner at Pepperdine, Phipps has a team of veteran girls will look to contend for the Big Sky League title, and improve on their CIF-SS Finals appearance in 2004. Haggard should lead a young boys squad.
Coach: Steve Chavez, 11th season
Key Runners: Patrick Milloy, Sr.; Mike Munoz, Sr.; Stephen Rutgers, Sr.; Connor Pastoor, Jr.; Zander Jerkins, Jr.; Andy Pascuito, Fr.; Daniel Knauer, Fr.; Liana Boucher, Jr.; Taryn Pastoor, So.; Celia Pourtau, Sr.; Jessica Walker, Sr.; Kendall Dye, Fr.; Paige Mobley, So.
Outlook: The Nighthawks are the team to beat once again in the Valley —— just look at the CIF-SS Division I polls. Murrieta Valley tops the girls' poll and is ranked second in the boys. Milloy is fresh off a breakthrough track season, in which he placed fourth in the state in the two-mile, but guess what? He likes cross country better, and Munoz is right there with him. On the girls side, the Nighthawks have a team that Chavez calls his strongest ever, because it has depth.
Coach: Tim Heck, second season
Key Runners: Josh Acosta, Jr.; Renee Lopez. Sr.; Evan Cook, Sr.;Matt Sturgis, Fr.; James Moore, Fr.; Jeanette Hernandez, Jr.;Heather Vernon, So.; Jacques Shull, Jr.; Natalie Hoover, Sr.;Brianna Frank, Fr.
Outlook: Heck's female runners are hoping for a top-three finish in the Sunbelt League, and have come out in the early season much stronger than last year. Acosta will be another strong frontrunner for the boys.
Coach: Lenise Woodside, sixth season
Key Runners: Ryann Bell, Sr.; Kalyn Kenney, So.; Ashley Grimm, So.; Shannon Smith, So.; Francesca Guerre, So.; Kyle Russell, Sr.; Travis Thorne, Sr.; Michael Stefanyshyn, Fr.; Thomas Pohill, Sr.; Justin Gerritsen, So.; Mark Lorack, Jr.
Outlook: The Golden Bears' girls team will be led by Kenney, who was the Bears' frontrunner in 2004 as a freshman. Grimm moved in from Iowa and should be Temecula's No. 2 runner. For the boys, losing Brett Campfield left a huge hole, but Woodside has faith in her young team.
Coach: Phil Dampier, first season with the Titans, fourth overall
Key Runners: Zach Carrier, Sr.; Jacob Taylor, Jr.; Robert Sandberg, Sr.; Nick Vuong, Sr.; Mike Sanchez, Sr.; Devin Everett, Sr.; Matt Hromin, Jr.; Nick Guiterrez, Sr.; Stacie Nowak, Jr.; Jana Basubas, So.; Noelle Winters, Sr.; Nicole Winters, Sr.; Jackie Young, So.; Kaila Perez, So.
Outlook: A former head cross country coach for Elsinore, Dampier will look to rebuild the Titans distance program, and will bank off top runners Carrier and Basubas (who won the Southwestern League 800-meter title during track season).
Coaches: Karen Candaele (third season) and Denise Robinson (first season)
Key Runners: Ryan Sanders, Sr.; John Matson, Jr.; Anthony Barnes, Sr.; Marc Groulx, So.; Chase Welch, So.; Anthony Bennett, Fr.; Andrew Oliveras, Fr.; Caitlin Coomber, So.; Nicole Matera, So.; Dannica Rosendale, Fr.; Theresa Landwehr, Sr.; Brittany Cook, Fr.; Brianna Gara, Jr.
Outlook: The Broncos girls' squad are looking young, fast, and ready to tackle the Southwestern League. Matera has ran some quick early season times, as have the Broncos' top five. Sanders, a CIF-SS Finalist in the 800 meters last spring, will pace a boys team which finished fourth in league last season.


text: The bar, restaurant and coffee shop at Kabira Country Club, Kampala offers international class wining and dining and is open to both members and non members. It is the ideal location for both social and business gatherings, whether for two people or a major party. Kabira Country Club combines short and long term residential accommodation and conference facilities with the most prestigious health, fitness and leisure complex in Uganda.


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HealthDri Reusable Briefs
Product Overview
Salk HealthDri Reusable Briefs
Healthdri™ Reusable Briefs Men'S For Moderate Incontinence (Absorbs 2.5 Oz. Of Liquid)
AllegroMedical.com presents The Healthdri™ Reusable Briefs Men'S For Moderate Incontinence (Absorbs 2.5 Oz. Of Liquid) offered from Salk Company. Salk HealthDri™ Mens Moderate Reusable Cotton Briefs offer complete protection with the look, feel and care of regular underwear. It will fill the absorbency requirements of 80 percent to 90 percent of all incontinence sufferers. A patented moisture transport system designed to keep users dry while providing peace of mind about moisture absorbency and clothing protection. The comfort of reusable with the absorbency of a disposable.
- Soft-wicking layer accelera.
- Shell is 100% cotton, inner fabric is cotton/polyester/nylon.
- A patented moisture transport system designed to keep users dry.
- The comfort of reusables with the absorbency of a disposable.
- A return to dignity for those who require incontinence products while providing peace of mind about moisture absorbency and clothing protection.
- An environmentally friendly and cost saving alternative to disposables.
- Garments that look and feel like the undergarment men have worn all their lives, not an adult version of a diaper.
- HealthDri™ garments will fill the absorbency requirements of 80-90% of all incontinence sufferers.
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Salk HealthDri Reusable Briefs
HealthDri Reusable Briefs Reviews Summary
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Part Number(s): 098 573146 03, 098 573146 01, 098 573146 02
Mfg Part Number(s): BM0XL, BM00L, BM00M
Scrip Part Number(s): 098 573146 01, 098 573146 02, 098 573146 03
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Rob Gronkowski's ankle injury would keep him out of a regular season game
I don't know if you've heard, but Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski is dealing with an ankle injury ahead of Super Bowl XLVI. Gronk's agent, Drew Rosenhaus, talked a little bit about it on NBC "SportsTalk" Thursday. Via Pro Football Talk:
Rosenhaus was careful to point out that he didn't want to get himself in trouble with Patriots coach Bill Belichick. But Rosenhaus also conceded that the injury is sufficiently bad that, if it wasn't the Super Bowl, Gronkowski definitely wouldn't be playing.
But it is the Super Bowl, and at this point, I think everyone just assumes that we'll see Gronkowski playing on Sunday. He did take part in practice on Thursday for the first time since the AFC championship game, and head coach Bill Belichick reported no setbacks.
But if there's zero chance that he'd play in a regular-season game, one has to wonder how badly Gronkowski will be hobbled during the game. Can he even be a factor?
And is there a possibility that he won't be a factor, the Patriots know he won't be a factor, and they're going through the charade just so the Giants have to prepare for him anyway? I'm not usually the conspiracy theory type, but it is Bill Belichick and it is the Super Bowl, so I'm not ruling out anything.
Rob Gronkowski might not even exist. He might just be a series of CGI highlights created by Jerry Bruckheimer and fed to ESPN to convince the Giants that they had to prepare for a superhuman tight end.
Personally, I'm hoping for the opposite scenario ‒ that Gronkowski, with the benefit of a miracle or a needle, can go out there on Sunday and perform like he's 100 percent. Unless you're a Giants fan, we all lose with a limited Gronk.


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The temperatures rose as we climbed. We felt parched, as though the sun had finally dried every last drop of liquid in our bodies. I began imagining icy cold drinks: frosted glasses of lemonade, ice filled glasses of tea or soda, frozen beverages such as milkshakes or Jamba Juice, or even wet frozen treats such as Popsicles or ice cream bars. But most of all I thought of water.
I thought about how long it had been since we had seen a natural source of water. It had been three days. Three days ago we had crossed a small creek in Long Canyon on our way to Mt. Laguna. Since then, the only water available on the trail had been brought there by humans: the faucets at Mt. Laguna, the water cache at Pioneer Mail, the Rodriguez water tank, the cache at Scissors Crossing.
Just as my thirst reached its peak, I heard a shriek from up the trail. "Water!" Sierra cried. There, next to the trail was a brown wooden sign with the word "water" carved and painted on it in bold white letters. Following the arrow down a side trail, we reached a true oasis in the desert: the Third Gate Water Cache. There, under the shade of a scrubby tree were over one hundred gallons of fresh, pure water, each one hand-carried over 13 miles to that location by generous volunteers. Reluctant to waste even one drop of that precious water brought to us by such selfless effort, we took only one pint, just enough to get us the remaining ten miles to Barrel Springs.
All too quickly, the hot afternoon sun dropped lower in the sky, and we watched the sun set behind the mountains. We continued hiking by twilight, and then by headlamp. The evening sounds seemed magnified by the darkness: the hoot of an owl, the rustling of the grass, the howls and yips of the coyotes. From time to time an eye reflected back at me from up the trail. Each time I approached, a small burrowing owl flew off into the night, with heavy flapping of its tiny wings.
It was late when we finally reached Barrel Springs, the end of a 24 mile day, now 101 miles from the border, where our journey began.


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Our kitchen cabinets have visually challenged me for a long time. I really contemplated painting them. The trend is: If you ain't got the cash to replace them – paint those cabinets. Well, I've done that. I painted my bathroom cabinets. And … Continue reading
Tag Archives: cabinet
WHAT IS THIS THING? Mystery at the Thrift Shop
I love a good mystery, don't you?? Mom and I were "getting our thrift on" (near her house, not mine) about a month ago looking for a specific item. While we didn't find what we wanted (of course) we did … Continue reading


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WASHINGTON, D.C., NOV. 30, 2010 (Zenit.org).- The U.S. bishops are urging congressmen to ratify the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) to decrease nuclear weaponry.
Bishop Howard Hubbard of Albany, New York, chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Committee on International Justice and Peace, sent a letter Monday to all senators underlining this request.
The New START agreement was signed April 8 by U.S. President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, but it has yet to be ratified by congress.
According to the treaty, the nuclear arsenals of both countries would be reduced by 30%.
Archbishop Timothy Dolan of New York, the newly elected president of the bishops' conference, affirmed, "I renew and reemphasize the position taken by my predecessor, Cardinal Francis George, that the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is 'a steadfast supporter of strong and bipartisan action on the new START Treaty.'"
In his letter to the senators, Bishop Hubbard affirmed that "both the Holy See and the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops support the New START Treaty because it is a modest step toward a world with greater respect for human life."
Its ratification is "critical," he stated, "because verification ensures transparency and transparency builds trust."
Dangerous situation
The prelate continued: "The earlier verification and monitoring requirements expired one year ago. Without a new treaty there is no verification requirement in place, a disturbing and potentially dangerous situation our nation has not faced in decades."
"The Church's concern for nuclear weapons grows out of its commitment to the sanctity of human life," he affirmed.
The bishop warned: "Nuclear weapons are a grave threat to human life and dignity.
"Nuclear war is rejected in Church teaching because the use of nuclear weapons cannot ensure noncombatant immunity and their destructive potential and lingering radiation cannot be meaningfully proportionate."
"Consistent with Catholic teaching," he stated, "the Holy See and the U.S. bishops have long supported reducing the number of nuclear armaments, preventing their spread to other nations, and securing nuclear materials from terrorists."
"For decades they have promoted the twin and interrelated policy goals of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation," Bishop Hubbard affirmed.
He added, "We understand this is an ideal that will take years to reach, but it is a task which our nation must take up with renewed energy."
On behalf of the conference, the prelate urged "strong bipartisan support for the New START Treaty because the treaty makes our nation and world safer by reducing nuclear weapons in a verifiable way."
— — —
On the Net:
Full text of letter: www.usccb.org/comm/archives/2010/10-224.shtml


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Scott Gidman - Business Development Executive
Scott Gidman - Business Development Executive
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"Scott was punctual and we immediately struck up a good rapport. He was very knowledgable in his field and I was comfortable to discuss all the financial details of the practice in depth with him. ..."


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If you are using IE 9 or later, make sure you turn off "Compatibility View".
Handpicked brands for you
thank you for everything Hira!!! @hirateriinatoofa hi to the crew and hope to see you next time. have fun with theStandard. looking forward to dial in some boards with you #awesome #awesomesurfboards #tahiti #winteriscoming


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Nike Women's Spikeless Golf Shoes feature something that every woman is looking for - versatility.
Designed with technology including the Nike Dynamic Fit System, the Free-inspired outsole, molded sockliners and of course the spikeless sole for on and off course wear, what more could you want in a golf shoe or street shoe?
With a wide variety of styles and colors, Nike Women's Spikeless Golf Shoes truly have it all.


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See how KPMG helped a housing finance agency leverage data and analytics to support the agency's business transformation.
In support of the government mandate to strengthen the housing and credit markets, our client developed several initiatives to proactively monitor counterparty risk. KPMG worked with our client and performed data analytics to create enhanced algorithms to target risky loans for post endorsement and secondary risk reviews. Additionally, we developed a lender scorecard that served as an analytical dashboard for monitoring portfolio performance and financial risk. The KPMG team developed a modernization roadmap, and through the use of data analytics, were able to identify redundant business processes across legacy mainframe applications.
This analysis was used to define the IT/business transformation plan for our client's next generation of housing systems. These data-driven analytics are providing key insights into counterparty risk to help our client strengthen its portfolio and capital reserves, which in turn support the nation's housing recovery.


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The Outer Darkness Trailer (2015)
"Fate can be fickle." 07 February 2015 Horror 25 mins
On Friday evenings in the hall of St Barabbas' Church meets a group led by Father Jonathan Crowe. Together they share their stories – tales of strange occurrences, horrific events and bizarre encounters that have scarred their lives. Tonight, a young woman called Jenny will share her story of her experience with a game of chance that sealed the fate of her family…
Watch the official The Outer Darkness 2015 trailer in HD below or find more The Outer Darkness videos on Vidimovie.


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The best of the Web on money, markets and all things financial, as chosen daily by Globe and Mail personal finance columnist Rob Carrick.
House Of The Rising Insurance Premium
A thorough look at your options for cutting those ever-rising home insurance premiums.
Not Enough To Worry About?
Here's a Q&A on a report by consulting firm Towers Watson that outlines 15 major risks ranging from banking crisis and depression to major war and killer pandemic.
Getting The Best Bang For Your Banking Buck
Royal Bank of Canada and Shoppers Drug Mart have teamed up in a new RBC chequing account that earns you Shoppers Optimum points. Here's a review of this account on the BankNerd.ca website.
Compare the deal you're getting from your bank with what's available elsewhere using this online tool provided by the federal Financial Consumer Agency of Canada.
Money And Marriage
Members of my Facebook personal finance community discuss how important it is to marry someone who isn't bad with money. Not the most romantic crowd.
Follow us on Twitter: @globemoney
Editor's note: If you don't receive Rob Carrick's newsletter twice weekly by email, you can sign up to get it for free at The Globe and Mail. All you need to do is register for the site, or if you've already registered, log in and go to your profile at the top of the homepage. Once you're in your profile, look under Newsletters and Alerts and look for the Personal Finance Reader and other newsletters. Other financial newsletters include: Business Ticker, a summary of the day's top business stories; Berman's Market Update, a summary of the markets at the open, noon and close; and All-Star Investors, a monthly collection of articles exploring an investing trend or theme.Report Typo/Error
Follow @rcarrickon Twitter:


text: Dame DC Cordova is my guest today on Optimized Geek. I took her excellent seminar Money & You a couple years ago. It was so powerful and had such an impact that I just had to bring her on the show to share her perspective and abundant wisdom with you. As you'll learn in this powerful episode, you have to let go of your attachment to money in order to become financially wealthy. Money is a manifestation of energy and it needs to be treated and respected accordingly.


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PGC's Q&A with Andrew Kooman - Fringe Edition
Playwrights Guild of Canada catches up with PGC member Andrew Kooman to discuss what it takes to put on a play at a Fringe Festival, how Fringe Festivals are like a wonder of Theatre and the challenges of rewriting for a 90 minute format. Andrew's new play She Has A Name is currently running at the Vancouver Fringe Festival (until Sunday, September 16th), before continuing its cross-Canada tour with stops in Kelona, Edmonton and Red Deer.
1. Give us a brief summary of your play.
In She Has A Name, a Canadian lawyer named Jason poses as a john to build a legal case against a brothel trafficking girls into Bangkok. Far away from his beautiful wife and young girls on his first real trafficking case, he works to win the trust of a young girl known only as Number 18 who is forced to work as a prostitute day after day. The plot is driven by two questions: Can he convince her to risk her life to testify for the sake of justice and by doing so; Can he save her from the unthinkable circumstances?
2. Most inspiring part of participating in the Fringe?
It's inspiring to share work alongside other artists who are telling stories that matter to them, who are passionate about ideas, and who are taking risks and enjoying the wonder of theatre.
3. Biggest challenge of participating in the Fringe?
I love long plays, movies, and walks on the beach. That 90 minute window of stage time is a challenge!
4. Why do you love writing a play for the Fringe?
This is my first show at a Fringe. I had to finesse She Has A Name to fit the format, since it was written and already had been produced as a two hour play with intermission. What I like about the time frame is that it forces you to make make every moment count; to really weigh every word.
5. Words of advice to playwrights embarking on participating in a Fringe Festival for the first time?
Buckle up!
Andrew Kooman writes for the page and stage. His work has been published around the world and translated into 10 languages. He is based in Red Deer, Alberta. His plays Shelter, Joseph and She Has A Name were official selections of Scripts At Work, the annual play development workshop in Red Deer, and have been granted workshops and public readings in Canada and the United States, including the 2008 Nextfest Festival of the Arts in Edmonton. Andrew's first full length play, She Has A Name, premiered in Calgary in 2011. Produced by Calgary's Burnt Thicket Theatre in partnership with Raise Their Voice, She Has A Name is currently touring 13 Canadian cities, from Halifax to Victoria.


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|Change the Paradigm
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The future is created in our minds. When we look forward into the future, it is sometimes wise to make some astute assessments and change course.
Science and technology are not good or evil but can be used for both. Who are we? What are we? What are we doing here? What are the secrets of life? Central to these questions is our connection to religion and Spirituality. The core is Spiritual faculties, psychic abilities, paranormal abilities, psi. How they are developed, suppressed, used or misused determines what we become; a dumb lump of flesh or a brilliant enlightened being.


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Now, why would someone give thousands of pounds for a luxury watch in Aberdeen? Is this a practical choice? Actually, for those who can afford to do buy one, money and practicality are not key issues. After all, you are not only concerned about time, but about what the watch represents. A luxury watch speaks about prestige and an attitude that says, "Only the best will do!" When you also consider the artistry and workmanship that goes into making a Aberdeen Swiss luxury watch, you will say it is well worth the price. Also, these watches are made with the best materials – gold, diamonds and other precious metals and gems. Also, think about the attention to detail and level of precision that went into the crafting of such a watch.
Maurice Lacroix - Luxurious Swiss Made Watches
Now, when buying a watch in Aberdeen, here are some questions to ask:
– What's my style? Are you the sporty type? Do you prefer elegant and classic designs or would you rather have something innovative and eye-catching?
– What's the brand? The brand not only gives you insight on the level of prestige it can bring to you but will give you an idea of the craftsmanship that went into the making of the watch.
– What's my budget? Of course, this question does not apply for those who can afford to spend the big bucks. But you still have to look into how much you are willing to spend for a watch.
– Is the Aberdeen watch dealer authorised and reputable? Can they provide a serial number for the watch, as well as a warranty? Does the dealer have valid contact numbers?
– Are there customs issues I should consider? Are there other costs I should think of? When buying online, there may be hidden costs, such as the cost to deliver it to your home. Customs can tack on 10% to something as much as 20% of the value of the watch, depending on your country of residence.
– Is the website secure? If you're planning to buy the watch online, check to see the security and privacy features of the website to ensure that there is no possibility of identity or information theft.
A Beginners Guide To Luxury Watches
Buying a luxury watch is usually a decision that you don't make at a spur of the moment. To get the watch that is right for you, be sure to give it some thought and ask questions (like the ones listed above) to help you make an informed decision.
Maurice Lacroix - Luxurious Swiss Made Watches
Knowing what constitutes a luxury wristwatch is not as easy as it may sound. Different people consider different watches, brands and collections to be fitting of the term luxury. Watch Dealers help people out in this area because all the watches they offer to their consumers are widely considered to be luxurious. Quality wristwatches do not just tell the time to their wearers. They offer their wearers an improved quality of life. Some of these watches do not just tell the wearers the local time, they can offer times in multiple zones, the phases of the moon and when these phases occur, the time of year, precise seconds and appointment reminders. Luxury watches also offer wearers the option of passing them down as heirlooms since they are made of such high-quality materials and complications. They can last generations and still function properly, making luxury watches some of the most popular ones on the market. Since the watch is able to offer so much to consumers, they are often priced fairly high. This is to cover the cost of the materials used in making the watch and, potentially, the cost of purchasing a particular brand's wristwatch model. watch dealers are able to offer luxury watches to their consumers at discounted prices, which allows many people the opportunity to own luxury watches they may otherwise not be able to afford and own.
The Luxury Institute performed a recent survey of the top seventeen ultra luxury watchmakers. Cartier was one of the most well-known and popular luxury brands. This is just one of the brands whose watches wristwatch dealers offers. Some other luxurious watch brands offered from online watch dealers include Baume & Mercier, Blancpain, Bulova, Chanel, Gucci, Citizen, Concord, Daniel Roth, ESQ, Harry Winston, Kenneth Cole, Maurice Lacroix, Omega, Rado and Zenith. Price is not the only feature which needs to be considered when trying to find the right luxurious watch. It is also important to consider the material from which the watch is made. Since there are different categories of luxury watches, the materials can vary greatly, although the watch would still be considered a luxury good. Sports watches, diver's watches and dress watches are all categories of wristwatches that can also be luxurious. However, dress watches are more often made from gold and silver, rather than the more durable materials used for sports or diver's wristwatches.
Luxury watches can be purchased for one's own self or they can be purchased as gifts for others. They made great gifts and presents for one's self or for friends, family members and associates. Watches have been given over time by politicians to their business associates. They can be worn to in a number of different environments and are tasteful accents to a variety of outfits. Watches which are luxurious in nature have been designed not just for men, but for women as well. Whatever brand and model you are looking for can be found with the help of your local watch dealer and they can be found at an affordable price.
What's the best part of men's luxuries: watches, perfumes or sunglasses? I bet, most people will say watches! There are so many luxury watches for men today. They're beautiful, and come in so wide a variety that it becomes a problem deciding on a single design or brand.
Despite that, you must avoid some mistakes while buying expensive watches. This is to make sure you don't have to regret your decision later on. Tragically, some buying decisions can turn out to be too expensive to lament - especially when it comes to watches.
Here are a few things you should try and avoid. This applies when you're buying yourself an Omega, a Rolex, or one of those Cartier watches.
o DO NOT buy watches off the street. There're lots of imitation watches that are hard to differentiate from the original ones. Some that read 'Rolex,' might not actually be a real one.
So avoid buying men's luxuries (watches, hats or jewelries) from just anybody you come across with. You should look into the Certificate of Authenticity that comes with a luxury watch.
o DO NOT try to save money on your luxury watch. You should consider the fact that the watch is supposed to stay with you for a very long time. So you better ensure that you're investing an amount that is worthwhile. Do not be afraid (or miser) while paying what your watch deserves. If you want it, you got to pay for it!
o DO NOT buy anything more than is needed. The sole reason many people spend way excessively on their watch is that they end up buying a luxury watch that contains much more than is actually needed.
Ask yourself some basic questions. For instance, do you need an advanced chronograph? You're here to buy a watch, not a chronograph, right? So why pay for those stupid extras?
o And finally, DO NOT buy online unless you're entirely sure about the quality of the luxury watch.
Selecting Luxury Watches For The First Time Buyer
It's difficult to determine which watch brand is best since most current watchmakers create truly unique timepieces through complex processes and impressive designs.
This the guide is here to explain a bit about the most important brands and try to set you in the right direction if you're shopping for a luxury watch.
Some well-known brands are considered the best due to intense advertising, so they raised the bar pretty high for their competition.
If you're thinking about starting a watch collection, or just get a truly remarkable timepiece for yourself or as a gift to someone close to you, keep on reading since there are a few things to learn in order to become a watch connoisseur.
When you're done with this guide, then the real research work starts since you'll need to figure out what type of watch you want and what sort of features it should carry, so it best complements who you are and your looks.
Timepieces can be categorized by many things, starting from their unique designs, the dial shape and the watch crystal to the way they work and the features they provide. Another factor to take into account would be their popularity.
Brands popularity indicates superiority among the major competitors in the watch market.
Due to advertising and media, most people know of only overly advertised brands as the best of the best when it comes to watches. They are totally oblivious to the fact that other top brands exist which produce equal if not superior watches when compared to the ones they know of.
The the average individual can recognise a few watch brands they've seen over and over advertised on television and in magazines and can recognise them in order of ascending price tag as Timex, Casio, Seiko or Tag watches.
Most people know only of a few brands from the ones that exist, and thanks to media advertising, they might not be aware of truly superior brands that find their way in some people's collections.
They might not even know what products brands like Alain Silberstein, Audemars Piguet, Blancpain, Chopard, Fortis, Franck Mueller, IWC, Jaeger-Le Coultre, Patek Phillipe, and Ulysse Nardin actually make if you were not to tell them.
Top brands like Sony or Bose are known globally and that's what makes them be at the top of the market choice for average people.
While these brands are known for top quality, they might not always be the best choice.
If you want to impress average people, you will buy brands that are easily recognizable, even for hefty amounts of money and still get a decent watch that keeps time like a 25$ one with no extra features.
Knowledgeable people and aficionados will buy something that impresses them in the first place. Second-hand recognition is not that important when shopping for a premium watch.
Buying a luxury watch is not as easy as you might have first thought. In fact, buying luxury watches for the first time buyer can prove to be very challenging because there are so many different makes and models to choose from. So in order to help you make a more informed decision with regard to such an important purchase, we will take a look at some of the things to consider before you do.
Tip 1: Size of the watch case
It is important that you select a watch with a case size in which you will feel comfortable wearing. Some people may prefer large watch cases because they want to make a statement. But what is the point of having one if you find it too cumbersome to wear and just end up keeping it in its original box?
Tip 2: Your style
When it comes to selecting luxury watches for the first time buyer, think about the type of individual that you are. It is important to select a watch that will reflect you - the person wearing it. A small and dainty watch is far better if you would like to make an elegant statement rather than something bigger and bulkier. So be sure to think about what kind of statement you want your watch to say about you while you're choosing it.
Tip 3: What its purpose is
Of course, we buy watches in order to tell the time, but there are many other things that you should take into consideration when it comes to purchasing yours. For example, if you are someone who enjoys a lot of outdoor activities then, of course, you are going to need something that can withstand a little rough handling. Make sure that you purchase a watch that not only has a strong strap but also one that is able to cope with changes in temperature, which is typically waterproof.
Tip 4: What you can afford to spend
This by far is the most important thing to consider when it comes to selecting a luxury watch for the first time buyer. Many people will spend hundreds, even thousands of dollars on purchasing such an item to find out that they are too afraid to wear it all the time. Instead, would it not be more advisable to invest your money in a luxury watch that you would not only enjoy wearing but plan to actually use on a regular basis?
Finding Luxury Watches For Sale
Luxury watches are a thing of the future, a timeless product everyone wants to own. They are a sign of prestige and class, as well as of timeless fashion sense. There are numerous brand names out there, in a range of styles and prices to suit your tastes and budget.
The watch case houses the watch and all its parts. Sometimes made of stainless steel, some cheaper materials include plastic, while gold and platinum are more expensive. The case back protects the watch's inner materials and must be removed to replace the batteries and make repairs. It sometimes is a clear crystal.
The crystal is the "glass" through which you can view the watch. This can be made of plastic or glass.
The bezel is the outer ring of the watch face, and holds the crystal in place.
The the crown is the knob you use to set the time or wind the watch up. It is also called a stem or pin.
The display indicates the time, either by hands or numerals. Some of the newer models display other information as well.
The dial indicates the "face", a metal plate you view your watch through and can have various kinds of displays.
A bracelet usually denotes metal, while a strap denotes leather, animal hide, rubber or plastic.
The the clasp is the metal piece holding the band in place.
The movement indicates how the watch works inside and it's functions.
Water resistance indicates how much water pressure a watch can resist.
Watch maintenance is roughly akin to car maintenance. If you regularly maintain and repair your watch, you will be able to avoid costly repairs or having to replace it altogether. Here is a brief guide to watching maintenance.
Clean and service your timepiece every two years to ensure it stays trouble-free. Even quartz watches should be cleaned as they are also susceptible to small particles that can result in damage. Replace all batteries and seals at the time of maintenance. Rust is a small watch's enemy. Rinse it under fresh water after it's exposed to saltwater. Do not subject your water-resistant watch to heat or pressure. Remove watch before getting into any hot showers, baths, saunas or hot tubs, as these high heats can damage them. Get your watch immediately serviced if any moisture gets inside the crystal.
Diving watches need regular servicing, too, despite their high water resistance. Protect leather bands from water and perfumes, especially salt water.
When changing the date on your watch, do not change it within three hours of midnight, as at this time the watches date change is being carried out internally.
These are just a few tips to help with regular maintenance of your special watches and keep it looking good for years to come.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Sep 29, 2009
|Filing date
|Sep 30, 2002
|Priority date
|Apr 2, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Edison Ishikawa, Cláudio Luis Amorim
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (3), Classifications (19), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention refers to the cache management system (CMS) of a proxy server to store a single or multiple media of continuous flow such as video or audio being accessed from a Media-on-Demand (MoD) server by one or several users. The proxy server hereafter called proxy, reserves part of its cache memory for every user that starts a multimedia session. In this way, users can have smaller buffers, which reduce costs of set-top-boxes and client equipments, since the user buffer is complemented by the client's part in the reserved cache of the proxy. To optimize cache performance, the reserved part for a client can be superimposed by the part of another client, provided the two parts have the same contents, thus avoiding replication of redundant contents and increasing the rate of media reuse. These reserved cache parts can also be concatenated in such a way to further increase the reuse of media contents. The concatenation can happen inside of a single proxy cache or between several proxy caches in a cooperative way. The concatenation of parts of proxy caches is also used to offer facilities of videocassette recorder (VCR) operations. The non-reserved part of the cache is used either to store fragments of most popular media or to increase the concatenation degree of the cache's reserved parts. In this way, it is possible to increase the scalability of MoD systems while implementing VCR operations to offer an interactive system to the users of the MoD system.
The Distributed Cooperative Memory (DCM), as have been previously defined by PCT/BR 01/00029 of 26, Mar. 2001, changes the paradigm of the video-on-demand (VoD) system, from the conventional client-server to the peer-to-peer one. DCM allows the implementation of scalable and interactive VoD systems using a communication infrastructure based on symmetrical large bandwidth in which the uplink bandwidth is equal to the downlink bandwidth, allowing client uplink bandwidth to be exploited so that client equipment can also become a server by recycling the video flow that it receives. Such a communication infrastructure is more often available only at large companies, research centers, or at academic institutions, which currently restricts its use to corporative users.
The home user has no access yet to this kind of communication infrastructure, since providing it at a large scale is still unfeasible due to the high implementation costs of the so-called 'last-mile'. There exists a high-speed communication backbone, but connecting thousands of users to it through large-bandwidth links would require great investments. However, those thousands of users are already connected to a telephony infrastructure based on copper wires, an investment that the telecommunication companies want to preserve while taking advantage of it to offer communication services based on large bandwidth. Another option is to use wireless network technology, whose quick installation and cost-reduction trends, can make it a viable alternative for offering large bandwidth access to the end user in the near future.
In this technological context, the ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) technology was developed, which enables a conventional telephone line to transmit digital information, with downlink bandwidth being much larger than that of uplink and using the same pair of copper wires already installed at user's home. The explanation is that a client usually receives much more information than sends, so that a client uplink with small bandwidth to allow interactivity and voice transmission is enough to support immediate user's needs, and the remainder bandwidth that can be exploited in conventional telephone lines is left to the client downlink. ADSL lines converge to a central station called DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer), similar to a central telephone station, which in turn is interconnected by a high-speed network. Recently, other access technologies grouped together under the acronym xDSL have been developed, which comprise both symmetrical and asymmetrical accesses with different data transmission speeds. Note that everything that has been stated for ADSLs can be also applied to xDSLs.
In case of wireless access, the available bandwidth is also limited but already guarantees bandwidth up to 12-Mbps for point-to-point access, which allows to comfortably transmitting a good-quality video. For point-to-point wireless network also there exists a central access point (CAP) usually called the Head end.
In case of users being connected directly to a high-speed network either through a router or switch, either equipment becomes the access point.
To make viable the use of DCM within this kind of communication infrastructure, the client buffers of standard DCM were collapsed in the central access points (CPAs) such as DSLAMs, Head ends, or routers/switches, in their existing memories or in proxies connected to them. The proxies work on symmetrical and asymmetrical architectures, and can be located at any point of the network; the difference is that the proxy will use the C-DCM (Collapsed Distributed Cooperative Memory) for its cache management. To summarize, a proxy can be distinct from CPA or can be incorporated into it. The policy of cache management of a C-DCM proxy differs in several aspects from traditional policies such as LRU (Least Recently Used) or MRU (Most Recently Used) since the exploration of 'hot data sets' does not apply to large files. Also, C-DCM policy differs from multimedia policies such as BASIC, DISTANCE, INTERVAL CACHING (IC) and GENERALIZED INTERVAL CACHING (GIC) in the detail of its operation, more specifically, in its way of allocating buffers to video flows. While traditional management methods search for increasing cache hit rates using replacement of video contents, C-DCM guarantees cache hit by reserving part of the cache and using replacement policies only to increase even more the reuse of contents. C-DCM also differs from caches in disk since C-DCM's objective is to have video content in memory so that it can be promptly transmitted to the client whose buffer was collapsed in a nearby CPA. In other words, the main objective of C-DCM is not to store contents in disks, though the use of disks is not excluded, on the contrary, disk storage has advantages that are orthogonal to the ones that C-DCM offers, so that both techniques can be used to increase system performance.
The cache management policies for multimedia systems, like MoD systems, take into account that multimedia objects are too large so storing the entire object in cache does not offer a good cost/benefit ratio. Therefore, these policies retain only fragments of objects not the whole object, besides they attempt to explore the relationship between different flows delivered to the clients, taking into account always the sequential access pattern.
C-DCM is different from standard DCM because it also works with an asymmetrical communication infrastructure, by centralizing the existing memory space of client buffers in the central access points, and offering a robust and optimized VoD service. In addition, C-DCM maintains the advantages of standard DCM, since it alleviates the VoD server and its communication links from an excessive workload in a manner that the resulting VoD system becomes scalable and interactive.
The present invention implements a method for memory cache management of proxy servers for continuous media such as video and audio. The method can be divided in two parts. The first part treats the cache management of a single proxy server, that is, the local C-DCM. The second part addresses the cooperation between proxy servers to share media contents they store in their caches, that is, the distributed method of C-DCM. The C-DCM can be used in its local form as well as in its distributed form.
The local C-DCM method reserves a space in the proxy cache for each client that starts a session. This space represents part of the client buffer that was collapsed in the proxy. To manage all the independent cache spaces so as to avoid useless replication of contents while maximizing media reuse a circular structure of superimposed data is created. In this structure, the continuous media is represented by the list of continuous media units (LCMU) and cache units called slots, for which clients make reservation, represented by the list of slot units (LSU).
If the continuous media is a video stream, the LCMU unit is given by GoFs (Group of Frames) that are indexed by timestamps in time units. The size of each LSU unit usually comprises several LCMU units. Since each LCMU unit does not have necessarily a fixed size in time units, the number of LCMU units that a LSU can have is given by an average size, defined as the ratio given by the size of LSU unit divided by the average time of a GoF. Assuming that LCMU GoFs are preferably ordered clockwise and in increasing order of timestamps, the LSU rotates preferably clockwise over the LCMU, which is fixed, and with a speed equal to that of the continuous media presentation. The LSU is also an ordered list, but preferably counterclockwise.
Both LCMU and LSU are preferably lists of is pointers. The LCMU is a list that points to the cache area in which GoFs are stored. The LSU is a list that points in the LCMU the beginning and end of slots. If a LSU slot is reserved, its content, which lies between the two slot pointers, cannot be discarded.
On starting a session, the C-MCD manager reserves some contiguous LSU slots that correspond to the initial media content as requested by the client. These contiguous slots correspond to the buffer that should exist at the client in its totality, being preferably mapped onto the beginning and end pointers, read and write pointers, and maximum and minimum level pointers of the buffer.
The flow that arrives at a proxy is stored in the cache and mapped on the LCMU with a reservation priority given by its corresponding slot at that instant of time, that is, if between the read and end pointers there is video content, this should not be discarded. If there is content after the end of buffer, it means that an overflow occurred, i.e., the GoF is eligible to be discarded, but with a lower priority than the GoF that has just left out of the buffer, since it has already been read.
Two users can start a session to watch the same media apart from a small time interval (less than a slot size), in this case the collapsed buffers will share the same slots. If the time interval is larger than a slot, the collapsed buffers will share only the slots that overlap. If the time interval between accesses is up to a slot greater than the size of collapsed buffer, the slots that comprise these buffers will be contiguous to ensure a continuous stream of stored media. If the time interval is one or more slots greater than the collapsed buffer, the reserved slots will not be contiguous, thus the contents of non-reserved slot(s) that join the collapsed buffers can be discarded from the cache, depending on both the popularity rank of the film and the distance until next reuse.
The lesser popular the film and larger the distance of its reuse (period of time for the film to enter into the next collapsed buffer) the greater is its probability of being discarded. Temporary slots can be used to reserve the content of slots between two buffers, provided that there is room in the cache and the distance between them is small.
In order to avoid keeping slots reserved and contents occupying memory space unnecessarily, a process of garbage collect periodically verifies the clients that become inactive and release the associate slots and contents they reserved.
The distributed C-DCM allows the contents of proxies to be shared. For this purpose, every time a collapsed buffer needs to receive a flow to refill its content it will preferably ask for the flow to the nearest the states of the proxies that form the system and will ask the content directly to whom possesses it. Similarly, the collapsed buffers can be either superimposed or concatenated, which guarantees the continuous media flow; in case they are not, temporary buffers can be created to guarantee that the flow content is not discarded unexpectedly.
The goals, advantages, and characteristics of the invention are easier to understand and described better if the following detailed description is read together with the following figures:
The present invention implements a method to allocate collapsed buffers in proxies
In the
The Client
Clients in the
The Implementation
There exist various parameters used to implement this method.
An indexing unit can also represent a flow unit. An indexing unit can be as small as one bit or up to a set of bits such as a word, a set of words, a video frame, or even a set of video frames. The flow's content is indexed in an ordered form so that the access to its content is not only sequentially made but also can be made at random. The unit that is to be used in this report so as to exemplify the functioning of C-DCM is the GoF (Group of Frame) of a compressed video based on the MPEG standard, but it could be of any digital video format, whether compressed or not. Integrated with List 201 there exists a list of slots 301 that preferably rotates clockwise. The slots are numbered from 0 to n-1 and represent time intervals in such a way that these n slots have the same duration as the media plus padding. Since the LSU 301 rotates over list 201, new units of list 201 always enter to the slot as well as leave from it. Since the elements that enter and leave the slots are pointers to the cache, this does not means that a video unit enters into the slot, but that it is possible through lists 201 and 301 to control the cache content. In the
The control of contents uses the concept of collapsed buffer that is a virtual buffer mapped on the list 301 in the
The Collapsed Buffer
A collapsed buffer 300 is divided as follows:
Beginning of buffer 310—it coincides with the end of slot s. Sooner GoF pointers pass this point they are marked as out of buffer, and thus with a higher priority to be discarded. The content within s has already been read and sent to clients, but stay in with a certain priority of reservation to make possible a rewind operation.
Read 320—it coincides with the beginning of slot s and points to the next GoF to be viewed by the client. After passing this pointer, video elements are marked as being already read.
Minimum 330—it coincides with the beginning of slot s+1 and indicates when the buffer is to reach the point of minimum level, generating a signal to the C-DCM manager to take the necessary measures to start a new flow to refill the buffer, avoiding a possible underflow. All of the content that it points to is reserved, and cannot be discarded.
Write 340—it points to the position where the next incoming GoF should be stored. Usually, it should be located between pointers 330 and 350. If it is below 330 it indicates a risk of underflow and if it is above 350 it indicates a risk of overflow.
Maximum 350—it coincides with the start of slot s+3. It indicates the risk of buffer overflow. When the buffer is reaching this level, the client generates a signal to the C-DCM, which will take the necessary actions to prevent a buffer overflow and corresponding lost of GoFs.
End 360—it coincides with the beginning of slot s+3. It indicates the end of physical space assigned to the buffer. The previous content before this limit can be discarded. If this content will not be read, it can be reserved with temporary slots.
Temporary Slots
These are slots that do not make part of collapsed buffers but can have their contents reserved for either concatenating or increasing the length of collapsed buffers.
The Local Method
The cache content pointed to by each collapsed buffer is guaranteed to support one or more clients, i.e., the system cannot discard the cache content that is to be transmitted. Two or more collapsed buffers can have their contents overlapped, that is, they are superimposed and thus share slots in common. In this way, it avoids unnecessary replication and optimizes the use of memory, which can be utilized to allocate temporary buffers or to simply leave in the cache media contents that are often accessed such as the initial part of films of large audience. Collapsed buffers that are superimposed or concatenated act as a single buffer regarded to the flow control that arrives at a proxy, and this control is performed by the buffer, called receiver, that receives the flow from another proxy or server. Other superimposed or concatenated buffers depend on the content that is already in the local memory, thus the control of the receiver's buffer is enough to guarantee the necessary content to other buffers.
A proxy should have preferably memory enough to allocate collapsed buffers for its local clients. In case of proxy 50 as shown in the
The local C-DCM manager attempts to make continuous the greatest possible amount of collapsed buffers locally. For this purpose it makes use of temporary buffers. Once collapsed buffers become continuous, the next objective is to minimize the amount of flows sent to local clients, that is, flows that are close enough are grouped so that a single multicast flow can be sent, which diminishes the proxy's I/O workload.
As an example,
Proxy 50 or 60 in
A client request (cli) is processed by the client admission subroutine 540, as shown by the example in the flowchart of
The C-DCM works with the client's reservation of part of the cache through the use of a collapsed buffer. However, the content that stay outside of the buffer does not need to be discarded if there is room in the cache. In this manner, most frequently accessed parts of a media can continue in cache such as the beginning of a video, as well as the contents of temporary slots and contents that are left out of the cache due to overflow, or even the content of a popular media. Nevertheless, if the cache is full there is a need for substituting the non-reserved content for one that is going to be inside of a reserved slot. When the cache is full the substitution of media units
The collapsed buffer is a virtual C-DCM concept in that what does really control both content and flow is the slots. In the
Both IS and FS return a time value in relation to the media's start time. Since GoFs can be accessed using either its sequential number or its timestamp, we can delimit the GoFs managed by a given slot through the simple calculation we described previously.
If a slot has the status of temporary slot the elements that pass the beginning of slot are marked as temporarily reserved and after leaving the slot they are marked as free 820.
If a slot is the slot s in the
If the slot is slot s+1 in the
Everything that a provider sends is written to the cache and the status is updated in the LCMU as written but not read. If the slot is s+1, s+2, or s+3, as GoFs pass the beginning-of-slot pointer 330, 350, or 360, they are updated as written, not read, and reserved 820.
If the slot is s+2 in the
If the slot is s+3, all the GoFs that are in the cache upon passing the beginning pointer 360 are updated as being not read and reserved 820.
For purposes of processing economy, the verification or/and updating of GoFs in the beginning or end of a slot can be dismissed if the status of the GoFs are not altered when passing from a slot to another. For example, on consecutive temporary slots, the status is only altered in the beginning of first slot and at the end of last slot.
The Distributed Method
Collapsed Buffers with non-empty intersection that are located in distinct proxies can be interconnected by a video flow that guarantees the receiver's minimum level, establishing cooperation between proxies and the need for coordinating such a cooperation with the objective of maximizing the use of system resources.
The distributed C-DCM manager 580 tries to chain continuous buffers of the proxies in order to reuse their contents. To increase the chaining degree so as to avoid the need of another flow from the server, continuous collapsed buffers can be augmented at the opposed end of the receiver by using a temporary buffer. The allocation priority of temporary slots depends on the amount of available memory and the number of remote clients that will reuse the content. The allocation priority is for small amount of temporary buffers that have high potential to server large number of remote clients, and is inverse of the discarding priority that is towards large number of temporary slots that have low potential of reuse (serve few clients). This is a question of trading off cache space (temporary buffers) for using bandwidth from both network backbone and server.
This means that, taking into consideration the slot hierarchy, in the absence of memory space, the content of largest discarding priority is the one that belongs to a non-reserved slot followed by the temporary buffer. The contents of slots that belong to a collapsed buffer are discarded only if the client stops using the system.
The distributed C-DCM manager as well as the local one maintains a mapping of the proxies' continuous buffers. With this information, the C-DCM manager is capable of chaining collapsed buffers. The C-DCM manager has to try to reuse the content of other proxies and only as the last option to resort to the server, avoiding however to generate a ping-pong traffic, which would congest the network backbone. To avoid ping-pong traffic proxies, which in turn request to their neighbors until the requested content is found or the request message arrives at the server. In this way, only the nearest proxy that has the requested content will send it. The neighboring proxies and the server are connected through persistent links that preferably reflect the network topology. Another way to do so is making all the proxies to have information about the state of other proxies, which is obtained in a distributed fashion, to calculate locally the proxy that will provide the requested content.
Interactive Operations
The interactive operations on the media comprise any client being able to definitively stop the media exhibition, to pause it temporarily, to start from the point it paused, to forward it to a certain point within the media and to start exhibiting the media from that point, and both to fast advance and to fast rewind while keeping exhibiting the media. Each of these interactive operations will be described next.
Stop Operation
For this operation, the proxy simply moves the client out of its list and frees the reserved resources accordingly.
Pause Operation
In this operation, the proxy frees the slots of the collapsed buffer of the client that requested the operation, provided that there is no clients on the collapsed buffer, taking care to preferably reserve the content of s+2 and s+3 in the LCMU
Restart Operation
In this operation, the client informs the point at which the exhibition should restart. This procedure is similar to the one for client admission except that part of the content is already in the local buffer, and part of it will be preferably in the cache. The reserved content in the cache during a pause is synchronized with the list of slot units, removing the pause reservation and keeping only with the slot reservation. The slot that is to be synchronized is calculated according to the formula already described to locate the initial slot when admitting a new client except that the initial time of segment is the time of segment that is in the cache. The client also leaves the list 420 and enters into the list 436 of slot s that forms its collapsed buffer.
Jump Operation
In this operation, the client informs the point to which the media should advance, case of the media is being exhibited; the proxy frees the reserved resources if they have not been reserved for other clients and if they are unnecessary to maintain the flow to other local or remote collapsed buffer, after which the procedure is equal to the admission of a new client, except that the film will not be exhibited from the beginning but from the point that the client chose randomly, for which it uses the same formula described previously.
Fast Forward Operation
This and next operation are the ones that demand most of system resources. Thus they should be used preferably together with the JUMP operation, followed by rewinding or fast forwarding until arriving at the desired point of the media. The quality of exhibition may be sub-optimal so that if any lost of GoFs occur, they can be tolerated. On asking for this operation, the slots of the client's collapsed buffer are reserved and controlled by the process for interactive operations (PIO) 560 that is created for the client. This process reserves preferably n slots ahead of the collapsed buffer, and prefetches the content that is missing in those n slots, from either the server or a cooperative proxy. Since proxies keep information on the medias that are in their caches in the LM, LSU, and LCMU, these lists can be searched to verify if the requested media segment is in cache, and if it is not the proxy transfers the request for prefetching to the next cooperative proxy, or to the server as the last resort. Given that this operation requires transmission of n times more contents than the normal case, it is necessary that the non-read part of collapsed buffer has preferably a size n times greater to anticipate the prefetching for the content that is going to be exhibited at high speed. As this augmented collapsed buffer to move over the LCMU 450 with a different speed from that of LSU 430, PIO 560 forces the augmented collapsed buffer moves over the LSU 430 with a speed that is n-1 times the normal one. While reading the content if it does not have any other reservation the corresponding slots are released at the same n-1 speed for possible discard, if the slot is neither used by a temporary buffer nor belongs to a collapsed buffer. For, the PIO 560 increments the fast-forward status 434 and inserts the client into the list of fast-forward 437, so as to make reservation ahead, while decrements the fast-forward status 434 and removes the client from the list of fast-forward clients 437 for the slots behind. In addition, it sends the content to the client at a speed that is n times superior to the normal one. Usually, n is equal two, i.e., it exhibits a speed that is twice faster than the normal one.
Fast Rewind Operation
This operation is implemented in a way similar to fast forward, except that GoFs are reserved and prefetched backwards, making the augmented collapsed buffer to move over the LSU at a speed that is n+1 times the normal one and on the opposite direction of exhibition.
The Garbage Collector
In the C-DCM the function of garbage collection 570 is to eliminate reservations left by any client that had a silent failure or simply left the system without warning, leaving slots and memory areas reserved. The process of garbage collect 570, from time to time walks through the list of clients, checking if they are still actives, if it finds an inactive client, it removes the client from the list and if it is the only client of a reserved slot, this slot is updated to become non-reserved and its content is released for discarding by the subroutine for substitution of continuous media units in the cache.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 16, 1993
|May 2, 1995
|Xerox Corporation
|Apparatus and method for managing storage of print-related information in a print file
|Jun 2, 1997
|Jun 22, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Disk access method for delivering multimedia and video information on demand over wide area networks
|Jun 10, 1996
|Aug 3, 1999
|Emc Corporation
|Video file server maintaining sliding windows of a video data set in random access memories of stream server computers for immediate video-on-demand service beginning at any specified location
|May 5, 1997
|Oct 26, 1999
|Emc Corporation
|Storage and access of continuous media files indexed as lists of raid stripe sets associated with file names
|Jun 10, 1996
|May 9, 2000
|Emc Corporation
|Video file server using an integrated cached disk array and stream server computers
|Dec 23, 1997
|Nov 28, 2000
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Cache management system for continuous media system
|Jul 19, 1999
|Oct 8, 2002
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and apparatus for caching a media stream
|Nov 7, 2001
|Jan 11, 2005
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Streaming media cache filing
|Jun 26, 2001
|Jan 10, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|Method and apparatus for selecting cache and proxy policy
|Mar 31, 2000
|Aug 22, 2006
|Emc Corporation
|Preparation of metadata for splicing of encoded MPEG video and audio
|May 18, 2001
|Feb 20, 2007
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for managing a plurality of servers in a content delivery network
|Feb 16, 2001
|Dec 13, 2001
|Jacobus Charles J.
|Distributed computing environment
|Mar 26, 2001
|May 15, 2003
|Edison Ishikawa
|Distributed cooperative memory for interactive and scalable video-on-demand system
|Mar 1, 2001
|Dec 25, 2003
|Qiu Chaoxin C.
|Systems and methods for management of memory in information delivery environments
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 25, 2011
|Dec 30, 2014
|Motorola Mobility Llc
|Method and apparatus for transferring content
|Dec 29, 2014
|Oct 6, 2015
|Google Technology Holdings LLC
|Caching content
|Sep 10, 2015
|Jun 28, 2016
|Google Technology Holdings LLC
|Cache eviction
|U.S. Classification
|711/129, 711/133
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 20, 2004
Owner name: COPPE/UFRJ - COORDENACAO DOS PROGRAMAS DE POS GRAD
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ISHIKAWA, EDISON;AMORIM, CLAUDIO LUIS;REEL/FRAME:016542/0065
Effective date: 20040902
|Mar 14, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 12, 2017
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


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"I joined AAP, giving up a lucrative career in an MNC, as I came across it as the only party practising what Shastriji professed. He has been my idol. But unfortunately, Congress with which he remained associated all through his life seems to have lost all respect for values like simplicity and probity in public life which the late Premier epitomised," Mr Shastri, who is AAP candidate from Allahabad, said.
Congress has lost all respect, values: Lal Bahadur Shastri's grandson
To a query about his father Anil Shastri's continuance in Congress, he said, "He must be having his own reasons to do so. In fact, after I decided to join AAP, he did bring up the issue of our family's old loyalty towards Congress and I then asked him where is the Congress of Shastriji today?"
"I have immense respect for my father who, like Shastriji, believes in simplicity and probity. And I need to say nothing more than had the Congress not abandoned its old values, my father would not been sidelined in the party," Mr Shastri said.
He was also critical of the Congress having fielded a person with BJP background and "tainted image" against Narendra Modi in Varanasi with just an eye on vote bank politics. Congress has fielded local MLA Ajay Rai in Varanasi.
OneIndia News
(With agency inputs)


text:
Bloomington, Indiana
Documentary photography is something I'm becoming more interested in. It's quite different than having ideas about how I want to set up a particular scene in a studio or shoot a still object. I like to shoot people that I've never met before and go into it without expectations or ideas about what exactly I hope to get out of it, because although the end result is my interpretation of a group or event, I feel that it wouldn't be true to the spirit of whatever I was shooting. I started this project in 2011 and hope to continue it each year. I am fascinated by the cultural phenomenon that is Halloween, that is, the driving force behind pop-up stores, trick-or-treating, and costume-making, among other things. As I worked I noticed the difference between the ways that children and college-aged students celebrate, reflecting on my own memories and experiences. There is an innocence in the candy and costume ritual, one that parents are still allowed to be part of. Although many college celebrations include a costume, it is more often a reason to drink. The series is far from complete, but I am satisfied with the direction it is going in, and enjoyed experimenting with my flash for the first time.
Thank You!


text:
David Caruso
Jump to
Infamous for the speed with which he jumped ship from his star-making turn as an unconventional sex symbol on "NYPD Blue" (ABC, 1993-2005) - and more so for the speed with which his film career subsequently floundered - the redheaded Caruso survived public scorn to enjoy a second act success. While his big screen work in the muscular remake "Kiss of Death" (1995) and erotic thriller "Jade" (1995) did nothing to justify his risky TV-to-movies career jump, Caruso persevered, doing good supporting work in lesser-seen projects like the Meg Ryan/Russell Crowe ransom thriller "Proof of Life" (2000) and the psychological horror film, "Session 9" (2001). Although his first attempt to return to series television in an appropriately humble manner - "Michael Hayes" (CBS, 1997-98) - failed to resonate with viewers, lightning struck again with the flashy lead role in the worldwide smash "CSI: Miami" (CBS, 2002-12). As Lt. Horatio Caine, Caruso won over audiences with his colorful character's campy one-liners, punctuated by a dramatic sunglasses-adjustment, and appeared to be fully returned to the public's good graces. While his career ended up more of a rollercoaster ride than that of many of his peers, Caruso seemed steadier and more focused for his second chance at stardom.


text:
This is the second report of the study on the implementation of Israel Government Decision 3708 concerning the 2011-16 five-year plan to promote economic growth and development of the Bedouin population in the Negev. The first report addressed three areas: employment; early childhood care; transportation; and personal safety. This report examines the implementation of the Decision with respect to formal and informal education. The Decision relates to six areas:
The study examined the implementation of the decision as well as the extent of participation in the various programs, and selected indicators of the success of the programs.
The data were obtained from in-depth interviews with key individuals involved in implementing the decision at the management level and on the ground, from statistical and administrative data, from participation in the steering committees of the project, and from field visits.
In our subsequent final report we will examine the extent to which changes have taken place in key outcomes measures that relate to the topics addressed in the decision.
The findings were presented to the steering committee of the study and serve as inputs for planning the next five-year plan for the Bedouin sector, 2017-21.
The study was commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.


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In the middle of building our original high school program in 2014, Apple announced Swift, a forward-thinking, all-new revamp of its programming language. Less than 90 days from the start of the school year, we pulled out all the stops, brought on the best and brightest of the field and classroom, and built the first Swift high school curriculum. We maintain that agility because the industry demands it, which means we revisit our tools, training, and documentation throughout the school year and provide ongoing support for teachers, allowing students to work side-by-side with experienced developers.


text:
Diskobolus (Discus Thrower), Classical
Factual Information:
From: Sea off Cape Artemision, Greece
Period: 460-450 BCE
Period: 460-450 BCE
General Information:
Diskobolus or Discus Thrower, is one of the most famous Greek statues. The original Greek bronze statue is lost, thought there have been numerous roman copies of the statue. The discus thrower is shown to be in the middle of the stasis before starting his throwing of the discus. It shows many muscles in tension, ready to spring to action. The statue has often been said to have been a pose to be unnatural to a human, and also that it has very little emotion shown in the discus thrower's face.
Why This Artwork?
This artwork was chosen to show a form of transition from extreme realism from before this period the making of this statue, to the extreme exaggeration of the Hellenistic portion of Greek historic art. Also this statue shows us one of the sports played by the people, that is, throwing disc like objects like a Frisbee.


text:
Follow @11points
11 Reminders From the 2010 Oscars That Everyone's Career Starts Off Suckin'
written by Sam Greenspan
Last night, as I watched Kathryn Bigelow win the Oscar for Best Director, there was only one thought in my mind.
This is the same woman who directed "Point Break".
Sure, I have a burning nostalgic love of "Point Break" (and once did a list of the
11 cheesiest "Point Break" quotes
)... but, in a vacuum, it's one of the worst movies ever. Illogical script, Keanu Reeves delivering the woodenest performance of his career, cringeworthy lines in every scene and a corniness that pretty much defines why we're all desperate to forget the early '90s.
And now, just under two decades later, the woman who directed that becomes the first woman to win the Oscar for Best Director.
So my angle on Oscar coverage is going to be a lesson: Everyone does a whole bunch of crappy, embarrassing, demeaning, brutal stuff in their career before things take a monumental turn for the better. For me (and maybe, for you) it's a reminder that no matter how much garbage we have to slog through in our own lives and careers... all these super successful Hollywood types do it too. And their embarrassments are on a much larger (and mock-able) scale.
Mo'Nique's sex scene in "Beerfest".
Mo'Nique - "Beerfest"
- Only a few years before winning Best Supporting Actress, she had a supporting role in "Beerfest". I like about 60 percent of "Beerfest" -- she's part of the other 40 percent.
Her role as a live-in nurse-turned-evil German spy included a drunken sex scene where the guy
a hot black chick was with him... but it was really Mo'Nique. In the scene
he licks her robust feet and she pours mustard on him
. It's not... cute.
It's taking all my being not to pull a Church Lady, look at the "Beerfest" scene and sarcastically say, "Well isn't that precious... based on the novel 'Push' by Sapphire?"
Jeremy Renner - "The It Factor" reality show
- In 2003, Jeremy had done a few movies (including "National Lampoon's Senior Trip")... but was floundering in his career. So much so that he appeared on a hard-to-watch Bravo reality show about struggling actors called "The It Factor".
Toward the end of the series he gets cast in "S.W.A.T." and celebrates that now he can stop avoiding all the bills in his mailbox. It's one thing to be in bad movies... but being on reality TV is a whole different level of career trouble. (Then again, after Jennifer Hudson,
he's now the second reality TV "contestant" to be nominated for an acting Oscar
. Isn't that right, Jim Carrey?)
Renner should just be thankful he took the reality TV plunge in 2003, not later on. I don't think anyone's going to make the transition from "I Love New York" to the Academy Awards.
Anna Behlmer - sound recording on "Masters of the Universe"
- She's been nominated for a ton of Oscars for sound and sound mixing; this year it was for the sound in "Star Trek".
Her second career gig was recording the sound during the live-action version of "Masters of the Universe". In other words:
She had to make sure they got clean takes of Dolph Lundgren's lines.
I guess that once you achieve that, nothing is ever truly difficult again.
Kathryn Bigelow - "Point Break"
- At one point, she stood on set,
watching Gary Busey nonsensically scream at Keanu Reeves
to bring him two meatball sandwiches... TWO!... and said, "Yep, I got what I need, let's wrap."
Sandra Bullock - "Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous"
- I've never hid that
I like "Miss Congeniality"
. I think it's funny. (There have been two previous times on this website where I've declared my love for it.) I've also never hid my disdain for the sequel.
I'll just put it like this. "Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous" makes "Legally Blonde 2: Red, White and Blonde" look like "Air Bud 3: Seventh Inning Fetch".
Chris Elliott and Andy Richter in their "Cabin Boy" costumes.
Colleen Atwood - costume design on "Cabin Boy"
I'm not sure how much costume design went into "Cabin Boy"
but I'm guessing this one wasn't much of a resume builder. It's certainly a long way from "Nine", which got her nominated this year.
Although finding clothes that make Chris Elliott jump off the screen is probably a more difficult task than doing so for Marion Cotillard and Penelope Cruz.
Michael Giacchino - score for "Jurassic Park 2: The Lost World"... video game
- These days, this guy composes everything, from "Up" to "Land of the Lost" to "Lost"... and even occasionally things not set in mysterious, exotic tropical locations.
His first gig was... another mysterious, exotic tropical location. He did the music for "The Lost World: Jurassic Park".
Not the movie, the video game for PlayStation One and Sega Saturn.
Scoring a video game was a new concept at the time, and might've been better received... if they hadn't made it so difficult to score in the game itself. The reviews contained words like "impossible," "frustrating," and "you'll give up"... so it's not likely many people got to hear Giacchino's dramatic climax during (I assume) a battle with a T-Rex.
Stephen E. Rivkin - editing of "CBS Schoolbreak Special: The Girl With the Crazy Brother"
- One of the three editors on "Avatar" was once the only editor on a 1990 after school special. It was directed by Diane Keaton... starred Patricia Arquette... and
featured the heart-tugging story of a girl whose brother was diagnosed with schizophrenia
I don't think today they'd get away with using "crazy" in the title of a movie like that. Hell, on my lil ol' website I once wrote that today's children are narcissists and got a flood of angry letters from real narcissists about how I was misusing (and cheapening) the word. (At least I think that's what the e-mails said. Sometimes when I'm reading them I see my reflection in my computer screen and get lost in my eyes.)
Today it would either have a politically-correct title like "Coping With A Bipolar Brother"... a vague, ambiguous title that looks good on a poster like "The Two"... or be a spin-off like "The United States of Tara Presents: The Soviet Union of Billy". And I don't think Rivkin would edit it.
Stanley Tucci - "Jury Duty"
- Fifteen years ago, a little movie came out called "Jury Duty". It was a vehicle for Pauly Shore. For those younger readers who don't know Pauly Shore, he's basically like all the bad parts of Russell Brand and The Miz mixed together with an animal Speak-and-Spell.
Stanley Tucci, who has appeared in approximately two Oscar-nominated movies every year for the past decade, was in "Jury Duty".
Where his only purpose was to make Pauly Shore look like a huge star.
He plays an uptight environmentalist juror... one of the 11 who are tormented by Pauly Shore as he tries to remain sequestered for the sake of free food and a free hotel room. In this movie, everybody's the straight man to Pauly. Even future Oscar nominees. (And, to a lesser extent, other co-stars like Tia Carrere, Brian Doyle-Murray, Dick Vitale for some reason, and, sigh, Abe Vigoda.)
Anyway, to figure out what part Stanley Tucci had in "Jury Duty", I actually watched the entire movie... and here's a spoiler alert -- Tucci turns out to be the killer in the end. Did I need to spoiler alert a 15-year-old Pauly Shore movie? No more than I needed to sit through the final 40 minutes after I figured out which part Tucci played, I guess. We all make choices.
Morgan Freeman in his "Electric Company" days.
Morgan Freeman - "The Electric Company"
- From 1971 through 1977, Morgan Freeman got his start by playing a variety of characters on the PBS show "The Electric Company".
You can even see some rescued footage of it
After almost an entire decade of playing characters on the show including Easy Reader, Dracula and Vincent the Vegetable Vampire,
Freeman admitted he probably "stayed too long."
Jeff Bridges - "Heaven's Gate"
- I've never seen "Heaven's Gate". But I have seen every movie starring Dane Cook.
And "Heaven's Gate" is widely considered worse than all of them.
So... wow.
This post was originally published on Monday, March 8, 2010 at 05:30:00 AM under the category
11 Early Roles the Cast of Lost Wishes We'd All Forget
11 Yearbook Photos That Actors Wish We'd Never Seen
11 Yearbook Photos That Musicians Wish We'd Never Seen
11 Possible Plots For the Tetris Movie
The Billy Madison Quandary: Why No One Can Ever Make a Definitive List of Its Best Quotes
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A Ban on Everclear Grain Alcohol Is Bad News... For the Violin Industry?
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Getting This
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