text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Feb 2, 1971
|Filing date
|Feb 14, 1969
|Priority date
|Feb 14, 1969
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mortimer S Sendor, Bernard T Sendor
|Original Assignee
|Mortimer S Sendor, Bernard T Sendor
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (25), Classifications (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Feb. 2, 1971 M. s. SENDOR ETAL 3,560,290
, BQOKBINDING WITH WELDEDPAGES Filed Feb. 14, 1969 FIG, I.
' &Z- I I6 "T'K' l4 (/8 IO I2 20 F IG. 5. 20
United States Patent Drive, Westbury, New York 11590 Filed Feb. 14, 1969, Ser. No. 799,373 Int. Cl. B31f 1/00 U.S. Cl. 156-227 16 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This specification discloses methods of binding books without the use of adhesive, staples, sewing, mechanical, looseleaf binders or other means for holding the pages of the book together. Instead of using the expedients of the prior art, this invention uses leaves made from sheets of paper that can be welded together, the composition of the sheet being uniform throughout its entire area since when the sheet is made, no one knows what parts of its area will eventually be the edge portions of a book made from the sheet. Applications of concentrated energy applied to clamped-together leaves cause them to weld to one another to produce connections that compare favorably with the conventional binding mentioned above.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION There are many conventional ways by which pages and signatures of a book are connected together. These include the use of staples, either through the fold of a signature as in pamphlets and magazines; or through the sides of the pages near the rearward edges in other cases, particularly thicker books. Sewing is also used, but the most common methods use adhesive, either alone or in combination with stapling or sewing. Mechanical and looseleaf binding can also be used. All of these methods involve substantial amounts of labor and cost.
This invention relates to methods for making books by welding together special sheets and without the use of adhesives, staples or stitching. The sheets are made of paper and the term paper is used herein with the meaning set forth in Websters Unabridged Dictionary (2nd Ed.) which defines paper as: a substance made in the form of thin sheets or leaves from rags, straw, bark, wood or other fibrous materials, for various uses.
This invention uses a special kind of paper which can be welded to similar sheets.
The term weld is used herein to designate a connecting of sheets by sealing them together as the result of the application of energy to the surfaces of the material of the sheet and without applying adhesives or other intervening material to the sheets for binding.
The term book is used herein to designate magazines, pamphlets, letters and folders, regardless of the number of pages, and down to two or more leaves.
The connections are not the same as welds made with metal, but they do have characteristics in common with metal welding. For example: the sheet welds can be made at lower temperature if more pressure is used, and can be made with only enough pressure to hold the leaves in firmly assembled relation if sufficient heat and subsequent cooling is used. There are also distinct differences from metal welding. The stack of leaves is not a good conductor of paper heat, though the conduction is improved by pressure. The sheets cannot be melted and puddled, as with metal. The weld temperature of the sheets is that temperature at which the confronting faces of the different areas of the sheets react with one another so that they are bonded together when they cool. The specific temperature depends upon the composition 3,559,290 Patented Feb. 2, 1971 of the sheet or its resin coating system, and upon the moisture in the sheet.
In analyzing the reaction which occurs, it appears that heat is necessary, but the term heat is used in a broad sense to include high intensive dielectric fields and highly localized energy applied for short duration. For thin books, where only a few leaves are involved, hot clamping jaws can be used because the heat can flow relatively quickly through the thin group of leaves. For a thick book and low heat-conductivity sheets, radio frequency electronic heating is advantageous because it generates the heat within the sheet itself and it is not necessary to depend on conduction and temperature gradients.
It is desirable to have the leaves of the book secured together along only narrow areas of their bound margins. Clamping pressure for the welding may be over such a narrow area as to be insufiicient to hold the leaves in their desired assembled relation to one another. For this reason, the methods of this invention include embodiments where the same stack is clamped by different clamping forces, and the one for merely holding the leaves of the stack in assembled relation while being welded, may be of different clamping pressure than the one that cooperates with the welding temperature to make the weld.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will appear or be pointed out as the description proceeds.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING In the drawing, forming a part hereof, in which like reference characters indicate corresponding parts in all the views:
FIG. 1 is a view of an unfolded sheet for use with this invention;
FIG. 2 shows the sheet of FIG. 1 folded once in a lengthwise direction and once in a crosswise direction to produce a signature having eight pages (four leaves);
FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 1 but showing a sheet which is to be folded once along a crosswise fold and twice along endwise folds to produce a signature of sixteen pages (eight leaves);
FIG. 4 shows an elongated sheet folding along parallel endwise folds in accordion fashion to make a multileaf signature;
FIG. 5 is an end view of the sheet of FIG. 4 with the sheet partially folded to illustrate the principle of the accordion folding;
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic sectional view showing the way in which a single signature or inserted signatures can be welded along the fold line between heated clamping aws;
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic sectional view showing the way in which the marginal portions of thicker books are welded together and showing the way in which signatures are welded together;
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic sectional view illustrating the welding of the marginal portions of an accordion-folded signature and with stray field electrode high frequency heating;
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic sectional view showing still another modification of apparatus for welding the marginal portions of a signature together with intermittent regions of welding along the weld line;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view on the line 10--10 of 65 FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a sectional view taken on the line 1111 of FIG. 8;
FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view showing a modification of the heating means of FIG. 6 designed for continuous 7 operations, as with a conveyor; and
FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic view showing another modification of the invention.
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a sheet 9 which is to be folded along a crosswise line and along an endwise line 12.
FIG. 2 shows the sheet 9 after folding. The first fold is made along the crosswise line 10 and the sheet after this first folding is folded along the endwise line 12. Thus each leaf of the signature so formed is connected with another leaf along the center fold line 12, and the leaves are also connected together along the line 10. When the signature is trimmed, the portions which are connected along the lines 10 are cut off, in accordance with conventional practice.
FIG. 3 shows a sheet 9' which is folded first along an endwise fold line 14, and then along a crosswise fold line 16. The sheet is then folded along endwise lines 18 which are superimposed over one another by the previous foldings and this produces a signature having eight leaves and sixteen pages, with each leaf joined to another leaf along a center fold which is made up of the folds along the lines 14 and 18, all of which are adjacent to one another in the final signature.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show another common way of making signatures. A sheet 9a is folded along fold lines with the fold at each successive line 20 in an opposite direction so as to produce an accordion fold, as shown in FIG. 5. When the folds are completed and the successive leaves brought into contact with one another, the signature has half of the sheets joined to one another at one side and the other half joined to one another at the other side, as shown in FIG. 8. These are only an example of types of folds or combinations of folds that can be made either in flat sheets on folding machines or rolls of sheet material printed and folded on printing equipment.
The folding procedure described above, and over-andover folds, and many other ways in which sheets can be folded to make a thin book or to make a signature for a thicker book are well understood in the art and the examples explained here are to illustrate the important fact that when the sheet is manufactured, the manufacturer does not know what part of the area of a sheet will con stitute a marginal portion of a sheet which is to be bound for the finished book. In making sheets where the leaves are to be welded together, therefore, it is necessary to make the sheet with its entire area of a uniform consistency so that no matter what part of the area of the original sheet becomes the edge portions of an assembled signature, the edge portions are of a consistency to be welded.
One way to make paper weldable is to have the paper contain sufficient quantity of thermoplastic resin to cover most of the surface fibers of the paper. A paper with a layer of polyethylene resin extrusion coated on each surface at the rate of 6 pounds per 3000 ft. is one example of such a paper, but the paper can be uniform throughout its full thickness.
If the book or signature contains only a few leaves, such as the leaves 24 of FIG. 6, and the folding is like that described for FIGS. 13, then the leaves can be welded together along a center fold line 26 between heated clamping jaws 28 and 30.
In the construction shown, the clamping jaw 30 is tapered to a rounded upper edge 32 which can be a dull chisel point. It should not be sharp because of the danger of cutting the paper; but a more important reason is that the width of the clamping contact of the jaw 28 determines the width of the weld and the strength of the weld is increased as the width increases. The signature consisting of the pages 24 can be draped over the lower clamping jaw 28, as shown in FIG. 6, and the upper clamping jaw 30 is then brought into contact with the outside of the center fold to press the folded leaves together between the heated jaws 28 and 30.
The temperature of the clamping jaws 23 and 30 must be higher than the Welding temperature of the paper or other sheet but not high enough to scorch or otherwise deteriorate the sheet along the fold. The welding temperature, as previously explained, depends upon the composition of the sheet. The heat must be maintained long enough to penetrate by conduction through the sheet which is in contact with the jaws and to heat the inner sheets to welding temperature. This is done more quickly by using higher pressure, but the pressure must be kept to a value which will not cut or tear the sheet and this, in turn, depends upon the sharpness of the end of the lower clamping jaw 28. The upper clamping jaw 30 has a recessed face curved about an axis and with a radius of curvature preferably slightly greater than the radius of curvature of the upper end of the lower clamping jaw 28.
The lower clamping jaw 28 maybe a part of a conveyor which brings successive signatures to a welding station, as will be described in connection with FIG. 12, and the upper clamping jaw 30 can be brought into contact with the successive signatures as they reach the welding station. The clamping jaws 28 and 30 can be heated by any conventional heating means with sulficient capacity to maintain their temperature as they operate on successive signatures and with the necessary controls to prevent the temperature from reaching excessive values.
With the welding method illustrated in FIG. 6, the weld can be confined to the fold of the sheet and the center of the book can be opened fiat. However, the time for welding is longer as the number of pages used in the method of FIG. 6 is increased. This is because of the relatively poor heat conductivity of sheet, especially when made of paper; and the number of pages which can be welded by the thermal sealing illustrated in FIG. 6 is limited to comparatively a few leaves if the operation must be accomplished quickly.
The use of a hot clamping jaw at 350 F. has been used to weld paper successfully without any deterioration of the paper but the depth of penetration of the heat is inversely proportional to the thickness of the paper between the clamping jaws and greater thickness cannot be compensated for by raising the temperature because of discoloration of the paper. Clamping-jaw temperatures of 400 F' have discolored the paper in actual practice. These temperatures are given merely by way of illustration since the results depend upon the composition of the sheet.
Where greater thicknesses of sheet are involved, i.e., where the number of leaves is substantial, sealing without relying upon conduction of heat through the sheet must be used. For example: radio-frequency energy, as will be described in connection with other figures. Radio frequency may be less desirable where only a few sheets are involved. For signatures as thick as 16 and 32 pages, bett r results are obtained with heat sealing by very high radio frequency energy, preferably about 27 mH.
Radio-frequency energy has been used advantageously for welding the paper with a frequency of approximately 27 mH. Higher frequency up to about 45 mH. can be used to obtain the same results at reduced voltage. A 16leaf signature can be sealed in one half second with a power output of 1.3 kw. and with the frequency approximately 27 mH. No cooling time was required.
With a 32-page signature, the power output was about 1.8 kw. and other factors remained the same. These results are given merely by way of illustration, and the paper used to obtain these results was obtained from P. H. Gladfelter, Spring Grove, Pa.; the Gladfelter identification for the paper being Self Binding Paper.
FIG. 7 shows two signatures 40 and 42. If these signatures are thin, they can be previously welded along their folds in accordance with the method disclosed in FIG. 6. This can be done to hold the individual signatures in assembled relation, but it is not necessary when a signature is to be Welded to another signature because the same welding which joins signatures together also joins the leaves of the individual signatures to one another.
FIG. 7 has clamping jaws 44 and 46 which hold the signatures in assembled relation with one another. These clamped jaws 44 and 46 may cover the entire areas of the signatures and 42 except for the edge portions which are to be welded. Other clamping jaws 48 and 50 contact with the edge regions of the signatures 40 and 42 and press these edge regions together with substantial pressure.
The clamping jaws 48 and 50 may be heated to supply the necessary welding heat in FIG. 7. Because of the low heat conductivity of most kinds of paper, it is more advantageous to heat paper by using a high frequency electromagnetic field from a stray field electrode assembly 51, as will be more fully explained in connection with FIGS. 8 and 11. The high frequency dielectric field heats the paper between the jaws 48 and 50 and the heat is generated in the paper itself so that it is not necessary to rely on temperature gradients or conduction to reach the inner leaves. The intensity of the field and its duration are suflicient to bring the paper to a welding temperature between the clamping jaws 48 and 50.
The width of the weld is controlled by having the clamping faces of the jaws 48 and 50 relatively narrow. Because of this narrow width of the jaws 48 and 50, and the fact that they are close to one edge of the stack of leaves, it is advisable not to rely upon these jaws as the only means for holding the signatures in the desired assembled relation. The clamping jaws 44 and 46 are representative of other means for holding the signatures in the desired assembled relation during the welding operation.
FIG. 8 shows clamping jaws 54 and 56 clamping leaves 60 which are formed by the accordion folding of a sheet in the manner described for FIGS. 4 and 5. These clamping jaws 54 and 56 hold the leaves 60 together under suflicient pressure to maintain them in the desired assembled relation and with their edge portions 62 extendin beyond the clamping jaws 54 and 56.
A stray field electrode assembly 51 extends across the edge portions 62. This assembly includes a group of bars 63 alternating with bars 64 of another group. Adjacent bars are of opposite polarity and in the construction illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 11, the bars 63 and 64 are spaced from one another by air gaps. The bars 63 and 64 are somewhat longer than the thickness of the group of leaves 60; and each row of bars is longer than the extent of the leaves from the tops to the bottoms of the leaves so that the same apparatus can be used for welding the pages of books of different heights and of different thickness. This apparatus is representative of means for welding the pages by high-frequency electronic heating. Clamps 54 and 56 are preferably ceramic material, not heated substantially by the dielectric field. It will be understood that this apparatus can be used for separate leaves, signatures, or any combinations, no matter how assembled, in addition to its use \with the accordion folding illustrated.
FIG. 9 shows leaves which are separate from one another, i.e., not connected by any fold lines. These leaves 70 are held in assembled relation by the clamping jaws 74 and 76 which cover sufficient areas of the sheets to hold them in the desired assembled relation; and edge regions 72 are clamped between other clamping jaws 78 and 80. These clamping jaws 78 and 80 have projections 82 at opposing locations for clamping small spaced areas of the paper between them under substantial localized pressure. These jaws 78 and 80 may be vibrated toward and from one another at supersonic frequency, with or without auxiliary heating.
If the sheet is of a composition to generate substantial heat in the sheet when subjected to repeated high-frequency compressions, and the welding temperature of the sheet is low enough, the generated heat can be used for welding the sheet between the projections 82 with a stitch or spot welding.
FIG. 10 shows the electrode clamping jaw 80. The upper jaw 78 may be of similar construction but opposite orientation. The face of the jaw 80, which contacts with the sheet, has projections 82 which contact with the sheet at spaced locations to obtain intermittent regions of high pressure. The apparatus in FIGS. 9 and 10 produces welds which are intermittent or discontinuous along the line of the weld, whereas with the apparatus shown in the other figures, the weld is preferably continuous.
FIG. 12 shows a modified form of the thermal sealing method of FIG. 6. The leaves 24 are dropped over a lower support 28a which takes the place of the lower clamping jaw 28 of FIG. 6. A pressure roller 30a takes the place of the upper clamping jaw 30 of FIG. 6. Both the support 28a and the pressure roller 30a are preferably heated; and the support 28a is preferably part of a conveyor that carries successive pamphlets or books, containing leaves 24, past the roller 30a.
Instead of the heated roller 30a, a hot contact bar can be located along the path of the leaves 24 to supply the heat and pressure for welding the leaves together at their folds or along their rearward edges. A shoulder 86 on the support 28a prevents the leaves from sliding off the support and provides the thrust for advancing the leaves. If desired, the roller 30a or contact bar can move lengthwise of the book or leaves 24.
FIG. 13 shows another modification of the invention for binding multiple sheets or signatures of special paper 88 accomplished by the application of infra-red energy 89 from a source 90 to the edges of paper firmly gripped by clamping jaws 92. The infra-red heat source 90 may be replaced by a heated element that is applied to the edges of multiple leaves. Other heat sources can be used. The binding of single leaves as well as multiple signatures is possible by this method.
The preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, and the invention is defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of binding together paper leaves of a book which leaves are made from a sheet of paper larger than the leaves of the book, the sheets being cut along lines that comprise the eventual edges of the leaves, the sheet being of printable and weldable paper which includes a thermoplastic resin system combined with the fibers of the paper and providing a composition across the entire surface of the sheet, from which the leaves are made, weldable at any region of the surface thereof, whereby edges of the leaves made from the sheet are weldable regardless of the size of the leaves formed by cutting or folding the sheet prior to binding of the leaves together, holding the leaves in a desired assembled relation in contact with each other, and subjecting the confronting surfaces of the leaves along their edge portions at one side of the assembly to the Welding temperature and pressure of the paper while in said assembled relation, and at the same time protecting the remaining portion of the confronting surface of the leaves from said welding temperature.
2. The method described in claim 1 characterized by the paper including a resin system that bonds the sheets together at a temperature substantially higher than the ambient atmospheric temperatures to which books are subjected in normal use, but less than the heat-discoloration temperature of the paper, firmly clamping the edge portions of the leaves together so as to obtain intimate surface contact of the leaves over at least the portions of their areas that are to be welded, and while so clamped, bringing the clamped portions to a temperature in excess of the bonding temperature of the resin system.
3. The method described in claim 1 characterized by making the book from large paper sheets without the use of adhesive and wherein a sheet having surfaces of uniform composition throughout its entire area is folded both endwise and crosswise to make a signature having a plurality of leaves with folds along different margins of the folded sheet but with one side along which each of the leaves joins another leaf at back folds of the sheet, pressure being applied to all of the back folds from the inside thereof along said one side of the signature, and complementary pressure being applied to the outside of the signature along said back folds to weld the leaves together at their back folds along said one side.
4. The method described in claim 3 characterized by a plurality of signatures being clamped together to form a multi-signature book, and the successive signatures being welded to one another adjacent to their welded folds.
5. The method described in claim 1 characterized by the book being made from large sheets of paper without the use of adhesive and wherein a paper sheet of uniform composition throughout its area is folded back and forth with an accordion fold to make a signature, pressure being applied to the signature from both the front and rear thereof at least along the margins at one side of the signature where there are superimposed folds, the sheets being welded along the margins at which the pressure is applied, and trimming the folded sheet to remove the folded edges on the side of the signature opposite the welded folds.
6. The method described in claim 1 characterized by the portions of the leaves to be welded being clamped between heated clamping jaws, and the pressure of the clamping jaws being maintained until the innermost sheets reach a welding temperature.
7. The method described in claim 1 characterized by subjecting the edge portions that are to be welded to a high-frequency electronic field that generates heat in all of the leaves simultaneously whereby the leaves are brought to welding temperature quickly without requiring conduction through the paper of the other superimposed leaves.
8. The method described in claim 7 characterized by the edge portions to be welded being clamped under pressure sufiicient to cause welding of the leaves at the temperature generated by the high-frequency electronic field, and the stack adjacent to the edge portions being clamped at a lesser pressure insuflicient to cause welding of the leaves at the temperature generated in the leaves by the high-frequency field.
9. The method described in claim 1 characterized by clamping the superimposed leaves together over a substantial area of the leaves, and applying other higher and localized pressure to edge portions of the leaves that are to be welded to one another.
10. The method described in claim 9 characterized by applying the higher pressure and localized clamping force as an undulating force.
11. The method described in claim 10 characterized by the undulating clamping force having a supersonic frequency.
12. The method described in claim 1 characterized by the Welding being continuous throughout the full length of the binding edge of each of the superimposed leaves.
13. The method described in claim 1 characterized by the welding being intermittent along the length thereof.
14. The method described in claim 13 characterized by the superimposed leaves being subjected to spaced and localized regions of pressure along the line of welding, and the paper being welded only at the localized region of the pressure.
15. The method described in claim 1 characterized by generating the welding heat in the edge portions of the leaves by stray field radio frequency electronic heating of a frequency between about 27 and mH.
16. The method described in claim 1 characterized by generating the welding heat in the edge portions of the leaves by the application of infra-red radiation.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,579,488 12/1951 Freeman.
2,831,706 4/1958 Miller.
2,898,973 8/ 1959 Marsh.
3,021,947 2/ 1962 Sylvester et al 156-306X 3,241,588 3/1966 Osher et al. 39
SAMUEL W. ENGLE, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 7, 1973
|Aug 20, 1974
|Velo Bind Inc
|Book bound by ultrasonic means
|Feb 26, 1973
|Feb 4, 1975
|Said Heller By Said Shatzkin
|Book section
|Feb 26, 1973
|Mar 11, 1975
|Heller William C Jun
|Book article
|Jun 17, 1974
|Mar 9, 1976
|Sendor Bernard T
|Paper welding apparatus for bookbinding machinery
|Oct 15, 1974
|May 11, 1976
|General Binding Corporation
|Apparatus and method for binding with adhesive covers
|Jun 6, 1977
|Apr 17, 1979
|Sendor Bernard T
|Ultrasonic paper welding
|Jun 23, 1982
|Jul 5, 1983
|Hutter Iii Charles G
|Method of curing adhesive
|Apr 29, 1987
|Mar 14, 1989
|Poly Pro, Inc.
|Homogeneously fusion bonded cartridges
|Oct 13, 1988
|Mar 20, 1990
|Calendriers Jean Lavigne
|Method of joining printed sheets to form a pad, in particular for manufacturing calendars
|Nov 30, 1988
|Apr 10, 1990
|Sendor Mortimer S
|Internally disposed welded binding
|Dec 12, 1988
|Aug 7, 1990
|Roberts John T
|Method of making a fusion bonded cartridge
|Apr 26, 1989
|Jul 2, 1991
|Misicka James A
|Saddle-bound books, magazines and the like and process for manufacture same
|Dec 14, 1999
|Nov 14, 2000
|Rembrandt Photo Services
|Album and fabrication process
|Nov 1, 1999
|Dec 11, 2001
|Grapha-Holding Ag
|Method and device for producing printed products
|Feb 19, 2002
|Jul 29, 2003
|Codaco, Inc.
|RF active compositions for use in adhesion, bonding and coating
|Oct 25, 2001
|Nov 18, 2003
|Codaco, Inc.
|Radio frequency (RF) heating system
|Dec 15, 2004
|Sep 14, 2010
|Pam Hanower, legal representative
|Methods and systems for providing large-scale books
|Feb 19, 2002
|Jun 5, 2003
|Ameritherm, Inc.
|RF active compositions for use in adhesion, bonding and coating
|Jun 27, 2003
|Aug 19, 2004
|Codaco, Inc.
|RF active compositions for use in adhesion, bonding and coating
|Dec 15, 2004
|Dec 15, 2005
|Michael Hawley
|Methods and systems for providing large-scale books
|Jan 11, 2006
|Jun 8, 2006
|Luca Toncelli
|Thin, stratified, reinforced slab and method for the manufacture thereof
|Feb 24, 2006
|Oct 19, 2006
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for bonding workpieces
|Sep 9, 2004
|Dec 21, 2006
|Dario Toncelli
|Method for the production of dual-layer slab or board-like articles and slab or board-like articles which can be obtained by the method
|Feb 21, 1980
|Sep 3, 1980
|EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY (a New Jersey corporation)
|Binding apparatus and method
|Sep 13, 1984
|Mar 28, 1985
|Hurst G L
|Method of edge bonding sheets and resulting assemblies
|U.S. Classification
|156/227, 412/902, 412/6, 412/8, 156/908, 281/21.1, 156/308.4, 412/33, 156/267
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
On behalf of the parents in Mendham Township, we wish to express our sincere appreciation to Mr. Steve Geisel, principal; Beverly Gorovoy, vocal; Maureen Lewis and Sheila Mendel and their talented students for the wonderful spring concert they presented on Thursday evening, May 31. We particularly are grateful to all the teachers for their generous patience in affording their students the class time to attend practice and lessons. Additionally, we recognize the sacrifice on all parts to create something so beautiful. Thank you.
Mill Stone Road
Mendham Township

subset: commoncrawl


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Journal article
Numerical convergence of the cohesive element approach in dynamic fragmentation simulations
The cohesive element approach is getting increasingly popular for simulations in which a large amount of cracking occurs. Naturally, a robust representation of fragmentation mechanics is contingent to an accurate description of dissipative mechanisms in form of cracking and branching. This paper addresses the issue of energy convergence of the finite-element solution for high-loading rate fragmentation problems. These results provide new insight for choosing mesh sizes and size distributions in two and three-dimensional fragmentation.
Keywords: dynamic crack propagation ; crack branching ; fragmentation ; cohesive element ; numerical convergence ; Brittle Materials
Record created on 2010-11-23, modified on 2016-08-08
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text: By Sharon Donovan When maritime liens turn up, an unsuspecting vessel owner and the lender can be left in the wake of a deal gone sour. But thanks to a new form of title insurance tailored to the maritime industry, owners, lenders and lawyers who might have green-lighted the transaction with a legal opinion are insulated from the potential risk. First American Transportation Title Insurance Co., a member of The First American Corp., recently introduced its EAGLE Protection Vessel Title Insurance to protect owners and lenders against title defects and deficiencies. The company's location in a renovated French Quarter complex - a stone's throw from the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans - is no accident. Like the city itself, which has been a center for international maritime trade since 1718 when it was founded by the French, First American Transportation Title has considerable roots as a subsidiary of the 111-year-old First American Corp. But far beyond its headquarters in New Orleans, the vessel title insurance company is on its way to providing the maritime industry with an innovative remedy to inherent risks of ownership. "Title insurance should be as fundamental to vessel transactions as it is to real estate transactions," said John Casbon, chairman, president and chief executive officer of the transportation title division, who is banking on the market trend that has made title insurance an integral part of every real estate purchase. The maritime title insurance policies provide coverage for U.S.-flagged vessels and foreign registries more than 25-ft. long in the event of a number of potential waterloos, including ownership disputes, certain unrecorded liens, document forgery, defective filing of documents and errors in closing. Additionally, as in land title insurance, Casbon said, marine title insurance policyholders are assured that in the event of a lawsuit questioning the terms of a title policy, the title insurance company provides legal defense for the policyholder and, if the suit is lost, pays all valid claims which are insured up to the amount of the policy. Marine title insurance is a concept whose time has definitely come, agree experts in the industry. "It's a great idea. It's creative," said Daryl Byrd, president of IberiaBank in Lafayette, La. which specializes in marine lending. "It goes a long way in shifting one of the risk elements for owners and lenders." The maritime environment has become more complicated and costly - and as those factors escalate, so do the risks of buying and selling vessels. "Just as in other types of title insurance, marine title insurance protects the buyers and the lenders." Byrd said. "It will take time to evolve - and as it does, clients are bound to appreciate our exposing them to the opportunity to cover their risk." For the past decade, Victor Koock, general counsel for First American Transportation Title, has believed that the concept of vessel title insurance would ultimately surface in response to the demand of an aggressive market. When he served as general counsel for Tidewater Inc., Koock remembers an illuminating moment when not having adequate assurance to the title of a vessel jeopardized the deal. "We just couldn't get the necessary indemnification, and I recall thinking to myself 'Boy, I wish there was title insurance for vessels like there is land.'" Fast-forward to July 2000 when Koock was lured by Casbon out of retirement to help develop a marine title insurance program. "The reality of the situation is that it is even more necessary for a vessel to be protected than a piece of property on shore," he said. Until now, an owner or lender had limited ability to assure himself of the integrity of a vessel transaction, at least with respect to the vessel's title, possible liens and encumbrances against it, and the priority of a vessel mortgage, he said. The only resources available were the owner's and lender's own diligence or a legal opinion from an attorney involved in the transaction. "Reliance on a legal opinion, while of value as a means of evaluating the transaction at the time the opinion is rendered, is of little ongoing protection to the owner or lender," Koock said. "Legal opinions, by their very nature, are drafted narrowly and rely upon various assumptions, representations, qualifications and exceptions. They contain disclaimers of liability and, frankly, are prepared in such a way as to severely limit the potential liability of the provider of the opinion." A policy of title insurance furnishes valuable coverage that can not be provided any where else. In addition to insuring the title to the vessel and the marketability of that title, the coverage includes protection for forgery, fraud, or incapacity affecting the title. Coverage is provided during the gap between the transaction closing and the proper recordation of the transaction and mortgage. Protection against certain secret maritime liens is included, as is the priority of the preferred ship mortgage. In addition, the cost of defense to covered title claims is another extremely valuable benefit of the title insurance policy. First American Transportation Title Insurance Company provides vessel and aircraft title insurance to owners and lenders. For more information call toll free at 800-247-4035 or visit the company's website at www.firstam.com/transportation.


text:
Species of Thailand
Many-spotted cat snake
Binomial name: Boiga multomaculata (Friedrich Boie, 1827)
Also called the many-spotted cat snake, large-spotted cat snake and marbled cat-eyed snake, Boiga multomaculata, is a species of rear-fanged colubrid snakes of the genus Boiga.
Dorsally it is gray-brown, with two alternating series of round dark brown, reddish-brown or chestnut-colored spots and two other series of smaller spots on the lower sides. On the head it has two blackish bands which diverge posteriorly. There is a blackish streak from the eye to the corner of the mouth. Ventrally it is whitish, marbled or spotted with brown, and there is a series of brown spots along each side. Adults may attain 77 cm (30 in.) in total length.
Geographic range and Distribution
The snake is found in a wide variety of locales, including areas of Western Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Miao - Changlang district), Southern China (incl. Hong Kong and Hainan), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Borneo), Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, and Singapore.
A very secretive snake, it hides in hollows and cracks of tree trunks during the day. Unlike most boigas, this species is a cathemeral snake, with which it is active at both day and night. It's quite nervous and will scuttle away at the slight disturbance. They rarely bite, however. It prefers rocky crevices and thin branches that are in plain sight.
Feeding Habits
Mostly observed hunting just before daybreak, it primarily feeds on lizards such as geckos and small skinks but they will also eat lizard eggs. This snake also frequents branches that are overhanging a water source, thus it may also devour fish in the process.
Being a rear-fanged snake, it is mildly venomous. The effects are the same as most boiga species but because of its size, it never poses any threat. There are no known or recorded fatalities as well.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike Licence 3.0. Please see license details for photos in photo by-lines.
Scientific classification
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Chordata
- Class
- Reptilia
- Order
- Squamata
- Suborder
- Serpentes
- Family
- Colubridae
- Genus
- Boiga
- Species
- Boiga multomaculata
Common names
- German: Gefleckte Katzennatter, Vielflecken-Nachtbaumnatter
- English: Many-spotted cat snake
- Thai: งูแม่ตะงาวรังนก
- Boiga multomaculata, Van Stanley Bartholomew Wallach et al. (2014)
- Boiga multomaculata, Jelmer Groen (2008)
- Boiga multomaculata, Merel J. Cox et al. (1998)
- Boiga multomaculata, Ulrich Manthey & Wolfgang Grossmann (1997)
- Boiga multimaculata, Malcolm Arthur Smith (1943)
- Boiga multimaculata hainanensis, R. Mell (1931)
- Boiga multimaculata sikiangensis, R. Mell (1931)
- Boiga multimaculata, Malcolm Arthur Smith (1923)
- Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus, George Albert Boulenger (1896)
- Dipsas multimaculata, André Marie Constant Duméril & Gabriel Bibron (1854)
- Dipsas multomaculata, Friedrich Boie (1827)
- Dipsas multomaculata, Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1827)
Many-spotted cat snake is found in following locations in Thailand
Please note that this non-official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. This list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo/videos published on various websites or our own findings. We appreciate your contributions with photo proof.
- Cha-Am District
- Doi Suthep-Pui National Park
- Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary
- Kaeng Krachan District
- Kaeng Krachan National Park
- Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary
- Lan Sak District
- Mueang Chonburi District
- Pang Sida National Park
- Phu Kradueng National Park
- Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary
- Tha Yang District
- Thap Lan National Park
- Wang Nam Khiao District
- Watthana Nakhon District
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN3.1)
- Cha-Am District
- Doi Suthep-Pui National Park
- Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary
- Kaeng Krachan District
- Kaeng Krachan National Park
- Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary
- Lan Sak District
- Mueang Chonburi District
- Pang Sida National Park
- Phu Kradueng National Park
- Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary
- Tha Yang District
- Thap Lan National Park
- Wang Nam Khiao District
- Watthana Nakhon District
Range map of Boiga multomaculata in Thailand
Important note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. Please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings/knowledge.


text:
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Results 1 to 1 of 1
Thread: Something Urgent- Invalid DB Url
04-10-03, 03:32 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Mar 2003
- Location
- Singapore
- Posts
- 200
Unanswered: Something Urgent- Invalid DB Url
Hai friends,
I would really apprecaite if someone could explain this for me.
I am using a site using an IBM Application server and DB2 database.Both the Databas server and Application Server are on 2 seperate machines.
I suddently got and error stating
Invalid DB Url.
Invalid DB user.Invalid DB password.
Think this is something to regarding the connection pool issue.
I only restarted the application server and it became correct.
Could anyone explain what is this regarding to is it regarding the Database or the Application Server.
Thank you in advance


text:
Date:From August 6, 2015
The Chinese thriller movie, set to
the backdrop of 1940s, is adapted
from a true story of that time. A
group of students try to uncover
the buried secret of a "haunted"
red house. However, the students
die one after another in a series of
"supernatural events."
Where to watch:
Yonghua Cinema http://www.idealshanghai.com/venues/19/
Wanda Cinemas http://www.idealshanghai.com/venues/17420/
Shanghai Film Art Center http://www.idealshanghai.com/venues/21/
Stellar Cinema City http://www.idealshanghai.com/venues/22/
Peace Cinema http://www.idealshanghai.com/venues/20/
Cathay Theater http://www.idealshanghai.com/venues/2228/
Peace Cinema
From ¥280
From ¥35
沪公网安备 31010602000209号


text: How are your country´s gas prices? I think we have reached a new record in Norway as long i have been a gasoline user (10 years) Regular gasoline costs aprox 2.75$ per litre and diesel costs aprox 2.54$ per litre. And we have loads of our own oil! I remember when i started buying gasoline for my boat / moped ten years ago, it cost below 1.90 per litre.


text:
IN this week's SME Focus a green buildings specialist explains how he has used skills honed working for shipbuilding and electronics firms in the last century to grow a business that numbers some of the biggest names in modern retailing among its clients.
Name: Iain Gibb.
Age: 56.
Loading article content
What is your business called?
Lateral Technologies and Solutions Limited.
Where is it based? Bellshill.
What does it produce, what services does it offer?
The company is a building services consultancy company specialising in energy performance. We aim to save companies money by reducing energy consumption and to allow them to reduce their carbon footprint.
Who does it sell to?
We work with a number of blue-chip clients across the retail, leisure and local government sectors.
What is its turnover?
£1.5 million
How many employees? 18
When was it formed? 1993
Why did you take the plunge?
I became disillusioned with what I was doing and started exploring the potential of establishing my own consultancy. I wanted to do things differently, to provide what I felt was an innovative approach to building services.
I came up with the name Lateral Technologies & Solutions Ltd because I didn't want to generally focus on engineering - we wanted to emphasise our flexibility, our wide range of skills, and commitment to being on the leading edge of industry technology. At that time, the industry was going through a massive change - technology, including the development of the building energy management system, was moving forward at an incredible rate, but we felt few had the know-how to take full advantage of those important developments. We saw a gap in the market and decided to go for it.
What were you doing before you took the plunge?
I was born and bred in Edinburgh, attending Daniel Stewart's College, before completing my education at Napier University. I worked with a mechanical and electrical engineering consultant for a period doing design. I realised fairly quickly that although I could design the systems I lacked a full understanding of how they worked and interfaced with each other, so I left and spent some years commissioning the systems I had previously been designing. This proved to be an invaluable learning curve before I moved on to a new role elsewhere in commissioning management.
How did you raise the start-up funding?
I went to my father - a civil engineer who designed bridges and roads - for support, which he gave me. My father and I registered the company in October 1993 and I started to look for contracts that December.
I also needed a partner who would share my vision for the business and complement my skill base. I found that in Brian Paterson, who was a former colleague and who joined me in February 1994.
What was your biggest break?
We started in a recession, and HCI Clydebank hospital was our first major contract. Laing O'Rourke, the construction company, needed my experience to go in and push it on. We also started working for Motorola at one of the electronics giant's manufacturing sites in Bathgate. Both projects were bankers with the steady income we needed at the time to establish the business and provide a platform to grow.
Then it was on to Kvaerner Govan where we were asked to be part of the design team for the innovative Sea Launch Commander satellite launch ship project. We had never done ships before, but one of my friends had been made redundant, so I said, 'How do you fancy doing ships?' He is still with us and leads up our mechanical design team. We had a good group in place.
It was one of the most exciting jobs the Govan shipyard had seen in years. The team travelled to St Petersburg where the Russian equipment was installed and commissioned, then she was delivered on to San Diego - it really was a one-of-a-kind project to work on.
We continue to have good fortune up to the present day in being able to work on major projects with the likes of John Lewis and Waitrose, creating energy efficient stores and supermarkets. Our work has also seen us partnering with a number of local authorities on the refurbishment of public buildings including the Manchester Town Hall Extension and Central Library.
What was your worst moment?
After the Kvaerner project, we experienced a period of rapid growth, but we became too big, too quickly around 1997, and it was unsustainable. We were also working on ships in France, so a lot of work was remote rather than being in the UK. We got into a bad place in terms of cash flow, but luckily, our banking partner, Natwest, was supportive. If it had not been for them, we probably would have gone down altogether. My brother also helped, for which I will always be grateful.
It was a valuable lesson, so we tend to maintain a relatively small and lean team, with retained expertise. We prefer to work at a manageable level so that we can deliver on our promises. We also have a very flat structure which we find very advantageous. We can react quicker because we're smaller, and that allows us to see the whole picture. We feel the bigger companies can't manoeuvre nearly as quickly.
What do you most enjoy about running the business?
Being in the thick of it, working alongside our team.
What do you least enjoy?
When running a company you have to work long hours and in my case be abroad for long periods. This has a big impact on family life. However my wife has always been very supportive and I comfort myself with the fact that I did it to provide a better future for her and my three children.Running a business can also be difficult on many levels with all the little headaches that you just didn't see coming, but every day is different and we enjoy overcoming the challenges that projects throw up.
What are your ambitions for the firm? To stay abreast of the latest technology - being on a par with the big boys or being ahead is important to us.
What are your top priorities?
Training; producing what we would like to produce; maintaining our reputation; attempting to not do things the way they've been done before - we always try to go off the radar to look for a better solution; being a leader and developing partnerships with like-minded businesses.
What could the Westminster and/or Scottish governments do that would help?
Both governments need a clear and concise, long-term energy strategy that fully details their approach to energy conservation. Due to the length of parliaments, too often governments don't look far enough ahead.
The Government channels funding to support economic development across Scotland but I feel this is very sector specific. As a consultancy we have found it challenging to get any level of grants to support our growth objectives. If you are starting up a consultancy, for instance, you have nowhere to go. We've found that very hard at times.
What was the most valuable lesson that you learned?
I have a very strong work ethic - I believe that what you put in, you get back out; that if you just sit back, then it won't happen. I believe that once you have the work, you have to produce. I've also learnt that you don't run away from a problem.
How do you relax?
I am just a family man - I have three grown-up children and still love spending time with them. It's about striking a balance which can be difficult. Rugby is also a real passion of mine. I used to be an Edinburgh season ticket holder, but I think watching the games made me more stressed than work! These days I still try to make sure I never miss an international. I used to play at school, and having eventually gained a place in the 2nd XV, played against the two Scottish legends Finlay Calder and Jim Calder, though I should point out that I definitely didn't give them any problems!


text:
How to Calculate Approximate Tax Returnby Tiffany Raiford ; Updated April 19, 2017
April 15 is an important day, but it's likely not a day that you generally look forward to -- unless, of course, you are a tax professional or accountant. You can calculate an approximation of your return using basic information such as your projected income, filing status, dependents, exemptions, credits and deductions to garner an idea of what your income tax situation looks like for the current tax year. You can also calculate the amount of your tax liability manually if you choose, but the Internet provides efficient methods designed to calculate your income taxes for the year.
Use an online website to figure out your approximate tax liability. These online calculators are available through the Internal Revenue Service and other online tax preparation companies. Calculating your return will give you an approximate idea of whether to expect a refund when you get around to filing your income taxes.
Gather your basic tax information; use your tax information from the prior year if your income situation hasn't changed drastically over the course of the year. This is helpful in determining your income tax liability as you can expect the same type of return if your tax situation hasn't changed.
Provide the information required to calculate your approximate tax liability. Information needed includes your filing status, dependent and exemption information, income information and any information regarding tax credits and deductions you are eligible to take.
Enter all of the information in the tax calculator and submit your information. The tax calculator then provides you with an overview of what to expect your income tax return to look like once you file. This is not an exact replica of your return, but rather an estimate, which means filing your tax return using the exact information you receive in the mail at the end of the tax year will change your return slightly, or even drastically, if you left out or added additional information.
Photo Credits
- TAX TIME image by brelsbil from Fotolia.com


text:
Best Western Hotel Astoria
Select your stay dates to check availability at Best Western Hotel Astoria
Best Western Hotel Astoria
About the Hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Best Western Hotel Astoria in Milan, you'll be convenient to Teatro Ventaglio Nazionale and San Siro Stadium. This 4-star hotel is within close proximity of Fiera Milano City and Milan Convention Centre.
Make yourself at home in one of the 69 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars and flat-screen televisions. Wireless Internet access (surcharge) keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and bidets. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Make use of convenient amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and a television in the lobby.
Take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include express check-in, express check-out, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby.
Hotel Facilities
- One meeting room
- Television in lobby
- Offsite parking discounted rates available
- Luggage storage
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Multilingual staff
- Elevator/lift
- Concierge services
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Express check-in
- Free WiFi
- Express check-out
- Number of floors - 8
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free breakfast
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 69
Room Facilities
- Satellite TV service
- Bidet
- Climate control
- Flat-panel TV
- Desk
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Daily housekeeping
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Free newspaper
- Private bathroom
- Phone
- In-room safe
- Air conditioning
- Room service (limited hours)
- Minibar
- Hair dryer
- Soundproofed rooms
- WiFi (surcharge)
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
- Children 2 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 5 per person, per night, up to 14 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 18 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
Philip G. Alston
Last quote by Philip G. Alston
The broader point is if you didn't do it for Haiti, and you don't do it for Kosovo, you don't have to do it for anyone.feedback
Apr 18 2017 United Nations
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18 Poinciana Boulevard Broadbeach Waters 4218 QLD
Location - Value - Water Access !!
Click on the 'Virtual Tour' icon below, or Email Agent'
This home is positioned in the middle of Broadbeach Waters, minutes from shops, schools, beaches, the caf culture of Broadbeach and the glitter strip of Surfers Paradise, this house ticks all the boxes.
This 3 bedroom home with solar power has been lovingly cared for and impeccably maintained and it shows in the presentation.
- Huge tiled L shaped living area opening onto the patio and back garden offering complete privacy
- Chef's kitchen with European appliances and an abundance of bench top
- Double garage plus boat/car shed with additional car or caravan storage
- Boats or jet skis can be launched on any tide on your own boat ramp.
- Security screens throughout
- Air conditioning and ceiling fans
- Low maintenance lawns and gardens.
Don't miss this opportunity come and see what this property can offer you.
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Time for climate action
Jl Sandy, UTFeb. 12, 2013 11:52 a.m.
one vote, where do you live? I'm moving to your neighborhood.
one vote Salt Lake City, UTFeb. 12, 2013 8:02 a.m.
Electric only vehicles after three days of inversion by 2020.
LDS Tree-Hugger Farmington, UTFeb. 11, 2013 11:35 p.m.
the truth
Holladay, UT
It was a colder winter over 60 years ago.
What is left's, the climate changing chicken littles, explanation for that?
Ummm, It's called Global Warming.
the truth Holladay, UTFeb. 11, 2013 5:34 p.m.
It was a colder winter over 60 years ago.
What is left's, the climate changing chicken littles, explanation for that?
The climate now is NOT hotter or colder than is been in the past, what is the extreme left's explanation for that?
Man-made climate is definitively proven a hoax.
And is nothing but a tool for a progressive power grab and money grab.
atl134 Salt Lake City, UTFeb. 11, 2013 2:44 p.m.
"Sorry, I just do not believe we have the power to control the climate, fossil fuels and junk science computer models not withstanding!"
We have the power to create the ozone hole problem. I don't see why this is really any different since they're both a matter of atmospheric chemistry.
ugottabkidn Sandy, UTFeb. 11, 2013 10:27 a.m.
It's too late. You wasted all this time arguing the if's and what if's and by the time it hits you in the face you will be hit in the pocketbook inspite of yourself because you want to be right. Instead of being reasonable and making the planet a better place you have squandered the opportunity to be responsible. What's wrong with pure water and clean air I say? It might cost us money,you say. It's too late.
4word thinker Murray, UTFeb. 11, 2013 9:20 a.m.
There are 2 time honored theories about the 'disastrous weather we have been experiencing these last many years.
Darwinism - the earth has gone through many climate changes through its history, and those creatures that adapt, survive.
Religion-ism - the world is iniquitous and the people are being warned by their God to straighten up or face destruction.
Then there is the new theory
Secularism - We are the Gods of this world and we can fix the climate how we want it, if you will just fork over all your money and give up your life.
Let's go with the time honored approaches over this new one. It sounds too kooky.
one vote Salt Lake City, UTFeb. 11, 2013 7:55 a.m.
It is much easier to bury head in sand and hope the 1950's return. Let the grandkids take care of the problems.
Pagan Salt Lake City, UTFeb. 10, 2013 8:50 p.m.
**'EPA inventory shows Utah's sources of greenhouse gas' - By Amy Joi O'Donoghue - 02/05/13 - Published by the Deseret News
'WASHINGTON — The nation's power plants continue to be the single largest stationary source of greenhouse gas emissions, according to new information released Tuesday by the Environmental Protection Agency.'
Mountanman Hayden, IDFeb. 10, 2013 6:33 p.m.
@ Marxist. I am honestly trying my best to understand this issue. You and others are telling us that if it is colder than normal it is because it was warmer than normal and if it is warmer than normal it is because it was colder than normal? What is should the "normal" temperature be? Sorry, I just do not believe we have the power to control the climate, fossil fuels and junk science computer models not withstanding! The sun has the most impact on our climate and not even Al Gore can control that as he laughs all the way to his huge bank account he has personally profited from this issue! Why he is now richer than Mitt Romney and you know how much you hate him!
marxist Salt Lake City, UTFeb. 10, 2013 4:44 p.m.
Re: Mountanman "Today's Headline: "Storm pumping up Utah's snowpack, January coldest month since 1949." This headline: "Time for climate change action". So, which is it? Contradictions anyone? " Of course you must know that as the global mean temperature climbs this will lead to more violent swings in weather behavior, and more violent storms.
LDS Liberal Farmington, UTFeb. 10, 2013 3:31 p.m.
I'm beggining to see a clear pattern on dealing with all the problems we have in the world today.
Gun problems,
Fiscal problems,
Global warming problem,
Healthcare problems,
Homeless problems,
UnEmployment problem,
Economic problems,
etc., etc., etc.
We have one group of people trying to study things out,
come up with an idea to solve them,
and try to actually DO something about them.
And then we have the other group -
Who say NO to everything, and want to do NOTHING about any of it.
There's a reason why they have the reputation of being the party of NO.
Thinkin\' Man Rexburg, IDFeb. 10, 2013 3:25 p.m.
What climate change are you talking about? Temperatures are in the normal range. Precipitation is within the normal range.
What climate change? Please answer that before pretending politicians can do anything about it.
higv Dietrich, IDFeb. 10, 2013 2:27 p.m.
As for media it is a reinforcer of what people choose to beleive rather than an enforcer. A conservative is more likely to listen to Fox news and Rush and Sean wheras a liberal is more likely to listen to NPR and MSNBC. They listen to people not to be informed but to be reinforced. Those that listen to something they don't agree with do to discuss why they are wrong not to be informed.
Kent C. DeForrest Provo, UTFeb. 10, 2013 1:39 p.m.
The problem with both sides of the climate change argument is that they ignore the more fundamental issue, namely, the assumption that endless economic growth is the answer to all our problems. Both sides keep wanting to feed the beast as much as possible. One side wants to feed it carbon-based fuels. The other side wants to feed it wind, hydro, solar, and other so-called green fuels. But if we keep feeding the beast, it will soon devour us. What happened in 2008 was just the tip of the iceberg.
What we need to do is rethink completely our basic economic assumptions, beginning with the question, "What is the purpose of an economic system?" Let me give you a clue. The answer is not to simply convert as many resources as possible into consumable products and then, by consuming them, convert them into waste. This is madness on a grand scale. Do we really think we can forever perpetuate the corporate system we have been addicted to since the 1860s?
Why are we always asking the wrong questions?
jsf Centerville, UTFeb. 10, 2013 1:09 p.m.
Why is it man made global warming advocates shoot thier own arguments out of the discussion. The letter writter says this is the worst drought in 50 years. We have to make drastic cuts. The writter refers to the five year drought of 1988. But what man made event resulted in the 1933 drought or the 1988 drought. Droughts have occured for centuries. Remember the reason the Israelits ended up in Eygpt, was a seven year drought that affected the entire region. Drought struck the American Southwest back in the 13th century, drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century, droughts in Iowa in 1721, 1736, and from 1771 to 1773, there were at least three major droughts in nineteenth century North America. What about all those across Europe and Africa. Man made or created, hardly. Now on to a real discussion of real causes. Read the IPPC 2014 leaked report. Co2 not as big as they thought.
JoeBlow Far East USA, SCFeb. 10, 2013 12:15 p.m.
"LDStreehugger what makes people you beleive more right than people conservatives beleive. Even among scientists there is not unanimous consent."
Because he is believing what the vast vast majority of what climate scientists say.
And there will virtually never be "unanimous consent" among scientists on any issue.
Heck, maybe the world is still flat.
DougS Oakley, UTFeb. 10, 2013 10:27 a.m.
What to do? We might start by building nuclear power plants to replace those "nasty" CO2 generators. We might plant more to use the excess CO2 and convert it to that Oxygen all animal life needs. We could petition Mother Nature to restrict volcanoes and other disasters which contribute to warming. Like the pumps purchased to pump the Great Salt Lake into the western desert, we can purchase a lot of huge fans to blow all the stainted air our of the Wasatch Front.
The last things we should consider is the removal of employment opportunities and the taxing of everyone in pursuit of un-attainable results. We must "adapt"
Say No to BO Mapleton, UTFeb. 10, 2013 10:25 a.m.
The trouble with the tree-huggers is that their leaders are backing off.
Just last week one guru was upset because they were planning a wind farm in his town. He explained that wind energy was so much hot air.
And the developer of the Pruis says their's no future in the electric car.
Then we can talk about how bio-fuels leave a huge footprint to process AND raise the price of food.
And for all the global warming talk no one has been able to explain how fossil fuels are bending the jet stream.
one old man Ogden, UTFeb. 10, 2013 10:21 a.m.
This reminds me of a controversy raging when I was studying geology in college in the early 1960's. The debate then was over "continental drift."
How did that turn out?
Continental drift is now a proven fact.
But its consequences didn't mean much for the humans who depend upon this planet as their spaceship. IF climate changes is proven in the future as was continental drift, and nothing at all has been done to try to control it, what will be the consequences to human life on earth?
Is this something we can simply dismiss -- or does it deserve careful investigation and solutions? All of humanity may depend upon how effectively we respond.
higv Dietrich, IDFeb. 10, 2013 10:16 a.m.
LDStreehugger what makes people you beleive more right than people conservatives beleive. Even among scientists there is not unanimous consent.
higv Dietrich, IDFeb. 10, 2013 10:15 a.m.
We can't control the climate why let it control us. Just a move to give people empowerment and hurt prosperity that makes our lives more comfortable. Why bite the hand that feeds us. We eat and use products thatsome people say people make climate dangerous production. Why work there and use them than? Storm in Northeast and cold spells in this hemisphere. We have zero control over climate.
Mountanman Hayden, IDFeb. 10, 2013 9:34 a.m.
@ LDS Tree hugger. It's utterly amazing that so many journalists and others inundate us regularly with scare stories demanding that the United States take fierce anti-warming action while scarcely ever pausing to mention the possible futility of it all — or the cost.
Those costs will get us if we do fight back, and those saying so aren't just radio hosts of the kind that make leftists urge censorship. They are people like William Nordhaus, a Yale economist. He has calculated what would happen in the long haul if the world were to implement an anti-warming plan like Al Gore's and has some numbers to share: Costs would outweigh benefits by $21 trillion.
Nordhaus believes if India and China do not join the parade, nothing is accomplished by any American program, and the Chinese have not been spotted signing up. Some climatologists say the trends are mild.
One of them is Patrick Michaels who was at the University of Virginia for 30 years. His study convinces him nothing disastrous lies around yonder bend. Another is Richard Lindzen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He believes gloomy computer simulations are bogus.
LDS Tree-Hugger Farmington, UTFeb. 10, 2013 8:53 a.m.
Although I sincerely applaud this letter writer --
Tha sad fact of the matter is most Utahns will still take the word of 3 or 4 AM radio college drop outs, stting in a studio, and with know severe political bias...
[saying that global warming is a hoax, isn't happening at all, and that Al Gore Inc. is the root cause of the rumor].
100% of the World's entire Scientific and University communities acknowledge Global warming.
[99% agreeing it is man-made, with a few dis-agreeing].
Something has to be done.
Ignore the radio,
and Stop ignoring reality, the earth, and the problem.
Utah_1 Salt Lake City, UTFeb. 10, 2013 8:23 a.m.
"carbon fee and dividend legislation"
If you tax people enough they will stop breathing, happy?
Whether or not you think C02 is just plant food, that idea is not worth considering.
Promoting renewable energy, clean air, water, land are good things that almost everyone agrees is a good thing. Why don't you start there.
Mountanman Hayden, IDFeb. 10, 2013 7:02 a.m.
Today's Headline: "Storm pumping up Utah's snowpack, January coldest month since 1949." This headline: "Time for climate change action". So, which is it? Contradictions anyone? Exactly what actions should be taken? Do we spend time and money trying to find ways to warm thing up or cool things down? What exactly should be done and has any considered the futility of it or the costs? Exactly what would the benefits be? More cold weather are more warm weather?


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
50 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Hôtel du Centre et du Lauragais Castelnaudary is offering 16 comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Castelnaudary. The bar provides a nice atmosphere for a romantic evening talk or a personal meeting. At the hotel you may go online via wireless Internet connection (WiFi). An exact and detailed list of equipment in the rooms and of the services provided by Hôtel du Centre et du Lauragais Castelnaudary you will find on the information sheet below, including any applicable additional fees.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time is 13:00, the latest check-out time is 11:00. French and English languages are spoken by the personnel.
Hôtel du Centre et du Lauragais Castelnaudary rooms Rooms
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Pet friendly, Bar


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Fast and Furious' Scott Eastwood Is The Grand Marshal for the Auto Club 400Scott Eastwood, star of the upcoming 'Fast And Furious: The Fate of the Furious', will utter those 4 magic words at the Auto Club 400 this Sunday in Fontana.
Scott Eastwood's Creepy Paparazzi PictureThe paparazzi caught Scott Eastwood in an awkward shot over the weekend.
Scott Eastwood In 'Fast 8' - Grab And Go GossipThe Fast & Furious franchise just announced it's next movie Fast 8 and revealed that Scott Eastwood will be joining the cast.
Jana Kramer Is Dating Clint Eastwood's Son| Rodney Atkins Engaged| Angelina Presley Rumored To Be Cause Of Pistol Annies Drama - This Week On The Skinny
Bob Barker Back On 'The Price Is Right' & Jana Kramer's New Boyfriend - In The Hollywood CheeseBob Barker is returning to host 'The Price Is Right' for a special celebration. Plus Jana Kramer is back on the dating scene and dating one of the hottest heartthrobs.


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Happy Monday!
What? Too perky?
So Not Sorry. After a long weekend of feeling like someone skewered my insides while also having a house full of kids (and one of those gets sick, too), I deserve a little perky.
Plus, I have a grand total of 12,459 words in my NaNoWriMo word tally. That's for one week of writing. By today I should have 15,000 words written and I will get it done. I'm not going to push myself into misery though, which is why I took yesterday off. It was a beautiful day and I had been up until 3 a.m. writing 4,000 words, I felt good after being sick for two days, and I decided I'd earned the break.
I'm learning a lot from this round of NaNo. I've figured out that if I give myself 20 minutes, and only 20, to socialize and distract myself from writing then I can actually focus on writing without being distracted because I spent my allotted time and have to earn more. It's my reward system and it's working for me. Next, I've discovered that for the first hour I am pushing myself for words. This sucks because I might manage only 500 the first hour. However, once I get past that first hour and those 500 something amazing happens: the story takes over.
I'm serious. I've had a week of testing this theory. It's like sitting down to do homework at first or reading a book someone tells you to read in a genre that you don't normally read in. There's pain. There's whining. There's wining. 😉 But after a while you realize that the book isn't so bad or that you're almost finished with all those thousands of math problems. Once I get past the mad toddler stage of that first hour I find that the words are flowing, the characters talking and telling me their part of the story, and I get lost in what I'm doing. So much so, that Saturday night I lost track of time and that's when I looked at my word count and realized I'd gone over my daily goal. That's happened quite a few times this week.
Another thing I've learned is to not focus on my word count. Because it's insanity. I may be a lunatic poet but I'm not actually all that crazy. (Hush AJ.) At first I caught myself looking at my word count every ten minutes to see how close I was to my daily goal. It was a distraction in itself. So I tried to focus more on the writing, not the words. It's helped but it is really tempting to look and keep track of those words. I'm now trying to just let it go. (Ok, Joe, stop it. If I have to hear that song one.more.time…)
Let's talk about editing-as-you-go-now. One of our biggest problems, right? Not this time for me. I have somehow ignored all those little niggling impulses that say "go back and fix it now." Nope. I am making all kinds of errors and just leaving them. I am info dumping. I am deliberately ignoring all the rules and liking it. I have chapters all over the place. I have scenes happening before other scenes. I have characters introduced that I will need to go back and create an introduction for. I have timeline issues. But it's all good. I will go back after November, or when I'm finished writing, and sandpaper the hell out of it. That's why its called a rough draft.
I've also developed an interesting little quirk. I like to knit, and with fall here and winter on its way I began knitting a scarf for one of my eldest son's friends. (Its a Ravenclaw scarf, CJ. Thought you'd appreciate that note.) I'm almost done with it and have now begun knitting hats because they're quick to make. Well, I've begun keeping a hat in progress next to my laptop. Whenever I get stuck on what to write, I pick up the hat and knit until an idea comes to mind. There's this idea that knitting creates a Zen-like mindset in the brain. I cannot corroborate that with any scientific facts but it does clear out all the minutiae and let's me begin to focus on the problem at hand. Clearing my mind allows new to form and I can brainstorm while still being productive, which then allows my writing to be more productive as well. Plus, I love the yarn I'm working with right now. Its SOOOOFFFTTTT. So…writing and knitting, though not at the same time, an interesting but effective combination.
This week has definitely been worth the time I've invested in NaNo. Just learning more about my writing process, and how its evolved during the last two years, has been a gift in itself. I know I need to allow myself distractions and reward myself for a job done, even if it's a small one. Knowing that I will be pushing myself for words the first hour or so allows me to know what to expect, and I will be developing a strategy to combat this problem as November goes on.
Week Two is here and I hope you've discovered things about your writing, and your writing process, that will help you as you go forward. And I would love to hear about it. Pipe up in the comments. Let's see what ya got!


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Broadband project depends on federal funding
The Eyre Regional Development Board says it hopes to soon announce a broadband project for the whole of the Eyre Peninsula, if funding applications are successful.
The Federal Government recently committed $1.5 million to providing wireless and fibre broadband services to Port Lincoln.
The head of the development board, Mark Cant, says it is hoped more funding will see the service extended throughout the Eyre Peninsula.
He says voice technology could revolutionise communications on the Eyre Peninsula.
"They'll be able to use the Internet...like a phone and what we're looking at is increasing the region's present capacity of communication by four times," he said.
"If we're successful in this other funding bit, both of the infrastructure will be rolled out in parallel, so there'll be a net benefit right across the whole Eyre Peninsula at the same time."
Streaky Bay is waiting for broadband Internet - the council says more people have registered interest there than in other Eyre Peninsula towns.
Streaky Bay Council has been looking at ways to get the service in the west coast town. It has approached Telstra directly as well as asking the Eyre Regional Development Board for information.
John Rumbelow, the council's chief executive officer, says a recent survey shows there is a demonstrated market for a broadband service in Streaky Bay.
"I believe that we were around about 330 registrations of interest in people wanting to connect to broadband and I know that's well in excess of anyone else so, yes, there is a lot of interest," he said.
Topics: internet-culture, port-lincoln-5606, streaky-bay-5680


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The Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research NWO will send five researchers to Antarctica in January 2013. Heading up a Dutch research station there, the NWO hopes to add a Dutch stamp to investigations done in the South Pole.
The station will be made up of four mobile laboratories that will be joining an existing British base. Research will focus on the effects of the rapid melting of ice sheets on sea water and the human food chain.
The Dutch station is the initiative of Education Minister Ronald Plasterk, inspired during a visit to the South Pole with Prince Willem-Alexander and Princess Máxima a few years ago.
© Radio Netherlands Worldwide


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Principles of learning - reinforcement . Jessica Royster – April 8, 2010. What is Reinforcement? . Saphier's definition… "Anything that strengthens a behavior" Reinforcement can range from food and toys to statements of recognition. . Verbal Reinforcement.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Jessica Royster – April 8, 2010
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iBall Slide Co-Mate and Slide Snap 4G2 tablets launched in India with rich technical specifications and options. iBall Slide Co-Mate available for Rs. 6999 and Slide Snap 4G2 tablet priced Rs. 7999. iBall Slide Co-Mate comes with a beuatiful 8-inch (1280 x 800 pixels) IPS display.
This is powered by 1.3GHz quad-core MediaTek processor with Mali-400 MP2 GPU. You have 1GB RAM and 8GB internal memory. There is also expandable memory up to 32 GB. You have Dual SIM and Android 5.1 (Lollipop) OS.
iBall Slide Co-Mate gets 5MP auto focus rear camera (Interpolated to 8MP) with LED flash. You have 2MP front-facing camera. There is 3G HSPA+, WiFi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.0, GPS etc. A powerful 4300 mAh battery powers the phone.
iBall Slide Co-Mate Price in India: Rs. 6,999/-
iBall Slide Snap 4G2 comes with a large 7-inch (1024 x 600 pixels) IPS display. This is powered by 1.2GHz quad-core processor. You have 2GB RAM and 16GB internal memory. Memory more expandable up to 32 GB. You have Dual SIM support and Android 5.1 (Lollipop) OS for android apps and games fun.
iBall Slide Snap 4G2 packed with 5MP auto focus rear camera with LED flash. Selfies are best with the 2MP front-facing camera. Available options includes 4G LTE, WiFi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.0, GPS etc. A powerful 3500mAh battery powers the phone for best back up and talktime.


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Tall Ships Charleston 2017
® Event name contains registered service marks*
"The Lynx Fires Its Guns" by Bruce Guenter – Source – License
Charleston welcomes TALL SHIPS CHALLENGE® Atlantic Coast 2017
19th May 2017
21st May 2017
Charleston, SC, USA
Charleston welcomes the TALL SHIPS CHALLENGE® Atlantic Coast 2017 series for Tall Ships® Charleston 2017. This event will offer a fantastic opportunity for visitors to step aboard many beautiful tall ships from across the world.
From Charleston the TALL SHIPS CHALLENGE® fleet will race north before joining the Rendezvous 2017 transatlantic regatta fleet in Boston. From there the two series will continue north to Quebec for an event celebrating 150 years of the Canadian Confederation.
Did You Know? Many of these vessels offer an experience known as 'Sail Training', a course in personal and professional development championed by youth organisations, multi-national corporations and even navies from across the world.
Charleston, SC, USA
19th May 2017
21st May 2017
TALL SHIPS CHALLENGE Atlantic Coast 2017
Where is Charleston, SC?
More Events
The sailing ship logo, Tall Ships®, Tall Ships America®, Tall Ships Are Coming!®, Adventure and Education Under Sail® and TALL SHIPS CHALLENGE®, are registered trademarks of the American Sail Training Association (dba Tall Ships America).


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Distilled Spirits Council Announces Partnership
with Women of the Vine & Spirits
The Distilled Spirits Council today announced a new partnership with Women of the Vine & Spirits™ designed to support women in the beverage alcohol sector by providing opportunities for career growth and personal development.
"We are honored to support Women of the Vine & Spirits and its mission to advance professional development of women within the wine and spirits sectors," said Distilled Spirits Council President & CEO Kraig R. Naasz. "From master distiller to spirits executive, women play a critical role in the continued growth and success of our sector."
Naasz commended Women of the Vine & Spirits Founder & President Deborah Brenner for expanding the organization in 2016 to include professionals in the spirits sector.
"Deborah is advancing an admirable cause in the beverage alcohol community by creating a forum for women to network, exchange ideas and foster mentoring relationships," said Naasz.
"Women of the Vine & Spirits is the only trade organization to advance and support the careers of women in the alcohol beverage industry," said Brenner. "Until now, there has never been a forum for women in all sectors to come together to strengthen ties through opportunities such as regional networking events, discussion forums, educational resources and the Annual Women of the Vine & Spirits Global Symposium. I am pleased to welcome the Distilled Spirits Council as one of our valued partners in this shared mission."
Naasz will serve as moderator of a panel discussion on "Women of the Still" at the Third Annual Women of the Vine & Spirits Global Symposium in Napa Valley, March 13-15.
In addition, the Council has submitted the following staff members for membership in Women of the Vine & Spirits:
Bridget Allshouse, Director of Legal Affairs
Carla Budesinsky Santillan, Administrative Coordinator
Emily Burk Smith, Manager of State Government Relations
Michele Famiglietti, Senior Vice President of Member Relations
Lisa Hawkins, Vice President of Public Affairs
Christine LoCascio, Senior Vice President of International Affairs
Kelley McDonough, Director of Public Relations
Christal Mirabal, Executive Assistant to the President & CEO
Lynne Omlie, General Counsel
Kelly Poulsen, Vice President of Federal Government Relations
Kyna Ricks, Manager of Accounting
Women of the Vine & Spirits™ is a membership-based alliance that empowers and equips women worldwide to advance their careers in the alcohol beverage industry. Women of the Vine & Spirits offers extensive education, advocacy, training, mentorship, networking and steadfast support for women at every position in the field, particularly through the annual Women of the Vine & Spirits Global Symposium which will be held March 13 – 15, 2017 in Napa, California.
The Distilled Spirits Council is the national trade association representing producers and marketers of distilled spirits sold in the United States.


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You've done it. You've created a business. Now it's time to start using mobile marketing to promote it. You probably have tons of questions on how to start and what to do, but don't worry, this article can help you. Listed below are some tips that will help you get started with your mobile marketing aspirations.
Make your messages fun. Remember that mobile can also be used as a source of entertainment. Make your messages interesting and exciting, while providing the subscriber with either meaningful information or entertainment. When subscribers are doing something or just waiting for something somewhere, they will look to mobile as an exciting or enjoyable distraction.
If you are making use of mobile marketing – send an occasional reminder message! If you have some sort of event coming up, you should remind your customers a few days ahead of time, as well as the day of the event itself. Customers are busy people, and may forget what they had wanted to do without a reminder from you.
Shop around for different companies. Mobile marketing companies all differ in their styles and methods. Finding the one that is best for your business and your customers can be as simple as visiting their websites. Never settle for the first one you find without checking out what the other companies may have to offer.
In the content area of your mobile marketing campaign, it's important to keep the message short so it can be easily understood. Your message must come across loud and clear to your customers. This allows them to understand, relate to and absorb it much faster.
Keep your text messages, social network posts and e-mails brief and concise. If the message is too long, people tend to dismiss it immediately. The message shout be short, urgent and contain a call of action. It should not be a quarter page ad, but instead a short message aimed to alert consumers of discounts or promotions.
Decide now whether you're going to use QR or 2D codes in your mobile campaign. Your audience may not understand how to leverage certain technology out there, so you need to ensure that you're going with something current, popular and people-friendly. You're marketing to basic folks; not everyone will be tech-savvy.
Even if someone subscribes to your messages, they may still want to unsubscribe for whatever reasons, so make it easy for them to do so. In every single message that you're sending out via mobile marketing, make sure you're including an unsubscribe link so that people can opt out if they choose.
You should be working very hard to create various types of promotions in order to entice customers with any mobile marketing campaign. Don't worry about losing money here. A customer attracted by a two-fer may not have been attracted otherwise, and you'll end up profiting way more through your promotions.
Playing to the status of your customers is a huge deal and a surefire way you can improve on your mobile marketing campaign. People wait out in line for days to get an high-end Phone in part for the same reason people wear a Gold Watch: It's a status symbol. Offering status-boosting incentives is a great way to keep your customers on the hook.
Be sure to send text messages. People usually have a ringer that will go off whenever they receive a text. They also tend to check it right away. Just make sure to send small files such as photos of a new product that you have available, thus allowing the customer the option of receiving texts or not.
Shorten a lengthy or complicated URL, by using a QR image generation shortener. This will keep the code design basic, and it will be easy to scan. URL shorteners are simple to learn how to use and they will allow you to shorten any URL, in just a few, short steps.
Make your text messages engaging and viral. Of all mobile marketing techniques SMS messaging is one of the easiest for a user to pass onto a friend. Consider how you can make your text messages buzzworthy, and be sure to add an easy short code subscription method for those readers who may have just received your text message from one of their friends.
Don't forget to add tracking capabilities into your mobile marketing! Just because the screen is smaller, doesn't mean it is less important. Add tracking extensions to the hyperlinks you are using in mobile marketing campaigns and look into various mobile services that offer robust tracking capabilities for a plethora of mobile tactics.
Now you should be much more prepared when it comes to mobile marketing. If you thought that you were ready before, well you should now be an expert! The tips that were given should have provided you some advice that can help you get started with your mobile marketing plan.