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5.1 Observations
It is not debatable, that the economic status and development of Nigeria is largely depended on the scale of income realized from mineral oil more than any other single commodity. This evidences the need for continued exploration, exploitation and production of oil in the country. The plight of the inhabitants of these areas where the oil is being wined has been told with so many instances and cases in the previous chapter of this work. The facts in, Chief Caippers Enoch & Ors v. SPDC (supra)[1] is an example. This brought to fore the failure of the multinational oil industry to put adequate preventive measures in place to mitigate the effect of oil pollution in Nigeria.
Consequently, the provisions of the local laws for the control of environmental pollution and hazards in Nigeria are two shallow and poorly implemented. For example section 36 and 37 of FEPA (supra) the meager penalties provided for under this section are not adequate enough to serve as a deviants to such rich oil companies as Shell, Chevron and other multinational oil companies operating in the country. A part from local laws, one could quickly ask, is there no internationally recognized standard for good oil field practices in the country and if there is, are these multinational oil companies observing of these standards? The truth is that international standard does exist. And some of these international standards were provided for under the various international conventions and laws discussed in chapter two of this work. For example, Article 6(1) of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Response and Cooperation[2] which provides and I quote,
Each state party must establish a national system for responding promptly and effectively to oil pollution incidents. This system shall includes (a) the designation of the competent national authorities with responsibilities for oil pollution preparedness and responses, the national operational contact point which shall be responsible for the receipt and transmission of oil pollution reports. (b) a national contingency plan for preparedness and response which includes the organizational relationship of the various body involved whether public or private, taken into accounts the guideline developed by the International Maritime Organization (I.O.M).
It is regrettable that some of these international laws or conventions that are meant to standardize the management, control and response to oil pollution has not been domesticated and put to use in Nigeria inline with the provisions of section 12 of the 1999 Constitution (as amended)[3].
However, it is no longer in doubt that the activities of multinational companies operating for oil in Nigeria, lack every sense of international standards. This prompted the allegation leveled against Shell BP, by some group of Nigerian[4] on double standard[5] (meaning that the standard exhibited in Nigeria by Shell BP is different from their standard of operation in North America). In defense to this allegation at the annual Shell Group meeting held in London in May 1996. The group Chairman John Dennings stated that:
The charge of double standard is mistaken because it based on the notion that there is a single environmental standard, as well as we continue to improve, varying standards are inevitable.
The evidence in support of the fact that the multinational companies operating for oil in Nigeria does not comply to the available international standard in the country is implied in the statement of the Group Managing Director Shell BP C.A.J, Herkstroter, at the parallel annual meeting held in Netherlands, in 1996, where he stated as follows:
That, higher environmental standards could harm local economics, should we apply the higher cost western standards, thus making the operation uncompetitive and deprive the local work force of jobs and the chances of development. Or should we adopt the prevailing legal standards at the site, while having clear plans to improve towards best practices within reasonable time frame?[6]
The statements of the two great minds in the oil industry above, summarizes the true situation of the standards applicable in exploitation of oil and conservation of environmental good in Nigeria.
The effect of non compliance to international standard in Nigeria is one of the evidence of sporadic and continued environmental fouling, through oil spillage and gas flaring within the region of Niger Delta. This evil, is at the detriments of good environmental programmes and sustainable development. While the victim s' fates were left at the mercy of prolonged court cases, which some times yield little or nothing positive at all. Depending on the victims ability to prove damage and or cause of action to the satisfaction of the court.[7]
Furthermore, these oil companies often times, take cover in the provisions of the laws that are favorable to them in other to evade liability. For example, such defenses as act of sabotage.[8] It is important to note here that Nigerian judicial system in conjunction with the jurisprudence of other parts of the world, has been so strict in the application of the provisions of section 4(4) of the Oil in Navigable Water, Act[9] which provides that:
it shall be a defense for the occupier of a place on land, who is charged with an offence under the last preceding section improve that the discharge was caused by the act of a person who is in that place without the permission of the occupier.
And the provisions of section 22(1) of FEPA Provided in Chapter Two of this work respectively. In fact, the polluters have succeeded in a good number of cases involving environmental fouling and destruction of means of livelihood against them by the virtue of these defenses.
Hence, the Nigerian Court in Umudje & Anor v SPDC (Nig) Ltd[10] in a claim for compensation resulting from damage to fish ponds, streams, farmland and economic trees. The court held that the company is not liable since the act was caused by the mischievous act of a third party and there was no negligence on their parts. Similar decision was also reached by the Indian court in Mardraj v Texaco Trinidad Inc[11].Where it was held that
An oil company was not liable for an escape of oil and consequent damage to the crops of neighboring landowners which was caused by an unknown trespasser deliberately drilling a hole in the company's oil pipelines.
However, these positions of the courts are good but cushion should be taken by the courts with jurisdiction over oil pollution matters in respects to granting of these defenses of sabotage or the act of a third party. This is because, since it has been observed as noted above that these oil companies are not complying with the international standard, they may decide to use this pipelines beyond its required life span, making it prone to damage in any slight contact. And when an action is brought against them as a result of spillage from such incident they will turn around to claim defense of sabotage.
Nevertheless, the issues of the Alternative Dispute Resolution A.D.R, noted in the concluding part of chapter four of this work, is ripped for adoption by the victims of the oil pollution. Considering the fact that prove of damage or cause of action witnessed in the case of San Ikpede v. SPDC[12] may defy the chances of securing adequate and fair compensation to the loss they incurred to oil spill. Similarly, the measurement of the actual loss may be better fixed out side the court. Taken due regard on the fact that the negotiation will be carried out in an open and relax minded atmosphere.
5.2 Recommendations
The celebration of positive impact of mineral oil in Nigeria, should not quieting the sense of need for sustainable development of the environment, in addition to protecting human lives, and preserving plants and animals species from extinction. The very fact that oil spill cannot be totally avoided in the face of oil exploration, exploitation and production, arose the curiosity of solution. On this note I, recommend as follows;
1. Courses in Oil and Gas Law should be Introduced in all the Universities in Nigeria.
The need for further studies and continued research in Oil and Gas Law in Nigeria is quite over ripped. The knowledge for good oil field practices vis-à-vis management and control of oil pollution in the country is most sacrosanct. Hence, urgent introduction of courses of study in Oil and Gas Law, both for degree, masters and PhD programs in all Nigerian universities will be the most appropriate for the stemming of the oil pollution insurgencies in the country, hence using the powerful instrument of research and information.
However, Technical and managerial knowledge acquired in Oil and Gas Law will apart from fostering new ideas for good management and control of oil pollution, be used in providing expert advise in oil pollution related matters. More importantly, masters and PhD programs in Oil and Gas laws when offered by Nigerian universities will give opportunities to many who ordinary could not have afforded over-sea's education, to acquire knowledge necessary for better management and dispensation of oil pollution cases in courts.
2. Life span for oil pipelines carrying oil in Nigeria
It is more effectual to prevent the occurrence of oil pollution than remedying the effects of its disaster. One of the ways by which oil pollution could be prevented in Nigeria is by enacting a law, banning the continuing use of worn out oil pipeline without maintenance or replacement by the multinational oil companies operating in the country. The enforcing mechanism of this law should see that the provisions of the law relating to pipeline management including procedure for laying maintenance and replacement are strictly followed. And that no oil pipeline in Nigeria, is used beyond its life span. This is important because, the worn out nature of some of the oil pipeline carrying oil in the country sometimes contribute to its easy damage either by accident or through act of sabotage. Leading to spillage and thereby pollute the environment.
Furthermore, apart from replacement of the worn out pipelines, there should be a regular maintenance of the oil pipelines. This will go a long way to enhance the durability of the pipelines and keep them in proper shape for efficient carriage of oil.
3. There should be a law to combat non compliance to international standard on good oil field practice in Nigeria
It was noted in chapter four of this work that the oil companies operating for oil in Nigeria have over the years, flout with impunity the international required standard for good oil field practices and sometimes with a very flimsy excuses. Therefore to checkmate the purport of this notion and as well drag the concerned oil company to compliance, the legislators should enact a law with stiff penalties for non compliance to international standard in oil operation vis-à-vis oil pollution control and environmental management in Nigeria. The importance of this could be drawn from the fact that weak enforcement procedure has been the bane of most of the international conventions which was the proponents of these provisions. Hence, state legal instrument is sacrosanct to supplement and give virile to the enforcing mechanisms of the conventions.
4. Emergency Response Action plan should be established with Offices in all the 36 States that make up Nigeria:
NNPC and the oil companies operating in Nigeria should as a matter of urgency, put in place effective emergency action plan, "fully equipped with all necessary technical facilities necessary to wrestle the sprayed of oil on the land and onto the waters at any event of spill. Thus, this will reduce escalation of oil pollution and mitigate the extent of its damages.
Similarly, the agency for emergency management and control of oil pollution should be established with an office throughout the 36 states of the federation. This is because oil pollution though more prevalent in the oil producing areas, the occurrence cannot be totally ruled out in other parts of the country. Perhaps, there have been stories of petrol tankers slumped on the way before getting to their various consumers' destinations. This often results to spillage and sometimes leading to destruction of lives and properties. However, with the immediate intervention of such emergency control agencies, the quantum of loss at the event of such spill could be mitigated.
5. Compulsory clean-up and periodical Bio-remediation operations should be carried out by the concerned oil company: Pollutant such as oil is capable of rendering permanent damage to the affected sites. For instance, when oil pollution occurs, it sprayed and covers the surface of the water in a very tiny sheet and remains there unless removed. This makes it impossible for Oxygen (O2) to penetrate into the water. This has been explained in detail in the preliminary stage of this work. The effect of this is the death of the marine resources which primarily depended on the available oxygen in the water to exist. On the land however, the oil when spill, continues to sink deep into the soil, causing the roots of the plants growing there to form bobbles and become incapable of absorbing water, thus, leading to the death of the crops and all other economic trees growing therein.
However, to prevent the occurrence of such consequential damage mentioned above, the oil companies operating in Nigeria should be compelled to respond promptly at any event of oil spill and to carry out clean-up and bio-remediation exercise in accordance with the provisions of National Oil Spill Detection and Responses Agency Act (NOSDRA) 2006.
Nevertheless, some of the importance of clean-up and Bio-remediation exercise includes but not limited to, healing the affected areas and putting or restoring it back to its original state. Perhaps, it is one of the best measures since it serve as a means of restitution which some of the oil pollution victims sometimes sought in the court. In other words, when the affected water or land is cleaned and properly treated, it will become safe for use again.
6. Concurrent jurisdiction on oil pollution matters should be conferred on both state High Courts and the Federal High Courts:
One of the challenges of action on oil pollution causes has been noted to be the issue of jurisdiction. It is obvious that virtually all states in the Federation of Nigeria have State's High Court but such is not the same when it comes to Federal High Courts. Therefore, for even access to justice for the victims of oil pollution, States High Courts should be empowered by the relevant laws to hear and determine actions in oil pollution matters.
On the second hand, concurrent jurisdiction on oil pollution matters when conferred on both State High Courts and the Federal High Courts will help to decongest the Federal High Court of over flow of litigations already experiencing by its proceedings.
7. Relevant provisions of the law should be enacted to put an end to gas flaring in Nigeria:
Negative effect of gas flaring is beyond bounds as noted in chapter three of this work. Is it the corrosive effect on the steel roofing sheets, which reduce the durability of the roofs of the house, formation of acid rain, or the environmental and health complications. In fact, the debilitating effect of gas flaring is such that could not be tolerated in any healthy environment. Hence the urgent need to put an end to it in Nigeria.
However, the legislatures should either revived the existing environmental related laws or better still enact new one to make available, provisions, banning gas flaring in Nigeria.
8. There should be a Regulatory control on sitting of petrol stations and mechanic work shops in Nigeria:
The fact that no oil pollution when compare its resultant effect could be adjudged small, envisaged the need to put all action which could in one way or the other result to oil pollution in check. If a look is taken around our cities, it is discoverable that most petrol stations is located side by side with residential houses, churches, mosque, schools, markets and indeed other conventional places. This is dangerous because the little drops or spillage of oil at the petrol stations is capable of sparking off fire. And when this happens, the closest spots becomes the victims.
Mechanics' work-shops, on the other hand are not encouraging at all to be sited close to an area where the people get their source for water. Because the used or condemned oil spilled at will by the auto spare mechanics could be washed into the water by rain and when the people drink such water, it could result to one form of ill health or the other. On this note, I call on those who are responsible for the enforcement of existing Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA) to wake up from their slumber and check the proliferation of petrol stations and mechanics workshops all over the cities in Nigeria. Or alternatively, the Nigerian legislators can by legislation, provide a law with more stiff penalties against those who end at noting than to vitiate the laws guiding environmental issues.
9. The government of Nigeria through NNPC should organize Regular workshops and sensitization programmes for the people within the oil producing areas:
Oil pollution as said before is better prevented than managing its effect. The people of Niger Delta if given adequate education and information on prevention and control of oil pollution, the incessant complaint of oil pollution in the region could be reduced. For instance they could be informed on the danger inherent in the act of pipeline brakeage, and more importantly how to respond, whom to call and where to complain to at any event of oil spill in the area. They could be equipped with information skills and equipment for possible evacuation of their fishes at the event of oil spill.
10. Nigerian people should be Educated on the importance of approaching Alternative Dispute resolution Mechanism (ADR) in seeking compensation for their loss as a result of oil pollution
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) as noted in chapter four of this work, in contra distinction to court litigation, give equal access to justice to every body, "Rich or poor alike" less capital intensive, safes time and discourages enmity. With A.D.R, victims of oil pollution will no longer be denied access to justice on the ground of jurisdiction. With ADR approach, the victims are likely to obtain more valued compensation compare to what is obtainable in court. This is because, the victims in the very relax of their minds would be able to use all the available chances without restriction to measure their losses, simply because they are almost in control of the whole process unlike the court instances where they can only speak through their counsels or sometimes through the judge.
However, since the venue will be decided by the parties, the victims are saved of costs of transport and are encouraged to pursue their cause to a logical conclusion. They can agree or disagree on any decision without incurring any contempt, though depending on the approach adopted.
5.3 Conclusion
Without missing words, the oil rich Niger Delta Area of Nigeria is indeed a blessing to the country. Perhaps, the exploitation of this natural mineral oil goes with its expectant challenges. However, the pains experienced by the inhabitantsof Niger Delta is however predicted on the effectiveness or otherwise of the management of the said challenges posed by the processes applied in exploitation and exploration of the oil. Thus, the environmental hazard commonly experienced in the Region of Niger Delta as expounded in chapter three of this work is therefore surmountable.
Consequently, since the major environmental complaints in the Region of Niger Delta had over the years over remained fouling and destruction of environment related substances into the land and waters resulting to the damage, it therefore suffice that such measures as regular clean up exercise and others bioremediation on the land and water is most appropriate. Furthermore, the position of oil and gas in the growing Nigeria in economy has been over stretched in both introductory part and chapter 5.1 of this work and it goes without saying that the appreciability of Nigerian gross net income. However, if this asserted being the true state of things, it will not be out of place for Nigerian government to make the clean up of Niger Delta environment to make the clean up of Niger Delta environment of its programmed agenda.
Similarly, all the relevant provisions of both local, statutes and international conventions elucidated in chapter two and four of this work has however pointed to the fact that international standard for environmental management is attainable. Wherefore any deviation from the international standard becomes a direct violation of the proviso enabling it. It is in fact disheartening that the existing oil industries operating in the country are very fare from observing the international standard and other environmental ethics as pointed out in chapter four of this work. though the existence of laws in one thing and its enforcement the other, hopes never eluded the victims in this devastating situations. Alternative dispute resolution thoroughly illustrated in chapter four of this work provides for the victims of oil pollution being the [subject matter of this project] among other things in avenue for instituting a direct negotiation with the accused oil from without having to undergo the rigorous processes of litigation. In other words, with A.D.R., access to justice is evenly available, to everyone including the poor victims of oil pollution damage.
For better environmental management in the Nigeria oil sector and for some other questions arising from the sharp practice of the multinational oil companies operating in the Niger Delta Area and issues relating to the fate of the communal life in Niger Delta recommendations provided in chapter 5.2 of this work has a lead answer.
Mgbolu, A. K. Petroleum Act with some basic Concept
in Oil and Gas Law in Nigeria (Willy Rose & Appleseed publishing Coy Abakaliki 2011).
Andrew I. C, New Dimension in Commercial and Oil
& Gas Law (Law house books port Harcourt, 2007).
Omaka, C. A. The Nigeria Conservation law
(Lions Unique Concept, Lagos Nigeria 2004).
Uduechi, G. O Public Land acquization and Compensation
practice in Niger (John West Publication, Ikeja 1989).
Omotola, J. A Environmental Laws in Nigeria including
compensation (Faculty of Law University of Lagos 1990).
Magaret T. O Laws of Environmental Protection
(Caltop Publication Nig Ltd Ibadan 1998).
Yinka Omoregbe Oil & Gas Law in Nigeria (Malthouse Press Limited Ikeja Lagos Nigeria 2001).
Internet Sources:
Chuks Onyeni's, Nigeria oil filed encyclopedia.org/oloibiri, accessed on 21st June, 2013.
Guideline on oil pollution Damage-Committee Maritime International available at http//:www.comitemaritime.org>Home>product accessed on 7th July, 2013.
Ofehe's "Environmental Pollution" available at http//:www.Niger Delta Campaign.com accessed on 31st January, 2013.
Oloibiri-oilfiled, "Exploration History-Appraisal Development and Production" available at http/./www.en.wikipedia.org/olobiri Accessed on 21st June, 2013.
Opava, "Environmental Emergency Management" available at http//:www.epa.gav/Opaova.ntm accessed on 20th June, 2013.
Petroleum Exploration in Nigeria, available at http//:www.nnpcgroug.com/exploration accessed on 23rd June, 2013.
Ref world/The price of oil, "Corporate Responsibility and Human Right available at http//:www.unher.org/refworld/topic/456502 accessed on 12th July, 2004.
Steve Motiboba, "Cultural Issues in Oil Exploration in Nigeria" available at http//:www.unicorin.edu.ng (publication) Dr. Accessed on 23rd June, 2013.
The Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOB) 1993, large protest, available at http/./www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shell-Nigeria accessed on 24th June, 2013.
Oladele G.A. "A Comparative Study of the Legal Control of Oil Pollution in Nigeria and under International Law " vol. 1 No 2,(2012) "Commercial and Industrial Law Journal.
I.A. Umezurike, "Legal and Industrial Framework for Environmental Damage Remediation' vol 1, (2003) Environmental Pollution and Management in the Tropics".
Steve Metiboba "Socio-Cultural Issues on Oil Exploration in Nigeria" (Ebonyi
State University Law Journal vol 4 (2011).
Ogbuigwe "Compensation and Liability for Oil Pollution in Nigeria" (J.P.P.L
Brayan A. Garner, et al" Black Law Dictionary 9th edition (West Publishing Co. 2009).
[1] The claim in this case was for compensation for the death of children as a result of the drinking water polluted by an oil spill, damage of farm lands and economic trees and complains from residents of the affected area that fisher collected by them tasted paraffin (Kerosine), thus, indicating the presence of hydrocarbon contamination.
[2] supra P19
[3] Section 12(1) of the Constitution (supra) provides that "No treaty between the federal and any other country shall have the force of law except to the extent which any such treaty has been enacted into law by the National Assembly.
[4] Ref world/The price of oil 2 corporate responsibility and human rights, www.unher.org/reworld/topic,456502searched
[5] Ibid p.4
[6] www.unher.org/refworl/topic456502/suora).page
[7] In Umudje v. SPDC (supra), the sum of N 100.000.00 was clamed by the victims as fair and reasonable com[ensation for the damage done to the plaintiff's farm land, fish ponds and economic trees, through wrongfully and partially blocking original channel or water ways and replacing it with access road by the defendants and their agents. The trial court awarded the sum of N14,400.00 as fair & adequate compensation to the plaintiff. However, this decision was quashed on Appeal on the ground that no cause pf action was established. The Supreme Court per Idigbe J.S.C. conceding with the position of the Appellant Court disallowed the financial award made by the trial court.
[8] Section 22(1) of the FEPA (supra).
[9] Supra p.29
[10] [1975] 9-11 SC 155 p.172 – 173S
[11] [1965]15 West Indian Reports (W.I.R) 251.
[12] [1973] M.W.S.J. 61 Pgs 88-89


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19 January 2006
A party that descends into an orgy... billard debauchery... & a dominatrix in her dungeon. 3 amazing anals!!! Sarah lies in bed, writing erotic tales she longs to live out. And as she writes about a theft, a jailing, a dark dungeon, female slaves and wicked dominitrix's, they all come to life in Bryn Pryor's darkly sensual True Porn Fiction. Join beautiful new superstar Monique Alexander in a tangled web of intrigue and lust, where you're never quite sure what is real... and what is simply True Porn Fiction... Featuring chapter search, no regional coding, dvd-rom compatible, and photo gallery.
Watch the official True Porn Fiction 2006 trailer in HD below.

subset: commoncrawl


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Here are six reasons for England to feel confident of success on Sunday.
1. Franz Beckenbauer
If England needed any extra motivation for Sunday's clash in Bloemfontein, it has been offered up, twice, by Der Kaiser. Firstly, Beckenbauer - perhaps unwisely - picked a fight with Fabio Capello by suggesting England "have reverted to "kick and rush football" under him. It certainly riled Wayne Rooney, who said he was keen to face Germany in the second round as "it would be nice to beat them". Beckenbauer further fanned the flames a week later by claiming England were "burnt out" and "stupid" to have finished second in Group C. Cheers Franz, that's the teamtalk sorted.
2. This generation are not cowed by Germany
Whereas earlier incarnations of England squads often carried the scars of previous encounters with their arch rivals, the current crop have no reason to fear Germany. Indeed, in the last meeting between the two sides, in November 2008, England won 2-1 in Berlin after goals from Matthew Upson and John Terry, both of whom are expected to start on Sunday.
3. Germany's mounting injury problems
Manager Joachim Low is facing facing injury concerns over the influential Bastian Schweinsteiger, defender Jerome Boateng and the superb Mesut Ozil. The latter's absence would be a particularly big blow, but his twisted ankle is unlikely to rule him out. However, Schweinsteiger and Boateng are serious doubts, and when you consider Michael Ballack, Heiko Westermann, Rene Adler, Simon Rolfes and Christian Trasch did not make the World Cup squad through injury, it highlights the problems facing the German camp.
4. England's 'lucky' red kit
Fifa has confirmed that England will wear their all-red kit against Germany, as they are the designated away team for the match. It has become received wisdom that the kit is lucky, although Wednesday's victory over Slovenia in the strip was their first-ever win in it at a World Cup. However, in the seven matches in which England have worn the all-red strip in all competitions, they have won four, drawn two and only lost once. So whether it is lucky or not, wearing all-red can't really hurt, can it?
5. Germany's inexperience
Whether or not you believe the Germans' claims that they are underdogs for Sunday's clash, what cannot be disputed is their contention that England are vastly more experienced than them. Italy's first-round exit means Capello's squad is the oldest in the competition, with an average of 28.7 years, and made up of players who have regularly featured in some of the biggest games in European club football. Germany, meanwhile, have picked their youngest World Cup squad since 1934, with an average age of 24.9 years. Of the remaining teams, only Ghana have a younger squad.
6. Fabio Capello's big-match temperament
Despite all the talk of unrest, civil war and coups prior to the Slovenia match, the England manager stuck to his guns, picked the side he wanted and got the result and performance needed. The Italian tends to get the big decisions right in the big matches: witness Croatia home and away, Germany away and now add Slovenia. Capello may be authoritarian, but he has earned the right to make the decisions he wants, when he wants. And more often than not, he gets them right. England's not-so-secret weapon could be the key to defeating Germany.


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text:
The Change-Up Trailer (2011)
"Who says men can't change?" 05 August 2011 Comedy 112 mins
Dave is a married man with two kids and a loving wife , and Mitch is a single man who is at the prime of his sexual life. One fateful night while Mitch and Dave are peeing in a fountain when lightning strikes, they switch bodies.
Watch the official The Change-Up 2011 trailer in HD below or find more The Change-Up videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Dunn and his passenger, Zachary Hartwell, died in June when the television personality's Porsche went off a Pennsylvania road and caught fire.
Host Kevin Pereira made it clear that Dunn's drunk driving was not being condoned with the tribute. Instead, the segment featured Bam Margera, Tony Hawk and Dunn's other pals remembering the better times in his life.


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August 15 Services at Historic Site in Turkey are Rescheduled
The Feast of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church and therefore one of the most celebrated feast days across the Orthodox World. It is remembered on August 15 and preceded by a fourteen day fast. Most people simply refer to it as August 15 or the Fifteen Days of August.
In Orthodox countries throughout the world, you can expect people to fill the churches in the morning and then celebrate into the night. Churches named for the Virgin Mary are particularly popular during the feast day.
But there will be silence on the Pontic Mountains range, in Trabzon, Turkey which houses the historic Panagia Soumela Monastery which has been closed for repairs since 2015.
The monastery dates back to the 4th century and is known as the site where St. Luke painted the miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary known as Panagia Soumela.
Panagia Soumela is the icon referenced in the service of the Small Paraklesis (Intercessory Prayer) to the Most Holy Theotokos every evening during the fast:
Speechless be the lips of impious ones,
Those who do not reverence
Your great icon, the sacred one
Which is called Directress,
And was depicted for us
By one of the apostles,
Luke the Evangelist.
According to Greek City Times, "The historic monastery held its first liturgy in June of 2010 after 88 years, with permission granted by the Turkish government at the time, with the Ecumenical Patriarch presiding over the liturgy in honour of the Virgin Mary in whose name the monastery was named."
Due to current repairs at the monastery, His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew will offer services on other holy and historic sites in the area for the Feast of the Dormition on August 15 and for the Leavetaking of the Feast on August 23.
May the Virgin Mary protect us and be our constant intercessor to her Son and our Lord, Jesus Christ.
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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Being a production of France, this feature film of 2014 has been excellently directed by Jean-Marie Villeneuve. You can watch Tout est faux online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in French at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2014.
Rating: 5 by 10 users./
Runtime: 81 minutes
Elise Andréa, Frédéric Bayer Azem, Olivier Chantreau, Marie Demasi, Mathieu Lagarrigue, Hugo Malpeyre and Sébastien Novac.
81-minute film (full movie) directed by Jean-Marie Villeneuve.
The original audio of Tout est faux has dialogues in or French, it was produced in France.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2014.
Screenplay written by Jean-Marie Villeneuve.
Jean-Marie Villeneuve and Elvis Gygi.
Jean-Marie Villeneuve.
Composed by Frédéric Petit.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Tout est faux has a duration of 81 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in English or French in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Tout est faux in FULLTV Movies.


text:
GraphicRiver Flattened UI KIT 6437219
Category: Web Element | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Flattened UI KIT 6437219
Web Element \ User Interfaces
Interface \ Responsive \ Professional \ Photoshop \ Portfolio \ Retina \ Template
Web Element - Flattened UI KIT 6437219 by Sevolfo @ GraphicRiver
Web Element \ User Interfaces
Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD ; High Resolution: Yes ; Layered: Yes ; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS4 .
What Is Flattened?
"Flattened" is a Set of User Interface for the Web, if you love the Flat Design, Simple, Modern and Minimal, or you are obsessed with Order and Cleaning, this is the Kit for you. Is Great for both the Developer and the Client. You can build your ideal Website in 5 minutes, and also possible Customize it easily all elements thanks to the Elements Designed in Vector and Smart Objects to change the Images of the Elements. The kit ontains everything you need to build a good site, Nice and Functional, the Elements are more than 150 and are Organized into 15 Modules PSD, obviously this kit Supports the Retina.
What Contain?
- - 15 Modules PSD contain 150+ UI Elements.
- - 7 Modules PSD for the UI Retina.
- - 33 Color Palette in PSD and Swatches Photoshop File
- - 150+ components, all in 5 different colors ready!
Photoshop Levels Organized
Navigating between UI Components is really easy thank to the 15 PSD Modules, Levels and Groups Well-Organized and Renamed.
Customizable Components
Customize UI Elements of Flattened that you need to Compose your site is really easy. Simply select the Level you want to Change and Resize it, Change Color and move it wherever you want.
Free Google Fonts Used.
- Source Sans Pro
- Open Sans
- Orienta Credits
Images By.
- Mads Frantzen
- Guillaume Kurkdjian
- Jeremiah Shaw
- Barton Damer
- Diesel.com
Keywords: blog, boxes, business, button, clean, color, corporate, e-commerce, flat, icons buttons, interface, minimalistic, mobile, modern, module, personal, photoshop, portfolio, professional, psd, responsive, retina, simple, template, theme, ui kit, user interface, web elements, web kit, website.


text:
A Post-marketing Surveillance Study on Erbitux in Combination With Platinum-based Chemotherapy in Metastatic/Recurrent Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
|Drug: Cetuximab
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Case-Only
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:
|A Korean Post-Marketing Surveillance Study On Erbitux (Cetuximab) In Patients With Recurrent And/Or Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Head And Neck
- Safety [ Time Frame: After approval of new indication till 6 years of PMS period ]Frequency and severity of all adverse events (AEs), regardless of the causal relationship to Erbitux
- Efficacy [ Time Frame: Throughout 6 years of PMS period ]Best tumour response; time to progression; and duration of tumor response
|Study Start Date:
|March 2009
|Primary Completion Date:
|March 2009 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Drug: Cetuximab
The PMS study is planned to be conducted within 6 years from the approval date of the new indication in approximately 50 institutions in Korea.
Primary objective:
- To obtain safety information on the use of Erbitux in subjects with recurrent and/or metastatic SCCHN in terms of frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs)
Secondary objectives:
- To gather clinical efficacy information of the treatment
During the PMS period, each subject's background, subject's medical history (surgery, anti-cancer treatment), Erbitux treatment status, concurrent medication, response evaluation, status and reason of discontinuation, all AEs (regardless of the causal relationship to Erbitux), and abnormal results of laboratory tests will be collected. The PMS will be based on all cases treated with Erbitux at least once.
Erbitux will be prescribed to recurrent and/or metastatic SCCHN subjects according to the approved national label as in routine clinical practice under the supervision of an investigator experienced in the use of antineoplastic medicinal products. Prior to the first infusion, subjects will receive pre-medication with an antihistamine and a corticosteroid. The initial dose of Erbitux is 400 mg/m2 body surface area and the subsequent weekly doses are 250 mg/m2 each administered intravenously via in-line filtration with an infusion pump, gravity drip, or a syringe pump. The recommended infusion period for the initial dose is 120 minutes and for the subsequent weekly doses is 60 minutes with the maximum infusion rate not exceeding 10 mg/min, equivalent to 5 ml/min of Erbitux 2 mg/ml or 2ml/min of Erbitux 5mg/mL.
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|Child, Adult, Senior
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
|Sampling Method:
|Non-Probability Sample
Inclusion Criteria:
- Subjects who are eligible for Erbitux treatment according to the indication in the national label of Erbitux. The national label approved by Korea Food & Drug Administration is "Erbitux in combination with radiation therapy is indicated for the treatment of subjects with metastatic/recurrent SCCHN.
|Responsible Party:
|Head of Medical Department, Merck Serono Korea, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01075841 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|First Submitted:
|February 24, 2010
|First Posted:
|February 25, 2010
|Last Update Posted:
|July 2, 2014
|Last Verified:
|December 2010
Keywords provided by Merck KGaA:
Head and neck neoplasms
Carcinoma, squamous cell
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial
Neoplasms by Histologic Type
Antineoplastic Agents


text:
How I do to remove the grey line under Bootstrap Slider?
Hi there,
Thanks for writing in,
Would you mind directing me towards your Bootstrap slider. Upon checking, I couldn't find the slider and the grey area under the slides in your website. Please also provide some screenshots related to the issue. Meanwhile, if you wish to change the color of that grey area to match it with your slides, so you can do that by going to the Appearance > Theme Options > Styling > Color scheme of the slideshow and widgets area as per shown here: http://prntscr.com/7pufh6
The topic 'Grey line' is closed to new replies.
Your Email Address (required)


text:
If you turn down your TV and stick your head out of the window you will hear numerous pops, like rice krispies in milk. That's the sound of champagne bottles being popped all over the world, as the news of Robert Downey Jr's return to the Marvel cinematic universe spreads. No he won't be starring in Iron Man 4, as other sites have speculated. Last week we broke down the leaks and clues that Marvel had been leaving recently. As we concluded, all signs have been pointing to him joining one of the other established franchises as the route Marvel would take, if they could successfully renegotiate his contract.
It's true and it's happening soon. Marvel has found a way to re-energize Downey Jr's role in the MCU and what a glorious plan it is. Downey will be co-starring against Chris Evans in Captain America 3. The rumored subtitles for the film are Civil War and Fallen Son. The movie is said to be heavily influenced by the Civil War storyline which divided the Marvel Comics universe into two factions, led by Iron Man and Captain America. The issue that led to an all out war between the former allies, was over a government program spearheaded by Tony Stark to register all meta-humans. Variety explains how Stark looks to fit into the plot of Steve Rogers' third cinematic adventure:
"...the plot will pit Stark against Captain America's alter-ego Steve Rogers, played by Chris Evans, as they feud over the Superhero Registration Act, which forces anyone with superhuman abilities to reveal their identities to the U.S. government and agree to act as a police force for the authorities. Stark supports the program, but Rogers does not, saying it threatens civil liberties, causing sides to be taken and Rogers, among others, to go on the run to avoid arrest. The moral question and battle with his Avengers teammate essentially makes Stark a villain of sorts in "Captain America 3," providing Downey with a meaty role he could play out into future Marvel films, including a fourth "Avengers."
This is monumental news. There are surely more twists in store, but even from a distance you can see how this would turn the MCU upside down. Putting Rogers on the run from essentially Iron Man and his backup, will frame Stark in a way not yet seen. Perhaps he will be revealing some of the same evil traits that Ultron is said to be exhibiting in Age of Ultron. Those details will soon come to light. Perhaps he will come off as apologetic and sympathetic. You better figure out what side you fall on. Team Stark and Team Rogers t-shirts will be available in the morning.
What is of even bigger interest is how this will affect the larger landscape of Marvel movies. Much like Captain America: The Winter Soldier, the ramifications of Steve Rogers' next adventure will shake the MCU to its core. Here Marc Sanger lays out some of Marvel's plans in broad strokes:
"...the introduction of the Civil War story is seen as a way to drive the plots of sequels and new franchises for the next seven years, given the dramatic possibilities it offers for future films. The fallout from the government and Stark's actions would factor into a new "Avengers 4″ film and beyond that will assemble new characters being introduced like Ant-Man and Doctor Strange, among others, in their own movies."
This will be Marvel's first official attempt at a comic-book style event story that spans over multiple titles. Regardless of the sub-title of the third Captain America film, this will begin the era of Civil War in the Marvel cinematic universe. This allows for more opportunities for character crossovers, while simultaneously solving one of Marvel's greatest problems, villains that are one-dimensional. There will be more inter-personal conflicts, because there won't be simply good guys and bad guys, but two points of view. (Well, there will still be plenty of potential mustache-twirling villains lurking and using the chaos to their advantage, but we will get into that later.)
Downey Jr. is rumored to have resigned for a $40 million dollar payday, which includes some backend incentives as well as a bonus if the film makes more than The Winter Soldier. Financially the decision seems to be a no-brainer. He will also still be returning for another installment of the Avengers series, it is not yet clear if that film will land up being Avengers 3 or 4. His role can that of a military general, which would leave more opportunities for Downey's trademark banter and less physicality as he gracefully transitions into his golden years. Marvel's decision to take the cinematic universe in this direction is daring, yet makes sense on many levels.
The still untitled Captain America 3 will be released on May 6th, 2016.
We will be writing on how some of this will unfold in more detail soon, for those who want to dig into potential spoilers. Geek movie news doesn't get much bigger than this... So what the heck do you think? Who's side do you see yourself taking? Let us know on the comment boards!
Source: Point of Geeks, Variety


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"Revenge of the Areola" 22 October 2009 152 mins
If you';re a fan of the Big Boobs Are Cool series, and you want 3 times the 'Big', 3 times the 'Boobs' and 3 times the 'Cool', then 'Big Boobs Are Cool 3: Revenge of the Areola' is just the DVD for you! Director and titty connoisseur, Mitch F
Watch the official Big Boobs Are Cool! 3 2009 trailer in HD below.


text:
East Coast Snow Storm
October 30, 2011 by staff
East Coast Snow Storm, A snowstorm that hit the Middle Atlantic Monster Northeast states are expected to move outside the United States on Sunday afternoon, leaving residents to deal with its consequences.
More than 2 million customers were without power Sunday morning as a crowd of air travelers remain stranded.
"It's like a snowstorm – you can not see much at all," said Alban Ajro of Watertown, Connecticut, on Saturday night. "This is the first time I can remember this type of storm occurs before Halloween."
The attack early means a lot of wet snow fell on trees still full of leaves – which increases the risk of falling branches and downed power lines.
At least three deaths are linked to the unusual October snowstorm.
A man of 84 years old, was taking a nap in his recliner in Temple, Pennsylvania, on Saturday, when part of a large tree full of snow fell at his home and killed him, according to a state police report. With numerous downed trees in the area, it took rescuers two hours to safely remove the victim, police said.
A motorist died in Hebron, Connecticut, the state of emergency, said spokesman Scott Device.
A third person died in Springfield, Massachusetts, when a man about 20 years ignored the police barricades around downed power lines and struck a metal railing, which was accused, said Fire Department spokesman Dennis Legere City.
Snow buried parts of New Jersey and New York on Saturday, including 15.5 inches in West Milford, New Jersey, and 12 inches in Harriman, New York. The cities of West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland, saw more than 9 inches of snow in less than a day.
Tracy Lauren from Brooklyn, New York, described the scene around him as "white blindness".
"The snow was covering everything, however, it was a very wet snow -. mud puddles everywhere," he said.
But the storm did little to deter the protesters occupy Wall Street, who camped in tents covered with a layer of snow at Zuccotti Park in New York.
A day earlier, dozens of firefighters removed the propane tanks and generators of the group six years, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg said, citing fire hazards. That left the protesters to fight the cold weather is filtered through their tents, blankets and sleeping bags.
The governors of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Massachusetts issued emergency declarations for their states.
Connecticut Gov. Dannel Malloy, said late Saturday that between 50,000 and 70,000 customers were losing power every hour. Malloy said the teams were not even power on the roads and not return until road conditions improve markedly.
"If you are without power, you should expect to be without power for an extended period of time," he said.
On Sunday morning, the largest utility in the state – Connecticut Light and Power – reported more than 710,000 customers without electricity.
Elsewhere, about 715,000 customers were without power Saturday in New Jersey, with 333,000 in New York, according to figures reported on Saturday night by electricity companies in the states. An additional 360,000 were in the dark, in Pennsylvania and 1,400 in West Virginia.
The number of households without electricity is also included at least 7,000 in Maryland and Virginia in 6300.
Meanwhile, air travelers who were frustrated delays and cancellations to try to get back on track on Sunday.
Bradley International Airport near Hartford, Connecticut, the weary passengers helped create cribs distributed to hundreds trapped there early Sunday.
The chain includes passenger plane bound for New York was diverted to Bradley on Saturday. Passengers on the plane sat on a runway for more than four hours.
On Saturday, all domestic flights from Newark airport in New Jersey were canceled international evening.
Teterboro Airport in New Jersey closed at 2 pm before reopening hours later, the Federal Aviation Administration said. The FAA also reported significant delays of up to 5 hours or more to John Kennedy of New York, F. and La Guardia airports.
But the worst must be more to residents throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern states, as forecasters predict the precipitation end of the night on Sunday.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text: Ok, so this is my brothers axe, an Esp/Ltd. It WAS a really clean axe, until he had it shipped to his new post at Fort Lejeune NC from 29 Palms CA. He disassembled it and wrapped everything in bubble wrap, but for some reason FedEx damaged the box and did some damage to both the neck and body. See the pics below. Anyhoo, I figured id put this problem to the resident TB luthiers. What's the easiest, cheapest way to fix each piece of damage? This may not be a very expensive axe, but its his baby and it was extremely clean until he shipped it. Thanx in advance guys!


text:
Curry - Harbin - Kinnick - Ray - Stevenson - Westfall
I am trying to find the father of James Harbin born 1777
MD Prince George Co, MD, who married Elizabeth Kinnick born abt 1780 MD.They married on 04 Aug 1803 in Rowan Co, NC. There are three other Harbins Sion, Hanson, Jessie C. who are possibly related somehow to James Harbin. Jessie C. born 1803 in Rowan Co, NC. M/Sarah Curry is buried in the Harbin Cemetery in Wheatland, Knox Co, IN. James and Elizabeth had two sons identified as their children.They were James Cartright Harbin M/Mary Stevenson & David Granderson Harbin who was married to Sarah Westfall Scott
widow of William Scott daughter of Abraham Westfall & Massa Harbin daughter of Joshua Harbin born abt 1729 Prince George Co, MD, and who was married to an Elizabeth Ray MD.Any assistance will be appreciated.
Betty Harbin Garbers
More Replies:
Re: Curry - Harbin - Kinnick - Ray - Stevenson - Westfall
Betty Garbers 11/15/06


text:
When I saw the sign that Samia's was remodeling, I didn't think much of it because the sign said she'd re-open June 1st. Then July 1st came and the sign said June 7th. Then, they put up a big King Falafel sign.
We went in yesterday to check it out. The owner said Samia had retired. So sad that I'll never get to eat another Samia's falafel. Or marvel at the deliciousness of her tabouli. Or slurp up the last bit of Samia's sauce that's spilled onto my plate. Or get her to taste my version of her sauce and give me some pointers. Or listen to her explain that it's all so good because she uses the really expensive tahini and makes everything fresh.
We should all get to retire one day, but I sure am going to miss Samia. There's really no falafel in Boston that's as good as hers. Let's all take a minute to honor Samia's cooking!


text:
Like us onHEAD STARTEARLY HEAD STARTBuilding Futures TogetherMission StatementThe Davis/Summit Head Start and Early Head Start Programs - Fostering empowerment of children, families and communities through health, education and engagement.Read our Annual ReportThe HEAD START/EARLY HEAD START/TITLE I Program offers services to pregnant mothers and children ages birth to five. The specific program and services available are dependent upon the child's qualifying criteria.Family Enrichment CenterThe Family Enrichment Center (FEC) houses the administration offices for the Head Start/Early Head Start/Title I Preschool Programs of the Davis School District.
This website contains information for the Head Start and Early Head Start programs and the Title I PreSchool program offered through the Family Enrichment Center.
Be sure to view our other pages for additional information on resources, activities, classes and future events.The Family Enrichment Center is situated at 320 South 500 East in Kaysville, UT. Our facilities are located next to Mountain High School, opposite Davis Applied Technology College.
If you would like more information, or to make a referral, you can contact the FEC by phoning (801) 402-0650.


text:
Published: Tuesday 14th April 2015 by The News Editor
The family of a student who disappeared after telling friends she was going to the toilet in a nightclub have flown to Scotland as police step up their search for her.
Karen Buckley, 24, from Cork in the Republic of Ireland, was last seen on CCTV in the early hours of Sunday morning, talking to a man outside the Sanctuary in Dumbarton Road, Glasgow.
She arrived at the club with friends at around 11.45pm on Saturday and at around 1am told them she was going to the toilet but failed to return and did not take her jacket.
She was then seen on CCTV outside talking to a man and then walking westwards along Dumbarton Road away from the city centre towards Church Street.
Friends of the Glasgow Caledonian University student raised the alarm on Sunday , saying it was "very out of character" for her not to return home.
Her parents have flown over from Ireland as they also believe her behaviour is unusual.
Police are keen to speak to the man seen speaking to Ms Buckley, and appealed for any other information.
Inspector Gavin Smith said: "Friends reported Karen missing on Sunday 12 April after feeling her behaviour to not return home was very out of character.
"Her friends say she would always contact them by text or phone to let them know where she was and she doesn't appear to have contacted anyone.
"We are interested in speaking to anyone who may have seen Karen in the early hours of Sunday morning in the west end of Glasgow in order to help with our inquiries to locate her.
"We're particularly keen to get in touch with the gentleman who Karen was seen talking to around 1am on Sunday morning outside the Sanctuary nightclub as he may be able to help us.
"Karen had been drinking alcohol with her friends but they say she was not drunk and are very worried about her. Her parents have also flown over from Ireland as they believe this behaviour is very unusual and not like Karen at all.
"I would urge anyone who may have seen Karen at all on Saturday night into Sunday morning to get in touch with police on 101 with any information at all."
Miss Buckley is described as white and around 5ft to 5ft 2in. She has brown eyes and dark hair which had long black curly extensions in it.
When last seen she was wearing a black jumpsuit with red high- heeled shoes and was carrying a black handbag. She speaks with an Irish accent.
She lives with three other student friends in a flat in Hill Street, Garnethill, Glasgow, and earlier on Saturday evening had drinks with friends in the flat before going to the nightclub.
A Facebook page titled " Please help find Karen missing in Glasgow" has been set up urging people to look out for the missing student.
It states: " She was last seen leaving The Sanctuary nightclub, 59 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6PD at 1.02 am on her own and heading towards Byres Road.
"Karen is 24 years old, 5ft 3ins, eight-and-a-half stone with black hair, styled curly and long on the night she went missing.
"Please share this status and page and if anyone has any information or may have seen her, please contact Baird Street Police on 0141 532 4244 or 101. Thank you."
The page has so far garnered more than 20,300 "likes".
Published: Tuesday 14th April 2015 by The News Editor


text:
Kib, a native of Tripoli, was elected prime minister in a public vote carried out by the members of the National Transitional Council, an AFP correspondent reported.
The little-known academic who specialises in electrical engineering beat four other candidates, winning 26 out of 51 votes.
"This vote proves that Libyans are able to build their future," NTC chairman Mustafa Abdel Jalil said after he voted.
NATO chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen earlier made a brief visit to Tripoli, saying he foresaw no major role left for the alliance in Libya hours before its air mission was due to officially end. "At midnight tonight, a successful chapter in NATO's history is coming to an end.
But you have also started writing a new chapter in Libya's history," he told a joint press conference with Abdel Jalil. Rasmussen was whisked off directly for talks at the Rixos Hotel but later had a chance to talk about the country's future with a group of about 60 young Libyans.
The visit came seven months after Western powers fired the first barrage of missiles against Moamer Kadhafi's forces in an air war that played a major role in ousting the veteran dictator.
The no-fly zone and naval blockade, enforced by NATO since March 31, will end today at local time 11:59 pm, as stipulated by a UN Security Council resolution last week that closed the mandate authorising military action.


text:
GraphicRiver Electric Guitar 8734125
Category: Stock Vector | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Electric Guitar 8734125
Stock Vector \ Objects
White \ Isolated \ Rock \ Play \ Nobody \ Shiny \ Vector \ String \ Sound \ People
Stock Vector - Electric Guitar 8734125 by zoljo @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Objects
Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS; Layered: Yes; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Blue electric guitar vector illustration. Layered EPS10 file.
Growing Money; Guitar Amp; Bass Guitar; Acoustic Guitar; Businessman; Diamonds; Old Paper.
Keywords: blue, electric, equipment, guitar, instrument, isolated, isolated on white, music, musical, no people, nobody, play, rock, shiny, sound, string, vector, white.
Download Link


text:
Contact Info / Websites
2012 Submissions
|Ü.K.S.O - Dead Bride (L)
|Techno Loop
2010 Submissions
|The Office Loop
|General Rock Loop
|Say what now?
|Trance Loop
|Silly Sally
|Miscellaneous Song
|Penis and Ballsack Adventure
|Trance Song
2009 Submissions
|Warped Potato
|Miscellaneous Song
|Mind Shatter [Preview]
|Drum N Bass Loop
|Gratuidous Ammounts Of GOA
|Trance Song
|Psychedelic Journey 1
|Trance Song
|Cyborg-Viking's Matrix - Psyc
|Trance Song
|Stupidity[Loop] - Psycedelic
|Miscellaneous Loop
|Magic Mushrooms[Demo]
|Trance Song
|Future Of Trance[DEMO]
|Trance Song
|Give me a Break
|Trance Loop
|R&B Loop
|Essence Of Boredom
|Miscellaneous Loop
|Psyc. -Inside Spectrum- . Psyx
|Trance Song


text:
Becoming Queen Trailer (2004)
08 June 2004
Becoming Queen chronicles the majestic rise of rock's most flamboyant and revolutionary outfit. Fronted by Freddie Mercury, Queen blended stylistic elements of hard rock, opera, and Tin Pan Alley to create their own unique tapestry of musical magic. Featuring extensive interviews with friends, members of pre-Queen outfits, Smile and Ibex/Wreckage, musical peers, rare archival interviews with Queen, scores of previously unseen photos and vintage memorabilia.
Watch the official Becoming Queen 2004 trailer in HD below or find more Becoming Queen videos on Vidimovie.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 9, 1985
|Filing date
|Jun 9, 1982
|Priority date
|Jun 24, 1981
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Jean Engdahl, Jerome Formaz
|Original Assignee
|Fordahl S.A.R.L.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (24), Classifications (8), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to electronic apparatus for presenting results or initiating actions on the basis of certain kinds of information involving, for example, large numbers of entries, modes of desired treatment, and the like.
The invention applies, in particular, to the following illustrative cases:
To analog systems in which the reading or magnitude of interest can have a variety of values over a specified range, for example, in the case of a volt meter;
To logic arrangements in which the presence or absence of values possessed by inputs produces one or a plurality of outputs, resulting in logic operations such as AND or OR; arithmetic or numeric operations; or real time operations in, for example, sequential systems;
To systems making use of logic elements, including software, that can be programmable or modifiable and often employ a microprocessor;
To a computer.
The first two applications mentioned above are specialized in the sense of having a single realization for a variety of situations.
The last two applications, by contrast, have a multiple usage, which results from program modification.
An apparatus that has a multiplicity of employments is of particular value because in can be used in a number of different ways with a limited number of components.
Unfortunately, two major difficulties are presented by equipment which makes use of programming:
Systems which employ a microprocessor require for each new employment a programming effort that requires highly qualified personnel;
Computers make use of highly sophisticated languages in order to achieve rapid programming which does not require any knowledge of the internal computer structure. As a result the cost of programming is appreciable and not always justifiable for a particular application.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to realize programmable logic apparatus taking into account data, instructions, inputs and outputs using apparatus that is easily programmed and eliminates many of the foregoing inconveniences. A related object is to achieve simple modification for different usages of the apparatus, using simple instructions that are easily learned by personnel with little knowledge of computer jargon.
Another object of the invention is to realize apparatus in which inputs and outputs are easily supplemented. A related object is to provide for more rapid augmentation of inputs and outputs than can be realized with conventional sequential programming of microprocessors and computers. Another related object is to achieve multiple treatments of information without interference among the informational constituents.
In accomplishing the foregoing and related objects the invention provides programmable logic apparatus containing three distinctive memories, respectively storing instruction, grid signals, and pairs of addresses. The grid signals permit all or a portion of an instruction to be taken into account in the processing procedure. The pairs of addresses define inputs or outputs. A logic comparator included within the apparatus is used to determine if a condition is satisfied for permitting a prescribed course of action to proceed. The memories containing the instructions, grid signals and pairs of addresses are interrogated cyclically and in synchronism.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a first channel of intercommunication, or bus, is used to apply an input to the comparator, a register, or an output unit, or alternatively is used to apply an instruction to the register or the output unit. A second channel or bus is used to apply the grid signals to the comparator, to the register, or to the output unit. A third channel or bus is used in transmitting the pairs of addresses from the associated memory to the inputs and output units.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the comparator activates an equality indicator if a succession of comparisons satisfies a logic equation of AND and OR operations presented in the form of a sum of products or a product of sums. The indicator determines if a given instruction provides a valid input.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a plurality of peripheral decentralized units are provided for arithmetic operations, comparisons, and counting operations without interfering with or delaying the execution of a principal program stored in the memories.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the invention, the cyclic interrogation of the memories is over a limited address region extending between an initial address and a final address. This procedure frees the remaining portions of the memories for secondary and diagnostic programs.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a logic unit is provided for the presentation of conditions in pneumonic form and translation into program instructions for the memories.
Other aspects of the invention will become apparent after considering the following detailed description, with reference to the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of apparatus for practicing the invention.
With reference to the drawing, FIG. 1 shows three memories, or groups of memories, 1, 2 and 3, respectively containing instructions, grid signals forming grid "words" and pairs of addresses. Each of the memories 1, 2 or 3 contains the same number of individual storage locations known as storage or memory "words". Each storage position, i.e. word, includes a prescribed number of bit signal positions, each of which is known as a "bit". Generally, each word includes four, eight or sixteen bits, depending upon the particular circuit under consideration. It will be understood that the number of bits in a word can be adjusted according to circumstances. Each word in the memories 1, 2 and 3 is registered according to its order number, which is known as the "memory address".
A generator 4 of cyclic addresses is used to interrogate the memories 1, 2 and 3 in sequence from the first designated address position to the last designated address position. Addressing takes place at a rapid rate and is recommenced periodically. The memories 1, 2 and 3 are connected in parallel so that each address is common for each of the three memories.
A limiter circuit 5 constrains the addressing sequence to a prescribed zone, for example, the zone encompassed by memory addresses ranging from location number 142 to location number 1017. It will be appreciated that the indicated address zone is merely for illustration and can be varied according to need. The zone limitation feature permits the storage of several programs in the same, corresponding sections of the memories. In addition to the memory and addressing circuitry 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the system includes three channels, or buses, for intercommunication between and among the memory structure and other elements of the system described below. Each of the buses, 6, 12, or 15, includes a group of lines in accordance with the number of bits in the words extracted from the memory and circulated in the system. As a result, there are three groups 6, 12 and 15 of lines connected among system elements.
The bus 6 is used for data and is branched to the instruction memory 1 by a gate 7. The data bus also extends to an input unit 8, an output unit 9, and a comparator 10, as well as to registers 11, and other peripherals 17 as explained below.
The bus 12 is is used for the transmission of grid signals and is connected directly to the grid memory 2.
The address memory 3 is connected to an internal decoder 13, as well as to a gate 14 through which addresses are applied to the bus 15 which is therefore known as the address bus. As indicated in FIG. 1, the decoder output includes three control lines of which one line acts upon the instruction memory 1 and the other two lines indicate specific logic operations, namely "+" for OR and "*" for AND.
The comparator 10 permits a determination at a specified instant, if an instruction word read from the memory 1 corresponds to a data word on the data bus 6, the latter having been applied to the data bus 6 by way of the input unit 8, a register 11, or some other peripheral unit.
Correspondence is determined by a special comparison indicator 16 which provides a marker signal on two output lines that extend respectively to the gate 7 and the gate 14. The indicator 16 is able, in effect, to elevate or lower a marker i.e. flag of equality, according to the functioning of the comparator 10.
In general it is to be noted in FIG. 1 that each signalling channel with a single line for signals is indicated by a single line with a solid arrowhead. Conversely, each channel which includes multiple signalling lines is indicated by a band which terminates in a hollow arrowhead. In the case of the address memory 3 which transmits a pair of addresses for each address operation, the output channel is divided into two halves which the boundary between the halves extending to the tip of the associated hollow arrow. Finally, on the address bus 15 which receives the pairs of addresses, the addresses for the input unit 8 are found on the upper portion of the channel as indicated by the black rectangle at the intersection of the channel extending to the input unit 8 from the address bus 15. Similarly, the addresses for the output unit 9 are on the lower portion of the address channel 15, while either an output or an input address can be dispatched to the register 11 and a black square at the intersection of the address bus 15 and the output channel is used to indicate this function. Where the channels have double headed arrows, as in the case of the left hand channel extending from the register 11 to the data bus 6, the transfer of information can take place in either direction.
The functioning of the programmable logic assemblage of FIG. 1 can be illustrated by a non-limiting example in which each of the memories 1, 2 and 3 is able to store 2,048 words of eight bits each. As a result, in this example, each bus 6, 12, and 15 includes eight lines, one for each bit. In this example it is assumed that the comparator 10 is operated to elevate the flag or mark of equality and as a result give a comparison which is "true" when a prescribed condition is is satisfied (OR mode) or lower the flag of equality when a comparison indicates an inequality (AND mode).
In the configuration being described, the comparator 10 activates the indicator 16 and gives a positive response (true) when a sum of logic elements is satisfied. It will be appreciated that the result of sums may be considered but the main situation is in accordance with the example under consideration.
When the flag of equality is elevated, the indicator 16 produces output signals which open the gates 7 and 14. When the gate 14 is opened, a pair of addresses 15A and 15B are received from the address memory 3 on the address bus 15. One of the addresses 15A designates a source of information: The input unit 8, a register 11, the instruction memory 1, or some other source associated with the data bus 6. The other address 15B designates a destination: The output unit 9, a register 11, the comparator 10, or some other destination.
The grid memory 2 applies signals to the grid bus 12. The principal role of the grid signals is to provide a masking effect with respect to certain word bits. The grid signals are also used with inputs and outputs, for bit modification and for decision making. In the case of inputs, the grid signals operate by way of the comparator 10 which is used in determining if a particular condition is satisfied. This functioning is illustrated by the following example.
______________________________________MEMORY: Bit No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8instruction 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0grid 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0Input (data bus) -1 -1 -0 -1 -0 -1 -1 -0Result: 1 1 0 X X 1 X XX is 1 or 0______________________________________
The grid having a value of "0" for the bits 4-5-7 and 8, signifying that the condition is admitted as realized if the data bits for which the grid has a value of "1" corresponds to the instruction contained in the memory 1.
One such case is encountered in the command of the machine if operation of a STOP button captures the state of other entry information. There is an instruction 10000000 and a grid 10000000 for which the first bit signifies that the STOP button is activated and the following instruction places all the outputs unconditionally at zero to interrupt the processing sequence.
The entry units 8 are able to be a group of command elements, for example, buttons at the disposition of the operator, proper elements of the machine or process: contacts at the end of a procedure, various headings, indicators of physical properties (speed, temperature, tension, etc.) and given data in numerical form (from coders, a keyboard, a peripheral with a digital output, etc.)
In the preceding example, a numerical entry is able to have two decimal ciphers, for which 8 bits permit transmission in binary coded decimal form (BCD).
The output unit 9 is able to be a group of eights independent outputs, for example, each commanding the engagement or disengagement of an element of a motor, valve, light indicator, etc., or equally be numerical information. In such case, the number of ciphers to be transmitted is not limited to two in the case of a bus of 8 bits. It is sufficient to operate in a manner that the output unit is at least a register containing two or more ciphers and is addressed consecutively many times. This permits directing numerical information of a number of ciphers to peripherals for attaching, imprinting and registering, etc.
The same consideration applies for entries which furnish numerical information formed by a specified number of ciphers, in groups of two if the bus has 8 bits.
It is also the same for information destined for the registers 11. These registers are able to register unitary information from 1 to 8 bits of the grid 2, or numerical data.
It is helpful to consider one or several registers 11, adressable bit by bit, through the grid 2, for separating identical situations of the entries. For the same state of entries, different decisions can be or are taken for the previously recounted situations.
A sequence of instructions is able to be presented, for example, in the following form:
______________________________________Address- Address-Memory Instruction Grid Input Output______________________________________110 00000000 11111111 5 1111 11111111 11111111 6 2112 01000000 01100000 7 2113 10000000 10000000 5 1114 00000001 11000001 0 3The sequence is able to signify in the command ofthe machine: - 110 IF all of the elements of a block of entries No. 5 = 0111 AND that the counter 6 is at 255112 AND that button No. 2 for a block of entries No. 7 is at 1, and button No. 3 attains zero113 OR that button No. 1 of a block of entries No. 5 equals 1 regardless of the other positions114 THEREFORE place the outputs 1 and 2 of block 3 at zero and the output 8 at 1.______________________________________
The output is not given, therefore, if the following logic equation is satisfied, as indicated by the flag of equality 16: (110 AND 111 AND 112) OR (113)=1
It is seen that the address of output No. 1 demands a YES operation of the comparator 10, that of output No. 2 an AND operation, following which the address entry No. 0 opens the gate 7 to place the contents of instruction memory 1 on the data bus 6. This activates the output of block No. 3 according to the state of the grid 2.
It is to be noted that the instruction 1 and the grid 2 combine, bit by bit, in AND. The result permits engaging or disengaging an output, which is generally entered into memory.
The system accordingly presents a complete program of instructions to accomplish, among other things, the following:
Control the state of all or a part of the bits of a block from the output unit 8;
Control the state of the register 11;
Combine controls in the form of a sum of products;
Transfer an instruction in the memory 1 in the direction of an output unit 9 or a register 11;
Transfer an entry in the direction of an output unit 9 or a register 11;
Command a change in state of all or a part of the bits in a block at the output unit 9;
It is seen that the register 11 is able to function with inputs and outputs;
If arithmetic operations are desired, or if a large number of registers 11 is needed, or is time is to be taken into consideration for fixing the duration of an action, temporization, etc., it can be advantageous to decentralize a part of the programming using a register provided with "intelligence".
A non-limiting example is provided by a microprocessor 17 with a block of inputs and outputs, using a passive read-only-memory (ROM) and active random-access-memory (RAM) in which temporary registers are established. A program of instructions is able to do the following:
Controlling whether or not a register 11 is at zero;
Placing a register 11 at zero;
Transferring a number from register 11 following an input or an instruction from the memory 1;
Effect transfers amony the registers 11;
Counting, either incrementing or decrementing;
Counting or decrementing a frequency for fixing the duration, temporization, or measurement of an event;
Effectuating comparisons among registers 11 and furnishing the resultant in the form A=B,A>B,A<B;
Perform arithmentic operations.
For time advantage, numbers to be treated can be placed on the data bus 6 and instructions on the grid bus 12.
By decentralization of operations, a complete cycle of address generator 4 can be made of the memory 3 without any time loss, resulting a gain in speed of treatment.
By contrast, in the usual microprocessor or minicalculator, a change in the state of entries creates an interruption, demanding access to the central processor. The latter results in exclusive use of the central processor for that purpose.
A system according to the invention, on the other hand, is operable for separate courses of action during each memory addressing cycle. If the program contains, for example, 1000 instruction analyzed at a rate of 1 MHz, each instruction is tested 1000 times per second. This corresponds to a microsecond output and is a satisfactory comparison.
In the programming of the assemblage, the memories 1,2 and 3 can be completely inactive, but it is preferable to use programmable inactive memories (PROM) and erasable memories of the latter type (EPROM).
While it is possible to write the program in machine language as indicated above, it is preferable to use a development program. Transfers in the memories 1,2 and 3 show the need for clear instructions for the non-initiated.
A mnemonic vocabulary is created for designating the input units 8, the registers 11 and the output units 9. The instructions are intoduced in the form of logic equations such as: ##EQU1## which signifies: If the button AUT (automatic) is not activated AND the end of course indicator is activated FCl AND the counter of operations CTOP is at zero OR the button STP (stop) is pressed THEN stop the motor and light the warning lamp No. 3.
The program assigns the entry and exit addresses for the memory 3 and creates instructions for memory 2 and grid signals for m memory 3. The program is also able to prepare the necessary data for transcription in the programmable inactive memory and eventually in the erasable inactive memory (PROM, EPROM).
Apparatus according to the invention presents the further advantage that it is non-sequential, with groups of instructions being introducible in random order. It is sufficient for a condition or a group of conditions to follow corresponding actions. Thus, each group of conditions-actions is able to be lodged without restriction in the memory. This is particularly used in adding elements, or eliminating them, without changing any of the rest of a program.
In effect, when the address generator 4 is restricted by the limiter 5 to a prescribed portion of the memories 1, 2 and 3, that can be modified, it is possible to stock several programs which provide, for example, different modes of functioning, program self-control, diagnostics in the case of malfunctioning, etc.
In case the invention is given a different scope, it suffices to reprogram the three memories 1, 2 and 3 without any modification of the components or circuits.
The term "grid" used in describing the invention is somewhat equivalent to the term "mask" used with microprocessors. A mask serves to exclude certain bits from being taken into account. In the present case the grid is equally able to apply to memory outputs, but it implies operations that are more complex than the simple AND operation of masking. In addition, the grid bus 12 can act as a vehicle for instructions that are destined for responsive peripherals, which involves more than simple masking. This is another reason for choosing the term "grid" in preference to the term "mask".
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|U.S. Classification
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|Nov 8, 1988
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
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|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
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|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19890409


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