text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 17, 1991
|Filing date
|Jan 10, 1990
|Priority date
|Jan 10, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Enzo D. D'Onofrio
|Original Assignee
|Gtech Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (62), Classifications (8), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of electronic optical mark sense recognition apparatus for discriminating marks or holes on an illuminated surface, for entry of selected data. In particular the invention concerns a mark sense recognition apparatus especially for hand marked lottery entry forms bearing pencil or ink markings to encode selections, the apparatus being characterized by an adaptively variable threshold for distinguishing reflections of marks from the reflection of the background.
2. Prior Art
Mark sense recognition apparatus are known in connection with various data entry problems such as scanning of marked sheets or cards, bar-coded product labels and the like. Typically, marks in pencil, ink or punched holes are detected by measuring the change in reflectance of the sheet as it is moved relative to a photodetector, the timing and/or sheet position being related to the signal to provide information as to selections indicated on the sheet. The sheet or card can be illuminated in the red to near infrared band by a solid state (e.g., LED) or incandescent light source. The reflectance variations as measured by a detector (e.g., a photodiode or phototransistor) are converted into an electrical signal for each channel or track, and the signal is processed by a data detector or discriminator. Typically, at some point in the signal path, the reflectance signal is compared to a threshold for determining whether a particular reflectance variation is to be regarded as a mark or not.
In connection with scanning of sheets such as data entry forms having an array of potential mark positions which are selectively marked by a user with a pen or pencil for indicating a selection, or possibly provided with punched holes for indicating selections, particular problems are encountered. The feeding of the sheets past an optical detector, and the illumination of the potential mark positions produce a form of signal variation or noise that must be distinguished from the signals produced by marks or holes indicating selections.
The signal variations or noise are produced, for example by the vibration or "flutter" of the fed sheet, which displaces the illuminated surface of the sheet relative to the optical detector, thereby affecting signal strength during the time in which a sheet is read. The brightness of the illumination means and the sensitivity of individual optical detectors (typically photodiodes or phototransistors) can vary from unit to unit and also over time. Variations in the reflectivity of the sheet material itself also occur, and reflectivity is affected by dirt, erasures, and other factors affecting individual sheets as well as limited areas of a particular sheet.
It may be possible to overcome certain of the problems which produce variations in signal strength by using high precision feeding, illumination and detector means, and by frequently adjusting the threshold level. However, this is expensive in initial cost and in maintenance requirements. For example, it is possible to encode in parallel a pixel image of an entire sheet, thereby avoiding feed variations, and to use image processing algorithms to distinguish marked positions from unmarked ones. Such a system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,307--Dutton et al. This technique avoids many of the problems associated with variations in illumination and reflectance, but is relatively expensive. It would be preferable if possible to overcome such problems in hardware, using inexpensive components.
Mark sense readers use various means to eliminate from the read signal all variations caused by effects other than marks, before the signal is processed by the data detector or discriminator. For example, the mark-receiving areas of the card or sheet are delineated with nonreflective ink (at the frequencies of interest). Temperature induced variations in component properties can be sensed and compensated, etc. The critical comparison accomplished by the routine data detector is simply then a comparison of the signal to a fixed threshold, usually defined by a fixed voltage reference. Such mark readers, however, are not well adapted to the practical problems of reading hand marked sheets, even assuming compensation. Fixed reference reading requires tightly matched electrical components, a very stable and flutter-free card feed path, a stable illumination source and detector insensitive to thermal and supply voltage variations, and typically must be carefully calibrated from time to time for optimum performance. Even with these provisos, the fixed reference mode of reading will be affected by sheet variations that cannot be eliminated in the reader, e.g., erasures, smudges, mark size variations, folds in the sheet, etc.
A number of known readers for labels or sheets attempt to resolve problems with variations in reflectivity by allowing the threshold to be varied to respond to variations between sheets or cards, or variations in illumination that cause the signal level to vary. The threshold level is made adjustable, but during the shorter term of a read cycle, the threshold level is fixed. The threshold which will be applicable to a particular read cycle can be set, for example, by a sample and hold device that sets the threshold slightly below the reflectivity level of the sheet as a whole, or perhaps at a level considered representative, such as an area of the sheet which should not contain marks. Often, this requires use of photodetectors in addition to those sensing individual channels or tracks. The objective is to cause the reader to respond to variations in reflectivity on a short term basis, as characteristic of marks, and to be insensitive to variations in the average signal level, as characteristic of component drift. Unfortunately, card flutter is a relatively short term variation.
Erased areas, smudges and folds occur frequently on hand written marked sheets, and less frequently on printed materials or bar code labels. Reading hand written sheets is also made more demanding by the fact that the size and darkness of hand written marks varies substantially among writers. Some writers darken an entire area, while others simply place an "X" or a line to indicate a mark, necessitating a very close threshold for detecting the marks. For these reasons, many of the techniques used for threshold setting in connection with reading bar codes or printed materials are less than adequate for hand written marks. The writer-induced variations aggravate problems with reader variations such as flutter, illumination variations and sheet reflectivity variation.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,066--Vernot et al discloses a circuit that sets a variable threshold level for recognition of printed characters based on the average light level in a region including a plurality of points being sensed as well as areas spaced laterally and longitudinally of the points. U.S. Pat. No. 4,047,023--Key et al sets the threshold by averaging the signal between areas of expected marks. U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,408--Hansen uses the level just prior to the occurrence of a potential mark. In each case the threshold is affected by variations in reflectivity outside the points of interest, i.e., the areas to which the photodetectors respond. This approach will cause the reader to respond somewhat differently to sheets which are clean vs. those which have localized darker areas, for example as is typical of erased areas, smudges and the like.
Techniques wherein a threshold level is set as a function of recently detected peaks in the read signal are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,846,623--Wefers et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,301--Palmer et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,389--Quirey et al. The peaks, however, may or may not be peaks which are due to marks vs. peaks which are due to a representative sheet surface adjacent the marks, rendering such devices ineffective in instances of erasure or smudging. U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,845--Chesters attempts to improve responsiveness of detectors by wave shaping techniques. U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,265--Casaly provides a sample and hold circuit wherein the sampling is triggered at the commencement of a card read cycle. Other related disclosures can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,949,233--Gluck; U.S. Pat. No. 3,872,329--Dodson III; U.S. Pat. No. 3,814,944--Berger; U.S. Pat. No. 3,751,636--Coles Jr.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,983--Cucciati et al; and, U.S. Pat. No. 3,303,329--Fritz.
There is a need for a mark reader which is particularly adapted to reading hand written marks, which is tolerant of variations in sheet reflectivity and mechanical variations in flutter of the fed sheet, and which requires a minimum of components, preferably inexpensive and standardized components, such that a multi-channel embodiment is feasible for reading a plurality of mark tracks disposed on a sheet or card. According to the invention, these requirements are met by independent and dynamically self-tracking read circuits for each of the channels of a reader. The dynamic self-adjustment of the read circuits compensates for variations due to slip quality and mechanical flutter. No adjustments are required for any segment of the circuits, either initially or in the field, and each channel independently compensates for itself. The preferred embodiment provides both data detection and slip edge or position information, thereby eliminating external sensor needs. The circuits function well at standard optical mark sense recognition feed rates (e.g., 28 inches per second, �4 ips), can be adapted readily for use at other feed rates, and can be integrated as a bipolar large scale integrated circuit.
It is an object of the invention to provide a mark sense reader especially adapted to reading hand written marks, using a dynamically variable threshold technique rendering the reader insensitive to sheet flutter and illumination system variations, sheet quality variations and user marks apart from intended marks.
It is also an object of the invention to reduce the complexity and expense of a mark reader while improving performance.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a packaged universally applicable reader circuit that requires no calibration or adjustment whatsoever and operates over a range of illumination and sheet quality conditions applicable to the whole sheet or to just a channel or track.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a dynamically varying threshold reader wherein the data detector threshold is set to the average of the signal level for each individual channel and wherein the rate of integration to obtain the average is weighted to favor detection of marks.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a standardized circuit for mark sense recognition that can function as a sheet edge detector, precluding the need for sheet edge detectors apart from the mark sense recognition circuits.
These and other objects are accomplished by a mark sense detector with variable threshold for discriminating reflective variations on an illuminated surface such as a hand-marked lottery entry card having a plurality of tracks with potential reflective variations occurring at discrete positions thereon. The card is fed relative to a photodetector for each of the tracks, each photodetector producing an input signal for a respective one of the tracks in response to reflections of the illuminated surface, the input signal varying with marks and with parameters of the illumination and feeding. The track input signals are applied to follower amplifiers for each of the tracks. An integrator for each of the tracks averages the output of the follower amplifier, the average being divided and applied as the threshold input to a comparator for each of the tracks. The follower output can be rectified to improve responsiveness to decreasing reflectance (indicating a mark). The division of the average level applied as the comparator threshold can be switchable as a function of card parameters.
There are shown in the drawings the embodiments of the invention as presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown, and is capable of embodiment in other groupings of elements in accordance with the invention as claimed.
In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing a simplified representation of the data discriminating circuit of the invention together with a marked sheet and drive means;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a typical marked card, such as used for lottery entry forms;
FIG. 3 is a signal diagram illustrating the read signal and the theshold signal in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic drawing of a first embodiment of the data discriminating circuit of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a signal diagram showing a theoretically perfect read signal and threshold signal, the threshold being switched at the time shown in broken lines;
FIG. 6 is a signal diagram showing a typical read signal and threshold signal;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention including threshold switching means and input signal level processing, for detecting the leading and trailing edges of a marked form;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the invention including a plurality of channels and an edge detection feature;
FIG. 1 shows a schematic and simplified representation of the data discriminating circuit of the invention as functionally related to a marked card 24 and drive means 28. The apparatus is shown and described herein primarily with reference to a reader for the hand marked entry cards used to make player selections in lottery games. However, such use is only one of many possibilities, including other forms of hand-marked sheets as well as printed or punched forms wherein reflective light variations due to marks or holes can be sensed for entering encoded data into a register. The illuminated surface of card 24 and/or a photodetector 30 are moved relative to one another, for example by a motor driven friction wheel 28. In timed or position dependent manner, the light level (e.g., reflective or transmissive) variations 22 on the illuminated surface are correlated to the positions of potential marks and interpreted as players selections, UPC label codes, or other data entry information.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a typical marked card as used for a lottery entry form. The positions of potential marks are delineated by boxes on the card. Printed metering marks can be included, for example along the edge of the card, and used for triggering a sample of the light levels sensed along tracks or channels aligned in rows and columns. Preferably, twenty tracks are provided for reading across the rows of marks and/or timing marks on the card, each track or channel having an individual illumination means, photodetector and processing circuit according to the invention. The illumination means and photodetector can be packaged together or can be separate elements. The circuit can be embodied wholly or partly in an integrated circuit. The photodetector and illumination means can be placed in close proximity to the data bearing card, or one or both can be optically connected to the data bearing card by fiber optic lines. The card 24 is moved relative to the photodetectors 30 by a drive means 28. The drive means could be arranged to move the detector while the card remains stationary, but typically the card is moved past a stationary bank of detectors.
Sensing the data is complicated by the normal variation in the character and darkness of the marks which players place on the entry form cards, and also by the mechanical and electrical variations that inevitably occur in feeding, illuminating and reading the data. These variations include card flutter, namely the variation in spacing between the illuminated surface 24 and the illumination means and photodetector 30, resulting in corresponding variation in signal strength. The supply voltage to the detecting circuit varies with ripple on the power lines, loading of the power supply by the drive means 28 and other elements of the apparatus. The emission level of the illumination means and the sensitivity of the photodetector change with temperature and with aging, and vary from one element to another among the plurality of such elements employed for reading data on the respective tracks, i.e., the rows and columns of the card.
In order to enable accurate discrimination of marked positions from unmarked ones while rendering the apparatus insensitive to variations in signal strength which are not produced by marks, the circuit of the invention as shown generally in FIG. 1 and in more detail in FIG. 4, is responsive to variations in the light level received. The level as detected by photosensor 30 is compared to a dynamically varying threshold maintained by averaging the signal produced by the photodetector for each of the tracks, using an integrator.
FIG. 3 is a signal diagram illustrating the read signal and the threshold signal in accordance with the invention. The objective is to set the threshold level sufficiently close to the signal level that no marks 22 on the card 24 will be missed, but sufficiently below the signal level that none of the variations produced in the signal that are not due to marks will be interpreted erroneously as marks. This problem is complicated by the fact that the character and darkness of the marks varies substantially, for example as shown in the sample lottery entry card shown in FIG. 2. Read signal 26 (the upper of the two lines in FIG. 3) is characterized by a plurality of short term disturbances due to the above described effects such as power supply ripple or card flutter. The read signal can also vary over the longer term due to slower variations such as temperature and aging. If the threshold is set at a particular level which is optimized relative to the short term effects, such optimization will be lost eventually.
According to the invention, the threshold level is arranged to vary as a percentage of a weighted average signal level for each of the tracks. The signal produced by photodetector 30, which varies in voltage as a function of the reflected light level from the card, is passed through a follower amplifier 40 to avoid unduly loading the photodetector output. The output 46 of the follower amplifier 40 is applied to a dual rate integrator 50, defined for example by a resistor 52 in series with the output 46 of follower 40, and a capacitor 54 and resistor 72 in parallel thereto. One or more diodes 56 are inserted between the follower and the integrator, thereby preventing the integrator from responding too quickly to a negative excursion in voltage at the output of the follower.
The integrator preferably operates at different rates with respect to positive signals and negative signals, thus weighting the threshold comparison such that the detector reacts to negative signals in a more restrained manner than to positive signals. At the junction between the resistor 52 and capacitor 54, the voltage level increases or decreases exponentially over time to approach the voltage at the output 46. The rate of increase or decrease is a function of the time constants defined by the series resistance and parallel capacitance, and by the parallel resistance and parallel capacitance combinations, respectively, according to the functions: e -t/RsCp (for charging the capacitor through the series resistor), and e -t/RpCp (for discharging the capacitor through the parallel resistor). Therefore, a short term change on the voltage at output 46 of follower 40 results in a slower change at the junction of the resistor 52 and capacitor 54, and the rate of change can be set separately for positive and negative going signals. The junction of the capacitor 54 and the resistors 52, 72 is connected as one input 62 to a comparator 60. The other input 64 is connected to the input 42 of the follower amplifier, i.e., to the signal produced by the photodetector.
Integrator 50 is characterized by losses. The leakage of capacitor 50 and the load produced by the input to comparator 60 drain current from capacitor 50. These losses can be modeled as a second resistance in parallel with capacitor 54 and resistor 72, which resistances form a voltage divider together with the series resistance disposed between output 46 of follower 40 and the junction of resistor 52 and capacitor 54. Accordingly, the level of input 64 to comparator 60 maintains a percentage of the averaged (integrated) level of output 46.
The threshold percentage can be set to any arbitrary level, preferably about 89-93% for hand-marked lottery entry cards, by choosing the corresponding values of resistor 52 and resistor 72 that produce the desired percentage in the voltage divider, taking into account the leakage resistance of the capacitor and the input impedance of comparator 60. The value of capacitor 54 is then chosen in view of the value of resistor 52, to give the desired time constant. Suitable exemplary values for these components are shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic drawing of a first embodiment of the data discriminating circuit of the invention, and also shows the particulars of the illumination means 96, which can be an LED, preferably emitting light in the red to near-infrared range. Light reflected by card 24 is received by photodetector 30, for example a phototransistor connected as an emitter follower. A decrease in reflected light (e.g., due to the appearance of a darkened mark on card 24) correspondingly decreases the extent to which the phototransistor conducts, thereby producing an increase in voltage at non-inverting input 42 to follower amplifier 40, and also at the output 46 of the follower. By positioning diode 56 between the output of the follower 40 and the series resistor 52 of the integrator, a positive direction voltage follower is created and the follower output does not discharge the capacitor 54 during low excursions. The diode is placed within the feedback loop of the follower, whereby the voltage divider can set any arbitrary percentage of the input signal level for use in the threshold comparison (i.e., without the diode voltage drop to consider). Diode 56 conducts with a low series resistance when the output 46 is at a higher voltage than the integrator 50 because the diode 56 is then forward biased. When the voltage at follower output 46 is lower than the integrator voltage, the diode is reverse biased and its series resistance is much higher. Accordingly, diode 56 blocks discharge of the integrator through the follower output, allowing the capacitor to discharge through parallel resistor 72.
The detector is preferably substantially more responsive to darkening (i.e., due to marks) than to lightening (i.e., due to other effects such as flutter). Similarly, because the reflectivity of the card itself causes a substantial increase in the output level of phototransistor 30 when the leading edge of the card reaches the reader, diode 56 causes the apparatus to quickly adapt to the required threshold for sensing marks on the card.
Both the follower amplifier and the comparator are preferably high gain operational amplifiers. Suitable voltage supply particulars, decoupling capacitors and the like can be connected to the amplifiers in accordance with manufacturer specifications and as known in the art. As shown in FIG. 4, the output of the comparator can be clamped between ground and the positive DC voltage supply, preferably through a series resistor, to shift the level of the output 68 of comparator 60 to levels appropriate for digital inputs, for example for TTL or CMOS inputs. Due to its high gain, the output of the operational amplifier defining the comparator is always either high or low, thereby digitizing the signal. The output state of the comparator can be sampled or loaded into downstream digital circuit packages (not shown) at an appropriate instant, for example as determined by detection of timing marks printed on the card. The timing marks can likewise be detected using a channel of the apparatus according to the invention. Inasmuch as printed marks are more dependably detectable than hand written ones, it is furthermore possible to set a lower threshold for the channel used to detect timing marks than the approximately 89-93% level considered optimal for detecting handwritten marks.
FIG. 5 is a signal diagram showing a theoretically perfect read signal 26 and threshold signal 26, and shows the effect of integrator 50 on the substantially digital (bi-level) perfect input signal which might result from a timing mark printed on the card, or a handwritten mark of sufficient size and uniform darkness to place the phototransistor in saturation during the passage of the mark. As shown in FIG. 5, the threshold signal 66 is characterized by an exponential decay during the low state of input signal 26, and an exponential charging during the high state, such charging continuing until the threshold reaches the percentage of the high level defined by the voltage divider. The threshold level can be switchable in accordance with the alternative embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 7. Such operation can be used to employ a different threshold when sensing the card edge, or for re-reading a card that was not successfully read at a different threshold. Switching occurs at the dotted line under control of external control elements (not shown). Of course, the threshold can be switched upwardly or downwardly as appropriate, and two or more discrete threshold levels can be made selectable.
In FIG. 7, three additional operational amplifiers are included to amplify and level shift a signal from the photodetector before feeding the signal into the data detector section. This initial processing of the signal allows a photodetector arranged to read one of the tracks on the marked form to be used to generate a signal that defines when a form is located beneath the photodetector. The output of this photodetector's channel remains true when the data bearing record is passing the remaining photodetectors in the apparatus and accordingly can be used as a gating signal to enable data detection only when the form is in position and valid data is expected. In other respects, the circuit is somewhat similar to that of FIG. 4, namely including follower 40, comparator 60, integrator 50 and a voltage divider 80. However, the voltage divider in this case is affected by the serial resistance 74 of an additional serially connected diode 56, in this case located outside of the feedback loop of the follower amplifier, together with one or both of resistors 72, 84. When switching transistor 82 is not conducting, the resistance from the integrator 50 to ground is substantially defined by the value of resistor 72. When switching transistor 82 is conducting, the resistance from the integrator to ground is defined substantially by the parallel resistance of resistors 72, 84. This has the effect of making the threshold of comparator 60 switchable as shown graphically in FIG. 5 at the dotted line.
In the real world, the signals appear substantially more like the signals shown in FIG. 6. Nevertheless, by adaptively controlling the threshold to a percentage of the average value of the input signal in accordance with the invention, it is possible to dependably detect handwritten marks on cards even where the marks vary in their character and darkness.
As noted above, the mark discriminating apparatus of the invention is preferably used for each of the channels of the card reader. FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the invention including a plurality of channels and an edge detection feature for enabling reading of data during the presence of a form. The edge detector 132 can be used to enable a data detector circuit to read a timing track on the form or to supply a bi-level (digital) signal that defines the interval during which the marked form is being moved past the bank of photodetectors. The basic function of the apparatus is to convert the analog outputs of the sensing apparatus 120 into digital outputs 140, using a plurality of detector channels according to the invention, these channels forming the data detector block 130 in FIG. 8.
The invention as disclosed and claimed herein is an apparatus for discriminating reflective variations 22 on an illuminated surface 24, including at least one photodetector 30 operable to produce an input signal 26 in response to reflections of the illuminated surface 24. A first amplifier 40 is connected as a follower amplifier, the first amplifier 40 having a non-inverting input 42 to which said input signal 26 is applied and an inverting input 44 connected to an output 46 of the first amplifier 40. An integrator 50 is connected to sense the output 46 of the first amplifier 40, the integrator 50 including a resistor 52 in series with the output 46 of the first amplifier 40 and a capacitor 54 in parallel with the resistor 52. A second amplifier 60 is connected as a comparator, the second amplifier 60 having a non-inverting input 62 and an inverting input 64, said non-inverting and inverting inputs 62, 64 being connected to the integrator 50 and to the non-inverting input 42 of the first amplifier 40, respectively. The integrator 50 defines a threshold level 66 of the comparator or second amplifier 60, an output 68 of the second amplifier 60 changing state in response to said input signal exceeding the threshold and the threshold being a predetermined proportion of a time-varying average of the input signal. A resistor 74 is included in parallel with the capacitor 54, the predetermined proportion being defined substantially by proportionate values of the resistor 52 in series with the capacitor 54 and the resistor 72 in parallel with the capacitor 54. A transistor or other switching means 82 can switch said resistance 72 between at least two discrete values, the predetermined proportion being thereby switchable and defined substantially by proportionate values of the resistor 52 in series with the capacitor 54 and the switchable resistance 84 in parallel with the capacitor 54. The photodetector 30 preferably includes one of a photodiode and a phototransistor connected between a positive DC level and said non-inverting input 42 of the first amplifier 40 through a series resistance 34 and a parallel resistance 36. A diode can be placed in series with the output of the follower amplifier to block discharge of the integrator through the follower amplifier. The integration rate defined by the integrator is preferably arranged such that the integrator is more quickly charged than discharged, allowing weighting in favor of detection of marks.
The invention is likewise characterized as an apparatus for discriminating reflective variations on an illuminated surface 24, 90, the illuminated surface 24 having a plurality of tracks with potential reflective variations 22 occurring at discrete positions thereon. At least one photodetector 30 is provided for each of the tracks, each said photodetector 30 being operable to produce an input signal 26 for a respective one of the tracks in response to reflections of the illuminated surface 24, 90. A follower amplifier 40 for each of the tracks, having a non-inverting input 42, an inverting input 44 and an output 46, said input signal 26 being applied to the non-inverting input 42, the output 46 being at least indirectly connected to the inverting input 44, whereby the output 46 follows the input signal 26. An integrator 50 for each of the tracks is connected to the output 46 of the follower amplifier, 40 the integrator 50 producing a time varying average of the output of the follower amplifier. A comparator 60 for each of the tracks, has two inputs 62, 64 and an output 68, the output 68 changing state as a function of a comparison of levels of the two inputs, one of said two inputs being connected to the integrator 50 such that a threshold level 66 of the comparator 60 is determined by said time varying average, and another of the two inputs being connected at least indirectly to the input signal 26 from the photodetector 30.
A rectifier diode 56 can be connected to the output 46 of the amplifier 40 defining the follower amplifier 40, preferably within a feedback loop of the follower. Resistors in series and parallel with a capacitor, respectively, define time constants for the integrator. The time constants can be different, preferably allowing a relatively faster response to excursions of the signal representing marks.
A voltage divider 80 can be provided on said one of the two inputs 62, 64 to the comparator 60 connected to the integrator 50, the voltage divider 80 defining a predetermined proportion of the time varying average as the threshold level of the comparator 60. The predetermined proportion can be, for example, 89-95% of the time varying average, preferably approximately 93% of the time varying average. The predetermined proportion can be switchable to two or more selectable proportions by including means for switching at least one resistor of the voltage divider for changing the predetermined proportion of the time varying average. For example, the predetermined proportion can be switchable between about 75% and about 93% of the time varying average. The switching means preferably includes a switchable resistance defined by a switching transistor and a resistor connected in series with one another, the switchable resistance being connected in parallel with the integrator, the voltage divider having a series resistance connected between the follower amplifier and the comparator and a parallel resistance connected in parallel with the switchable resistance.
The illuminated surface is typically a manually marked sheet as used for player selection of lottery numbers on lottery entry forms, or other media wherein potential marks define tracks corresponding to rows disposed laterally and/or longitudinally along a feed direction of the sheet.
The invention can be seen to be a method of discriminating one of marks and holes in a sheet, including feeding the sheet relatively along an array of photodetectors and illuminating the sheet at least in an area of the photodetectors; averaging an output signal from each of the photodetectors in the array; dividing the output signal as averaged to obtain a predetermined proportion of an average level of the output signal; comparing the output signal to the predetermined proportion of the average level for each of the photodetectors in the array; and, determining presence of said one of marks and holes by a result of said comparing step. Preferably, the method also includes weighting the averaging of the output signal to respond more quickly to changes in the output signal in one of an increasing and decreasing direction thereof, whereby the comparison is made less sensitive to changes in an other of the increasing and decreasing direction. This can be accomplished by providing different time constants for an integrator used to accumulate the average. The predetermined proportion employed in comparing the signal level to the threshold (i.e., integrated average) can be switchable in response to detected attributes of the sheet. Detectors according to this description can be used for both mark detection and form presence detection, the latter producing a signal for gating valid data from detectors used for mark detection.
The invention having been disclosed, a number of additional alternatives and variations will now become apparent to persons skilled in the art. Reference should be made to the appended claims rather than the foregoing specification as indicating the true scope of the invention in which exclusive rights are claimed.
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|Welch Allyn Data Collection, Inc.
|Lottery game ticket processing apparatus
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|Welch Allyn Data Collection, Inc.
|Apparatuses for processing security documents
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|Peripheral Dynamics, Inc.
|Apparatus and methods for scanning documents including OMR, bar-code, and image data
|Sep 21, 2000
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|Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Miniature low-noise photodiode system
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|Oct 1, 2002
|National Computer Systems, Inc.
|Optical scanning device having a calibrated pixel output and a method for calibrating such a device
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|Ncs Pearson, Inc.
|Optical scanning device having a calibrated pixel output and method for calibrating such a device
|Jun 22, 2000
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|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Image processing method and apparatus
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|Gtech Rhode Island Corporation
|Automated ticket cancellation device and process for canceling uniquely numbered tickets
|Nov 1, 2001
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
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|Avago Technologies Ecbu Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
|High dynamic range optical receiver
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Method for reading an optically readable sheet
|Feb 28, 2005
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Method for processing a machine readable ballot and ballot therefor
|Feb 22, 2007
|Dec 22, 2009
|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Electronic voting method and system employing a printed machine readable ballot
|Mar 26, 2002
|May 25, 2010
|Interactive game playing preferences
|May 12, 2006
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|Reader for an optically readable ballot
|Oct 4, 2004
|Jan 4, 2011
|Wide area progressive jackpot system and methods
|Jul 30, 2007
|Feb 8, 2011
|Interactive game playing preferences
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|Scan based configuration control in a gaming environment
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|Interactive game playing preferences
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Electronic voting method and system employing a machine readable ballot envelope
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|Anoto Ab
|Method for performing games
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|Method for decoding an optically readable sheet
|Sep 9, 2008
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Optically readable marking sheet and reading apparatus and method therefor
|Apr 1, 2010
|Sep 11, 2012
|Avante Corporation Limited
|Manual recount process using digitally imaged ballots
|Oct 15, 2010
|Sep 11, 2012
|Kevin Kwong-Tai Chung
|System and method for decoding an optically readable markable sheet and markable sheet therefor
|Feb 13, 2009
|Dec 4, 2012
|Scan based configuration control in a gaming environment
|Mar 10, 2006
|May 7, 2013
|Interactive game playing preferences
|Aug 2, 2004
|Jul 9, 2013
|Method and apparatus for previewing a game
|Feb 22, 2005
|Dec 10, 2013
|Jackpot interfaces and services on a gaming machine
|Aug 13, 2013
|Sep 23, 2014
|Election Systems & Software, Llc
|System and method for decoding marks on a response sheet
|Dec 9, 2013
|Apr 12, 2016
|Jackpot interfaces and services on a gaming machine
|Mar 24, 2016
|May 2, 2017
|Jackpot interfaces and services on a gaming machine
|Mar 26, 2002
|Oct 3, 2002
|Interactive game playing preferences
|May 7, 2002
|Dec 5, 2002
|Loeb Helen S.
|Apparatus and methods for image scanning of variable sized documents having variable orientations
|Sep 26, 2002
|Feb 20, 2003
|Chung Kevin Kwong-Tai
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|May 7, 2002
|Feb 27, 2003
|Axel Christoph
|Device and method for determining the respectively present level of a digital signal
|Jun 27, 2002
|Jan 1, 2004
|Scan based configuration control in a gaming environment
|Nov 1, 2001
|Mar 11, 2004
|Chung Kevin Kwong-Tai
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|Mar 11, 2005
|Jul 21, 2005
|Anoto Ab
|Method for performing games
|Mar 20, 2006
|Aug 3, 2006
|Chung Kevin K
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|Aug 17, 2005
|Mar 15, 2007
|Scan based configuration control in a gaming environment
|Oct 31, 2006
|May 1, 2008
|Kok Keong Richard Lum
|High dynamic range optical receiver
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|Boston Scientific Corporation
|Mucosal ablation
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|Nova Controls, Inc.
|Chemical dispensing system using keyboardless data entry
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|Jun 25, 2003
|Nova Controls Inc
|Chemical dispensing system using keyboardless data entry
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|National Computer Systems, Inc.
|Optical scanning with calibrated pixel output
|U.S. Classification
|235/436, 235/456, 250/556, 250/557, 235/455
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 10, 1990
Owner name: GTECH CORPORATION, RHODE ISLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:D ONOFRIO, ENZO D.;REEL/FRAME:005215/0119
Effective date: 19900109
|Oct 19, 1992
Owner name: GTECH CORPORATION, RHODE ISLAND
Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.;REEL/FRAME:006327/0245
Effective date: 19920729
|Jun 15, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 26, 1999
Owner name: GTECH RHODE ISLAND CORPORATION, RHODE ISLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GTECH CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:009857/0001
Effective date: 19990217
|Jul 13, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 19, 1999
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 29, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19991217


text:
The terrorist who killed at least 39 and wounded 69 in Istanbul during New Year's Eve on Saturday has yet to be caught, with Turkish authorities in pursuit of the assailant. In the meantime, another video and photos of the supposed terrorist have surfaced. The video shows him breaking into the Reina nightclub where he opened fire, while the pictures appear to be of him at Istanbul Atatürk Airport.
Four Israeli women who were at the club on the night of the attack were caught in the midst of the shooting attack. One of them was 18-year-old Leann Nasser, who succumbed to her wounds and was pronounced dead shortly after noon on Sunday. Nasser's body was initially not identified, as it was separated from her purse and phone. However, she was eventually found to be at an Istanbul hospital. As she was uninsured, Israel's Interior Ministry funded the return of her body, which is expected to arrive in the country on Monday.
Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım issued a statement following the attack. In it, he denied initial reports that the terrorist had dressed up as Santa Claus to dissuade any suspicion as to his presence on New Year's, though reoprts from those injured stated that he did. Among them was Israeli Ruaa Mansour, who was flown back to Israel on Sunday.
Presently, no organization has claimed responsibility for the attack.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Property presently has two freestanding buildings a residence 1344+/- SF on a monthly lease, 900 +/- SF commercial vacant building, and a permitted billboard. Seller has a current permit for the billboard sign and is ready to transfer to new Owner. Billboard 22'-24' +/- high has 4- 24' +/- x8' +/- panels(768 SF+/-), a metal grid maintenance cat walk, side ladders, and lighted with 4 high power illumination. Taxes $3,200.00
The residence is a one story masonry single family dwelling with a crawl space and concrete block foundation walls. The exterior is aluminum siding with asphalt shingle roof. It is a two bedroom, one bath recently remodeled, living room/dining room, kitchen, laundry room, utility room, and garage has been remodeled into office area with an existing breezeway. A new roof installed 2012.
Company and agent have made every effort to obtain the information regarding this listing from sources deemed reliable. However, we cannot warrant the complete accuracy thereof subject to errors, omissions, change of price, rental or other conditions, prior sale, lease or financing, taxes, zoning, square footage, equipment or withdrawal without notice. We recommend to the buyer that any information, which is of special interest should be obtained through independent verification. All measurements are approximate. This listing may be a part of a reciprocal agreement between NWI CRE and listing Broker.
The commercial building is 900+/- SF retail or office structure. A frame structure on a crawl space with wood foundation walls, aluminum siding, and asphalt roof. along with a half bath.
Property is rectangular shaped with 278+/- feet of frontage on the north side of US Hwy 30 a depth of 746+/- feet approximately 4.75+/- acres. Property is at grade level with US Hwy 30 and the surrounding land. Utilities well and septic, parking area is blacktop. - Area description: Property is located on the far eastern part of the town of Merrillville, and sits on the north side of US Hwy 30 west of Randolph Street. The surrounding area consists of a mix of commercial development, 5150 Plaza home to U Cook, Armed Forces, Service Doctor, Alberts Chimney Sweep and Razor's Edge and Madalyn Plaza home for Health Care Spa, Decor Lighting, Ameri First Mortgage, LA Boxing and National Guard vacant land, and some older single family homes. - Number of buildings: 2 - Building condition: Average
|1 Gb/s: Comcast
|768 kbps: Frontier North, Inc.
Median Rate
Median rate is a number derived from the median rate of listings posted on 42floors and reports from thought leaders in the area.
Median Rate


text:
Welcome Message
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Opposing Washington's Culture of Union Favoritism
Witnesses Describe Urgent Need to Restore Balance & Fairness to NLRB
Feb 14, 2017 -
The Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions, chaired by Rep. Tim Walberg (R-MI), held a hearing today to examine the extreme and partisan decisions made by the Democrat-controlled National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and to discuss how Congress and the Trump administration can remed...
Walberg Statement: Hearing on "Restoring Balance and Fairness to the National Labor Relations Board"
Feb 14, 2017 -
After years of struggling through an anemic economy, sluggish job growth, rising health care costs, and stagnant wages, the American people are expecting — in fact, they are demanding — a new direction for this country. They want policymakers to advance a bold, pro-growth agenda that will reduce th...
Leadership & Results Part 5: Fighting for the Rights of Workers and Employers
Dec 5, 2016 -
Under the leadership of Chairman John Kline (R-MN), the House Committee on Education and the Workforce has been working hard on behalf of students, small business owners, teachers, and working families. And by improving education, retirement, job training, and more, the committee has delivered impre...
Kline Statement on Judicial Decision Blocking the Administration's Blacklisting Rule
Oct 25, 2016 -
Rep. John Kline (R-MN), chairman of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce, today issued the following statement in response to a United States District Court preliminary injunction halting implementation of the administration's "blacklisting" rule involving government contractors: "This...
"Regulatory Limbo" Under the NLRB
Aug 9, 2016 -
One year ago, bureaucrats at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) handed a gift to Big Labor that will upend a business model that's paved the way to the American Dream for countless individuals. The NLRB's partisan decision in Browning-Ferris Industries overturned decades of labor policy, and ...
NLRB: Destroying Opportunity Since 2009
Jul 14, 2016 -
The Obama National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is always finding new ways to make it harder for workers to succeed. In recent years, there have been "ambush" elections and job-destroying micro-unions, diktats to private businesses on where to create jobs, and restrictions on the right to secret bal...
Federal Judge Halts Partisan Persuader Ploy
Jun 30, 2016 -
WARNING: Content may be troubling for those who support the Department of Labor's latest assault on the rights of workers and employers. Just months after the Obama administration finalized an extreme and partisan rule that will boost Big Labor at the expense of America's workers and employers, a fe...


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Band fest in Benson set to draw another big crowd
BENSON -- Days before the parade starts, Benson community members were marking their spots along the route of the 24th annual Pioneerland Band Festival.
Set to begin at 6:30 this evening, 11 bands from around the state will compete during the annual event that corresponds with the national Flag Day holiday.
Stephanie Heinzig, manager of the Benson Area Chamber of Commerce, said Benson has been opening its doors to at least 10 communities during the annual event to display the talented musicians and commemorate the American flag.
"It's a nice thing for the youth of Minnesota," Heinzig said. "The band teaches discipline and gives them opportunities to look inside themselves and encourages a life-long love of music."
The parade will include three Class AAA bands: St. Cloud All City, St. Anthony Village & String Lake Park Patriots, and the Mankato 77 Lancers.
Bemidji, Hutchinson and Fergus Falls will perform as part of Class AA schools, with Worthington, Kerkhoven-Murdock-Sunburg, Litchfield and Bertha-Hewitt competing as Class A schools. The bands will perform three times, once in front of a panel of four tri-state judges.
A total of $2,550 is awarded to the top three place winners in all three classes, with awards immediately following the parade at the high school football field.
Presiding over the parade this year is grand marshal Marilyn Inman, a music educator who has created arrangements and composed for musical acts in Benson since 1977.
Heinzig said a large American flag that spans the width of the street will be displayed by the Benson Fire Department. The flag was donated by Wilfred Holms in memory of his brother Elmer Holm who was killed in World War II.
The parade will begin at 6:30 p.m. today in the southwest corner on U.S. Highway 12 and march northeast on 14th Street toward the high school and is slated to finish by 9:30 p.m.


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Origine contrôlée Trailer (2001)
24 January 2001 90 mins
Patrick Morel, leaves a costume party wearing a woman's dress. He goes to the bathroom of a café to make a phone call. Zoubida, a transvestite, grabs the chance to swap purses and disappears. Despite all his protests, Patrick is hauled off by the police and is now recognised by all as Ali Berrada, an Algerian transvestite and illegal immigrant. He shares a cell with Sonia, a beautiful Algerian, and Youssef, a nasty little show-off. All three are given expulsion orders. But as they are being transferred to the airport, they manage to escape...
Watch the official Origine contrôlée 2001 trailer in HD below or find more Origine contrôlée videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Don't miss your chance to see Paul Di'anno in New York! Check out the schedule below for the concert date of your choice, then buy your Paul Di'anno New York tickets before they sell out!
Looking for Paul Di'anno tickets in other cities? View all Paul Di'anno tickets »
Sorry! We couldn't find any events for Paul Di'anno in New York.
If you were searching to see if Paul Di'anno is coming to New York, then you're in luck! For their latest tour, Paul Di'anno will indeed hold a concert in New York. Have an awesome concert experience when you go to see Paul Di'anno in New York. Get your Paul Di'anno tickets New York and join fellow fans for a concert to remember!


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Expert knitters needed, please help me figure out this pattern before I go mad!(6 Posts)
undertheboredwalk Sun 17-Feb-13 14:31:24
LtheWife Sun 17-Feb-13 15:30:28
undertheboredwalk Sun 17-Feb-13 15:35:24
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Open Mic Night @ Successful Blog
Tuesdays are open mic (open comment) night on Successful-Blog.com. Tonight was the first one I've really participated in and fun was being had by all.
The link is here for tonights. Each week the theme is different.
If you love social interaction, but aren't a big Twitter fan, this might be for you too. Lots of my Twitter buds joined us there tonight, including Liz Strauss herself.
Go check it out.


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Lionel 25433 Union Pacific City of Denver 18" Aluminum Passenger Car 4-Pack NIB
Sold for:
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- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
AlohaThis is the first of my Union Pacific Auctions for today. Although this item is new and has never been run in inner boxes with factory carton I am selling it as used. It was in my store on display (out of reach for people touching) and has gathered a small amount of dust and dirt. I have cleaned it off. So, I am selling what in reality is a is a new set as used! Please check my other auctions for the passenger car add on's and the locos
Shipping is from Hawaii and is exact price for large 22 pound box!Standard Post is $36.14 To the Mainland 5 weeks
Priority Mail is $57.95 To the Mainland 5 days
Hawaii &Guam is $21.00 2 daysInternational is not available as the package is too large.
Insurance is an extra $5.10 Anywhere!
You are bidding on a Heavy (Almost 22 lbs), rarely listed Lionel Hard to Find (HTF) 6-25433 Postwar Scale Union Pacific City of Denver 18" Aluminum Streamlined Passenger Car Set of Four .
That is New in mint box !
Welcome to BEACHRAIL EBAY AUCTIONS
Simple, Direct, Safe and Fast! (Except for Standard Post)
Be sure to add me to your favorites list ! Check out my other items !Welcome to our auctions with the newsimple format…No frills…just an easy and quick way to buy and bid with safety! Union Pacific "City ... read more


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CORINTH — The Corinth Board of Aldermen has scheduled a special election Dec. 11 on the sale of liquor in the city.
The Daily Corinthian reports aldermen voted 5-1 to schedule the special election for a city-wide referendum.
Supporters of a vote on the liquor issue had been gathering signatures since September and presented the board with the petitions.
A new state law changed the eligibility requirements for municipalities that may hold liquor elections. The petitions must include the signatures of at least 20 percent of the city's registered voters.
Alcorn County was a wet county for 21 years until 1989, when Alcorn County voters ended liquor sales and, in a city election, Corinth voters said "yes" to beer sales. Liquor elections failed in 1993 and 2005.


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> Career Resources
> Interviews > Industry Updates > Merchandising
The most direct form of advertising for any retail outlet is the display placed in the store window. It is up to the visual merchandiser to make it as eye-catching as possible
Simply put, a visual merchandiser's main objective is to create designs for shop windows and in-store displays based on a theme, style or trend of advertising which best promotes a retail company's products. Their primary task is to catch the eye of the window-shopper or passer-by and make them stop, look, admire and be persuaded to spend a few of their hard-earned dollars.
As Joel Kwok, visual merchandising designer for the consumer goods business at Swarovski HK Ltd says, "It is important to bring out the message and story of a product. Through the careful use of items like props, the choice of colour, the use of fabric and lighting, we have to display merchandise in a way which gives the best possible image of the company and its products."
Typical day-to-day activities will include reviewing store display presentation, developing window display designs and training sales staff to understand the importance of presentation. To keep up-to-date, regular research must be done into lifestyle concepts and fashion trends which can then be incorporated into sketches and ideas for future designs.
Visual merchandising also has a great deal to do with communication and recognising different cultural attributes, especially for a global company like Swarovski. As Mr Kwok explains, "Our company's headquarters are in Austria so, though we work within corporate style guidelines, we modify things when appropriate to suit the Hong Kong market." The local office holds regular brainstorming sessions to get feedback from each department and to generate innovative ideas and comments.
Commercial focus
Apart from occasional "artist's block", the most challenging part of the job is striking a balance between the company's perspective and one's own. "We may have our own ideas and preferences but we are not dealing with fine art, there is no place for subjectivity or ego," says Mr Kwok. "The key thing is to understand company policy and your retail environment, contribute where you can and focus on what can be done to attract shoppers and generate increased revenue."
There are a number of attributes which any visual merchandiser should possess: artistic creativity, a strong sense of colour, the ability to draw and design and an eye for detail. According to Mr Kwok, it is equally important to have the right attitude and outlook. "The role we play is sometimes called 'indirect selling' since our jobs deal with the commercial aspects of art," he explains. "While creativity is generally encouraged, we should always keep in mind that our objective is to optimise the presentation of a product, maximise sales and to enhance the company's image."
His career has brought Mr Kwok rewards and enormous job satisfaction. He began as an advertising trainee in 1987 and, after gaining a few years' work experience, decided to take evening classes in graphic design. This eventually led to a job in the field of visual merchandising and an offer, four years ago, to join Swarovski.
How far the job or career can take you depends hugely on the reputation, size and structure of the company you work for but, most of all, on one's individual determination. "Larger companies with more resources can give you better support and more space to develop your ideas so you can afford to be more innovative, bold and creative," explains Mr Kwok. "Smaller companies, on the other hand, may provide opportunities to gain exposure to related areas such as marketing and advertising."
Competition in the visual merchandising field is becoming tougher but, though there may be fewer job opportunities than in the past, this should not discourage those who are talented and determined. A qualification in a subject such as graphic design or visual communication is regarded as a prerequisite for the job but that is not all. As Mr Kwok notes, "Visual merchandising is more about having solid hands-on experience rather than academic qualifications because you need to be able to communicate with people from many different backgrounds."
In order to gain experience, Mr Kwok advises taking an art-related course while working in a frontline sales position for a sizeable retail company. "Salespeople can learn so much about the daily operations of the retail business," he says. "Nowadays, the assembly of displays is mainly done by salespeople who can pick up invaluable knowledge about visual merchandising along the way. If a person is not afraid of hard work this is one good way to start building a successful career."
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text:
LYF Water 3 Exclusive sale in Flipkart – Best mobile under Rs.10000
Reliance retail, under its Lyf brand, has launched Lyf Water 3 Smartphone and in sale exclusively on Flipkart ony. It is the Best smart phone under Rs.10000
Steps to buy this Mobile:
- Firstly go to the Flipkart Sale Page
- Check Delivery available in your city
- Then Click on Buy Now
- Update shipping details
- Finally do the payment or order for COD.
Extra 5% Off on Axis Bank Buzz Credit cards
Specifications of Lyf Water 3:
- 2 GB RAM | 16 GB ROM | Expandable Upto 32 GB
- 5.5 inch HD Display
- 13MP Primary Camera | 5MP Front
- 3000 mAh Battery
- Qualcomm MSM8939 Processor
About Phone:
In terms of optics, the Lyf Water 3 comes with a 13-megapixel rear camera tagged with flash and autofocus functionality. The phone also features a 5-megapixel camera at front for taking selfies. The smartphone comes with an inbuilt storage of 16GB, which is expandable via microSD card (up to 32GB) in a hybrid dual-SIM configuration. Notably, only one SIM card slot is capable of supporting 4G connectivity at a time, the other remains limited to 2G.
The Lyf Water 3 smartphone houses a 3000mAh battery that, as per the company's claims, is rated to deliver HD video playback of up to 8 hours.
The phone measures 156.6x77x7.7mm and weighs 164.6 grams. The Lyf Water 3 offers connectivity options including 4G VoLTE, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.1, GPS, and Micro-USB. In terms of sensors, the phone comes with ambient light sensor, proximity sensor, digital compass, and accelerometer.


text:
|Hand Woven
|Sisal, Seagrass
|Pile Height
|3⁄32 inch
|Cape Cod
|Stain Resistance
The versatile Cape Cod collection can be used equally well as both a casual beach house rug and a fashion-forward city rug. Hand woven by Safavieh from natural, biodegradable fibers such as sisal and seagrass, these rugs are stylish and and twice-washed for extreme softness.
|Free Shipping on all orders, no minimum purchase required. The listed price is the final price: no shipping, tax, or other processing fees.
|If you find this rug for less, we will beat any competitor's advertised price. During business hours, please contact us by chat or call 1-800-239-9892. After business hours, please use our price match form.
|Any rug that you purchase can be returned within 30 days after delivery for a full refund. You're only responsible for shipping cost back.
|For more information on our return policy, ordering process, and payment process, please visit our FAQ page.
I just love the colors on this rug! I especially like that it's made with seagrass.
I need 4 rugs to go inside the front door of businesses I am opening over the next few months. These look good, but Would this last a long time & how do you clean it if its gets dirty? It looks like it would hold up pretty good & def like the plant fibers.
The more foot traffic any rug gets, the less time it will last, but you are correct that plant fibers will hold up very well. To vacuum this rug, you and your employees would want to use a vacuum with the beater bar turned off or raised as high as possible. If it got a stain, you would want to gently soak up all moisture or remove all material, then use a small amount of water to treat the stain (mixed with a little vinegar, if needed.) Then blot all remaining moisture as best you can. Let me know if you need anything else!
We encourage any discussion or questions concerning this product. Our goal is to personally respond to any questions placed during business hours within 30 minutes.


text:
Byousoku 5 Centimeter
English title 5 Centimeters Per Second
Japanese Title 秒速5センチメートル
Type Movie
Airing Status Finished Airing
Duration 22 min. per episode
Air Date Feb 11, 2007
Season winter 2007
Producers ADV Films, Bandai Entertainment, CoMix Wave Films, Discotek
Tohno Takaki and Shinohara Akari, two very close friends and classmates, are torn apart when Akari's family is transferred to another region of Japan due to her family's job. Despite separation, they continue to keep in touch through mail. When Takaki finds out that his family is also moving, he decides to meet with Akari one last time.
As years pass by, they continue down their own paths, their distance slowly growing wider and their contact with one another fades. Yet, they keep remembering one another and the times they have shared together, wondering if they will have the chance to meet once again.
[Written by MAL Rewrite]
Recent EpisodesAll Episodes
Anime Relations


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Discover Great Indie Games You Probably Never Heard Of
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Drone Runner is a simple but hard 3D game where you chase an enemy drone...
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length: 10.05m
width: 53cm
pattern repeat: 53cm
design match: straight
design style: wood panel
paste the paper
A highly effective wallpaper from Rasch with rectangular wood panels of embossed, ridged floorboards. The texture, detail and shading create a very realistic effect and will add depth and interest to your wall. This is a wallpaper that would make a stunning feature in the home, or could be used more extensively to great effect in commercial properties.
We accept major UK credit and debit cards through our secure payment system and Paypal
We value your security and DO NOT store your payment or credit card details
Here at i want wallpaper we are committed to delivering your order to you fast and without charge. All UK orders are eligible for FREE UK DELIVERY within 2-5 working days, NEXT WORKING DAY DELIVERY is available, and those orders are dispatched the same day, if placed before 12 noon, subject to stock availability.
In addition, all orders of £60 or more (after discount) qualify for FREE UK NEXT DAY DELIVERY. If you would like this service, please select the option at checkout, where the next day delivery charge will be deducted from your bill. Again, only orders placed before 12 noon can be guaranteed to be shipped the same day and are subject to stock availability. Next day delivery will be on the next working day; therefore orders placed before 12 noon on a Friday will be delivered on Monday.
We now offer Weekend Delivery, orders must be placed before 12 noon and are reliant on stock availability. Please include a contact phone number and correct email address when placing your order, as this will allow us to contact you if there are any problems. We cannot guarantee postage and sometimes deliveries fail or are missed, if there are any issues with the delivery please contact us
i want wallpaper ship to most countries in the European Union, as well as to the USA and Australia. Please contact us for further details regarding international shipments.
We accept unopened rolls back for a refund, for any reason, within 3 months of purchase.
If you believe there's a fault with your purchase please get in touch so we can best resolve the matter


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To listen to Sharon Litwin's interview with Lawrence Powell on WWNO radio, click here.
Lawrence Powell, the 69-year-old director of Tulane University's New Orleans Center for the Gulf South, still remembers growing up as an Army brat, moving from strange city to strange city most of his young life. Maybe that's one reason he has come to treasure the stability of living in one place for any length of time.
On the other hand, it could just be that the one place – New Orleans – is difficult to replicate and, thus, hard to leave. It is, as most of us say when asked to describe it, "different." As an historian living in this "different" place, Powell was affronted by the post-Katrina idea, floated by some across the country, that New Orleans should simply be closed down. And it was that same kind of talk that gave him the extra push needed to finish a project he had started well before the hurricane, a project trying to answer the question: Why, in fact, are we here?
The why, along with the who and the what, are all discussed in The Accidental City, his latest book, one that has garnered huge accolades around the country. Called "a dazzler" by the Dallas Morning News and praised as a "definitive history" by the Washington Post and by the Wall Street Journal, among other media, for its ability to bring history "to life," The Accidental City is the story of the first century of this unusual city, concluding at the Battle of New Orleans in 1812. From pirates to Puritans, society to slavery, The Accidental City provides an easy-to-read, informative guide to the earliest history of this very special place.
In many ways, it is indeed written like a story. Some chapters describing historical activities and a variety of exotic characters won't surprise New Orleanians. Rather, they will probably bring to mind the similar actions of somewhat more contemporary scoundrels as reflected in more recent news reports. Things haven't changed that much on the purely social front, either. Certainly contemporary
New Orleans ladies no longer bring their ball gowns to church in order to change immediately after Mass to go to their first ball of the day. Still, we're one of America's few cities – if not the only one — where partying gals still wear ball gowns aplenty, albeit hardly ever on Sundays.
Sharon Litwin is president of NolaVie.


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 nights
A recently completed family villa for 6 people, located on the edge of a pleasant village, within walking distance of the River Lima (canoes provided). The accommodation has been thoughtfully and stylishly prepared with holiday-makers in mind, and provides an ideal base for a self-catering vacation just a short drive from the beaches of the Costa Verde and the extensive amenities of the region's main city, the attractive historic port of Viana do Castelo. The accommodation has three double or twin bedrooms with wardrobes, balconies and fine views, three bathrooms, a very comfortable lounge/dining room with DVD player and satellite TV, a fully equipped kitchen, and a private garden with swimming pool, garden furniture and barbecue. On-site parking for two cars. The house is accessible for people with disabilities, with ramps or level access from the car park, garden and swimming pool to the house, and one of the double bedrooms and bathrooms is on the ground floor.
What a lovely holiday we have had at the Villa. As others have said, the pictures do not do it justice and spacious modern house and a decent sized garden with a number of mature trees that gave lovely shade. The pool is a good size for a family, room to swim and splash about. The town itself has a good large restaurant and a great pizzaria and bakery, a few shops etc, it was easy to get to using the directions. Our teenagers made full use of the internet and TV and the pool. The house was a good size for us, plenty of room to get out of one another's way if you want. We mostly chilled at the house in the day, in the pool and reading etc and then enjoying local restaurants in the evening, on the coast or inland. The owners were easy to keep in touch with and all went well. I would recommend this villa to a family
The villa is modern, spacious & very comfortable. It's a beautifully designed house with every modern convenience one needs.
The location is lovely. It is a short drive from the nearest village, very private & not overlooked. Two lovely balconies with two of the bedrooms.
The garden is large and very well maintained. The pool is a great size and there is plenty of garden furniture to make dining and relaxing outdoors very pleasant.
The house is well equipped with linen & kitchen utensils.
You will definitely need a car while staying here.
The location is great for making day trips. While there we visited Porto, Ponte De Lima, Vigo & Santiago among other locations.
The only issue we had was with the directions to the villa once we reached the village. These were unclear.
Apart from that a great holiday was had by all.
Everything you need in a modern holiday property
Off the beaten track so you need a car but an ideal base for touring the area.
Great communication with the owner to get info ahead of arrival and responsive to a couple of queries we had during our holiday.
Great value and would recommend
This is a brand new house recently finished (may 2013). It is a little bit hard to find, as it is hidden in the middle of the vineyard and close to a forest. Once you have made your way through the typical Portuguese roads, you discover a little gem. This house has all you need and more. Brand new furnitures, modern design, a delightful garden with olive trees and a nice swimming pool. The lights are new LED lights, the 3 bathrooms are beautiful. Electric blinds, washing machine, close garden with no neighbors, no noise, surrounded by corn fields.
There was a little hiccup when we arrived, probably due to the time. The manager responded immediately on the phone, and 5 minutes after, the problem was solved, on a sunday, which is a relief when you are in foreign country not mastering the language.
The area is probably not the most beautiful of Portugal, but it is ideally located. Just go to Guimaraes, it is only 40 kms away and worth the trip ! Nice bakery around the corner, supermarket Continente and Intermarché only a couple of km away.
Drawback: you must have a car.
That's the only thing negative I found, yet, I searched :-) !
Really, go there without fear.
I recommend it for family vacations, or couple wishing to discover the north of Portugal, probably not for youngsters wishing to party like in Ibiza for the entire stay.
Again, very nice.
La villa est moderne, bien agencée et propre. La piscine est agréable, le terrain est joli et bien entretenu. La possibilité de faire un barbecue en bord de piscine edt très sympa. L'accueil est chaleureux, notre séjour s'est très passé.
Très agréable séjour avec deux ados de 17 et 15 ans .Très calme et relaxant .
Nous avons été très bien reçus par les propriétaires et ils sont toujours disponible en cas de petits soucis.
Bien suivre les indications donner par mail pour trouver la maison ,car le gps fait passer par des endroits inaccessibles pour une voiture .
Santa Marta de Portuzelo is a lively village just 5km east of Viana do Castelo, the major fishing port in the region, and a thriving market town steeped in history. The Peneda Gerês National Park is only 50km away, where you can spend days driving or walking around a part of Portugal that remains totally unspoilt. It's rugged and mountainous terrain is wild and full of rare plants and animals, as well as the occasional village seemingly left over from centuries ago. Viana do Castelo is midway on the 100km "Costa Verde", with a different beach every few kilometres, most of them wide and sandy, not crowded and safe. There are also more sheltered river beaches on the banks of the Lima river – one of them just 200 metres from the villa. There's something to suit every taste – sandy or rocky, surf beaches, family beaches, quiet and romantic or beaches full of activities. Or, of course, you can simply relax by the pool, with a drink and a good book! Or there are 3 golf courses within 40km, as well as plenty of fine restaurants and many folkloric festivals throughout the year (Viana's, in August, is one of the most important in the country). The river Lima, which can be seen from the villa, is a major waterway heading down from the National Park, and canoes are canoes provided to enable you to enjoy it. And all of this is within half an hour or so from Porto International Airport, and from the World Heritage Historic Centre of Porto itself, both easily accessed by motorway or train.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
Winter breaks
29 Oct 2017 - 23 Dec 2017
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
|No additional mandatory fees
|Tax Rate
Rental rates cover bed linen and towels (including pool/beach towels), which are changed weekly, and final cleaning. There are no additional charges.


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From John Bunyan's classic The Pilgrim's Progress, Part II, Section 2, Step 3.
So they went on till they came within sight of the lions. Now Mr Great-Heart was a strong man, so he was not afraid of a lion: But yet when they were come up to the place where the lions were, the boys, that went before, were now glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the lions; so they stepped back, and went behind. At this their guide smiled, and said, How now, my boys; do you love to go before when no danger doth approach, and love to come behind so soon as the lions appear?
Now, as they went on, Mr Great-heart drew his sword, with intent to make a way for the pilgrims in spite of the lions. Then there appeared one that, it seems, had taken upon him to back the lions; and he said to the pilgrims' guide, What is the cause of your coming hither? Now the name of that man was Grim, or Bloody-man because of his slaying of pilgrims; and he was of the race of the giants.
Then said the pilgrims' guide, These women and children are going on pilgrimage, and this is the way they must go; and go it they shall, in spite of thee and the lions.
Grim: This is not their way, neither shall they go therein. I am come forth to withstand them, and to that end will back the lions.
Now, to say the truth, by reason of the fierceness of the lions, and of the grim carriage of him that did back them, this way had of late lain much unoccupied, and was almost grown over with grass.
Then said Christiana, Though the highways have been unoccupied heretofore, and though the travellers have been made in times past to walk through by-paths, it must not be so now I am risen, now I am risen a mother in Israel. (Judg. 5:6,7).
Then Grim swore by the lions that it should; and therefore bid them turn aside, for they should not have passage there.
But Great-Heart their guide made first his approach unto Grim, and laid so heavily on him with his sword that he forced him to retreat.
Then said he that attempted to back the lions, Will you slay me upon mine own ground?
Great-heart: It is the King's highway that we are in, and in this way it is that thou hast placed the lions; but these women, and these children, though weak, shall hold on their way in spite of thy lions. And with that he gave him again a downright blow, and brought him upon his knees.
With this blow also he broke his helmet, and with the next he cut off an arm. Then did the giant roar so hideously that his voice frightened the women, and yet they were glad to see him lie sprawling upon the ground. Now the lions were chained, and so of themselves could do nothing. Wherefore, when old Grim, that intended to back them, was dead, Mr Great-Heart said to the pilgrims, Come now, and follow me, and no hurt shall happen to you from the lions. They therefore went on, but the women trembled as they passed by them; the boys also looked as if they would die; but they all got by without further hurt.


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
64.73 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the Accommodation
Rooms, services Bedford Brussels is offering 190 nicely furnished rooms to stay in to those seeking accommodation in City of Brussels. If you feel like having a meal not included in your chosen type of catering, you can always taste local dishes in the restaurant of the hotel. Parking is availably nearby for those arriving by car. A great opportunity to do sports will be provided by the local gym. The bar can be an ideal place for a meeting or a pleasant evening talk. Your valuables can be the safely secured in the safe. You can find the exact list of services provided by Bedford Brussels (including those for extra fees) and the exact equipment of the rooms on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance bank card payment or credit card guarantee may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest arrival time is 14:00, the latest time to leave the rooms is 12:00. Dutch and English languages are spoken by the personnel.
Bedford Brussels rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Parking (18 €/night)
Bar, Elevator, Safe deposit box
Own restaurant
Hairdryer, Desk in the room, Mini-bar


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Whether you're visiting New Orleans for the first time this Carnival season or you're a seasoned Mardi Gras pro, we bet you can learn a thing or two from our digital marketer's guide to making the most out of Mardi Gras in New Orleans.
Where y'at?
Finding your friends can be tough during Mardi Gras due to the big crowds, loud noises, and poor cell phone service.
What do you do if your texts aren't going through and your buddy is too busy catching beads to pick up the phone?
Create a new venue on Foursquare when you stake out your spot so everyone knows where to go without having to call you.
Tweet your location using the hashtags #NeutralGround or #SidewalkSide so you're easier to find, or geo-tag your Instagram posts so your friends can simply pull up a map to your location.
You could also make a Facebook event to mass invite your friends to where you're headed.
Crowd-sourced Choices
It's hard to make good decisions after a few beers, so use your social network to your advantage. Browse hashtags like #mardigras2017, #followyournola, or #neworleans to find out what people are doing in real time. Search Facebook to find out what after-party venues your friends like the best. Check-in on Yelp to find out where to go for deals and coupons.
Safety First!
Follow @NOLAReady and @NewOrleansRTA on Twitter for real-time traffic and emergency updates. A useful app, particularly during Mardi Gras, is the new GoMobile app from NORTA (see more in our "Guide to Apps" section below). Remember, NORTA runs modified routes and schedules during Mardi Gras, so you may choose to take a cab or use the Uber app. If you're getting into a cab alone, send a DM to your friends of the cab ID number or a photo of the cab's ID, and then message them again when you arrive home safely. If you see something, tweet something – tell @NOLAReady what you saw and where. Send a photo if possible.
Photographic Memories
And last, but definitely not least, Instagram your photos, tweet your thoughts, and check-in everywhere so when you wake up Wednesday morning (with a raging hangover), you can remember how much fun you had! Enjoy this Mardi Gras weekend, stay safe, and of course make sure to laissez les bon temps rouler!
Essential Reading for Revelers: The Ultimate Guide to Mardi Gras Apps
We've scoured the bead- and booze-filled depths of the Internet in search of the best social savvy tips and apps to help you win at Mardi Gras this year, and much to our dismay, there was little to be found. So we did what few agencies ever dare to do… actual research! We've made phone calls to longstanding Carnival veterans, downloaded countless apps, and spent the last 2 weeks parading tirelessly to test out each of these tips and Mardi Gras apps. We can safely say that this is the ultimate digital and social guide to winning at Mardi Gras.
Only rookies pick out their costume hours before they hit the parade routes. Pros know to plan ahead, so check out these tips to read before you revel:
1. Clean out that phone.
Make room. No saved photos. No useless apps. No battery vampires. You're going to need all that space and power to stay socially relevant this Mardi Gras.
2. Organize those apps.
We'll be sharing some very helpful apps with you below, but aside from those, you'll certainly want to have your favorite camera, video and social apps at your fingertips throughout the day. That said, dedicate either an app group or a full screen on your phone to nothing but your Mardi Gras apps. You don't want to waste the day digging through thousands of apps while an entire super krewe rolls by.
3. Mardi Gras Mambo to-go.
Sure, there are hundred of bands marching through the streets and thousands of bars filled with music, but how will you keep the good times rolling when you drop into someone's house party, or when your riding across town? Naturally, you should have a decent selection of Mardi Gras tunes ready to roll out, because if not you, then who? If you don't already have a bevy of Carnival classics, download 8tracks and type in "Mardi Gras" for a good variety of user-generated playlists. You can also borrow our Mardi Gras playlist on Spotify!
4. Map it out.
A few hours of reveling, and even the best plans are abandoned for a passing opportunity (and so they should be), but it's better to have a plan to abandon than to have no plan at all. There are many parade/party apps available, and several of them offer parade tracking, but the best we've found is WWL's Mardi Gras Parade Tracker. This is an essential tool that will allow you to see any parade when and where you want to see it.
After knowing where you're going, well, you'll need to get there. For that, the best way by bus or by streetcar is WDSU's Transit Tracker or the GoMobile app from New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (NORTA). Biking is also a great way to avoid traffic altogether. If you're planning on driving, plan on walking as well since you'll likely have to park your car in a nearby neighborhood, and you'll need to find your way back later. For that, we suggest Honk, an excellent car finder and parking meter alarm.
Don't feel like driving? Try Uber or Lyft — but expect surge pricing during most parades.
5. Friend up.
Don't go tryin' to Mardi Gras alone. You may end the day with more friends, but it's good to know you've already got a few going into it (even if they disappear into a sea of beads in the first hour). Some of the best moments in Mardi Gras come from randomly running into a friend in the middle of a crowd, and sometimes, you may find yourself hoping you'll find a friend after realizing that no one is going to text you back in the middle of a parade. Fortunately, there's an app for that. In fact, we've found 2 apps that'll do nicely for you and your Mardi Gras friends.
Apple's Find My Friends is an easy way to not have to worry about when and where you'll meet up with everyone. Just download it, invite whichever friends you'd like to be able to find throughout the day, and, assuming they want to be found, you'll be one big happy family wherever you go. Glympse is a great alternative and less of a commitment for all parties involved. The app allows you to geotag your location and set an amount of time that you'll be there. You can then share this information with whomever you want via a text message with a link they can open and view in their browser (no app needed on their end).
6. Drink!
We're talking about drinking water in this case, since we know you won't have any problem drinking booze (which is why you need the water). 8 cups of water a day is what you should be guzzling on any given day of the year, so getting at least that much while day-drinking, dancing and parading is essential. Also, you'll thank yourself the next day when everyone else's hangover is worse than yours. With that said, here's a simple free app that will help keep you hydrated all day: Daily Water.
Bonus: Mardi Gras veterans should have stock in Pedialyte. It would also make a great throw. Point being, pros know that hydration is key.
7. Find bathrooms.
After drinking all that water, among other things, you are no doubt in dire need of a restroom. Instead of trying to figure out which two cars would be best to squat between (remember, it's illegal!), consider the following solutions.
Many local schools, churches and home-owners along the parade routes will let you use their restrooms or port-a-potties, for a fee.
If you'd rather stick with public facilities, then BathroomMap and Flush Toilet Finder are the way to go.
8. Find everything else.
ATMs. Bars. Drug stores. Taxis. These are all things you may find yourself looking around for during Mardi Gras. But there are several simple solutions to save you time and get you back in the Carnival game. Our favorites? AroundMe and Yelp. Yelp may be the most extensive business finding tool out there, but AroundMe is entirely focused on simply finding what you need, without the added clutter of reviews and further info. It's been a lifesaver more than once, and it's invaluable during Mardi Gras.
9. Fill 'er up.
A decent breakfast is highly recommended, since you'll likely be drinking before noon. No, a Bloody Mary is not a meal. And make sure you feed your phone too. Leave the house with a full charge, a portable charger, and a portable battery (also fully charged). We recommend New Orleans' own MobileQubes, since they actually have multiple stations in the CBD where you can swap out your drained battery for a fresh one for just a few dollars. If you don't have a battery already, you can also pick one up from any of their vending machines.
Now you're ready to revel and win at Mardi Gras. Please make use of these tips, and let us know how it goes. We'll see you on the Avenue!
Mardi Gras Social Media Etiquette
Sharing is Caring
DO: Sharing your experience is perfectly acceptable as long as it's your experience. Updating what you're doing through Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and the like is a great way to provide your friends and family in other cities with a taste of New Orleans' favorite holiday. Besides, everyone wants to be in on the action.
DON'T: Exploiting the experiences of strangers, on the other hand, isn't cool. This is Mardi Gras and it's no surprise that some people get a little out of control; you wouldn't want someone Twitpic-ing or Instagramming your worst moment, so don't do it to someone else.
DO: This is Mardi Gras, and the booze will be flowing. There is something endearing — cute, almost — in posting an #oops-worthy update. Let's be honest, we've all been guilty of the #tipsytweet. Be sure to only post what you'd be comfortable having your mom read or see.
DON'T: Everyone has a limit and, when you reach yours, it's time to cut yourself off — from social media, that is. No one wants to have to spend 10 minutes deciphering your drunken code, so stay away from the Twitter late at night (or early in the morning … we don't judge!).
Throw me a Hashtag, Mister!
DO: If you're in town for Mardi Gras you should use hashtags like #mardigras or #nola to help integrate yourself in the current online community as well as leverage current conversations. If you're at a parade and trying to meet up with folks, use the tags!
DON'T: Using hashtags to exploit trending topics or online communities, on the other hand, is tacky. If you're a chiropractor in the boonies don't use the hashtag #mardigras to promote your unrelated services. When searching the streams, be it on Twitter or Instagram, people want to see relevant content – don't spam us!
"Check-in" It Out
DO: Let your friends know where they can find you by checking into restaurants or bars throughout the city. Definitely check-in to the parade routes, and be sure to geo-tag your photos! Let people know that that picture of the best Bloody Mary in the entiiiiiire world, for example, was taken at Igor's on St. Charles so they can go get one!
DON'T: Don't be one of those guys who checks into 15 different places in a matter of minutes. We all know you're not there. Also, for your safety, we recommend being aware of where you are checking in and whom you're checking in with. Not everyone wants their house party featured on Foursquare, and sometimes, checking in alone at night as a single female isn't a good idea.
Seize the Moment. And the Beads.
DO: We all have smart phones, and we're all connected. Use your phone to enhance and share your Mardi Gras experience. There's nothing wrong with snapping a few quick pics, sending an awesome Twitter update or taking a few seconds of video. We are all going to be doing it.
DON'T: This is New Orleans. And, it's Mardi Gras. Don't miss the moment by spending too much time on your phone, camera, whatever. You only live once, so live it up here.
Mardi Gras is almost upon us and FSC couldn't be more ready! Celebrate the biggest party of the year with our playlist including hits from Galactic, Dr. John, Lil Wayne, and Louis Armstrong. Wishing you all a safe and happy Mardi Gras!
Bonus: Insider Mardi Gras Tips
Check out these insider tips from our friends at GoNOLA.com and Bienville House, and experience Mardi Gras like a local:


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For the Second Edition the authors have completely revised the whole text. With the Baylis-Hillman Reaction and the Swern Oxidation, new reactions have been added. Key reactions such as the Sharpless Epoxidation and the Heck Reaction have been completely revised. Where necessary new references were added and new developments such as the Sharpless Dihydroxylation have been included.
Overall, this book is concentrating on the most important named organic reactions. The reactions are presented in alphabetical order, from the Acyloin Condensation to the Wurtz Reaction. For each reaction clearly outlined reaction mechanisms and applications are presented.
Named Organic Reactions, 2nd Edition provides
This book is the essential guide to named organic reactions for chemistry students.
A compact collection of 134 important named organic reactions from modern preparative organic chemistry. Alphabetically-arranged, each entry contains an outline of the reaction mechanisms, recent as well as older examples of the application of the reaction, and a list of references. Side-reactions, variants, and modified procedures with respect to product distribution and yields are also described. Intended for advanced chemistry students and doctoral candidates. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.


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how long does percet pain pills stay in system?
How long does percet stay in system?
- Asked
- 8 Nov 2010 by sharonestes
- Active
- 8 Nov 2010
- Topics
- percocet, pain
Responses (3)
It actually can stay for 3 to 8 days depending on how fast a person's metabolism is, how much they take and for how long a period they have been taking them. I used to think it was only 3 days, but tested positive for stuff that I hadn't taken for a week, woke me up to the fact that a person can test positive for longer than what most guidelines say.
Further Information
- Percocet Information for Consumers
- Percocet Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Percocet (detailed)
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