text:
Language Disorders
Language disorders
A language disorder is a deficit or problem with any function of language and communication.
Speech and language disorders are extremely common. They can range from slow acquisition of language to sound substitution or stuttering to the inability to understand or produce and language at all. The federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality estimated in 2002 that communication disorders cost the United States between $30 and $154 billion annually in lost productivity and money spent on medical care, special education , and remediation.
Language disorders and the brain
Speech and language pathologists and neurologists (doctors who specialize in the brain and nervous system) have known for about 100 years that certain areas in the left hemisphere of the brain—Broca's area in the posterior frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe—are centrally involved in language functions. Damage to Broca's area results in problems with language fluency: shortened sentences, impaired flow of speech, poor control of rhythm and intonation, and a telegraphic style with missing inflections. Damage to Wernicke's area produces speech that is fluent and often rapid, but with relatively senseless content, many invented words, and word substitutions.
With the invention of new technologies, including computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), several studies have looked at the language development in very young children with lesions in the traditional language areas of the brain. There is surprising agreement among the studies in their results: all find initial delays in language development followed by remarkably similar progress after about age two to three years. Lasting deficits have not been noticed in these children. Surprisingly, there are also no dramatic effects of laterality; lesions to either side of the brain seem to produce virtually the same effects. However, most of the data comes from conversational analysis or relatively unstructured testing, and these children have not been followed until school age. Nevertheless, the findings suggest remarkable plasticity and robustness of language in spite of brain lesions that would devastate an adult's language abilities.
Language disorders and hearing loss
Children with a hearing loss, either from birth or acquired during the first year or two of life, generally have a serious delay in spoken language development. The hearing loss occurs despite very early diagnosis and fitting with appropriate hearing aids. However, in the unusual case that sign language is the medium of communication in the family rather than speech, the child shows no delay in learning to use that language. Hearing development is always one of the first things checked if a pediatrician or parent suspects a language delay . The deaf child exposed only to speech will usually begin to babble ("baba, gaga") at a slightly later point than the hearing child. Recent work suggests that the babbling is neither as varied nor as sustained as in hearing children. However, there is often a long delay until the first words are spoken, sometimes not until age two years or older.
Depending on the severity of the hearing loss, the stages of early language development are also quite delayed. It is not unusual for the profoundly deaf child at age four or five years to only have two-word spoken sentences. It is only on entering specialized training programs for oral language development that the profoundly deaf child begins to acquire more spoken language. Often, such children do not make the usual preschool language gains until they reach grade school. Many deaf children learning English have pronounced difficulties in articulation and speech quality, especially if they are profoundly deaf, since they get no feedback in how they sound. A child who has hearing for the first few years of life has an enormous advantage in speech quality and oral language learning over a child who is deaf from birth or within his or her first year.
Apart from speech difficulties, deaf children learning English often show considerable difficulty with the inflection and syntax of the language, which marks their writing as well as their speech. The ramifications of this delayed language are also significant for learning to read, and reading proficiently. The average deaf high school student often only reads at fourth grade level.
Language disorders and mental retardation
Mental retardation can also affect the age at which children learn to talk. A mentally retarded child is defined as one who falls in the lower end of the range of intelligence , usually with an IQ (intelligence quotient) below 80 on some standardized IQ tests. There are many causes of mental retardation, including identified genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome , Williams syndrome , or fragile X syndrome .
Retardation can also be caused by damage to the fetus during pregnancy due to alcohol, drug abuse or toxicity, and disorders of the developing nervous system such as hydrocephalus . Finally, there are environmental causes following birth such as lead poisoning , anoxia, or meningitis .
Any of these situations is likely to slow down the child's rate of development in general, and thus to have effects on language development. However, most children with very low IQs develop some language, suggesting it is a relatively "buffered" system that can survive a good deal of insult to the developing brain. In cases of hydrocephalus, for example, it has been noted that children who are otherwise quite impaired intellectually can have impressive conversational language skills. Sometimes called the "chatterbox syndrome," this linguistic sophistication belies their poor ability to deal with the world. In an extreme case, a young man with a tested IQ in the retarded range has an apparent gift for acquiring foreign languages, and could learn a new one with very little exposure. For example, he could do fair translations at a rapid pace from written languages as diverse as Danish, Dutch, Hindi, Polish, French, Spanish, and Greek. He is, in fact, a savant in the area of language, and delights in comparing linguistic systems, although he does not have the mental capacity to live independently.
Adults should not consider retarded children to be a uniform class; different patterns can arise with different syndromes. For example, in hydrocephalic children and Williams syndrome, language skills may be preserved to a degree greater than their general intellectual level. In other groups, including Down syndrome, there may be more delay in language than in other mental abilities.
Most retarded children babble during the first year and develop their first words within a normal time span, but are then slow to develop sentences or a varied vocabulary. Vocabulary size is one of the primary components of standardized tests of verbal intelligence, and it grows slowly in retarded children. Nevertheless, the process of vocabulary development seems quite similar: retarded children also learn words from context and by incidental learning, not just by direct instruction.
Grammatical development, though slow, comes in the same way, and in the same order, as it does for normal IQ children. The child's conversation, however, may contain more repetition. The Down syndrome adolescent with an IQ of around 50 points does not seem to progress beyond the grammatical level of the normally intelligent child at three years, with short sentences that are restricted in variety and complexity. Children with Down syndrome are also particularly delayed in speech development. This is due in part to the facial abnormalities that characterize this syndrome, including a relatively large tongue. It is also linked to the higher risk they appear to suffer from ear infections and hearing loss.
Specific language impairment
Specific language impairment describes a condition of markedly delayed language development in the absence of any apparent handicapping conditions such as deafness, autism , or mental retardation. Specific language impairment (SLI) is also sometimes called childhood dysphasia, or developmental language disorder.
Children with SLI usually begin to talk at approximately the same age as normal children, but are markedly slower in their progress. They seem to have particular problems with inflection and word forms, such as leaving off endings when forming verb tenses (for example, the -ed ending when forming the past tense). This problem can persist much longer than early childhood, often into grade school and beyond, where these children encounter difficulties in reading and writing. The child with SLI often has difficulties learning language "incidentally," (picking up the meaning of a new word from context or generalizing a new syntactic form). This is in contrast to the normal child's development, where incidental learning and generalization are the hallmarks of language acquisition. Children with SLI are not cognitively impaired and are not withdrawn or socially aloof like the autistic child.
Very little is known about the cause or origin of specific language impairment, although evidence is growing that the underlying condition may be a form of brain abnormality. However, any such brain abnormality is not readily apparent with existing diagnostic technologies. When compared to other children, SLI children do not have clear brain lesions or marked anatomical differences in either brain hemisphere.
About one in six people, or 42 million individuals in the United States, have some type of communication disorder. About 28 million have speech, voice, or language problems associated with hearing loss, and about 14 million have similar problems not associated with impaired hearing. More than one million children in special education classes are categorized as having a speech or language disability.
Causes and symptoms
Language disorders can arise at many points in the language production process such as:
- from damage to the part of the brain that produces language
- from damage to the part of the brain that understands language
- from hearing loss
- from damage to the muscles and tissues of the mouth and throat needed for speech (e.g. cleft palate )
- from neurological disorders that interrupt the transmission of information necessary to receive and produce language
- from unknown (idiopathic) causes
Symptoms of language disorders vary widely, but include:
- slow acquisition of speech and language
- inability to make the physical sounds associated with language production (mutism)
- failure to make sense of spoken or written words
- inability to speak under certain social circumstances (selective mutism)
- transformations of words or sounds when speaking
- inability to recall known words
When to call the doctor
Parents should talk to their pediatrician immediately if their child appears to have hearing impairment . They should also consult with their doctor if the child does not babble or begin to use single words within the normal time frame. Parents of older children may need a referral to a speech and language specialist if their child stutters, lisps, has difficulty forming words or producing coherent speech, or exhibits certain learning disabilities.
Speech and language disorders are usually diagnosed by a speech and language pathologist, often with the help of a pediatrician, audiologist (hearing specialist), and neurologist. Many assessment tests are designed specifically for use in children, including the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (also available in Spanish); the Preschool Language Scale (also available in Spanish); the Test of Language Development, Primary; and the Test of Language, Intermediate. There are assessments designed to evaluate speech production, such as the Goldman-Fristoe test of Articulation.
Treatment varies, depending on the type and cause of the language disorder. However, in all language disorders and delays, early intervention is key to improvement. Many educators of the deaf now urge early compensatory programs in signed languages, because the deaf child shows no handicap in learning a visually based language. Deaf children born to signing parents begin to "babble" in sign at the same point in infancy that hearing infants babble speech, and proceed from there to learn a fully expressive language. However, only 10 percent of deaf children are born to deaf parents, so hearing parents must show a commitment and willingness to learn sign language. Furthermore, command of at least written English is still a necessity for such children to be able to function in the larger community.
Speech therapy can be a considerable aid to many children with language disorders For example, it can help to make a Down syndrome child's speech more intelligible. Despite the delay, children with Down syndrome are often quite sociable and interested in language for conversation.
Surgery, followed by speech therapy, can correct physical deformities, such as cleft palate, that interfere with speech production.
Psychotherapy can help older children whose language disorders are psychologically based.
Prognosis varies on an individual basis, depending on the cause, type, and severity of the language disorder. Those children who receive early intervention therapies are more likely to have a better outcome than those for whom services are delayed.
Many language disorders are not preventable. However, those that arise from damage to the fetus due to the mother's use of drugs or alcohol during pregnancy can be prevented by avoiding these substances.
Parental concerns
Language is such a critical part of our society that parents are justly concerned when their child has a language disorder. The parents' approach to the disorder can greatly influence the child's self-image, self-esteem , and ultimately his or her success in reaching the fullest language potential.
Speech pathologist —An individual certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) to treat speech disorders.
Bahr, Diane Chapman. Oral Motor Assessment and Treatment: Ages and Stages. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.
Freed, Donald B. Motor Speech Disorders: Diagnosis & Treatment. San Diego: Singular Pub. Group, 2000.
Conti-Ramsden, Gina. "Processing and Linguistic Markers in Young Children with Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 5 (October 2003): 1029–38.
Fujiki, Martin, et al. "The Relationship of Language and Emotion Regulation Skills to Reticence in Children with Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 3 (June 2004): 637–47.
Nation, Kate, et al. "Hidden Language Impairments in Children: Parallels Between Poor Reading Comprehension and Specific Language Impairment?" Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 47, no. 1 (February 2004): 199–212.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8255. Web site: <www.asha.org>.
Tish Davidson, A.M. Jill De Villiers, Ph.D.
Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
"Language Disorders." Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence. . Encyclopedia.com. 23 Nov. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Language Disorders." Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence. . Encyclopedia.com. (November 23, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/language-disorders
"Language Disorders." Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence. . Retrieved November 23, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/language-disorders
Language Disorders
Human communication and socialization to a large degree occur through language, which is a symbol system used to represent, convey, and interpret ideas, thoughts, and feelings. Typically one language user (a sender) arranges words or other vocabulary symbols (e.g., gestures, as used in sign language) to express particular intentions or ideas to at least one other language user (a receiver). While many equate language with speech, they are not identical. Speech, along with writing and pantomime, is just one of the channels used to express language. Language is understood through reciprocal channels, like listening, reading, or interpreting manual signs.
Language involves a number of interactive systems related to its content, form, and use. Semantics refers to a system of concepts or meanings. The "mental dictionary" that contains vocabulary symbols for expressing and interpreting these concepts is called the lexicon. Morphology is concerned with word formation. Morphemes, the smallest units of language that signal meaning, can be single words or they can be add-ons, like possessive or past tense markers, that change the meaning of their root words. Phonology refers to the sound system of language (vowels and consonants), and to stress and melody patterns. Although phonology is most obviously connected with the speech channel, there is ample evidence that adults also access phonology when they read silently. Syntax involves the ways that words representing different parts of speech can be sequenced to construct acceptable and interpretable phrases, clauses, and sentences. To illustrate, English syntax allows only certain combinations of nouns and verbs (e.g., "The girl ate" is acceptable, but "Ate the girl" is not); and different word orders signal different meanings (compare "The girl told the boy" with "The boy told the girl"). Finally, pragmatics is concerned with the ways in which language is used to communicate particular purposes and intents. For example, pragmatics involves the difference between what someone actually says and what they mean by it, as when teasing or being sarcastic. The particular communicators, their shared assumptions and knowledge, and their current social context all are important pragmatic considerations.
Language disorders can take the form of difficulty expressing and/or understanding ideas and intentions through any or all language channels, and can be reflected in disturbances of any or all language systems. Because language is not identical to speech, language disorders are different from speech disorders. The latter may reflect, among other things, abnormalities in vocal tract structures such as the lungs, larynx (commonly known as the voice box), and oral articulators (e.g., tongue, lips, jaw), or difficulties in managing the breathstream, which provides the energy source for speech.
Language disorders in older adults
As people age, they tend to experience changes in language functioning. Some aspects, like the use or understanding of complex syntax, typically show signs of decline. Others, like vocabulary knowledge, improve with age, though the older one gets the more difficult it becomes to retrieve from the lexicon the precise words one wants. While full-blown language disorders are not the norm for elderly people, some particular language disorders are more likely to co-occur with advancing age, because the medical conditions that cause them primarily affect older individuals. These conditions include stroke and dementing illnesses. Their common language after effects include aphasia, right hemisphere communication disorders, and the language of generalized intellectual impairment.
Aphasia is an acquired language disorder. Typically, it is the result of damage to the left side of the brain, which for most individuals is "dominant" for language functions. The damage that induces aphasia is usually cortical and peri-Sylvian, which means that it affects the outermost layers of brain cells that surround the Sylvian fissure (see Figure 1). Most often caused by stroke, aphasia also can result from other conditions, like head trauma, when the brain damage predominantly affects left peri-Sylvian regions.
Aphasia affects both the expression and interpretation of language, through all of its channels, but to different degrees in different individuals depending on the nature and extent of brain damage. Language changes that reflect sensory deficits, such as hearing loss, do not constitute aphasia. Also, language impairment in aphasia is disproportionate to, and cannot be explained by, other types of cognitive changes, such as memory problems.
A word retrieval deficit, or difficulty in selecting the precise words one wants to use from an unaltered lexical store, is a universal symptom of aphasia. These word retrieval difficulties, often called anomia, are more frequent and less likely to be resolved than the word retrieval challenges of normal aging. It is important to note, though, that word retrieval deficits are common after any kind of brain damage; thus, they are not diagnostic. The other language systems are variably affected in adults with aphasia.
Classical views of aphasia divide it into syndromes or types, such as Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. Each type has some expressive and receptive characteristics that grossly differentiate it from other types of aphasia, and that are presumed to stem from damage to particular peri-Sylvian regions in the left cerebral hemisphere. However, it has become clear that damage confined to a particular brain area (e.g., Broca's or Wernicke's area; see Figure 1) does not generate a lasting aphasia of the same type. More generally, the accuracy and value of aphasia syndrome classifications, as well as the correspondence between language disorder profiles and brain lesion locations, are the subject of much debate (see, e.g., commentaries following an article by Yosef Grodzinsky). Research is ongoing to specify the complex relationships among normal brain anatomy and its contribution to the functioning of various language systems, as well as the precise ways in which particular kinds of brain damage produce particular types of language symptoms.
Right hemisphere language disorders also can result from stroke. This time the stroke affects the side of the brain that is not dominant for language; typically, as the name implies, the right hemisphere. These disorders have been systematically studied since the mid-1980s. Because so little is known about the nature of right hemisphere language deficits, there is not yet an appropriate diagnostic label. However, some descriptive generalizations are possible. Strokes that are restricted to the right hemisphere in older adults appear to have little effect on phonology, morphology, or syntax, and their consequences for lexical-semantic processing are unclear. But adults with right hemisphere damage can be particularly impaired in pragmatic aspects of language. As senders, for example, they may have special difficulty supplying content that is appropriate to the communicative circumstances, by assuming that a receiver knows something that he or she does not know, or by being too wordy, too terse, too detailed, too tangential, and/or too vague. As receivers, they may be particularly impaired at understanding implications that are not directly stated, such as those conveyed by nonliteral language (e.g., jokes or irony) or other ambiguous information. These difficulties, while not always immediately obvious to others, can render adults with right hemisphere damage quite socially disadvantaged.
Finally, the language of generalized intellectual impairment (Wertz) is a diagnostic label that refers to language disorders resulting from neurologically degenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. In people with the language of generalized intellectual impairment, both sides of the brain typically are affected by the degenerative process. Thus, these individuals may have a constellation of language deficits that includes any or all that typify aphasia and right hemisphere language disorders. In addition, however, they generally have other cognitive deficits, such as difficulties with memory and attention, that cause, contribute to, or confound their language symptoms.
Many clinicians, including most medical professionals, use the term aphasia to refer to language disorders that accompany neurologically degenerative conditions. However, many clinical aphasiologists, like Robert T. Wertz, find value in distinguishing the two labels, in part because prognoses and treatment options differ substantially. People who have strokes improve, sometimes dramatically. This occurs naturally as the brain heals, as well as through language therapy. In addition, as alluded to earlier, the nature of the language impairments typically is different in adults who have simple strokes versus dementias. The language deficits in adults with dementing conditions may be rooted in, or are at least significantly complicated by, profound cognitive impairments, such as difficulties in learning and remembering new material. To illustrate, immediately after they hear a brief prose passage, adults with incipient dementia can retell it normally; but after only fifteen minutes, they may recall nothing about it. This is not the case for adults with the other language disorders reviewed above. For them, the difference between immediate story retelling and short-term recall is much less extreme, and may be on par with that for normally aging adults (e.g., Bayles and Kaszniak).
Language deficits in early Alzheimer's disease and other progressive conditions
As noted above, memory deficits are among the earliest hallmarks of the onset of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the language domain, individuals with suspected early AD have predominantly lexical-semantic impairments. For example, they may have particular difficulty naming pictures, naming items that are described to them (e.g., "what do you use to tell time?"), and generating more than a few common examples of words that start with a given letter of the alphabet. They may also wander from the topic of a conversation and be vague in what they say. Syntax, morphology, and phonology are relatively preserved until the later stages of the disease. Thus, early in the course of AD, language production may be perfectly structured, but "empty" or lacking in content (e.g., "The thing is over there, you know").
Progressive aphasia is a poorly understood condition in which language deteriorates over time, but which only infrequently is identified at autopsy as AD (Mesulam). Like AD, symptom onset and decline are gradual, but in contrast to most cases of AD, language difficulties are the earliest and the primary signs of trouble. While non-language aspects of cognition reportedly are retained for several years after the onset of language symptoms, deficits may be evident with careful testing. Once clearly identified, non-language cognitive abilities may decline less rapidly than language skills.
Again, progressive aphasia may manifest in various ways. Language expression may be effortless and well-formed but low in content, as in early AD, or it may be effortful and "telegraphic" in quality, consisting primarily of nouns and verbs (e.g., "Boy - girl - cookie - falling"). Likewise, language comprehension may be relatively good or poor. According to Mesulam, progressive aphasia often is associated with a loss of nerve cells in relatively focal cortical areas of the brain, but precise causal factors are unclear.
Complications in diagnosing language disorders in older adults
During the aging process, changes in bodily systems such as vision, hearing, or motor control for speech may cause changes in everyday language activities, such as reading the newspaper, following a conversation, or speaking clearly on the telephone. But as implied in the discussion of aphasia, one must be careful to account for or rule out difficulties of this sort before diagnosing a language (or other cognitive) disorder. Depression, while not a normative condition in older adults, is worth noting here as well, because it can reduce performance in testing situations and thus, without careful assessment, masquerade as a language or other cognitive disorder.
Education, and potentially related factors like literacy and language practice or use over the lifespan, also may complicate assessment and diagnosis of language disorders. Performance on aphasia tests, for example, shows a clear relationship to education. As such, unless an examiner is appropriately cautious, traditional assessments may overdiagnose difficulties in people with little formal education or language proficiency. On the other side of the coin, many measures may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect definite changes in highly educated or literate individuals.
Connie A. Tompkins Margaret T. Lehman-Blake
See also Brain; Dementia; Speech; Stroke.
Bayles, K. A. "Management of Neurogenic Communication Disorders Associated with Dementia." In Language Intervention Strategies in Adult Aphasia, 3d ed. Edited by R. Chapey. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994. Pages 535–545.
Bayles, K. A., and Kaszniak, A. W. Communication and Cognition in Normal Aging and Dementia. Boston: College-Hill, 1987.
Fromkin, V., and Rodman, R. An Introduction to Language, 4th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1988.
Grodzinsky, Y. "The Neurology of Syntax: Language Use Without Broca's Area." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2000): 1–71.
Melvold, J. L.; Au, R.; Obler, L. K.; and Albert, M. L. "Language During Aging and Dementia." In Clinical Neurology of Aging, 2d ed. Edited by M. L. Albert and J. E. Knoefel. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Pages 329–346.
Mesulam, M.-M. Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Tompkins, C. A. Right Hemisphere Communication Disorders: Theory and Management. San Diego: Singular, 1995.
Wertz, R. T. "Neuropathologies of Speech and Language: An Introduction to Patient Management." In Clinical Management of Neurogenic Communicative Disorders, 2d ed. Edited by D. F. Johns. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1985. Pages 1–96.
Wingfield, A., and Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. "Language and Speech." In The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Edited by F. I. M. Craik and T. A. Salthouse. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pages 359–416.
Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
"Language Disorders." Encyclopedia of Aging. . Encyclopedia.com. 23 Nov. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Language Disorders." Encyclopedia of Aging. . Encyclopedia.com. (November 23, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/language-disorders
"Language Disorders." Encyclopedia of Aging. . Retrieved November 23, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/language-disorders
Language Disorder
Language disorder
Problem with any function of language and communication.
In adults, much of what is known about the organization of language functions in the brain has come from the study of patients with focal brain lesions. It has been known for hundreds of years that a left-hemisphere injury to the brain is more likely to cause language disturbance—aphasia —than a right hemisphere injury, especially but not exclusively in right-handed persons. For about a hundred years, certain areas in the adult left hemisphere—Broca's area in the posterior frontal lobe, and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe—have been identified as centrally involved in language functions. However, researchers in the field of adult aphasia are divided over the exact role these brain areas play in language processing and production. Damage to Broca's area results in marked problems with language fluency; with shortened sentences, impaired flow of speech, poor control of rhythm and intonation (known as prosody); and a telegraphic style, with missing inflections and function words. In contrast, the speech of Wernicke's aphasics is fluent and often rapid, but with relatively empty content and many neologisms (invented words) and word substitutions. It was initially believed that the two areas were responsible for output (Broca's) versus input (Wernicke's), but research does not confirm such a simple split.
Other theories ask whether the two areas might be differentially involved in syntax versus semantics, or phonology versus the lexicon, but the picture is not clear. Some have argued that adult aphasic patients, once they are stable after their injury or stroke, employ many compensatory devices that conceal or disguise the central character of their language difficulties. It then becomes more difficult to assess what is missing or disturbed because the difficulties are overlaid by new strategies, and perhaps new areas of the brain taking over functions for the damaged areas.
Infants and young children who suffer focal brain lesions in advance of acquiring language provide valuable information to neuroscientists who want to know how "plastic" the developing brain is with respect to language functions. For instance, is the left hemisphere uniquely equipped for language, or could the right hemisphere do as well? What if Broca's or Wernicke's areas were damaged before language was acquired? Thirty years ago a review of literature on children who had incurred brain lesions suggested that, unlike the case of adults, recovery from language disruption after left-brain damage was rapid and without lasting effect. Researchers concluded that the two hemispheres of the brain were equipotential for language until around puberty , and that this allowed young brain-damaged children to compensate with their undamaged right hemisphere.
However, several studies suggested that left-brain damage caused greater disruption to language than right-sided damage even in the youngest subjects. Children known to be using only their right hemisphere for language (because they had undergone removal of the left hemisphere for congenital abnormalities) demonstrated subtle syntactic deficits on careful linguistic testing, but the deficits failed to show in ordinary conversational analysis. Almost all of these studies were retrospective, that is, they looked at the performance of children at an older age who had suffered an early lesion. Furthermore, the technology for scanning the brain and locating the lesion site, then carefully matching the subjects, was much less developed.
With the invention of new technologies including CT scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), several studies have been conducted to look prospectively at the language development of children with focal, defined lesions specifically in the traditional language areas. There is surprising concordance among the studies in their results: all of them find initial (but variable) delays in the onset of lexical, syntactic, and morphological development followed by remarkably similar progress after about age two to three years. Lasting deficits have not been noticed in these children. Surprisingly, there are also no dramatic effects of laterality: lesions to either side of the brain seem to produce virtually the same effects. However, most of the data comes from conversational analysis or relatively unstructured testing, and these children have not been followed until school age.
Until those detailed studies are extended, it is difficult to reconcile the differing results of the retrospective and prospective studies. Nevertheless, the findings suggest remarkable plasticity and robustness of language in spite of brain lesions that would devastate an adult's system.
Jill De Villiers Ph.D.
Further Reading
Byers Brown, B., and M. Edwards. Developmental Disorders of Language. San Diego: Singular Publishing, 1989.
Miller, J. Research on Child Language Disorders: A Decade of
Progress. Austin, TX: Pro-ed, 1991.
Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
"Language Disorder." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. . Encyclopedia.com. 23 Nov. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Language Disorder." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. . Encyclopedia.com. (November 23, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/language-disorder
"Language Disorder." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. . Retrieved November 23, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/language-disorder


text:
Is Saw Palmetto Used For Male Hair Pattern Baldness?
Many nowadays prefer a natural hair loss remedy rather than treat their hair loss with drugs and medication. If you are looking for a natural hair loss remedy for male pattern baldness, you can try saw palmetto. Saw palmetto is a particular type of fruit that has been shown to help in hair loss according […] Read more

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Search over 321,000 hotels worldwide and 400 airlines worldwide.
Secure incredible value with Expedia's Price Guarantee.
No Expedia cancellation fee to change or cancel almost any hotel reservation.
Prices found within past 7 days. Prices and availability subject to change. Additional terms may apply.
Question : How much should a trip from Sint Maarten (SXM) to San Francisco (SFO) cost?
Answer : Prices for this trip tend to change more than other flights from Sint Maarten. They can vary from $360 to $809. Remember, the sooner you book, the more you'll be able to save.
Question : How many days should you spend in San Francisco?
Answer : The average time spent in San Francisco by passengers from Sint Maarten is 19 days.
Question : If your plans are flexible, have you considered changing your departure day?
Answer : Wednesday is your cheapest day to fly in the month of December. Flexibility is paramount when booking travel plans in order to keep travel costs down.
Question : What day in the next four weeks has the best fares?
Answer : As of Nov 20th, the cheapest day to fly from Sint Maarten to San Francisco is Dec 6th. Tickets are currently being sold for $360, which is 17% below the average price for this route.
Question : Which airline is offering the cheapest flight from SXM to SFO?
Answer : American Airlines is your best bet for finding that coveted low fare. They're offering fares as low as $360, while prices for other flights are as high as $809.
Sometimes you just need to get out of town or maybe you're looking for a change of scenery. Regardless of the reason, a flight from Simpson Bay to San Francisco will do just the trick! Go on, plan to see all the famous landmarks and eat your weight in the local cuisine. Your trip is beckoning, so answer the call by packing your suitcase and filling your travel itinerary with exploring San Francisco.
Whether you're flying for business or jet-setting on your personal time, you've come to the right place. Here at Expedia.com, we'll pair you up with SXM to SFO flights that won't make your bank account wince. Ready to temporarily leave behind Simpson Bay for new horizons? Browse through our cheap airfare, and filter by flight times and dates until you find just what you had in mind. From flights without layovers to ones that arrive early in the morning, you'll come across plane tickets that suit your travel preferences. You can even bundle your flight to SFO with hotels and car rentals to score even bigger savings.
All set to hit the clouds? Book your travel arrangements with us today and have left-over money to put toward your travel outings and adventures.


text: 1927. English novelist and travel writer. He lived for years on the island of Capri and in Italy and other Mediterranean countries, and he made these the settings for his books. The book begins: Along that broad and languid stream were few human habitations; only a fisherman's hut here and there on some sandy reach, with a black tub, his boat, drawn up on the shore or tethered to stakes in the gray-green water. At no great distance inland stood a collection of reed-cabins plastered together with dried mud and bitumen: a village.


text:
Johannesburg - ANCYL spokesperson Floyd Shivambu's public criticism of ANC appeals chairperson Cyril Ramaphosa was made in his personal capacity and does not represent the ANCYL's official position, its deputy president Ronald Lamola said late on Monday."We agree with the ANC that the attack on Cyril Ramaphosa's personal integrity and standing in society was unwarranted [and] did nothing to advance a comradely political debate," Lamola said.He said the ANCYL "denounces and disowns" a statement issued on its behalf earlier on Monday defending Shivambu.It did not "represent the official position of the ANCYL but the views of the individual who published it"."The ANCYL has directed all members of the NEC [National Executive Committee] or its ordinary members that when they are engaged in public discourse [they] should do so to advocate or defend ANCYL official position," he said.Ramaphosa's motives questionedIn an article published in the Sunday Times, Shivambu questioned Ramaphosa's motives for punishing ANCYL president Julius Malema.Malema has been expelled from the ANC for sowing division in the party and for bringing it into disrepute. His appeal is being heard by the ANC's national disciplinary committee of appeals, which Ramaphosa chairs. Shivambu has himself been suspended from the ANC for three years for sowing division and bringing the party into disrepute by swearing at a journalist and issuing a statement calling for a change of government in Botswana. He has also appealed.On Monday, the ANC said his article was "mischievous, disingenuous, and smacks of ill-discipline"."The African National Congress is appalled at the crude, uncouth, disrespectful, and insulting attack," ANC spokesperson Jackson Mthembu said.However, an ANCYL spokesperson later issued a statement criticising the ANC for insulting Shivambu instead of using the opportunity to educate him. It is this statement from which the ANCYL has since distanced itself."The ANC once again missed an opportunity to educate and mould a comrade if he indeed was wrong, and chose to throw insults and attack him as an individual," the spokesperson said."As a young cadre of the ANC, what is he going to benefit from insults by adults in the ANC?" she asked.In the Sunday Times article, Shivambu accused Ramaphosa of sacrificing his principles."We initially did not know what the real reasons why Cyril Ramaphosa could degenerate to that level or language and derision of principle were, but certain facts and recent developments shed the light on what could be basis of ignoring principle," he wrote."The fact that a faction in the ANC has promised him the position of deputy president, which he so dearly wanted in 1994, could be one of the reasons why he took such a stance."However, Mthembu said the ANC's branches had not started discussing nominations and it there was, therefore, not true that Ramaphosa was on any list."This exists in the warped imagination of the likes of Floyd," he said.Mthembu said the ANC's disciplinary and appeals processes were determined by its constitution."It is therefore disingenuous to blame an individual for the work processed by a team," he said."This is tantamount to saying other members of the team are dwarfs; useless, sheepish followers who do not apply their minds."DisciplineMthembu said Shivambu had a history of lacking discipline."This has come with a cost in some of our progressive structures at tertiary level. It is not surprising that he left the Young Communist League on the verge of being charged."In his article, Shivambu wrote: "Like all borrowed robes, those given to Cyril Ramaphosa are beginning to wane down through his inconsistent application of principle...."If comrade Cyril was really the man of the Constitution who presided over a transition that everybody in the world celebrates today, how did he fail to manage what is vividly an injustice against the leadership of the ANC Youth League?" he asked.Mthembu said the phrase "borrowed robes" undermined Ramaphosa's capabilities."It is... saddening that because of petty jealousies from the likes of Floyd, the successes that a number of blacks have achieved in the mainstream of the economy under very trying circumstances is relegated to insignificance."The advice we can offer to the likes of Floyd is that ANC members and the public cannot be fooled by their statements," Mthembu said.
I never thought I would see this happen,the youth league itself is now self destructing,lol.
We can only hope that they drag the ANC down with them.
And so the circus continues....
The ANCYL cannot distance themselves from their leaders. Their leaders are their own elected voice.
All the ANCYL spokespeople are speaking the voice and heart of the entire ANCYL. That is who they really are, a destructive and divisive rogue force in South Africa.
Right! They are busy imploding! Guess they are FINALLY realising that Mommy and Daddy is NOT as indulgent as what they used to be and like all naughty children they are now going to be given boundaries... Sit in the corner ANCYL and grow up!
Hectic... The only thing the ANCYL has on it's side now is time!
lets hope they get disbanded!
Its awesome watching these little childish idiots flap their mouths & get spanked :-)
That awkward moment when you realise that the political party you belong to would rather have you outside the tent, pissing in, than inside the tent, pissing out.
Self-destructing because of pure GREED!! all of them.
With those dimwits in charge it was only a matter of time. And the time is now. You cannot be that openly ignorant and stupid and get away with it for ever.
hahaha......can you believe that even the standard of our idiots is dropping in the RSA. Rubik must come out of retirement and make a new game for these mutants to play!
The members of the ANCYL go around as if they are primary school,
everytime somebody messes up the ANC needs to clean their snotty nose.
The ANCYL cannot distance themselves from their leaders. Their leaders are their own elected voice.
All the ANCYL spokespeople are speaking the voice and heart of the entire ANCYL. That is who they really are, a destructive and divisive rogue force in South Africa.
Alicia, they'll only all move over to the NYDA.
Howcome the ANC puts up with this continual nonsense? Their youth league insult them all the time yet they don't do anything of real significance. I couldn't care less one way or another, I jst find it strange.
Without leaders every fool talks and there is no direction.
you can say that again Adrian
And so it continues, ANC factionalism and infighting leading to the governing party taking its eye off the ball and having to deal with trivial matters like this instead of running our country effectively. Grow up, PLEASE The people of South Africa are crying out for good leadership, is there nobody out there who can stand up and take a firm stand?? I weep for our future.
Plenty of "distancing" going on in the last 72 hours. At this rate, the ANCYL will end up governing the Arctic circle and accusing the polar bears or racism.
Especially the white bears.
ANCYL what a waste of oxygen.
They are a useless bunch, aren't they?
Lulama, you kuluma 100% facts
The blind leading, the blind, leading the deaf, leading the confused, leading the very confused.....
You don't understand politics,so please be silent.
Sganja... A white troll
Kala ,Troll?How?
Lesson number one,don't call people who differ with you Trolls @Kala
Sganja is full of ganja again.The poor two braincells are really suffering.
Goodness Andrew I dont think anyone could have said it any better. Perhaps Sganja is upset because you beat him to the post with this winning comment
If the ANC can't control their kids ,how they gonna contol the coutry? Desperete messures are what we are sseing?
I'd hardly call most of those ancyl members KIDS...soon they will be
approaching middle age. This actually should be an organisation with
a maximum age of 25yrs...for it to be considered a youth league.
I say 21 should be max age.
The OLDEST Youth League in the world. Shows a lot for the maturity of intelligence.
Here was me thinking that the KU (Young Conservatives), in Denmark, were the oldest political youth organisation in the world.
with the standard of education at an all time LOW..... their mindset is now probably that of a 19 year old hence them being way over 30 and still classified as YOUTH....Tis simple actually. Ergo... we are all South Africans and therefore we can scrape 20years of our lives. Quite cool actually
Let m grab a sit in the 1st row with a bowl of popcorn. This is geting interesting. Mabe vs lamola battle begins.
You bring the popcorn, I'll bring the Coke and Smarties!
@ Andile you quite right this is getting enjoyable,stuff soapies and going to the movies,this is where the action is.
I wish the political situation was evolved enough for the ANC to take a 4 year break from governing to reinvent itself. A dose of DA leadership, although extremely unlikely, would probably be good medicine for the country and the ANC.
The ANC has such a storied history and is the party best positioned to promote racial healing in or scarred and troubled land. I would vote for the ANC if the values of Luthuli, Mandela , Thambo, Sisulu, and Mbeki snr was held aloft. I still look up to people like Mr. Ramaphosa, Mr. Trevor Manual, Mr. Pravin Gorhan and the like. And Mr. Tutu who is not a member of the governing party, but certainly the conscience of our land.
Mr. Zuma is not a bad person, but the ANC has become too big a tent and it is a party in desperate need of a major reset and renewal. The current ANCYL leadeship has to be completely weeded out and reestablished with smart, educated young African leaders - like Mandela and Thambo were decades ago.
Zuma is not bad. He is a criminal who is trying to undermine the judiciary, the constitution, the disbanding of the scorpions, placing key people in positions to protect him esp. the security services and NPA so that he cannot be charged for fraud and sent to jail. He is not bad/ He is by far the worst we have had.
There are many Western politicians with a history of corruption or sexual impropriety.
The Clintons had something fishy going on with the Whitewater affair, and we all know that Bill, like JFK, could not keep his zipper closed in the Oval Office. We all know about tricky Richard Nixon and the Watergate scandal. And what about that French pervert Dominic Strauss-Kahn, that was the Head of the World Bank and had a clear shot at the French Presidency, until he was tripped up by someone ratting on the orgies he had been attending?
I say Mr. Zuma is not a bad person, because unlike Thabo Mbeki, I do not get the impression he carries a grudge, not even against the Afrikaner. That is remarkable, since he did time on Robben Island. And when you paint Mr. Zuma as "bad", and not appreciate his lack of a grudge, what will you say when you end up with someone like Malema or Mugabe?
Mr. Zuma has not grabbed land and he has not nationalized mines, despite huge pressure from his constituency. As far as I am concerned he can have as many wives as he wants, as long as he takes care of the real threat to our country , the Malemas and other uneducated thugs wanting to turns SA into the wasteland that Zimababwe has become.
Smell, i agree with you - i don't think Zuma is bad per se, however, i do think he is not the most competent leader we could have, and he is certainly adept at protecting his own interests. I believe, like the majority of the ANC leaders they feel untouchable, and above the law. The fact that he has shown some restraint is commendable, under the circumstances...
"As far as I am concerned he can have as many wives as he wants, as long as he takes care".........As long as he pays for the other three. I do not think we should spend R16 mil on his wives.
Would you prefer Mr. Zuma with 5 or 6 wives, or Mr. Malema with no wife? Sometimes you do not have the luxury to define the options, but you do have the privilege to make a choice. Get it?
If it was the people who were rioting for basic services.we were not going to here any person from the ANC condeming those who have responsebility for rendering services.
unfortunately, you are right
The quickest way to turn a Communist into a Capitalist is to show him money.
Cyril Ramaphosa is a prime example.
Is he a BBEEE candidate like Tokyo? If not, where did he get his money. Nothing on Wiki.
Cyril wanted to buy a wild animal and almost bid R20million for her. Someone else beat him though.
The prescription for wealth these people have must be awesome. Imagine if they would use that money to uplift the weak in society. What a dream.
The kiddies are fighting in the sand pit whilst the parenta are eating R12500-00 birthday cake !! ANC YOU ARE ALL ROTTEN !!!
And we have a crook for a president, only in Africa.
Just a matter of time before Floyd and Julius are alone in the cold! They are not helping the situation either with their public self disgrace!
hoo ka ANCYL! We a enuf. Cnt watch newz read a newz paper ,magezine without ANCYL being in hot water. Youth ya nou e tala kaofela SO WAT?
The media has always given them a lot of attention. They probably think they are news worthy. Julius interview on SABC drew a lot of viewers. Seems they will follow them post their political careers.
I'm not an expert in politics but insulting the very person who holds my fate literally, isn't clever. But this brings back Ruel Khoza's comment about a strange breed of leaders. These guys are going to be ministers in the future if they remain in the ANC. What kind of leaders are these?
A perfect chance for new political in this country,a party with clean leaders.
Sivambu needs a muzzle. That is the only time he will shut his mouth. He wants to try and be like Malema (open your mouth and spew any nonsense). He is disrespectful and full of himself.
The ANCYL saga looks like is playing itself to a logical conclusion.Sanity will prevail over the childlike mentality of the likes of Juju and Floyd.They can't mess with Cyril and get away with it....they will lose public and youth sympathy!
Please, how old is Floyd? Ok I know he has the mind of a 12 yr old but he's been around politics for long enough and been involved many disciplinary incidents to have cottoned on by now. He's a grown man and must take responsibilty for his actions. How pathetic..
It's time for the ANC to deal with the likes of Flyod and Malemaa once and for all. I would suggest that Magaqa be put on the same boat because definitely he is a problem as well.
Anc need to take charge of this situation....there are attacks every day
on senior ministers...WHY CAN YOU NOT STOP the ancyl?
As some suggest ..leave them to their own...soon they will destroy each
other and the anc party in the process. WATCH and WAIT....
Its only fools and dimwits who support the ANC circus nowadays,these fools have lost the plot completely,there is no way that common sense,sanity and integrity will prevail in this organisation, they are going down,they are so divided, only united in stupidity and corruption
The little kiddies in the ANC creche should get their bums smacked. Give each one a good hiding on the butt like we used to get at school. Those that don't listen should feel. Maybe if they get a good hiding would the little kiddies learn some respect.
The President is busy fornicating himself a new constituency big enough to warrant their own zip code and the current government is too busy fighting the ANCYL (for the first quarter of this year if I might add).
Who is keeping their eye on the ball for the tax payer? (Not their hand in the cookie jar...that's easy)
Just for a moment try and remember how distracted from work you were when you had to move house, get married, divorced or even had a sick child and you will have an idea of how distracted these guys are from running the country with all this going on around them.
And the scary part is when they do mess up badly (like all humans do) and try to cover it up. Come on Ring Master Zuma stop the circus, step aside and let someone that can run this country do so!
Well said Pieter. A bigger collection of Trolls you will never find elsewhere on earth.
Malema has been expelled from the ANC for sowing division in the party and for bringing it into disrepute! So sich of reading this line 3 times a week in the \news\, and nothing is happening against this \leader\.....
and so the kiddie brigrade continues to disintegrate, incredible whatever they touch, they destroy, its been proven over and over and over, the continent of africa is a shining example, yeah i know im racist, blah blah boring
i think it will be necessary for the youth league to now stop on continuing of their ill discipline and im fully support on what the ANC is doing because these are now silly and it must continue taking racial steps against them using the switch of the party i.e. Constitution to beat the disrespectful people in the party.....
Bla blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah...ANC vs ANCYL..It is getting boring now really...
Anc(african national corruption) vs Ancyl(african national youth lunatics) the result be nationalisation, land invations , revolutional house and militant . Hey madoda!
I have just read Floyd's article and I must say I did not like him much and I thought he was stupid but after reading it, I realise that he is brave. This is how we all felt when Cyril read the outcomes of the YL's appeal. I just hope Floyd is wrong because if he isn't, I am not voting for Zuma and Ramaphosa (prez and dep) come next elections.NEVER!!!!
He is brave and stupid!hypocrytic too!
Mark, this article of shivambu i just totally out of order, because he has to count his words when forwarding words like this especial to Cde Cyril bcz those comrades know exactly what are they doing and in case of Cde Cyril to be the next D. President i am fully in support of that because of role he played in the party during hard days of figfhting for this freedom.....really ababantwana bafuna ukubethwa nyhani bcz abanambeko nyhani ngoku....bayadelela.....
@zuksy no doubt I agree with you, they are silly. But doesn't the YL request the elders to speak to them if they are out of line instead of punishing them and burying them in public? I tell you, if there could be a leader in the anc who can sit down with them and tell them straight their mistakes, all these things will change. One last thing, I am a parent. Gone are the days where you punish your child if you want him/her to do what you want. Civilised parennts sit down with their children and teach them step by step. the anc leaders can't do that because they encouraged them to spew garbage against Mbeki and now they want to tell us that these boys are misbehaving. Really mother body??
ANC must just get rid of this disrespectful boys once and for all,they're full of s****
And what about the ANC themselves? You don't think they are disrespectful? Stealing public funds, allowing state assets to fall into disrepair? While the country goes to the dogs - as they feast at the banquet table?
cANCer is going to demise soon
Mr Zuma please call JESUS immediately to cure your cANCer
Rose, how can it be taboo? I know our cultures are different, but surely if someone makes a mistake, they should be put right - otherwise it could be costly or maybe cost someone their life.
@Rose - and what about the youth being prepared to receive the correct discipline from those same elders, when the youth do wrong?
Can anyone remember how the ball began to roll on all the latest scandals? Wasn't it the exposure of Malema's ratenang trust and his tender activities? If this is so, then we all actually owe the lady reporter and Juju a debt of gratitude for providing the opportunity to expose it all!!
The ANC and its "youth" league make it up as they go along hey? Sorry boys, in politics their is no such thing as personal capacity in the same sense that there is no such thing as an off duty policeman. Anything stated by any political representative is official and on the record, they do no have and are not entitled to a personal opinion. The ANC's continual use of lame excuses is tiring to say the least.
it showz that we still going to face this ill discipline and direspectful of each other in the party if we will say yes to political representatives when they are telling the public things that are not fruitful....
In the anger generated by this story we should not allow Mthembu to escape a very discriminatory statement he made. He assumes that dwarfs are useless people? I know of a lot of law-abiding and hardworking people who through no choice of their own are born that way. Some are even ANC members. Discrimination by anybody anywhere should be roundly condemned. I am a 6ft tall person but I never denote any of our people with a 'less-than' (<) mathematical sign.
c'mon Shivambu is not a child he know very well what is wrong & right, he doesn't need any education he's long past that stage what he needs is to suffer the consequences of his actions which will be to uphold the suspension by the appeals committee.
malema and crew lack social and economic skills, yes i agree - the dubul' ibunu song was uncalled for in this country, the way they presented their mine nationalisation shows that they need some economics lessons. but i think they are correct politically because zuma wants second term and as a result eliminates anyone in front of him
The rats have seen that the ship is about to go down and it is now time to leave.
Bye Bye Julius and cronies !!!!!!!!
When will this nonsense stop. The ANC and the ANCYL must be the only parties in the world that think personal and political is split. Did Bill Clinton have Monica in his personal capacity.I mean surely he did not have her based in his political capacity. If you are a Political leader your personal life and Political life can not be split. You must lead and people vote for your persona and what you as a person represent. The same would go for JSE listed company executives. They cant state they hate their competitor in a public forum and then state sorry it was my personal view. You will be fired finished and klaar. Does our country honestly accept that a political leader can say what he wants in their personal capapcity with out such opinion affecting it political view. Come on get real and get a brain
Maybe it would be wise to educate the spokesperson, so that the ANCYL doesn't have to distance themselves from statements made on a public forum by their own spokesperson.
but the spokesperson is then the ANCYL or what? are other member now starting to fight among each other or is Floyd Shivambu seeing all the attention malema is getting and now he wants to ride the gravy train too? Shame pretty soon we will see political motivated murders among the stories of crime and corruption. I still prefer watching cage fighting but this is getting better and better
Time for the ANCYL to disappear, as its morphed itself into nothing more than a kindergarten of disgruntled & misinformed louts; with one aim to get rich quick while sitting on their backsides. It is a shadow of its ideals and has failed to move with the times and address the real issues at hand instead remains fixated with socialism and in a pre democratic time warp.
Kick him out as well, he is nothing without his beret and thick head buddies..................
Jackson Mthembu and Gwede Mantashe please go and read up on dwarfism. It has nothing to do with not applying your mind or following others sheepishly.In fact Jackson, you are sheepish as you apply what you heard from Gwede without knowing what it means. Gwede was the first village idiot to use the word dwarf in this context.
About the dwarfism, they are not using the literal meaning of the word, and the fact that u first had being used by Gwede doesn't mean it's his own, in fact it's a commonly used term in the political circles
"It is therefore disingenuous to blame an individual for the work processed by a team," he said.
"This is tantamount to saying other members of the team are dwarfs; useless, sheepish followers who do not apply their minds." Please tell me what is the intention behind this!
Cn u commnt on th context of th article, instead of makin yo a$$ jealous bcoz of whts cumn out of yo mouth.
A house divided against itself.
No they are not divided Marion...
anc is divided and will end up like a pizza
Why distance themselves? Malema's defense was that ALL statements he made were made on behalf of the ANCYL! We take this to be the same. It was on behalf of ALL in the ANCYL. They can't be allowed to cherry-pick. If they have to go, all should be shoveled off like a heap of ***t they have become.
There are about 15 to 20 million out there who dont give a shyte about all this infighting and based on race they will STILL be voting ANC.
The cANCer has spread & there is no cure. A box of KFC & a T-Shirt, still has the power to pull them in.
True @ Rob ..They are like those 1 brain celled termites on a grass lawn ..continiously eating away and leaving a path of destruction where ever they go...Why ?? Because it`s in their nature to do so.
While all this infighting goes on, our people are starving, have no houses or jobs. Get over yourselves already and fix the problems in this beautiful land of ours. If not the poor will rise up and the country will burn up in revolution. (Does Egypt, Libya and Syria ring a bell) Fix what we have now or risk losing everything. Grow up!
These \youth\ undisciplined retards who attack their seniors willy nilly can never win a debate against Jackson or Gwede, so they must just shut up! Jackson hit them with you usual \as dirty as 7 pigs\ jibe


text:
Siemens PLM Software Ships Version 6 of CAM Express
25 July 2008 | News | Source: Siemens UGS
PLANO, Texas, July 25, 2008 – Siemens PLM Software, a business unit of the Siemens Industry Automation Division and a leading global provider of product lifecycle management (PLM) software and services, today announced Version 6 of CAM Express software is shipping to customers worldwide. CAM Express is the full function numerical control programming software component of the Velocity Series™ portfolio. It covers a wide variety of programming requirements from high-speed machining to multi-function mill-turning to 5-axis machining.
"It [CAM Express version 6] contains a substantial number of important and distinctive new capabilities that will further Siemen's leadership position in the CAM software market and in CAM software technology," said Alan Christman, chairman, CIMdata. "It will likely set new industry standards in several key segments of CAM."
Substantial advances in 3-axis machining, feature-based automation and user experience
CAM Express 6 includes more capabilities across the critical 3-axis machining application space, including specific high-speed machining approaches, to enable:
- Simplified tricky tracing cuts with new cutting strategies for curve/edge and 3D profile cutting.
- Ten percent faster roughing cuts with the latest optimized corner rounding techniques.
- Smoother finish cuts with specialized point distribution in 3-axis surface milling.
- More effective toolpaths thanks to new editing and dividing techniques that apply shorter, stouter tools for deep cavities.
In feature-based automation, CAM Express 6 brings Tecnomatix® software technology to feature recognition and rule development to enable feature-based machining driven by configurable rules. Incremental process steps are defined and organized in a new Machining Knowledge Editor, without writing code or editing scripts. CAM Express also maintains production run quality with special support for measurement functions. CAM Express 6 provides direct programming of Renishaw® probing cycles, including the support of special solid tool representations and machine simulation of probing cycles.
CAM Express 6 includes four more tutorials that help new users get going quickly. In addition, this release provides an improved user experience through maximum graphics display and configurable shortcuts that help novices become power users.
"I really appreciate the improvements to [the] CAM Express interface," said Keith Irvine, CAD-CAM manager, Alto Packaging Limited. "I like the graphics images that give me a preview of what I would expect. These features make a really big difference in the smoothness of programming. In addition, the streamline operation provides some very distinct advantages for surface finish and high-speed machining in mold making."
For more information, visit www.siemens.com/plm/camexpress.
About Siemens PLM Software
Siemens PLM Software, a business unit of the Siemens Industry Automation Division, is a leading global provider of product lifecycle management (PLM) software and services with 5.5 million licensed seats and 51,000 customers worldwide. Headquartered in Plano, Texas, Siemens PLM Software's open enterprise solutions enable a world where organizations and their partners collaborate through Global Innovation Networks to deliver world-class products and services. For more information on Siemens PLM Software products and services, visit www.siemens.com/plm.
Read about Siemens UGS in the PLM directory


text:
[ad#PhycoBiosciences AIM Interview]
Scale Up
Touchstone Steps up Algae Fuel Project in Ohio
July 29, 2012
ouchstone Research Laboratory, of Triadelphia, WV is scaling up its Department of Energy (DOE)-funded project to produce fuels and other high-value, bio-based products from algae. The laboratory is working with DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory to bring the project to fruition at the host site of Cedar Lane Farms (CLF), a commercial greenhouse and nursery with two production facilities on a 13-acre parcel in Wooster, OH.
Other project partners include Ohio State University's Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center (OARDC) of Wooster, OH; GZA GeoEnvironmental of Cincinnati, OH; and OpenAlgae, LLC of Austin, TX.
Touchstone won an initial award from DOE in 2009 when the agency funded projects from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) to determine the feasibility of capturing carbon dioxidefrom industrial sources (CLF uses a 2.8 megawatt coal-fired combustor at one of its production plants) for storage or beneficial use, such as conversion to chemicals, plastics, fuels, and building materials. Based upon satisfactory performance in Phase 1, in 2010 Touchstone received a follow-on Phase 2 award to further demonstrate conversion of carbon dioxide emissions into useful products while also reducing emissions and mitigating climate change. Touchstone's DOE grant is comprised of nearly $6.8 million of ARRA funds and is matched by outside funding of almost $1.7 million.
Touchstone has completed the design, engineering, and construction of the pilot-scale system, which includes four, 30,000-gallon raceway ponds. Mass and energy balances of the integrated CO2 capture and re-use process have been completed, along with a detailed Phase II project budget. Additionally, the team produced a detailed Greenhouse Gas Lifecycle Analysis and the project Environmental Information Volume (EIV).
During Phase 2, Touchstone will – over a two-year period – operate a half-acre open pond pilot system using phase change material (PCM) technology and emissions from the existing, adjacent, coal-fired source; and will gather data (PCM performance, CO2 injection rates, water quality, algae growth, etc.) to substantiate future commercialization efforts. CFL will provide operational labor to Touchstone for the new system.
A technology developed by Touchstone exclusively for algae systems, PCM covers a majority of the pond surface to regulate daily temperature, control the infiltration of invasive species, and reduce water evaporation losses. The PCM absorbs infrared solar radiation during the day as latent heat, and releases it to the water at night when temperatures drop.
Touchstone is testing its integrated system in two indoor and two outdoor algae-producing ponds at the nursery. For each pair, one pond is being covered by the PCM while the other pond has no protection and serves as the control. The four-pond system has an annual production capacity of approximately 2,000 gallons of oil to be turned into fuel.
The nursery uses an advanced coal-burning system from a previous DOE effort to heat its greenhouses. For the algae project, carbon dioxide generated by that system is being pumped into the ponds, keeping flue gas carbon dioxide from being released into the environment, while providing the algae with nutrient.
Touchstone's algae-production technology is also combined with OARDC's anaerobic digestion procedure of creating biogas (methane) from organic materials, such as manure and food-processing waste inside a biodigester. According to Dr. Philip Lane, Touchstone's Director of Business Development and the Program Manager for this project, organic waste and the residual algae biomass are combined and the mixture is converted to biogas; turning undesirable materials into further renewable energy.
OARDC's Professor Yebo Li found that the nutrient-rich liquid effluent remaining after a biodigester finishes turning waste into methane can be recovered and recycled back into the ponds to help grow the algae. He is currently growing algae in his lab using the liquid effluent, perfecting a formula that will be tested in the field.
The project will begin harvesting the algae and extracting lipids for conversion into biofuels using an on-site processing unit designed and built by OpenAlgae. High-density inoculants of algae strains from Touchstone photobioreactors will be cultured in preparation for introduction to the test ponds. Pilot-scale process development and testing of an anaerobic digestion process to convert residual algae lipids to biofuels will be performed by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC).
Dr. Lane said that Touchstone's operation of the pilot plant will determine the operating costs and yields from the biomass and fuel. Touchstone hopes the pilot plant will attract investors to license the technology to others in the algae industry with the prospect that the production process will be adopted to provide energy savings and to reduce water usage.


text:
Tarsem Singh will direct Snow White, it was announced on Monday. The film begins production in March. Singh is currently in post-production on The Immortals which opens November 11 from Universal.
Tarsem Singh Signs On For 'Snow White'
Subscribe to Deadline Breaking News Alerts and keep your inbox happy
Loading comments...
What's Hot on Deadline
Harvey Weinstein Drew Up 91-Name List For Investigators To Target: Report
- 2
'Parks & Rec' Mike Schur Says "Everybody Knew About Kevin Spacey"; 'Leftovers' Damon Lindelof Regrets Theroux Jokes
- 3
'Justice League' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $96M Opening: Why The DC Movie Weakened - Sunday AM Update
- 4
Ryan Seacrest Denies Behaving "Inappropriately" To E! Stylist, Channel Investigating
- 5
'SNL': "Come Back, Barack", Stay Awhile Pete Davidson & Chance Pays Off
- 6
'Stranger Things': Duffer Brothers And Cast Reflect On Season 2, Keep Tight-Lipped On Season 3
- 7
Ryan Eggold, Who Played Fan Favorite Tom Keen In 'The Blacklist,' Joins Spike Lee's 'Black Klansman'
- 8
'Justice League' Lassos $185.5M Overseas, $281.5M WW; 'Thor' Rocks To $738M Global - International Box Office
- 9
Bill Maher: Don't Lump Al Franken With Weinstein, Spacey & Donald Trump
- 10
'Transparent' Creator Jill Soloway Won't Discuss Jeffrey Tambor Scandal, Advocates Anti-Harassment On-Set Rules
Latest Film News
- 'Roman J. Israel, Esq.' Bows OK; 'Three Billboards' & 'Lady Bird' Extend Robust Runs – Specialty Box Office
- Russell Simmons Accused Of Forcing Sex On Model While Brett Ratner Watched
- 'Justice League' Lassos $185.5M Overseas, $281.5M WW; 'Thor' Rocks To $738M Global – International…
- 'Justice League' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $96M Opening: Why The DC Movie Weakened – Sunday…
- Harvey Weinstein Drew Up 91-Name List For Investigators To Target: Report
- Little People Played Big Enough At A Guild Screening Of Alexander Payne's 'Downsizing'
Featured Jobs
- Creative Development Coordinator
Triptyk Studios, New York, New York
- Account/Project Coordinator (Ad Agency)
Petrol Advertising, Burbank, California
- Media Specialist
Bridgewater Associates, Westport, Connecticut
- Executive Director, Aspen Film
Company Confidential, Aspen, Colorado
- Associate Director, YouTuber & Gamer Partnerships
Save the Children, Fairfield, Connecticut
- 2
- 1


text:
Traveling Luck for Sodus Bay Marina, New York, United States
Where is Sodus Bay Marina?What's around Sodus Bay Marina?
Wikipedia near Sodus Bay Marina
Where to stay near Sodus Bay Marina
The timezone in Sodus Bay Marina is America/Iqaluit
Sunrise at 08:11 and Sunset at 17:36. It's light
Latitude. 43.2672°, Longitude. -76.9789° , Elevation. 77m
Weather near Sodus Bay Marina; Report from Point Petre , Ont., 23.2km away
Weather :
Temperature: 5°C / 41°F
Wind: 20.7km/h Southwest
Weather :
Temperature: 5°C / 41°F
Wind: 20.7km/h Southwest
Satellite map around Sodus Bay Marina
Loading map of Sodus Bay Marina and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Sodus Bay Marina, in New York, United States
- populated place;
- a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work.
- Sodus Point (1.2km)
- Lake Bluff (3.6km)
- Sunset View (4.6km)
- Bonni Castle (5.7km)
- Wallington (6.8km)
- Alton (7.4km)
- Resort (7.5km)
- Lummisville (7.5km)
- East Bay Park (8.6km)
- Sodus (8.8km)
- North Huron (9.1km)
- Sodus Center (9.3km)
- York (9.4km)
- Huron (10.4km)
- Local Feature;
- A Nearby feature worthy of being marked on a map..
- Sodus Bay Marina (0km)
- Sills Marina (0.9km)
- East Pier Light (1.4km)
- Sodus Outer Light (1.4km)
- Arneys Marina (1.7km)
- Sodus Bay Yacht Club (3.1km)
- Skippers Landing Marina (4.4km)
- Camp Beechwood (4.9km)
- Saint Johns Chapel (6.8km)
- stream;
- a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.
- First Creek (1.5km)
- Second Creek (2.7km)
- Third Creek (4.4km)
- Salmon Creek (4.5km)
- Sill Creek (5.8km)
- Clark Creek (6.2km)
- Mudge Creek (8.1km)
- Sodus Creek (8.3km)
- cape;
- a land area, more prominent than a point, projecting into the sea and marking a notable change in coastal direction.
- Sand Point (0.7km)
- Charles Point (1.4km)
- Thornton Point (2.1km)
- Nicholas Point (4.3km)
- Willigs Point (6km)
- Grassy Point (6.7km)
- Boller Point (6.8km)
- bay;
- a coastal indentation between two capes or headlands, larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf.
- Sodus Bay (1.7km)
- Briscoe Cove (2.7km)
- Connellys Cove (4km)
- Sawmill Cove (4.1km)
- Maxwell Bay (4.5km)
- East Bay (9km)
Accommodation around Sodus Bay Marina
- island;
- a tract of land, smaller than a continent, surrounded by water at high water.
- Newark Island (2km)
- Knob Island (2.9km)
- Eagle Island (3.1km)
- Le Roy Island (3.2km)
- Hog Island (3.7km)
- administrative division;
- an administrative division of a country, undifferentiated as to administrative level.
- Huron, Town of (8.3km)
- Sodus, Town of (9.5km)
- cliff(s);
- a high, steep to perpendicular slope overlooking a waterbody or lower area.
- Sprong Bluff (5.6km)
- Chimney Bluff (7.1km)
- cemetery;
- a burial place or ground.
- Bushnell Cemetery (6.9km)
- Swales Cemetery (7.9km)
- swamp;
- a wetland dominated by tree vegetation.
- Root Swamp (4.5km)
- Brush Marsh (11.3km)
- school;
- building(s) where instruction in one or more branches of knowledge takes place.
- School Number 7 (11.5km)
- tower;
- a high conspicuous structure, typically much higher than its diameter.
- WSCS-FM (Sodus) (9.4km)
- beach;
- a shore zone of coarse unconsolidated sediment that extends from the low-water line to the highest reach of storm waves.
- Crescent Beach (2.7km)
- lake;
- a large inland body of standing water.
- Metz Pond (9km)
Wikipedia entries close to
Sodus Bay Marina
- Sodus Point, New York city city o
- Chimney Bluffs State Park city city o
- Sodus (village), New York city city o
- Wolcott (village), New York city city o
- Pultneyville, New York city city o
- Williamson, New York city city o
- Red Creek, New York city city o
- Clyde, New York city city o
- Lyons (village), New York city city o
- Fair Haven, New York city city o
- Fair Haven Beach State Park city city o
- Newark, New York city o
- Ginna Nuclear Generating Station landmark nuclear faci
- Palmyra (village), New York city o
- Montezuma Marsh city city o
- Hannibal (village), New York city city o
Airports close to Sodus Bay Marina
Greater rochester international(ROC), Rochester, Usa (69.3km)
Syracuse hancock international(SYR), Syracuse, Usa (86.2km)
Trenton(YTR), Trenton, Canada (122.8km)
Kingston(YGK), Kingston, Canada (130.2km)
Watertown international(ART), Watertown, Usa (131.2km)


text:
Bhutanese Red Rice, Mango and Smoked Chicken Salad with Lemon Dressing
Contributed By
Published Sep 21, 2014
- 1 Cup uncooked Bhutan Red Rice
- 1 Cup mango, seeded and diced
- 1 Cup smoked chicken, shredded into thin strips
- 1/2 Cup scallions, trimmed and cut diagonally into thin slices (about 3)
- To make Lemon Dressing:
- 1/4 Cup olive oil or other vegetable oil
- 2 Tbsp fresh lemon juice
- 1 Tbsp tamari or soy sauce
- 1 Tsp grated fresh ginger
- 1/2 Tsp grated lemon zest
- 1 Clove garlic, crushed
- To cook Bhutanese Red Rice, bring 1 cup of rice, a pinch of salt and 1 1/2 cups of water to a boil. Cover, reduce heat and simmer for 20 minutes. Fluff rice in a large bowl to cool.
- To make the dressing whisk together the oil, lemon juice, tamari or soy sauce, ginger, lemon zest and garlic in a small bowl. Just before serving pour the dressing over the cooked red rice, mango and smoked chicken. Toss to blend and serve.


text:
|Koutsounari - Ferma
|8.7 km
|9.4 km
|Kalo Horio - Istron
|12.8 km
|16.3 km
|17.6 km
Next page > Showing 1 to 10
Sort by: Star rating - low to high · Star rating - high to low · Name Ascending · Name Descending · Popularity
Open: All Year ... Enjoy your stay in rooms and suites designed to fit every style and need. Our room decoration ranges from sophisticated alterations between wood and stone and modern art-industrial tones.
Open : April to October ... Club Calimera Sunshine Kreta hotel is the ultimate all inclusive holiday experience combining: wide range of freshly renovated, comfortable accommodations, excellent food, kids entertainment and fun.....
Open: April - October .....Kastro hotel is a block of furnished apartments which has been built, by hack value, among a 2000 square metres beautiful garden at the edge of the village, 150m from the sea.It consists of 3 buildings,2 traditional and 1 modern.
Open : April to October ... The Hotel is built based on a modern architecture with low buildings perfectly adjusted to the environment, offering plenty of space to relax and enjoy your vacations in one of the 162 rooms that the hotel has to offer.
Open: April - October... In the southernmost Town of Europe, the beautiful Ierapetra on the southeast coast of Crete, is situated the Arion Palace Hotel with panoramic and spectacular View to the Town and its magic Bay.
Open : All Year Round ... is located at the top of the houses on the right side. The guest can enjoy a fantastic view of the entire area of Aspros Potamos.
Open: All year ..... Astron Hotel is at your side with more than 20 years of tradition and devotion to the spirit of genuine Cretan hospitality, responsibly and consistently, offering top level services and assistance to both residents and visitors of Ierapetra.Today, it opens its doors once again, completely renewed and renovated, warm and luxurious, offering upgraded 4 Star services and all modern comforts, striving to please its every guest.
Open: May to October....The Hotel "Dessole Blue Star Hotel" is amongst the best that Crete has to offer. You will truly enjoy every day of your holiday in this special place and definitely feel that you would want to spend your holiday with us again.
Open: March - October ..... Irene Villas situated by the waters of the Libyan sea and 1 km east from the town of Ierapetra. The area has high temperatures and the longest sunshine in Europe. Comprises of six apartments and four maisonettes.
Open : May to October ... Panorama Villa is located in Ierapetra (Peristeras). The villa is 180-200 m2 and it is surrounded by a beautiful garden offering a magnificent panorama view.


text:
Kipidapp! Trailer (2016)
"Selamatkan Hari Jadi" 17 March 2016 Comedy
Sapura is a lawyer who is in love with an actor named Eddie. Sapura feels threatened when Eddie is always the subject of gossip with Maya, an actress. Sapura`s siblings do not approve of her relationship with him. Eddie makes a mistake whilst singing Sapura`s birthday song which upsets her but her siblings use this opportunity to break them apart.
Watch the official Kipidapp! 2016 trailer in HD below or find more Kipidapp! videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Angelo State University
Angelo State University
Master of Arts in Curriculum and Instruction
The Graduate School, ASU Station #11025
ASU Station 11025
San Angelo, TX 76909
United States
Program Information
Degrees Offered:
Master of Arts in Curriculum and Instruction
Format: Campus
Program Description:
The Master of Arts in Curriculum and Instruction offers two options: Advanced Instructor (36 semester credit hour program) or Teacher Certification (42 semester credit hours). These programs provide the student with critical knowledge to connect scholarship, research and professional practice to teach a diverse student population. To be eligible for the Teacher Certification option, a student with a non-teaching bachelor's degree must have 24 hours in a particular content area, 12 of which are upper level; meet the requirements and been admitted to the Graduate Educator Preparation Program; and must pass the TEXES certification examination in the content area prior to enrolling in CI 5360.
Accreditation:Angelo State University maintains institutional accreditation through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools-Commission on Colleges. The Commission's mission is "the enhancement of educational quality throughout the region, and it strives to improve the effectiveness of institutions by ensuring that institutions meet standards established by the higher education community that address the needs of society and students" (from the SACS-COC website). The SACS-COC website provides an overview of guidelines and resources. Within the website, the Principles of Accreditation outline the standards by which members are reviewed in accordance with the SACS-COC mission
Facts & Figures
In State Tuition (per year): 0 USD
Classification: Master's College or University I
Locale: Small City
Size & Settings: 6,000-9,999


text:
Featured Titles
Featured Creators
Threshold #34 - Pandora Cover
THRESHOLD #34 - PANDORA cover
Retail Price: $4.95 US
Cover: Rick Lyon
Writers: Christensen & Seifert
Artists: Rick Lyon, Mike Delaney, Matt Clark
Readership: Mature Readers
Format: B&W, 48 pages, monthly series
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: The longest still-running American anthology continues! Pandora continues this month in with art by Avengelyne super-star Rick Lyon! Pandora faces some political foes that just can't grasp who she really is, but she's gonna show them! Wonder Woman artist Matt Clark finally returns to the pages of Threshold with the first of several chapters of Fuzzy Dice, his intergalactic tale of a good girl who isn't so good. Medora continues her mis- adventures as the forces of Hell start coming after her, even if she is in the shower! Threshold continues to be the best title for mature stories by premiere talent!


text:
"Second-Chance Café," by Alexa Schirtzinger, July 16
Damn Good Joes
Thanks for writing this great story on a great organization. Cannon Flowers and Serena Connelly are two of the reasons I love Dallas. Anytime I hear generalizations about our city, I think of these two. What a great concept and very well-executed. This is a delightful place. I've had business meetings there and could not be more pleased with the food, service and atmosphere. The fact that they are using the marketplace to provide jobs for really courageous overcomers just makes it even better.
It�s A Grind
Bill Holston from Dallas, via dallasobserver.com
So glad you highlighted this great organization and business. The people behind the counter are wonderful individuals—so hard-working and spirited.
Marls from Dallas, via dallasobserver.com
I love this place! Their staff is fantastic, and they can actually heat your food selections. I have seen the baked products delivered fresh from the vendor, and the overall atmosphere is just very cool. Every time I go in, they call me by name and remember what I drank on my last visit. Thanks for giving this great shop the attention it deserves.
Glad2bgone from Dallas, via dallasobserver.com
This is a very moving article. This makes me want to return to Dallas and go to work at It's a Grind. Do you hire retired guys?
Gary, via dallasobserver.com
I so appreciated the major article you wrote about the good work at the Demeter Project and It's a Grind. Such an awesome employment opportunity that helps us all participate in being a great community and taking care of one another. The life stories were so real. Thanks again!
Candace Cain, Dallas
"Same Old Song and Dance," by Jim Schutze, July 9
I get the racial set-asides for contractors, influence- and vote-selling detailed in the Dallas City Hall corruption trial. That's just business and politics.
How can there be such dissemblance from the black community that they will sit back and allow others to hurt their prospects for the "good of the black community"? Here's the quandary: A bunch of suits that either don't know or remember what it's like to live economically depressed are passing on the very thing needed because they want what basically amounts to kickback money.
Well now I know what happened to the "20 acres and a mule" at the end of the Civil War. Some blacks from the North threw up their arms and cried, "Yes, we will take that 20 acres and a mule, but only if you pay us to do it first."
Michal Murphy, McKinney
If you like this story, consider signing up for our email newsletters.
You have successfully signed up for your selected newsletter(s) - please keep an eye on your mailbox, we're movin' in!
The insanity continues, locally through bloodsuckers like John Wiley Price and nationally through his mentors, the reverends (oxymoron if I've ever seen one) Jessie Jackson and his buddy Al Sharpton. When will black America realize that Price, Jackson and Sharpton are nothing but bloodsucking parasites that don't want the black populace to succeed? Their ongoing claims of racism are false and self-serving. They want blacks to believe that they are discriminated against and they deserve getting something for nothing. Reason? Well, what in the world are the black three stooges going to do if their people don't believe they're discriminated against? They won't have anyone else to exploit anymore!
As a first generation Italian-American, my late father lived in the Depression, in which they lost their home, stood in bread lines and would do anything in the world possible to get a job. Entitlement was not part of his language, and I was taught the only things you deserved were things that you earned from the sweat of your own efforts...
I'm disgusted and get nauseated anytime I see the fraud perpetrated by the likes of JWP, JJ and AS. The fact that it's against their own people that (for some reason) hold them in high regard and trust them makes it even more nauseating....And no, I'm not a racist..
Tom Baglio, Irving


text:
About SIX
Past activities
Get updates
2017 Social Innovation
Exchange Ltd
All rights reserved
Welcome to the SIX website! We hope you have fun using the site. In the spirit of simplicity we have kept the Terms of Service as simple as possible.
The SIX website has been created by the Social Innovation Exchange, an international network of social innovators.
If you agree to these Terms and desire to use the SIX website, please click the "Sign Up" button. By doing so you will be agreeing to be bound by this agreement with the Social Innovation Exchange. To decline acceptance, click the "Cancel" button. Note that any breach of these Terms may result in a decision by us to withdraw your access to the SIX website.
The Social Innovation Exchange reserves the right to change these Terms from time to time. For updated Terms, please refer to this site occasionally for any changes.
Legal Age Requirements
You must be at least 13 (thirteen) years of age to use SIX. If you or your parent or guardian has any concerns, please click here to contact us.
Access to Your Account
When you sign up to the SIX website a User Account will be created for you. We need to be able to access your account, and you hereby grant permission for us to do so for the following reasons:
To maintain SIX and to develop and expand new and useful services and features; and
To follow a court order, complaint, subpoena or a legal request or inquiry from a governmental authority or in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.
Canceling or Modifying SIX
The Social Innovation Exchange retains the right to withdraw the SIX website, withdraw your access to the SIX website, remove content in accounts or to discontinue accounts that have been idle for more than 90 days. We may do so at our sole discretion.
User Forums - Interactive Features
Forums, groups, message boards, chat rooms, online diaries, or other interactive areas on the SIX website ("User Forums – Interactive Features") are provided to give users a forum to share their content, ideas, opinions and information. SIX does not endorse or check the accuracy of the content posted in User Forums. SIX does not and cannot review every message posted by users in User Forums. SIX reserves the right, but is not obligated, to delete, move or edit content, in whole or in part, submitted by you to a User Forum for any reason.
Restrictions on Use
You agree not to do any of the following while using the SIX website:
harass, stalk or otherwise abuse another user;
transmit or otherwise make available any content that is false, harmful, threatening, abusive, tortious, defamatory, libelous, disparaging, vulgar, obscene, pornographic or that promotes violence, racial hatred, terrorism or illegal acts, or is otherwise objectionable (as determined by the Young Foundation in its sole discretion);
transmit or otherwise make available any content that is unlawful or infringes, violates or misappropriates any patent, trademark, trade identity right, trade secret, publicity right, privacy right, copyright or any other intellectual property or any other rights of any third party;
transmit or otherwise make available through the SIX website any personal advertising, junk mail, spam, chain letters, pyramid schemes or offer for sale of any products or services, except in areas specifically designated for such purposes.
Contact Us
If you have any questions, comments or concerns about our SIX Services or these Terms of Use, you may contact us
Any dispute between You and Us regarding these Terms shall be resolved under the Law of England and Wales regardless of where You reside or view the SIX website. You agree to submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to resolve any dispute.
Effective Date
These Terms are effective from February 28, 2008.


text:
Security software vendor McAfee is seeking beta testers for its Total Protection suite, which combines 12 tools into one, much like Microsoft's Live OneCare and Symantec's Norton 360. Although the company doesn't specify, it's likely testing the 2009 edition of the product, which is version 3.0.
McAfee also has its Personal Vault software in beta, which is a new product that entered testing last year, encrypts files and folder with a password. McAfee's beta program is free and U.S. residents may be eligible to obtain rewards including gift cards or certificates and other prizes.
Those who are interested can join both beta program by signing up here.
Source:→ BetaNews


text:
$15.11 $35.99
Wanted and wild, because how else are we supposed to describe ourself? This top is super comfy and flattering. Pair it with your favorite jeans and converse for a laid back style. Model is 5'5" and wearing a size small. 95% Rayon, 6 Spandex.
Copyright © 2017 Simply Dixie Boutique •


text:
Stock Graphic >> Object - 59 Food shots {-93% OFF} 276988 by Lagunova_Maya @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 10.27 KB; DPI: 300 DPI.
Hi there!
I'm glad to show you my crazy discount bundle!
59 photos of sweets, spices, and other tasty shots.
Really good for any print product, or web. Also you can use it for some presentation. All you can want.
You save $198 (93%)
All shots have a 5,500 x 3,600 px (see the preview pic) and 300 dpi.
IMPORTANT: This file is over Creative Market file size limit (500 MB). The link to download shots archive is included in the PDF file (I used Dropbox).
Buy Now ~ $15
59 Food shots {-93% OFF!}
by Lagunova_Maya
Keywords: food, soup, spices, tasty, pepper, pumpkin, pasta, sweet, anise, spoon, cinnamon, table, surface, background, seed, pomegranate, corolla, egg, candy, milk.