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Build Guide by CorporalFists
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This is a guide to one of my favorite champions, Lee Sin. Lee Sin takes some practice to play well, but he is a fun and rewarding champion. The best way to learn I would recommend watching someone who knows plays Lee to get an idea of what to do with him. Anyways, Lee is a beast of a jungler. He has incredible mobility with two dash like moves, that can go through walls. He has healing, damage prevention, slows, a move that reveals stealthed champs. He is based on energy, so you don't ever have to worry about being low on mana. His energy recharges very quickly, and if you use him right, you will always have a move ready. Lee Sin is a total baddass.
For Marks, I use Armor Penetration. Armor/Magic Resist per level in seals and glyphs. Flat hp Quintessences.
I have my masteries set at 16-3-11.
Under offensive masteries, improved in smite, improved critical damage, armor penetration, and bonus attack damage.
In my defensive masteries, I have bonus armor for jungling.
In utility I have 3 points in hp regeneration, improved ghost, bonus exp, and longer monster buff duration.
Standard Warmog's Armor and Atma's Impaler combo.
I start with a vampiric scepter. Jungle.
cloth armor, long sword, working towards a Wriggle's lantern.
Then Mercury's Treads.
Warmog's Armor.
Atma's Impaler.
After that, I really like Sheen. Lee pumps out special move after special move, and Sheen will boost his normal attacks a lot.
Maybe transition that into a Trinity force.
Another nice option, Frozen Mallet. Adds slowing effect to your hits, plus the additional hp boosts Atma's impaler as well.
Banshee's Veil is a good option if you're facing a lot of AP.
Creeping / Jungling
So in 5v5, I go start in the wolf camp. Move on to the Wraiths, using smite on the blue wraith. Then go to the two small golems. Then Blue buff, red buff.
By level 6, Lee can solo the Dragon with a Wriggle's Lantern. It's possible.
Team Work
3 of Lee Sin's special moves can be used to aid your teammates. His W ability, Safeguard is an obvious shield. Save your teammates from turret hits, Karthus's ultimate, etc. His E ability, Tempest can be used to reveal stealthed units in an area around you. The second part of his E, cripple, can slow enemies down for your team to chase down. Lastly, Lee Sin's ultimate, Dragon's Rage, kicks enemy champions away from you. You can use it to kick a champion towards your teamates, or for escape by knocking your pursuers away. His ultimate is very useful especially when ganking an overextended mid champion.
Pros / Cons
[*] Very mobile
[*] Good at chasing down enemies
[*] Area of effect move pwns stealthed enemies
[*] Area of effect move pwns enemies.
[*] Tower dives really well
[*] Ultimate kicks people into outerspace
[*] Deals mostly physical damage
[*] Blind


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If you don't already have a moisturizing routine for your skin, make one. Even people with oily skin should moisturize daily to keep their skin as healthy as possible. People who already moisturize should be careful not to over moisturize. Applying moisturizer more than once a day is excessive, as well as, damaging to your skin.
To keep skin glowing, you should exfoliate your skin at least once a week. By exfoliating your skin, you will remove any dead skin cells on the surface which can cause a dull complexion. Exfoliated skin will also absorb any treatment creams or moisturizers much better, meaning that the active ingredients in your chosen skin care products will be more effective.
TIP! One of the best ways on how to prevent and slow the aging process is by being happy. This can be done by filling your life with love and joy.
You can always enlist the help of alpha-hydroxy treatments. The acids of alpha-hydroxy are contained in such foods as wines, milk and a variety of fruits. Alpha-hydroxy acids help break up the proteins that hold onto dead skin. After theses bonds have been broken, the lingering dead skin cells can be easily scrubbed away, revealing new, healthy skin.
Sunscreen is an important tool for great skin. If you are one of the many people who avoid this step in skin care because of the greasy look and feel of sunscreen, using a sponge to apply it might make it a little easier. When you apply sunscreen with a sponge, it absorbs into your skin faster instead of sitting on the surface.
TIP! Keeping your weight under control is one key to aging well. There are a number of ailments related to obesity which exacerbate age-related illnesses.
Using facial cleansers twice a day can be helpful in removing dirt and oils from your skin. There are two types of facial cleansers: lathering and non- lathering. Non- lathering cleansers are lotion based and aid in removing dirt from your face and giving you a healthy complexion. Lathering cleansers should be used carefully as they contain different Ph levels and purchasing a cleanser with a higher Ph level than your skin can actually damage your skin.
Just because you stay out of the sun does not mean that you have to be pale. There are a variety of sunless tanning products that can help you keep a summer glow all year long. Whether they are in spray, wipe or lotion form, these products dye the outermost layer of the epidermis to give you a healthy, UV-free tan.
TIP! Go for regular preventive health check-ups with your local physician. As you get older, your body is more susceptible to disease and injury.
The ideas presented here will be beneficial on many levels, helping to bring your skin back to a healthy condition and keeping it that way for the long run. Try using several of these tips to improve your skin for years to come.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I've had great fun with StarTools but I'm definitely still a novice.
I've been having some success but every now and then, the app crashes and I have to start again.
The trouble is, I can't remember what settings I made! I have to work my way through the steps, trying my best to recall what I did at each stage.
So, my question... Is there some kind of 'History' saved somewhere? Or is it possible to save settings/steps so they can be reapplied (or even applied to another stack?)


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
March 17th, 2006, 08:39 AM #1Advice on offering email service help please
I have everyone.net email service but have upgrade to a dedicated server in the past year. I have a ton of bandwidth and space to use and have no problem paying to upgrade to run my own email service so I can put an advertisement on every outgoing email. I however would like to buy a script others have used and tested. Get some feedback for others before buying.
Does anyone have any experience with doing this or advice on what to look for in this type of script?
Thanks for any advice
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Nicole Anderson and Justin Gunderson announce their engagement.
Parents of the couple are Paul and Julie Anderson; and Gary and Barbara Gunderson.
Nicole graduated from Crosby-Ironton High School and UMD-Duluth. She is employed at Baxter Elementary, in the Brainerd area.
Justin graduated from Detroit Lakes Senior High and UMD-Duluth. He is employed by RMB Lab in Detroit Lakes.
A Jan. 2, wedding is planned at St. Joseph Catholic Church in Crosby Ironton.


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Directory clients can post to the main wall. Frequent advertising threads for guests. Please read the group rules before posting.
Notices, events, recommendations and a daily advertising thread where you can post about your business. Please read the rules before posting.
Healthy living ideas & support for the mind, body & soul. Share your favourite articles, quotes, tips, memes and photographs.


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The Norwood Mavericks football team routed the host Mancos Bluejays, 67-12 in Fridays league bout.
In the first quarter, Casey Rohweder (2) completed a pass to Conor Jankowski (99) for a touchdown. They did not get the 2-point conversion.
The same thing happened for their second touchdown. Rohweder threw a 75 yard pass to Jankowski for the TD.
The Bluejays (3-4) will now prepare for their bout against Ignacio. The Ignacio Bobcats enter the non-league bout with a 2-5 record. In their last bout, Ignacio walloped Center, 18-13, in a league bout.


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Shazam! (2019) Online
Description Shazam! 2019 Young Billy Batson finds himself gifted with the power of the wizard Shazam to fight against the forces of evil. With the wisdom of Solomon, the strength of Hercules, the stamina of Atlas, the power of Zeus, the courage of Achilles and speed of Mercury, he is the holder of the power of S.H.A.Z.A.M; he is Captain Marvel.
Watch Shazam! (2019) online, online english, online subtitles, download Shazam! free to download and watch, download Shazam! (2019) Available to stream, See online without interruption in HD quality. Shazam! (2019) captions and subtitles in english language, Shazam! free player online, Shazam! watch movie, watch series Shazam! tv, Shazam! (2019) online, download Shazam! (2019)
- David F. Sandberg
- Geoff Johns
- Darren Lemke
- Bill Birch
- Release Date: 2019-04-05
- Country: US
- Language: English


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December Newsletter
Well it's December - long nights, short dark days, frost, rain and snow - and I'm a real bundle of joy until March when the lighter nights start to kick in! I'm afraid I'm really not a winter person, having said that on a crisp and frosty sunny winter day a nice long walk in the fresh air can blow even my cobwebs away!
If it isn't a bright sunny day you can always sit back and browse the catalogue and try to decide what you would like to grow next year, there are some great new varieties to try. Check out the website too we have some inspirational gardening and home gift ideas to tempt you.
I hope you all have a great Christmas and New Year and look forward to a great growing year for 2014.
Protect brassicas and any other vulnerable crops from pigeons as they will be on the lookout for food right now, and your Cabbages, Cauliflower and Kale plants will make a suitably tasty winter meal! Grazers is an effective and easy solution to prevent damage caused by grazing rabbits, pigeons and deer. It is nutrient based, so it can be sprayed safely on Ornamentals, Shrubs, Bedding, Fruit or Vegetables and Lawns and acts by making the plant unpalatable to most grazing animals. It is odourless to the human nose, and safe for pets. Alternatively Net your Brassicas to keep them well away. If you use Insect Netting it will also give a bit of extra protection from the worst of the weather and help keep them free from any early spring pests too. Don't leave any heavy snow on the top of the netting though otherwise it could collapse onto your plants with the weight.
Make sure tree guards are intact around the base of young Apple, Pear and other Fruit Trees. Rabbits can wreak havoc at this time of year and they love a bit of tender bark to nibble on! Remove any mummified fruit, from Fruit Bushes and Fruit Trees to reduce any risk of infection. Check any stored Top Fruit regularly and remove any that are beginning to go mouldy or rotten - you can add these to your bird table, the birds will be very grateful! If there has been a heavy fall of snow, take a bit of time to knock the snow from the branches of Fruit Trees and Bushes to prevent them breaking under the weight.
Tips for the garden...


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Savings box of Japanese Inari god clay doll (Dealer: Sezuan antiques & art) – Scarce type of original old man figure of Inari god with plenty of sheaves of rice-plants as a god of harvests, then transformed to fox figure as the icon in later years. Hollow clay saving box as a souvenir of Inari shrine for the visitors, enshrined at household Shinto altar for long years in smoke-stained condition (with a chip at bottom) of everyday life. Unused as saving box, with no coins. Meiji – Early Showa period, 19th – Early 20th century. approx. H 13.5cm (5.31in), W 16.3cm (6.41in)
Item price: $230
More items from Sezuan antiques & art
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Hello i got some adresses for Mw3 1.9.461!
- Set Recoil to "235"
- Armour works only sometimes...
- Rapid Fire set to "0" you need Sleight of Hand!
- Spread set to "0" you need Steady Aim!
- Insta ADS set to any high value you need Quickdraw!
No Virusscan needed because its a CE Table!
have Fun
AND @Lovroman sorry forgott you(
Last edited by Horror; 06-15-2013 at 11:47 AM. Reason: Fixed SS.
Last edited by Lovroman; 06-15-2013 at 09:58 AM.
haha i forgott But i added it and you in Credits!
Minion+ : February 2014 - January 2015
Counter Strike: Global Offensive Minion : November 2014 - January 2015
Alliance of Valiant Arms Minion : August 2014 - January 2015
Need For Speed World Minion : January 2014 - January 2015
Rust Minion : January 2014 - January 2015
Call of Duty Minion : January 2013 - January 2015
Editor : December 2012 - April 2013
Donator : March 2014 - Current
Member : October 2010 - Current
Previously known as "Isaakske".
any way i could get the offsets for the perks ?
so i dont have to buy them
what tool are you using?
NVM i see your edit
how do i attach this to the game
Last edited by OLD PEOPLE; 06-09-2014 at 01:51 AM.
could you give me the no spread offset or is this the same offset you use ?
i cant seem to change get the perk one
will this one give the small crosshair?
i give up with this shit the bullets still go all of the place FFS
when i change 42A8E5 to 0 or NOP my crosshair goes away and my game goes all laggy till i change the value back to the original state


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Buddy (Paperback)
Random House Books for Young Readers, 9780307979049, 144pp.
Publication Date: January 8, 2013
For anyone who has ever wanted a puppy, the DOG DIARIES series tells a dog's story in a new way--from a dog's point of view Focusing on a different breed for each book, starting with a Golden Retriever and a German Shepherd, these stories are based on true dog stories or on true-to-life situations. With realistic black-and-white illustrations by renowned illustrator Tim Jessel and an factual appendix, dog-loving early chapter book readers will beg for more A German shepherd--the first dog trained at Dorothy Eustis's famous Seeing Eye guide-dog school for the blind--looks back at her life. Chosen for her intelligence, obedience, and willingness to learn, Kiss knows there is more to life than chasing balls and chewing bones. She is a Noble Creature and Great Things await her. But after spending months learing to take care of her beloved trainer Jack, why does he suddenly want her to take care of Morris--a strange, clumsy man who wants to wants to change her name to Buddy? Could it be that Morris needs Kiss to take care of him even more than Jack did? Based on a true story, the appendix has facts about German shepherds, the history and training of guide dogs, hosting guide-dog puppies, and much more.
About the Author
KATE KLIMO is the author of many books for young readers, including The Dragon Keepers and all the books in the Dog Dairies series. She lives in New Paltz with her husband and two horses, Harry and Fancy. Over the years, she has served as companion to eight dogs: Pal, Beauregard, Fred, Kelly, Bear, Rascal, Dobey, and George W. Currently, she is searching for a furever friend who gets along well with horses. To learn more about her and her work, visit www.kateklimoauthor.com. TIM JESSELL is an award-winning illustrator whose work has appeared in numerous children's books. He is the illustrator of all the books in the Dog Diaries series. Check out his work at timjessell.com..


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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $26.95Edition: 3rdCopyright year: 2010Publisher: University of Oklahoma PressPublication date: 10/25/2010Binding: PaperbackPages: 464Size: 6.25" wide x 9.75" long x 1.25" tall Weight: 1.496Language: English
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Two Rodeo
Venue  |  Exhibitions
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Beverly Hills, CA 90210
Venue Type: Alternative Space
Is this your venue? Click here to claim this venue page
Located on Rodeo Drive at the corners of Wilshire Boulevard and Dayton Way, Two Rodeo is a world-renowned luxury shopping, dining and lifestyle destination that combines the lure and leisure of a small European street with an ultimate Beverly Hills setting that appeals to local residents and visitors alike.
The beauty and allure of Two Rodeo is complemented by the one of a kind tenants, unique special events and seasonal programs. By signing up for our e-mail list, you will receive information and news about Two Rodeo and our tenants.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 10, 1979
|Filing date
|Jul 7, 1977
|Priority date
|Jul 7, 1977
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas M. Holladay
|Original Assignee
|Xerox Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (149), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to image reproduction by electronic halftoning; and more particularly relates to such a system including a technique for producing halftone screens at variable angles with minimum memory requirements.
The process of reproducing a continuous toned image by a halftone representation is well known in the art. Generally, areas in the original continuous toned image are approximated by dots of differing sizes where the gradation in dot sizes of the reproduction is dependent on the gray scale level in the area of the original. For very low density values in the original, small dots are used and for darker areas, a larger dot size is provided. These areas of differing sizes of dots, when viewed from a distance, appear to represent a continuous tone image because of the integration by the human eye. Therefore, the dot area or halftone cells are necessarily small in order to create a continuous tone illusion.
Such halftoning processes typically utilize optical screening techniques to produce the halftone cells. A screen having opaque rulings separating transmissive halftone cells were normally added optically to an image in order to form a resulting halftoned image. The optical halftone screen adds or multiplies the image, cell by cell, by its transmittance function. The combined image is then thresholded onto an imaging member, such as a photographic film to produce the halftoned image having areas of differing dot size. The size and shape of the halftone cell forming the final image is dependent upon the screen used and differing optical effects that are apparent in the final image can be modified by choosing the screen carefully.
With the advent of video scanning and electronic representation of an image came the idea of electronic halftoning. If an image can be generated electronically as a video signal, then one should be able to generate an "electronic screen" or a signal representative of such to combine with the image signal. The combined signal, if thresholded against a reference similar to the photographic technique, would then be an electronic halftone image that could be outputted to a recording medium by a transducer. The electronic halftoning systems in the prior art have represented both analog techniques and digital procedures. However, the storage in combination of the screen functions in the previous systems have been generally inefficient and relatively expensive. With the resolution of a final image being dependent upon the number of pixels scanned, prohibitive amounts of time and memory have had to be used to provide a quality reproduced image. Furthermore, and particularly in the digital electronic halftoning area, prior techniques fail to teach a simplified method for generating an electronic halftone screen at non-orthogonal angles. With variable angle screens, it is possible to change the texture and final appearance of an image. Certain screen angles are more pleasing to the eye and combination screens at multiple angles can be used to create effects not presently available. Further, color reproductions usually require screens at various angles so that Moire patterns are not seen in the final image.
In one prior technique of electronic halftoning, a simulation of the photographic process is achieved by individually turning on or off a large number of sub-cells from which is generated the electronic halftone cell or dot. A separate sample of the original image to be reproduced, a "pixel", is utilized in making a decision as to whether to turn on or off each sub-dot element, in the whole dot. In this method, there is combined typically be addition, a halftone screen function unrelated to original image intensity information with the electronic signal corresponding to the image information. This combined signal is then compared with a fixed threshold to determine how many partial dots within the halftone cell to turn on. Typically, levels above threshold are made white in the reproduction and levels below threshold are made black, although this is arbitrary and reverse may be true. Hence, the continuous tone original image becomes a binary image suitable for printing, display or viewing. In a digital implementation, signals for the screen and picture functions are sampled. Typically, there are twenty to thirty-two samples within the area corresponding to one period of the two dimensional screen function. Halftone dots of various sizes represent the gray levels.
Improvements over the usual technique are described by Klensch, R. J., "Electronically Generated Halftone Pictures", RCA Review, September, 1970 and Bayer, B.E., "An Optimum Method For Two-Level Rendition of Continuous-Tone Pictures", IEEE International Conference On Communications, Vol. 1, 1973.
The utilization of a rotated screen in other than a photographic system has previously been limited usually to zero degrees, or forty-five degrees. Forty-five degree screens are invariably based on patterns similar to those disclosed by B. E. Bayer, "An Optimum Method For Two-Level Rendition Of Continuous-Tone Pictures", International Conference On Communications, Conference Record, page 26-11 (1973) or B. Lipel and M. Kurland, "The Effects of Dither on Luminance Quantization Of Pictures", IEEE Transactions On Communication Technology, 6, page 879 (1971). A notable example can be found in C. N. Judice, et al, "Using Ordered Dither To Displace Continuous Tone Pictures On An AC Plasma Panel", Proceeding Of The S.I.D., Vol. 15/4, Fourth Quarter, 1974.
Digital electronic halftoning employs, in general, horizontal and vertical screen angles. Examples of these are found in "XCRIBL -- A Hard Copy Scan Line Graphics System For Document Generation", R. Reddy et al., Information Processing Letters (Netherlands), Vol. 1, No. 6, page 246 (1972). Analog systems have typically been limited to zero degree and/or forty-five degree screens. Typical analog systems are disclosed in R. J. Klensch et al., "Electronically Generated Halftone Pictures", Proceedings TAGA, page 302, 1970 and in R. L. Hallows et al., "Electronic Halftone", IEEE Spectrum, page 64, (October, 1968).
In new areas of technology it is often times desirable to provide improvements in systems which provide increased efficiency, greater capability and more variety than is presently obtainable. The present invention is such an improvement in that storage requirements for electronic half screening is reduced drastically; a great variety of halftone screen angles are permitted; and greater resolution is provided through the use of partial-dots of sub-dots within each halftone dot or cell.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method useful in producing electronic halftone screens at various angles with respect to a scanned original image.
It is another object of the present invention to permit efficient storage of a halftone cell function used to generate screens at various angles.
Still another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method useful in producing electronic halftone screens at multiple angles.
A further object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method useful in producing electronic halftone screens at non-perpendicular angles.
Yet, a still further object of the present invention is to provide an efficient method of electronically halftoning an image serially scanned in digital or analog applications.
The aforementioned objects and advantages, and others, are realized in accordance with the practice of the present invention by utilizing a repetitive rectangular matrix representative of a predetermined halftone cell approximating a parallelogram; incorporating a shifting parameter for the repetitive rectangular matrix; generating a pictorial signal representing the density of a continuous tone image and combining the pictorial signal with a signal representing the shifting, rectangular matrix of halftone screen values.
For a better understanding of the invention as well as other objects and further features thereof, reference is made to the following detailed disclosure of the preferred embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings thereof, wherein:
FIG. 1A-C are schematic illustrations of halftone screens comprising halftone cells, together with pertinent descriptors which define the halftone cells within the halftone screens.
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow chart of logic suitable for use in the practice of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of circuitry employed to provide the overall halftone reproduction system.
FIG. 4 is a schematic timing diagram of the system of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of common-shaft-mounting of the read and write scanning for real time reproduction.
To see how such an angled screen can be produced and how the pertinent descriptors are calculated, consider the creation of a halftone screen in the manner of FIG. 1A. The unit cell is visualized as a piece of a puzzle, where the pieces can be laid side by side to cover all space. In assembling these pieces it will be found that the area inside the cell will approximate the area of a parallelogram which is described by the two vectors Z=Z (x,y) and W=W (u,v). For convenience, FIG. 1A has a left-handed coordinate system with the origin in the top left corner. This corresponds to the general positioning of most output images. Positive "x" is horizontal and to the right and positive "y" is vertical and down.
An individual halftone cell is considered to be composed of a number of subelements which can be individually blackened to produce one of the shades of grey from none to all black. In FIG. 1A, the halftone cell is outlined above the point B and has 19 subelements for a total of 20 different possible grey levels represented by this halftone dot. The subelements are numbered 1 through 19.
At the right of FIG. 1A, a parallelogram with the area of the halftone cell (A) is inscribed in a rectangle in which the corresponding X and Y components of the two vectors Z=Z (x,y), and W=W (u,v) are shown. The area of the halftone cell (A) is the magnitude of the cross product of the two vectors Z and W in which the components of the vectors, x,y,u, and v are signed quantities. For the coordinate system shown in FIG. 1A all of the components of Z and W except y are positive. The area inside one halftone cell is thus easily shown with this coordinate system chosen to be
A = x*v-u*y (*, a symbol for multiplication) Eq. 1
This will be seen to be the sum of the product of the x component of the Z vector with the y component of the W vector and the corresponding reverses. This is valid because the y component of the Z vector as drawn will be negative.
Such a set of vectors will repeat along the X axis. If L is the distance along the X axis in which this parallelogram will recur, then clearly from triangle ABC in FIG. 1, this condition is satisfied when
k*Z + j*W = L Eq. 2
Where k, j ≧ 0 are the smallest integer values to be solved to satisfy the equation. The vector Eq. 2 can be separated into two equations along the two coordinate axis to give
In X direction:
k*x + j*u = L Eq. 3
In Y direction:
-k*y = j*v Eq. 4
If p is defined as the greatest common divisor (regardless of sign) of the two components y and v then Eq. 4 can be rewritten as
-y/j = v/k = p = GCD(y,v)≧ 1 Eq. 5
Combining Eq. 5 with Eq. 3 and using the definition of Area from Eq. 1 gives
A = L*p Eq. 6
Since A and p can be calculated from the components of the vectors for Z and W this means L can be calculated. A similar set of conditions can be obtained to find the repeat length in the Y axis, K. In triangle AEO we must have
m*W - n*Z = K Eq. 7
where m,n>0 are integers which satisfy the equation and as before Eq. 7 can be separated into X and Y components to yield
m*v + n*y = K Eq. 8
m*u = n*x Eq. 9
If an integer q is defined as the largest common divisor of the X components of the Z and W vectors which create the halftone cell, then Eq. 9 can be written as
u/n = x/m = q = GCD(x,u)≧ 1 Eq. 10
Combining Eq. 10 with Eq. 8 and using the definition of the area of the unit cell, A, from Eq. 1, gives
A = K *q Eq. 11
and again K can be obtained because A and q can be calculated from the components of the Z and W vectors which characterize the unit halftone cell.
One interpretation of Eqs. 6 and 11 is that a number of the original halftone cells, each approximating a parallelogram, can be combined to form a large rectangular block of many halftone cells of dimension L by K which will cover all spaces if laid end-to-end.
This is precisely the type of representation required for fast indexing purposes for serial halftoning techniques.
A closer look at Eq. 6 moreover, shows that the total area (A) involved in a parallelogram (i.e. a halftone cell) is consumed in a rectangle L by p. Because p will not, in general, equal K (see Eq. 11) the area must be repeated again for a number of times until the areas cover the space inside the L by K rectangle. Thus, the area must repeat itself again in a distance p in the y direction but must be displaced from the origin by a distance D such that the halftone cell which was at the origin at starting has moved to the next location in the +y direction. The number of displacements to cover the L by K rectangle are clearly the number of intersection points inside the L by K rectangle when it is recalled that the four corners are each only one-quarter inside the whole cell. It is obvious from Eqs. 6 and 11 that the number of repetitions in the y direction is the GCD (L,K), i.e. L = p * GCD (L,K). From a graphical view point (see FIG. 1) the movement from the same position in one halftone cell to the next cell, can be accomplished by following along either the sides of the halftone cells (i.e. integer multiples of Z and W) or in a horizontal (i.e. D) and vertical (i.e. p) directions. Since the distance between halftone cells is the same in both of these paths their vector sums are equal.
Mathematically, this repeat distance is satisfied if (see FIG. 1)
d + p = r*W + t*Z Eq. 12
where r, t ≧0 are integers to be determined and a constraint exists on the value of D.
0 < |d| ≦ l eq. 13
writing the X and Y components of Eq. 12 gives
r*u + t*x = D Eq. 14
r*v + t*y = p Eq. 15
Eqs. 13-15 are a set of three equations for determining r,t,D.
Eqs. 14-15 are a set of simultaneous equations which can be solved for the integers r and t to yield
r = (p*x - D*y)/A Eq. 16
t = (D*v - u*p)/A Eq. 17
Solving Eq. 17 for D gives
D = (t*A + p*u)/v Eq. 18
In Eq. 18, t ≧0 is an integer which must be determined so that D satisfies Eq. 13. The other parameters are known quantities. Successive displacements of the amount D in the X direction and p in the Y direction will translate the original subelement of the halftone cell to the next corresponding position in the +Y direction. The parameter D is thus chosen from Eq. 18 to provide the correct angles on the halftone screen.
For indexing purposes and because of the coordinate axis chosen, it is convenient to define a shifting parameter S defined by
S = L - D Eq. 19
Thus the required halftone cells can be replicated at any angle by knowing three parameters, such as L, p, and S. It is most convenient to use three parameters NLEV, p, and S. NLEV and p respectively correspond to the total number of partial dots in the halftone cell and the number of lines in the basic cell each of length L. The shifting parameter, S, gives the starting address of the next element block a distance p in the +Y direction, which will create the rectangular repeat block L * K.
Starting with a rectangular array of numbers representing the total area of an arbitrary halftone cell, L, along the X axis and p along the Y axis, a whole halftone screen can be generated by indexing first in X and then in Y through this rectangular array of dimension A. If the indices go outside the cell in indexing in the X direction a circular buffer back to the same row (i.e., subtract L from the index) can be used. If the indices go outside the rectangular cell in the Y direction (i.e. larger than multiples of p) the shifting parameter can be added to the X address, which in a circular buffer mode, returns to the first line of the rectangular array.
For clarification this technique will be applied to a few representative cases. Consider FIG. 1A and examine the column of parameters on the right which describe the particular halftone dot under consideration. The dot is characterized by the two vectors Z = (5,-2) and W = (2,3). The greatest common divisor of the Y and X components of these two vectors give respectively p = 1, q = 1, from Eqs. 5 and 10. The total area of the halftone cell from Eq. 1 is clearly A = (5) * (3) - (2) * (-2) = 19 and from Eqs. 6 and 11, L=K=19. From Eq. 18 it is easy to show that t=1 and D=7 and thus from Eq. 19 the shifting parameter S=19-7=12.
With an array of numbers 19 values along the halftone screen with the desired angles depicted in FIG. 1 can be generated by creating the next row of values down in Y (i.e. p=1, in a +Y direction) by sliding the previous line circularly in a negative direction a distance of S=12.
Such an analysis yields interesting results when Z and W form a square with an included angle of 90 degrees. We have for the case of these rotated squares, the following: If Z = Z (N,-M) then W = W(M,N) and p = q; A = N*N+M*M; and L=K. For example, if Z=Z(6,-2) then p=q=2, A=6*6+2*2=40 and L=K=20 which yields t = 2, D = 14 and S = 6.
It should be obvious from this analysis that the rectangular array L by K can also be indexed in the Y direction with corresponding shift parameters which can be calculated in a similar manner to the X indexing method described above. Moreover, a reflection of the basic rectangular cell about the y axis and the use of the parameter D=L-S as a shift parameter will reflect the screen angles about the y axis. Thus, this reflection creates an angle screen at 90 degrees minus the original halftone screen.
Since the shift parameter is obviously associated with the angle of the halftone screen in the W direction a shift parameter, S', other than that calculated by the above analysis will yield a different angular separation between the Z and W vectors and hence non-perpendicular screen angles could result.
In addition, with correct shaping of the subelements of the halftone dot and a proper choice of a shift parameter it is possible to obtain multiple halftone screen angles.
A similar analysis holds for the two patterns shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C. FIG. 1B is created from a pattern of 10 numbers (A=10) arranged 5 each (L=5) in 2 rows (p=2) where succeeding blocks of 2 down in Y are obtained by shifting the previous two lines in a negative direction by 2, (i.e. S=2). FIG. 1C is a similar chart for a square halftone cell which consists of 5 subelements in the halftone dot. This square halftone dot is tilted to give a screen angle of 26.6 degrees.
Each of the halftone screen functions depicted in FIGS. 1A-C indicate that a halftone cell or halftone dot approximating a parallelogram in shape can be represented by a rectangular array of subelements or partial dots which are appropriately shifted during replication of the rectangular array in generating the whole electronic screen function. For the purposes of clarity of description, the halftone dots are herein referred to as halftone cells in order to avoid confusion with the subelements of the halftone dots which are herein referred to as partial dots. For the sake of convenience, in referring to FIG. 1B, the halftone cell shown to the right of the K*L block is shown to consist of ten partial dots. The numbers 1-10 refer to positions of the partial dots within the halftone cell. In the halftone reproduction of the original image to be copied, each of the partial dot positions numbered 1-10 is either occupied by marking material, such as ink, or left blank depending upon the density of the original image at a location thereon corresponding to the location of the partial dot position within the halftone cell.
In this regard, the present invention provides greater resolution and greater detail in the halftone reproduction than prior techniques. In prior techniques, an average gray scale value of a portion of the original image to be reproduced which corresponds to the halftone dot position on the halftone reproduction is obtained and thresholded against all of the halftone partial dots so as to cause the halftone dot area of the halftone reproduction to be either occupied by marking material or left blank. It is apparent that in prior techniques, the resolution and sensitivity to detail in the original image is quite attenuated.
In accordance with the present invention, with ten partial dot positions within the halftone cell, the original document intensity range detectable by the read scanner can be divided into ten ranges, each of which can be allocated to a partial dot position in the halftone cell. For example, if the read scanner provides a digital output of eight bits per pixel of original document, than there will be 256 intensity values detectable by the read scanner and which can be allocated to the partial dot positions in the halftone cell. For the ten partial dots in halftone cell of FIG. 1B, each partial dot is separated from the previous one by 25 intensity levels. The partial dot intensity value allocation can then be compared with the intensity value of the scanned original document pixel and appropriate circuitry provided to either cause occupation of the partial dot position with marking material or cause the partial dot position to be left blank.
By storing and utilizing a halftone screen function in a rectangular matrix together with a shifting parameter, the present invention provides another great advantage over prior techniques which attempt to provide partial dot halftone cells. These prior techniques, generally speaking, must store original document intensity value allocations for each partial dot value for each halftone cell together with information on the position of each cell. This requires a vast amount of data storage and handling, resulting in the consumption of time. On the other hand, the present invention, with its rectangular array of partial dot values consumes much less time in that in the rectangular array the partial dots are arranged in serial order. The only time delay is encountered in the present invention is that required for shifting during replication of the rectangular array.
In this connection, it is to be understood that the K*L blocks in FIGS. 1A-1C do not represent the whole screen function, but rather represent a basic block containing the minimum repeats in the x and y directions. A whole screen function contains a plurality of identical K*L blocks. This point should be kept in mind in order to appreciate the elegant simplicity of the present invention. Referring again to FIG. 1B, the rectangular array of partial dots is shown in the third and fourth lines of the K*L block. The first line has partial dots 6, 7, 8, 1, and 5; the second line in the array having partial dots 9, 10, 2, 3 and 4. Thus, within the third and fourth lines of FIG. 1B, all ten partial dot positions are arranged as indicated. The fifth line which includes partial dots 8, 1, 5, 6 and 7, is actually a replication of the first line with a shift of two partial dots. That is, the fifth line does not start with partial dots 6 and 7 but rather begins with partial dot 8 and includes partial dots 6 and 7, serially, after the serial inclusion of the sequence in the third line of partial dots 8, 1 and 5. Similarly, the sixth line is a replication of the fourth line with a similar two partial dot shift.
Generally speaking, in scanning an original document and outputting a reproduction, it is conventional to scan across the entire width of the original and reproduced documents before indexing down to the next line. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the partial dot position in the third line continue in the indicated sequence until the terminal margin has been reached. Then, the next line of the rectangular array of partial dots is outputted repetitively until the terminal margin is reached. It will be appreciated that in FIG. 1B, since there are two lines in the rectangular array (p=2) that there is an alternation in the outputting of these lines across the width of the halftone reproduction. On the other hand, p=1 in FIGS. 1A and 1C indicating that the rectangular array of partial dots comprises a single line. Thus, in these two cases, there is no alternation. The single line, rectangular array of partial dots can be circularly buffered continuously across the width of the output scan until the terminal margin is reached. At this point, the shifting parameter indexes the rectangular array by the appropriate amount. Thus, the output scanner can literally zip across the width of the halftone reproduction without time delays inherent in prior techniques. By conversion of angular screens into rectangular screens, the rectangular screen function provides an ease of indexing with a concurrent reduction in the amount of information needed to be stored and manipulated. This provides orders of magnitude improvement over prior techniques which store a whole electronic halftone screen function or an output buffer, and compare the image pixel by pixel to each of the halftone cells or even partial dots of the stored halftone screen function.
The logic control for the complete reproduction system can be either hardware or firmware circuitry or soft-ware programing of a computer. FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram illustration of the overall logic operation. The top of FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a more complete electronic circuit version of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a commercially available micro-processor suitable for use in providing logic control for the system by way of a computer together with hardware and addition circuit elements comprising a preferred embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the common shaft-mounting of the read and write scanning. While this is preferred for real time imaging, it will be appreciated that read and write scanning need not occur on a common shaft, but can be synchronized in any other suitable manner. Further, the output could be a recordation of values to be used later in generating the halftone reproduction. Magnetic recording is suitable for this purpose.
Referring momentarily to FIG. 5, there is seen a schematic block diagram of an electronic halftone image reproduction system according to the invention. A read scanner 10 sequentially illuminates an original image which is attached to the periphery of drum 12 which rotates about shaft 13. The original image may be a transparency as well as an opaque document and the intensity levels obtained by scanner 10 can represent either transmission intensity or reflection intensity, as appropriate. Scanner 10 operates at speeds of a millisecond or less per partial dot time period covered, though the actual speeds will depend upon the characteristics of the particular optical and electronic components used in any embodiment of the invention. Each partial dot time period of the original image, illuminated by scanner 10, is sequentially imaged by imaging lens 14 onto a light sensitive element 16 such as, for example, a photodiode. The various intensities of light striking the light sensitive element 16 are dependent upon the densities of the tone in the original image. The light is transduced by photodiode 16 into analog electronic signals. The analog electronic signal from photodiode 16 is then processed in either analog or digital format, as desired. Intentionally overlooking the electronic circuitry of FIG. 3, which will be discussed later, the output signal from the electronics is used to control the operation of a write scanner. The write scanner can comprise any scanner suitable for the imaging member to be utilized in forming the halftone reproduction of the original document to be reproduced. In FIG. 5, the imaging member 42 is a photoreceptor. Thus, a light emitting diode 38 is utilized. The output signal from the electronics will cause the light emitting diode 38 to either turn on or to remain off. If light emitting diode 38 is turned on, then the light emitted therefrom is focused by lens 44 upon photoreceptor 42. The photoreceptor 42 may be any suitable light sensitive recording medium such as a photographic film or a charged xerographic member. In a preferred embodiment, as illustrated, the photoreceptor comprises a charged xerographic drum which rotates about shaft 13 and is matched to the movement of drum 12 which carries the original image. Alternatively, photoreceptor 42 could be moved by another scanner, similar to 10 and matched to it. This sequence occurs for each partial dot time period of the running system until the terminal margin of the reproduced image is reached. At this point in time, the next line of scan is initiated. When all scan lines of the rectangular matrix are used, then the light shaft parameter is applied. It will also be appreciated that drums 12 and 42 can be moved relative to the read and write scanners; or, the read and write scanners can be moved relative to rotating drums 12 and 42.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, there is seen respectively schematic illustrations of the logic flow and system control circuitry. In each of these figures, the following notations have the meanings indicated in the legend below.
Nxc -- the number of partial-dot positions in the "X" direction within the rectangularly arrayed screen function
Nlev -- the total number of partial-dot positions in the halftone cell screen function
Nshift -- the shifting parameter "s" (previously described)
Npl -- the number of "pixels" (area of original scanned within one partial-dot time period) in the input scan line (pixel area = partial-dot position area)
Nlp -- the number of lines in the original document
Ci -- cell identifier
Celltotal -- an address "one" past end of cells, equals the value of "NLEV + 1"
Cellbeg -- equals CELLTOTAL for first address of cell; value changes after first entry of cell values
Shp -- the current shift parameter; equals NXC --NSHIFT for first address of cell; thereafter,
Cella -- current address in cell (contents of which are supplied to the comparator)
Cellend -- current address of the end of the block of address of the cell presently being indexed. At start = NXC
Kxp -- current pointer to the corresponding pixel position in the input array; for determination of scan line completion
Nl -- current line number
The logic of FIGS. 2 and 3 is such that it expects as input into the program information about a halftone cell consisting of three distinct parts. A typical example is shown below and corresponds to a 32 element or partial dot halftone cell angled at 45 degrees from the vertical and which stimulates the photographic case in which the halftone cell grows from the center of the halftone cell outward towards the periphery of the cell. The first part contains the control information of this halftone cell and is: NLEV (32), NXC (8) and NSHIFT (4). The second part contains arrangements of partial dots and are:
______________________________________32 27 11 2 1 6 18 30 Rectangular array of28 24 15 13 5 9 22 20 32 partial-dot positions8 16 14 21 25 17 23 124 2 10 26 29 31 19 7______________________________________
The third distinct part contains specific level values in increasing order; and, for this example are
__________________________________________________________________________4 12 20 28 36 44 52 60 Intensity values to be68 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 inserted in the halftone131 139 147 155 163 171 179 187 cell of 32 partial-dot195 203 211 219 227 235 243 251 positions__________________________________________________________________________
The numbers in the rectangular array give the order in which each partial dot in the halftone cell is switched to the other bilevel state. For example, in a uniform grey area, if three of the halftone cell partial-dots should be black in the halftone cell then the halftone positions numbered 1, 2 and 3 should all be one of the two halftone levels (black or white) and all of the other cell elements the other halftone level.
It is also possible to blacken multiple elements in the halftone cell arrangements and that numerous arrangements could be created to produce different effects and halftone dot shapes.
The logic of FIGS. 2 and 3 compares one image level with one of the elements of the halftone cell (a partial dot) and makes a binary decision. The levels to be inserted into the halftone cell can stretch across the full range of allowed values of the incoming signal. It is convenient and versatile to separate the arrangement of the halftone cell from the actual selection of the level value which will be used in the decision to blacken that element of the halftone dot. In the example cited above it is assumed that the incoming intensity signal covers a range of 256 different intensity values (0-255). Digitally, this corresponds to 1 bytes of information or 8 bits. In an analog mode this corresponds to 256 resolvable voltage levels. It should be obvious from the discussion below that 256 levels are not a necessity of the logic and that a smaller or larger range of grey levels can be used and selected to enhance the output image and/or lower hardware implementation cost. The logic requires only that the levels span the range of values expected from the scanned image. While the logic still works if the incoming signal and the halftone cells don't cover comparable values, the output image could be degraded.
In the example cited above, the actual levels have been selected as 32 uniformly spaced levels from 0 to 255 starting initially at a half step interval and listed successively from low values to high values.
Before the logic starts comparing partial-dot values with incoming picture values it replaces the actual level values into the halftone cell elements. This is accomplished by taking the position labeled by a 1 in the halftone cell arrangement and putting the first (or lowest) level into that element of the cell. This process is continued until all of the halftone cell elements have been filled. In the typical example cited above the halftone cell using 32 uniform spaces out of a possible 256 different values would look like the following
______________________________________251 211 84 20 4 44 139 235219 187 116 100 36 68 171 15560 124 108 163 195 131 179 9228 12 76 203 227 243 147 52______________________________________
The separation of the arrangement of the elements of the halftone cell from the level values inserted into it has at least two interesting advantages: (1) the same halftone cell arrangement can be used with a different set of levels to compensate for scanner problems; and (2) this technique can also be used to help normalize the output from various scanners and especially so when the images are stored.
The logic to generate a halftone cell at some screen angle is independent of the order in which the elements of the halftone cell are arranged or on what level values are substituted into the halftone cell. The angle of the screen and the high speed halftoning is accomplished by the three numbers in the control information part of the halftone. It can be seen that these three numbers control the overall shape of the halftone cell but not the arrangements of the elements within the cell. These three parameters are all that must be stored besides the number of elements in a halftone cell in order to create a halftone at a variable angle.
The first of these parameters is the total number of levels, or elements, or partial dot positions, in the halftone (e.g. 32 in the example above). The second parameter states the number of vertical rows in the halftone cell (i.e. 4 in the above example), and the third parameter is a shifting parameter which allows the generation of an angled screen by indexing through a rectangular array representing elements of the halftone cell (e.g. the 8 by 4 array of values in the above example).
The logic allows almost any halftone screen which is rotated to some angle to be created by using a small rectangular array of values equal in number to the elements in a halftone cell and by indexing through this array to get neighboring halftone cells by using a shift parameter. The shift parameter, the total number of elements in the halftone cell and the arrangement of the dimensions of this rectangular array can be calculated from a description of the halftone cell in the manner described earlier.
Referring now to FIG. 2 which schematically illustrates a flow chart for logic suitable for use in the practice of the present invention, we begin at the "start" where the current line number, NL, is equal to 0. Upon activation, the logic advances to the first line number and determines that the current line number is not greater than the number of lines in the picture, NLP. Accordingly, the beginning address of the cell, CELLBEG, is set at the first partial dot position within the rectangular matrix of partial-dot positions, the current address of the end of the block of address of the cell being indexed is set equal to the number of partial-dot positions in the X direction of the rectangular matrix of partial-dot positions, and the current shift to parameter SHP, is set equal to the number of partial-dot positions in the X direction of the rectangular matrix, NXC, less the shifting parameter, NSHIFT. The logic then determines whether the current shifting parameter is greater than the total number of partial-dot positions in the X direction of the rectangular array. If it is, it is then decreased by the total number of partial-dots in the X direction. For the first scan line, the current shifting parameter will be equal to the number of partial dots in the X direction of the rectangular matrix and the current shift parameter will be adjusted to zero. However, as seen from FIG. 2, in either case, the current address in the rectangular array, CELLA, is the partial-dot position located by adding the current shifting parameter to the beginning address of the cell and the contents of this partial-dot position is outputted since the current pointer to the corresponding pixel position in the input array, KXP, is less than or equal to the number of pixels in the input scan line, NPL. The output of the contents of the partial-dot position causes the current address in the rectangular array, CELLA, to advance to the next partial-dot position in the rectangular array and the contents of this next position is outputted upon receipt of a pixel burst pulse. If the current cell address (CELLA) gets larger than CELLBEG + NXC (CELLEND), it is reset back to CELLBEG. This outputting of contents of partial-dot positions within the rectangular matrix continues until the current pointer to the corresponding pixels position in the input array is at the end of the first scan line. At this point, KXP is greater than NPL and the cycle is repeated for the next scan line. If the rectangular matrix of partial dot positions involves more than a single line, the logic operates on each line, in turn, during scanning of the original. Thus, if there are two lines in the rectangular array of partial dot positions, during the scanning of the first line of the original document, the logic operates on the first line of the rectangular matrix; during scanning of the second line of the original document, the logic operates on the second line of the rectangular matrix of partial-dot positions; during scanning of the third line of the original document, the logic once again operates upon the first line in the rectangular array of partial-dot positions beginning at an address index by the shifting parameter. Thus, the cycles are repeated until the current line number being scanned is greater than the number of scan lines in the original document, at which time the process is halted. As seen from FIG. 2, the logic takes care of the successive lines in the rectangular matrix as the scanning of the original occurs because at the end of one scan line, the beginning address of the rectangular matrix is advanced by the number of partial-dot positions in the X direction in the rectangular array.
Referring now to FIG. 3, like numerals refer to like components depicted in FIG. 5 previously discussed. As can be seen from FIG. 3, the amount of memory required by the practice of the present invention is quite small. The invention can be successfully practiced with a relatively inexpensive microprocessor available for Motorola Corporation, under Model No. MEK6800D2. This microprocessor comprises only two circuit boards: one being a keyboard and display module and the other being a microcomputer module having a 1K PROM storage. The bus between the keyboard/display module and the microcomputer module is a straightforward connection and the only one provided by the microprocessor construction. There are two ports on the microcomputer module and the input/output port designated J1 in the schematic diagrams presently commercially supplied with the microprocessor are utilized to practice the present invention. An 8 bit output bus is connected to input/output port J1 on the microcomputer module and is connected to the 8 bit input port of a digital to analog converter, such as Model DAC-8QM, commercially available from Analog Devices Corporation. Pin 47 of the digital to analog converter 23, commercially available from Analog Devices Corporation under Item No. DAC-8QM. Pin 47 of converter 23 is electrically connected to pin 10 of comparator 24. Comparator 24 is commercially available from Analog Devices Corporation under Item No. AD351. Pin 10 is one input to comparator 24. Pin 1 of comparator 24 is utilized as the second input to that device; and, pin 7 of comparator 24 is utilized as the output of that device. The current generated by photodetector 16 and its associated voltage state is amplified by amplifier 20 which is electrically connected to pin 1. The output of comparator 24 taken from pin 7 is electrically connected to one input of AND gate 21 and a write synchronization pulse generated by the scanner electronics comprises the second input into AND gate 21.
The output of AND gate 21 is amplified by amplifier 22 and turns on light emitting diode 38. The light emitted from light emitting diode 38 is focused by lens 44 upon a pixel area of photoreceptor drum 42. The characteristics of comparator 24 are such that there is no output from pin 7 until the signal on pin 1 is equal to or exceeds the signal on pin 10. Thus, the signal on pin 1 which represents the reflection density of the original document on drum 12 must be equal to or greater than the signal on pin 10 which represents the intensity level of the partial-dot position being outputted by the microprocessor, before there is an output from pin 7. This occurs at the digitizing rate set by the scanner electronic.
Virtually all commercially available scanners have associated electronics built in which provide synchronization signals for synchronizing the reproducing or write scanner with the read scanner. Such a signal from the scanner electronics can be employed to provide both pixel burst pulses which output the contents of the partial dot position currently addressed by the microprocessor as well as to provide write synchronization pulses to the second input of AND gate 21. In this regard, the pixel burst pulse electrical connection and the write pulse electrical connection are connected to a common point within the scanner electronics wherever the scanner synchronization signal is found. The pixel burst pulses and the write pulses are of the same frequency and can be in phase or out of phase with the write pulses lagging the pixel burst pulses. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the write pulses can be in any phased relation to the pixel burst pulses except for that which would place the write pulses at the digital to analog converter update times. The microprocessor depicted in FIG. 3 requires only about 90 micro-seconds to cycle through each partial-dot position in its storage, and, accordingly, the rate of read and write scans are adjusted to accommodate this time period.
In operation, the user enters three values: the total number of scan lines in the original document, NLP; the total number of pixels or areas equal to the partial-dot area per scan line, NPL; and, an identification for the rectangular array of partial-dot positions to be utilized. It should be noted at this point that the microprocessor has storage capability sufficient to store several rectangular array patterns of partial-dot positions, each array representing a different angled halftone cell function, and that, therefore, identification for the halftone cell desired, CI, is utilized.
Once the user enters these three parameters into the microprocessor, the microprocessor operates on the identified halftone cell in accordance with the logic flow of FIG. 2. The binary output at the J1 port is converted by the digital to analog converter 23 into an analog voltage signal appearing at pins 47 of converter 23 and pin 10 of comparator 24. This signal represents the value contents of the partial-dot position being addressed by the microprocessor. The voltage level appearing on pin 1 of comparator 24 represents the light intensity with the pixel area being scanned by photodetector 16. When the voltage level on pin 1 is less than that representing the contents of the partial-dot value addressed by the microprocessor, there is no output from pin 7 of comparator 24 and consequently light emitting diode 38 remains cut-off. When the voltage level at pin 1 is equal to or greater than the voltage level at pin 10 the output at pin 7 is gated through AND gate 21 when a write pulse is also present at the second input to AND gate 21. This causes light emitting diode 38 to turn on; its light being focused by lens 44 upon photoreceptor 42.
Operationally, it will be appreciated that scanning read photodetector 16 constitutes means for providing a first electronic signal representing the density of the scanned original image; the program microprocessor constitutes means for providing an indexed second electronic signal representing a halftone cell screen function comprising a rectangular array of partial-dot values indexed under the supervision of a shifting parameter to cause replication of the rectangular array of partial-dot values into a pattern representing a screen function of halftone cells approximating a parallelogram and of pre-determined angularity defined by the shifting parameter; digital to analog converter 23 and comparator 24 constituting means for comparing the first electronic signal with the index second electronic signal to provide a control signal; and gate 21, amplifier 22, light emitting diode 38, lens 44 and photoreceptor 42 constituting means for printing partial-dots upon a surface in response to the control signal to create a halftone reproduction of the original document having halftone cells at the predetermined angularity and approximating a parallelogram in shape.
It will be appreciated, of course, that the program microprocessor can be easily substituted for by an electrical or electronic circuit of any type commonly referred to as hardwire or firmware. The function performed by either of these methods is equivalent for purposes of practicing the present invention.
It will become apparent to one skilled in the art upon a reading of the present disclosure that modifications and variations other than expressly described herein can be employed in the practice of the present invention. These are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
For example, the imaging member technique or system used in producing the halftone reproduction is not limited to photoreceptors, xerography or copiers. Other systems and technologies applicable to displays and printers can be employed which will take, or can be modified to accept binary information.
Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the circuitry of FIG. 3 can be appropriately modified so that comparison can be done digitally rather than the analog comparison depicted.
As an example of a typical suitable program for a general purpose computer when such is used to practice the present invention, set forth below is a program which is in METASYMBOL, a computer language commonly known in the programming art and suitable for use in a sixteen bit per byte computer. ##SPC1##
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 15, 1974
|Jun 1, 1976
|Log Etronics Inc.
|Sequential image-modulated dot-area recording
|Jan 20, 1975
|Jun 28, 1977
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Pseudo halftone print generator and method
|Mar 14, 1975
|Sep 27, 1977
|Xerox Corporation
|Electronic halftone imaging system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 26, 1979
|Jan 20, 1981
|Xerox Corporation
|Binary graphic printer system having an electronic screen with shift control suited for rescreening
|Oct 26, 1978
|Feb 17, 1981
|Dainippon Screen Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of producing a halftone picture by vibrating light source
|Aug 24, 1981
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|Optronics International, Inc.
|Method and apparatus involving digital screen generation
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|Ricoh Company, Ltd.
|Conversion of an analog image signal into a binary image signal
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|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Halftone image recording method using recording data having a plurality of concentrations for one color
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|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Color image processing apparatus using a deformed dot matrix
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|Mar 27, 1990
|Spectrum Sciences B.V.
|Method of and means for printing a multilevel representation of an image
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|High resolution halftone dot generator system including LED array
|Nov 16, 1988
|Apr 10, 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electronic graphic arts screener that suppresses Moire patterns using pseudo-random font selection
|Nov 16, 1988
|Apr 17, 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electronic graphic arts screener
|Oct 19, 1988
|Apr 24, 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Digital halftoning with minimum visual modulation patterns
|Nov 16, 1988
|Dec 11, 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Apparatus for addressing a font to suppress Moire patterns occurring thereby and a method for use therein
|Aug 10, 1988
|Jan 22, 1991
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Method of forming halftone screen
|May 29, 1990
|May 25, 1993
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Digital halftoning with correlated minimum visual modulation patterns
|Jun 24, 1991
|Jun 29, 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Screening circuit for variable angle screening of image pixels
|Mar 4, 1992
|Aug 10, 1993
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Method of producing halftone images
|Dec 6, 1991
|Sep 7, 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftoning with error feedback and image dependent enhancement
|Nov 27, 1991
|Dec 7, 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftoning with enhanced dynamic range and edge enhanced error diffusion
|Dec 16, 1991
|Dec 28, 1993
|Intergraph Corporation
|Rapid variable angle digital screening
|Dec 18, 1992
|Jan 11, 1994
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-based resolution conversion of color documents
|Feb 8, 1991
|Feb 8, 1994
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Methods of assigning pixels to cells of a halftone grid
|Sep 27, 1991
|Apr 26, 1994
|Levien Raphael L
|Screen generation for halftone screening of images using scan line segments of oversized screen scan lines
|Dec 10, 1991
|May 24, 1994
|Levien Raphael L
|Screen generation for halftone screening of images using arbitrary distribution of transformed screen coordinates
|Dec 14, 1992
|Jun 14, 1994
|Xerox Corporation
|Clustered halftoning with dot-to-dot error diffusion
|Jan 4, 1993
|Jun 28, 1994
|Xerox Corporation
|Error diffusion with output and input based feedback
|Apr 20, 1990
|Oct 18, 1994
|Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd.
|Method of and apparatus for recording halftone image
|Mar 2, 1994
|Feb 28, 1995
|Xerox Corporation
|Hybrid quantization method for color document reproduction
|Aug 25, 1994
|Jun 20, 1995
|Xerox Corporation
|Method and apparatus for implementing accurate angle screens
|Jul 13, 1992
|Aug 15, 1995
|Levien; Raphael L.
|Screen generation for halftone screening of images with reduction of irrational correction artifacts
|Aug 5, 1993
|Feb 20, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Color images having multiple separations with minimally overlapping halftone dots
|Oct 31, 1994
|Feb 20, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Method combining error diffusion and traditional halftoning with arbitrary screen orientation
|Sep 15, 1994
|Jul 9, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Error diffusion halftoning with homogeneous response in high/low intensity image regions
|Jun 2, 1994
|Jul 16, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Rotating non-rotationally symmetrical halftone dots for encoding embedded data in a hyperacuity printer
|Nov 18, 1994
|Aug 6, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftoning method using space filling curves
|Dec 6, 1994
|Oct 15, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Multiple separation error diffusion, with cross separation correlation control for color images
|Apr 28, 1995
|Dec 24, 1996
|Dataproducts Corporation
|Halftone screen using spot function to rank pixels following one or more design rules
|Nov 16, 1995
|May 20, 1997
|Xerox Corporation
|Color images having multiple separations with minimally overlapping halftone dots and reduced interpixel contrast
|Dec 28, 1995
|Jul 15, 1997
|Xerox Corporation
|Automatic calibration of halftones
|Jun 27, 1996
|Sep 16, 1997
|Xerox Corporation
|Error diffusion method with symmetric enhancement
|Jun 17, 1996
|Sep 30, 1997
|Xerox Corporation
|Stochastic halftoning screening method
|Apr 29, 1996
|Nov 18, 1997
|Xerox Corporation
|Mitigation of tenting deletions in color xerographic printers
|Sep 4, 1996
|Dec 23, 1997
|Canon Information Systems, Inc.
|Halftoning with gradient-based selection of dither matrices
|Apr 11, 1995
|Jan 13, 1998
|Research Corporation Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for halftone rendering of a gray scale image using a blue noise mask
|Oct 6, 1995
|Mar 10, 1998
|Research Corporation Technologies
|Method and apparatus for halftone rendering of a gray scale image using a blue noise mask
|Nov 26, 1996
|Apr 14, 1998
|Xerox Corporation
|Cluster dot halftoning system
|Jul 1, 1996
|Apr 14, 1998
|Xerox Corporation
|Quantization method for color document reproduction in a color printing system
|Dec 20, 1996
|Apr 28, 1998
|Xerox Corporation
|Pipelined architecture for patterned halftone generation
|Nov 14, 1996
|Jul 28, 1998
|Xerox Corporation
|Clustered halftone dot design process
|Apr 30, 1996
|Sep 22, 1998
|Hewlett Packard Company
|Joint design of dither matrices for a set of colorants
|May 28, 1996
|Jan 12, 1999
|Xerox Corporation
|Image compression and decompression using predictive coding and error diffusion
|Jan 21, 1997
|Jan 12, 1999
|Xerox Corporation
|Stochastically clustered dot halftoning system
|Mar 27, 1997
|Apr 27, 1999
|Xerox Corporation
|Using the phase information in the halftone dot structure to minimize artifacts when switching between halftone dots on a scan line
|Jul 14, 1998
|Nov 2, 1999
|Xerox Corporation
|Clustered halftone dot design process
|Jul 1, 1997
|Jan 11, 2000
|Xerox Corporation
|Multilevel halftoning with reduced texture contours and coverage control
|Jun 1, 1998
|Jan 11, 2000
|Xerox Corporation
|Stochastic halftoning screening method
|Jan 8, 1998
|Oct 31, 2000
|Xerox Corporation
|Edge enhanced error diffusion with artifact correction in areas of highlights and shadows
|Apr 30, 1998
|Feb 6, 2001
|Hitachi Koki Imaging Solutions, Inc.
|Half tone image enhancement for printers
|Sep 2, 1998
|May 1, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Method of producing spot colors appearance with process color printing
|May 8, 1998
|Jun 26, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Apparatus and method for halftone hybrid screen generation
|Dec 22, 1998
|Aug 14, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Automated enhancement of print quality based on feature size, shape, orientation, and color
|Nov 13, 1998
|Sep 4, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Intelligent GCR/UCR process to reduce multiple colorant moire in color printing
|Nov 18, 1998
|Oct 16, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Composite halftone screens with stochastically distributed clusters or lines
|Dec 15, 1999
|Nov 4, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|Quantization method for color document reproduction in a color printing system
|Feb 18, 1999
|Feb 10, 2004
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Antipatterning printmode for matrix-based scattered-dithered images in incremental printing
|Jun 23, 2000
|Jan 18, 2005
|Xerox Corporation
|Color halftoning using a single successive-filling halftone screen
|Dec 26, 2001
|Oct 18, 2005
|Xerox Corporation
|Methods and systems for providing halftone screens
|Dec 14, 2001
|Feb 7, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Reduced-buffer error diffusion
|Oct 30, 2000
|Mar 7, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Color to black and white converter
|Aug 1, 2000
|Jul 18, 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Edge enhancement processor and method with adjustable threshold setting
|Jul 26, 2002
|Aug 1, 2006
|Elesys, Inc.
|Polar halftone methods for radial printing
|Jan 7, 2002
|Aug 22, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Color vector halftoning using a successive filling with improved color registration latitude
|Sep 5, 2001
|Sep 19, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method of performing halftone gamma correction in a printing environment
|Jan 7, 2002
|Nov 14, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Color halftoning using a multi-level successive-filling halftone screening algorithm
|May 30, 2002
|Feb 20, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftone image gloss control for glossmarks
|Dec 12, 2002
|Mar 20, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|Tag control for runtime glossmarks
|Aug 1, 2000
|May 15, 2007
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Gray level halftone processing
|Mar 16, 2000
|Sep 11, 2007
|Megadot Systems Limited
|Halftone patterns
|Aug 31, 2000
|Oct 23, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|Show-through watermarking of duplex printed documents
|Jun 29, 2004
|Nov 27, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|Glossmark images with clear toner
|Aug 30, 2004
|Dec 4, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|Reduction of differential gloss with halftoned clear toner
|Sep 29, 2004
|Jan 29, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Variable data differential gloss images
|Jun 24, 2004
|Apr 1, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Enhancement of glossmark images at low and high densities
|Jun 24, 2004
|Jun 3, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Reduction of differential gloss
|Sep 28, 2004
|Jun 24, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|User interface for differential gloss images
|Dec 12, 2006
|Nov 11, 2008
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Gray level halftone processing
|Nov 29, 2000
|Nov 18, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Intelligent color to texture converter
|May 31, 2006
|Sep 1, 2009
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method for creating patterned encoded halftones
|Dec 3, 2007
|Oct 12, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Enhancement of glossmark images at low and high densities with selective application of clear toner
|May 31, 2006
|Apr 5, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method for patterned encoded halftoning
|Sep 10, 2008
|Sep 6, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Decoding message data embedded in an image print via halftone dot orientation
|Sep 30, 2008
|Sep 20, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware halftone image resizing
|Sep 10, 2008
|Sep 20, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Encoding message data in a cover contone image via halftone dot orientation
|Mar 31, 2003
|Oct 4, 2011
|Electronics For Imaging, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for dynamically soft proofing halftone images
|May 6, 2009
|Nov 1, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for encoding and decoding data in a color barcode pattern
|Sep 30, 2008
|Dec 13, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware halftone image resizing using iterative determination of energy metrics
|Sep 30, 2008
|Dec 13, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware resizing of uniform rosette color halftone images
|Jan 31, 2006
|Jan 3, 2012
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method to automatically establish preferred area for image-wise watermark
|Sep 30, 2008
|Jan 17, 2012
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware uniform rosette color halftone image resizing using iterative determination of energy metrics
|May 6, 2009
|Jan 24, 2012
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for encoding and decoding data in a color barcode pattern
|Sep 9, 2005
|Apr 3, 2012
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Clustered dot-screen design method, a device to perform the clustered dot-screen design method based on human vision and printer model characteristics, and an image-forming apparatus to output binary images on a designed screen
|Jan 12, 2009
|Oct 16, 2012
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for reducing registration defects in color printing
|Jan 12, 2009
|Dec 11, 2012
|Xerox Corporation
|Method and system for modifying a multi-bit rasterized digital image to reduce registration artifacts
|Jul 22, 2010
|Apr 30, 2013
|Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.
|Threshold matrix generating device and threshold matrix generating method
|Jul 19, 2007
|May 7, 2013
|Xerox Corporation
|Compression of grayscale image data using multi-bit halftoning
|May 28, 2010
|Oct 22, 2013
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftone tiling and halftoning for annular rasters
|Nov 29, 2000
|May 30, 2002
|Ziobro James M.
|Intelligent color to texture converter
|Dec 26, 2001
|Jul 4, 2002
|Zeck Norman W.
|Methods and systems for providing halftone screens
|Sep 5, 2001
|Mar 13, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method of performing halftone gamma correction in a printing environment
|Jan 7, 2002
|Jul 10, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|Color vector halftoning using a successive filling with improved color registration latitude
|Jan 7, 2002
|Jul 10, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|Color halftoning using a multi-level successive-filling halftone screening alogorithm
|May 30, 2002
|Dec 18, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftone image gloss control for glossmarks
|Dec 12, 2002
|Jun 17, 2004
|Xerox Corporation
|Tag control for runtime glossmarks
|Mar 31, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Jonathan Marsden
|Methods and apparatus for dynamically soft proofing halftone images
|Jun 24, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Xerox Corporation
|Reduction of differential gloss
|Jun 24, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Xerox Corporation
|Enhancement of glossmark images at low and high densities
|Jun 29, 2004
|Dec 29, 2005
|Xerox Corporation
|Glossmark images with clear toner
|Aug 30, 2004
|Mar 2, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Reduction of differential gloss with halftoned clear toner
|Sep 9, 2005
|Mar 30, 2006
|Sang-Ho Kim
|Clustered dot-screen design method, a device to perform the clustered dot-screen design method based on human vision and printer model characteristics, and an image-forming apparatus to output binary images on a designed screen
|Sep 29, 2004
|Apr 6, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Variable data differential gloss images
|Sep 28, 2004
|Jun 15, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|User interface for differential gloss images
|Jun 23, 2006
|Oct 26, 2006
|Elesys, Inc.
|Polar halftone methods for radial printing
|Jun 30, 2005
|Jan 4, 2007
|Majewicz Peter I
|Hybrid halftoning
|Dec 11, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Hwai-Tzuu Tai
|Image recording apparatus and method providing personalized color enhancement
|Mar 27, 2007
|Aug 2, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|Systems and methods for designing zero-shift supercell halftone screens
|May 31, 2006
|Dec 6, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method for patterned encoded halftoning
|May 31, 2006
|Dec 6, 2007
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method for creating patterned encoded halftones
|Jul 21, 2006
|Jan 24, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Digital watermarking process
|Dec 3, 2007
|Apr 3, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Enhancement of glossmark images at low and high densities with selective application of clear toner
|Jul 19, 2007
|Jan 22, 2009
|Xerox Corporation
|Compression of grayscale image data using multi-bit halftoning
|Sep 10, 2008
|Mar 11, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Encoding message data in a cover contone image via halftone dot orientation
|Sep 10, 2008
|Mar 11, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Decoding message data embedded in an image print via halftone dot orientation
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 1, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware halftone image resizing
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 1, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware halftone image resizing using iterative determination of energy metrics
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 1, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware resizing of uniform rosette color halftone images
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 1, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Content-aware uniform rosette color halftone image resizing using iterative determination of energy metrics
|Jan 12, 2009
|Jul 15, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for reducing registration defects in color printing
|Jan 12, 2009
|Jul 15, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for reducing registration defects in color printing
|May 6, 2009
|Nov 11, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for encoding and decoding data in a color barcode pattern
|May 6, 2009
|Nov 11, 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for encoding and decoding data in a color barcode pattern
|Jul 22, 2010
|Jan 27, 2011
|Koji Washio
|Threshold matrix generating device and threshold matrix generating method
|Mar 16, 2000
|Aug 31, 2010
|Megadot Systems Limited
|Halftone patterns
|Aug 21, 1992
|Mar 3, 1993
|Raphael L. Levien
|High speed screening of images
|Aug 21, 1992
|Dec 8, 1993
|Levien Raphael L
|High speed screening of images
|Aug 22, 1995
|Mar 13, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Method and apparatus for generating halftone dot screens for color imaging
|Oct 24, 1995
|May 1, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Image halftoning system
|May 27, 2003
|Dec 3, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftone image gloss control for glossmarks
|May 27, 2003
|Jun 7, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Halftone image gloss control for glossmarks
|Apr 23, 1991
|Oct 31, 1991
|Linotype-Hell Ag
|Process of digitally screening half-tone images
|Mar 16, 2000
|Sep 21, 2000
|Megadot Systems Limited
|Improvements relating to halftone patterns
|U.S. Classification
|358/3.23, 358/3.16, 358/3.2
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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"Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma -- an examination from source to table of our food -- is wonderfully written and gives a well-rounded view of being green."
— Teri Den Herder, UCSD Bookstore, La Jolla, CA
"Thoughtful, engrossing ... You're not likely to get a better explanation of exactly where your food comes from."
-The New York Times Book Review
"An eater's manifesto ... [Pollan's] cause is just, his thinking is clear, and his writing is compelling. Be careful of your dinner!"
-The Washington Post
"Outstanding... a wide-ranging invitation to think through the moral ramifications of our eating habits." --The New Yorker
"If you ever thought 'what's for dinner' was a simple question, you'll change your mind after reading Pollan's searing indictment of today's food industry-and his glimpse of some inspiring alternatives.... I just loved this book so much I didn't want it to end."
-The Seattle Times


text:
|Our tour guide Rachel
|The Jubiloo - The loo near the London Eye
|The Nocturnal Urinal - it rises in the evenings only!
|Cellar Door - an ex-public toilet
|The last London street lamp powered by sewer gas
|Westminster has privatised public loos
What other quirky and unusual London tours should I try?
Note: This is not a sponsored post!
If you like what you read here, it would make me all warm and fuzzy to have your vote in the Australian Writers Centre Best Blog 'Peoples Choice' Awards!
Just click on this fabulous button to get started :)
Just click on this fabulous button to get started :)


text: You know you have that one t-shirt that makes you feel like nothing can cut you down. It has the power to instill confidence on the most average of occasions and simply makes you a better version of yourself every time you wear it. For Kolohe Andino, that same feeling goes for his new sled by Matt 'Mayhem' Biolos of Lost… called the Pocket Rocket. The P.R. was a staple to the back half of Kolohe's 2015 CT season, and will hopefully be a catalyst to more success in 2016. Introduce yourself to the new ride in the above clip, and it might be about time you throw that thing in the wash.


text:
VTG Vintage Antique Wooden Hat Form Midwest H. B. & D. Co. 22 1/2 No 796
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VTG Vintage Antique Wooden Hat Form Midwest H. B. & D. Co. 22 1/2 No 796
Antique Wooden Hat Form Midwest H. B. & D. Co. 22 1/2 No 796 Size:22 1/2 Condition Notables: 1 minor red pencil mark on side. A few very minor shallow dings From the Estate of a Tailor. Has pin holes expected for use. Good Used Condition!! What a Great Find!!! We are not perfect. We are not experts. So if you receive an item that does not meet your satisfaction, please contact us. We will do everything we can to make you a satisfied customer. The pictures tell the story, sold as it is in the pictures!
What else can I say, email with any questions.Thanks for looking! We Gladly combine shipping. We DO NOT ship to APO's. We ship most items via USPS and ship within 2-3 days of receiving Payment International Buyers – Please Note: Import duties, taxes, and charges are not included in the item price or shipping cost. These charges are the buyer's responsibility. Please check with your country's customs office to determine what these additional costs will be prior to bidding or buying.
PLEASE, IF YOU HAVE A PROBLEM OR COMPLAINTS AFTER RECEIVING YOUR ITEM, CONTACT ME AND WE WILL WORK THINGS OUT PRIOR TO JUST GIVING ME NEGATIVE OR NEUTRAL FEEDBACK!THANK YOU! Payment must be received within 7 days of purchase
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text:
WIRED: AI Can Recognize Your Face Even If You're Pixelated
Recent research by Cornell Tech researchers was featured in WIRED.
Vitaly Shmatikov is a Professor of Computer Science at Cornell Tech. Prior to joining Cornell Tech, he worked at the University of Texas at Austin and SRI International. He obtained his Ph.D. in computer science and M.S. in engineering-economic systems from Stanford University.
Shmatikov's research area is security and privacy. He received the PET Award for Outstanding Research in Privacy Enhancing Technologies twice, in 2008 and 2014, and was a runner-up in 2013. His research group won the Best Practical Paper or Best Student Paper Awards at the 2012, 2013, and 2014 IEEE Symposiums on Security and Privacy ("Oakland"), as well as the 2012 NYU-Poly AT&T Best Applied Security Paper Award, NDSS 2013 Best Student Paper Award, and the CCS 2011 Test-of-Time Award.
Credits 3.0
This course introduces students to privacy technologies and surveys the current state of digital privacy from multiple perspectives, including technology, law, policy, ethics, economics and surveillance.
Recent research by Cornell Tech researchers was featured in WIRED.


text:
Buzz In: Who Would You Like to See Roasted?
It's probably not a huge surprise, but Joan Rivers's roast on Comedy Central last weekend "drew 2.8 million viewers, 32% fewer than for the previous one on the cabler." I know I didn't tune in for that one. Did you?
I did, however, greatly enjoy the Comedy Central roasts of Denis Leary and Bob Saget, and obviously the success of these things depends on how interested audiences are in seeing a particular celebrity be teased and insulted over and over again. There wasn't a ton of interest in Joan Rivers, apparently. So who should get roasted on Comedy Central?
Kathy Griffin was the roastmaster for Rivers's show, and I think sometime down the line, she herself would make a good roastee. I also think Steve Martin might make for a funny roast, and I'd like to see Jeremy Piven up there someday mostly because, well, he deserves it. Who do you want to see get roasted?


text: So I recently started using the Favorites/People widget and when I added a contact to the "Favorites" group so they are displayed in the widget, it removed that contact from the "All" category of the People view. I then went back to the contact an unchecked favorite, leaving the contact in the original Family group and they still didn't show up in the "All" people view. It seems that if you go into any contact in People and Edit and change their group (or simply uncheck then recheck their group), they disappear from the All view and are only visible thereafter in the corresponding group view. How do I get them back into the All view?


text:
The office is full of life and enthusiasm as we enter the last few hours before the Opening Ceremonies begin!
Mary Jane is as bubbly and full of joy as ever, making sure everyone will be in attendance; the ever vigilant Mindy is keeping everyone checked and on-task; and Joyce, Sandy and I are gearing up to cover the whole event via Twitter, Blogging, Facebook and even our new Instagram account.
Stay tuned and keep following all the action!


text:
Register for free !
Peter Caulfield
May 15, 2017
The trial was successful. Lafarge found it was able to replace 2,100 tonnes of virgin red shale it formerly quarried and trucked in from the Fraser Valley. At the same time the trial also ensured the residuals did not create emissions problems at the plant.
"They're finalizing the agreement now," said Laurie Ford, Metro's residuals management program manager. "We're expecting it will be approved later this spring."
The Seymour-Capilano Filtration Plant is located between Metro's Seymour and Capilano water reservoirs, both of which the plant serves.
"Every year the filtration plant pulls between 8,000 and 10,000 tonnes of sediment and organic matter out of the water from the reservoirs," said Ford.
Until the trials began last year, Metro shipped about 250 truckloads of residual waste per year to the Vancouver landfill in Delta, where it paid a tipping fee.
Now Metro trucks the residuals to Lafarge's plant in Richmond instead. It pays Lafarge a handling fee, which covers capital expenditures, such as additional storage facilities and the additional mixing that Lafarge needs to do in order to use the material. But what Metro pays Lafarge is less than the tipping fee it used to pay to the Vancouver landfill, so it ends up saving money.
Ford says Metro has been looking into developing beneficial uses of its residual waste "for some time."
For example, Metro has been investigating its use as a fertilizer.
"Our residuals contain a lot of organic matter," Ford said. "Organics can be useful in binding phosphorus so that it stays in the soil instead of leaching out into ponds and lakes, where they help to grow algae. When algae dies, it consumes oxygen, which can kill fish and other aquatic life."
The trial began in a Lafarge plant in the Okanagan and then switched to the Lower Mainland.
"In the early trials with Metro Vancouver, we used the residuals successfully at our Kamloops cement plant," said Jennifer Lewis, Lafarge Canada director of communications. "In October 2016 that plant ceased manufacturing operations due to market conditions.
"Lafarge has an ambitious sustainability plan, including the use of waste-derived resources in our manufacturing process," she added.
Replacing virgin shale with matter left over from filtering water is just one way of making cement more environmentally-friendly.
"Different kinds of industrial byproducts that have cementitious properties can be used in place of less environmentally-friendly materials to make cement," said Shahria Alam, associate professor of engineering at the Kelowna campus of the University of BC.
Examples of such industrial byproducts include granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume and fly ash, which Alam says is the most commonly used.
"They produce a very durable cement, but they can take longer to harden," said Alam. "Other benefits of using an industrial byproduct to make cement are lower cost and reduced carbon emissions."
Alam has conducted research into making cement using the residue left over in a mine after extracting gold.
"The mine residue produces a strong cement," said Alam. "It has good potential, but more tests still need to be done."
The traditional way of making cement is less than kind to the environment.
Cement is a compound of different materials, such as calcium, silica and alumina that consume a lot of energy when they are crushed into a size that is small enough that they can be combined.
And then when they are put into a kiln and heated to very high temperatures, they consume even more energy.
"Everything in the process of making cement takes a lot of energy," says Alam. "As a result, about one kilogram of carbon dioxide is emitted to produce one kilogram of cement."
May 15, 2017
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text: I see a lot of posts mentioning bounceback and free dining. Does this mean that you booked a bounceback and then hope to use a free dining code? We will be at POP in 3 weeks and I am hoping to book a bounceback for Aug. I haven't received a PIN for dining, but would love to book a package with free dining if it opens to the public. Or do you chose either bounceback or free dining?


text:
Amy Adamssepsitename%%
The New Wonder Woman: Gal GadotDecember 5, 2013 | Ron Seifried
Israeli model and actress Gal Gadot will play Wonder Woman in the upcoming "Man of Steel" sequel "Batman Vs. Superman" (or is it Superman Vs. Batman"?), a film that is slowly looking like a Justice League of America origins story. … Read More


text:
With LG having remained mum on the subject of wireless charging when they launched the LG G2 last week, Verizon has stepped up and claim that the Verizon-branded LG G2 features wireless charging exclusively to them, most likely only in the US. The LG G2 pre-order page on Verizon's website shows off their own branded…
Tag: verizon
NSA collecting bulk loads of call logs thanks to Verizon
Are you a Verizon customer? Whether or not, you are still going to feel quite violated. According to some leaked documents, Verizon has been ordered to provide the NSA with some detailed call logs of its customers until July 19 of this year.
Nokia officially announces the Lumia 928, price the only surprise
It seems that Nokia and Verizon has gotten tired of teasing all of the Lumia 928's features including showing off the device after the device was officially announced today with all previous leaks proving to be spot on, but the price has caught everyone off guard.
Nokia Lumia 928 get official teaser page, shows of the device
The Nokia Lumia 928 is undoubtedly Nokia's worst kept secret of all time. Last week the device leaked in a large ad used on a billboard, then this morning it leaked in a two-page spread in Vanity Fair magazine with a detailed image and a link to an official teaser page hinting the device's impending…
Verizon supposedly to cut iPhone 5 prices by $100, making way for something NEW?
It seems that Verizon knows something we don't as the red giant is preparing to cut its prices for the Apple iPhone 5 in what may be an effort to get rid of unwanted stock in preparation for something new.
Nokia Lumia 928 gets its own billboard before announcement
Nokia's worst kept secret since the Nokia Lumia 900 has gotten a bit more difficult to hide after a billboard seems to have sprung up overnight showing off the device and touting it as having "The best low-light smartphone camera."