text:
Wineries in Keyneton and Hall ACT
in Riesling Wineries, Pinot Noir Wineries, Chardonnay Wineries
A sixth generation family-owned winery. Henschke family and one of Australia's outstanding winemakers and pioneers in the production of varietal table wines.
1428 Keyneton Road
Keyneton, South Australia 5353
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+(08) 8564 8223
Wallaroo Wines
in Riesling Wineries, Cabernet Sauvignon Wineries
We are a family owned cool-climate vineyard set on a 320 acre property in the Hall district wineries area. Today, there are 33 wineries and 140 vineyards in the District, consisting of 500 hectares of vines.
196 Brooklands Rd
Hall ACT, South Australia 2618
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+61 422 462 389
Brockenchack Wines
in Shiraz Wineries, Shiraz Wineries, Riesling Wineries, Pinot Grigio Wineries, Chardonnay Wineries
351 Sawpit Gully Road
Keyneton, South Australia 5353
Review This Winery


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Adorable Girl Can't Blow Out Candle
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Season : Fall, Occasion : Evening, Style : Glamorous, Dramatic, Fully Lined : 541, Built-in Bra : 544, Petticoat : No, Color : 1180, Hemline : Floor-Length, Neckline : 467, Sleeve Length : 483, Waist : Natural, Back Details : Zipper-up, Body Shape : Hourglass, Silhouette : Trumpet/Mermaid, Train : Sweep/Brush , Embellishment : Appliques, Material : Organza
Read other reviews about Evening Dresses 2016
Shop For:Evening Dresses 2016 Reviews >Charming Mermaid Appliques Strapless Zipper-Up Floor-Length Evening Dress
By C***e21/12/2014
I was astonished with the fabulous black and white color combination of this vintage evening dress. The price of this vintage evening dress is very reasonable in Tidebuy online store.
By R***e11/12/2014
I chose to buy this sterling vintage evening dress from this online store because of its amazing design. The applique embellishment of this vintage evening dress is attractive.
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This classy vintage evening dress made me reveal stylish look of my personality. I am pleased with the nice customer service of Tidebuy while ordering this vintage evening dress.
By D***n16/03/2014
I got my dress yesterday and was satisfied about it.The quality is so great!It fit me perfectly.The appliques are beautiful and firm.I will come here in the future.


text:
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When you received the goods, you need to check out rightaway whether it is in order or not. If it is not the same goods as you ordered or just empty box, please promptly contact to the staffs of delivery company or the customer's center and properly register the event.(If you do not register the case to delivery company within 24 hours, it is difficult to pay money back or to make a refund.)
If you would find your goods to be damaged when you received it, please kindly take proper steps immediately as following instructions;1. First of all, please give a call to Qxpress and notice to them your receipt of damaged goods. For more information, please contact the Qxpress Service Center to Singapore. (Singapore: Hotline number +(65)6434-8400 )2. If you could not receive any notice of follow-up measures for your damaged goods from Qxpress at least within 7-10days(work day), please promptly contact to our Company.3. And kindly inform our Company of your reporting date and delivery number(courier service No.).
The customer will give a call to customer center of Qxpress, and let them know customer's required delivery time, and any delivery problem can be solved so fast and accurately.For more information, please contact the Qxpress Service Center to Singapore.(Singapore: Hotline number +(65)6434-8400 )
Product Warranty Notice As on 1th January 2013 All products sold via carry manufacturer's warranty period of 1 weeks from receipt unless stated otherwise stated. For warranty to be valid, please keep packaging (if any) intact for return purposes. Thank you! Warm regards VINS SHOP
We carefully check out the products thoroughly before sending parcel to you. If machine have malfunction , we can exchange another one to you.but we do not accept exchange or refund on gift item.We're selling this brand at a reasonable price.Hope you would understand that.we will try to put more efforts on packing to prevent orders from being damaged. We apologize for your inconvenience again.
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One of the fan blades is broken and makes a very loud noise when turning, but managed to fix it with superglue and it is running normal. Bad QC there!
Item took about 3-4 working days to arrive and was nicely bubble wrapped. Upon opened, it look almost exactly like the picture on the website. Seller was kind enough to include a small bottle of essential oil with "Carnation" scent in the package. Thanks a lot.
Hi is item available and how long is shipping?
Dear customer.Thank you for message.In generalitem would be dispatched in 3days(working days/72hour) after payment confirmed.Qxpress takes 5 days(working days) to deliver.Warm regardsVINS SHOP
Hi,What's the ETA of my purchase?Regards,Max
Dear customer.Thank you for message.In generalitem would be dispatched in 3-4 days(working days) after payment confirmed.CITYLINK Express takes 5 working days to deliver.Don't worry,the item will arrive shortly.Warm regardsVINS SHOP
Was wondering why is it still on request after i nmade payment for so long!
Dear customer.Thank you for message.Your ordered goods was already sent to you.(01/07/2013)In generalitem would be dispatched in 3-4 days(working days) after payment confirmed.CITYLINK Express takes 5 working days to deliver.Don't worry,the item will arrive shortly.Warm regardsVINS SHOP
I have receive both the items, but there is no essence oil or liquid bottle in the package.. where are they?
Dear customer..First, I'm so sorry about reply to you.essence oil or liquid bottle is not included.I am regretful that I cannot give you a satisfactory answer.Warm regardsVINS SHOP
There isn't any posted question about item.


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Anyone can get into debt, for a wide range of reasons, but it's important to remember that you're not alone and it's never too early or too late to seek help.
Take the first steps to regain control and find your way back to a debt-free life.
A debt adviser can help you deal with your debts,but don't be tempted to pay a debt management company – there's a lot of free, confidential, independent help available.
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August 15, 2012 BY Brendan Dunne
Now that the OG white and red Phillies style colorway has made its triumphant return the Reebok Question Mid is prepped to do some more work splintering out from that established style. You saw two pairs in that vein that just might pop up yesterday, and blue and red sporting a canvas/leather mixture up top, which are apparently joined by the similarly built black and white here. Are you feeling these deviations for the norm or are you good with the original colorways? Click through for the full photos before you make your decision then drop us your comments on this possible Reebok Question Mid release.
Photos: Rudy Calderon
Filed under: Reebok Sample Upcoming Sneakers
Tags: Reebok Question


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Halloween themed craft die featuring a witch, an owl, a haunted house, a skeleton, a spider, and "Boo". This is a set of 6 dies. They measure 1-1/4 inch in diameter. These dies are compatible with most tabletop die cut machines.
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text: I have worn many: Danner, Wolverine, Timberland and Timberland pro, even some Doc Martens, but my favorites are my slip on Red Wings (American made version $$ but worth it). As has been said, whatever fits you and feels best is what to go with after you try a few and figure it out. I also wear cross trainiers sometimes in the summer heat when I wear shorts.


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text:
Evelynn Build Guide by sinjiek
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
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Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
The Ap Build
Evelynn Build
AP carry
Situational Items
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Hi my name is sinjiek and this is my first guide in lol with evelyn. Evelyn is a very underrated champion, who is usually banned from ranked and rarely picked in normal games. U will ask me how i came up with the idea to make this guide. First of all i have seen many friends of mine playing her and told me that evelyn is super hard to play an that she gets extremely harrased. Some monthes later i watched one friend (especially this one told me some crucial and effective items) play lol and one of his oppoments was evelyn. But Evelyn had awful item build and my friend said: " Evelyn is played ap, not ad, and these items suck( trinity force, cheap ad items) ". so , since that day , having bought and played Evelyn more than 60 times, i come to present u and unleash the mighty Evelyn, the OP assasin. I will accept any comment and ask me in case u want to know something. i would appreciate that.
Pros / Cons
Pros :D
1) high damage output
2) nice mobility
3) nice ulti and ig shild in case u hit 5 players togother.
4) 1.5 sec cd the Q hahahahahahah
5) u have got here the catwoman, anything else?
6) doesnt need mana, she has her passive( pls dont be fool an buy archangels xD)
cons :(
1) squishy
2) cc ruins her
3) too much cd on ulty: 120 sec at start
4) weak cc
5) weak early game: needs to be feeded
6) near enemies she is visible and they recieve buff
7) not hard cc, needs rylais
We see that the cons outnumber the pros , but that doesnt mean that evelyn is useless. With some practise and trickiness she becomes super powerful an why not op?
We put all the usual masteries for ap in the offense tree. Note that i selectes spell sword, since u will cast continously Q and at the same time u will attack. With 500 ap spellsword gives 25 bonus damage after casting Q. Later it comes useful in pushing. As for the rest points u spend them in the defence tree for survivability.
At start we buy magin pen. marks to make our spells hurt al lot. Second we use ap glyphs and Seals for ap, as well as ap Quints. If u lont like the seals and the glyphs u can put some for armour or magic resistance. Plz dont take anything for mana , since evelyn can be invisible thanks to her passive and restore her mana. If u dont like the ap Quints u can have move speed quints or health, if u think u are too squishy.
These are the items that are shown above. U can change the order u buy them, depending on how well u went in your lane or replace some of them eg rabaddons with ambyssal for magic resistance.
The Flash and Ghost are ur main spells . Use them for escape and chasing, if ur oppoment blinks. also i chose them because ur W is not enough leveled. However u can have other spells stated below.
Ignite: Some more damage? Wanna slay Mundo? useful for ap carries and to prevent regeneration counter health beasts eg Mundo.
Exhaust: to gank or shut down ad carries eg ganaplank.
teleport: to go from lane to lane and farm and finnaly get more feeded!
Bad spells:
heal: many take it but its better to be taken by a spport or tank.
Clairvoyance? : this is taken by a support. take plz something else
Clarity: dont tell me u want mana? u wont need this. U have ur passive for mp and ur lichbane. and in case u want mp sit 1 min without attacking and voila! u have full mp!
Skill Sequence
This is the classical skill build for ap evelyn. We use hate strike at start for farming , poking and harass.Ravage is powerful, but , because of its cd we level it second. We level dark frenzy last and the ulti whenever its available. The w is not so nessecary, because we have rylais with is constant slow and in case it fails remember ur summoner spells :) .
Purchase order and situational items
At start u buy the simple boots and 3 portions. then u buy ur hextech revolver and ur will of the ancients.then buy the rylais followed by ionian boots . Then purchase sheen and the lich bane. At the end take rabbadons and every situational item u want.
Items for heavy ad team:
Zhonyas horglass, thorn mail, sunfire cape: good armour and the first with he freeze passive. The last two are not so popular choices for ap, but they are good alternatives( i have played swain with thonmail xD xD i had 3 ad carries in my team lol!)
Items to counter ap carries:
Ambyssal scepter, wilts end, athenes onholy grail: they give mr and ap. On the whole good choices. Wilts end doesnt give ap but u deal magic damage with each attack u decide.
Items to counter fleshy tanks:
deathfire grasp, morellos evil tome: the first removes life abd amplifies magic damage, while the second one reduces regeneration. Both good choices. U decide.
Other solutions:
rylais, liandrys torment: both deal with ur squishiness and give u ap.
void staff: nice item with good ap. Use it to cut the enemies with high magic resistance.
Mejas Soulstealer: a great item that with full stacks has more ap than rabaddons.buy this only when u are killing a lot and u have double or trippli kills( why not and more?). In case u dont go well in ur game dont buy it.
In conclusion but every item with armor, health or magic resistence only if it has ap :) .
1) At start when farming, cast w and when u are in a good distance cast Q an quickly return behind ur minions. By this way u harass a lot and brake the enemie`s nerves.
2) when u are being chased cast Q to harass the enemy so that the teamate helps u and secure likely kills!
3) Search always for squishy heroes and coorperate with a player who loves ganking. With this way u will offer an advantage to ur team.
With Evelyn farming is easy . Just spam Q. Only see if enemies are ganking u and always take seriously if ur teamates ss on u to go away. U are always a good meal for the enemy xD.
Team Work
Always go with ur team !! ure too squishy to go alone. Whats more u will attack as soon as the clash begins. Then u will ulti and spam Q and E. At the end chase the rest enemies with W. Moreover when ur team ganks one enemy dont cast ulti. u will need it in a team fight. Oh and dont ks with ulti nor follow an enemy with low hp , since it is , most times, a trap.
Evelyn is an underestimated heroe but with devastating capabilities. By practice u can easily master her and learn all of her tricks!


text:
The Bull (Sarova Hotels)
The Bull dates back to 1688 and is prominently situated along the old London to Oxford Road, at a time when it was one of the principal coaching routed in England. Whilst there remains a real commitment to the traditional values of a warm welcome, the hotel has come a long way since being an old coaching inn. Many improvements have been made to the interior over the years and whilst the facilities are modern, the décor is sympathetic to the original building.
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text:
FOREX FORECAST CURRENCY INVESTORS. ANALYSIS Buz On Cannabis, Forex Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency ,Geared toward Social Traders and Social Investing Earning
Weak Technicals The precious metal is trading at $19.55 per ounce at 09:40 GMT this morning, 1.11% lower from the New York close. During the session, silver traded at a high of $19.80 per ounce and a low of $19.51 per ounce. In the New York session yesterday, silver rose 0.15% and closed at $19.77 per ounce. Immediate downside, the first support level is seen at $19.42 per ounce, while on the upside, the first resistance level is at $19.75 per ounce.
,Silver prices (for September delivery) traded up +$0.135 (+0.69%) higher to $19.785, with today's trading range between $19.625 and $19.940 for the contract.
The 3-day chart (above) showed the bid of silver (spot) prices sitting at $19.655 at 3:33 p.m. EST. This chart shows us that the price of silver today (green line) moved back into a neutral position between yesterday's (red) line and the blue one from the day before.
Silver (as well as gold) tend to have a bias to move back towards where it recently traded a large percentage of the time. With the sharp spike lower in the red line, investors may have attempted to put on a long position and would be sitting in profit right now (perhaps with a stop loss above break-even).
The current gold/silver ratio sits at 68.340 (based on the September contracts) or 68.60 based upon their spot prices. Gold (for September delivery) rose +8.90 (+0.66%) higher to $1,352.10 with today's range at $1,345.20 to 1,354.90.
On the chart (above), we can see the September contracts of both gold and silver since the start of August. What we can see, is that the spread between the price movements of the two metals has widened in the past couple days (orange lines).Click here for reuse options!


text: So I found this project about 6 months ago and I got all of the hardware and dedicated a device to it. However upon setting it all up I found that I have an air handler and heat pump instead of a furnace and central air. I was wondering if there is anyone here that can help me to get it working with a heat pump since the original dev has stopped working on the project.. It would be greatly appreciated by me and many others. I do not have any experience in coding but can test everything. I would also be very open and willing to learn the coding side of this project. The project can be found at androidthermostat.com


text:
Freshly healed up from his season-ending knee injury, Team Sobe Suzuki's Sean Hamblin is healthy and riding again in preparation for the 2004 Supercross Series.
We ran into our favorite Suzuki rider earlier this week at Tom's Farms as we were on our way to Lake Elsinore MX Park for a day of riding, and Hamblin reported that he's been back on a bike for several weeks now after undergoing reconstructive surgery on his knee earlier this year. "It feels pretty good, but it did start to hurt the other day after I went for a run," he said. "It is great to be back on a motorcycle again, but right now my cardiovascular fitness level is crap! I've got some work to do."
In addition to his new Windham wanna-be hair-do, Hamblin also sported some new riding gear, made by newcomer Alloy, as well as his new AMA number: 36. Hamy looked great as he turned lap after lap at LEMP, both speed-wise and fashion-wise. To check out the rest of Alloy's web site at www.alloymx.com.
In other related news, Hamblin reported that new team rider Davi Millsaps has been displaying unreal speeds on the Team Suzuki test track. "I was there the first day he rode the track, and within minutes he had it dailed and was doing things I have never seen any other 125 rider do before," said Hamblin. Sadly, Millsaps crashed hard on Tuesday of this week and suffered a broken and dislocated elbow. He is currently back home in Florida under the care of his orthopedic doctor.


text: Seller: interesting-collectables (8,860) 100%, Location: Trowbridge, Ships to: Worldwide, Item: 162139290647 Antique 19th Century Cabinet Key with Openwork Bow - 69mm Antique furniture/cabinet key with openwork bow Clean - No rust 69mm length 26mm width bow Weight 14.5g General usage wear, knocks and marks The penny is for scale and is not included Get Images that Make Supersized Seem Small.Auctiva's Listing Templates improve your auctions in minutes. Attention Sellers - Get Templates Image Hosting, Scheduling at Auctiva.com. Condition: If using the ebay app. please click on 'See description' to view all four photographs and the description. General usage wear, knocks and marks., Keywords: Furniture / Cabinet Key, Keywords 2: Collectable / Vintage / Old / Original / Antique, Type: Door Hardware/ Accessories, Sub-Type: Keys, Material: Metal, Style: Art Nouveau


text: My playlists arent transferring from itunes to the Android. I posted at Mark/Space's forum but they're saying it's a common Droid problem. Post here Mark/Space Users • View topic - Playlists not syncing Has anyone found a workaround for this? ALSO, Can anyone recommend a music player app that is very 'iTunes like?'


text:
Sonic R
FAQ/Walkthrough by hypertailz
Version: 1.0 | Updated: 08/20/05 | Search Guide | Bookmark Guide
Sonic Gems Collection
Sonic R FAQ
Version 1.0
Copyright Information-
This FAQ is the sole property of its author (Christian Royer) and cannot
be copied by anyone without direct permission by the author.
Copyright 2005
(Search is your friend!)
Table of Contents
1A Controls
1B Game Screen
1C Game Modes
1D Options
1E Items
1F Characters
2A Finding the Sonic Tokens
3A Finding the Emeralds
4A Shortcuts/Fastway
5A Glitches *COMING SOON*
6A Credits and Thanks
6B Contact info
1A Controls
1. UP or B/X Button.................Accelerate
2. Left of Right....................Cornering
3. L button.........................Sharp Turn Left
4. R button.........................Sharp Turn Right
5. L + R Button.....................Brake
6. Y Button.........................Change Views
7. Start/Pause Button...............Pause (who would of thought!)
8. A button.........................Depends on character
1B Game Screen
O 126 (Number of rings) (Total Time) 00:30:90
(Lap Times) 00:00:00
| Knuckles 1st |
| Tails 2nd | (Current Ranking)
| Sonic 3rd |
| Eggman 4th |
| Amy Rose 5th |
| |
| |
| Map |
| |
| ^_^ |
| |
O 1/5 (Number of Sonic Tokens)
1C Game Modes
Grand Prix-
Enter the Grand Pix from the beginning screen it is the picture of the
flags. Then select a character and select a course to race in. This is
wear you unlock other characters
Time Attack-
Time Attack has for modes, Normal, Reverse, 5 Balloons, and Tag.
Normal: Three laps of time trial, can be used to train courses.
Reverse: Three laps of tune trial in reverse.
5 Balloons: Hunt for five balloons scattered along the course
Tag: Try and tag four other characters.
| Ghost Characters |
| Create a ghost of your first race in the Normal or Reverse |
| Modes, and keep competing with your fastest ghost by |
| selecting Retry at the end of the race. Note that the Ghost|
| setting in the Options must be turned on to run against |
| your ghost.(Ghost is deleted once you return to Main Screen|
There are 2 multiplayer modes, Race and Get 5 Balloons, each playing must
hit the A button at the start of the multiplayer to join.
1D Options
Times: Check your records based on each character and course. Move the
Control Stick Left/Right to select a character, and Up/Down to select
Load/Save Data: Save your progress, load a previously saved data, or
create a new game data. Move the Control Stick Left/Right to select one of
the three options, and Up/Down to choose your data.
Sound: Adjust various sounds settings or testplay the music or sound
effects. To test the sounds, select either SFX TEST or MUSIC TEST and
change the track number moving the Control Stick Left/Right then press A
button to play. (I suggest during the SFX down a couple notches if you use
Tails because his propeller noise might bug you)
Game: Adjust game settings
Difficulty...............Change the difficulty level of the game
Ghost....................Allow ghost to appear in Time Attack
Weather..................Change weather during races
Catch Up.................Handicap option that lets stragglers go faster
Guide....................Trail mark option of the main path
Map......................Course map on or off
2P Split.................Makes screen go Vertical or Horizontal in Multi
Back.....................Return to options menu
Exit Game: Go back to menu screen in Sonic Gems
1E Items
Rings: Used to open up doors, or on the Accelerator (up to 50 coins may be
used on the Accelerator)
Item Panels: Touch the panel to gain rings or a power up...
|Speed Boost: Shape of Sonic's Foot, makes you go fast |
|Lightning: Makes coins near you come to you |
|Water: Lets you walk on water, disappears when you step off water|
Sonic Tokens: Collect all five tokens and place in top three and you will
race against a secret character.
Chaos Emeralds: Collect all 7 to unlock Super Sonic, you must place in 1st
if you want to keep the emerald.
1F Characters
He has the best Top Speed and Jump out of all the starting
characters, his turning and grip isn't as hot though
o Double Jump
Allows you to jump a second time in the air (A to jump)
o Spin Attack |Top Speed A |
Push the stick down while running |Acceleration C |
|Turns C |
o Spin Dash |Grip B |
Push stick down while standing, then push B or|Jump A |
X to spin and release the Control Stick ----------------------
He has the best grip of the starting characters, even though he isn't as
fast as Sonic and Knuckles his flying ability can help with a lot of
o Flying
Press A button to jump, then again while ----------------------
holding A. Use Control Stick to go in the |Top Speed C |
direction you wish. |Acceleration B |
|Turns C |
o Spin Attack |Grip A |
See Sonic |Jump B |
o Spin Dash
See Sonic
Knuckles is actually the all around character, and gliding can help with
some shortcuts.
o Gliding
Press the A button to jump, then again while ----------------------
holding it, move in the direction you want |Top Speed B |
to glide. |Acceleration C |
|Turns B |
o Spin Attack |Grip B |
See Sonic |Jump B |
o Spin Dash
See Sonic
Amy (she can drive on water)
The worst character in the game, her Turbo Boost doesn't help that much.
o Turbo Boost
Press the A button when the tire appears near the top portion of the
screen ----------------------
|Top Speed D |
|Acceleration A |
|Turns D |
|Grip C |
|Jump F |
Hidden Characters
Dr. Eggman (can drive on water)
The 2nd worst character in the game, his little homing missile is also
o Homing Missile
The target will appear on another character once you have collected more
than 10 rings, press the A button
|Top Speed C |
|Acceleration B |
|Turns A |
|Grip D |
|Jump F |
Metal Sonic (can drive on water for a limited time)
On the near top tier of Sonic R, his turning and grip suck though. Plus he
doesn't have a double jump.
o Jump
Press A to jump....yea -----------------------
|Top Speed B |
|Acceleration D |
|Turns C |
|Grip D |
|Jump B |
Evil Tails Doll or It (can hover over anything because never touches the
The 2nd worst of the hidden characters, its Top Speed is really really bad,
I couldn't beat Super Sonic on Hard with all the shortcuts!!!
o Jump -----------------------
Press A to jump.... |Top Speed C |
|Acceleration B |
|Turns B |
|Grip C |
|Jump C |
Metal Knuckles (can drive on water for a limited time)
Same bracket as Metal Sonic, a pretty good character, glide can help with
some shortcuts.
o Jump
Press A to jump ------------------------
|Top Speed B |
o Gliding |Acceleration B |
See Knuckles |Turns B |
|Grip B |
|Jump B |
Egg-Robo (can drive on water for a limited time)
The worst of the hidden characters, his little laser doesn't help. Plus he
can't jump!!
o Laser Shot
See Dr. Eggman ------------------------
|Top Speed C |
|Acceleration C |
|Turns C |
|Grip C |
|Jump F |
Super Sonic
(can drive on water for a limited time, unless you jump forward when you
about to fall)
Wow the cheapest character in the game. No character even comes close to
how fast he is, I lapped "It" and Egg-Robo and almost Metal Sonic on Hard
o All his moves are same as sonic.... ------------------------
|Top Speed A |
|Acceleration A |
|Turns A |
|Grip A |
|Jump A |
2A Find the Sonic Tokens
Resort Island
To unlock Metal Sonic
1. On the top of the rock in front of you
2. Being the waterfall in front of the rock you are on top of.
3. In the 20 Ring door near the ruins
4. Right when the ruin and tunnel merge there will be islands in the
water, on top of one of the coins is the coin
5. Once you go up the mountain and have 2 choices, take the longer way
(the left)
How to do it with SxPxExExD ^_^
(I will do this all the Speed ones with Super Sonic because...it will be a
lot easier, so get the Emeralds before you work on getting the other secret
You want to go on top of the rock, then go behind the waterfall. Keep
running towards the ruins and go to the island. Then take the long way and
get that coin. Now you have 4 out of 5. Go on the loop to get some coins
then run to the 20 coin door and get the token. Now instead of taking the
mountain path, go behind the trees, and do the race with the shortcuts.
Radical Highway
To unlock "it" or Tails doll
1. After the rock tunnel, drop to the very left.
2. Crash through the construction stuff near the 2 way intersection into
the pinball land.
3. Near the end of the race, go through the 20 coin door.
4. Take the left path after the rock tunnel (not the one you fall) and keep
going straight all the way you can't miss it.
5. Take the left path after the rock tunnel (not the one you fall) and look
to your left hand side till you see construction stuff go through it (with
speed) and you will land on this platform with coins and the token.
How to do it with SxPxExExD ^_^
First double jump at the top so you don't have to go down near the water,
then fall off after the rock tunnel. Get that one then keep going till you
see a wooden floorboard (its not passed the water) now run and jump straight
over the guardrail (nice glitch) now go in reverse and get the token over
there. Now go the correct way while paying attention to your ride hand side.
Once you see the construction stuff break through to pinball land and get
that token. Now keep going and go through the 20 coin door and get that token.
You have four out of the five. Now take the left path after the rock tunnel
(not the one you fall) and look for the construction stuff on the left hand
side, and break through (with speed) and get that token. Now beat the rest
with the shortcuts.
Regal Ruin
To unlock Egg-Robo
1. Stay on the left side and get the token there.
2. Get the one on top of the mountain.
3. Get the one on top of the spring (first 3 are before you have to go up
that huge slope)
4. Keep going down the twisty part and stay on the path, now go up the
steep and get that token.
5. Go straight through the water into the tunnel, then go up the stairs to
get the coin on the left.
How to do it with SxPxExExD ^_^
First go on the left and get the coin up there, now go and get the one on the
mountain, then go to the spring and get the one there. You have 3 so far,
keep going on the path till you can go up and get the 4th one on the slope.
Now keep going till you comeback to the one you got on the mountain, go
through the water into that tunnel. (Super Sonic can walk on water forever by
jumping while pushing forward so don't worry about the water just don't stop
moving) Now go up the stairs and turn left and get the coin through there.
Now take short cuts the rest of the way.
Reactive Factory
To unlock Metal Knuckles
1. Go to the submarine right in front of you
2. In the kinda hidden area with the pool of water, its right in front of
it. (near start next to the arrow sign)
3. Go on the left path up till you get to the 20 coin door and get the token
4. Go on the right path and get the coin there (3 and 4 paths are after the
Accelerator if you keep going straight and don't turn right)
5. Near the end in the corner cant miss it if you stay on track.
How to do it with SxPxExExD ^_^
First go straight and get the one at the sub, now once you have to jump to
get to the loop, instead hold R and right on the control stick till you land.
Now don't go on the accelerator and keep going straight. Take the left path
and get the token in the room in there. Now a little past the finish line
there is a kinda secret room next to the arrow sign it has a pool of water
get the token in there. Now go in the room and spring back on course. Now use
the R+right trick again and go straight and take the right path this time.
After you get that token get the one near the corner, and finish the rest
with the shortcuts.
3A Finding the Emeralds
*Note* If you are a beginner I recommend you try to get 1 emerald at a time
in each level as opposed to both of them (excluding resort island)
Resort Island
Blue Emerald: Through the 50 coin door
Radical City
Green Emerald: At the very beginning of the level near the water on the left
hand side, there is a 20 coin door.
Purple Emerald: Near the right hand construction thing, if you don't fall
into the pinball land there is a 50 coin door, go through it.
Regal Ruin
Yellow Emerald: On the left hand side near the token keep following that path
and go through the door, the crystal will emerge out of the pyramid like
thing. 50 Coins
Orange Emerald: At the top of the very first slope there is a door go through
it. 20 Coins
Reactive Factory
Red Emerald: After the look there is a 50 coin door go through it and the
emerald will pop out of the thing. 50 Coins.
Gray Emerald: Before the Accelerator go on the left side (not on the course)
and go through the door, it will pop out of the submarine. 50 Coins.
4A Shortcuts/Fastway (these are for Grand Prix, because some involve coins)
Resort Island
My Fastest Lap 0:16:63
My Fastest Time 0:50:93
If you character can go on top of water it's faster, now go through the
water into the ruins, then turn as fast as you can so that you can go through
the trees, then instead of going through the loop, go on the right side.
Rinse and repeat. If you character cannot go through the water then go the
normal way but make sure you go through the ruins/forest.
Radical Highway
My Fastest Lap 0:25:16
My Fastest Time 1:24:70
First you want to double jump right when you get out of the tunnel, then
once you are in the rock tunnel take the one on your right side and keep
going till you are at the water, do go through the water yet go to the wooden
floor to hop over the railing, now look on the right hand side for the
construction stuff and break through to pinball land. Now keep going and go
through the 20 coin door, now instead of going through rock tunnel go through
the door, and go onto the wooden panel and repeat the above steps. During Lap
2 and 3 you may use the Accelerator if you have enough coins.
Regal Ruins
My Fastest Lap: 0:17:70
My Fastest Time 1:00:56
Go straight till you get to the top of the mountain, jump so that you land
on the land near the hidden tunnel or if you character can make it the hidden
tunnel. Now once you are in the hidden tunnel go up the stairs and take the
left. Rinse and repeat....it's really that easy.
Reactive Factory
My Fastest Lap 0:24:0
My Fastest Time 1:14:80
Keep going straight till you have a choice to take the left slope or right
slope, take the shorter right slope, then once you get to the jump hold the R
button and right on the control stick till you are safe to land (its such a
cool shortcut...computer Amy showed me) now if you have enough coins go
through the accelerator, but don't go straight go right instead. Hop over the
water and keep going straight and just jump over the obstacle instead of
turning left and going around it. Rinse and repeat.
Radiant Emerald
My Fastest Lap 0:35:40
My Fastest Time 2:07:23
"Go through the first lap getting as many rings as possible and take the
second door. Ideally, you should open the first door during the second lap
with 90+ rings so you can use the booster for its full 50. Repeat for lap
three." Suggested my Gamefaqs member Scizor CT
5A Glitches *COMING SOON*
Please e-mail me any glitches you encounter, read my Contact Info on how to
reach me
6A Credits
WOOOOOOOOOOOOHOOOOOOOOO you are now at the bottom of my FAQ, must have been
hard to read all that.
First of I would like to thank CJAYC for making gamefaqs so that this FAQ my
be posted
I would like to thank my loving mom, my sisters, and my grandma (I'm
surrounded by woman!!!)
I would like to thank the creator of Sonic, for making my favorite game
franchise of all time (I like it even more that Harvest Moon!!)
I would like to thank Tails for existing because you are the coolest video
game character ever!!!
I would also like to thank everyone who contributed to this FAQ!
If you would like to reach me about this FAQ, please put that in the subject
space....please. My e-mail is firstname.lastname@example.com or you may reach me on
AIM with Hypertails. I would really appreciate it if you would also like to
tell me a faster time to beat a level, or some glitches! Thank you very much.
View in:


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Cropped at an aspect ratio of 16:9.
Using an app such as Instasize make the cropped photo square with a pure white border.
This photo has been filtered after the white border is added - Do not do this. Once the border is added no adjustments or filters should be added before it is published.


text: This past week, I was able to play test the new NY Brothers Alto Mouthpiece and the soon to be released Slant Sig Tenor Sax Mouthpiece from Theo Wanne. I tried the models in a 7 and 7* respectively. Check out the link below to hear some samples: click here


text:
10 Questions: Leaders of the new school?
Part 4 in a 10-part series examining key storylines leading into Patriots' training camp…
The question: Has the locker room issue/leadership void been fixed?
Three factors: Vince Wilfork's impact; Reaction to contract dealings with Tom Brady and Logan Mankins; Maturity of young players
Finding the answer: In case you hadn't heard over the last few months, leadership – or lack thereof – was a major issue in the New England locker room last year. The longtime veterans who had developed and passed on the gospel of the Patriots to scores of young players were mostly gone, retired or jettisoned when the powers that be determined that it was time to move on.
But as Pats' brass learned the hard way last year, players like Tedy Bruschi, Mike Vrabel, Rodney Harrison and Richard Seymour can't be replaced that easily, on the field, and, more importantly, off the field. As a player, Jerod Mayo is as skilled as they come, but he isn't the fire-and-brimstone type Bruschi was nor the imposing locker room cop Willie McGinest was; Brandon Meriweather wants to be the type of mentor Harrison was, but he doesn't have
that cache just yet.
Moves were made to change that this year, starting with the re-signing of Wilfork. Of course, as one of the best at a currently in-demand position, holding onto Wilfork was a smart football move. But it was also a good locker room move – players pay attention to how franchises treat their players, especially core players, and in pro sports, good treatment more often than not comes in the form of dollars. More than that, however, Wilfork wants to be a leader and he can fully embrace that role now that he knows he'll be in New England for the foreseeable future – which is exactly what he wanted all along.
As quarterback, Brady is naturally a leader, though he admitted that he didn't do a great job last year in that role. However, just as Wilfork's contract helped in a variety of ways, getting Brady's contract done could do even more for locker room morale because if one of the greatest winners ever can't get paid properly by New England, would anyone?
Aside from contracts, New England has also made other moves to improve things. Free agent signees Damione Lewis, Alge Crumpler and Torry Holt are all considered to be great locker room additions, and more than half of the team's 12 draft picks served as team captains for their respective college programs.
With 24 draft picks over the last two years, the desire of those players to not only welcome coaching but embrace words of advice from veteran teammates will go a long way toward restoring the Patriot Way – perhaps in a new incarnation, but with the main tenets still in place.


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The protein encoded by CD53 is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Additionally we are shipping CD53 Antibodies (226) and CD53 Kits (3) and many more products for this protein.
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Human CD53 Protein expressed in Wheat germ - ABIN1329990
Zuidscherwoude, Göttfert, Dunlock, Figdor, van den Bogaart, van Spriel: The tetraspanin web revisited by super-resolution microscopy. in Scientific reports 2015
CD53 has a role in macrophage protection against LPS (show TLR4 Proteins)-induced oxidative stress and UVB irradiation
CD53 is associated with population asthma risk via the functional promoter polymorphism -1560 C>T.
SNP rs6679497 in gene CD53 showed significant association with TNFalpha (show TNF Proteins) levels (P=0.001); no association of this SNP was observed with osteoarthritis
Ligation of CD53 triggers a survival response and reduces the number of cells that enter apoptosis. The CD53 antigen interactions might contribute to cell survival in poorly vascularized regions of the tumor mass.
Analysis of lymphocyte subsets showed that the total number of CD3 (show CD3 Proteins)+, CD4 (show CD4 Proteins)+, CD8 (show CD8A Proteins)+ and CD56 (show NCAM1 Proteins)+ lymphocytes increased after the intensive protocol before falling below pre-exercise values at 1 h post-exercise.
The paradox is that lymphocytes from RA patients are believed to resist apoptosis, and we suggest that the elevated expression of CD53, which results from the increased oxidative stress, may protect against apoptosis.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. This encoded protein is a cell surface glycoprotein that is known to complex with integrins. It contributes to the transduction of CD2-generated signals in T cells and natural killer cells and has been suggested to play a role in growth regulation. Familial deficiency of this gene has been linked to an immunodeficiency associated with recurrent infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.
cell surface glycoprotein CD53
, leukocyte surface antigen CD53
, CD53 antigen
, CD53 glycoprotein
, CD53 tetraspan antigen
, antigen MOX44 identified by monoclonal antibody MRC-OX44
, cell surface antigen
, tetraspanin-25
, transmembrane glycoprotein
, tspan-25
, leukocyte antigen MRC OX-44


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text:
So I pretty much know nothing about where to start with the record-keeping aspect of HS. In my state we must keep track of attendance and keep progress reports every 9 weeks. Also I would like to do as some of the others suggested and keep a few of their assignments that show progression. Along with this I will want to keep copies of our letter of intent each year. Another random question... Will I need to request her records from the school board where she attended last year? And will I need to keep those things in our file as well? Thanks for all your help, ladies! =)
Re: Recordkeeping?
I usually get a great lesson plan/record book from staples. It is spiral bound and really thick and sturdy. this year because of money issues, I am just printing one of the internet. google free record keeping/lesson plan forms and you will find tons. there is also a free program online to input and save on paper!
Re: Recordkeeping?
Great question! I myself have always struggled to be diligent in my paperwork, and have generally failed miserably :help:
I am going to go to Staples and see if I can find one of those great books Jamie was talking about. Simple organization is what I need.
As for your question about getting your daughter's records from her previous school, that's also a great question and I don't know the answer. Sorry! I am familiar with the getting started laws but not the coming in in the middle ones. I'm sure the ladies here will know what to tell you!
Re: Recordkeeping?
This site has TONS of stuff! Donna Young's Homeschool Resources and Printables
Re: Recordkeeping?
Yes you should ask for her records and keep them locked up with your files. As for keeping daily records, well its sort of up to how you would like to keep track. I have 2 clip boards and I made up my own record sheet and each kid has their own clip board that I write everything down on. I made up my own record sheet as well. I have toyed with the internet thing, but I dunno. I keep all their papers/workbooks/etc. that they do in a box and label the box for that school year.
Re: Recordkeeping?
I have a big three ring binder and I keep the more involved projects/art in that to show progress. The math we are using has a workbook so I keep that in the binder as well. She has a spelling journal that we use weekly which shows her handwriting and spelling progression. I may keep more as she gets older but K isn't required in TX so I'm not too worried about this year.
Re: Recordkeeping?
I plan on doing a binder for each child and tabbing it by year/grade. I only plan to put a few artifacts in for each year that show progress (first and last handwriitng or writing samples, reading list (that the child has read on her own), final math exam or a few pages that show what they have completed on their own, and pictures of science experiments and social studies projects and/or field trips. My state doesn't require this, but I want it for myself and just in case anyone ever tries to charge me with "educational neglect" (not that I think that would happen). In my state the burden is on the parent to prove the children are learning in such a case. I don't plan on starting this till first grade though - not going to bother for pre-k or k.
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Morning Fizz
Reinstate Limits on Care and Eliminate Guaranteed Coverage
1. Dozens of women will announce plans later this morning to file a lawsuit against Washington State AG Rob McKenna, who is suing the federal government to overturn the Affordable Care Act, AKA Obamacare.
The women are accusing McKenna of violating his duty to state residents. Specifically, the plaintiffs will point to the fact that overturning the ACA would allow insurers to reinstate lifetime limits on care and eliminate guaranteed coverage for birth control, breast and cervical cancer screenings, and other preventative care. The announcement is scheduled for this morning at 10, at the downtown YWCA.
Progressive attorney Knoll Lowney, who, you may remember, wreaked havoc on Republican Dino Rossi's 2008 bid for governor by filing a suit claiming Rossi had illegally colluded with the Building Industry of Association of Washington (forcing Rossi to give a highly publicized deposition at the height of the campaign), is heading up the McKenna suit.
2. In response to a request by state Reps. Joe Fitzgibbon (D-34, W. Seattle, Burien), Marko Liias (D-21, Edmonds) and Reuven Carlyle (D-36, Queen Anne, Ballard), the state Utilities and Transportation Commission has asked the state code reviser for a ruling on whether the state should lift or modify the requirement that phone companies provide white (residential) pages to all residential customers.
Although cities can allow customers to opt out of receiving yellow (business) pages, as Seattle has done, they can't lift the mandate on white-pages delivery.
The letter, which notes that most people now have Internet access, continues, "Communities are also concerned with the environmental impact of printed directories, and local governments are beginning to encourage their citizens to forego these directors as a means of reducing waste and the expense created by directory disposal."
The ruling could ultimately lead cities to eliminate the requirement that phone companies provide white pages, or allow customers to opt out of receiving them.[pullquote]"I think this would harm challengers more than incumbents."—Seattle Ethics & Elections Commission Vice Chair Tarik Burney[/pullquote]
3. The Seattle Ethics and Elections Commission opted yesterday afternoon to wait a month before taking up a proposal by city council member Mike O'Brien to restrict the amount of money candidates for office can roll over from previous campaigns and to prohibit candidates from raising funds before January 1 of an election year.
In proposing postponement, commission chair Bill Sherman urged caution, saying that although he was "entirely sympathetic to the goals" of the proposal, he worried about potential unintended consequences---for example, what if placing time limits on contributions encourages incumbents to solicit huge amounts of money on the first day they're allowed to ask for contributions, thereby intimidating potential challengers out of the race?
Vice chair Tarik Burney added, "I'm just very skeptical that incumbents would raise less money under this proposal," which is one of the arguments proponents have made for the reforms. "I think this would harm challengers more than incumbents."
4. As we noted in yesterday's Jolt, the crew of Democratic candidates going for the open seat in the new 1st Congressional District (the Microsoft suburbs north all the way to the Canadian border) are busy locking up local labor endorsements in advance of this weekend's big statewide Washington State Labor Council endorsement confab—its COPE (Committee on Political Education) meeting.
One big deal labor endorsement we missed: Suzan DelBene got the endorsement of the local Communication Workers of America—techies in the telecom industry. The endorsement is a score for DelBene over one of her main rivals, progressive Darcy Burner, who was herself a CWA member.
Meanwhile, though not a labor endorsement, the Washington Dairy PAC endorsed state Sen. Steve Hobbs (D-44, Lake Stevens) earlier this week, a bit of a slap at the Republican in the field, John Koster—a dairy farmer.
And in more one-upmanship, the 45th Legislative District, the eastside Seattle suburban turf that's in the 1st CD and (prior to the recent district overhaul) was home to Burner and Ruderman, gave Ruderman the 2/3 majority she needed for their sole endorsement last night.
In recommending Ruderman to the group, 45th Endorsement Chair Andrew Villeneuve wrote:
I want to emphasize what a tough decision this was. From a field of five, we were able to quickly narrow our choices down to three: Darcy Burner, Suzan DelBene, and Laura Ruderman. However, we then we had a difficult decision to make, for they are all strong Democratic women who are campaigning aggressively and campaigning well. We were impressed with each of them.
We very much enjoyed listening to Suzan DelBene's deep, substantive analysis of longstanding issues. And we appreciated Darcy Burner's insights as a problem solver and a strategist who has worked to organize progressive members of Congress in the District of Columbia.
But we were most impressed with Laura Ruderman.
Not only does she have a compelling plan to win, but she seems to be the candidate that the other candidates would be most comfortable supporting if they did not survive in August. That's our impression. And that says a lot about her. It is extremely important that we be united after the August winnowing election is over. We will need to get behind our candidate quickly; this will be a tough race in a very competitive district. We see Laura as a unifier, a team player, and a leader. We are very pleased to recommend her for endorsement.


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Yay another update! I'm always excited when I see another update from you. Love this new one.
I like games. Mostly, I LOVE modifications. Mods are a way to use a particular gaming engine (with/without available SDK's or tool creating) and make it "more useful". Useful in a way that it hasn't been used before. Maybe HL2 in space. Or COD4 and MW in a paradox. Or reviving GTA games' textures, models, scenes and missions into our current generation. Maybe using assets from the contents of a game and making it into something new, something better....something thrilling and inspiring! Whatever a mod is, it's no doubt a change in a game.
Yay another update! I'm always excited when I see another update from you. Love this new one.
Whooo! Good progress. Even in my small-ish house map, I too have to recompile several times just to get the lighting right.
Appreciate what you do Eyaura!
Hey Eyaura, your progress every month keeps me looking forward to your final release! Even after all these months and years, you continue to surprise everyone with your awesome work!
And man I feel the same way about mapping. My first real map consisting of a small hut next to a road corner took me about a few weeks to finish. That's after finding out the method to optimize the inside and outside area. Quite some work.
So rock on Eyaura!
I can wait Eyaura! The more time spent, the better the mod will be
Love the HUD improvements!
I'm eagerly awaiting the abstract portions of this mod. c:
Stunning! I like seeing every update. Makes me wonder how vast the world is going to be.
*UPDATE* I loaded up wc_08 in console and the map began right after the elevator opens. However previously, it didn't load the next map from that point. Odd.
I'm on wc_07 and I'm in the sewer section after going down the long elevator, and there doesn't seem to be any way to progress. Am I overlooking something or is the next map supposed to load? I see a grate in the water but that's not opening, and I noclipped around the area and there's nowhere else to go.
Time to finally play this!
Neat! I should replay this mod sometime. Always a classic.
Sucks that we gotta wait another hour. Oh well
Glad things are looking up! I appreciate the time and dedication in this mod.
I'm having a bug with the book that tells you a password if you do the goal, next to the mannequin arm. The book keeps bugging on me and I can't exit out sometimes.
The numbers are ordered in the stages of life.
So I'm at the riddle with the rooms and I think I have it figured out. The hint helped, but I don't think I got it right. Are there only four numbers to the safe?
EDIT: Comment below helped, oops
Yet again, no idea what I played. But it was cool and that's all that matters.
Oh snap. This brings so much memories from the first part. I can't wait to see the development.
...I'm not sure what I played.
This mod was really well done! Only thing negative is the voice acting, but nonetheless after the first few chapters, it got me hooked into finishing it.
The level design was fantastic. However, you should try to add some puzzles here and there to make the mod longer. I sped through without doing much, but because I sped through it means the linear path is well coordinated. I might play it over again and see what secrets lie in each map.
I'm crazily looking into videos for the sewer part. I am NOT going to be responsible for breaking my sliding keyboard drawer due to sheer terror. Is anyone even up to this part?
I finally finished V2, but then I wanted to go back and play V1. Sadly the steampipe conversion broke it. :(
Fun mod, reminds me of the ole escaping through sewers and stuff like in HL2. Good luck making it the best it can be!
This looks well built and up to scale.
Looks and tastes just like the first Silent Hill.
You're going to become one of my favorite devs. :D
Ok this map is bordering 'ooo the sdk is released let me make a map' so it's nothing of an Amnesia mod quality.
Hmm I'm gonna try this.


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Tower Crane Operator
Operate a huge tower crane to move around heavy materials.
Operates yarding machine to pull logs from cutting area to landing: Controls direction, speed, and braking of cable drums to position chokers or grapples over logs, pull logs across cutting area, lift logs over tree trunks and other obstructions, and position logs for loading onto trucks, using pedals and hand levers in response to whistle or horn code signals. May drag blocks, cable, and other equipment to rigging crew. May raise steel tower, or prerigged spar, and tension guy lines. May drive self-propelled yarder between yarding sites. May be designated according to type of yarding system used as High-Lead Yarder; Sky-Line Yarder; Slack-Line Yarder; or according to type of equipment operated as Grapple-Yarder Operator; Steel-Spar Operator; Triple-Drum Operator. May control machinery on deck of pullboat in cypress forest and be designated Pullboat Engineer.


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Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is likely to provide a mechanism for learning and memory. Cortical synaptic responses that are strengthened within a fixed synaptic modification range after 5 days of motor skill learning are driven near the top of their range, leaving only limited room for additional synaptic strengthening. If synaptic strengthening is a requisite step for acquiring new skills, near saturation of long-term potentiation (LTP) should impede further learning or the LTP mechanism should recover after single-task learning. Here we show that the initial learning-induced synaptic enhancement is sustained even long after training has been discontinued and that the synaptic modification range shifts upward. This range shift places increased baseline synaptic efficacy back within the middle of its operating range, allowing prelearning levels of LTP and long-term depression. Persistent synaptic strengthening might be a substrate for long-term retention in motor cortex, whereas the shift in synaptic modification range ensures the availability for new synaptic strengthening.
Plasticity of synaptic connections is now widely believed to play an essential role in learning and memory formation. In the hippocampus, cortex, and amygdala, population measures indicate that long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are associated with learning to modify synaptic efficacy (Martin et al. 2000). Learning generally leads to an overall enhancement of synaptic responses in the hippocampus (Gruart et al. 2006; Moser et al. 1993; Sacchetti et al. 2001; Whitlock et al. 2006), the neocortex (Hodgson et al. 2005; Monfils and Teskey 2004; Rioult-Pedotti et al. 1998; Roman et al. 1999; Ziemann et al. 2004; but see Cohen and Castro-Alamancos 2005), and the amygdala (Kernan and Shinnick-Gallagher 1997; Rogan et al. 1997). The occlusion of learning by prior LTP saturation in hippocampus (Barnes et al. 1994; Castro et al. 1989; McNaughton et al. 1986; Moser et al. 1998) and the occlusion of LTP after learning in the neocortex (Monfils and Teskey 2004; Rioult-Pedotti et al. 2000; Ziemann et al. 2004) and the hippocampus (Gruart et al. 2006; Whitlock et al. 2006) has been used to argue that LTP is the mechanism by which learning strengthens synapses.
Synapses appear to have a finite ceiling and floor that define a synaptic modification range. The synaptic modification range can be experimentally defined using saturating levels of electrically induced LTP and LTD (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 2000). In a previous study, 5 days of training on a pellet reach-and-grasp task enhanced the efficacy of horizontal connections in the primary motor cortex (MI), revealed as an increase in field potential (FP) amplitude over control. At this time synapses approached the upper limit of the synaptic modification range shown by the occlusion of LTP in slices in the engaged motor cortex horizontal pathways (Martin and Morris 2001; Rioult-Pedotti et al. 2000). The saturating effect of learning-related modification predicts that unless synapses are placed closer to the midpoint of the synaptic modification range, additional strengthening through LTP-like mechanisms in vivo would be blocked. Indeed, such interference has been reported in humans (Shadmer and Brashers-Krug 1997); learning one motor skill transiently interferes with learning another motor skill. Here, we hypothesized that the capacity for further potentiation would be restored if either overall strengthening diminished after initial learning or if the limiting modification range shifted or expanded.
The rat motor skill learning paradigm has specific advantages to test these hypotheses. First, horizontal connections in the MI forelimb area are markedly and reliably enhanced during motor skill learning, providing a robust marker of synaptic change. Second, strengthening is unilateral so that the untrained MI serves as a within-animal control for the training and other behavioral effects that may vary when data are compared across animals. Third, learning-induced changes can be evaluated in slice preparations, allowing control not only of sample site, but also of recording and preparation conditions.
In this study we present evidence that the initial learning-induced increase in synaptic strength persists and the task is retained even when task performance is discontinued for ≥2 mts. The operating range shifts upward and places increased synaptic strength back to the middle of the operating range.
Animals were cared for in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines for laboratory animal welfare. All experiments were approved by the Brown University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Adult female Sprague–Dawley rats (180–220 g) were kept in pairs (one to three pairs per cage) and were food restricted to maintain their body weight at 85% of their free feeding weight. One rat of each pair was trained in a skilled reaching task whereas the second rat was used as an untrained control animal. The training apparatus has been modified compared with the apparatus used for previously published work using the motor skill learning paradigm. The new task is more difficult for the rats to perform and thus the success rate in general is lower compared with the success rate previously published. For training, rats were placed in a training cage (Coulburn, Habitest), with an attached food box (custom-made) holding a single food pellet (45 mg; Noyes Precision Food Pellets). Rats had to learn to reach with their preferred forelimb through an aperture. The size of the aperture was adjustable, which allowed shaping of the animals by leaving the opening larger for the first 20 successful reaches. When the rat reached into the box, the paw interrupted a horizontal light beam that counted the number of reaches, their duration, and the interval between reaches. When a pellet was removed, a second vertical light beam opened and the release of a new pellet was triggered. With every release of a pellet, a pellet was also dispensed from a second feeder to an untrained control rat sitting in a similar adjacent cage. Untrained control rats, which received amounts of handling similar to those of the trained rats, did not have to reach for the pellet but could pick it up in the preferred way, which usually was the snout. One training session lasted until 150 pellets were successfully reached. Animals had one training session per day. Thus the only difference between the trained animal and the untrained control was that the latter did not have to reach for pellets using only one limb. Two measures were quantified: first, the "reaching performance," which includes reach, grasp, and retrieval of a food pellet. The reaching performance was defined as the success rate of the reaching behavior, quantified as the ratio of successful reaches and the total number of reaches and as efficiency, which is the reaching time per successfully retrieved pellet. The second, independent measure included the number of dropped pellets and describes the end phase of the reach from the moment the paw leaves the food box to the usually bimanual consumption of the food pellet.
Animals were divided in three training groups. Rats that were trained for 3–6 days [short task performance (STP)], rats that received extended training [23–105 days, extended task performance (ETP)], and rats that received initial training (5 or 14 days) and were subjected to a retention test or electrophysiological recordings 78 days after training started [short task performance, 5 days, plus 2 mts (STP + 2 mts)]. Some additional animals received retention tests 3 and 4 mts after task performance had been discontinued to test for task recall.
One to 2 days or 2 mts after task learning and performance brains were removed and coronal slices (hemispheres attached), including the region of the MI forelimb representation, were prepared as described in detail elsewhere (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 1998). All electrophysiology experiments were done blind to the experimental condition. Slices were superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) of the following composition (in mM): 126 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 1 MgSO4, 2 CaCl2, and 10 glucose, bubbled with a 95% O2-5% CO2, at 35.0 ± 0.5°C. The humidified atmosphere over the slices was saturated with 95% O2-5% CO2. Evoked extracellular FPs (0.033 Hz, 200 μs) were recorded in layer II/III of the MI forelimb representation as described in detail elsewhere (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 1998). The amplitude rather than the slope of evoked FPs was used as a measure of the population excitatory synaptic response because in the neocortex the initial slope is contaminated by antidromic stimulation and therefore does not represent an accurate measure. The stimulation (concentric bipolar) and recording electrodes (0.9% NaCl-filled glass pipettes) were placed in layer II/III 500 μm apart. The hemisphere ipsilateral to the trained forelimb, the untrained hemisphere, served as within-animal control. The strength of horizontal connections was examined simultaneously in each hemisphere. Input–output (I/O) curves were assessed to determine the synaptic strength for a range of stimulation intensities in each hemisphere using multiples of threshold intensity (1–5×). Threshold intensity was defined as the stimulation intensity required to produce a 0.2 mV response amplitude. After establishing at least a 20 min period of stable recordings using the stimulation intensity that produced 50% maximal response amplitude, repeated theta burst stimulation (TBS) preceded by local transient bicuculline application (Hess et al. 1996) or low-frequency stimulation (LFS) were applied until responses reached a maximum or minimum strength (i.e., were saturated). The standard LTP induction protocol was five TBS delivered every 10 s at twice test stimulation intensity. Each TBS consisted of 10 bursts (five pulses at 100 Hz/burst) delivered at 5 Hz. The standard LTD induction protocol was LFS at 2 Hz for 15 min at twice test stimulation intensity (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 1998). Pathways were considered saturated if the difference between two consecutive states of LTP or LTD was not significantly different (P > 0.5). Maximum LTP and LTD values are expressed as percentage of baseline (⇓⇓Figs. 3 and 4) and as voltage (Fig. 5). To calculate interhemisphere ratios, values >100% for LTP and <100% for LTD were used. Numbers indicate animals. Paired two-tailed t-tests were used for statistical analysis.
Behavioral task learning
Adult rats learned to reach with one forelimb through an aperture to grasp and retrieve single food pellets. Pellet retrieval improved over the first 4–5 days, then stabilized at 27.4 ± 0.1% success (mean for days 6–23, n = 13; ETP, Fig. 1A). Retrieval success showed no further improvement with continual, daily training ≤105 successive days. The reaching efficiency, which is the reaching time per successfully retrieved pellet, improved with a similar time course and stabilized at 9.04 ± 0.08 s (mean for days 6–23, n = 13). An independent learning measure, number of dropped pellets, improved with a slower time course. The number of dropped pellets decreased over 15 training days (Fig. 1A) without further change (mean = 6.6 ± 0.8 for days 16–23, n = 13). Thus both measures indicate that learning had stabilized by day 15.
Another group of animals was trained either for 5 days or until behavioral measures stabilized (14 days) and examined for task retention 78 days after training started (STP + 2 mts).
Results in Fig. 1B indicate that the initially learned skill was retained for 2 mts without any task performance (% success: initial training 34.78 ± 6.04; retention 34.7 ± 4.26. Drops: initial training 11.89 ± 1.59; retention 12 ± 1.65, n = 8). Additional rats that learned and performed the task for 5 or 14 days were retested for task retention 3 or 4 mts later. All animals remembered the task (results not illustrated).
Rats that performed the learned task on a daily basis for an extended period of time (ETP) did not show further performance improvement. Rats that acquired and performed the task for a short period of time (STP + 2 mts) still performed at maximum level even though task performance was discontinued. These results indicate that once the task is acquired, daily performance is not necessary for retention. Next we determined the electrophysiological correlates of extended task performance (ETP) and task retention (STP + 2 mts) in the forelimb motor cortex. For comparison we added another group of short task performance (STP) and an untrained control group (Ctrl) (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 2000).
Persistent synaptic strengthening
Comparison of the three groups of trained animals demonstrated that enhancement of extracellular FPs induced by initial training (3–6 days, STP) persisted whether task performance was continued (ETP) or discontinued (STP + 2 mts). Figure 2 illustrates the larger FP amplitudes observed in the trained MI in all training conditions, whereas untrained control animals showed no interhemisphere difference. To examine whether the effects were a function of stimulation intensities used, FP amplitudes were compared for a range of stimulation intensities at multiples of threshold intensity. Similar FP enhancement was evident across stimulation intensities, as illustrated by the I/O relationships in single examples from STP, ETP, and STP + 2 mts rats (Fig. 2A). No such interhemisphere difference was observed in an untrained control rat (left). Stimulation intensities required to produce threshold responses (0.2 mV) were not significantly different in both hemispheres for all three conditions (trained MI 7.9 ± 0.3 μA; untrained MI 8.1 ± 0.28 μA; n = 28, P > 0.5), indicating that the documented learning effect did not depend on the absolute stimulation intensities applied. Figure 2B illustrates evoked responses from individual animals (same as in Fig. 2A) for all stimulation intensities and training conditions.
Group data confirmed the persistent FP enhancement with and without extended task performance. The mean FP amplitude ratios between trained and untrained hemispheres were similar for all three groups: STP 1.43 ± 0.08 (n = 31, P < 0.0001); ETP 1.44 ± 0.07 (n = 20, P < 0.0001); STP + 2 mts 1.52 ± 0.092 (n = 8, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2C). These ratios were significantly greater than those in untrained controls, which showed no significant interhemisphere difference (0.95 ± 0.09, n = 23, P = 0.9). These results demonstrate that the synaptic strengthening of MI intracortical connections observed after 3–6 training days persisted irrespective of whether task performance was continued.
Shift of the synaptic modification range
We next determined the effect of extended task performance and retention on the synaptic modification range. Repeated high- and low-frequency stimulations were used to determine LTP and LTD saturation levels, which define the upper (ceiling) and lower (floor) limits of the synaptic modification range. Figure 3 (left) illustrates LTP saturation experiments for individual animals in the three different training conditions: 3 days (Fig. 3A, STP), 23 days (Fig. 3B, ETP), and 5 days trained and recorded 2 mts later (Fig. 3C, STP + 2 mts). As previously shown (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 2000), STP yielded small levels of LTP in the trained compared with the untrained MI (Fig. 3A, left, individual rat, traces 2 and 4). However, LTP amounts were large in both hemispheres in the ETP rat (Fig. 3B, left, traces 6 and 8), and in the STP + 2 mts rat (Fig. 3C, left, traces 10 and 12). Group data confirm the return to normal LTP (with respect to initial baseline) in ETP and STP + 2 mts rats. Figure 3 (right) illustrates maximum LTP for all three training conditions. The relative amount of LTP was similar in the trained (148.0 ± 4.5%, n = 9) and untrained MI (146.7 ± 3.9%, n = 6, P = 0.83) in the ETP group (Fig. 3B, right) as well as in the STP + 2 mts rats (untrained MI: 151.72 ± 4.13%, n = 6; trained MI: 146.3 ± 3.02%, n = 6, P = 0.74; Fig. 3C, right). This is in marked contrast to the STP group (Fig. 3A, right) where LTP was saturated at 115.6 ± 5.5 and 146.6 ± 6.7% of baseline in the trained and untrained MI, respectively (n = 5 for both hemispheres, P = 0.007).
LTD levels, like those of LTP, were affected by ETP and STP + 2 mts; less LTD was found in the trained MI than in the STP group. However, LTD saturation was similar to that of untrained rats. Figure 4 (left) illustrates LTD saturation experiments. Results from single cases show no interhemisphere difference with ETP (Fig. 4B, traces 6 and 8) and STP + 2 mts (Fig. 4C, traces 10 and 12) but greater LTD in the trained compared with the untrained MI in an STP rat (Fig. 4A, traces 4 and 2). Group data verify that LTD saturation in the ETP and STP + 2 mts groups returned to pretraining levels (maximal LTD: ETP, trained MI = 75.9 ± 2.9%, n = 7; untrained MI = 74.8 ± 2.2%; n = 5, P = 0.72; STP + 2 mts, trained MI = 65.8 ± 3.3%, n = 5; untrained MI = 69.9 ± 2.3%, n = 5, P = 0.34) (Fig. 4, B and C, right). In terms of the relative amount of LTD, the ETP trained MI was different from the STP trained MI (59.7 ± 2.7%, n = 6, P = 0.0004), but not different from the STP untrained MI (76.4 ± 3.2%, n = 7, P = 0.91; Fig. 4A, right). The same is true when STP and STP + 2 mts groups are compared (untrained, P = 0.001; trained, P = 0.84).
The difference in LTP and LTD saturation between the three experimental groups is readily seen by comparing the ratios of saturated LTP and LTD between trained and untrained MI for all training conditions (Fig. 5, A and B). Figure 5A illustrates that initial learning (STP) reduced the interhemisphere ratio of maximal synaptic strength (ceiling) from 1.05 ± 0.06 (left/right) in untrained controls (Ctrl) to 0.38 ± 0.09. The interhemisphere ratio recovered to control levels in the ETP group (0.99 ± 0.12) and in the STP + 2 mts group (0.99 ± 0.08). The amount of available LTD was also evident when the ratio between sides was compared. Initial training produced an increase in the interhemisphere ratio from 1.04 ± 0.08 in untrained controls (Ctrl) to 1.61 ± 0.14 (STP). The interhemisphere ratio of saturated LTD returned to pretraining levels following extended task performance (1.02 ± 0.06) as well as when performance was discontinued following initial training (1.09 ± 0.19) (Fig. 5B). Pathways that were saturated with repeated low-frequency stimulation were successfully repotentiated, demonstrating that synaptic modification mechanisms were intact when LTD was measured.
Analysis of LTP/LTD as percentage of baseline illustrates that STP leads to a transient decrease in LTP and increase in LTD, which then returns to pretraining levels with and without continued task performance. This result gives the impression that the Ctrl and ETP and STP + 2 mts synaptic modification ranges are identical. Comparing absolute FP amplitudes at saturation reveals a different picture. Figure 5C shows the same data set as used for previous figures in absolute amplitudes (in millivolts) at baseline, saturated LTP (dark gray) and saturated LTD (light gray) in all training conditions for each hemisphere. This analysis reveals that in contrast to the FP enhancement, the synaptic modification range was altered in the ETP and the STP + 2 mts rats compared with STP and control rats. A new ceiling and floor of the synaptic modification range is established irrespective of whether the animals continue to perform the task or not (ceiling Ctrl: 0.95 ± 0.04 mV, n = 16; STP + 2 mts tr: 1.37 ± 0.07 mV, n = 6; P = 0.0036; floor Ctrl: 0.48 ± 0.06 mV, n = 14, STP + 2 mts tr: 0.73 ± 0.06 mV, n = 6, P = 0.02), whereas the baseline responses, once enhanced, remain enhanced (baseline Ctrl: 0.74 ± 0.035, n = 32; STP + 2 mts tr MI: 0.97 ± 0.028, n = 11, P = 0.0015). The new limits effectively place the enhanced synaptic strength back to the middle of the new operating range, regaining the ability to both increase and decrease synaptic strength. Individual amplitude measurements for controls, STP, and STP + 2 mts are illustrated in Supplementary Fig. 1.1
This study reveals that the initial, learning-related enhancement of synaptic strength is maintained for weeks and parallels the retention of the initially learned skill. Second, the synaptic modification range shifted upward and restored full dynamic operating range. The persistent change in synaptic strength could reflect the permanent storage of the skill, whereas the range shift might ensure the availability for new synaptic strengthening and suggests a novel homeostatic mechanism in vivo.
Sustained strengthening and task retention
That memories can last for a very long time, even a lifetime, leads to the question whether synaptic strengthening can last, too. If a memory is created by previous experience a change in synaptic efficacy should be detectable somewhere in the brain (Martin and Morris 2002; Martin et al. 2000). Here, we show that motor skill acquisition, performance, and retention leave a long-lasting detectable trace in MI. The longevity of electrically induced synaptic strengthening has been studied extensively mainly in the hippocampus but also in neocortex, both in vivo and in vitro. It has been shown that LTP has the capacity to underlie short to very long term memories (for review, see Abraham 2003). Surprisingly, only very few studies investigated the issue of LTP persistence that parallels behavioral observations. In the neocortex persistent LTP appears to require multiple stimulation episodes delivered over many days (Racine et al. 1995), which is consistent with the view that neocortex is a slow learning system, requiring repeated training or stimulation episodes for long-term synaptic modification (Marr 1971; McClelland et al. 1995; Milner 1998). Once this neocortical LTP is established in vivo it can last for weeks (Trepel and Racine 1998). Our study shows that learning-induced LTP-like increase in synaptic strength is sustained for months while the motor skill is remembered, suggesting that persistent modification might be related to retention of the skill.
The initial enhancement with task acquisition (STP) and persistence with or without extended task performance (ETP and STP + 2 mts) could result from the same or different mechanisms. Task acquisition and/or retention could modify intrinsic properties, synaptic properties, or neuronal connectivity. Increased membrane excitability could lead to larger postsynaptic responses as has been shown during early phases of classical conditioning in hippocampus and MI (Aou et al. 1992; Moyer et al. 1996; Thompson et al. 1996). The finding that membrane excitability in animals that demonstrated long-term retention was indistinguishable from that of naïve controls suggests that this mechanism is not involved in the consolidation process (Thompson et al. 1996). It is therefore unlikely that altered excitability accounts for increased FPs with initial task learning in our experiments because absolute stimulation intensities were not modified with learning. Increased excitability would also more effectively depolarize the postsynaptic neurons during LTP inducing stimulation and thus would lead to increased LTP, rather than occluded LTP as documented in our studies. Moreover, the peak amplitudes of FPs in trained and untrained hemispheres show no temporal displacement, which is consistent with a slope change. Therefore increased FPs are most likely to be of a synaptic nature (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 1998).
Enhanced FP responses could be achieved through a change in the balance between excitation and inhibition. Because inhibition and excitation are most likely temporally overlapping (Anderson et al. 2000; Borg-Graham et al. 1998; Wehr and Zador 2003), especially if inhibitory and excitatory synapses are colocalized on dendrites (Keller 2002; Knott et al. 2002), their relative contribution cannot easily be determined with methods used in this study. We therefore cannot rule out a role for reduced inhibition as a mechanism for the learning-induced enhanced FPs observed here.
Modification and insertion of glutamate receptors to existing synapses have been established as constituting one mechanism for enhanced synaptic strength (reviewed in Derkach et al. 2006; Malenka 2003). Enhanced glutamate-receptor–mediated transmission would lead to larger FPs without affecting the modification range and thus would be consistent with our observations of enhanced population responses and unchanged modification range after initial task learning (STP). Different regulatory mechanisms are likely to be involved in the maintenance of enhanced responses. For example, sustained synaptic strengthening could be mediated by larger or more numerous synapses (reviewed in Harms and Dunaevsky 2006).
Restoration of synaptic plasticity
Initial task acquisition and performance improvement seem to drive population synaptic strength to the upper limit of a fixed operating range, thus creating an imbalance. The saturating effect of learning-related modification predicts that unless synapses are placed closer to the midpoint of the synaptic modification range, additional strengthening through LTP-like mechanisms in vivo would be blocked. Further synaptic strengthening might be prevented by learning-induced generalized inhibition of plasticity in MI, or by homeostatic compensatory mechanisms (Roth-Alpermann et al. 2006), or by a shift of the operating range to adjust to the new enhanced synaptic strength. We have shown that the capacity for MI horizontal connections to express normal amounts of LTP and LTD restores with time after a motor skill has been acquired with or without continuous daily performance. A shift of the operating range was revealed only when absolute response amplitudes were considered (Fig. 5C), whereas the relative measurements simply indicate recovery of LTP and LTD to prelearning levels (Fig. 5, A and B).
Mechanisms involved in the restoration of plasticity are unknown. The observed shift in the modification range could reflect changed features of existing synaptic connections (Luescher et al. 2000) or changes in connectivity (i.e., formation of new synapses). Motor skill learning-dependent synaptogenesis has been shown to occur in functionally reorganized cortex (Kleim et al. 2002). Formation of new synapses could be used for new synaptic strengthening with additional task learning. To be consistent with our observation of maintained synaptic strength newly formed synapses would have to remain inactive during normal activity. Such "silent synapses" have been detected in the adult brain (He et al. 1998; Nusser et al. 1998), but are much more prevalent during development (Isaak et al. 1995; Liao et al. 1995). We find that with ETP and STP + 2 mts the synaptic modification range shifts rather than expands. The formation of silent synapses might therefore explain restoration of the ability to induce LTP but not the reduced LTD in the ETP and STP + 2 mts animals compared with STP. It is possible that other homeostatic mechanisms keep the size of the modification range constant. Motor memories undergo a process of consolidation over time and develop even in the absence of training or task performance. These initially labile memories progress to a more durable condition and finally to a permanent memory (Shadmer and Brasher-Krug 1997). The shift of the floor of the modification range toward larger values may represent such a process of consolidation where existing patterns of strengthened synapses might become permanently established.
The shift of the synaptic modification range could present an alternate interpretation of the postulate that the sum of all synaptic weights remains constant (Abbott and Nelson 2000; Fregnac 1998; Miller 1996; Turrigiano 1999; Turrigiano and Nelson 2000). Our present findings show evidence for a novel homeostatic mechanism in vivo: instead of returning the integrative function of neurons back to within the working range as most models suggest, our results indicate that homeostasis is regained by adjusting the supposedly finite limits of the working range. Whether additional learning can take advantage of the newly available range for further learning is yet to be determined experimentally and would be a strong test of the relationship between learning, synaptic strength, and LTP. Plasticity of synaptic modification range adds a new dimension to how neural circuits change with learning and consolidation. The marked changes in MI appear to provide a useful system to test whether range plasticity is an important mechanism for the acquisition of new cortically mediated behaviors.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants NS-27164 to J. P. Donoghue and MH-073852 to A. Dunaevsky.
We thank D. J. Margolis for help with animal training and B. W. Connors and C. Landisman for useful comments on the manuscript.
↵1 The online version of this article contains supplemental data.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2007 by the American Physiological Society


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