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Editor in Chief
Tove K. Danovich is a writer and editor based in New York, NY. Her work has most recently been published in Quartz, Civil Eats, Modern Farmer, Grist, and others. She is currently working on a book about animal agriculture, sustainable farming, and vegetarianism. Follow her @TKDanovich.
Contributing Editors
Albert Kleine holds a Masters in Land Economy from the University of Cambridge. The the views expressed here are his own and not those of his employer.
Aly Miller grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and graduated from the University of Wisconsin – Madison in 2011 with a Bachelor's Degree in Geography. Aly served for one year as an Americorps farm and nutrition educator in Madison public schools. She has served as a research intern and content creator for the Longhouse Writer's Revival in Rennselaerville, NY working under Molly O'Neill. She currently works The Weiser Kitchen as a test kitchen assistant.
Zoe Keziah Mendelson is from Chicago, IL. She got her BA in Urban Studies from Barnard College of Columbia University. She has been selling mushrooms at Greenmarkets around NYC since 2009. She loves cities, food, and working toward creative solutions within the city-food junction.
Guest Contributors
Michelle Annett is the author of The Lucky Penny, a blog about her life in and out of the kitchen. She is a newly married twenty-something trying to make it in the big bad world of blogging, playing house (but for real!), making reality TV (most of which is not, in fact, real), and being a mom to a 45 pound fur ball, named Penny.
Karl Baumann is a digital artist, filmmaker, and scholar. His current work explores immersive, playable, and mobile media to navigate the complex layers of urban spaces. After completing an MFA in Digital Arts and New Media (DANM) at UC Santa Cruz, Karl taught media literacy with the Boys and Girls Club and was active in Occupy Oakland. In addition to his locative and playable media projects, Karl has produced multiple award-winning documentaries and experimental videos, within the US and internationally. He is an Annenberg Fellow in the Media Arts Practice (MAP) PhD program at the University of Southern California. Karl is currently working with the Mobile and Environmental Media Lab (MEML), the World Building Media Lab (WBML), and the Annenberg Innovation Lab (AIL).
Alexander Baumgartner is a filmmaker and photographer from Switzerland. You can see more of his work on his website.
Julia Benedict is a writer for theater and television who has become increasingly concerned with food politics. She lives in Brooklyn.
Dr. Regina Bernard-Carreno was born and raised in Hells Kitchen, NYC. She holds graduate degrees from Columbia University and the City University of New York. She has taught at Hunter College and Boricua College, and is currently an assistant professor of Black and Latino Studies at Baruch College (CUNY). She is the author of two books, journal articles, as well as pieces for edited collections. Dr. Bernard-Carreno teaches courses and workshops on food access, history, culture and (in)justice in low income communities.
Allie Bornstein grew up and lives in Minneapolis, MN. Outside of working in Financial Risk Consulting, she maintains her own website, The Nutritional Epiphany. designed to use photography to inspire people to eat well, cook, and be active. Allie also enjoys teaching group fitness classes, trying new restaurants, spending time at the lake and enjoying the vibrant arts scene that Minneapolis has to offer.
Natasha Bowens is a photographer, writer, food sovereignty activist and a landless farmer who began documenting her farming journey on her blog Brown.Girl.Farming. in 2010, and wrote a series entitled The Color of Food for Grist.org. She sees faces and voices of color missing from the food movement and is on a mission to find fellow farmers of color and amplify them through multi-media projects. She is working on an upcoming photo documentary in book-form, called "The Color of Food."
Zack Bradford is a dedicated and passionate environmental advocate with over twelve years of professional experience. He has spent the past five years working in environmental policy and advocacy, but has also worked as a freelance copyeditor and writer for environmental non-profits and as a chemist working on fuel cells. Recently his passions have turned to food, and in his free time he enjoys exploring the complex world of bacterial and yeast cultures—his kitchen is a veritable laboratory of cultured foods.
Zachi Brewster is in the final year of her Gastronomic Sciences degree. Although originally a Londoner she has been living and studying at an international university in Northern Italy for the past three years. She is an avid writer, traveler and eater.
Jessica Bride is a New Orleans native who has lived in New York, Switzerland, London, Colorado, Florida and Baton Rouge. She has a background in high-end restaurants including front of the house, back of the house, openings, training, marketing, strategy, wine, sales and development. She graduated from Southeastern Louisiana University with a BA in Communications and Journalism in 1996, received the Grande Diplome from the French Culinary Institute, now International Culinary Center, in 2004 and has studied wine extensively with the Wine & Spirits Education Trust in London as well as the Court of Master Sommelier in the US. Jessica is the creator and co-founder, along with Chef John Besh, of Chefs Move!, is a director of Friends of the ICC and a director of The John Besh Foundation. She is co-chair of the Strategic Partnerships committee for the New Orleans Junior League, is a food and lifestyle writer and blogs at www.belleannee.com. She is married with three children and a dog named Lucy.
Kara Brown grew up in Northeast Georgia, and went on to obtain two English degrees. After graduate school, she lived in Vermont for almost five years, where she became deeply entrenched in a vibrant food culture. Now back in Georgia, she still loves preparing food, eating food, talking about food, and writing about food.
Shundara Castion is a blogger, foodie, and photographer with a passion for all things food. She cooks and photographs yummy meals for her blog savynaturalista. A city girl from L.A, she now lives in the suburbs in the middle of a desert.
Izzy Darby writes Veganizzm, a vegan food blog which was recently "Best Food Blog" in Madison Magazine's Best of Madison 2013. Izzy also puts her love of food, writing, and the internet to to use working for Yelp in Madison, WI. In her free time she enjoys cooking, biking, and coming up with puns.
Jacob Day is a graduate student at Washington State University and has worked in and studied politics for ten year, most recently working on the 2012 governor's race in Washington State. He maintains a political news blog at jacobwday.blogspot.com.
Leah Douglas is a student and writer in Providence, Rhode Island. Her academic focus is on sustainable agriculture and food systems reform. Her work has been featured in Rhode Island Monthly, Bluestockings, Smithsonian's Food & Think, and Serious Eats. She loves writing, reading, and talking about food.
Lauren Dunn is a New England native with a passion for cooking and all things food, which she chronicles at her blog dunnright.wordpress.com. She works in digital preservation for the Internet Archive, a nonprofit working to digitize historical resources for public access. She currently lives in Somerville, MA.
Lloyd Ellman is a New York to Los Angeles transplant working to make a career out of his love for fish tacos and nerdy kitchen projects. He firmly believes that good food is the answer to all of humanity's problems. Follow his sporadic tweets here.
Pauline Georges works with a non-profit dedicated to reducing food insecurity in New York City. After completing her degree in Environmental Science in Sydney, she spent many years working with environmental non-profits in Australia. Obsessed with all things food, she writes about her cooking experiments, food and restaurant trends, social observations, food policy and hunger issues.
Olivia Gerber is a barista at the Good Food Award winning Case Coffee Roasters in Ashland, Oregon. She is also passionate about agriculture, and has worked on many farms, both at home and abroad in Italy and Turkey. You can find some of her musings on food here: http://findingfeast.tumblr.com/.
Joel Gombiner was raised in Seattle, WA and now resides in Brooklyn, NY. He works as a lab assistant, an after-school tutor, and a mushroom seller. In his spare time he likes to research mushrooms and develop hydroponic planters.
Lily Gordon is a sophomore at the University of Chicago majoring in Environmental Studies with a minor in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. She reports on food, music, and social justice, and started a community garden on campus. She has worked at Camp Treetops for the last three summers.
Reeve Gutsell has a Master of Science, Master of Fine Arts, and is becoming a certified Master Gardener. She hopes someday to become a Master of Her Own Destiny. When not being socially and politically outraged, she enjoys reading, writing, and plotting next year's garden.
Matt Heffernan has worked with the food systems non-profit New Amsterdam Market since 2010, most recently as Director of Operations. He lives in Brooklyn, NY with his wife and daughter.
Linsday Henry is pursuing a culinary degree and is the chef behind Vodka and Biscuits.
Meggan Hill is a mother, blogger, and the recipe developer behind Culinary Hill. She's a passionate cook who finds inspiration in the abundance of fresh and local ingredients available year-round in Southern California.
McKel Hill MS, RD, LDN is a Registered Dietitian and Health & Wellness Coach who is the owner and blogger at Nutrition Stripped. Nutrition Stripped focuses on fusing nutrition information & research into plant-based, gluten/dairy-free nourishing and deliciously simple recipes.
Jackie Jahn researches nutritional epidemiology of cancer at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Public Health, and in every spare moment she's dreamin of cooking. Her blog, thesupertastercooks.com, delves into the science and culture of food and nutrition. She's also a co-founder of The Sunday Dinnah Movement.
Melinda James is an emerging filmmaker based out of Oakland, CA. From music videos to documentaries, her mission is to create films showcasing the lives and stories of women and underrepresented communities.
Monica Johnson is Co-Conspirator at Hudson Farms, located in far East, Texas. Monica is currently using 2014 to build the farm's soil and experiment, but looks forward to selling nutrient-dense fruits, vegetables and value-added products in the Spring of 2015. To connect with Monica visit her website, follow her on Twitter: @broccolimojo, or on Instagram: MonicaMarvels.
Katja Jylkka is a graduate student and freelance writer living in California. In both her academic and journalistic work, she writes about farming, food culture, and animals. See more of her writing at katjajylkka.wordpress.com or follow her on Twitter.
Cassandra Kane is a freelance writer whose work has been published in Portland Magazine and Orion. She also creates and proofreads content for a variety of business and nonprofit websites, newsletters and blogs. She lives in Portland, Maine.
Emily C. Kelley is a news writer for New Mexico State University, an Army wife, lover of food and wine, and collector of empty wine bottles. She currently lives in El Paso, Texas.
Jane Kolodinsky Ph.D. is Professor and Chair of the Department of Community Development and Applied Economics and Director of the Center for Rural Studies/Food System Research Collaborative, both at the University of Vermont.
Sara Lavenhar is a junior studying Environmental Science and Sustainable Development at Columbia University in New York City, but she grew up in a Northern Virginian suburb near Washington, D.C. She has worked and interned for organizations such as the Community Alliance for Global Justice, where she organized teach-ins to local organic farms and advocated for global food sovereignty, and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where she began work on a study of microbial community dynamics in a rooftop farming system. Sara also loves to cook and has been working to expand her repertoire of culinary skills as far as the space in her mini-fridge and dorm kitchen will let her. She is currently a member of Columbia's Women's Varsity Archery Team.
Lisa Lawless: Through the food blog Lisa is Cooking, Lisa Lawless is able to chronicle her adventures in the kitchen. After years of collecting cookbooks, books of food writing, food history, and nutrition and compiling files of recipes from food publications, the blog, started in March 2008, is a way to track the cooking that's inspired by all those sources. As a supporter of the Slow Food movement, Lisa joined the board of Slow Food Austin in 2010 and maintains web and social media communications for the organization. Lisa was also a contributor of cookbook reviews at Project Foodie.
Tyler Lee was born and raised Key West, FL and currently attends Florida State University in Tallahassee, studying Media Production, Spanish, Portuguese, and World Music. He works as a freelance videographer and video editor. You can find more of his work focusing on travel, social issues, music, and culture on his Vimeo Page.
Samantha Lish is a sophomore at the University of Rochester. She's currently pursuing a double major in Public Health and English concentrating in Health, Behavior & Society and Language, Media & Communications, respectively.
Ryan Lojo is full-time student, part-time culinary adventurer at Gonzaga University. Academic interests include developmental economics, social entrepreneurship, and "how to travel the world for free." The latter is an underdeveloped field that he is trying to pioneer. Please send any questions, comments, and suggestions for delicious microbrews to rlojo_51[at]yahoo.com or @TheBigLojo.
Shamsa Mangalji is a native Houstonian who works as an environmental consultant in Chicago, IL. She aims to educate clients about the social, environmental, and financial benefits related to diverting waste from the landfill, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and engaging in socially-responsible initiatives. Shamsa attended Barnard College in NYC for a year, but graduated from Rice University in Houston in 2012 with a Bachelors degree in Sociology. Shamsa actively contributed to both universities' school newspapers, focusing on topics related to human rights and social justice.
Freesia McKee is a Milwaukee native who has worked on urban agriculture projects at schools, an abandoned bank building, and a men's shelter. She serves as a copy editor and contributing writer for A Growing Culture. Freesia really does love kale.
Chelsea Newson studied Sustainable Foodways and Anthropology at NYU's Gallatin School for Individualized Study and has interned at the Sylvia Center, Just Food, the High School for Public Service Youth Farm, and Sauska Winery in Hungary. She has traveled the world from Iceland to India and beyond in search of good food and good stories, and is currently based in Brooklyn, New York.
Lilly O'Donnell is Columbia journalism school graduate and a freelance writer and journalist in New York City. She's working on her first book, the story of her deceased father's life as told through his artwork, an excerpt of which was recently published by NarrativelyNY. See her work at lillyodonnell.com and follow her on Twitter.
Susan Paykin is a recent transplant to Shelter Island, NY, where she works at a nonprofit farm and education center. Building off of a background in environmental policy and nonprofit communications, she recently spent three months working on an organic farm and agritourism estate in Tuscany, where she learned more about wine and salumi than she could have dreamed. She also dabbles in photography.
Donna Pelech is a graduate of Le Cordon Bleu Paris Ottawa Culinary School and runs the blog The Devil's Food Advocate.
Jay Pierce: With previous experience at Emeril Lagasse's organization, cooking at NOLA in New Orleans and Emeril's in Orlando, Fla., Jay became executive chef at Lucky 32 in 2006. Jay holds a bachelor's degree in literature and a culinary degree from Lane Community College in Eugene, OR. The Chef Raconteur is usually seen wearing his red, ball cap backwards, and red shoes. He is a published food writer for Savor NC Magazine and Edible Piedmont Magazine, and is a board member of theAlice Waters Edible Schoolyard project at the Greensboro Children's Museum, as well as a board member of Piedmont Grown.
Chandani Punia is currently pursuing a Master's in Food Studies at NYU where her interest lies in food policy and advocacy. She is currently working in the financial management sector. She has extensive experience working in both private and not-for-profit organizations as well. Originally from Jaipur, India, Chandani graduated with a degree in Business Administration and Finance from Boston University in 2006.
Abby Read graduated from UC Berkeley with a BA in English. She currently lives in Los Angeles where she is a content writer for a cause marketing firm. She also writes for Critical Mob and just started her own blog Kitchens & Closets.
Joseph Redwood-Martinez is an artist, writer, and filmmaker. He recently finished a feature-length documentary about Sadhana Forest Haiti: One day, everything will be free
Anthony Reyes is an urban farmer in Los Angeles. He completed his undergraduate degree in Community Studies at the University of California Santa Cruz with a focus on Food, Agriculture, and Social Justice. He worked on numerous farms, both rural and urban and also worked with schools and disadvantaged youth, providing education about various food processes and providing outreach and awareness around injustices in the food system.
Kristen Schmitt writes articles on hunting, wildlife, nutrition, the environment, and sustainable agriculture from her home in Vermont where she raises chickens, gardens, and hopes to create a completely sustainable lifestyle. Her articles have appeared in National Geographic, Deer & Deer Hunting, Modern Farmer, Mother Earth News, Utne Reader, Rutland Herald, Vermont's Local Banquet, and Urban Times. Follow her on Twitter @kristen_schmitt.
Julia Segal is a freelance food and wine writer, and hopeful entrepreneur from Toronto, Canada. She completed her undergraduate degree in Sociology, and Master's Degree in Business, specializing in the food and beverage industry. She has lived in France, Italy and New York but returns to her sleepy Canadian town in the summertime to run a local food tourism company. If you want more Julia in your life, please check out her blog here.
Alessandra Seiter is the author of Farmer's Market Vegan, a vegan blog of tantalizing recipes, informative restaurant reviews, travel tips, and intriguing ethical notions.
Molly Sheridan is the writer behind Wonderland Kitchen where she has been chronicling her cooking adventures since 2011. She is also an editor, and A/V producer specializing in classical and experimental music, with a focus on multimedia content designed for the web. Find her on Twitter.
Fa-Tai Shieh lives in New York City and has taught food studies courses as an adjunct instructor at NYU, The New School and Hunter College. He has been an urban farmer for over 10 years and currently serves as a board member of an urban ag non-profit in Red Hook, Brooklyn. He also blogs about socio-cultural issues in the food justice movement. The views expressed in his writing are his own and do not represent the organizations he is affiliated with.
Rhys Southan is a freelance writer who can't make up his mind about where to live. He was vegan for nine years, but later started the blog Let Them Eat Meat to examine vegan culture and philosophy from an ex-vegan perspective. He writes fictional stuff too.
Dylan Strike was born and raised in Pinedale, WY. Currently studying Agroecology in the Sustainable Food and Bioenergy Systems degree program at Montana State University. He is also a Manager at Three Hearts Farm, a 6 acre diversified vegetable farm just outside of Bozeman.
Jason Taylor is a photographer – filmmaker activist working primarily on agriculture related issues and is based in Asia. Three years ago he set up The Source Project in an attempt to bypass much of the agenda driven development media. "The real voice of the farmer is rarely heard when society is exposed to agricultural issues" and he feels that he needs to begin to redress this balance. Ten thousand years of agricultural knowledge is often sidelined in favour of the voice of policy makers and economists, and we wonder why we are in so much trouble!
Noah Throop is a senior at Skidmore College, studying government and political science while pursuing a long-held interest in filmmaking. He recently studied abroad in Australia and spent five weeks producing a short documentary on a grass-fed cattle ranch and free-range chicken farm. Having grown up on a small farm in Potsdam, New York, Noah is passionate about food and sees film as a way to portray alternatives to the agricultural status quo and foster greater public discourse on food production. His most recent film, "Where the Food Grows," is available online at "Vimeo.
Tanya Tolchin grows vegetables and flowers on her family farm in Maryland just 20 miles from Washington DC. She is a manager of Israeli Harvest, a small business that supports farmers in Israel by selling organic olive oil and dates in the US. She writes about farming, parenting and Jewish life on her blog, On the Lettuce Edge, and elsewhere. Her writings have appeared in the Jewish Daily Forward, Kveller, the Washington Jewish Week and a new book about first generation farmers called "Greenhorns, 50 Dispatches from the New Farm Movement," from Storey Press. Prior to farming, she worked for Sierra Club in Washington DC for ten years on efforts to help protect national forests and build new strategic partnerships.
Charlotte Vallaeys is a Senior Analyst of Food Safety and Sustainability for the Consumers Union and formerly the Director Director of Farm and Food Policy for The Cornucopia Institute.
Val Wagner is a farmer based in rural North Dakota. She posts regularly about life on her farm in her blog Wag'n Tales.
Steven Waldman is a farmer who is passionate about sustainable agriculture. He has worked on several organic farms, as the Manager of a farmer's market, in production and sales for food companies, and as a WWOOFer in Italy. He is currently the CSA Manager for Coonamessett Farm in Falmouth, MA.
Carol Wallack: Her lifelong love of the Hawaiian sun and surf led her to open sola – a restaurant committed to celebrating the flavors and philosophies of Hawaii's unique culinary culture. It is that passion for Hawaii, the warmth of the beach and surf communities and the relationship with the sand and sea is what she embraces every day at sola. (…and that which fuels her as she powers through Chicago's long winters.)
Emma Wartzman is a senior at Scripps College in Claremont, CA where she is studying the politics and culture of food. She's held editorial internships at Food52 and the food sections of Los Angeles Magazine and the Los Angeles Times. Follow her @emmawartzman.
Allie Williams is a Sophomore at New York University studying International Politics and Global Nutrition in Gallatin School of Individualized Study. She is a current food buyer and procurement intern with Sweet Roots NYCwho has also interned with Get Fresh Memphis.
Emily Wordsman is a rising senior at the University of Maryland's Philip Merrill College of Journalism where she is pursuing a B.A. in journalism and minoring in philosophy. She is currently living abroad after finishing her spring semester studying at Charles University in Prague.
Maria Zizka is a Berkeley-born food writer and cook. She writes recipes and stories from a cottage near Santa Monica beach. Visit her website and follow her on Twitter @MariaZizka.


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Seattle, WA 98101
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ts bill looks pretty promising for our region late next week...what you thinkin the chances wel get some ill nuggie waves outa this system swellinfo
Results 1 to 10 of 23
Thread: Trop storm Bill
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Aug 16, 2009, 03:10 PM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- Jan 2009
- Posts
- 4
Trop storm Bill
Forecasts are shady at best b/c of path predictions 5 days in advance are shaky...I'd check back in three or four days. Golfing I hear is a good sport
golfing isn't a good sport it is a great sport... my mantra is surf & turf... what is ill nuggie??? 8ft+ or mung infested closouts... seriously did you really just type that... one wave at a time my man, one wave at a time
Aug 17, 2009, 01:41 AM #4
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- Lewes, DE
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i woodn't call that a 'weak' path'. yea, it IZ veerin' outta sea, but at that strength and position, no doubt we'll c atleest 2dayz uv solid surf, and s**t, that's more than 1 cood ask 4 around this s**thole...
Aug 18, 2009, 02:47 AM #6
its not shady its going to hopefully produce some sorta surf able swell better then what we have been getting I'll tell you that much.


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Find great Christmas events near you
Christmas lights, Christmas fairs, Christmas markets, outdoor ice rinks, carol concerts and more
Bonfire Night Fireworks Displays 2017
Find Bonfire Night 2017 Firework displays near you!
Cuckmere Cycle Company have been stocking Dawes bikes for over 10 years now. You can see the bikes they have this season in their hire fleet. Now there are more comfort models than ever with big sprung saddles and a nice upright riding position.
Cuckmere Cycle Company, Seven Sisters Country Park, Exceat, Seaford, East Sussex, BN25 4AD, England
tel: 01323 870310 fax: 01323 871376
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SHE was a football-mad teenager who would cross the road from her home to umpire under-9 games at Prospect Oval. On Sunday, Eleni Glouftsis will stride to the centre of Etihad Stadium and become the AFL's first female field umpire.
Glouftsis, 25, would joke with Geoff Osborn, her first umpires coach, that she would be on time for her matches because she could walk to them in just a few minutes.
She started umpiring in the North Eastern Metro Junior Football Association and Osborn recalled that she immediately stood out because of her composure.
Her father, Tom, had been more of a player than a whistleblower but had umpired for a season in the Adelaide Hills when he was recovering from injury.
Football had been a central part of the Glouftsis family life and young Eleni had a feel for the game that was beyond her years.
"At the time, she was probably the only female field umpire on our umpiring panel," Osborn told The Advertiser.
"She started with under-9s and under-10s and moved through to our highest grade, which was under-16s.
"She was so focused on her umpiring that other things didn't bother her. She wasn't worried about if there was a separate change room or whatever; she just worked around it.
"Because back then, separate change rooms and facilities weren't always available at most ovals.
"There were obviously some negative comments from people but once people saw her umpire it changed a lot of views."
Soon after starting in suburban ranks, Glouftsis was noticed and invited to umpire in the SANFL, progressing through the SANFL under-16s, under-18s and reserves.
On Sunday, Glouftsis — who is now a high school teacher at St Bernard's College in Essendon — will officiate in the Essendon-West Coast match.
Shane Harris, the SANFL's umpires director, first saw her take charge of an underage match as a teenager at Prospect Oval and sensed he was on to something special.
He believed she would be the first female to umpire an SANFL league game — and he was right.
This weekend Glouftsis will far exceeded Harris' prediction by umpiring at AFL's highest level.
"She's done so well," Harris said. "I think I first saw her in 2007 and then joined us in 2008, when she was about 15 or 16.
"Even when you speak to her now it's not about her, not about standing up for women or anything like that. She's just got a passion for it.
"We noticed that she had all the right skills — the ability to stay composed, the ability to communicate and she also had a really good feel for the game. That's very hard to teach.
"Then you develop the skill set: to bounce, she was a good runner ... it all comes together.
"When I first saw her umpire at 16 I had a gut feeling that this young lady could go places.
"It was at Prospect in an under-16 game and she was about the same age as the players. I thought she could at least reach state league level ... maybe this could be our first one."
Goal umpire Chelsea Roffey, the first female to officiate back in 2004, can't wait to watch Glouftsis' debut.
"I've been around for a little while now but I'm hugely excited for El," Roffey told The Advertiser. "For me, it was thrill getting appointed to the AFL and I know initially there was media attention and scrutiny to take on.
"On the one hand it was hugely exciting, on the other there was a sense of pressure to ensure that everything went smoothly.
"I think El, just like everyone else, wants to get out there and do the job and be judged on her merits.
"That's certainly how I felt and if I could give any advice that's what it would be: just go out there and do the job and don't worry about all the fanfare that's going on.
"Because, at the end of the day, we're doing a job"
Roffey expects it to be slightly different for Glouftsis in 2017 than what she experienced in her debut more than a decade earlier.
The AFLW aside, there has been an enormous increase in women's participation of the game, at all levels, and they are better accepted in the game today.
"I think there has been a huge cultural shift," Roffey said. "Over the time I've been involved I've noticed a change in the broader attitude.
"In the heat of the moment you cop flak but I don't mind copping flak for just being another 'white maggot' (as long as it is not for being a woman).
"People are more accepting of women in leadership positions but it would be nice to get to a point where it's not an issue.
"But it (Glouftsis' debut) it obviously something to be celebrated and El's obviously a role model for a lot of girls and women."
For Glouftsis, who moved to Melbourne to be part of an AFL umpires pathway system in 2015, the landmark appointment was an ideal 25th birthday present this week.
"It's a really long pathway," Glouftsis said. "It's been a really long journey and there's been so many people along the way.
"When you get to be part of an AFL group, you realise what's required of an AFL umpire and this last two-and-a-half years, I've been able to really understand what the requirements are ... really build on those different things and earn my spot."
Umpires boss Hayden Kennedy delivered the news to Glouftsis that she was about to debut while she was in the classroom at St Bernard's College this week.
He said the rise of Glouftsis underlined a new era in the game after the success of the AFLW.
It also underlines the importance of continuing to encourage women to be involved, as an explosion in participation in the women's game means a greater need for officials and umpires.
"She's a ripper," Kennedy said. "It basically came about three years ago, when we identified that we wanted to introduce a few pathways and a female pathway was one we wanted to get up and coming.
"Eleni was identified as somebody who had an enormous amount of promise. She's got a really good streak of fun behind her and happiness, but out on the ground she's pretty focused on what she needs to achieve.
"We're confident that she'll go really well."
Originally published as Eleni ready to bounce into AFL history


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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB are two major regulators of gene transcription and metabolism in response to oxidative, energetic, and mechanical stress in skeletal muscle. Chronic activation of these signaling pathways has been implicated in the development and perpetuation of various pathologies, such as diabetes and cachexia. However, both MAPK and NF-κB are also stimulated by exercise, which promotes improvements in fuel homeostasis and can prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. This review will first discuss the major MAPK signaling modules in skeletal muscle, their differential activation by exercise, and speculated functions on acute substrate metabolism and exercise-induced gene expression. Focus will then shift to examination of the NF-κB pathway, including its mechanism of activation by cellular stress and its putative mediation of exercise-stimulated adaptations in antioxidant status, tissue regeneration, and metabolism. Although limited, there is additional evidence to suggest cross talk between MAPK and NF-κB signals with exercise. The objectives herein are twofold: 1) to determine how and why exercise activates MAPK and NF-κB; and 2) to resolve their paradoxical activation during diseased and healthy conditions.
- metabolism
- contraction
- inflammation
- stress
- diabetes
chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation are prominent features of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cachexia. The pathological stress underlying these conditions triggers persistent flux through multiple intracellular signaling pathways that coordinately amplify the diseased state. As master regulators of gene expression, redox status, and metabolism, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-κB signals have been shown to couple cellular stress with an adaptive or maladaptive response in skeletal muscle. Evidence suggests that unrestrained signaling through these two pathways perpetuates insulin resistance and protein catabolism (75, 85). Therefore, both MAPK and NF-κB represent exciting targets for pharmacological interventions aimed at preventing or ameliorating diabetes and muscle wasting.
In contrast, acute physical exercise initiates a number of beneficial effects in skeletal muscle, including improvements in glucose homeostasis (40), lipid metabolism (8), and insulin sensitivity (26), all of which are especially important for individuals with diabetes (30). Chronic exercise training promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can mitigate age-related sarcopenia and osteopenia (37). Paradoxically, exercise also potently activates MAPK and NF-κB signaling in skeletal muscle. This increase in MAPK and NF-κB activities during diseased and healthy states is actually a necessary response to chronic and intermittent stress, respectively. Sustained elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metabolic perturbations accompany diabetes and cachexia (6, 61). Contracting skeletal muscle also constitutes a transient source of ROS (7) and becomes hypermetabolic during and following exercise. Activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways by exercise is associated with regulation of distinct gene clusters and divergent cellular functions. Whereas the MAPK family has been implicated in growth and differentiation (70), NF-κB is a major stimulator of inflammation and muscle protein turnover (12). Each signaling cascade may additionally confer adaptive alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism. The following review will first describe the effects of exercise on MAPK and NF-κB in skeletal muscle and subsequently determine their putative roles in mediating exercise-induced physiological processes. However, it is acknowledged that the paucity of existing data limits full characterization of their cellular functions.
The MAPK family of proteins is composed of four distinct signaling modules in skeletal muscle: 1) extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 (ERK1/2); 2) p38 MAPK; 3) c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK); and 4) ERK5 or big MAPK. These MAPK branches are stimulated by cytokines, growth factors, and cellular stress (24, 49). Exercise, itself an intermittent form of cellular stress, was first shown by our laboratory to activate ERK1/2, p38, and JNK pathways in rat skeletal muscle (29). In more recent work, the activity of these distinct MAPK signaling modules has been shown to be partially dependent on the type, duration, and intensity of the contractile stimulus. Although ERK5 and its upstream activator MAPK/ERK kinase 5 are abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle (100), its activity has not been sufficiently evaluated following exercise.
ERK1/2 is rapidly activated in rat and mouse models of exercise (20, 29, 58) and in situ contraction (52, 58, 74), as well as in both trained and untrained human skeletal muscle following acute submaximal cycling (86, 87, 97) and marathon running exercise (95). The magnitude of ERK1/2 phosphorylation during exercise correlates with the intensity of the protocol (87), and both endurance and resistance exercise (16, 46, 88) can increase ERK1/2 phosphorylation. One-legged cycling exercise produces increases in phospho-ERK1/2 in the exercised legs only, suggesting that phosphorylation is due to local rather than systemic factors (5, 86). In support of this finding, isolated rat (31, 72, 90–92) and mouse (33, 50) skeletal muscles stimulated to contract in vitro exhibit increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
Treadmill exercise in rodents (29, 58) and cycling ergometry (86) and marathon running (10, 95) in humans also increase phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. As a separate signaling component of the MAPK network, p38 MAPK consists of four isoforms (p38α, p38β, p38δ, and p38γ) that are primarily activated during high-intensity muscle contractions (71, 91, 97), including unaccustomed resistance exercise in some (15, 46) but not all (88) studies. Like ERK1/2, p38 MAPK phosphorylation increases during contraction of isolated skeletal muscles, implying a local means of activation (11, 33, 78, 91). There is some evidence to suggest tissue-specific regulation of the p38 MAPK family with exercise. Whereas the p38α and p38β isoforms are ubiquitously expressed, p38δ mRNA is detected mainly in the lung and kidney (43), and the p38γ isoform is almost exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle (51). Moreover, in immune complex assays that discriminate between p38α and p38γ, only the p38γ isoform is activated by marathon running exercise (10). Since contraction of isolated rat skeletal muscles in vitro has also been shown to elicit p38α and p38β kinase activity (78), future research is needed to clarify the specific roles of p38 MAPK isoforms following exercise and muscle contraction.
Intense exercise protocols and/or those inducing muscular damage additionally stimulate signal transduction through the JNK pathway (3, 9–11, 25). JNK phosphorylation increases linearly with escalating levels of muscular contraction force (52). Therefore, total muscle tension rather than duration of the contraction stimulus appears to be the influential modulator of JNK activity (71). In summary, all three MAPK signaling modules are responsive to exercise; however, their mechanisms of activation (energetic/metabolic vs. mechanical) remain distinct. The pattern of MAPK signaling may have important implications in the various adaptations associated with exercise.
Exercise-induced increases in the activity of MAPK signals have been shown to phosphorylate substrates involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, cell proliferation, differentiation, hypertrophy, apoptosis, and inflammation, as well as transcription factors and coactivators (Fig. 1). This latter modulation of gene transcription may be especially important for the adaptive and/or plastic response of skeletal muscle to repeated bouts of exercise. Thus MAPK may fulfill an important function as a cellular intermediary coupling perceived alterations in stress with adaptive changes in 1) redox status, 2) fuel homeostasis, and 3) gene regulation.
Oxidative Stress and MAPK Activation
One putative role of exercise-stimulated MAPK activation is the transcriptional regulation of redox status in skeletal muscle. The mechanical and energetic perturbations associated with exercise result in immediate increases in ROS in skeletal muscle. Alterations in free radical concentration are rapidly sensed, neutralized, and accompanied by adaptive increases in oxidant buffering capacity through upregulation of key antioxidant enzymes. MAPK activity may partially mediate this response. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces strong activation of ERKs, JNKs, and p38 MAPK signaling modules in a dose- and time-dependent manner in skeletal myoblasts (47) and triggers phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and increases glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle preparations (48, 82).
Selective inhibition of p38 MAPK substantially reduces the activation of glucose transport induced by the oxidative stress (48). Similarly, skeletal muscle contracted in the presence of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine exhibit decreased rates of glucose transport, owing to the dampened production of ROS (73). All three major MAPK signaling modules appear to be activated by acute high-intensity exercise that significantly elevate muscle ROS. Interestingly, repeated exposure to this type of exercise (training) actually makes the organism more resistant to oxidative stress and may partially explain the attenuated response of exercise-induced MAPK activation in highly trained individuals (15, 97).
Metabolic Actions of MAPK Activation
Exercise promotes insulin-independent increases in glucose transport and fatty acid uptake and oxidation in contracting skeletal muscle. Acute exercise effects on glucose transport and glycogen synthesis are probably not mediated by ERK1/2, as inhibitors of MAPK/ERK kinase abolish contraction-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation without affecting glucose transport (31, 90). Additional studies show that JNK does not regulate contraction-stimulated glucose transport or glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle (25, 89).
In contrast, initial work using the p38α/β antagonist SB203580 suggested that p38 MAPK isoforms may partially regulate contraction-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle (77). However, our laboratory has subsequently shown that SB203580 inhibits both insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose transport independently of p38α or β activity (27). Other reports have demonstrated that SB203580 acts as a competitive inhibitor glucose transport through direct interaction with the glucose transporter (68) and that overexpression of dominant-negative p38 mutants in skeletal muscle does not affect glucose transport (2). Therefore, it is unlikely that p38α and p38β are significant regulators of exercise-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. In addition, although the p38γ MAPK isoform is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle and is strongly regulated by acute exercise (10), overexpression of p38γ actually decreases GLUT-4 expression and contraction-stimulated glucose transport (32). These data collectively suggest p38 MAPK signaling does not mediate acute increases in glucose transport following exercise.
In addition to its partitioning effects on glucose, exercise increases fatty acid uptake and oxidation in skeletal muscle. Several studies implicate ERK1/2 activity in various aspects of lipid metabolism, including regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (67) and hormone-sensitive lipase (19) phosphorylation. ERK1/2 has specifically been shown to regulate fatty acid uptake during contraction in rat skeletal muscle, perhaps through membrane recruitment of the fatty acid binding protein CD36 (84). Recent data utilizing low-to-moderate exercise further suggest that increased fatty acid uptake and oxidation are ERK1/2 dependent in vivo (66). Collectively, these data support a role for MAPK modules in the metabolic alterations accompanying exercise.
Gene Regulation
MAPK can potentially modulate gene expression through at least two mechanisms: 1) phosphorylation of transcription factors and 2) chromatin remodeling. To date, numerous substrates of MAPK have been identified, including several transcription factors. JNK activation by skeletal muscle contraction is associated with a rapid increase in mRNA of the early response genes c-jun and c-fos (3, 4). These transcription factors are important regulators of cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and DNA repair (45), and their induction by exercise may augment muscle regeneration.
ERK1/2 directly phosphorylates mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 and 2, as well as p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. These proteins appear to alter the activity of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein and Elk-1 and are phosphorylated in response to exercise (95). Interestingly, p38 MAPK can directly phosphorylate Elk-1 and another transcription factor, myocyte-enhancing factor (MEF) 2, in the nucleus of cultured cells without the need for an intermediary kinase (65, 93). Although MEF2 binding activity has been demonstrated to increase with exercise (53, 96), the link between p38 induction of MEF2 is still lacking. It is clear, however, that MEF2 activation by exercise is part of the mechanism whereby GLUT-4 expression is adaptively upregulated to enhance glucose transport (54).
Exercise training is associated with alterations that favor muscle oxidative capacity, including fiber-type transformation and mitochondrial biogenesis. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) has been implicated in these and other effects, and its mRNA expression is significantly increased by one bout of exercise concomitant with p38 MAPK phosphorylation (1, 14). Activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in cultured myocytes stimulates PGC-1α promoter activity through engagement of the downstream transcription factor activating transcription factor (ATF)-2. These effects are blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of p38, overexpression of dominant-negative p38, and overexpression of dominant-negative ATF-2, consistent with the idea that p38 MAPK signals through ATF-2 to induce expression of the PGC-1α gene in response to exercise (1).
Histone phosphorylation in the nucleus can modify chromatin structure and is, therefore, an alternate means of transcriptional regulation. Increases in histone H3 phosphorylation have been observed following intense exercise in humans (97), and MAPK signaling in response to multiple stimuli (38, 55) mediates rapid serine phosphorylation of histone H3. Although not a direct substrate of MAPK, histone H3 is a downstream target of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (59) and mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (81), which are both activated by exercise (95).
To summarize, MAPK signaling appears to be involved in the metabolic and mitogenic plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to exercise (Fig. 1). Future research should attempt to define specific roles for each MAPK pathway in these exercise-induced adaptations.
NF-κB: MASTER CONTROLLER OF INFLAMMATION AND REDOX STATUS
NF-κB lies at the nexus of multiple signaling pathways that orchestrate diverse processes in virtually every type of cell. As a nuclear transcription factor, NF-κB directly alters the production of over 150 genes, including those encoding cytokines, immune, and antigen-presenting receptors, and regulators of redox status, acute-phase response, apoptosis, cachexia and disuse atrophy, and host defense (63). The NF-κB/Rel family is composed of five members, including p50, p52, p65 (RelA), RelB, and c-Rel (18). Two of these proteins must dimerize to facilitate binding of NF-κB to DNA and gene regulation. Recent evidence suggests the p50-p65 heterodimer is responsible for the majority of NF-κB activity in skeletal muscle (39). In unstimulated tissue, the nuclear localization sequence of NF-κB is bound to inhibitory IκB proteins, of which there are seven mammalian species, including IκBα, IκBβ, IκBε, IκBγ, Bcl-3, p100, and p105 (28). However, activation of IκBα kinase (IKK) by various stimuli results in IκBα phosphorylation at serines 32 and 36, which initiates ubiquitination and subsequent IκBα degradation via the proteosome (Fig. 2A). Only NF-κB complexes liberated from their IκB inhibitory proteins can translocate into the nucleus to impart their regulatory functions (18, 28).
Transgenic mice engineered to possess constitutive muscle-specific activation of IκB kinase β (MIKK) (Fig. 2B) exhibit profound sarcopenia, increased proteolysis, and an overall cachectic phenotype (12). Despite their nearly 15-fold increases in NF-κB activity, MIKK mice have normal levels of proinflammatory cytokines and show no overt insulin resistance. When MIKK mice are crossed with mice expressing a muscle-specific IκBα superrepressor (MISR) transgene (Fig. 2B), the accelerated protein catabolism is downregulated and muscle mass is restored, suggesting NF-κB is directly responsible for mediating the cachexia. Similarly, salicylate therapy in MIKK mice reverses the muscle-wasting effects of unrestrained NF-κB activity. High doses of these pharmacological compounds (e.g., 120 mg·kg−1·day−1) have been demonstrated to inhibit both IKKβ and NF-κB (94, 98) and significantly reduce NF-κB activity in MIKK mice.
Chronic activation of NF-κB is associated with various pathological conditions, including insulin resistance and muscle wasting. Human subjects with Type 2 diabetes exhibit decreased IκBβ protein abundance and increased activity of NF-κB in muscle that directly correlates with impaired insulin-mediated glucose disposal (80). Enduring hyperglycemia and/or extreme perturbations in glycemia are common generators of oxidative stress, which has been shown to induce insulin resistance through activity of NF-κB (61). Interestingly, administration of the common salicylate aspirin (7.0 g/day) in patients with Type 2 diabetes enhances glucose homeostasis and peripheral insulin sensitivity, at least in part through the inhibition of IKKβ and NF-κB nuclear activity (36). Targeted manipulation or ablation of NF-κB, therefore, remains at the forefront of innovative treatments for diabetes and inflammatory pathologies. However, activation of NF-κB may not always be contraindicated. As discussed in the next section, the acute bursts associated with exercise appear to be normal and even necessary for beneficial exercise-mediated adaptations.
EXERCISE AND NF-κB ACTIVATION
Exercise and muscle contractions stimulate sarcoplasmic calcium release, increase ROS, and activate numerous signaling cascades, including MAPK. In various cell models, increased intracellular calcium (35), ROS accumulation (44, 57), and MAPK activation (13, 99) have all been shown to activate NF-κB, leading to the hypothesis that exercise may also activate NF-κB. As of this review, the majority of publications have demonstrated that exercise enhances NF-κB activity at several nodes of the IκBα/NF-κB pathway (33, 34, 41, 42, 79), although one study reported a reduction in NF-κB nuclear binding activity after exercise (21).
Acute treadmill exercise increases IKKα/β phosphorylation, IκBα phosphorylation, and NF-κB activity in rat skeletal muscle (33, 34, 41, 42, 79). Whereas the phosphorylation of IκBα increases during exercise, NF-κB nuclear binding activity peaks in the postexercise interval (33, 41). Activation of NF-κB is a local event in contracting muscle, because it can occur in the absence of exercise-derived systemic factors (33). Pharmacological inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2 are able to blunt contraction-mediated IKKα/β phosphorylation by 39 and 35%, respectively, and in combination by 76%, suggesting MAPK signaling may participate in local activation of NF-κB in skeletal muscle (33).
Chronic exercise training may also alter the composition and activity of the IκBα/NF-κB pathway. Twelve weeks of treadmill exercise training in rats resulted in significantly decreased IκBα protein and increased phosphorylation of IKK, suggesting that NF-κB activation was elevated after training. Training also increased suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 and IL-6 mRNA expression in both white (plantaris) and red (soleus) muscles, which may be direct targets of NF-κB (see below) (79). In contrast, healthy individuals and subjects with Type 2 diabetes exhibited increases in the NF-κB inhibitory proteins IκBα and IκBβ following a moderate exercise training program, which was associated with improvements in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (80). Differences in NF-κB activity after training may reflect the nature (intensity, duration, and frequency) of the exercise performed and/or full recovery between successive bouts of exercise.
PUTATIVE ROLES FOR NF-κB ACTIVATION BY EXERCISE
The functions of exercise-stimulated increases in NF-κB activity are currently unknown. However, given the array of NF-κB-responsive gene products, it is tempting to speculate on at least three potential actions conferred at the transcriptional level of regulation (Fig. 3) : 1) NF-κB may serve as one mechanism to counter oxidative stress; 2) NF-κB may induce a brief but important proinflammatory response critical for muscle regeneration postexercise; and 3) NF-κB activity may also lead to changes in skeletal muscle glucose transport, glycogen repletion, and lipid oxidation after exercise. These three functions will be explored in greater detail below.
Oxidative Stress and NF-κB Activation
During unaccustomed and/or heavy treadmill exercise, ROS are produced from several sites within myofibers and are amplified with concomitant exposure to proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, and IFN-γ (7, 17, 60). In mitochondria, superoxide production is increased through complexes I and III of the electron transport chain (7, 17). Superoxide is usually converted to H2O2 by manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and diffuses into the cytosol, where it has been shown to activate IKK. ROS are additionally produced in peroxisomes (catalase), cytosol (xanthine oxidase), and membranes (lipooxygenase and NADPH oxidase). NF-κB rapidly responds to ROS by increasing transcription of at least three important antioxidant genes, including MnSOD, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, each of which buffer increases in oxidative stress. Treadmill exercise in rats has been shown to enhance NF-κB binding to its corresponding DNA binding domain of the MnSOD gene in skeletal muscle, which is associated with robust increases in MnSOD protein content 48 h later (34). In addition, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an antioxidant inhibitor of NF-κB, partially blocks nuclear NF-κB binding and completely abolishes exercise-induced IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, as well as p50 nuclear content (41). Multiple studies in cells and other tissues have confirmed the ability of antioxidants to decrease or eliminate peroxide-stimulated NF-κB activity. Thus it is possible that increases in NF-κB activity following exercise are partially designed to make skeletal muscle more resistant to future bouts of oxidative stress.
Muscle Damage and NF-κB Activation
Another potential function for NF-κB following exercise consists of its classical induction of acute-phase proteins and proinflammatory genes to facilitate postexercise regenerative responses in damaged tissue. Indeed, skeletal muscle inflammation and increased protein turnover appear to be necessary for exercise-induced hypertrophic adaptations (22). Studies assessing the effects of the anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and acetaminophen have found that over-the-counter doses suppress the protein synthetic response in skeletal muscle after eccentric resistance exercise (83), which may be detrimental to skeletal muscle growth. NF-κB and p38 MAPK directly regulate expression of various prostaglandins, including the cyclooxygenase enzymes targeted by these and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (63, 76). It is important to note that exercise-stimulated increases in skeletal muscle inflammation attenuate with chronic training (69). This further validates the utility of episodic NF-κB activity as a beneficial mediator of exercise-induced adaptations to cellular stress.
In contrast, muscle-specific ablation of IKKβ in mice was recently reported to protect against denervation-induced proteolysis and muscle atrophy and promoted improvements in muscle regenerative capacity following cardiotoxin injection (56). Although this suggests a negative role for NF-κB on healing from acute muscle injury, the results must be interpreted cautiously, particularly in the context of exercise. Both denervation and cardiotoxin are extreme neuromuscular insults, while exercise is a milder perturbation affecting multiple systems. In addition, depletion of IKKβ might result in NF-κB-independent effects in the nucleus, as the IKK family has been shown to directly phosphorylate nuclear histone H3 and various co-repressors (23). Future studies are needed to elucidate how IKKβ and/or its ablation influence exercise-stimulated adaptations.
Fuel Metabolism and NF-κB Activation
NF-κB may also mediate alterations in fuel metabolism during and following exercise through increased transcription of the IL-6 gene. IL-6 has been shown to enhance glucose transport and lipid oxidation in muscle (64) and is directly produced in contracting skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise (62). Initial evidence in muscle cells suggests that activation of NF-κB results in significant IL-6 expression (79). To date, however, no studies have determined whether contracting skeletal muscle requires NF-κB for increased expression of IL-6 or its secretion into plasma.
INTEGRATION OF MAPK AND NF-κB SIGNALING INPUTS FOLLOWING EXERCISE
It is likely that MAPK and NF-κB activation act coordinately in the metabolic, inflammatory, and genetic consequences of exercise. Indeed, both MAPK and NF-κB pathways participate in the response of skeletal myoblasts to oxidative stress (47). H2O2 strongly activates all three MAPK signaling modules (ERKs, JNKs, and p38) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, H2O2 increases phosphorylation of IκB, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and phosphorylation of p65. While selective inhibition of MAPK modules does not affect H2O2-induced NF-κB nuclear localization, it does alter the phosphorylation status of p65, perhaps modulating signal specificity. Thus it appears that there may be limited cross talk between MAPK and NF-κB pathways in response to oxidative stress in myoblasts (47). This may not be the case with exercise and muscle contraction. Evidence in skeletal muscles stimulated to contract in vitro suggests MAPKs are upstream of NF-κB and can partially mediate contraction-stimulated NF-κB activity (33). In addition, Ji et al. (42) speculate that integrated inputs from MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways are required to mediate gene expression of MnSOD and/or inducible nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle in response to exercise stress.
Clearly, activation of MAPK and NF-κB during and following exercise is healthy and probably necessary for exercise-induced muscle plasticity. However, abnormal activities in certain diseases are part of an adaptive response that exacerbates the inflammatory and insulin-resistant condition (Fig. 3). This apparent paradox may be resolved by at least two explanations: timing and specificity. First, exercise causes brief but robust perturbations in cellular stress, including increases in ROS and metabolism that quickly stabilize postexercise. Diabetes and cachexia are chronic conditions of continual ROS production, inflammation, and hypermetabolism. Alternatively, distinct NF-κB complexes may be selectively activated by exercise compared with pathological conditions. NF-κB can exist as homodimers of p50 or p65, or as p50/p65 heterodimers, and each of these forms could be regulated and function differentially, depending on the stimulus (18).
MAPK and NF-κB signals are fundamental modulators of cellular stress. Both pathways are activated by exercise, although the onset of their activity is different and depends on the intensity and duration of exercise. Furthermore, each pathway is characterized by unique physiological effects, probably through differences in gene targets mediating redox status, inflammation, metabolism, and other processes associated with exercise. Future research should elaborate on the roles of NF-κB and MAPK and their interactions, particularly in the context of episodic vs. chronic cellular stress.
- Copyright © 2007 the American Physiological Society


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Great White Baguette Tray
In the long-standing tradition of fine porcelain dining, our elongated porcelain tray was originally designed to make every sliced baguette a stunning presentation. Grandly scaled, it provides an open landscape that's just as beautiful for displaying chocolate-dipped strawberries, petits fours and other treats. This high-quality tray is crafted for years of dining and entertaining at home.
- 22" long x 4.25" wide
- Crafted of white-glazed high-fired porcelain.
- Beautiful for entertaining, yet durable enough for everyday use.
- Dishwasher-safe.
Dimensions & Care
- Dishwasher-safe.
Shipping & Returns
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We can arrange for next day delivery to most destinations within the contiguous 48 states, for an extra charge of $17.50 per address. If we receive your order by 6pm PT Monday through Friday, you'll receive your order the next business day; orders placed on Friday after 6pm PT through Sunday will arrive on Tuesday. Note: Next Day Delivery service is not available for some oversized items, White Glove Delivery, out of stock items, personalized items or for items shipped directly from the manufacturer.
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Great White Baguette Tray
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Justin Kaminski to Lead New U-Haul Company of Northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula
MILWAUKEE, Wis. – (March 6, 2014) – Justin Kaminski has been named president of the new U-Haul Company of Northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula. As president, it will be Kaminski's duty to oversee all operations, including truck, trailer and storage rentals. Using his U-Haul knowledge plus his experience and determination, Kaminski will no doubt boost this company's success.
"I am here to help! Whether it's within my company or not, I am here for everyone," Kaminski proclaimed. "My day is not complete until I have learned something new to help improve the way we serve our customers, and I have shared my new knowledge with a fellow team member."
Kaminski began his U-Haul career in April 2006 as an area field manager (AFM) for U-Haul Company of Western Wisconsin. In December 2008, Kaminski transferred as AFM to U-Haul Company of Eastern Wisconsin, the position he held until his recent promotion. As president, Kaminski plans on "getting back to basics." He believes that listening closely to U-Haul customers will aid in earning their business.
"Justin has always been, from the time I meet him, someone who is full of energy, outgoing, easily approachable and just a down-to-earth likable guy," noted Steve Hansen, U-Haul Area District Vice President (ADVP). "He's tight on spending a dollar but understands the value of investing in our people and tools to serve more families. He will be a great leader and a fine asset to the U-Haul Company of Northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula."
Thanks to the outstanding groundwork laid by ADVP Hansen and fellow U-Haul presidents, Kaminski said he is thrilled to inherit such a knowledgeable team. He stressed that with their wealth of know-how, the new company certainly will achieve high levels of success
About U-Haul
Joanne Fried
Ashleigh Wagner
E-mail: email@example.com
Phone: 602-263-6194602-263-6194
Website: uhaul.com


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VideoHive Aerial View of Berlin 9141200
Stock Footage \ City
Berlin \ Preview \ Included \ Background \ Transport \ Flight \ Fluffy \ Departure
Stock Footage - Aerial View of Berlin 9141200 by kunstbada @ VideoHive
Stock Footage \ City
Aerial View of Berlin
Audio in preview is not included.
Background Music : Scope
Alpha Channel: No; Looped Video: No; Frame Rate: 29.97; Resolution: 1920x1080; Video Encoding: Photo JPEG; File Size: 209.7mb; Number of Clips: 1; Total Clip(s) Length: 0:16.
Aerial View from Airplane - Soft Clouds; Aerial View from Airplane - White Clouds; Stars ; Stars ; Day to Night in City Dresden; Day to Night in City Dresden; Factory Chimney and Smoke.
Keywords: aircraft, altitude, berlin, cloud, departure, flight, fluffy, flying, morning, nature, plane, sky, speed, transport, window.


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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Wagner Farm Arboretum Inc, Warren Township, NJ, USA
I was attracted to the Community Garden specifically because it included a Giving Garden. My husband and I started by 'adopting' one, then two plots, growing vegetables for several food banks. We have since become involved in the distribution of produce to four additional clients, including two soup kitchens in local urban communities. The numbers of people fed daily by these locations number in the hundreds.
More Feedback
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
We have become friendly with the directors and chefs of these soup kitchens and food banks and have received much feedback regarding - e.g., how they used the tomatoes for salads and soups, how grateful they were for the hot peppers, how the okra is great for thickening the soups. They have also shared with us the increased demand, the closing of publicly funded food banks, and how the fresh produce helps them to provide varied, healthy meals.
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
Find more committed volunteers!
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
A lot
Did the organization use your time wisely?
Very Well
Would you recommend this group to a friend?
Did your volunteer experience have an effect on you? (teaching you a new skill, or introducing new friends, etc.)
Brought us into contact with the extensive poverty that exists within 20 miles of our affluent community
How did this volunteer experience make you feel?
Useful! Being able to provide healthy, fresh vegetables for people who usually get only canned, fattening, unhealthy food is very satisfying.
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


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As the former BBC Radio 4 newsreader announces she is to be the voice of the Corporation's classified football results on Radio Five Live, we look back over some Charlotte Green's most memorable moments on-air.
The radio professional famously faltered from her straight-laced news delivery on several occasions. In 2008 she dissolved into fits of giggles after reading out an item about the oldest recording of a human voice.
A story on the Today programme about a sperm whale stranded in the Firth of Forth also proved too much for Ms Green, whose attempts to stifle her laughter provoked the mirth of listeners.
She also lent her authoritative tones to her colleagues in the BBC's comedy department, in this case the News Quiz on Radio 4.
After accepting voluntary redundancy, Ms Green delivered her final broadcast for Radio 4 in January, reading the 6 o'clock news.
Many listeners will also remember her soothing, soporific delivery of the shipping forecast, but sadly no clips are currently available online.
Audio courtesy of BBC Radio 4


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Make like Marie Antoinette and stand out amongst the bourgeoisie in these Georgian inspired calf high boots. Featuring a floral tapestry effect upper with a mock snakeskin effect heel and toe and a satin lace up ribbon.
Order by 15:00 GMT Monday to Friday* for same day dispatch!
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3 Item(s)
average fit rating just right
Even though I have not worn these yet, I love them and I am looking forward to it. I am just waiting for my jacket, and am having a coat made to match. Like someone said the heel is just right that you can wear it confidently every day. Well done Irregular Choice. I am smiling because I managed to grab a pair in my size, as size 42 goes quite quickly.
I recently bought these from the website, I ordered a size 5 which fit me perfectly, the laces (which are beautiful ribbons) make them adjustable so they fit like a glove and the heel is a perfect height for wearing them all day, I really can't do high heels so these boots are lovely :)
Very comfortable, with beautiful colours.
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item code: 3984-01i
colour: black, multi
brand: poetic licence
heel height (cm): 5
leather: no
materials: fabric/pu
season: aw17


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read the book....Can anyone describe how Anna Frank's behavior is?
Do you know why she addressed her imaginary friend as ';Kitty';? That was because she loved cats and at one time had four of her own.
Here's some help writing your paragraph. Ask yourself these questions:
How old was Ann? Did she have to grow up under unusual circumstances?
How did Ann feel about the people around her, like her family and others hiding with her?
How did Ann feel about the people who wanted to harm her and her family?
Did Ann have any wishes or dreams? Was Ann a normal teenager?


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a brand of fiber manufactured from cellulose triacetate.
Tagged: a
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a city in the central Netherlands, on the Rhine River: World War II battle 1944. a province in E Netherlands. 1965 sq. mi. (5090 sq. km). Capital: Arnhem. Historical Examples If we are separated, you will ask a Dutchman to take you to 76 Mamur in Arnhem. A Yankee Flier Over Berlin Al Avery Of […]
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a region in N Northern Territory, Australia: site of Aborigine reservation. noun a region of N Australia in the N Northern Territory, large areas of which are reserved for native Australians
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any composite plant of the genus Arnica, having opposite leaves and yellow flower heads. a tincture of the flowers of A. montana, of Europe, and other species of Arnica, formerly used as an external application in sprains and bruises. Historical Examples In case of a burn or bruise, &c., wet a cloth in the arnica […]


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Leopard print is a chic way to unleash your wild, sexy side. Whether you go all out in a second-skin tight dress or just have spots of the print peppered within your outfit -- a blouse, a clutch or a pair of animal-print shoes -- the nail polish color you put on plays a role in setting the tone. Your nail polish can amp up the vamp or beautifully blend in with your animal-inspired outfit.
The color red is synonymous with hot and sexy, so when you add red accents to leopard-print togs you're asking for some attention -- the brighter the red the more sultry the effect. Use firetruck-engine red polish if you're wearing a knock-out cocktail dress and you're out to turn as many heads as possible. Or opt for berry-red polishes for a more subdued and high-fashion look; with a leopard-print blouse and a pair of black trousers, the berry red stands out without drawing too much attention away from the outfit itself.
Colors for Day Dates
If you are wearing leopard print during the day, choose a nude or neutral polish. A French manicure -- a style of polish resembling natural nails, with a clear, nude or pale pink polish as the base and a sliver of white polish on the nail tips -- is classy and looks gorgeous against the bold gold and black spots of a leopard print. Go this direction if you are carrying a leopard-print clutch and your hands are up front and center all day, or go for a taupe or coffee-with-cream shade of neutral polish to keep your look classic without going clear. Wear a pale gold polish to pick up the warm tones of the print and tie your outfit together with gold jewelry pieces, such as bangles or a Cleopatra choker.
Funky and Fun Polish with Leopard Prints
If you want nail polish to serve as a statement piece, go with a textured gold-leaf material or replicate the leopard print of your outfit: apply nail stickers made of real lacquer, or pay a professional nail artist to apply a leopard design from scratch to last you longer. Add an edgy look to your outfit with black nail polish, but keep your complexion in mind. Black is a better choice for someone with a darker complexion; black polish on very pale skin can have you looking bit vampire-ish. For a fun and feminine touch, go with hot-pink polish. It's not quite classic, but not outrageous, either, so may be the perfect choice if you're a girly-girl whose style isn't goth enough for black or racy enough for red.
Lipstick and Nail Polish Combinations
Once you choose your polish you have another decision to make -- to mix or match your lipstick. To play safe, match your lipstick with your nail polish. Wear red polish with red lipstick or neutral-color polish with nude lip color. For a more adventurous look, mix your colors by wearing a red lipstick with neutral nail colors in gold or beige or in a French manicure. Or wear nude lipstick with a polish in red or neutral shades. The same rule applies for applying polish to both toes and fingers: if you are not going to match, keep one set neutral.


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Attended Freighter Schedule 2017
Attended Saturday Freighter Schedule
Colchester Borough Council will collect household items from a number of locations throughout the year as part of the Attended Saturday Freighter Service. You can use this service to dispose of small loads of household items which are not collected as part of your regular kerbside collection. Please don't use this service to dispose of items which can be recycled, although you can bring garden waste separately which will be composted.
Please note that we cannot accept any of the following items:
•no large loads, fridges, freezers or other electrical goods – these items can be collected as part of the Special Collection Service or taken to your local tip..
•no hazardous waste such as asbestos, batteries, liquids or gas bottles – for information on how to dispose of your hazardous items, visit the Essex County Council Hazardous Waste Advice page.
•no commercial refuse – the Council operates a trade recycling and rubbish collection service, details of which can be found on the Recycling and waste for businesses page.
For more information please email firstname.lastname@example.com or phone 01206 282700
LocationDate and Time
Green Lane
8:00am – 9:15am
01 April, 27 May, 22 July
Chappel and Wakes Colne
Swan Grove
8:00am – 9:15am
01 April, 27 May, 22 July
Great Tey
Harold Fairs Rec Ground
9:30am – 10:45am
01 April, 27 May, 22 July


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This includes the sitting fee and images lightly retouched and enhanced and available for viewing on a web gallery provided by Little Black Box Photography. Images are available for purchase for $45 each. A thumb drive/disc is available for purchase with all your images enhanced and/or retouched per client's request starting at $500 depending on the amount of images from the sitting. All copyrights are released to the client once a disc/thumbdrive is purchased.
See pricing structure below:
- $150 – up to 25 images
- $200 – 26 to 75 images
- $250 – 76 to 125 images
- $275 – 126 to 150 images
- $300 – up to 175 images
- Client requested location fee of $25.
- SENIOR PORTRAITS – STARTING AT $250: up to 125 images; 2 outfit changes; up to 2 distinct locations; yearbook image sent to your school
For more information or to book a sitting, please submit our Contact Form or call 405.812.6157 and we will get in contact with you as soon as we can. Thank you for your interest in Little Black Box Photography!


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The Tree of Life/The Thin Red Line DVD
Starring Brad Pitt, Sean Penn, Adrien Brody, Jim Caviezel, Ben Chaplin, George Clooney, John Cusack, Woody Harrelson, Elias Koteas, Nick Nolte, Jessica Chastain
Directed by Terrence Malick
A double-bill of films by director Terrence Malick.
In 'The Tree of Life' (2011) Jack (Hunter McCracken) is one of three brothers brought up in the 1950s by his spiritually-minded mother (Jessica Chastain) and pragmatic, no-nonsense father (Brad Pitt).
After witnessing a disturbing event that shakes his world to the core, the young Jack struggles to reconcile the differing world views of his parents.
Later, as a jaded middle-aged man with a failed marriage behind him, Jack (Sean Penn) retraces his emotional journey from the hope and innocence of childhood to his disillusioned adult years in a quest to rediscover meaning in his life.
Set in 1942, 'The Thin Red Line' (1998) follows US soldiers as they land on the Pacific island of Guadalcanal, hoping to capture it from the Japanese.
When the job of venturing into the jungle falls to 'C for Charlie' company, the troops are faced by both the enemy and struggles within their own camp.
As the carnage and destruction rains down around them, the conflict exacts a heavy toll upon the young soldiers, leading them on a path of disillusion and possibly death.
- Format: DVD
- Region: 2
- Certification: (15)
- Catalogue number: 5554101060
- Studio: 20th Century Fox Home Ent.
- Release date: 04/06/2012
- Genre: Drama
- Colour: Colour
Free Home Delivery
on all orders
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Also directed by Terrence Malick | View all


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Detalii loc de munca - Bucuresti
Descrierea jobului - România
About the company: Our client is a Romanian Restaurant Chain in expansion Key Responsibilities: • Provide visionary and strategic leadership of the company's strategy • Ensure a long-term and strategic positioning of the company's brand • Define the operational standards and procedures for the restaurant chain • Make sure that all new restaurants are operating at the Same Agreed Standard Level of operations • Evaluate the need for investment to maintain and grow the company brand • Responsible for the key financial statements: P&L, cash flow, balance sheet
Necessary Knowledge, Skills and Abilities • High-achieving leader with strong commercial acumen • Minimum 10 years of senior management experience within high-volume restaurants • Ability to define, write and implement the operational standards for new restaurant locations • Previous experience in a corporate chain environment would be a big plus • Successful track record of Starting up businesses A background in culinary disciplines, including creativity, cost controls and mentoring also required. Oferta (bonusuri, beneficii): The package: An outstanding base is available as well as various forms of performance and goal orientated bonus pay. This is an excellent opportunity for a Guest-oriented leader. Ready to taste success? Apply now
Nivel minim de educatie necesara Diploma de facultate


text: A cutting edge global film festival that provides discovery and recognition for filmmakers from the U.S. and abroad who demonstrate excellence in their craft. Every film submitted is watched with a keen eye for quality and artistic expression. Neither budget nor name recognition is a determining factor—the art must shine through. The Festival takes place in New Hope, Pennsylvania, a quaint town with a long-standing reputation in the performing arts.


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Belichick delivers verbal game ball to Wright
Patriots defensive lineman Mike Wright has shown the versatility this year to play all over the defensive line. And with injuries to Vince Wilfork and Ty Warren decimating the defensive line's depth yesterday, his malleability was key to the Patriots' win.
Don't believe it? Ask Bill Belichick. When asked this morning about areas where the team did well, the coach said that there were plenty of positives, though some of them weren't consistent.
Let's let him take it away from there . . .
"I think some of the positives in there were consistent, and then there were some good individual performances," Belichick said. "Mike Wright had a tremendous game, that's about as good a game as a defensive lineman can play, really. All the things that he did in the running game, the passing game.
"He played a couple different positions, played left end, played nose, actually had some snaps in the sub. So individually there were some great things along the way too."
It's easy to say he did well. It means more that the coach would agree.


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Trust Deed Investors
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- California, Oregon, and Washington
Recently Funded Transactions
Blog Posts
Hard Money and Private Money Hotel Financing
Over the past few years, we've received dozens of hard money and private money hotel financing requests from existing owners doing a major overhaul as well as buyers seeking acquisition funds to stabilize a property before taking out a long-term bank loan. This blog...read more
5 to 7-Year Residential 1-4 Unit Rental Property Loan
We've started working with a new lender that has a niche 5 to 7-Year Residential 1-4 Unit Rental Property Loan program intended for the investor borrower who cannot quite qualify for a conventional loan but is stronger and warrants better loan pricing than traditional...read more
Office Building Private Money Loan Financing
Most every Blog and Portfolio post on this site has been written about loans that we successfully closed. Not this one. Today we talk about a nearly $11,000,000 office building private money loan financing scenario that we lost out on by 25 basis points. The buyers...read more
Financing Options For California Cannabis Landlords
Throughout the past year, I received dozens of calls from commercial property owners who rent a portion or all their building out to cannabis-related businesses. They are seeking information about what kind of loan they'll be able to refinance into after their...read more
Hard Money Business Purpose Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC)
Believe it or not, there is such a thing as a hard money business purpose home equity line of credit (HELOC) available in California for residential and commercial properties. At First Capital Trust Deeds, we have closed a few of these loans over the past couple of...read more
Q&A To Common Cannabis Private Money Real Estate Financing Programs
Each week we receive about 10-15 inquiries from Realtors, mortgage brokers, landlords, and medical / recreational business owners who want to find out if we have a loan program that would work for their unique circumstances. Below is a summary of the most common...read more


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Credit Advice
Have a question? Have advice to share? The combined knowledge and experience of everyone in the Credit Karma community can help you. Enter your question or help others below to get started!
QuestionPosted in Credit Report
Question By
0 People Helped
Date Collection Opened - Jan 31 2014
On Sept 27 2015 - debt removed - Collection Company "ERC"
Currently, My Active Report on both TU and Equifax shows same debt as active with Collection Company "Enhanced Recovery Corp"
Opened Date Jan 31 2014
Last Reported Dec 25, 2016
My question: Shouldn't this debt be taken off of my active since its been removed and I am assuming "Enhanced Recovery Corp" is the same collection company as "ERC"
Also, should I dispute this and with who?
Thanks in advance.
All Responses
244 People Helped
If it;'s a dispute, file the dispute with the credit bureaus. Sometimes a debt gets listed twice.
0 People Helped
Thanks for your answer. I will do that.
Reply to this Question
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B2B Marketplace Stylish Script
Welcome to ALIBABACLONE! (SuperbScripts) 1. Product Catalog, Company profiles, Sell Offers, Buy Offers, Forum, Business Directory 2. Complete internal messaging 3. Three membership levels : Gold, Silver and Bronze 4. Customizable site colors and graphics 5. Script parameters are highly configurable through script admin panel. 6. Credit Card , Paypal and Moneybookers module payment method. 7. Sub-Domain Support . Each user will have sub-domain for their company profile. for example : nokia.b2bcode.com And much more Our script is search engine friendly. It also increases your websites search engine rankings! One of the great features our b2b software has is it Multi-Language support. Now our script is available in more then 21 languages. You can read everything in your mother language!Visit publisher site: B2B Marketplace Stylish Script
Listing Details
- Version:
- 6.2
- Filed in:
Scripts / PHP / Scripts & Programs / Clone Scripts
- Submitted on:
- Last Updated:
- Jul 3, 2012
- Publisher:
- SuperbScripts Other listings by this publisher
License & Pricing Information
- License Type:
- Commercial
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Not yet reviewed by any member.... You can be the FIRST one to write a review for B2B Marketplace Stylish Script


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US may remove Sudan from state-sponsored terrorism list
The US has told Sudan that it will remove the country from its list of state sponsors of terrorism if (of course there's an if) next year's referendums proceed smoothly. The two referendums, both scheduled for 9 January, are about whether southern Sudan should secede, and whether the oil-rich region of Abyei should join the north or the south. If the referendums are transparent, and takes place on schedule, the US will take Sudan off the list, and lift sanctions against the country. Sudan has been on the list since 1993. Read more: BBC News
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Co-worker's Stupid Comment
View Single Post
March 10th, 2010, 05:23 PM
Super Mommy
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: CT
Posts: 982
Steal away! But i'm PAL and I totally said something like that *blush*!!!! I had Joey in April...a cousin brought her baby to Joey's memorial service (it wasn't a real problem, just made me a little uncomfortable). Then another cousin had a baby in July. There's another cousin who has a birthday (born the same year) the day before my ds1's and my mil is always trying to make us do a joint party even though we don't really like/get along with that family.
So this time, my rainbow baby, I really wanted OUR baby to get to have her own day...month even. Nobody born close to force into shared parties. Well....a few weeks after I found out I was pregnant mil told me that a cousin (older sister to the one who shares bday with ds) is pregnant again and due 2 weeks before me. She is 20. Having her 2nd kid. Her and her bf are/were both druggies. DCF almost took their first baby away...they are not good parents. Had sex in my brother-in-law's bed at a family party and stole pain killers from my fil's dresser (all fact, not exaggerating)...and then some. They live in her boyfriend's "sober house"...a group home basically. Everyone in the family is always like "Oh poor D, poor kids, lets help them...blah blah blah" and it made me especially upset that THIS was the girl I had to "share" the spotlight with.
I feel bad and immature for having these feelings...and almost ashamed...but I do. If this girl is on her first pregnancy, I can see how she might share some of the feelings...just maybe for different reasons. Some people I would be GLAD to share the journey with...ESPECIALLY with my sister (as is the case with your co-worker). But this girl seems just plain selfish and needs to realize that her sis probably didn't get pregnant on purpose to steal her thunder lol (although in some crazy families I bet this does happen!). I hope they can work through this and both enjoy their pregnancies!
Married to my best friend Tom since 2004 (together since 1999)
Mommy to two little boys:
Jamie ~ 7-12-04 ~ fun, crazy, transformer loving tough-guy mama's boy
Joey ~ 4-4-09 ~ born sleeping ~ held under my heart for 40wk1d, in my arms for just 6 short hours but he will be in my heart forever
And finally holding my little girl,
Felicity Rose,
Born into Daddy's loving hands on June 9, 2010
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Find all posts by J_n_JsMommy


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Child malnutrition has doubled in Gaza
Cases of malnutrition among Palestinian children under five years of age has more than doubled in the past year because of the Israeli security blockade Christian Aid has revealed. A Palestinian medical charity funded by Christian Aid says this is a direct result of the economic blockade of the Gaza Strip imposed by the Israeli government. According to the World Bank, some 100,000 Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank worked in neighbouring Israel. Now, because of the closure, they are banned from crossing into Israel and most are out of work. The negative impact of this on the Gazan and West Bank economy has meant an additional loss of 76,000 jobs. The Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), which runs mother and child clinics in both the West Bank and Gaza City, says the health of all Palestinians has deteriorated radically since the Israeli clamp-down on the Occupied Territories which began in September 2000. As the Israeli government embarks on further military strikes on the West Bank and Gaza, Christian Aid warns the situation for Palestinians will get worse. Healthy provision in Gaza is sketchy at best and many cannot afford what health care is available anyway because of unemployment. The majority of Gazans therefore rely on charities to provide basic medical services. MECC runs two small clinics for women and children in Gaza City. One clinic, Darraj, can cope with 40 cases a day, yet the amount of people queuing before the clinic opens each morning well exceeds that number. These two clinics alone have 590 cases of child malnutrition on their books. They use the common definition of malnutrition of weight to height. According to MECC director Costa Dabbagh the clinics had few cases of malnourishment before the closures. Furthermore, cases of anaemia, parasite infections, hypertension, diabetes and other maladies have all increased. Mr Dabbagh said: 'We are treating more underweight and malnourished children in our clinics and this is a problem of the economy. Gaza suffers from 65 per cent unemployment. Food is available here - we are not short of anything. But it is hard to buy bread, vegetables cereals and meat when you don't have a job.' It is also difficult for staff to get to and from work because of the air strikes and internal closures within Gaza, which are often set up by Israeli troops without warning. MECC also runs training centres for teenage boys and girls. In one class of 95 boys training in carpentry, only six had fathers in employment. Another Palestinian medical charity, Ard El Insan Palestine, said that in 2000 it treated 2,528 children under the age of five for malnutrition. In 2001 this rose to 5,702 - an increase of 125 per cent. In a recent report, the World Bank said: 'The Palestinian Authority is effectively bankrupt since tax revenues have dwindled to a quarter of previous levels.' The report adds that it is only foreign aid donations which are keeping the economy afloat. However, it continues: ' economic collapse remains a real prospect If the confrontation persists at recent levels and the closure is tightened further donor and community efforts will not suffice. Poverty is deepening, particularly in isolated communities. Serious health and environmental problems are emerging and helplessness, deprivation and hatred are increasing.' Christian Aid spokesman, Dominic Nutt, who has just returned from an assessment mission to Gaza, said: 'The levels of poverty in Gaza are shocking. I have met families living in fear of starvation who spend their days dodging Israeli bullets and waiting for neighbours to donate meagre food rations. 'The tension is palpable. Israeli F16s fly overhead day and night. Parents fear for the lives of their children and the children are terrified. The missiles strike with impunity, damaging the already fragile infrastructure and leaving psychological scars. 'The community is becoming more angry, more radicalised. Israeli strikes and closures are not the solution - and nor are Palestinian suicide bombings. It is time for both sides to start talking.'