text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 19, 1980
|Filing date
|Jun 29, 1978
|Priority date
|Jun 29, 1978
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Daniel P. Drogichen
|Original Assignee
|Burroughs Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (30), Classifications (14), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The cost of microprocessors has dropped drastically due to the benefits of mass production. Contrary to the drop in the cost of microprocessor hardware, the cost of software to support these microprocessors has risen. This inconsistency in the cost of implementing microprocessor controlled apparatuses has hampered their proliferation.
One major reason for the high cost of microprocessor software stems from the fact that programming methods previously used with large computers are now being used in microprocessors. As an example, consider the system where portions of assemblers and compilers are loaded into read/write memory from an input/output device. Next, source language is read from one device while partly processed output is written on another. Subroutines are then read in from another device and addresses are relocated so that all code required to run a job fits together in memory with no wasted words between.
Although the latter approach to programming made sense in the early days of computers when memory was prohibitively expensive, memory costs have dropped drastically with read only memory currently being the cheapest kind and available in very small capacities. In addition, microprocessors are being utilized in many direct control environments which require no writing or rereading of data. Thus, in many cases, input/output devices are only required for program development.
It is almost universally true that mass production achieves low unit cost by turning out large sums of identical products. In the case of microprocessor programs which are often implemented in read only memories (ROMs), the obvious way of carrying out mass production is to manufacture large quantities of ROMs with identical contents. The drawback to this approach lies in the prevalent method of linking various pieces of software together into a complete software system, which requires many address changes in each segment. Thus, one factor that has prevented the mass distribution of modular computer programs implemented in ROM form is that often a program instruction must known the absolute location in the memory system of another instruction in the same subprogram, for example, for branching. Therefore, if a computer manufacturer wanted to offer a catalog of subprograms in ROM form, he would have to contend with the desire of different users to select various offerings and locate the selected offerings at different actual locations in memory. It would not be feasible for the manufacturer to assign each subprogram a unique location as the total available memory locations would rapidly be exhausted. What is needed then, is a way to modify the address portion of certain of the ROM'ed instructions before they are used as addresses by the microprocessor.
One solution to the problem presented lies in the use of base registers. Base registers provide a hardware facility that relocates addresses as needed during program execution, making it unnecessary to change them within the program.
In the prior art, base registers have been designed into the microprocessor's CPU chip or added on by the system builder. The apparatus described by John A. Carroll in "Solving Mass-Produced ROM Programming Problems With Base Registers," Computer Design, August, 1977, pp. 99, proposes a base register system for solving the problem presented. The Carroll apparatus includes a set of base registers, and adder/selector circuitry located functionally between the CPU's address bus lines and the memory system address bus lines. Several bits of the CPU's address bus are used to select a base register, which is added to the remaining bits to produce the memory system address.
Although the Carroll apparatus represents an advance over the prior art, it appears to have several drawbacks. First, since it is undesirable to require the CPU to massage the address read from program memory before issuing it on its address bus, the base register select bits must be precoded into the mass produced program ROM. Since a user application will most likely require the use of several base registers, the number of which will increase with the number of subprogram modules used in the system, each of the ROMs must provide a sufficient number of bits of base-register select information to accommodate the largest foreseeable programming system and this base register address is not alterable since it is ROM'ed. Hence, the situation is similar to the original problem experienced, with the branch register address space substituted for the memory system address space. Although this drawback could be overcome by swapping the base register contents before beginning operation with a subprogram which uses that branch register, such a routine is expensive in system program overhead. Alternatively, the branch register select portion of the address could be provided by special hardware in each system, but this would defeat the objective of a mass produced system.
The second drawback of the Carroll apparatus is that the hardware required to perform the address relocation is located at or within the CPU. That is, either the branch register array and select/adder circuitry must be located on a special chip or it must be on the CPU chip, which may be the most valuable silicon real estate in the system. In the latter case, the requirement that all of the branch registers that any user might need must be sold to all users would impose a significant drain on the logic available on the CPU chip. In either case, locating the branch register array and adder/selector centrally presents additional problems in the implementation of multiprocessor systems in which multiple CPUs, each performing different tasks at any one time, share common system address buses, data buses, and program memory.
A second solution to the problem presented lies in the implementation of a "jump relative" instruction as one member of the microprocessor's instruction set. Basically, a jump relative instruction is a branch instruction with the object of the branch specifying a positive or negative number of storage words. The microprocessor adds the object of the jump relative instruction to the storage address the jump relative instruction is located at to come up with the effective address to be branched to.
The main drawback of the jump relative instruction is that since it is ROM'ed, the object of the instruction cannot be altered. Hence, if a first subprogram located in a first ROM required the use of a second subprogram located in a second ROM, the memory system address space within which the second ROM was located would have to correspond to the effective address specified by the ROM'ed jump relative instruction. This would prevent the user from choosing from a catalog of ROM contained subprograms and locating the subprograms at any available location in the microprocessor's memory system he chose.
Further, the availability of a jump relative instruction would not compensate for the other benefits associated with a base register. A base register can be used to store the location of RAM workspace the subprogram requires for storing or manipulating data. A base register may also be used for storing personality constants which preselect some subset of the subprogram's capability or for providing the addresses of input/output devices.
Additionally, since the jump relative instruction would have to be implemented on the CPU chip, the logic required to implement the instruction might cause a drain on the limited space available on the CPU chip.
It is a general object of the present invention to eliminate these and other drawbacks of the prior art by providing an improved device for relocating addresses as needed during program execution.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a device for relocating program addresses which is physically a part of the ROM package within which the program is located.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a device for attachment to a microprocessor which allows the microprocessor user to utilize selected, mass produced, ROM contained subprograms without the need of customized software or hardware.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a device, the use of which will lower software costs associated with a mass produced microprocessor.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description of the preferred embodiment when read in conjunction with the drawings.
According to the invention, the software utilized by the microprocessor is stored in a plurality of ROM packages connected to the microprocessor by an a-bit address bus, an n-bit bidirectional data bus and at least one control line. These ROM packages comprise the microprocessor's memory system and each is associated with a unique set of actual memory system addresses.
Each ROM package includes a 2a X (n+1) bit ROM, where 2a represents the number of (n+1) bit locations in the respective ROM. Each ROM package is used to store a sequence of n-bit program instructions which constitute a subprogram. Each instruction is stored in n bits of an (n+1) bit word. The (n+1)st bit position is used to indicate whether the associated instruction contains a memory system address. Each subprogram is written assuming it is located starting at memory system address zero.
Also located in each ROM package is an n-bit base register, which is loaded under control of the operating system software with an offset address specifying the difference between the actual memory system address of the first addressable location in the associated ROM and the assumed memory system address.
When the microprocessor transmits a memory system address to the memory system, the ROM package corresponding to the specified memory system address receives the address and initiates a read cycle to its ROM. The (n+1) bit word addressed is read out of the ROM. The (n+1)st bit read from the ROM is fed into a gating circuit contained in the ROM package. If the (n+1)st bit is on, the gating circuit gates the contents of the base register into one input of an n-bit adder also located in the ROM package, the second input to the adder coming from the first n bits of the (n+1) bits read out of the ROM. The adder adds the offset value to the address portion of the instruction read out of the ROM. A driver circuit, located in the ROM package and connected to the adder output, transmits the relocated program instruction to the microprocessor.
In the case when the (n+1)st bit read from the ROM is a zero, the gating circuit is turned off and the output of the gating circuit is n-bits of all zeros. In such case, the output of the adder is identical to the other input to the adder; viz, the first n bits of the (n+1) bit word read out of the ROM.
FIG. 1 is an example of the program instruction modification performed by the present invention as seen by a programmer.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the present invention connected to a microprocessor.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the present invention including multiple ROM packages attached to the same microprocessor.
The use of standard software in computer programming serves to relieve the programmer of reprogramming a computer from scratch. Among the typical types of standard software subprograms are language translators to translate programming languages into the computer's own internal machine code, and subroutine libraries which represent sets of off-the-shelf program fragments that perform commonly required functions.
A typical subroutine includes internal jumps and external references. Before using a subroutine, a number of actual machine addresses must be inserted in the jump instructions and external references. The normal method of doing this is to read the routine into an available area in read/write memory under control of a relocation loader program which keeps track of where in memory everything is and calculates actual addresses needed in various instructions.
By putting all standard software into read only memory (ROM), many practical benefits are achieved. For instance, most of the data-juggling programming can be inside subroutines, leaving only a relatively small application oriented program to direct the whole task. Thus, most software could be selected from a catalog of standard factory programmed ROMs, and just plugged in. Using this technique, only a small portion of the system needs to be stored in custom ROM, with the majority of the system in standard mass-produced ROM.
The problem confronted in using ROMs to store standard subroutines is that nothing in the programmed ROM can be changed to make all parts of a software system fit together. At the same time however, many addresses in a program, particularly in jump instructions, assume a knowledge of where in memory each program is located. Each subroutine cannot be permanently assigned to a particular block of space since the whole catalog of software available for a particular computer would rapidly exceed the maximum amount of memory its address word could handle. Further, even if that were possible, many data manipulation subroutines must be informed each time they are called just where their data is, so that even if software can be relocated for each system and custom ROMs could be fabricated cheaply, the fact that external references change while the program is running interferes with a software solution.
The present invention employs base registers to provide a hardware method of modifying addresses at run time while leaving the programs unchanged. A base register is a hardware device that stores an address word, called a base or offset. In accordance with the present invention, the base can be added automatically to the address of an instruction or data field after the instruction is read out of memory, but before it is sent to the computer.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a base register operation as seen by a programmer. The example assumes that only one base register is associated with the particular ROM. The ROM contains a 17 bit word, with the low order bit designating whether the associated 16 bit data word is to be offset by the contents of the base register. The example assumes that the data word consists of a four bit operation code "6" and a twelve bit address "932." Without a base register, when the computer accessed the ROM location illustrated, the two byte instruction "6932" would be read out of the ROM and received by the computer. However, the machine represented here has been augmented so that the base register select bit being a logical one indicates that the two byte word read from the ROM is to be offset. This being the case, the current contents of the base register, "0425," is added to the two bytes, "6932," read from the ROM and the resulting two byte instruction, "6D57," is sent to the computer. Thus, when the processor subsequently executes this instruction, the instruction will access the offset address "D57" rather than the address, "932," which was stored in the ROM.
The capability of offsetting addresses read out of ROM enables any block of code to be written as if it began at address zero, and the ROM to be wired so that the code can appear anywhere in the computer's memory system. As long as the subroutine's actual address origin is placed in the base register before execution and the program calling the subroutine knows the actual starting address of the subroutine, instructions within the program can refer to each other correctly. This method makes it possible to manufacture large numbers of ROM copies of programs, subprograms or subroutines, all alike, without knowing what address space will be assigned to them in different systems.
FIG. 2 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The ROM package 10 includes all of the hardware necessary to automatically modify the ROM contents by the addition of an offset. The preferred embodiment is intended to be used as a part of or as the entire memory system attached to a microprocessor 22. The preferred embodiment of the present invention can be used with most commonly available microprocessors 22 whose characteristics include an n-bit instruction format, an a-bit memory address bus, an n-bit bidirectional data base and the ability to activate at least one external control line. Variations on the preferred embodiment, which will be obvious to those skilled in the art, will allow the present invention to be incorporated for use with a wide range of both microprocessors and larger computers.
The ROM 12 itself is a standard product with a word size of n+1, where n is the word size utilized by the microprocessor 22, and a storage capacity of 2a words where 2a is the number of addressable locations available with an a bit address. Thus for use with a typical microprocessor 22 having a 3-byte machine instruction, the ROM 12 word size would be 25 bits. Of these 25 bits, n (=24) bits are used to store the 3-byte machine instruction and the 25th bit is used to indicate a base register select condition, the meaning of which will be explained below. The microprocessor 22 transmits the memory system address to the ROM 12 over the a-bit address bus. The ROM 12 includes circuitry to decode the address received from the microprocessor 22, the design of this address decoding circuitry being well known to those skilled in the art.
Also located within the ROM package 10 is an n-bit base register 14, which in the latter example would be 24 bits wide. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the base register 14 is a static read/write memory element with a latched output. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that alternate memory devices, such as a dynamic memory chip, could be utilized. The base register 14 receives the data to be stored in it over the n-bit bidirectional data bus connecting the ROM package 10 with the microprocessor 22. The data on the bidirectional data bus is stored in the base register 14 when the base register load enable input is strobed by the microprocessor 22.
The n bit output of the base register 14 is connected to gate 16, which is also located on the ROM package 10. The other input to gate 16 is from the base register select bit position of ROM 12. Gate 16 may be of a standard design such as one comprising n two legged AND circuits, with the base register select bit output of ROM 12 providing one input to each of the n AND circuits and each of the n outputs of base register 14 providing the second input to one of the n AND circuits, respectively.
The n bit output of gate 16 serves as one set of inputs to the n-bit adder 18, which is also located on the ROM package 10. The other set of inputs to the adder 18 is the n data bit outputs of ROM 12. The n-bit output of adder 18 is fed into driver circuit 20 which redrives the output of the adder 18 and transmits them onto the n-bit bidirectional data bus. This bus provides the data link between the ROM package 10 and the microprocessor 22.
The driver circuit 20 is controlled by the base register load enable signal. When the latter signal is sent by the microprocessor 22, the driver circuit 20 is put in a high impedance state which is effective to turn it off. This prevents the driver circuit 20 output from interfering with data on the n-bit bidirectional bus when the base register 14 is being loaded.
Various microprocessors 22 requiring an external memory may be utilized with the present invention. Typical of such microprocessors 22 are the Intel 8080 and the Motorola 6800. However, those skilled in the art will realize that similar embodiments of the present invention can be adapted for use with most digital computers. The requirements for the microprocessor 22 are that it address external memory over an a-bit address bus and transfer data to and from external memory on an n-bit bidirectional data bus. In addition, the selected microprocessor 22 must be capable of providing the base register load enable signal to the ROM package 10.
The following explanation describes the operation of the present invention when employed in conjunction with a microprocessor 22. it will be assumed that only one ROM package 10 is connected to the microprocessor 22 and that it contains a subprogram which will be used by the microprocessor 22. The microprocessor 22 is initially powered on and its operating system program (which is not stored in the ROM package 10) is put in control. The operating system program must then load the base register 14 with the offset (which is the actual memory system address corresponding to the first addressable location in the ROM package 10 containing the subprogram). The microprocessor 22 accomplishes this by transmitting the address or data to be stored in the base register 14 on the n-bit bidirectional bus going to ROM package 10 and activating the base register select line for ROM package 10. The microprocessor 22 software and hardware to accomplish this will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The base register load enable signal turns off driver circuit 20 so that no extraneous data is placed on the bidirectional data bus from the driver circuit 20 output. The data from the microprocessor 22 is read into the base register 14 by the base register load enable signal initiating a store operation in the base register 14.
Once the base register 14 is loaded, the operating system program or any program calling the subprogram stored in the ROM package 10 need only know the actual storage system starting address of the subroutine, this address normally being the value stored in the base register 14. The subprogram stored in the ROM package 10 is written assuming the subprogram is located starting at address 0.
The ROM 12 word size is n+1 bits where n is the instruction size used by the associated microprocessor 22. The extra base register select bit associated with each n-bit word is used to designate whether an address stored in the corresponding n bit word requires relocation. For example, if the n-bit word specifies data rather than an address, or specifies a register to register instruction, since no addresses are involved in using the data or executing the instruction, respectively, relocation normally is not necessary and the base register select bit associated with the data or instruction would be a zero. On the other hand, if the n-bit word specifies a branch within the subroutine or references the location of data within the subroutine, the address specified in the n-bit word must be relocated to reflect the actual memory system address of the object of the branch instruction or the location of the data, respectively, rather than the address stored in the ROM 12. In such case, the base register select bit associated with the corresponding n-bit word would be a one. It should be noted that the base register select bit associated with each n+ 1 bit ROM word is precoded in the ROM when it is burned by the manufacturer, the on/off state of each base register select bit being determined by whether the associated n-bit data word contains an address requiring relocation.
Thus, assuming the base register 14 located in ROM package 10 has been loaded by the operating system program with the offset address, the following occurs when the microprocessor 22 initiates a read operation from the ROM package 10. The microprocessor 22 sends the actual address it wants to read to the ROM package 10 over the a-bit address bus. This initiates a read to the ROM 12 location specified and n+1 bits are read out of the ROM 12. If the base register select bit (that is, the (n+1)st bit) read out of ROM 12 is a zero, then gate 15 receives a zero input from the ROM 12, the gate 16 is turned off due to the base register select bit being zero and the n-bit output of gate 16 is all zeros. Hence the n-bit adder 18 receives as inputs the high order n-bits of data read from ROM 12 and n-bits of zeros from the gate 16. The output of the n-bit adder 18 is identical to the input from ROM 12 since the second input from the gate 16 is all zeros. The n-bit output of adder 18 is inputted to driver circuit 20 where it is redriven onto the n-bit bidirectional data bus going to the microprocessor 22. Thus, in this case, the data sent to the microprocessor 22 is exactly as it was stored in ROM 12; viz., it has not been relocated.
If the base register select bit read out of the ROM 12 is a one, the following will occur. The gate 16 will be enabled due to the base register select bit being a one. With the gate 16 enabled, the clamped n-bit output of base register 14 will be gated through gate 16 and inputted to adder 18, the other input to adder 18 being the high order n-bits of data read out of ROM 12. The adder 18 will add the offset received from gate 16 to the data word read out of ROM 12. The modified n-bit data word read out of adder 18 is fed into driver 20 where it is redriven onto the n-bit bidirectional data bus going to the microprocessor 22. Thus, in this case the data sent to the microprocessor 22 contains a relocated address corresponding to an actual addressable location in ROM 12.
The apparatus as described allows a manufacturer to sell a subprogram software module in ROM package 10 form to a user, and the user is free to locate the ROM package 10 at any actual location in his memory system. No additional hardware is required in the user's system since all hardware necessary to relocate the addresses specified in the ROM 12 containing the subprogram is located within the ROM package 10 the user purchases. Further, only minimum software overhead is expended since once the user initializes the base register 14 with the offset value for his system, address relocation is performed automatically with no requirements on the part of system hardware or software.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention has only considered the case of a memory system including one ROM package 10. Obviously, a typical user would purchase a number of ROM packages containing the subprograms necessary to meet his software requirements. Since each ROM package purchased contains all of the hardware required to support the ROM package at any actual memory system address location, the hardware does not have to be customized to the user's needs and the user only need purchase the ROM packages his software needs require. Since the manufacturer can sell the identical ROM package 10 to each user requiring a particular subprogram, the manufacturer can mass produce the ROM package 10 for each subprogram and thereby benefit from the reduced costs associated with mass production.
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention including a memory system comprising X ROM packages 10 (RP1-RPX), each of which contains a different subprogram. In such an embodiment, the microprocessor 22 determines which ROM package 10 contains the actual storage location corresponding to the memory system address. Thus, for example, the microprocessor may use the first four bits of the n-bit memory system address to determine which ROM package 10 contains the memory system address to be accessed. The microprocessor 22 logic to implemment this function is well known in the prior art.
The microprocessor 22 is connected to each of the ROM packages RP1-RPX by individual a-bit address buses (AB1-ABX), n-bit bidirectional data buses (DB1-DBX) and base register load enable control lines (BRLE1-BRLEX), respectively. However, those skilled in the art will realize that alternate embodiments may utilize a single address bus and a single data bus connected to all of the ROM packages RP1-RPX. Each ROM package (RP1-RPX includes all of the hardware illustrated in dotted lines in FIG. 2 and is used to contain one subprogram written assuming it is located at the same starting memory system address, typically address zero. The operating system program is aware of the actual starting memory system address of each ROM package RP1-RPX.
When the system is powered on, the operating system program is put in control and loads the base register 14 in each ROM package RP1-RPX with an offset value equal to the memory system address corresponding to the first location of the subprogram contained in the respective ROM package RP1-RPX. This is accomplished by the microprocessor transmitting the offset value for a particular ROM package RP1-RPX on that ROM package's n-bit bidirectional data bus DB1-DBX, and activating that ROM package's base register load enable line BRLE1-BRLEX, respectively.
Once each ROM package base register 14 is loaded, the operating system program need only know the actual entry point memory system address of a ROM package RP1-RPX in order to use the subprogram stored in that ROM package. Subsequently, read operations directed to any ROM package RP1-RPX will cause the address portion of data read from the ROM 12 to be offset by the contents of the base register 14 in the corresponding ROM package 10 since each storage location in the ROM 12 referring to an address within its subprogram will have its associated base register select bit on.
The latter described embodiment allows a manufacturer to offer a user a catalog of standard subprograms in ROM package form. The user is free to choose those subprogram ROM packages he requires and locate them at any available memory system address space. Only minimal customizing of the operating system program is required to initialize the base registers and the benefits of being able to purchase debugged, mass-produced subprograms greatly compensate for the operating system program overhead required.
Having shown and described both the preferred and an alternate embodiment of the present invention, those skilled in the art will realize that various omissions, substitutions and changes in forms and details of the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, one of the address bits or a specified combination of address bits may be utilized in place of the base register load enable signals to activate the loading of a base register. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the following claims.
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Owner name: BURROUGHS CORPORATION
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:BURROUGHS CORPORATION A CORP OF MI (MERGED INTO);BURROUGHS DELAWARE INCORPORATEDA DE CORP. (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004312/0324
Effective date: 19840530
|Nov 22, 1988
Owner name: UNISYS CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:BURROUGHS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:005012/0501
Effective date: 19880509


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Explaining Poverty
April 25, 2011
We do not know fully what makes some societies richer than others. However it is clear that those countries with greater economic liberty tend also to have stronger protections of human rights. And their people are wealthier, says Walter Williams, the John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason University.
One way to gauge human-rights protection is to ask to what extent the State protects voluntary exchange and private property. Private property produces systemically different incentives and results from collective property. When property rights are held privately the costs and benefits of decisions are concentrated in the individual decision maker; with collectively held property rights they are dispersed across society.
- For example, private property forces homeowners to take into account the effect of their current decisions on the future value of their homes, because that value depends, among other things, on how long the property will provide housing services.
- Thus privately owned property holds one's personal wealth hostage to doing the socially responsible thing -- economizing scarce resources.
- When the government owns the house, the individual has less incentive to take care of it simply because he does not capture the full benefit of his efforts. It is dispersed across society instead.
- The costs of neglecting the house are similarly spread.
This argument applies to all activities, including work and investment. Whatever lowers the return from or raises the cost of an investment reduces incentives to make that investment in the first place. Proper identification of the causes of poverty is critical. If it is seen, as is too often the case, as a result of exploitation, the policy recommendation that naturally emerges is income redistribution -- that is, government confiscation of some people's "ill-gotten" gains and "restoration" to their "rightful" owners. If poverty is correctly seen because of the unwise government intervention and lack of productive capacity, more effective policy recommendations emerge, says Williams.
Source: Walter Williams, "Poverty Is Easy To Explain," Freeman Online, May 2011.
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If Pippa Middleton can do her own wedding makeup, so can you…for a lot cheaper.
While it still hasn't been confirmed if the new bride took on the brave beauty task—as sister Kate Middleton reportedly did for her own royal nuptials—or if Bobbi Brown makeup artist Hannah Martin lent a brush or two, we do know the new Mrs. James Mathews' natural-looking glow can be easily recreated at home. You don't need pro makeup artist by your side either. The beauty of Pippa's, well, beauty look is that it's achievable with a novice hand and affordable products.
Re-create the Duchess of Cambridge's little sister's wedding look with just $30. Getting the glow is the priciest part and half the battle. The rest? Keep scrolling to find out.
Pool/Samir Hussein/WireImage
We can't all have pro makeup artists by our side. Here's how to get Pippa's wedding day beauty look using only drugstore products.
Pippa is known for going a layer or two too far when it comes to the spray-tan. At her wedding, however, she had the perfect glow. To get this subtle radiance in an instant, try a self-tanning sheet mask (a brand-new beauty innovation). Yes, you literally slide a fabric mask infused with tanning serum on your face, let it sit for 10 minutes, take it off and let the formula subtly tan your face until you get a bronzed glow that's also dewy.
St. Tropez Tanning Essentials Self Tan Express Bronzing Face Sheet Mask, $9
Instead of piling on the highlight and contour, Pippa relied on blush to bring color to her visage and emphasize her cheekbones. The blushing bride wore a creamy rose pigment right on the apples of her cheeks.
Article continues below
Pippa's not one for the statement brow trend. Natural is the name of the game here, and one only need a powdered brow product to fill in sparse areas, rather than a precise pencil to draw shape.
Instead of using a dramatic liner, Pippa's eye makeup is also very natural looking; she used neutrals like brown or gray powder to line her eyes ever so slightly.
Probably the product with the most pigment but also very low key, Pippa's matte lipstick was the perfect pink to balance out her subtle tan and rosy cheeks. Don't be scared to go a little more pink here. Ever the traditionalist, Pippa went with a lipstick rather than liquid lipstick or gloss.
Essence Matt Matt Lipstick, $3.99
Article continues below
Lastly, just swipe on some volumizing mascara, which you probably already own, and go!
Who needs to be a socialite to look this good?


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Softcopy edition:Publish date: June 2009Published by: University of Georgia PressList price: $39.95ISBN Number: 0820330469
What a wonderful resource for gardeners in the South, Mid-south and Mid-west. This book has it all. Great photographs of the weeds, blooms, seeds or fruit, and many times the root system.
Divided into sensible sections with a wonderful key and leaf description area in the front.
If you can only have one weed book, this would be it. (many of the weeds are also wildflowers)
Well laid out and easy to use. A huge thumbs-up.
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Cleantech News from CleanTechnica
- Study Says Tidal Energy Can Meet 20% of UK Electricity Needs
- Pennsylvania Mehoopany Wind Farm Completed
- CleanTechnica Exclusive: Inside The World's Largest Single-Unit Solar Power Plant
- Iron Superconductor Could Solve Key Offshore Wind Power Puzzle
- "Less Carbon, More Jobs" — Clean Energy Economic Development In 3 States
- New Nanoparticle Alloys Allow Heat To Be Manipulated As If It Were Light, Applications In Thermoelectrics And Energy Efficiency
- Car Exhaust Pollution World's Fastest Growing Cause Of Death
- 2013 Solar Decathlon Arrives In Orange County
- EV Sales In France Exceed 5,500 In 2012
- Why Frack When You Can Grow Biofuel? USDA Has $25 Million In Answers
- 5 Smart Home Technologies That Save You Money
Study Says Tidal Energy Can Meet 20% of UK Electricity Needs
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 05:48 PM PST
Tidal power is always pretty impressive to understand, given the sheer scale on which the power is generated. Imagine a wind turbine turned upside down and dunked in some of the roughest seas and you begin to imagine just how tricky but beneficial tidal power can be.
And according to new research UK officials are severely underestimating the wealth of electricity that could be generated from tidal sources.
The analysis, published in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, reports that estuary barges and tidal streams could provide more than 20% of the UK's demand for electricity.
"From tidal barrages you can reasonably expect you can get 15% of UK electricity needs, that's a very solid number," co-author Dr Nicholas Yates from the National Oceanography Centre told BBC News. "On top of that there is a 5% tidal stream figure, and with future technological development that is likely to be an underestimate in my view."
One such project that has been floated (get it? "floated"?) is the idea of building an estuary barge across the Severn. So far the idea has been rejected by the coalition government due to the impact it would have on the environment, however ministers have recently indicated they are wiling to review the idea.
However Dr Yates, one of the researchers behind the new report, has good reason to dislike starting out with building on the Severn.
"I think it's unfortunate that attention for tidal range has tended to focus on the Severn, it's the wrong place to start, it's too big," he said. "Start small, it's what the Danes did with wind – start small, learn quick and build up."
Tidal power has the opportunity now to become a real player in the world of renewable energy. Already a company — MeyGen, a company who are "dedicated to the production of predictable, clean and renewable electricity from tidal flows" — is planning on developing a tidal stream technology in the Pentland Firth that, initially, will provide enough power to service 38,000 homes.
"This is a crucial milestone for us, it will be the first array of tidal stream turbines," observed report co-author Professor AbuBakr Bahaj from the University of Southampton. "It will be a viable proposition for us in energetic areas of the sea – it will be give us another element in the energy mix that's more reliable than wind."
All in all, with slowdowns in the growth of solar and, to a lesser extent, wind power, and growing understanding in tidal power generation, 2013 could be the year that we see the industry leapfrog its way to the forefront of our minds.
Source: BBC News by way of Yale Environment 360
Study Says Tidal Energy Can Meet 20% of UK Electricity Needs was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
Pennsylvania Mehoopany Wind Farm Completed
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 05:28 PM PST
BP Wind Energy and Sempra US Gas and Power completed their wind project called the Mehoopany wind farm, which we previously wrote about while it was still under construction.
This wind farm has an electricity generation capacity of 141 MW (141,000 kW) and it spans 9,000 acres (36 square km), and is located 20 miles northwest of Scranton, Pennsylvania.
This wind farm is powered by 88 General Electric (GE) xle wind turbines which each have an electricity generation capacity of 1.6 MW (1,600 kW).
It wasn't clear how much of this project was built locally, however, domestic electricity generation is a good thing as opposed to importing it.
The larger the fraction of the project that was done in Pennsylvania, the greater the number of people that would be employed in Pennsylvania; unless the workers were imported from another state.
The total investment in this wind farm was $250 million.
This is supposed to be the largest wind farm in the state of Pennsylvania and created 400 temporary construction jobs during its peak construction period. Since construction was completed 10-15 people are permanently hired to maintain the facility.
BP and Sempra already had the entire power output of the wind farm purchased by Old Dominion Electric Cooperative and Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative Inc.
Although the project is a 50:50 joint venture between BP and Sempra it is operated by a wholly owned affiliate of BP Wind Energy.
BP has infused about $8 billion for alternative energy development recently. The US BP Wind Energy is the usual owner and operator of BP wind farms in the United States, with an investment of over $4 billion. The US BP Wind Energy invested in 16 wind farms across the United States with a gross generation capacity of 2.6 GW (2,600 MW).
Source: Zacks
Pennsylvania Mehoopany Wind Farm Completed was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
CleanTechnica Exclusive: Inside The World's Largest Single-Unit Solar Power Plant
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 04:58 PM PST
I'm in Abu Dhabi this week for the 1st ever Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week, including the 6th annual World Future Energy Summit. Alongside of that, Masdar Corporation provided me (and a few others) with a tour of Shams 1, and it will also provide use with a tour of Masdar City. This post is part of a series on these events and on Masdar Corporation itself that Marika and I will be writing throughout this week and probably next.
This first post goes into more depth than our November piece on Shams 1, but that initial piece is also worth reading for some added context and info, so check it out: Largest Solar Power Plant In World Nears Completion In Abu Dhabi.
Most notably, as indicated in the title, Shams 1 is the largest single-unit solar power plant in the world — in total, it has 100 MW of capacity. It is a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant, but it is a bit unique. Very simply, here's how the power plant works: 768 parabolic trough collectors track the sun from sunrise to sunset and use parabolic mirrors to focus the energy of the sun on a central tube containing oil. The concentrated heat is then passed through the system until it is used to boil water and produce steam, which drives a conventional turbine that generates electricity. Additionally, a middle step is the use of natural gas to "superheat" the water. Project managers informed us that this accounts for about 20% of the heat.
Theoretically, natural gas could be used to produce all of the electricity if desired or if power was needed while the sun wasn't shining. However, barring unforeseen needs, that is not how the power plant is intended to run. The total natural gas power capacity of the plant, if it were to run in this way, is 50 MW.
Electricity from the power plant is competitively sold at market price to the grid. It is projected to reduce CO2 emissions 175,000 tons/year, which would be equal to planting 1.5 million trees or taking 15,000 Abu Dhabi cars off the street, according to Yousif Al Ali, the General Manager of Shams Power Company.
The power plant includes 258,048 parabolic trough mirrors on 628,000 square meters, or about the same area as 285 football fields. Another interesting side note is that the water used for the system is reused (i.e. it is a closed loop system).
Why CSP?
There are a few key reasons why Masdar Clean Energy went with CSP for this project. For one, the system is much more similar to conventional power plants than solar PV. As Yousif Al Ali (who worked in conventional energy industries for years) stated, it's "based on an established system, that everyone trusts." Everyone, in that sentence, means people within the utility and electricity generation industry. In Abu Dhabi, as everywhere, such people are more interested in keeping their professional paradigm the same, keeping things essentially the way they are, so a system quite similar to a conventional power plant was easier to "sell" to other relevant players. This is not the first time I've run across such statements, and it is one clear reason why many utilities are more opposed to decentralized solar power on rooftops than large CSP power plants like Shams 1.
Another key reason why this power plant was CSP rather than PV was cost. A couple of years ago, CSP was more cost competitive than PV ("slightly cheaper," as Shams Power Company Process Engineer Abdulaziz Al Obaidli told me in an interview). That was before the price of solar dropped a tremendous amount. Since then, the solar market has turned 180 degrees. Now, Yousif Al Ali and Abulaziz Obaidli, forced (by me) to provide their best guess as to what Abu Dhabi's renewable energy split will be in 2020 (when it is supposed to have 7% of its energy coming from renewable sources) both projected that most of Abu Dhabi's renewable energy will be from solar PV. However, answering my questions in separate interviews, they also both indicated that they thought CSP would provide a good portion of the renewable energy mix. And Abulaziz Obaidli, working on his Phd at the moment, is actually focusing on some ways to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of CSP power plants like Shams 1.
Why the Location?
Shams 1 is located about two hours from the city of Abu Dhabi*, quite far. It is "almost in the middle of the desert," as Yousif Al Ali or Masdar Clean Energy Director Bader Saeed Al Lamki** noted. So, many of us on the trip were wondering, "why this location?"
The location of Shams 1 was picked due to several factors. For one, there was less of a problem with dust and aerosols accumulating on the mirrors than closer to the city (which is located on the coast). Humidity, wind, and, of course, automobile traffic play into that.
Additionally, there was already a gas line nearby — making the cost of bringing in the natural gas much lower — and the location was close to the grid. Solar irradiance is also very good there, naturally.
Energy Subsisides & Distortion
One last issue, which I intend to delve into in more detail in a future post, is subsidies. Every energy source is subsidized. A huge variety of factors change "true market prices," and to create such a price (one without any distortion) is practically impossible… and hardly ever attempted. In other words, our general way of discussing price per kWh is a very simplified way of discussing price that always makes assumptions about which subsidies or distortions we include and which we don't. And this is not just coming from me, a cleantech enthusiast trying to help protect humanity from itself — this was discussed a bit by Yousif Al Ali, a former oil industry employee who didn't seem to hold any grudge against the industry. The point of all this? What competes best on the market will win, but we choose if we want to distort the market for technologies that ruin our water, air, and climate; or if we want to do so for cleaner technologies.
**I can't recall which of these two men said this, both of whom I talked to throughout the day while strolling around large mirrors in the desert.
CleanTechnica Exclusive: Inside The World's Largest Single-Unit Solar Power Plant was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
Iron Superconductor Could Solve Key Offshore Wind Power Puzzle
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 09:00 AM PST
The U.S. wind power industry has a lot to celebrate these days. Last year it accounted for 32 percent of all new installed capacity in the U.S., more than any other single fuel. The wind industry also won a hard-fought battle to extend the critical wind power tax credit for another year, and now it looks like scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory are on the way to solving one obstacle to even more efficient and powerful wind turbines, especially for the offshore wind power sector: development of a low cost superconducting wire based on iron. The new superconductor is more durable and less costly to manufacture than another emerging superconductor based on ceramic materials.
A Low Cost Superconducting Wire for the Wind Industry
Superconductors do just what the name suggests, delivering far greater potential for high efficiency energy generation, transportation and storage, but they are notoriously fickle.
Generally, superconductors are extremely expensive to manufacture, they require forceful temperature control, and they don't perform efficiently under the magnetic fields created by wind turbines.
The Brookhaven breakthrough, published last week in Nature Communications, involves fabricating a semiconductor with thin films of iron, the crystalline material selenium and the semi-metal tellurium, three relatively cheap materials (especially the iron).
The low-cost manufacturing process uses laser pulses to vaporize the materials, and the vapor is then collected in precise layers on a substrate. The secret ingredient is a layer of cerium-oxide (a yellowy rare earth powder) in between the substrate and the other three layers. According to Brookhaven physicist Qiang Li:
"…adding layers of cerium-oxide in between the films and substrates dramatically increased the superconductor's critical current density, or maximum electricity load, as well as the critical temperature at which the material becomes superconducting. That critical temperature threshold rose 30 percent over the same compound made without this layering process—still a very cold -253 degrees Celsius, but it promises significant application potential."
Er, About that Cerium Oxide
Rare earths like cerium oxide are critical to the future development of the alternative energy industry, including wind power as well as electric vehicles and high-efficiency lighting.
The sticky wicket is that dependency on overseas rare earth sources has proven to be a shaky foundation for long term growth in these industries, as well as in more traditional sectors. Just a couple of years ago, a shortage of cerium dioxide rattled the U.S. glass industry.
Not to worry (at least, not yet). The Obama Administration has several initiatives under way to develop more reliable rare earth sourcing, including the recent establishment of the Critical Materials Institute. The new institute, part of the Administration's Energy Innovation Hub program, will also be exploring the development of substitute materials as well as new manufacturing and resource recovery strategies.
Magnetic Fields and Wind Turbines
The new superconductor proved to be capable of carrying 200,000 amperes per square centimeter even under an intense magnetic field. In comparison, a typical household circuit breaker will trip at 20 amps.
If the magnetic field issue is starting to ring a bell, you might be thinking of another superconducting wire under development at the University of Houston through a $4 million Department of Energy grant administered by ARPA-E, the agency's cutting-edge technology division.
Like the Brookhaven project, the Houston research has significant implications for the wind industry in terms of creating a low cost superconductor that performs efficiently even when exposed to a high magnetic field.
Offshore wind power installations would be particular beneficiaries of the new technology, given the massive turbines and long transmission distances involved.
Although the U.S. has been lagging far behind other countries when it comes to offshore wind development, with new superconducting wires in hand it could leapfrog ahead.
That would be especially welcome news for the energy-hungry northeastern states. According to the Department of Energy, practically the entire northeast Atlantic coast is rated as "outstanding" for potential wind power generation.
Image: Courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Follow me on Twitter: @TinaMCasey.
Iron Superconductor Could Solve Key Offshore Wind Power Puzzle was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
"Less Carbon, More Jobs" — Clean Energy Economic Development In 3 States
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 07:23 AM PST
Colorado, Iowa, Ohio – all three states have leveraged their human and other resources and capitalized on clean energy to boost socioeconomic development. EDF (the Environmental Defense Fund) on January 10 released studies that chart the course of clean energy economic development in all three, part of an ongoing project to provide clean energy development road maps nationwide.
Produced in collaboration with Collaborative Economics, the first three "state road maps" in EDF's Clean Energy Economic Development Series identify "a formula for success," EDF writes, "where policy and economic development actions work together across three fronts:
Clean Energy In Colorado, Iowa, & Ohio: Roadmaps For Success
Among the reports' highlights:
Marshaling state resources and collaboration among the diversity of stakeholders spanning the public and private sectors has been one key element EDF and Collaborative Economics identify as being common to all three states success with regard to clean energy economic development.
In Colorado, for example, renewable energy incentives enacted by state legislators have spurred a near doubling of solar and wind energy installations between 2007 and 2011. Green job creation has been growing at a rapid rate, as EDF notes in its report highlights, and the Metro Denver region has become a hub for cleantech startups and established companies alike.
Clean Energy & The Fiscal Cliff
EDF and Collaborative Economics also zoom in on and highlight the clean energy policy contained in the American Taxpayers Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA), which Congress recently passed and the President signed into law in order to avoid the so-called "fiscal cliff."
ATRA effectively extends the wind energy production tax credit for two years by expanding qualifying wind energy PTC criteria from projects that become operational to those that begin construction prior to 2014. Though it came at the last minute, after wind energy industry participants had already shelved project development plans, scaled back manufacturing output, and idled or laid off workers, the PTC tax credit extension will revive activity in the fast-growing clean energy sector, EDF states.
"The American Wind Energy Association counts 75,000 workers in America's wind energy sector, with the new tax law expected to save up to 37,000 jobs and create far more over time, as well as reviving business at nearly 500 manufacturing facilities across the country. Ohio, Colorado and Iowa are far enough down the path to start benefiting immediately."
Image Credit: Vestas Wind Systems
"Less Carbon, More Jobs" — Clean Energy Economic Development In 3 States was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
New Nanoparticle Alloys Allow Heat To Be Manipulated As If It Were Light, Applications In Thermoelectrics And Energy Efficiency
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 07:15 AM PST
A new technique has been developed that now makes it possible to manipulate heat as if it were light, controlling it in the same ways that you can control light waves. This technique could have a lot of very interesting uses in thermoelectric devices and for developing energy efficiency systems in buildings.
The technique is based on "engineered materials consisting of nanostructured semiconductor alloy crystals," the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) writes. "Heat is a vibration of matter — technically, a vibration of the atomic lattice of a material — just as sound is. Such vibrations can also be thought of as a stream of phonons — a kind of 'virtual particle' that is analogous to the photons that carry light. The new approach is similar to the recently developed photonic crystals that can control the passage of light, and phononic crystals that can do the same for sound."
By controlling the spacing of tiny gaps that are present in these materials, it's possible to tune them to match up with the wavelength of the heat phonons.
"It's a completely new way to manipulate heat," Martin Maldovan, research scientist in MIT's Department of Materials Science and Engineering says. "Heat differs from sound, he explains, in the frequency of its vibrations: Sound waves consist of lower frequencies (up to the kilohertz range, or thousands of vibrations per second), while heat arises from higher frequencies (in the terahertz range, or trillions of vibrations per second)."
The overall process (while more complex than this), is essentially to 'reduce' the heat phonons until they are more similar to sound waves, and then manipulate the narrowed beam of "hypersonic heat" that results, by using phononic crystals like the ones used to control sound phonons. These are being referred to as "thermocrystals" by the researchers.
The researchers think that these thermocrystals could be used very effectively for a wide variety of interesting purposes. Among these possibilities are: better thermoelectric devices, "one-way heat flows" that would be very useful for energy efficiency, and "thermal cloaking", which has a wide-variety of potential uses.
The new findings were just published January 11th in the journal Physical Review Letters.
New Nanoparticle Alloys Allow Heat To Be Manipulated As If It Were Light, Applications In Thermoelectrics And Energy Efficiency was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
Car Exhaust Pollution World's Fastest Growing Cause Of Death
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 07:11 AM PST
A new study has found that, on top of all the other manner of ways our cars are trying to kill us, the pollution they emit is now one of the fastest growing causes of death in the world.
The study was published in the weekly journal The Lancet and looked at a wide range of global diseases and their contributing factors. They found that the recent explosion of car use in fast-growing Asian cities has helped bring global air pollution level with obesity as the fastest growing cause of death in the world.
According to the report, a frightening 3.2 million people died from air pollution in 2010, up from 800,000 people ten years earlier. What's worse is that 2.1 million of those were from Asia.
"That's a terribly high number – and much more people than previously thought," said David Pettit, director of the southern California air programme with the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC), according to The Guardian. "Earlier studies were limited to data that was available at the time on coarse particles in urban areas only."
Given the massive explosion of population and subsequent technological rise of countries in Asia — most notably China and India — this corresponding pollution increase is hardly surprising, yet utterly terrifying all the same. As Roychowdhury has said, this evidence simply must now be followed by action.
Car Exhaust Pollution World's Fastest Growing Cause Of Death was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
2013 Solar Decathlon Arrives In Orange County
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 07:06 AM PST
Later this year, the U.S. Department of Energy will host its Solar Decathlon, but students representing the 20 collegiate teams competing in this year's Decathlon have already visited the venue, the Orange County Great Park, in an effort to prepare for the competition which will take place October 3 to 13.
"The Solar Decathlon is the Great Park's first-ever international event," said Jeffrey Lalloway, Chair, Orange County Great Park Corporation. "We are excited to welcome the students representing the 20 competing teams and their creative energy, innovation and talent as they prepare to build solar houses that will allow the public to see the future of energy, today."
For the uninitiated, the Solar Decathlon presents teams from various colleges across the U.S. with the challenge of designing, building, and operating solar-powered houses that are cost-effective, cost-efficient, as well as being attractive (because, let's face it, who wants to live in an ugly house no matter how cost- and energy-efficient it may be?).
During the competition, the public are welcome and encouraged to visit the houses in an effort to provide the consumers with ideas that they can use in their own homes, and to learn how energy-saving features can save them money.
"This is the first time the Solar Decathlon will be held outside of Washington, D.C.," said Richard King, Director of Solar Decathlon for the U.S. Department of Energy. "We are so excited to be in California! The Solar Decathlon 2013 teams are some of the most impressive we have seen to date. We look forward to introducing the students to the Great Park this weekend and to watching their innovations come to life in Irvine this fall."
The current visit to the Great Park allows the students opportunity to participate in a weekend full of workshops and briefings about the competition provided by officials from the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Source: US Department of Energy by way of PR Newswire
2013 Solar Decathlon Arrives In Orange County was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
EV Sales In France Exceed 5,500 In 2012
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 06:59 AM PST
Electric vehicle sales are coming on strong in Europe. In 2012, 5,663 completely electric vehicles were sold in France — double the figure in 2011.
You may be thinking that 5,663 is chump change. That's where a registered vehicle comparison puts things into perspective. Here's the math: There are about 35 million registered cars cruising the streets of France, which makes about one in 6,200 cars a newly purchased EV. Compare that to the 240 million cars motoring around America, with about 12,000 new EVs purchased in 2011, that puts the US at one newly purchased EV per 20,000 cars. Purchasing new EVs at three times the rate of American buyers isn't chump change after all, is it?
With recent news that gasoline lead may be responsible for big city violence, stats that EV sales are up (no matter the country – Norway, China, the UK, et al.) is awesome.
Source: Green Autoblog
EV Sales In France Exceed 5,500 In 2012 was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
Why Frack When You Can Grow Biofuel? USDA Has $25 Million In Answers
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 05:00 AM PST
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has just embarked on a new round of $25 million in funding for four new biofuel research and development projects, offering farmers and other rural property owners the potential for new alternatives to selling or leasing their land for natural gas fracking. The new projects all involve next-generation, non-food biomass, including waste products that would normally represent a costly burden to agricultural operations.
While hardly bringing the gas fracking industry to a screeching halt, federal investments in biofuel research projects like these could help take some of the bloom off the fracking rose by providing rural communities with more sustainable, less risky and less disruptive paths to long term economic revitalization.
Adding Value to Biofuel
When you talk about next-generation biofuel, you're talking about more than cultivating inedible feedstocks that don't compete with food or animal feed crops for land. You're also talking about a whole lifecycle approach to making biofuel cultivation both a commercially viable and an environmentally sustainable prospect.
One of USDA's new projects addresses this approach through a new cropping system, in which the weedy biofuel plant camelina will be rotated with wheat-based plants. The $5 million project, through Kansas State University, will study the commercial feasibility of converting camelina to biobased adhesives and coatings as well as biofuel.
Another $6.5 million will go to Ohio State University to demonstrate an innovative anaerobic digestion system (anaerobic refers to bacteria that thrive without oxygen) that can handle multiple feedstocks. The new system will use natural decomposition to break down manure, agricultural waste, woody biomass and biofuel crops.
In Utah, a company called Ceramatec, Inc. is getting $6.6 million for a project to develop new hybrids of sorghum for use in a fermentation-based process that yields petroleum-identical hydrocarbon molecules, which can then be used as drop-in replacements for petroleum feedstocks at existing refineries.
The fourth grant of $6.9 million will go to USDA's Agricultural Research Service in Pennsylvania (a state that also happens to be ground zero for the fracking debate, as depicted in the documentary Gasland and the new movie Promised Land). The project involves a scaled down catalytic cracking process mimicking the systems used by the petroleum industry.
This one is particularly interesting because it involves distributed energy technology that is designed to be installed at individual farms, rather than at a large central location. Ideally, the catalytic units could be installed by individual farmers to convert either biomass (in this case, forest waste and perennial grasses like switchgrass) or horse manure into biofuel and high value biochemicals.
The distributed model also represents a technological giant step forward from the Obama Administration's longer-running AgStar biogas program, which is designed to encourage livestock farmers to install biogas digesters on site.
The Tip of the Biofuel Iceberg
These four projects represent just the latest in a string of biofuel projects that also support rural economic development, which USDA now numbers at about 130.
They also dovetail with other efforts, including a 2011 Memorandum of Understanding between the Departments of Agriculture, Energy and the Navy to support the biofuel industry in the context of rural economic development.
Biofuel and bioproducts are also just one part of a broader effort to help U.S. farmers stay competitive through new energy strategies. Over the past couple of years USDA has provided hundreds of separate grants and loans to individual farmers for energy efficiency upgrades (grain dryers are a particular target) and new alternative energy installations, especially solar energy.
Fracking Not Stacking Up
There is no such thing as impact-free energy production, but all of these biofuel projects are designed to fit sustainably into the core business of the farmer, which all boils down to long term land stewardship.
As for fracking, the land stewardship angle is on pretty shaky ground. Evidence is beginning to mount that both the drilling operation itself and the disposal of spent fracking brine are putting local water supplies at risk for contamination.
Aside from local impacts, concerns have also been raised that methane leakage from gas drilling sites overwhelms any greenhouse gas emissions benefits to be gained from greater reliance on natural gas.
Image (cropped): Camelina by Matt Lavin
Follow me on Twitter: @TinaMCasey
Why Frack When You Can Grow Biofuel? USDA Has $25 Million In Answers was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
5 Smart Home Technologies That Save You Money
Posted: 14 Jan 2013 12:30 AM PST
When looking for ways to save money, you might not think to look into home automation. In the past, the term "smart home" conjured up images of expensive home improvements and high-tech gadgets that were only found in celebrity mansions or grand estates. However, with the emergence of new wireless technology and more companies providing these products, these systems are now more affordable than ever. Additionally, they do not require any major renovations to your home and will actually start saving you money on your utilities costs. In fact, the savings you'll realize in just a few years can pay for your whole smart home system.
1. Programmable Thermostats
The largest portion of a home's energy bill generally comes from heating and cooling costs. Furthermore, most homes have inefficient systems that waste large amounts of energy in heating and cooling unoccupied rooms or even the entire home. Smart home technology can solve this problem in two ways.
First, current home automation systems with programmable thermostats allow you to set the temperature of your home remotely from your smartphone, tablet, or other internet-enabled device, so you don't have to heat or cool your home while you are away. Before returning home, you can reset the thermostat so that a comfortable temperature is waiting for you.
For other DIY energy saving tips, you can visit Energy.gov.
2. Zone-Based Thermostats
With zone-based thermostats, your house can be divided into zones so that unoccupied rooms and areas are not being cooled or heated unecessarily. Motion sensors in the room can start up and stop your heating and cooling system to decrease the amount of wasted energy.
It's been estimated that homeowners can saved on average $180 per year simply by using programmable or zone-based thermostats.
3. Occupation Detectors and Motion Sensors
Motion sensors can control the lights and appliances in your home. This will help lower utility costs by ensuring that lights, televisions, sound systems, and even small appliances like candle warmers or curling irons are turned off when no one is in the room to use them. With some systems, you can also control lights and appliances remotely from your personal digital devices. This way you aren't paying for the energy that is normally consumed when lights and appliances are mistakenly left on while you are not home.
4. Power Timers and Monitors
Being aware of the optimal times to run your electrical appliances can save you a bundle. There are several monitoring devices that can give you real-time feedback on how much energy your home is using, as well as the times when your energy costs are lowest. Based on this feedback, you can set power timers to run large appliances like hot tubs, spas, and attic and exhaust fans at optimal times, and have them automatically turned off at set times to avoid wasted energy.
5. Solar-Powered Products
You don't have to invest in large solar panel technology to start harvesting energy from the sun. Start with some well-designed solar lights for patios, porches, and other outdoor lighting needs.
But if you're ready to invest in something bigger, the good news is that doing so will likely save you a lot of money over the medium to long term. Overall, solar power costs can be 20-30% lower than your standard utilities. Although solar energy has saved homeowners money over the long-term, upfront equipment and installation costs have typically taken them several years to recuperate. However, there are now companies that provide very affordable solar panel technology for your entire home, helping you avoid expensive upfront costs and allowing you to start saving money almost immediately.
With these home automation products, you can make your home work smarter without a lot of upfront investment. An energy-efficient smart home can save you money while you save the planet. You can start with these five products or call a home automation company that can help you design a system that best meets your needs.
Author Bio: Rick Delgado is a passionate freelance writer in the tech and eco-friendly space.
5 Smart Home Technologies That Save You Money was originally published on: CleanTechnica. To read more from CleanTechnica, join over 30,000 others and subscribe to our free RSS feed, follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or just visit our homepage.
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Post-bifurcation, many truck owners from Telangana region, who had registered their vehicles in the Krishna district, are applying for change of address to their respective districts for different reasons.The Transport Department officials say that the trend picked up during the Telangana agitation, especially after December 2009, and gained momentum with the changing political and financial situation.Of the nearly 50,000 trucks and other heavy vehicles registered in the district, every year, about 500 truck owners are opting for change of address to Telangana districts like Nalgonda, Khammam, Karimnagar and Warangal, says a senior official.
By now, the official says, about 6,000 truck owners have sought change of address. Apart from the nativity aspect, there are other factors that may have prompted them to shift base. Poor business in the last couple of months due to agitations in Telangana and Andhra districts could have been the primary cause, he says.Restrictions on sand quarrying in many areas across the Krishna district could be the other possible reason since it was a revenue-generating activity for many truck owners here.A similar decline in granite and lime transportation over the years from the State to different places, would have contributed to the trend, he says.If truck owners continue to operate with old registration numbers, they will have to pay permit fee as they will be treated as other State vehicles for operating in Telangana, he said.
Finance companies and loan facility may be other contributors. In the past, Vijayawada was a hub of private finance firms, which extended loans to buy trucks and other heavy vehicles. As a precautionary measure, these firms insisted that the truck owners, even those from Telangana districts, register their vehicles here in the district. In the wake of bifurcation, truck owners could have opted to shift their operations, says Y.V. Eswara Rao, General Secretary of A.P. Lorry Owners Association.


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Havalon Knives is pleased to announce that Michael Bishop from Texas, has won a free Havalon hunting and skinning knife set. Michael was eligible because he subscribed to our email news during the month of June.
His prize: The Piranta Tracer 22. He will receive the hunting knife, a set of replacement blades, knife holster and a Havalon hat.
Micheal says, "I used one of your knives to skin and clean this deer. I am forever sold on your product! I tell everyone about your knives, and now I can show them."
If you would like to be eligible to win, just sign-up for our email news. Good Luck!


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Duration: 5min 03sec Views: 18 597 Submitted: 3 years ago Submitted by:
Description: We were more than excited to welcome back gorgeous teen Belle Knox, the amateur turned porn star, and get her to ride a big boner in the backseat of the bang bros car. She's a feisty little beauty and it was the best ride of our life.
Categories: Teen
Pornstars: Belle Knox


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ZF Marine Named Supplier of the Year
ZF Marine has been chosen as one of Mercury Marine's suppliers of the year.
Each year Mercury Marine evaluates over 1,500 suppliers, and selects only 12 to receive this award. AJ Halavacs, Pleasure Craft Segment Manager, and John Shea, Account Manager, both from ZF Marine were on hand to receive the award from Mercury Marine. It was presented last month at the Mercury Marine Supplier Conference in Sarasota. Fla.


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There are some years when equal-weighted ETFs are your best friend, and other years where they disappoint. I thought of this axiom as I was taking a look at one of these equal-weighted funds, the SPDR Morgan Stanley Technology ETF (MTK).
Just to review, most ETFs use a modified-capitalization weighted index, giving larger companies more weight in their index. With equal weighting, however, the smaller stocks have a lot more impact on your returns.
But this ETF is only "equalized" (rebalanced) once per year, near the end of December, so the weightings of stocks that do well tend to exceed those that don't do so well as the next several months go by.
Here's a look at the weighting of this fund as of May 3, 2011
Note how you see some smaller companies at the top of the list while some larger companies occupy the bottom tier.
(Incidentially: Wow! A tech fund where Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) is less than 3% of the holdings! Hey, I like AAPL, but I like some of the smaller companies too)
Nvidia (NASDAQ:NVDA) at the top of the list has a weighting that's 70% more than the last-place company, RIMM. That's because NVDA has performed a lot better than RIMM since the MTK fund was last rebalanced on December 17. 2010.
Just for fun, I did a thought experiment. What if on December 17 I'd purchased $10,000 in each of the top five companies and shorted $10,000 worth of the bottom five companies?
Here's that would have turned out as of May 3, 2011
The chart at the top shows hypothetical returns for both the long side, the short side, and the combined results. The chart at the bottom shows a hypothetical $50,000 invested in the MTK fund itself against both SPY and QQQ.
Outperformance the rest of the year?
Obviously, I would have had no way to know ahead of time which stocks would be the under- and over-performers, but if both groups continue as they've traded, this fund could probably do well as the leaders get weighted more heavily and the laggards are given less weight – until the fund next rebalances on December 16. 2011.
If tech or the overall market slides, of course, all bets are off. But here's a look at how MTK has performed in the past after its rebalancing for selected years. There are some years when the fund seems to lag, while in other years it roars into year's-end until another equal-weighted rebalancing.
Ways to trade with MTK
If you believe the laggards, such as CSCO and RIMM, will continue underperforming the leaders, such as NVDA and ERIC, you might think about buying MTK. If you're aggressive, you might also short some of those stocks toward the bottom of the list. Just don't forget that the fund will rebalance near the end of December.
Or forget the fund entirely and pair up some of those leaders and laggards in various long/short combos to fit your view. Toward the middle of the year, a look at the weightings of a fund like this can provide some good long/short ideas if you're so inclined.
One thing I would not do is try and short MTK as any sort of a hedge. It's a thinly traded ETF with an average volume for the past three months of only 15,500 shares. I'm surprised the fund still even exists at all.
But I'm glad it does. I like equal-weighted sector ETFs, but I don't own this one. When smaller stocks tend to shine brighter than the big heavyweights, these types of funds offer a great way to take a diversified position in a specific sector.


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Amsterdamned Trailer (1988)
"Be glad you're afraid... It means you're still alive." 11 February 1988 Horror, Action, Thriller 105 mins
A mysterious diver hiding in Amsterdam's canal system embarks on a rampage of gruesome murders, terrifying city officials and leaving few clues for the city's best detective, who doesn't suspect that both his new girlfriend and twelve-year-old daughter may be closer than he is to finding the killer.
Watch the official Amsterdamned 1988 trailer in HD below or find more Amsterdamned videos on Vidimovie.


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Add-on >> Brushe - Snowflake brushes 103603 by Thordesign @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 364.79 KB; Requirements: Adobe CS3+.
10 Photoshop snowflake brushes for your projects.
This package contains only the .abr file and a help file, for a faster download. If you need the vectors just give me a message and i will be happy to help.
Have fun!
Keywords: snowflake brushes, snowflake, snow.


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This convertible backpack with shoulder strap is a true must have. Featuring a drawstring and magnetic shoulder, detachable python padded shoulder strap, this bag is fully lined with Italian black baby calf leather and an inside zipper pocket, then finished with polished silver tone hardware.
Made in the United States.
Note: Python products may not be shipped to California. 12 inches (H) x 10 inches (L) x 7.3 inches (W). Handle drop 16.5 inches.
AHAlife is committed to help you live a conscious and inspired life.
Many of the items you discover here are exclusive to AHAlife, which is what makes our community of designers and artisans so special.
If you find one of our products anywhere else for less than it's being sold on our site, we will match it. No questions asked.
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Okay I know ewcm is a sign you are fertile but generally do you get it before, the day off or the day or two after o? Because I just noticed it today & I'm due to ovulate between the 4-8? Which we have been getting our baby dance on every other day since Aunt Flo left but now that I actually am having ewcm I wasn't sure if that means o is coming soon or happening now!
Re: Ewcm?
You get it before O but it could be a few hours before or a couple of days before. Some people have it for a few days. If you are getting it now it might be worth giving every day a go but def BD when you have EWCM :). It could be soon or now, you will have to wait and see ;). Lol that's the TTC catchphrase I think!
Re: Ewcm?
I agree. I used to think I got mine the day of o' but now that I'm taking opk's I know it's a few days before I o'. I use it as my sign to be serious about testing with the opk's and bd'ing now.
Good Luck!!!
Re: Ewcm?
Thanks for your input ladies! Since we've bd about very other day up to this point I think I'm going to take it as its coming soon & just continue checking my cm & continue the bding lol
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