text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 27, 1990
|Filing date
|Jun 12, 1989
|Priority date
|Oct 3, 1988
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Hwa-shan Ho
|Original Assignee
|Baroid Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (48), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation, of Application Ser. No. 07/253,075, filed Oct. 3, 1988 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,144.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods of predicting the torque and/or drag on a drill string in a directional oil and gas well. More particularly, the present invention relates to improved methods for more accurately predicting and/or analyzing the measured torque and drag of a drill string in such a well to better plan, predict, and control borehole trajectory, to avoid or predict drilling troubles, and to reduce the total cost for the entire well.
2. Description of the Background
As oil and gas exploration becomes more expensive due to more severe environments, there is an increasing urgency to reduce the total drilling, completion, and production cost of a well in order to develop a reservoir more economically. Directional drilling is increasingly being regarded as an effective means to minimize overall development and production cost of an oil field, particularly for the following situations: (1) Drilling multiple directional wells from the same platform or rigsite, particularly in offshore and arctic areas, to reduce rig cost; and (2) Drilling "horizontal" wells to improve production drainage, avoid water coning, and develop very thin reservoirs. While the outlook on directional drilling is very positive, there are many technical problems that need to be resolved in order to further reduce the total cost of a directional well. One such problem concerns the accurate prediction and interpretation of drill string torque and drag data.
Computer models have been used for years to predict drill string torque and drag The predicted data may be compared to actual or measured torque and drag data, respectively obtained from portable rotary torque meters and weight indicators placed below the kelly and travelling equipment.
Drill string torque and drag data has heretofore been input to a torque drag model, and its findings used for improved well planning design to reduce torque and drag, and for more realistic drill string design and surface equipment selection. On a more limited basis, prior art torque and drag models have been used for rig-site trouble-spotting using diagnostic drilling (tripping) logs by comparing measured and predicted torque and drag to spot potential troubles, and for an aid in casing running and setting. U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,452 discloses a drilling technique intended to reduce the drag and torque loss in the drill string system.
The current drill string torque/drag models, which are widely used in the drilling industry, are each variations of a "soft string" model, i.e. a model that considers the entire length of the drill string sufficiently soft so that the stiffness of the drill string is not taken into consideration. More particularly, the "soft string" torque and drag model: (1) Assumes the drill string to continuously contact the borehole This implies that effectively the borehole clearance is zero (or rather, no effect of actual borehole clearance is seen); (2) Ignores the presence of shear forces in the drill string in its force equilibrium Under general conditions, the assumption of zero stiffness does not imply vanishing shears; and (3) For an infinitesimal drill string element, violates moment equilibrium in the lateral direction. For any finite drill string segment, the assumed torque transfer is incorrect.
Since the soft-string model ignores the effects of drill string stiffness, stabilizer placement, and borehole clearance, it generally shows reduced sensitivity to local borehole crookedness and underestimates the torque and drag. Examples of soft string torque and drag models are discussed in the following publications: (1) Johancsik, C. A., Dawson, R. and Friesen, D. B.: "Torque and Drag in Directional Wells--Prediction and Measurement", LADC/SPE conf., SPE paper #11380, New Orleans, 1983, pp. 201-208; (2) Sheppard, M. C., Wick, C. and Burgess, T. M.: "Designing Well Paths to Reduce Drag and Torque", SPE paper #15463, Presented at SPE Conf., Oct. 1986, New Orleans, p.12; (3) Maidla, E. E. and Wojtanowicz, A. K.: "Field Comparison of 2-D and 3-D Methods for the Borehole Friction Evaluation in Directional Wells", SPE paper #16663, Presented at SPE Conf., Sept. 1987, Dallas, pp. 125-139, Drilling: and (4) Brett, J. F., Beckett, C. A. and Smith, D. L.: "Uses and Limitations of a Drill string Tension and Torque Model to Monitor Hole Conditions", SPE paper #16664, Presented at SPE Conf., Sept. 1987, Dallas, pp. 125-139, Drilling. These references disclose the use of the torque and drag model to plan the directional well path for reduced torque and drag, to estimate the maximum drill string load in order to help in the design of the drill string, and/or to infer borehole quality from the difference between downhole weight on bit (WOB) and surface WOB.
As noted above, each of the softstring models neglects the stiffness of the drill string, and is independent of the clearance between the drill string and the borehole wall. As a result, effects of tight holes and severe local hole crookednesses cannot be easily detected by such a model. The soft-string model thus generally underestimates the torque and drag, or overestimates the friction coefficient. Accordingly, the usefulness of the soft-string model as a rigsite monitor/advisory tool for trouble-spotting is severely limited.
In view of these limitations, some companies have reportedly incorporated a stiffness correction factor to the soft-string model While this correction factor, when used, will increase the torque and drag for the model to more closely approach the actual measured torque and drag, it does not provide a reliable model for torque and drag predictions to play a major role in well planning, drilling operation (trouble diagnosis and prevention), casing running/setting operations, and completion/cementing operations.
The disadvantages of the prior art are overcome by the present invention, and improved methods and techniques are hereafter disclosed which provide a more reliable and more meaningful torque and drag model which may be used to reliably predict torque and/or drag, and thereby more successfully and economically drill and complete a directional oil or gas well.
The actual torque and drag on a drill string is the result of the incremental torque and drag along the three primary sections of a typical drill string: the conventional-wall drill pipe section, the heavy-wall drill pipe section, and the collar section or bottom hole assembly of the drill string. As the name suggests, the heavy wall drill pipe section comprises lengths of heavy wall drill pipe (HWDP). The collar section comprises one or more interconnected lengths of a much heavier walled tubular, generally referred to as the collar. Typically, the collar section is provided between the heavy wall drill pipe section and the drill bit to minimize the likelihood of buckling, and hence may be referred to as the bottom hole assembly when at this location The collar section may, however, be provided at a higher location along the drill string and not adjacent the bit.
An improved torque and drag program is presented here that combines a bottomhole assembly (BHA) analysis in at least the collar section of the drill string. According to a preferred embodiment, this BHA analysis is coupled with a soft-string model analysis for the remainder of the drill string, i.e. both the drill pipe and HWDP sections. The rationale of the improved torque and drag model is to include the effect of drill string stiffness where such effect is the greatest, namely in the collar. Adding BHA analysis also enables one to include the effects of stabilizer placement and hole clearance. In addition, when used for casings with centralizers, the output of the BHA analysis portion will enable one to determine the amount of eccentricity of the casing. This information is important for proper cementing operation.
The improved torque and drag model of the present invention more reliably enables one to make better selection of drill string design, perform better rigsite troublespotting, and aid in casing running and setting. In addition, the model as disclosed herein may be used for the following additional purposes: (a) inferring downhole loads (WOB, TOB, or casing landing force) from surface measurements: (b) quantifying the casing eccentricity and its effect on cementing, using a program that computes the actual deformation of the near-bottom section of the casing; (c) aid in depth correlation of MWD measurements; (d) aid in jarring operation by identifying the free point and the overpull needed to activate jarring, since both are affected by drag: and (e) redefine borehole trajectory and geometric condition, e.g. by using successive (time lapsed) tripping logs and the improved torque and drag model, one can detect changes in the trajectory and/or geometric conditions of the borehole.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved torque and/or drag model which yields a more realistic torque and/drag computation.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved torque and/or drag analysis for a drill string which considers drill string stiffness for at least a portion of the drill string.
Still another object of the invention is a torque and/or drag model which determines location and magnitude of the contact forces acting on a portion of the drill string as a function of the trajectory of the well.
It is a feature of the present invention to provide a torque/drag model which determines torque and/or drag on a drill string as a function of the placement of stabilizers on the drill string and as a function of borehole clearance between the drill string and the well.
Still another feature of the present invention is a torque/drag analysis which calculates the kinematics, external forces, and internal forces on at least a portion of the drill string.
As a further feature of the present invention, a torque and/or drag analysis may be performed on the conventional and heavy wall drill pipe portions of the drill string using soft string analysis, and combining the soft string analysis with a bottomhole analysis for the collar portion of the drill string.
An advantage of the present invention is that the improved torque and drag model may be more reliably used to predict and control the path of a directional well, avoid, predict, or advise the drilling operator of potential troubles, and minimize the total cost of the well by optimizing conflicting governing parameters.
These and further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, wherein reference is made to the figures in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a free body diagram of the torsional moments acting on a portion of a drill string subjected to torque at both ends.
FIG. 2 is a vector diagram of the torsional moments acting on a portion of a drill string.
FIG. 3 is a pictorial illustration of the forces acting on a differential segment of a drill string while tripping out of a well.
FIG. 4 is a graphic illustration of the effect of step kink length on drag for both the soft string model and the torque-drag model of the present invention, assuming a friction coefficient of 0.2.
FIG. 5 is a graphic illustration of the effect of down-kink length on drag for both the soft string model and the torque-drag model of the present invention, assuming a friction coefficient of 0.2.
In order to obtain a better understanding of the assumptions of the soft-string torque and drag model, and of the benefits of the improved model according to the present invention, the basic governing equations for each model are provided below. For these equations, the following nomenclature is used:
______________________________________A.sub.i : Drill string section area defined by inner diameter D.sub.iA.sub.o : Drill string section area defined by outer diameter D.sub.oA.sub.d : Deviation angleA.sub.z : Azimuth angleE: Elastic (Young's) modulus(E.sub.1,E.sub.2,E.sub.3): Unit base vectors in global system, pointing in East, North, and Up-vertical directions(E.sub.n,E.sub.b,E.sub.t): Unit base vector in natural curvilinear systemE.sub.n : Principal normal directionE.sub.b : Binormal directionE.sub.t : Tangential direction, positive upholeF: Resultant force vector at section of drill stringf: Friction coefficientf.sub.c : Distributed contact force vector on drill string(F.sub.1,F.sub.2,F.sub.3): Components of resultant vector force F at a section in global coordinatesg E.sub.g : Vector of submerged drill string weight per unit length: g = gv (A.sub.o - A.sub.i) g.sub.v = g.sub.s - g.sub.f ; submerged weight densityg.sub.s : Drill string's dry weight densityg.sub. f : Fluid's weight densityI: Moment of inertia of drill string section (Do.sup.4 - Di.sup.4) / 64k.sub.b : Total bending curvaturek.sub.n : Natural tortuosity of drill string centerlinek.sub.z : Rate of change of azimuth angle: dA.sub.z /dSM: Resultant moment vector at a positive section of BHAN: Distributed normal contact force, = N.sub.n E.sub.n + N.sub.b E.sub.bM.sub.t : Drill string torque(O,M.sub.b,-M.sub.t): Components of M in curvilinear coordinatesp.sub.o : Annulus fluid pressurep.sub.i : Bore fluid pressurer(S): Torque-generating radius of drill stringS: Arc length of borehole/drill string centerline, positive going upholeT: Actual axial tensionT.sub.e : Effective axial tension, = T + (p.sub.o A.sub.o - p.sub.i A.sub.i)T.sub.o : Sticking force (effective)t: Distributed torque per unit length on drill stringt.sub.p : Over-pull factor, = Surface tension induced by T.sub.o, divided by T.sub.ot.sub.d : Drag factor = Total surface tension (T.sub.o = 0) divided by total suspended string weightt.sub.m : Torque factor = Surface torque divided by torque on a straight hole of same constant deviation angle, A.sub.d(V.sub.n,V.sub.b,T): Physical components of resultant force F in curvilinear coordinates(X, Y, Z): Fixed global coordinate system in: East, North, and Up-vertical directions______________________________________
The basic governing equations are given below in natural curvilinear coordinates for the soft-string model.
The effects of the internal and external fluids, with pressures pi and po, are taken into consideration by using the effective tension, Te :
T.sub.e =T+p.sub.o A.sub.o -p.sub.i A.sub.i (1)
and replacing the dry weight density, gs, by the submerged density, gv :
g.sub.v =g.sub.s -g.sub.f ; (2)
where gf is the fluid density.
With those substitutions, equilibrium of the softstring model is described as follows (while tripping out):
d(T E.sub.t) / dS+N-f N E.sub.t +g E.sub.g =0. (3)
Using the Frenet-Serret formulas for the centerline of the borehole:
d E.sub.t / dS=k.sub.b E.sub.n ; (4)
d E.sub.n / dS=-k.sub.b E.sub.t +k.sub.n E.sub.b; (5)
where kb is the total flexural curvature and kn the natural tortuosity of the hole centerline, one can express the base vectors Et and En in terms of the deviation (or inclination) and azimuth angles, Ad and Az as follows: ##EQU1## Therefore: ##EQU2## Separating the distributed lateral contact force N into two components:
N=N.sub.n E.sub.n +N.sub.b E.sub.b ; (9)
one obtains ##EQU3## The moment equilibrium is described by:
d(-M.sub.t E.sub.t) /dS+f r N E.sub.t =0. (13)
Along the Et direction, one has:
dM.sub.t / dS=f r N. (14)
Along the En direction, equ. (13) implies:
M.sub.t k.sub.b =0.
This violates equilibrium, unless kb =0. Furthermore, when any finite length of the drill string is taken as a free body, overall moment equilibrium is clearly violated in all directions, unless the borehole is straight.
To illustrate, FIG. 1 is a finite sement of the drill string with constant (2-D) curvature kb subjected to torque Mt1 and Mt2 at both ends, and an assumed constant distributed torque, t, for ease of illustration. To consider moment equilibrium, one need not include all the forces acting on the free body, since there is in general no force couple. One can therefore consider moment equilibrium about a point on the line of action of the resultant total force.
FIG. 2 is a geometric construction of the total moment acting on the free body by the applied torque. The straight lines AB and DC denote the torque at b and c, i.e., Mt1 and Mt2 respectively, whereas the curved (circular arc) section BC denotes the integration of the distributed torque t Et. Note the following:
(a) Length CD=Length AB+arc length BC (from Equ. (14)):
(b) Vector CD is tangent to arc BC at point C.
Similarly, for any point p within the section BC in FIG. 1, the corresponding torque is the vector PQ in FIG. 2, satisfying the above two conditions. Note that if t is not constant, then, the curve BC will not be a circular arc, but the above conditions still hold.
The above relationships can be interpreted as follows: The torque integrand curve APC is the "evolute" of the torque integral curve AQD, which in turn is the "involute" of APC.
Therefore, the total resultant moment for this section is the vector AD, and not zero. This implies that the section is not in moment equilibrium.
One can thus conclude that the soft-string model provides reasonably good estimates of the torque and drag under the following conditions:
(1) The drill string continuously contacts the borehole, i.e. the drill string centerline nearly coincides with the borehole centerline. This requires the borehole trajectory to be very smooth and contain few if any reversed curvatures. This is a major assumption and the source of significant error. It completely ignore the effect of hole clearance.
(2) The interpolated borehole trajectory between survey stations is smooth (at most linearly varying curvature) and has zero totuosity. In such situations the soft-string model does provide very good results within each such survey interval.
If we assume, as in the "soft-string" model, that the drill string is completely constrained by the borehole (resulting in continuous contact), but do not neglect the stiffness of the drill string, then a rigorous theory can be derived for computing the contact force, and the generated torque and drag.
The derivation is based o the large deformation formulation recently presented in the paper by the inventor referenced below, except that the natural coordinate system (Et, En, Eb) will be used instead. This is because the drill string is assumed to be completely constrained by the borehole, and therefore the centerline of the drill string has the same trajectory as that of the borehole. Equilibrium of the differential segment dS while tripping out is shown in FIG. 3:
dF/dS+f.sub.c +g E.sub.g =0; (15)
dM/dS+E.sub.t X F+t E.sub.t =0; (16)
where ##EQU4## and the resultant bending moment, Mb, is defined by the borehole's flexural curvature, kb, by:
M.sub.b =k.sub.b * EI.
Noting that:
dA/dS=dA/dS+k.sub.N X A, (18)
where kN is the natural "total curvature" vector of the borehole:
k.sub.N =k.sub.b E.sub.b +k.sub.n E.sub.t ;
with kn being the tortuosity of the borehole centerline, we can obtain, the following four equilibrium equations:
(1) Moment equil. in Et direction:
dM.sub.t /ds=t; t=f r N. (19)
(2) Force equil. in Et direction:
d/dS (T+M.sub.b .sup.2 /(2EI))-F N +g E.sub.g * E.sub.t =0; (20)
(3) Force equil. in En direction:
-d.sup.2 M.sub.b /dS.sup.2 +k.sub.n (k.sub.b M.sub.t +k.sub.n M.sub.b)+T K.sub.b +N.sub.n +g E.sub.g * E.sub.n =0; (21)
(4) Force equil. in Eb direction:
-d(k.sub.b M.sub.t +k.sub.n M.sub.b)/dS-k.sub.n dM.sub.b /dS+N.sub.b +g E.sub.g * E.sub.b =0. (22)
One will note that each of these four equations are similar to equations set forth in the publication by the inventor entitled "General Formulation of Drill string Under Large Deformation and Its Use in BHA Analysis", SPE Ann. Tech. Conf., Oct 1986, New Orleans, SPE Paper #15562.
In addition, one has:
V=dM.sub.b /dS E.sub.n +(k.sub.b M.sub.t +k.sub.n M.sub.b) E.sub.b. (23)
Note that the assumption of zero stiffness by the soft-string model implies Mb =0. However, one cannot therefore assume zero shear force, as does the soft-string model, because of the term kb Mt. This error will lead to incorrect normal contact force.
Several comments can be made:
(1) Comparing equation 21 to equation 8 in computing the normal component of the contact force Nn, one sees that the soft-string model as set forth in equation 8 misses the first two terms. Assuming planar curves (as is the case with most survey interpolation methods), then the tortuosity kn vanishes. Therefore, if the moment (or hole curvature) varies linearly, no error is involved. Otherwise, substantial error will occur in the estimate of Nn. Note that real boreholes do possess non-vanishing kn.
(2) Comparing equation 22 and equation 9 in computing the binormal component of the contact force Nb, under the assumption of zero tortuosity, one sees that the soft-string model misses the terms:
k.sub.b dM.sub.t /dS+M.sub.t dk.sub.b /dS.
The second term vanishes if the circular arc method is used, but the first term is always present, being equal to:
Nn.sub.b =-k.sub.b * (f r N).
When viewed from the entire borehole trajectory, one can appreciate the following problems with the soft-string model:
(1) The drill string centerline does not conform to that of the borehole, particularly if the borehole has reversed curvatures (local hole crookedness). This point will be amplified in the following section.
(2) Due to the above conditions, the drill string twist is different from the borehole tortuosity and not zero, and does contribute to the tortuosity of its centerline as discussed in the previously referenced publication by the inventor. Therefore significant error exists in the computation of the contact force N.
(3) For any finite length segment of the drill string, moment equilibrium is violated, as proven in FIGS. 1 and 2. The soft-string model, which ignores the physical components of the resultant force and the resultant bending moment, each shown in FIG. 3, is thus inherently inaccurate.
Contrasting the methodology described in the section immediately above, the actual drill string is not fully constrained Therefore, the above methodology will tend to overestimate the torque and drag. The model of the present invention is derived from the governing equations set forth in SPE paper #15562, especially the fully non-linear equations (A-15 to A-22), and the simplified equations (A-23 to A-28). These equations are used to compute the displacements of the drill string from the centerline of the borehole, and permit the determination of the locations and the magnitudes of the contact forces between the drill string and the sidewall of the borehole. These contact forces, along with the transfer relations for torsional moment and axial force, permit more realistic computations of torque and drag.
Such an analysis method is commonly referred to as a BHA (bottomhole assembly) analysis, although such an analysis has not been previously used to compute torque and drag.
In a preferred embodiment, the improved torque-drag model program as set forth above combines two programs:
(1) A soft-string model program, TORDRA-0 , coded with a very stable numerical integration technique, and
(2) A BHA analysis program for the stiff collar section. This is modified from DIDRIL-I (a finite-difference based program using large deformation theory) to account for the drag generated while tripping.
This improved torque-drag program can handle top drives when the drill string is rotated while tripping. It is also being modified to allow the computation of stiffness effect in more than one segment of the drill string if needed. It currently contrains the following options:
(1) Soft-string analysis only, BHA analysis bypassed;
(2) Inverted BHA analysis, where the stiff collar section is not located near the "bit".
The program can be run in two modes: (1) Forward mode: given friction coefficient, to find surface loads; (2) Inverse mode: given surface load(s), to find friction coefficient(s).
It should be understood, of course, that other BHA (bottom-hole assembly) analysis programs and some predictive bit-rock interaction models may be used for taking into consideration the stiffness of the portion of the drill string. Examples of other BHA analysis program are described in the following publications: (1) Lubinski, A. and Woods, H. B.: "Factors Affecting the Angle of Inclination and Dog-legging in Rotary Bore Holes:, API Drilling & Prod. Pract., 1953, pp. 222-250; (2) Williamson, JK. S. and Lubinski, A.: "Predicting Bottomhole Assembly Performance", IADC/SPE Conf., paper #14764, Dallas, Feb. 1986; (3) Millheim, K., Jordan, S. and Ritter, C. J.: "Bottom-hole Assembly Analysis Using the Finite Element Method", JPT, Feb. 1978, pp. 265-274 and (4) Jogi, P. N., Burgess, T. M. and Bowling, J. P.: "Three-Dimensional Bottomhole Assembly Model Improves Directional Drilling" IADC/SPe Conf., paper #14768, Dallas, Feb 1986. Bit rock interaction models may also be used for considering stiffness of a portion of a drill string in a torque and drag analysis, and such models are described in the following additional publications: (1) Bradley, W. B.: "Factors Affecting the Control of Borehole Angle in Straight and Directional Wells", JPT, June 1973, pp. 679-688; (2) Millheim, K. K. and Warren, T. M.: "Side Cutting Characteristics of Rock Bits and Stabilizers While Drilling", SPE paper #7518, Fall Annual SPE Conf. 1978, p. 8; (3) Brett, J. F.: Gray, J. A.; Bell, R. K. and Dunbar, M. E.: "A Method of Modeling the Directional Behavior of Bottomhole Assemblies Including Those with Bent Subs and Downhole Motors", SPE/IADC conference, Feb. 1986, Dallas SPE paper #14767; (4) Ho, H.-S.: "Discussion on: Predicting Bottomhole Assembly Performance by J. S. Williamson & A. Lubinski, SPE Drilling Engng. J., Mar. 1987, pp. 37-46", SPE/DE, Sept. 1987, pp. 283-284 and (5) Ho., H.-S.: "Prediction of Drilling Trajectory in Directional Wells Via a New Rock-Bit Interaction Model", SPE Paper �16658, Presented at SPE Conf., Oct. 1987, Dallas.
The following theoretical case studies provide the basic rationale for the development of the torque and drag model according to the present invention, and clearly illustrate the shortcomings of the soft-string model.
Consider a situation where measurements at two adjacent survey stations show the borehole to be in a smooth trajectory, when in fact there exists local crookedness. This can arise when drilling through hard and soft formation sequences. The case studies illustrate that one can use torque-drag tripping logs to detect such local hole crookedness.
A. Comparison Of Tripout Tension Across A Step Kink
First consider the situation where the local hole crookedness is a "step kink", shown in FIG. 4, embedded in a supposedly straight hole. Assume the bit to be at point A, tripping out. We examine the effective tension at point B, as a function of the length of the curved section of the well. The shorter the curved section (with the same total change in deviation angle), the more severe the local hole crookedness is. Intuitively this will lead to larger tension at point B. Results using the soft-string model are shown as dotted lines (for collar, HWDP, and drillpipes). They show clearly that the soft-string model is totally insensitive to such local hole crookedness.
FIG. 4 also shows results using the modified BHA program, designated as DIDRIL 1.2, using a similar make-up for collar, HWDP, and drillpipe. 0ne can conclude:
(1)Stiffness effect is very significant in collar section when passing severe local hole crookedness. For example, when the curve section length is 50', tension at point B is about 8 kips greater than that computed from the soft-string model.
(2) Such effect lessens dramatically for HWDP, and is negligible for drillpipe.
B. Comparison Of Trip-Out Tension Across A Down Kink
This case study is similar to the one above, except the hole crookedness is now assumed to be a "down kink", as shown in FIG. 5. Results show entirely similar trends as in the previous case. When the curved section length is 50', difference in tension at point B is about 12 kips.
Furthermore, in FIG. 5, when borehole clearance is reduced for the curved length at 100', the improved model shows dramatic increase in the effective tension at point B, whereas the soft-string model remains unchanged, since the soft-string model is independent of the borehole diameter.
According to the method of the present invention, a torque and/or drag log is generated, typically by charting on paper or other tangible and reproduceable medium, the predicted torque or drag of a drill string as a function of the depth of the drill string in the directional oil or gas well. This torque, drag, or torque and drag log may also illustrate visually the location of certain key downhole components in the well and along the drill string, such as the bit, the collar section of the drill string, centralizers, drilling jars, stabilizers, etc., and provide a graphic output of the torque or drag load generated by contact between the borehole and the drill string at each of these components. Moreover, the log may graphically depict the path of the well, the path of the drill string in the well, and the total torque and/or drag for these key components along the drill string at specific locations in the well. The information learned, such as the calculated radial position of any portion of the drill string in the well, may be particularly useful to conducting effective completion, workover, or cementing operations within the well.
A specific method of utilizing a typical torque-drag log according to the present invention comprises the following steps, performed in sequence:
(1) The drill string's actual or measured torque and axial load conditions are recorded, measured at the surface and, if desired, downhole. Surface torque measurements may, for example, be taken as a function of the variable load on the electric motor which drives the rotary table for the drill string. Drag may be inferred from axial (hook) load measurements using a sensor attached to the deadline, or by other hook-load measurement devices. These actual torque and/or drag measurements are carried out both while tripping in and tripping out of the well, and while rotating or drilling.
(2) A first sequence of torque-drag logs labeled for measurements taken while drilling, rotating, or tripping into or out of the well may be established, plotting the actual or measured data as a function of the depth of the well.
(3) Survey data, preferably of the MWD variety, may be recorded to indicate the trajectory of the well bore.
(4) An average coefficient of friction for the entire well path may be computed using the torque-drag model of the present invention. Alternatively, the coefficient of friction may be calculated for any selected depth region or zone, and under trip in, trip out, rotating and/or drilling conditions.
(5) Assuming that the coefficient of friction does not change, the incremental torque and drag between depth D and D+dD may then be calculated by the use of the torque-drag analysis according to the model of the present invention.
(6) If the torque-drag analysis shows a significantly different incremental torque or drag than the actual (measured) data, one may assume a condition which is at variance from those assumed in the initial model, such as an undetected change in borehole trajectory or the borehole geometry. One may then iterate, typically by a computer program, until data agreement is reached between the calculated torque and/or drag data according to the revised model (including variance) and the actual torque and/or drag measurements, thereby verifying the assumption regarding the variance from the initial model. If the data do not converge (or do converge but only under unrealistic variance conditions), a revised variance would normally be assumed and the iterative process repeated.
Logs generated by the model of the present invention thus generally assist in verifying certain mechanical or geometric conditions of the borehole, by matching survey measurements and downhole and/or surface measurements with the output from the model. The torque-drag logs can also be used in combination with a torque-drag model to analyze the incremental torque-drag. Deviations from the assumed conditions can be detected, and this information used, for example, to alert an operator of potential directional drilling problems.
According to the torque-drag analysis of the present invention, the magnitude of the contact force on each incremental portion of the drill string is determined as a function of the trajectory of the well, the clearance of the drill string and its adjacent portion of the well (borehole clearance or geometry), and the stiffness (modulus of elasticity) of that portion of the drill string. This analysis preferably takes into consideration all of the kinematic forces acting on that portion of the drill string, e.g., displacement of the drill string from the centerline of the borehole, the deformation (strain) of that portion of the drill string, etc. Also, all external forces acting on that portion of the drill string may be determined, such as contact forces, weight of the drill string, torque on the bit, fluid forces, etc. Finally, the internal forces are also calculated and taken into consideration, such as axial forces and bending moments. The axial force and torsional moment equilibrium conditions for incremental portions of the drill string are determined. The full range of static and dynamic forces on the drill string which would influence the magnitude and location of the torque or drag on that portion of the drill string generated by the contact between the drill string and the borehole may thus be determined. It should be understood that this determination of the location and magnitude of the forces may result from contact between the drill string and either the sidewalls of the formation (if open hole) or the internal surface of the casing (if closed hole). Typically this analysis may be made for at least the collar portion the drill string, since the case studies previously presented illustrate that this is the portion of the drill string which most drastically effects the torque and/or drag if located in a step kink or down-kink portion of the well bore. It should be understood, however, that this same analysis may be performed for the HWDP or regular drill pipe sections of the drill string. Also, the collar section will typically be provided just above the drill bit, but may be located higher in the drill string, in which case an inverted BHA analysis may be conducted.
According to one modification of the methodology described above, the torque-drag model of the present invention may be used to detect a change in borehole shape or geometry due to repeated tripping operations or due to washouts. According to this procedure, time-lapsed torque-drag logs may be generated for each tripping operation, either into or out of the well. The model of the present invention may be used to analyze changes in the logs, and this analysis may verify an assumed change in borehole geometry caused by the repeated tripping operations.
As a further modification, the coefficient of friction for any depth zone of the well may be presumed to be constant whether tripping in or tripping out of the well. The measured torque and drag while tripping in may be compared to the calculated torque and drag according to the model, and the measured torque and drag while tripping out similarly compared the calculated values. The coefficient of friction may be changed for analysis by both the trip in and trip out conditions until the variance between the measured and calculated data is minimized. The coefficient of friction resulting in this minimized variance may be presumed to be the actual coefficient of friction. Also, coefficients of friction may be calculated by the above procedure for selected zones of the well, resulting in a more accurate analysis of well conditions.
A comprehensive drilling program including the torque-drag analysis described, may therefore address the following issues in an integral manner: (1) planning, prediction and/or control of the well path, (2) avoidance, prediction, or advisory action with respect to drilling troubles, and (3) total cost minimization for the entire well. Analysis according to the present invention enables unwanted deviations in the drilling trajectory to be better understood, and the operator may thus plan for them, if possible, and monitor and count for their effects on the drilling operation. Conventional well path planning may be expanded by the present invention to include the anticipated deviation caused by the collar section of the tubing string and the formation, the generated torque and drag, and the ensuing implications to drill string or casing design requirements. Improved control and predictive capabilities provided by the present invention should result in fewer corrective actions to maintain proper well trajectory, thereby achieving major cost savings.
Issue (2) deals with the many potential problems which become more acute and more difficult to resolve when drilling directional wells, such as fluid pressure control (kick or loss circulation), insufficient cuttings transport and hole cleaning, drill string failure, and severe hole crookedness The present invention enables the operator to better understand the causes of these troubles, and to develop capabilities to monitor, interpret, control and predict them.
Issue (3) concerns the optimization of the total cost of the entire well, by considering trade-offs between conflicting governing parameters. This task is again considerably more difficult in direction drilling, since more parameters are present. The torque-drag analysis method of the present invention enables better understanding of the effect of variation each parameter has on the overall drilling cost. An example of such a trade-off is the choice of drilling mud. Lubricated muds can reduce borehole friction, but are much more expensive and difficult to dispose, while the water-based muds are cheaper but will cause higher torque and drag. These costs may thus be better optimized with due consideration to the information gained as a result of the analysis conducted by the present invention.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this same torque-drag analysis may be used for predicting conditions of deep vertical wells rather than inclined wells. Spiraling of a deep vertical well can result in severe torque and drag, so that vertical wells with spiraling tendencies should be analyzed and handled as directional wells.
The torque-drag analysis method of the present invention may also be used to generate a model for analyzing torque and/or drag on casing. Casing typically used in an oil or gas well has significant stiffness, and more importantly, it has much smaller borehole clearance than the drill string. The model of the present invention takes this stiffness into consideration when comparing the actual torque-drag data to that generated by the model. Since the borehole clearance between the casing and the drilled formation will typically be less in the deeper portions of the well where the borehole diameter is reduced, the torque-drag analysis may only be conducted for a selected lower portion of the casing, rather than for the entire length of casing. The trajectory of the borehole may thus be redefined (changes detected in the borehole trajectory) from data obtained while running In, running out, and/or rotating casing.
The torque-drag analysis of the present invention is thus a significant step toward providing a true predictive directional drilling program that can be used both in the office as a planning aid, and in the field as a monitoring and advisory tool. By coupling an overall predictive drilling program with a trouble analysis program which accounts for the affects of the deviation on torque and drag, basic elements of a directional drilling simulator are provided that will effectively enable one to drill a well on a computer.
Although the techniques and methods of the present invention have been described in terms of specific embodiments, it should be understood that this is by illustration only, and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto. Other alternate embodiments and variations in operating techniques will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this disclosure. Accordingly, further modifications and variations are contemplated which may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 11, 1981
|May 24, 1983
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Preventing buckling in drill string
|Jan 4, 1984
|Oct 29, 1985
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Measuring torque and hook load during drilling
|Nov 6, 1984
|Feb 17, 1987
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Method for reducing drilling torque in the drilling of a deviated wellbore
|Jan 7, 1986
|Dec 29, 1987
|Prad Research And Development Nv
|Method of drilling a directonal well bore
|Oct 7, 1986
|Aug 2, 1988
|Anadrill, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for investigating drag and torque loss in the drilling process
|Sep 25, 1987
|Feb 14, 1989
|Nl Industries, Inc.
|Method of predicting and controlling the drilling trajectory in directional wells
|Oct 3, 1988
|Jul 18, 1989
|Nl Sperry-Sun, Inc.
|Method of predicting the torque and drag in directional wells
|Dec 20, 1984
|Jul 10, 1985
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Measuring torque and hook load during drilling
|Jul 14, 1986
|Jan 21, 1987
|Chevron Research And Technology Company
|Method of avoiding a drill string becoming stuck during drilling
|Brett et al, "Uses . . . Tension and Torque Model . . . ", SPE Paper #16664, Sep. 1987.
|Brett et al, Uses . . . Tension and Torque Model . . . , SPE Paper 16664, Sep. 1987.
|Ho, "An Improved Modeling . . . Torque andDrag in . . . Wells", SPE Paper #18047, Oct. 1988.
|Ho, "General Formulation . . . Use in BHA Analysis", SPE Paper #15562, Oct. 1986.
|Ho, "Prediction of Drilling Trajectory . . . , " SPE Paper #16658, Sep. 1987.
|Ho, An Improved Modeling . . . Torque andDrag in . . . Wells , SPE Paper 18047, Oct. 1988.
|Ho, General Formulation . . . Use in BHA Analysis , SPE Paper 15562, Oct. 1986.
|Ho, Prediction of Drilling Trajectory . . . , SPE Paper 16658, Sep. 1987.
|Johancsik et al., "Torque and Drag . . . Prediction and Measurement", IADC/SPE Paper #11380, Feb. 1983.
|Johancsik et al., Torque and Drag . . . Prediction and Measurement , IADC/SPE Paper 11380, Feb. 1983.
|Maidla et al., "Field Comparison . . . Friction Evaluation . . . ," SPE Paper #16663. Sep. 1987.
|Maidla et al., Field Comparison . . . Friction Evaluation . . . , SPE Paper 16663. Sep. 1987.
|Sheppard et al., "Designing Well Paths to Reduce Drag and Torque", SPE Paper #15463, Oct. 1986.
|Sheppard et al., Designing Well Paths to Reduce Drag and Torque SPE Paper 15463, Oct. 1986.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 20, 1991
|Apr 27, 1993
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for determining the torque applied to a drillstring at the surface
|Sep 27, 1993
|Oct 25, 1994
|Ho Hwa Shan
|Apparatus and method for the dynamic measurement of a drill string employed in drilling
|Feb 14, 1994
|Jul 11, 1995
|Ho; Hwa-Shan
|Compliance-based torque and drag monitoring system and method
|Apr 25, 1994
|Nov 14, 1995
|Ho; Hwa-Shan
|System and method for precision downhole tool-face setting and survey measurement correction
|Sep 11, 1996
|Aug 5, 1997
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for improved measurement of drilling conditions
|Mar 14, 1996
|Dec 16, 1997
|Digital Control Incorporated
|Technique for establishing at least a portion of an underground path of a boring tool
|May 14, 1996
|Mar 24, 1998
|Institut Francais Du Petrole
|Method for determining drilling conditions comprising a drilling model
|May 3, 1996
|May 26, 1998
|Digital Control Corporation
|System including an arrangement for tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines and method
|Sep 11, 1996
|Jun 9, 1998
|Digital Control Incorporated
|Technique for establishing and recording a boring tool path using a survey reference level
|Oct 22, 1996
|Nov 24, 1998
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Closed loop drilling system
|May 20, 1998
|Jun 22, 1999
|Digital Control, Inc.
|System including an arrangement for tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines and method
|Oct 23, 1996
|Feb 1, 2000
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling system utilizing downhole dysfunctions for determining corrective actions and simulating drilling conditions
|May 27, 1999
|Feb 20, 2001
|Digital Control, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Oct 22, 1997
|Mar 27, 2001
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling system with integrated bottom hole assembly
|Aug 3, 1999
|May 15, 2001
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Closed loop drilling system
|Aug 1, 2000
|Aug 6, 2002
|Mclaughlin Manufacturing Company, Inc.
|Bore location system having mapping capability
|Dec 28, 2000
|Sep 9, 2003
|Digital Control, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Jul 12, 2002
|Feb 3, 2004
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Drilling mechanics load cell sensor
|Aug 6, 2002
|Apr 12, 2005
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Measurement of curvature of a subsurface borehole, and use of such measurement in directional drilling
|Jul 7, 2003
|Apr 19, 2005
|Merlin Technology, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Mar 7, 2005
|Jul 4, 2006
|Merlin Technology, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Dec 21, 2001
|Mar 6, 2007
|Conocophillips Company
|Method of load and failure prediction of downhole liners and wellbores
|May 17, 2006
|Aug 7, 2007
|Merlin Technology, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Jul 3, 2007
|Jul 22, 2008
|Merlin Technology, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Sep 6, 2007
|Sep 15, 2009
|Precision Drilling Corporation
|Method and apparatus for directional drilling with variable drill string rotation
|Jun 22, 2004
|Jun 8, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling wellbores with optimal physical drill string conditions
|Jun 16, 2008
|Aug 31, 2010
|Merlin Technology Inc.
|Apparatus for monitoring a positional relationship between a boring tool and an inground line
|Jan 8, 2007
|Sep 7, 2010
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Device and method for measuring a property in a downhole apparatus
|Jul 27, 2010
|Feb 15, 2011
|Merlin Technology, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Jan 7, 2011
|May 29, 2012
|Merlin Technology, Inc.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and at least one buried lines
|Apr 13, 2010
|Oct 23, 2012
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Device and method for measuring a property in a downhole apparatus
|May 2, 2012
|Jul 22, 2014
|Merlin Technology Inc.
|Apparatus for monitoring a positional relationship between a boring tool and an inground line
|Dec 21, 2001
|May 16, 2002
|Conoco Inc.
|Method of load and failure prediction of downhole liners and wellbores
|Mar 7, 2005
|Jul 28, 2005
|Mercer John E.
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Jun 22, 2004
|Dec 22, 2005
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling wellbores with optimal physical drill string conditions
|May 17, 2006
|Sep 28, 2006
|Mercer John E
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Jul 3, 2007
|Oct 25, 2007
|Mercer John E
|Tracking the Positional Relationship Between a Boring Tool and One or More Buried Lines using a Composite Magnetic Signal
|Jan 8, 2007
|Jul 10, 2008
|Grayson William R
|Device and Method for Measuring a Property in a Downhole Apparatus
|Sep 6, 2007
|Mar 12, 2009
|Precision Drilling Corporation
|Method and apparatus for directional drilling with variable drill string rotation
|Apr 13, 2010
|Aug 5, 2010
|Grayson William R
|Device and Method for Measuring a Property in a Downhole Apparatus
|Jan 7, 2011
|May 5, 2011
|Mercer John E
|Tracking the positional relationship between a boring tool and one or more buried lines using a composite magnetic signal
|Jan 19, 1995
|Jun 18, 1997
|Hwa-Shan Ho
|Compliance-based torque and drag monitoring system and method
|Jan 19, 1995
|Mar 8, 2000
|Ho Hwa Shan
|Compliance-based torque and drag monitoring system and method
|Sep 21, 1994
|Apr 6, 1995
|Ho Hwa Shan
|Apparatus and method for the dynamic measurement of a drill string employed in drilling
|Jan 19, 1995
|Aug 17, 1995
|Ho Hwa Shan
|Compliance-based torque and drag monitoring system and method
|Dec 18, 2002
|Jul 10, 2003
|Conocophillips Company
|Method of load and failure prediction of downhole liners and wellbores
|Feb 27, 2013
|Sep 4, 2014
|Landmark Graphics Corporation
|Method and system for performing friction factor calibration
|Sep 25, 2013
|Apr 2, 2015
|Landmark Graphics Corporation
|Method and load analysis for multi-off-center tools
|U.S. Classification
|73/152.49, 175/45, 73/152.59, 175/61
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 27, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 23, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 29, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 9, 1999
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19981127


text:
See All
Video Recipes
"Pachakam" means cooking in kerala and Pachakam.Com welcomes you to the magnificent world of easy and healthy Indian cooking with a probe into the fascinating Indian cooking recipes. Cooking is not just about making food but is an art of presenting your culinary skills to those who love food with a different flavor and Indian cooking, by no means is an exception.
Almonds with other recipes
Category :
Published On: 30 Aug 2011
English: Milk
tamil: Paal
malayalam: Paal
kannada: Hallu
hindi: Doodh
Gujarati: Dudh
Konkani: Doodh
Marathi: Doodh
for more details, click the name of the ingredient
English: Sugar
tamil: Sakarai
malayalam: Panjasara
telugu: Chakara
kannada: Sakkare
hindi: Cheeni / Shakkar
Gujarati: Khand
Konkani: Peyndaar
Marathi: Sakhar
English: Turmeric Powder
tamil: Manjalpodi
malayalam: Manjalpodi
telugu: Pasupu
kannada: Arashina / Harasina Pudi
hindi: Haldi / Hardhar
Bengali: Halood
Gujarati: Hardhar / Haldi
Konkani: Haladpito
Marathi: Halad / Halede
Oriya: Haladi Gunda
Punjabi: Haldar / Haldi
Kashmiri: Lader
Urudu: Haladi
English: Saffron
tamil: Kumkumapoo
malayalam: Kumkumapoovu / Kesari
telugu: Kukumpoovu
kannada: Kumnkuma Kesari / Kesari
hindi: Kesar
Bengali: Zafran
Gujarati: Kesar
Konkani: Kesar
Marathi: Keshar / Kesara
Punjabi: Kesar / Zafran
Kashmiri: Kong
Urudu: Zafran
For preparing badam payasam, soak almonds in a cup of water over night.
Soak the saffron in cold milk and keep aside for 1/2 an hour.
Peel off the skin of almonds. Blend it with milk to make a fine paste.
Cook the almond paste with 1 cup of sugar. Keep mixing till it cooks for 10 minutes on low flame.
Add the remaining sugar and keep stirring the mixture.
Pour in the remaining milk and allow it to boil for 15 minutes on low flame.
Add the soaked saffron and mix well.
Badam payasam is ready.
Malabar Style egg bonda...
Fish in coconut milk - Special Fish Curry...
As am from Malabar region I prefer posting more traditional ...
Sweet kichari is a dessert made from red rice and lentils. I...
Chakka Madhura Curry is a delocious traditiona jackfruit pay...
Mango is one of the most versatile of fruits and can be adde...
Nizana Shammas is a hosewife who has lots of interest n cooking. She is an expert in providing various traditional recipes.
Renukadevi Kumanan is a well versed person in providing varities of South Indian recipes and also some modern recipes. She used to try varities of recipes from different cuisines.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thousands of migrants - many of them Syrian refugees - stream into Austria in the early hours of Saturday morning
Thousands of exhausted refugees streamed into Austria on Saturday, bussed to the border by a Hungarian government that gave up trying to hold them back as Europe's asylum system buckled under pressure from the numbers reaching its frontiers.
After days of confrontation and chaos, Hungary's right-wing government deployed dozens of buses to move on migrants from the capital, Budapest, and pick up over 1,000 - many of them refugees from the Syrian war - who had set off by foot on Friday down the main highway to Vienna.
Austria said it had agreed with Germany that they would allow the refugees access, waiving the rules of an asylum system brought to breaking point by Europe's worst refugee crisis since the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s.
Wrapped in blankets and sleeping bags against the rain, long lines of visibly exhausted people, many carrying small children, climbed off buses on the Hungarian side of the border and walked into Austria, receiving fruit and water from aid workers. Some waiting Austrians held signs that read, "Refugees welcome".
"We're happy. We'll go to Germany," said a Syrian man who gave his name as Mohammed. Another, who declined to be named, said: "Hungary should be fired from the European Union. Such bad treatment."
Austrian police said 2,000 had arrived at the border, with many more likely to follow during the day. Trains were laid on to take them from the border town of Nickelsdorf to Vienna.
Read more: Mary McAleese: I was a refugee on my own island
Hungary cited traffic safety for its decision to move the migrants on.
But it appeared to mark an admission that the government had lost control in the face of overwhelming numbers determined to reach the richer nations of northern and western Europe at the end of an often perilous journey from war and poverty in the Middle East, Africa and Asia.
"Because of today's emergency situation on the Hungarian border, Austria and Germany agree in this case to a continuation of the refugees' journey into their countries," Austrian Chancellor Werner Faymann said on his Facebook page.
On Friday, hundreds broke out of an overcrowded camp on Hungary's border with Serbia; others escaped from a stranded train, sprinting away from riot police down railway tracks, while still more took to the highway by foot led by a one-legged Syrian refugee and chanting "Germany, Germany!"
The scenes were emblematic of a crisis that has left Europe groping for answers, and for unity.
By nightfall, the Keleti railway terminus in Budapest, for days a campsite of migrants barred from taking trains west to Austria and Germany, was almost empty, as smiling families boarded a huge queue of buses that then snaked out of the capital.
The migrants left shoes, clothes and mattresses scattered behind them. Helicopters circled overhead.
Read more: Refugee crisis a monstrous shame, says Geldof as he offers to take in families
Even as the buses arrived to collect them, some migrants remained suspicious, mindful of how hundreds of their number had boarded a train on Thursday that they believed was heading to the border but was stopped just west of Budapest by riot police who ordered them into a reception camp.
Ahmed, from Afghanistan, said of the buses to the border: "If it is true, it is victory. Maybe we can find a way now."
For days, Hungary has cancelled all trains going west to Austria and Germany, saying it is obliged under EU rules to register all asylum seekers, who should remain there until their requests are processed. Many have refused and several thousand had camped outside the Budapest train station.
On Friday, a crowd that swelled to over 1,000 broke away, streaming through the capital, over a bridge and out onto the main highway from Budapest to Vienna, escorted by police struggling to keep the road open. Some clutched pictures of German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
The turmoil contrasted with a pledge by Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban to get to grips with a crisis he says threatens Europe's prosperity, identity and "Christian values"; parliament on Friday tightened laws that his government said would effectively seal Hungary's southern border to migrants as of Sept. 15.
Read more: 'They must see what happened to my little sons'
Orban, one of Europe's most outspoken critics of mass immigration, hailed "a different era", but Friday brought more desperate scenes. A Pakistani man died, police said. State television said he had stumbled and hit his head as he ran down train tracks.
More than 140,000 migrants have been recorded entering Hungary so far this year through the EU's external border with Serbia, where Orban's government is building a 3.5-metre (11.5-foot) high wall. Countless others may have entered without registering.
Hungary says they have been spurred by Germany saying it would accept asylum requests from Syrian refugees regardless of where they enter the EU, contrary to EU rules.
On Friday, lawmakers adopted some of a raft of measures creating "transit zones" on the border, where asylum seekers would be held until their requests are processed and deported if denied.
The measures introduce jail terms for those who cross the border without permission or damage the fence, and may eventually provide for the use of the army.
Read more: Dearbhail McDonald: Famine ghosts demand a caring response to the refugee crisis
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text:
The search for the two men missing from their ship, the Katmai, was to resume at daybreak Thursday.
A Coast Guard plane and helicopter from Adak as well as an Air National Guard plane and copter were to be used in the search, Petty Officer Wes Shinn said.
The search began early Wednesday when an emergency signal was received from the Katmai. Another vessel reported the Katmai had radioed it was taking on water in a stern compartment as it headed toward Dutch Harbor with a load of cod.
U.S. Coast Guard rescuers pulled the survivors from a life raft about 15 hours after their ship sent out a distress call early Wednesday morning. The water was 43 degrees.
The crew's survival suits, physical condition, and their efforts to keep one another semi-warm and awake all could have helped them endure, said Coast Guard Petty Officer Levi Read.
"They were in good spirits and in good shape," Read said. "They asked to stay, so they could continue to help with the search."
The four survivors were discovered in the raft near the Amchitka Pass, which links the Bering Sea to the Pacific Ocean about 1,400 miles southwest of Anchorage.
It wasn't clear what happened to the 93-foot Katmai. The Coast Guard received an e-mail from another boat, the Blue Ballard, saying the Katmai had lost steering and was taking on water, Read said.
The Coast Guard received an electronic signal at 1 a.m. from the Katmai. A search helicopter and C-130 airplane were sent from Kodiak, a journey of about 4 1/2 hours. The plane crew spotted two strobe lights in the water and dropped two life rafts. But the searchers had seen no sign of the Katmai or its crew, Read said.
One strobe was attached to an empty survival suit and the other was attached to a floating emergency beacon that can be triggered automatically by contact with water. Vessels are required to carry those devices to signal emergencies and aid searches.
The Coast Guard did not receive a mayday call, but given the boat's remote location, it may not have been heard.
"It's hard to say whether they tried or not," Read said.
At least one fishing vessel arrived to help the Coast Guard with the search, and another was expected. The fishing vessel found one of the two bodies, as well as debris, survival suits, fishing gear, a buoy and a life ring, Read said.
The Coast Guard reported 10- to 15-foot seas in the area, with winds from the north at 34 mph. The area had a mix of rain and snow.
The Katmai was carrying a load of cod and heading toward Dutch Harbor on Unalaska Island, Read said. Dutch Harbor is 800 miles southwest of Anchorage.
According to state permit records, the Katmai is owned by Seattle-based Katmai Fisheries. Calls to the company by The Associated Press were not returned.
Jeff Debell, a spokesman for Katmai Fisheries, told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer that company officials were worried about the families. He did not identify the crew.
The newspaper said the captain, 40-year-old Henry Blake, was identified by his brother, Paul Blake. Paul Blake says Henry had been captain of the Katmai for just a few months but had been fishing his entire adult life. His fate was unknown.
The Seattle Times reported Thursday that the Katmai passed a Coast Guard inspection earlier this year that checked for survival suits and crew emergency training.


text:
Pfizer-Allergan deal stopped cold by Obama administration. Millions of Big Pharma's tax dollars will stay in the US as companies find it harder to dodge.
In an interview, Monsanto CEO Hugh Grant claims that Monsanto's best-selling herbicide Roundup is not carcinogenic – going against scientific conclusions.
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (and others) aims to control Africa's food supply by replacing traditional crops with genetically engineered ones.
Overuse of antibiotics in meat-source animals for fast food restaurants (McDonald's, Wendy's, Burger King, KFC, Subway, etc.) causes resistant diseases.
Companies like Monsanto, along with Indian associates such as Mahyco, have been exploiting farmers in the South India state by charging fees on seeds farmers don't own patents for.
Monsanto's Kenya Ltd., a subsidiary of the larger company, is trying to push another GM Bt cotton strain into Africa, even with its poor track record elsewhere.
Hillary Clinton still hasn't stated her stance on GMO labeling. Bernie Sanders is the only 2016 presidential candidate to call for mandatory labeling.
UK stores Waitrose and toom Baumarkt have stopped selling glyphosate-based Roundup. A petition is available to persuade U.S. stores to follow suit.
Biotech giant Bayer Cropscience is registering a new GM canola plant that will be tolerant to both glufosinate and glyphosate.
To comply with Vermont's GMO labeling initiative, Kellogg's and Mars have announced that they will be labeling their products if they contain genetically modified ingredients.
California is rolling out its soda tax again, while Russia may add soda, potato chips and palm oil to their excise tax list. Both cite health concerns.
Though healthy natural immunity is the best bet against cancer, researchers say they have found cancer's Achilles Heel and are able to "steer" the immune system to kill cancers.
Recent passage of hemp bills in Pennsylvania and Hawaii signal a tipping point in the country's attitude on cannabis-related products.
GMO test sites in Hawai'i are sprayed with carcinogenic pesticides up to 16 times a day. Test of a child's hair sample showed the presence of 36 pesticides.
ConAgra has joined other food companies in labeling its products containing GM ingredients, sparked by Vermont's mandatory labeling.
Mainstream media reports little about the methane blowout in California, why people are still sick, and the ban on toxicological tests.
Big Food ad blitz aggressively seeks to forbid mandatory GMO-labeling laws such as Vermont's, scheduled to go into effect July 1.


text:
Steven Kimura - Disappointed With Kickstarter
View Single Post
April 22nd, 2013, 15:38
Just posted about 10 mins ago. Planet explorers got funded. It's an indie game, it's creative, different and definetly not rehash of a 20 years old game so… WTF is that former Harmonix and Irrational Games employee talking about?
Kickstarter is supposed to make life easier for ppl who can't get enough starting funds for making some product. While I can now start writing a tractate about how smartphone projects should be banned because of the fraud nature of the whole smartphone business, I won't.
Everyone who believes his idea(s) could be turned into something good, nice, fun or useable stuff because of Kickstarter can now get the "push" directly from targetted audience instead of signing a contract with a big bad publisher/distributer and left without a dime in the end (a recent example: death of Black Hole Studios after the job done for Ubisoft).
The man, former employee of some names that is not listed on wikipedia, is also probably disappointed with the fact that Veronica Mars, series left without a proper ending, will now, because of Kickstarter project, get a closure through a movie (got 5 million). I bet that same man never watched Firefly and never got excited like a baby over Serenity.
Kickstarter is not just there to support only indie projects. It's there to make things audience want possible when ignorant and blind CEOs don't want to bless such stuff. It's not a perfect service as every project still needs some sort of marketing and a presentation, but honestly, if KS existed a decade ago, I bet we'd see Van Buren made.
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Juvamine - Phyto - Guarana Kola Mate Kilos superfluous 40 capsules
Regular Price: was £5.70
SKU: 2064130 Juvamine Phyto Guarana Kola Mate Kilos superfluous
Guarana - kola - Mate combines 3 actions:
elimination of fats: Guarana is a traditional seed of the Amazonian region. It is known for its effect on the removal of fat.
tone the body: the Kola was already used by the natives of tropical Africa to support long-term efforts. Cola is involved in thinning of the body thanks to its toning action.
drain the body: Mate is a plant native to the Brazil. Very widespread in Latin America, Mate was a recognized action on drainage tissue and the organization.
Juvamine Guarana Kola Mate Composition:
extract of Guarana (seed, maltodextrin): 26.7%; extract of Kola (nuts, maltodextrin): 21.3%; extract of Mate (leaf, maltodextrin, silicon dioxide): 21.3%; capsule (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); bulking agent: sorbitol; anti-caking agent: fatty acids magnesium salts of
Board of use :
Take 2 capsules each morning with a full glass of water, 20 days renewable.
It is recommended to comply with the recommended doses.
This product may contribute to your slimming programme as part of a system where the total calorie intake is controlled.
Cannot replace a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.
It is recommended to comply with the recommended doses.
Keep out of reach of children.
Excessive consumption may induce laxative effects.
14.7 g.


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This study guide lecture series addresses subjects that will be covered in the Mississippi BORF exam. Once you have registered for the course, you will receive access and instructions on how to view the materials online.
Anyone wishing to practice forestry in the state of Mississippi must pass the Mississippi Board of Registered Foresters' Exam.
What is a registered forester--
"A forester is a person who by reason of his knowledge of the natural sciences, mathematics, economics and the principles of forestry and by his demonstrated skills acquired through professional forestry education...is qualified to engage in the practice of forestry..." (Mississippi Foresters Registration Law of 1977).
Enroll at anytime
Designed for:
This course is for individuals looking to take the Mississippi Registered Foresters' Exam in order to become a registered forester in the state of Mississippi.
What you will learn:


text:
The 16th seeded Indo-Pak were on high with their trademark aggressive serves and precision forehands as the duo demolished the Grand Slam contenders in straight sets with 6-3, 6-4.
They will next face the South African-Belgian pair of Wesley Moodie and Dick Norman, who reached the semifinals of the French Open and Wimbledon 2010.
"They are formidable opponents but they have had a relatively easier draw. The draws have been tougher on us; so we are ready, prepared and focused on the task at hand," said a determined Bopanna.
Bopanna and Qureshi have a good record in 2010, with consistent star at field winning an ATP Tour title and picking up a Challenger Series title along the way.
OneIndia News


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Newly designed Pressure Lite 1.6 GPF toilets, with right-hand trip lever, raise the bar for exceptional performance. KOHLER plumbing products mean beautiful form as much as reliable function. KOHLER plumbing products are warranted to be free of defects in material and workmanship for 1 year from date of installation.
- Combine with K-4304 or K-4304-L to create K-3493-RA highline pressure lite toilet with right-hand trip lever
- Please see K-3493 highline pressure lite toilet for full details
- Constructed of vitreous china
- Pressure lite toilets that utilize 1.6 GPF


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The opening weekend of Saratoga will be a busy one for Ward as he also saddles Snow Dance in Saturday's Diana Handicap (gr. IT). Snow Dance, who races for John Oxley, enters the 1 1/8-mile turf race off an impressive length victory in the July 4 New York Handicap (gr. IIT) at Belmont."From three-to-four she really didn't develop and didn't have the strength of a 4-year-old mare, but she has filled out and looks great," the trainer said.While on the conference, Ward said a decision has yet to be made about the future of Sky Mesa. The Kentucky-based trainer said he was leaning toward the Aug. 3 Haskell Invitational (gr. I) at Monmouth Park where he could meet Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, both grade I, winner Funny Cide.
Trainer John Ward is hoping the 2003 version of the Go For Wand Handicap (gr. I) at Saratoga is better for Forest Secrets than it was last year. Last year, the Debby Oxley-owned mare injured her left front ankle in the 1 1/8-mile race, which sent her to the sidelines for the remainder of the year. "We considered breeding her, but we brought her back and she's doing fine," Ward said Tuesday during a National Thoroughbred Racing Association teleconference. "She's just been behind the eight-ball as far as racing is concerned this year. We've had a tough time getting races to fill for her."Forest Secrets enters the Go For Wand off a third-place finish, behind A New Twist and Flaxen Flyer, in the April 9 Madison Stakes at Keeneland.


text: Search Again John M Taylor MD (732) 483-1800 Primary Specialties Surgery-Plastic/Reconstructive Affiliations Monmouth Medical Center Request Appointment Primary Office Address: Allure Plastic Surgery Center 194 Highway 35 South Red Bank, NJ 07701 Fax: (732) 483-1622 Web Page: www.allurenj.com Recommend this Physician Get Directions Experience & Education Medical Education: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 1988 Internship: Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 1989 Residency: Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 1995 Accepted Health Plans Accepted Health Plan information is only as accurate as the most current information submitted. Prior to your appointment, it is advisable to verify with a physician office that they are still a participating provider. Medicare


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LeBlanc Build Guide by An Overdoe
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Leblanc - Forever Fed
LeBlanc Build
Alt. Start
First Back
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
I have two starting item sets to give me an edge over opponents. The main start is your normal dorans ring with 2 pots. However, i do start crystalline flasks if i am landing against a high poke champion such as Zed, Gragas, or Ziggs. During first back i like to buy fiendish codex or blasting wand. Fiendish builds into Deathfire Grasp which is why that is the main way to go. However if you aren't the best at using item abilities you can settle with Rabadon's Deathcap. I prefer DG because it gives me cool down reduction and the same amount of ap as RD. When you get ahead early and you see people buying mr, just build void staff and happily blow them up.
Pros / Cons
+ Can snowball very quickly
+ Good evasion
+ Hard to kill
+ Insane burst
- Can not carry alone
- Only a single target killer
- Relies heavily on abilities
- Not Much cc
With leblanc her aa is very easy to get last hits. Also her abilities allow her to get more farm by last hitting with abilities. You can use your w to get all the minions low and q-e others to kill them.
Skill Sequence
I max Q first because it gives me a high poke/damage output when laning. At level 3 i take all my abilities in hopes of getting an early kill and a head up on my lane. When mid/late game start i wait for the fight to break out and focus their arc by either w-q-r-e or q-r-w-e. This alone should be enough to take them out however if not you can activate dg and ignite and earn the kill.
Avoiding Sticky Situations
If you are in a losing team fight and you are the last one alive you can evade death for a long time. Also, chances are you will escape with your life. When being chased you w away from your position and if they flash you can w back to old position and r in the opposite direction. If your r is on cool down then you can flash away as well.
Unique Skills
LeBlanc is such a great champ due to her mobility and power. During, teamfights she can quickly blow up the adc and then hop back to her jump spot from her w. Also, she can tear through tanks if they do not build mr. When she is being chased by enemies stronger than her she can easily escape with her w. If they force a flash port back to your jump spot and r in the opposite direction. This strategy can be used to kill low health champs who are treading behind thinking they are safe.


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R.I.P. Capt. Phil Harris
It's no secret that I love Deadliest Catch on Discovery. So this news saddens me — at a level I didn't quite expect. Capt. Phil Harris, who piloted the Cornelia Marie, has died after a massive stroke. From the Discovery Channel press release:
Discovery mourns the loss of dear friend and colleague Captain Phil Harris. He was more than someone on our television screen. Phil was a devoted father and loyal friend to all who knew him. We will miss his straightforward honesty, wicked sense of humor and enormous heart. We share our tremendous sadness over this loss with the millions of viewers who followed Phil's every move. We send our thoughts and prayers to Phil's sons Josh and Jake and the Cornelia Marie crew.
Tears prick my eyes as I read this. Capt. Harris, you will be missed.
Updated to add: Capt. Harris's many friends and fans remember him here.


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When we start to play tennis, in the beginning no one thinks about the scientific logics or the other science stuff that is related to the slice, flat or kick serve. And to begin learning effectively … [Read more...]
Best Serve tips: Increase serve power with Lag Effect
How does it feel when you can't find out a root to some problem? Helpless, right? A lot many people do not give a thought to minute things that they are missing while learning Tennis. And believe us … [Read more...]
Serving Tennis Lesson: "The Limbo"
A proper serve has many prerequisites for its execution. Proper body posture, balanced efforts, appropriate toss, instant action are some of the prerequisites. Many players experience a trouble in … [Read more...]
Serve Lesson: Top 3 hidden mistakes
A practice session is where you have to work on the smallest little thing of the game. Most of the people make a lot of mistakes even without knowing about them. This article will be helpful for you … [Read more...]


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These are our favorite plays we found on the interweb forums. 3-3 last week.
Will be riding these picks from The Bear and Stanford Steve. Bear's Bank cooled off a bit last week, going 1-2, but is still 9-3 the last 4 weeks.
Will continue to add to these plays before kickoff.
- West Virginia at Oklahoma State (+3.5)
- SMU at Tulane (-2.5)
- Clemson (-4) at Florida State
- Baylor at Texas (+3)
- Miami OH (+7) at Eastern Michigan
- Middle Tennessee at FIU (+18)


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Ron Douglas & Alice Seba - Info Product Mastery
English | Size: 154.51 MB
Categy: Misc
Lesson 1: Overview and Introduction
- Your most imptant goal f all this training. If you get this, you'll move to the next level.
- The secret to getting your product up f sale in less than 30 days.
- The imptance of growing your customer list and how to leverage it f maximum profits.
Lesson 2: Finding Your Niche
Now it's time to start brainstming and find the audience that is just waiting to buy your products. In this lesson you'll learn:
- Your best bet f a successful niche - it might not be what you think.
- How to use free research tools f invaluable profit insight.
- Why "too much competition" is probably a good thing.
- How to find the best selling and best convertingoffers you can model your own after.
- How to tap into your audience's emotional needs, making them me likely to buy.
- Put it all together with the Niche Selection rept and checklist.
Lesson 3: Finding a Good Product Angle
Make your product stand out in a crowded marketplace. In this lesson, you'll learn:
- Why making a simpler product will yield better results and help eliminate your competition.
- Research tools f getting into the mindset of the customer.
- 10 imptant steps you need to follow to create product that stands out in the marketplace.
- The imptance of perception and making your customer's perception a reality.
- The hot buttons that always make great product sellers.
- Demonstrating your credibility and easily leveraging the crebility of others.
- The Product Idea Generation Wksheet will help you through all the steps in this lesson.
Lesson 4: Creating Your Product
Now it's time to put your product together. In this lesson you'll learn:
- How to keep the product creation process as simple as possible.
- Increasing the value of your product, so your customers will be willing to pay me and will be me satisfied with their purchase.
- Discovering the best way to teach your subject to serve your audience.
- The ins and outs of product pricing - it's simpler than you think.
- Research methods to help you discover what you should include in your product.
- Using private label rights (PLR) content to create a unique product quickly.
- Tips f outsourcing cost-effectively, without breaking the bank.
- The Product Planning Checklist will help you create a high value product that your customers will love.
Lesson 5: Setting Up Your Sales Process
Let's get your product ready f sale. This lesson will show you:
- Tools of the trade - ways you can easily sell your product online.
- Options f accepting payments online.
- Maximizing your revenue with an effective sales flow.
- Ideas f upsells and pricing them f best results.
Lesson 6: Copywriting and Video Sales Letter Walkthrough
Arguably, the most imptant lesson in this course if you want to sell a lot product. In this one, you'll learn:
- How to craft a compelling sty about your product that your customers can relate to.
- Creating emotion and make your audience feel connected to you personally.
- Building credibility and trust through your sales page.
- The secret to using educational content to sell your products.
- Creating urgency with your offers, so they want to buy right away.
- Crafting a persuasive upsell to boost your earnings .
- Understanding the imptant elements of copy, complete with plenty of examples to help you.
- This lesson also comes with plenty of extras to implement what you learn including a guide to copywriting, a handy swipe file, sales page template, squeeze page template, VSL sales page tempate, VSL upsell template, large graphics pack, and me.
Lesson 7: Creating Your Follow Up Campaign
Most visits need to see your offer several times befe they buy, so it's imptant to follow up. We'll show you how in this lesson with:
- Proven ways to grow your mailing list.
- Converting me of your subscribers into customers.
- Ideas f free gifts to entice people onto your list.
- Tools f an effective email marketing campaign.
- How to set up an email sequence that effectively sells your products.
- You can use the squeeze page template, free rept template, free opt-in gift ideas list and a sample email follow up campaign to get you started.
Lesson 8: Creating Pre-Launch Buzz and Testing
Now we really get things started. It's time to create some buzz f your product and get affiliates ready to promote. In tihis lesson you'll learn:
- How to conduct a trial launch, so you can ensure a successful launch and attract the most affiliates possible.
- Powerful ways to make connections with the top affiliates in your niche.
- Creating buzz with and motivating your affiliates to put full efft into their promotions.
- How to use your affiliate fce to grow your mailing list.
Lesson 9: Launching Your Product & Getting Ongoing Traffic
- Getting your launch started and keeping momentum.
- End of launch doesn't mean end of sales, as long as you do it right.
- Creating evergreen promotions f your affiliates, so they'll keep promoting you day in, day out.
- Putting together an affiliate center that keeps affiliates wanting to send you traffic.
- Keeping the buzz going f further product launches.
Lesson 10: Q&A Session
Our Q&A Session went on f over 1 hour and 45 minutes and covered a lot of ground. Just some of what was covered...
- How do you promote your product if you don't have a list?
- How do you know if you've covered your topic in enough depth?
- How do I find the right people to outsource to?
- What platfms should I publish to?
- Which products command the highest prices?
- How do you get into your customer's mindset?
- How do you make the transfmation from employee to infopreneur?
- I have a ton of content already created. How do I repurpose it into a product?
- How do you know when to make a product into a series, instead of one big product?
- How do you compete with the big guys who hire pros to write their copy?
- What is the best selling fmat f a beginner?
- If you interview and expert, what terms should you offer them?
I recommends Buy premimum account for High speed+parallel downloads!


text:
G2 Rating
Reviewed By Darryl S (Hattiesburg, MS) Reviewed for a 2005 Nissan Titan —9/17/2016 3:30 PM
Cover is very nice , easy install as well. Had to make cut on the rods that hold the cover up when in the open position , the rods were pop riveted to far up for them to work correctly. nothing that a hack saw couldn't fix. Over all I am still happy with the product. One thing that could be done to better this product is to add snap hooks to fasten cover down on each fold of cover
Soft top roll up
Reviewed By Craig T (Selma, CA) Reviewed for a 2005 Nissan Titan —2/17/2014 10:24 PM
I wasn't sure about it when it arrived I was expecting it to be more sturdy . But after installing it I like it a lot more I really like how tight it gets with the locks. Over al it's a good top for the price.


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The Michigan State picked up its first quarterback prospect for the Class of 2018 next season. Dearborn Divine Child junior quarterback Theo Day announces that he is committed to MSU.
#MichiganState gets a commitment from Dearborn Divine Child QB Theo Day. Athletic kid with a live arm: https://t.co/juLVoYwPL5 pic.twitter.com/aOJS1ptix8
— Allen Trieu (@AllenTrieu) February 27, 2017
Officially a Spartan! pic.twitter.com/ZGdgZA3lW3
— Theo Day (@day_gma) February 27, 2017
The 3-star pro-style quarterback Day is regarded as a top-25 quarterback in the country for the Class of 2018. He's also listed as a top-15 talent in the state of Michigan and the No. 2 QB in the Mitten behind only Jason Whittaker (Rockford, MI). Day stands 6-foot-5 and 197 pounds.
His pledge to MSU gives the Spartans now four commits for the Class of 2018. The other three are 4-star talents, according to 247Sports – wide receiver Joseph Scates (Dayton, OH), athlete Xavier Henderson (Pickerington, OH) and Henderson's teammate, tight end Trenton Gillison (Pickerington, OH).
Day also becomes the second Divine Child Falcon in the last week to announce his college decision. Earlier in the week, it was D.C. 4-star defensive lineman Aidan Hutchinson pledging to the University of Michigan for the 2018 season. The two helped lead the Falcons all the way to the state semifinals before losing to eventual Division 3 champion St. Mary's Prep. Day on the year threw for more than 1,700 yards along with 22 touchdown passes.


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WWE Superstar Collection: Shawn Michaels Trailer (2012)
16 October 2012 90 mins
WWE Superstars Collection: Shawn Michaels He is one of the most revered Superstars in the history of sports entertainment. Spanning a quarter century, Shawn Michaels's career was punctuated by countless accolades including multiple reigns with every major championship, and timeless matches that revolutionized the industry. The Main Event, The Icon, The Showstopper, Mr. WrestleMania and most recently Mr. Hall of Fame has truly influenced a generation of fans. Now in this special collection, relive these show-stealing classics from his final run in WWE, including his one last stand with Triple H in DX and his emotional final match at WrestleMania XXVI.
Watch the official WWE Superstar Collection: Shawn Michaels 2012 trailer in HD below or find more WWE Superstar Collection: Shawn Michaels videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Hyomin street dance, Shibuya, Tokyo :
Tag Archives: hyomin
151114 My Pet Clinic T-ARA Eunjung & Hyomin
T-ara Eunjung and Hyomin appearances in `My Pet Clinic`4th episode, on Sky Park Channel. This TV program is about people including celebrities talking about their pets, like healt, facts or informations all about pet from some expert. Continue reading
151024 T-ARA Solo Soyeon-Hyomin-Eunjung-Jiyeon at Hefei Concert
In one cuts, a solo video collections while T-ara concert in Hefei China on oct 24, 2015 , Soyeon singing 'I can fly', Hyomin sing her own song form solo debut titled 'nice body', Eunjung latest and fresh song from the T-ara web drama sounctrack where she was the singer of the song in the drama, the title is 'goodbye' and last the sexy, pretty and adorable maknae Jiyeon singing 'never ever' a song from her solo debut album.., they are all amazing and beautiful..
From youtube account red4summer channel here is they performance on the concert :
Let's Dance: T-ara Hyomin – Nice Body – video
From 1theK youtube account :
140703 Hyomin – Nice Body + Fake It at M COUNTDOWN
Very nice and elegant sexy, T-ara Hyomin :
Mnet youtube acc. :
140630 all of HYOMIN [효민] – "Nice Body [나이스 바디]" M/V from youtube
Playlist of youtube all about Hyomin from coremidas :
Music Video :
HYO MIN [효민] – "Nice Body [나이스 바디]" MV Dance ver.
Nice Body – Coreography :
T-ara appearance on Fashion shows events march 2014
2014 1march 25 Soyeon at Kiok 2014 Seoul Fashion Week :
Continue reading
140305 T-ara – Lead The Way – all member version
since no video for all member to publish, lets see the making of mv including individual mv :
part #1:
part #2:
140215 T-ara Eunjung & Hyomin Immortal Song 2 Eng Sub – Lunar Year Special
KBS World TV just upload the Immortal Songs 2 with English Sub, Eunjung & Hyomin performed "faraway hometown", aired on 25 january 2014 : Continue reading


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HBA Home & Garden Show
February 24-26, 2017
Considered to be the area's largest and most unique show of its kind, the Housing & Building Association of Colorado Springs' annual Home & Garden Show drew nearly 6,000 attendees the weekend of February 24-26 at the Mortgage Solutions Financial Expo Center.
The HBA Home & Garden Show showcases landscapes designed for Colorado living, as well as sun rooms, water features, fire pits, outdoor living areas and many other products from local companies. Each year, show attendees vote for their favorite landscape display. Fredell Enterprises, Inc. and C & C Sand and Stone took top honors, while Provost Tree Spade and Landscape and Fisk Lawnscapes received honorable mentions.
As a regular feature of the show, Harding Nursery presented the first 200 attendees with free flowers. Informational seminars took place throughout the weekend, ranging in topics from vertical gardening to xeriscaping. Stacey Jensen of Colorado Springs was the lucky winner of a five-person hot tub, courtesy of Hanson HotSpring Spas.
Donations were accepted at the door for Care and Share Food Bank of Southern Colorado. In total, the Home & Garden Show collected 520 lbs. of food and $230 in cash, which equates to more than 2,300 donated meals for our community.
The HBA would like to thank all of the exhibitors who participated in the show, as well as media partners The Gazette and Cumulus Media, and this year's sponsors: Champion Windows, C & C Sand and Stone, Gazette Media, Hanson HotSpring Spas, Harding Nursery, Mike Shaw Buick GMC and Xfinity.
See the entire photo gallery from the event.
Thank you to our sponsors!


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Wanting to join the rest of our members? Feel free to sign up today.
Discussion in 'The Lounge' started by Stretch3, Sep 30, 2007.
Recent Wii for sale, comes with all cables and sensor bar...and Zelda TP
200 shipped
PM me
dude, you'd get 300+ for that on ebay, but why are you selling?
FWLER is right. You can sell it for alot more on ebay. the system itself is worth 250$ and the game about 50-60. The price should be around 300-320$. If you wish to sell it to a Wiichat member, then go ahead, but you will get less money.
I take it your selling because your displeased with the Wii?
I'm not displeased, I just don't have anymore time to play it! With school and everything, it makes it hard to spare some "wii" time.
I'm selling for a low price because I want cash. Best way to do that is price low.
Not really, 200 is a give away. At least consider 250$, people on ebay WILL buy it for high prices, trust me.
Just because you don't have time doesn't mean you should sell it! Give it to someone you care about as a gift or something.
a: you're not gonna get actual cash for this.
b: seriously, just put it on ebay for a starting bid of 250, and time it for a week. you'll get 325 minimum.
I dont like EBay...they charge for listings and get a cut of the final price.
Very well, then sell to some store or something, don't charge 200$, thats just stupid.
Stores around here only give you store credit. It sucks.
And they rip you off.
Then it that case. Sure you can trust a random Wiichat member?
They have to paypal me the money first, then I ship. Nothing unsafe about that really.
I'm telling you this, most people on this forum already have Wiis, so this is the wrong place to look really. I absolutely adore eBay.
I've never sold anything but they say what percentage of money they're going to take from you from the state you live in and how big it is, I'm researching it right now for an IT project... You should definitely do it, they're not oging to slash about $100 dollars off you, and there's a broader range.
Dude, if you're seriously insistent on offloading it for such a low price, I'll escrow you the money and take it off your hands.
I'm not going to blindly Paypal $200 to some unknown anonymous forum user with 6 posts, though. You say there's nothing unsafe about that... for you, maybe. The buyer is taking a crapload of risk, though. So escrow only.
What's Escrow? I mean I'm not going to rip you off and not ship it once the money is received. Although it's hard to take my word for it, as I only have a few posts. I understand that.
Anyways, whats escrow?
Sell it on Craigslist.com......i find thats the best place to sell things
stretch3 ... info about escrow an how it works
Sure you dont have any friends who cantake it off your hands who uses ebay? They may give you a bit more as they can then sell it on for more again...
got a PS3 you want to sell? :wink:
I would use craigslist if I were you.
Thread Closed.
Reason: Selling items through Wii Chat isn't allowed, sorry.


text: Oh hell yes. In this bloody gorgeous 2004 animated movie, we get to see the British ancestor of Macgyver fight off a powerful mercantile syndicate and a shady division of the government that all want to use this (magical) steam generator ball thing to do stuff. And a crazy old man. This movie has a very different feel than the others we've watched so far, being very much a 'coming of age' story combined with some 'resisting corruption' (of like three different flavors no less). This is certainly the group favorite, though personally I would probably say AB is a very close second. The only real regret I have is that there's no sequel (watch the ending credits- Marvel has clearly taken a pointer from this movie).


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the night i lost jason a.k.a tear drop
by angel
(sevierville tn usa)
i was in my room when jasons jasons sister called me and said he was in a very bad drunk driving accident i was very sad i known him since i was 2or 3 and he was like a brother to me he died on dec-22-10 i loved him so much and his mom was drunk so she took him and his dad and 2yr sister which she died in the hospital 2 days later when my parents took me to the scene of the crash i was crying so bad when they took jason out of the car i was yelling jason no no no dont leave me and i was running towards him when the ems and the police back me off i was crying so bad i rode in the car on the way to the hospital i made a foward 2 days later bout jason when he leaft when god called him home everyone in the car died but his 2 yr old sister was fighting for her life in the er i saw her there she was coverd in her blood and her brothers i wazs holding her hand and crying cuase i loved her like my own daughter she called me mommy sometimes me and jason were tight friends and we dateing for awile to no i just canit belive he is gone i loved him but noone understands till its to late am i right i just loved jason so much now i cant belive he is gone and we were both 13 and he was so cute and i loved him very much now every time i hear the climb or if i die young or invinable i cry hard and im still upset about it and i loved him very much me and him shared to many moemories when i go down the street i can see him and were ever i go i see him and when i go down the street he died i thorw a flower out the car window and cry i cant go to his funarl i cant see him like that but his aunt wants me to sing the climb invincable and if i die young and say a speach bout him but i might go but then ill drop the necklace he gave me in his had and fold his hand up and cry in tears and leave a tear drop on his face cuase when me and him were little i called him tear drop cuase i could not say his name so i called him teardrop and he called me rainbow kiss i thought it was sweet and before he left and never saw him agin hugged him tight and kissed him for awile and hope i can see him in an hour but his mom had to drink but her husband wanted to drive since he does not drink alcohoal or beer and does not take drugs but no she had to drive and made my heart broke in half :,( i wanted to go with him but then when she wanted to drive i so i got of the car bout to take jason with me but she wanted him to go i kissed him somemore and hugged him tight agin and prayed for him and hope for his safe retun but then robyn called me and was in tears really hard and i loved him so much and me and him were dateing at the time if his dad rove i whould stay in the car and makeout with him in the backseat the whole trip to the store but his mom wanted to drive and cost him to loose his girlfriend and his whole life and his family and friends if his mom survied she whould go to jail for drunk drivng and child abuse and murder but now my heart is broken in half of he suveried i whould stay in the hospital room with him and sleep there and hold his hand praying for hm and thinking bout him and crying but i lost a realy important person to me and when i look at ur pictures i cry and cry thinking of meomories we shared and had fn and hangonout at the skatepark and kissed hugged and we even planned our furture but it was runied going all back to drunkdriving and how its the dumbiest thing u can ever do!!!!!!!!!!!!
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