text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 21, 1985
|Filing date
|Feb 3, 1982
|Priority date
|Feb 3, 1982
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Harry D. Wright, John M. Hale, Eugen Weber
|Original Assignee
|Orbisphere Corporation Wilmington
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (9), Classifications (14), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application generally relates to subject matter disclosed in our commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 773,163 filed Mar. 1, 1977, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,047 on June 20, 1978 as well as to subject matter disclosed in our commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 164,291, filed June 30, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,797, granted April 20, 1982, and the copending Divisional application Ser. No. 06/319,708, filed Nov. 9, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,021, granted Feb. 8, 1983.
(a) Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the art of amperometric measurement and amperometric measuring devices of the type used for quantitative electrochemical analysis methods where the concentration of an electroactive species such as oxygen dissolved in or admixed with a fluid is to be measured or monitored; more particularly, this invention relates to an improved method of thermally protecting an amperometric cell or probe which is temporarily subjected to temperatures outside of the operative cell temperature range, such as in heat sterilization.
The invention further comprises an improved probe provided for passage of a fluid, such as a cooling liquid, through said probe.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
Electrochemical cells of the type used for quantitative electrochemical analysis are well known in the art and generally include a working or sensing electrode having a defined or electroanalytically effective surface, a counter electrode, an optional guard electrode, an electrolyte in contact with the electrodes and a membrane that is substantially impermeable to the electrolyte but is permeable to the electroactive species of interest and defines the sensor face in terms of a barrier between the electrolyte space, notably the electrolyte film on top of the sensing electrode, and the ambient medium that contains the electroactive species.
For amperometric analytical operation, the working electrode of such a cell arrangement is polarized by a constant DC voltage to furnish a current whose steady state magnitude is proportional to the activity of the electroactive species of interest. Cells of this type and their operation and uses are discussed in detail in the following illustrative U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,913,386, 3,071,530, 3,223,608, 3,227,643, 3,372,103, 3,406,109, 3,429,796, 3,515,658, 3,622,488 and 4,096,047 as well as in British Published Application No. 2,013,895.
Structural and operational data of such prior art cells can be found in the literature, particularly in the Monography by Fatt, Irving, "Polarographic Oxygen Sensors", CRC-Press, Inc., USA, 1976, incorporated herein by reference.
The first mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 2,913,386 to Leland E. Clarke considered as the pioneering patent in this art already teaches a semi-permeable membrane that restrains the electrolyte and the terms "membrane-covered" or "membrane-enclosed" are being used generally to refer to such electroanalytical devices, e.g. as "membrane-covered polarographic detectors".
As the term "polarography" has also been used for techniques based on the dropping mercury electrode and operating either in a voltametric or galvanic mode, the term "membrane-enclosed amperometric cell" or MEAC is used herein to refer to electroanalytical probes such as the "Clark Cell" and modifications thereof including those that use guard electrodes and various devices to improve operation, reliability, sensitivity and maintenance.
Because of the high sensitivity, e.g. for routine determinations of dissolved oxygen in water in the ppm to ppb range, MEAC-type oxygen probes are of interest in various types of industrial microbiological processes including enzymatic or fermentative methods, where reliable monitoring of the oxygen content is of paramount interest.
Microbiological methods require that the equipment which is exposed to a biologically active and, hence, biodegradable medium must be sterilizable; heat sterilization, such as exposure to temperatures above 100� C., e.g. pressurized steam of 120� C., for periods in the range of minutes or hours is a generally preferred method for heat sterilization of processing equipment, such as fermenters, feeding pipes and other devices have come, or will come, in contact with a process stream biologically active matter.
As a consequence, oxygen probes for use such processes should be heat-sterilizable but because MEAC temperature sensitive constituents, one of which is the electrolyte, this presents substantial problems. Thus, when a MEAC typically designed for operation at a temperature between 0� C. and 40� C. is exposed to 120� C. steam, the following damaging effects may occur:
Expansion of the volume of the electrolyte relative to the space available, creating internal pressures which tend to stretch the membrane;
shrinkage, softening and creeping of structural parts of the probe producing permanent dimensional changes;
stresses of differential expansion of disparate materials, leading to permanent damage of structural parts;
recrystallization or phase changes of the membrane material causing permeability changes which, even if but temporary, can cause measurement errors for a time;
enhanced solvent power and corrosiveness of electrolyte at elevated temperatures causing attack on structural parts.
A conventional way around these problems is to use a MEAC that can be taken out of the system to be monitored when the latter is heat-sterilized and to effect sterilization by other than thermal treatment. As actual measurement is neither required nor normally possible during heat-sterilization periods, this is feasible per se but requires a substantial procedural effort, aside from the problems of a reliable sterilizing treatment for the probe that does not introduce uncontrolled sterilant residues into the system which is to be monitored.
Cooling of the MEAC would seem to provide another way to resolve heat-sterilization problems; yet, probe cooling implies that exposed parts of the probe do not reach sterilization conditions and remain contaminated.
Finally, use of a non-aqueous electrolyte solvent having a boiling point above 120� C. and a low vapor pressure at that temperature would seem to offer another way around some of the difficulties set forth above but as the requirements for such a solvent are quite demanding, no practicable solution appears feasible.
The operative temperature range of a MEAC containing an aqueous electrolyte, i.e. the temperatures of an ambient medium which do not damage the MEAC or modify its sensitivity, may be broadened somewhat by electrolyte additives, such as thickeners, and such additives are in fact being used in prior art heat-sterilizable sensors which, in addition to electrolyte additives, provide for mechanically compensating the thermal expansion of the electrolyte during in-line heat-sterilization. The disadvantages of such a system are decreased sensitivity and less reliability, prolonged stabilization periods, frequent exchange of membrane and electrolyte, and relatively complicated structures and maintenance requirements.
Accordingly, it is a main object of the invention to provide for a method of thermally protecting a MEAC or probe having an operative temperature range typical for aqueous electrolytes when the MEAC is to be kept in-line during heat-sterilization periods so that the sensor face, at least, of the MEAC is exposed to temperatures substantially above the operative range of the MEAC.
Another object of the invention is to provide for a MEAC-type probe suitable for in-line use in an environment that is subject to periodic heat-sterilization treatment.
A further object of the invention is to provide for a MEAC-type probe that permits passing of a fluid into and out of the cell structure.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide for a MEAC-type probe having a shield against thermal shock.
Further objects will become apparent as the specification proceeds.
It has been found according to a first general method embodiment of the invention that the above objects and further advantages will be achieved when effecting a heat exchange within a MEAC for controlled heat compensation of the aqueous electrolyte within the MEAC, generally by heat exchange with the electrolyte, when exposed to temperatures substantially outside of the normal operative temperature range.
According to a first general apparatus embodiment the invention provides for a MEAC probe that includes, in its body, at least two elongated fluid-passing channels formed between coaxially arranged interfitting tubular members extending in axial direction through said body from a first region near one end of the body to a second region near the other body end; the channels have mutually communicating ends in the first region and separate fluid-feeding ends in the second region and permit passing of a fluid through the probe body.
The heat exchange with the aqueous electrolyte is effected by controlled heat compensation and this includes operation in a manner that does not prevent sterilization of those external or "exposed" portions of the probe that have, or are intended to, come into contact with biologically active medium that is to be monitored.
Surprisingly, it has been found according to the invention that controlled heat compensation of the electrolyte by direct or indirect heat exchange therewith provides for sterilizing conditions at the exposed probe portions including the sensor face without adverse effects on the MEAC when operating according to the invention. While not wishing to be bound to a specific theory, it may be assumed that the heat capacity of the aqueous electrolyte and its relatively poor heat conductivity is the main reason that controlled electrolyte heat compensation according to the invention is capable of resolving the problems encountered with conventional sterilizable MEAC probes including those operating with expansion control.
Preferably, the heat exchange step according to the inventive method includes passing a stream of a heat transfer fluid, preferably a liquid, through the cell for indirect or direct heat exchange with the electrolyte. In direct heat exchange, the electrolyte may be used as the heat transfer fluid; for economy and convenience of operation an indirect heat exchange within the MEAC is used for controlled heat compensation of the electrolyte, and a heat transfer fluid, such as water, is passed through the cell to contact a heat conductive cell member, such as an electrode, which in turn contacts the electrolyte space and thus is in a heat conducting connection with the electrolyte therein.
It is preferred for many purposes of the invention to effect the indirect heat exchange with the electrolyte by passing the heat transfer fluid through a substantially annular and confined fluid-passing channel sealed from the electrolyte space but in heat exchange or heat conducting contact therewith by a heat conducting cell member, preferably the outermost electrode of a coaxial electrode arrangement.
Such coaxial electrode arrangements include a central electrode, e.g. the sensing electrode or cathode, and at least one peripheral electrode, e.g. the counter electrode or anode, that extend around the central electrode. Optionally, a guard electrode may be included in the coaxial electrode arrangement between the central electrode and the outermost or peripheral electrode, and an electrical insulator is provided between any two adjacent electrodes at least. Such coaxial arrangements are known per se, i.e. without fluid circulation means, and are disclosed, for example, in our above mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,047 and in British Published Application No. 2,013,895, both of which are incorporated herein by way of reference.
Preferred coaxial electrode arrangements with or without a guard electrode include a well portion or electrolyte reservoir in the electrolyte space, and the confined annular fluid-passing channel should be in heat exchange contact with such well portion. Passing of heat transfer fluid through the annular channel preferably is effected by conduit means formed by grooves or the like recesses at the interface of a pair of coaxial tubular cell members explained in more detail below. Preferably, such a tubular pair is used to provide for a thermal shield that extends through a major portion, at least, of the probe body within the probe jacket, and a thermal insulator, such as an air gap, between jacket and shield can be provided to assure that the shield has no substantial cooling effect upon those outer jacket portions that are intended to be exposed to heat sterilization.
The phrase "controlled heat compensation of the electrolyte" as used herein refers to the condition of maintaining the electrolyte at temperature conditions that will not damage the cell or modify its sensitivity while the exposed external parts of the probe are subject to temperature conditions that without such heat compensation would damage the cell, or modify its sensitivity. Such compensation is controlled by the heat flux; for example, when heat-sterilizing (120� C.) a MEAC according to the invention, a typical heat flux for controlled heat compensation of the electrolyte when the MEAC is heat-sterilized may be in the order of 10 to 500 Kilojoules per hour and such heat flux, in turn, can be controlled by the passing rate of the heat transfer fluid, the temperature condition and type of heat transfer fluid used and other parameters that are known per se in the heat exchange art. As an illustrative example when using tap water as heat transfer fluid in a probe according to the invention, a rate of 2 to 20 liters per hour may be sufficient for adequate heat flux control.
The term "operative temperature" of a MEAC is intended to refer to that temperature range within which a given MEAC can be operated without adverse effects as to cell structure and sensitivity. It will be understood that maintaining the sensitive inner portions and notably the aqueous electrolyte of a MEAC at an operative temperature during heat-sterilization does not imply actual operation (oxygen sensing) of the cell during heat-sterilization. In fact, while such continued operation is possible with the inventive method and apparatus, amperometric values measured in an ambient medium under heat-sterilization conditions with a probe in which the electrolyte is at a substantially lower temperature are not normally significant.
The terms "heat conductive" and "thermally conductive" are used interchangeably herein and refer to materials and connections having a heat conductivity, expressed in Joule.sec-1.m-1.K-1, of above 0.5, preferably at least about 1.5; a preferred heat conductivity range is between 3.5 and 5.0 or more.
Correspondingly, the terms "thermally insulated" or "thermally insulating" refer to materials and connections having a heat conductivity of substantially below 0.5, e.g. below 0.05 or lower when expressed in terms of the above units.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the Figures of the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view illustrating the operation of the inventive method with reference to a schematic example of an amperometric electroanalytical cell including an internal heat exchange means and shown in a diagrammatic and fragmented presentation;
FIG. 1B is the top-view of the cell shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional diagrammatic view of a modification of the cell shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B;
FIG. 2B is a top-view of the cell of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a pair of tubular probe members forming fluid passing channels at their interface, in the membrane-enclosed amperometric probe as shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a modification of the pair of tubular probe members shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a semi-diagrammatic sectional view of a membrane-enclosed amperometric probe structure according to the invention, and
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the thermal shield constituent of the probe of FIG. 5.
FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2A, 2B of the drawings illustrate a schematic example of an amperometric electroanalytical cell including heat exchange means; the example is shown merely for the purpose of explaining the working of the method according to the invention.
The diagrammatic sectional view of cell 10 shown in FIG. 1A includes a working electrode or cathode 11, a counter electrode or anode 12, an electrical insulator 15 between the electrodes 11, 12 and an electrically insulating jacket 16 around electrode 12.
The electrolyte-containing space 13 is in contact with both electrodes 11, 12 by means of an electrolyte well or reservoir 130 that contacts anode 12 and an electrolyte film 131 covering the surface of cathode 11. The electrolyte-containing space 13 is enclosed by membrane 14 held on jacket 16 by a membrane-holding member 18. Each electrode 11, 12 has a separate electrical outlet or lead 115, 125 for connection with a measuring circuit or instrument (not shown).
Membrane 14, e.g. a thin film of polytetrafluoro ethylene, is impermeable to the electrolyte in space 13 but permeable to an electroactive species in an ambient medium that is in contact with the outer surface of membrane 14.
The frontal sensor face on the elongated body of cell 10 is defined essentially by the outer surface of membrane 14 above electrolyte film 131 on top of electrode 11 and the reaction of electroactive species will occur at the electrolyte-exposed surface of cathode 11. In order to prevent uncontrolled electrolyte contact of portions of cathode 11 at interface 110 with insulator 15, a pressure seal of the type disclosed in our commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,047 is generally preferred.
In order to thermally protect cell 10 according to the inventive method, an annular confined channel or chamber 121 is provided and a heat conductive layer 120 separates chamber 121 from electrolyte space 13; layer 120 constitutes the electrolyte-exposed surface of the anode 12 and consists of a metal suitable for use as anode, e.g. silver or the like heat conductive and electrically conductive metal suitable for use as an electrode that can be "consumed" by the electrochemical reaction of interest. Preferably, layer 120 is an integral part of anode 12.
Two elongated conduits 124, 122 extend through the body of cell 10 so that a heat transfer medium can be passed through annular chamber 121.
When the sensor face of cell 10 and generally an adjacent portion of jacket 16 is exposed to heat-sterilizing temperatures of typically about 120� C., the electrolyte near the sensor face would be heated through membrane 14 and reach temperatures far outside of the normal operative temperature range of cell 10 with the consequence of damaging its structure or impairing its sensitivity.
According to the method of the invention, a heat exchange is effected within cell 10 by passing heat transfer or coolant fluid, such as air or water, into one conduit 122, 124 through chamber 121 and out through the other conduit; as a consequence, the electrolyte in electrolyte space 13 adjacent to the heat conductive anode portion 120 will be in heat exchange contact with the heat transfer fluid passing through chamber 121.
Heat compensation of the electrolyte in electrolyte space 13 can be controlled simply by adjusting the rate of passage of the heat transfer or coolant medium through chamber 121. Typically, with a convenient coolant such as tap water having tap temperature in the range of from about 5� to 20� C., passage rates of typically between 0.5 and 2.5 milliliters per second will be sufficient for satisfactory heat compensation of the electrolyte during heat-sterilization at 120� C.
The difference between the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet ends of conduits 122, 124 can be used to ascertain that a sufficient passage rate is maintained; typically, that difference should be small, say below 5� C., and passage of coolant will be continued at least as long as heat-sterilization proceeds. Sterilization periods of minutes or hours are conventional in microbiological processes.
It is essential, according to the invention, that the heat exchange explained above should be effected within cell 10, i.e. without cooling any outer parts thereof, intended to be heat-sterilized, to temperatures that are too low for the sterilization effect.
It will be understood that the bottom end of cell 10 and an adjacent portion of jacket 16 are not intended for exposure to heat-sterilization when cell 10 is maintained in-line in an apparatus; as is conventional for sterilizable probes, only its sensor face portion, optionally with an adjacent jacket portion, extending into the processing vessel or line, is in contact with biologically active medium therein; the bottom portion of the cell is maintained outside of the vessel and a seal, coupling or the like will be provided to maintain jacket 16 of cell 10 in sealing engagement with the wall of the processing vessel or line. As such couplings and seals are conventional, this aspect will not be discussed in more detail.
As will be apparent from the diagram of cell 10 in FIG. 1A, the passage of coolant through chamber 121 should not prevent the outer surface of jacket 16 from reaching sterilizing temperatures where sterilization is required. Thus, a thermal insulation of the heat conducting member that is in thermally conducting contact with the coolant, e.g. anode 12, and the outer surface of jacket 16 may be required and is indicated, diagrammatically, in FIG. 1A in that jacket 16 is provided with a relatively thick wall 160 of a thermally insulating material as defined above, e.g. an organic polymer.
However, additional heat insulation of the outermost heat conductive member that is in direct thermal contact with the coolant (anode 12 in FIG. 1A) and an adjacent jacket (16 in FIG. 1A) may be desirable, and a preferred example will be explained below in connection with FIG. 5.
The top view of cell 10 in FIG. 1B shows the preferred coaxial arrangement of the electrodes 11, 12 and the preferred annular shape of chamber 121 (broken lines) with the ends of conduits 122, 124 (broken lines) in mutual communication through chamber 121.
Cell 20 shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 2A, 2B illustrates the preferred coaxial electrode arrangement with an additional or guard electrode 23. Advantages and operation of guard electrodes are known per se, e.g. as disclosed in our commonly assigned British published patent application No. 2,013,895, and will not be explained herein.
In order to operate cell 20 of FIGS. 2A, 2B according to the present invention, the outermost or peripheral electrode, i.e. anode 22, of the coaxial electrode structure (comprising cathode 21, guard electrode 23 and anode 22 with electrical insulators 25, 27 between any two adjacent electrodes) is provided with a confined annular channel 292 separated from electrolyte space 299 by a top wall portion 220 of anode 22. Again, portion 220 may be an integral part of anode 22 or affixed onto the latter but in either case consists of a heat conductive and electrically conductive material, such as silver, to provide for thermal and electrical contact of anode 22 with the electrolyte in electrolyte space 299.
Two conduits 222, 224 extend from the lower end of cell 20 through the cell body and communicate, at their upper ends, through chamber 292. Each electrode is provided with a lead 215, 225, 235 for connection with a conventional measuring instrument (not shown).
For thermal protection of cell 20 when exposed at its sensor face (outer surface of membrane 24 on top of cathode 21) and, optionally, at an adjacent portion of jacket 26 to heat-sterilization, a coolant fluid will be passed from the lower end of cell 20 (maintained outside of vessel in which heat-sterilization is required as explained above) into one of the conduits 222, 224, through annular channel 292 and out of the other conduit.
It will be noted that heat exchange between the conduits 222, 224 and an adjacent heat conductive tubular member, such as anode 22, of cell 20 may serve to thermally protect the inner cell components (i.e. those encompassed by the heat conductive member) and this is advantageous as explained below if thermal insulation, e.g. insulating wall 260, is provided between that member and the outer surface portion of jacket 26 that is intended to be heat-sterilized.
Again, the top-view shown in FIG. 2B is given to illustrate the coaxial electrode arrangement and the position of annular channel 292 in the outermost or peripheral electrode (anode 22).
It will be apparent from the explanation of FIGS. 1A, 2A that an indirect heat exchange is effected between the coolant in the separate annular channel 121, 292 and the electrolyte because of the intermediate heat conductivity of anode wall 120, 220. However, a direct heat exchange is possible when operating the inventive method; in that case, anode wall portion 120, 220 is omitted and electrolyte is circulated as coolant through the conduits but a separate heat exchanger is required for cooling the circulating electrolyte. PG,20
FIGS. 3 and 4 are intended to show, in a semi-diagrammatic perspective view, how the problem of passing a fluid through a MEAC-type probe is solved in a preferred embodiment of the membrane-enclosed amperometric probe according to the invention described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.
Pairs 30, 40 of interfitting tubular members 31, 32; 41, 42 are used and a pair of axially extending channels 33, 34; 43, 44 is formed at the interface of each pair 30, 40 by means of grooves or similar elongated recesses that may be formed in the inner surface of the outer tube (32 in FIG. 3), or in the outer surface of the inner tube (41 in FIG. 4), or by a combination thereof (now shown).
For many purposes of the invention it is preferred that one tubular member of the pair is made of a heat conductive material, e.g. a metal such as silver, copper or the like, or metal alloy, while the other member is made of a thermally insulating material such as an organic plastic, e.g. selected from cured epoxides, polypropylene, Nylon 66, polyethylene, terephthalate, acrylics including polymethacrylic esters, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (unplasticized), high density polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl acetate, polysulfones, polycarbonates including polybisphenol carbonate, polyphenylene oxide, polyurethane, polyacetals including polyoxymethylene and various copolymers including those made of styrene and acrylonitrile or of styrene, acrylonitrile and butadiene.
It will be understood that more than two channels can be provided at the interface of the interfitting tubular members and that the grooves or other types of recesses or channel-forming distancing means could spiral around the interface. Also, fluid-passing channels could be formed between different interfaces of interfitting tubular members as the preferred pairwise arrangement of interfitting tubes for providing channels at one interface is but a preferred embodiment. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, such a pair of interfitting tubes is used as a thermal shield inside the outer jacket of a probe with a thermally insulating layer, e.g. an air gap, between the probe jacket and the tube pair; in that case, it is preferred for many purposes that the outer member of the pair is made of a heat conducting material, see also FIG 6.
The channels 33, 34; 43,44 of such pairs of interfitting tubes will have, or be connected with, mutually communicating ends (not shown in FIGS. 3, 4) in a first cell or probe region near the probe sensor end, e.g. the annular chamber 577 of FIGS. 5, 6 or another type of communicating passage which, in turn, preferably is in heat conducting connection with the electrolyte space.
Further, these channels will have separate fluid-feeding ends (not shown in FIGS. 3, 4), generally with a connection or line for feeding heat exchange fluid, and these fluid-feeding ends will be in a cell or probe region that is distanced from the sensor end and generally is near the other or opposite end of the cell or probe body. By this, it is meant that the communicating ends are in that probe portion which at its outer surface is exposed to temperatures outside the operative range, e.g. to heat-sterilizing conditions, while the fluid-feeding ends of the channels are in a region of the probe body that is not normally subject, at its outer side, to heat-sterilizing conditions. Generally, the "first cell or probe region" is that part of the probe which will be situated within a vessel, line, tank or other processing equipment that requires oxygen monitoring and periodic heat-sterilization; by the same token, the "second region" of the cell or probe is that part of the probe which extends outside of the walls of the processing equipment and is not normally exposed to the heat-sterilization conditions within the equipment.
A preferred embodiment of a membrane-enclosed amperiometric probe according to the invention is illustrated in a semi-diagrammatical cross-sectional view in FIG. 5 showing a cell or probe 5 having a first probe in the form of a cylindrical body portion 51 near sensor face 511 and a second probe portion 52 near the opposite probe end 521 where electrical connections or leads 531, 541, 551 are provided for separately connecting the central sensing electrode or cathode 53, the optional intermediate or guard electrode 54 and the peripheral counter electrode or anode 55 with a conventional amperometric measuring device (not shown).
For in-line operation of probe 5 according to the invention, the first probe portion or exposed end 51 of probe 5 will extend into a fermenter, feed-line, tank or the like enclosed equipment (not shown) for microbiological, enzymatic or the like processing requiring periodical heat-sterilization.
For operation, a pressure sealing means (not shown) will be connected with a portion of socket 592 or jacket 59 to ensure sealing connection of probe 5 with an opening of the processing equipment and the second probe portion or external region 52 of probe 5. The first or immersed probe portion 51 includes the electrolyte space 56 having a well or reservoir portion 561 and contacting the sensing electrode 53 by a thin film (not shown) of the electrolyte between the surface of electrode 53 and the semipermeable membrane (not shown). An insulator 532 is in pressure engagement as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,047 with the electrode 53 by means of a spring 533 between nut 534 on the threaded end of cathode-holding rod 535 and the end 542 of tube 545.
Metal tube 545 provides the electrical connection between guard electrode 54 and its connecting lead 541. Metal tube 555 provides for electrical connection between anode 55 and anode lead 551. The metal tubes 545, 555 extend through the cylindrical body 5.
A pair of coaxially arranged interfitting tubular members 571, 572 around anode tube 555 forms a pair of elongated fluid-passing channels 578, 579 by a pair of grooves as explained with reference to FIGS. 3, 4 above and further shown in FIG. 6. Tube 571 is made of an organic polymer, while tube 572 is made of metal. As evident from FIGS. 5 and 6, the fluid-passing channels 578, 579 axially extend through the cylindrical body 5 from the first region of the first probe portion 51 into the second region of the second probe portion 52 and communicate at their ends located in the first region and are connected to fluid-feeding ends located at the second region.
An annular channel or chamber 577 serves to connect the "upper" ends of channels 578, 579 while each lower end of channels 578, 579 is connected with a separate socket bore 593, 594 for feeding a heat transfer fluid into one bore 593, 594 through one channel 578, 579 to the annular channel chamber 577 and out through the other channel 579, 578 and the other bore 594, 593.
The inner wall portion of annular channel or chamber 577 is formed by a portion of anode 55 which consists of a metal, such as silver, which is heat conducting. As anode 55 also contacts electrolyte space 56, controlled heat exchange of the electrolyte in space 56 with the heat transfer fluid passing through annular channel 577 via the heat conducting material of anode 55 can be effected by controlling the passage of heat transfer fluid.
As indicated, one of the interfitting tubular members 571, 572 forming channels 578, 579 at their interface preferably is made of a heat conducting metal, e.g. the outer tubular member 572 in FIG. 5, while the other may be made of an organic polymer.
Because a coolant that passes through channels 578, 579 will have a cooling effect on tube 572, a heat insulation between tube 572 and jacket 59 is provided by means of an annular air gap 581.
The upper end of metal tube 572 bears on jacket head 591 which consists of a material having a low thermal conductivity, such as an organic polymer of the type exemplified above. Jacket 59 (and an optional coat on jacket head 591) consists of a metal, such as stainless steel, but might also consist of an organic polymer of the type illustrated above optionally provided with a metal coating depending upon use requirements including ambient conditions such as temperature and pressure requirements at normal or temporarily abnormal exposures.
For holding the membrane (not shown in FIG. 5) in operative position at the sensor face 511, use of a membrane holding means of the type disclosed in the above mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 164,291, filed June 30, 1980, is preferred for many probe uses; the disclosure of the just mentioned U.S. Patent Application is incorporated herein by way of reference.
Briefly, such holding means include a substantially non-resilient and creep-resistant ring (not shown in FIG. 5) slidingly fitting onto the membrane-supporting end of jacket 591. A recessed cylindrical end portion (not shown in FIG. 5) of the upper end of jacket 591 may be provided to define the membrane holding position of the ring and a resilient member, e.g. an O-ring, may be provided between the end portion of jacket 591 and the contacting membrane portion.
Further, sealing members, such as O-rings (not shown in FIG. 5), may be provided within the probe body in positions where additional sealing connections are desired, e.g. between mutually contacting ends of electrically insulating and electrically conductive probe members. Line S in FIG. 5 is intended to indicate an external sealing connection with the wall of a fermenter, tube, tank or the like into which the first probe or exposed end 51 of the sensor protrudes.
Preferably, at least one temperature sensor, e.g. a thermistor, is arranged within probe 5 (not shown in the drawings) and will have leads for connection with an instrument (not shown). Two, three or more temperature sensors can be arranged within the sensor, e.g. within gap 581, and in a thermally conducting connection with the ambient medium contacting the first probe portion or exposed sensor portion 51.
Preferably, at least one such temperature sensor is used to trigger passage of heat transfer fluid through the probe when the ambient temperature rises above a predetermined temperature, e.g. the upper or lower end of the operative temperature range as explained above. The same temperature sensor or an additional temperature sensor may be used to control the rate of passing heat exchange fluid through the probe in response to variations of the ambient temperature.
Additional annular tubular air gaps 582, 583 may be provided for additional thermal insulation if desired and distancing or closing means 543, 543a may be inserted for gap definition.
FIG. 6 is a simplified, partially sectioned perspective view of the thermal shield 6 formed by the interfitting pair of tubular members 571, 572 of FIG. 5 with channels 578, 579 at their interface. Thermal shield 6 is shown to contact the anode connecting tube 555 but this is not believed to be critical.
The separate fluid-feeding ends of channels 578, 579 are defined by bores 678, 679 in metal tube 572 while communication of the opposite (i.e. near sensor face) ends is established by annular channel 577 extending around the body of anode 55. Thus, heat exchange of the heat transfer fluid in channel 577 through the thermally conducting metal of the peripheral anode with the electrolyte in space 56 is maintained and a thermal shield extending through the probe in all its portions where undesirable temperature impact should be prevented is provided within the probe body without impairing sterilization at the outer probe surface because of the thermal insulation between the shield and the jacket as explained above.
The following non-limiting example of working the mehod according to the invention is given for illustration of thermal MEAC protection during heat sterilization.
The electrolyte space of a sensor similar in its essential features to that illustrated in FIG. 5 was filled with an alkaline potassium chloride electrolyte and enclosed by a 0.1 mm thick polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. Its sensitivity towards oxygen dissolved in water was determined to be 0.485 microamperes per ppm dissolved oxygen by exposing it to flowing air-saturated water thermostated at 25� C.
It was then sealed into a pressure vessel together with sufficient water to maintain a water vapor saturated atmosphere in the vessel at 120� C. The sensing face 511 and part of the cylindrical probe body adjoining this face were enclosed within the pressure vessel and the cooling fluid inlet and outlet bores 593 and 594 were accessible outside the vessel. Tap water was passed through the cooling conduits to act as heat exchange medium at the rate of 15 liters per hour.
The pressure vessel was heated during 2 hours on an electrically heated hot plate at a temperature of 120� C. The total pressure in the vessel at this temperature was 4 bars, of which 2 bars were due to the partial pressure of water vapor. A temperature rise of only 2� C. was measured between the inlet and outlet of the stream of cooling water. After this treatment the pressure vessel was suddenly opened to permit escape of the steam and cooled rapidly under fast running water thereby subjecting the sensor to extremely abrupt changes of ambient pressure and temperature. This treatment is believed to be the harshest that the sensor might ever be expected to withstand in the course of heat sterilization and would be sufficient to blow the membrane off a sensor which did not benefit from the protection of the heat compensation feature.
No visible effects on the sensor were observable as a consequence of the described sterilization treatment. The sensitivity of the sensor was redetermined in the same fashion as prior to sterilization. A sensitivity of 0.480 microamperes per ppm was found revealing a downward drift of only 1.1% as a result of the sterilization.
The sensor was further shown to be capable of withstanding a series of repeated treatments of the same type without harm.
It will be appreciated that the provision of fluid conduits extending through essential portion of a probe body by means of a pair of interfitting tubular members with a grooved interface as disclosed herein can be of use for purposes other than thermal protection, e.g. for circulation or regeneration of electrolyte in special applications of MEAC-type probes.
Further, while thermal protection of MEAC-type probes is of particular importance for in-line use of probes in an apparatus that requires periodical heat-sterilization, other types of probe operation that include exposure of the probe sensor face to temperatures above or below the operative temperature range can be envisaged so that heat protection of MEACs by the inventive method and a heat-sterilizable probe are preferred but non-limiting examples of the utility of the present invention.
The advantages of the present invention, as well as certain changes and modifications of the disclosed embodiments thereof, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. It is the applicants' intention to cover by their claims all those changes and modifications which could be made to the embodiments of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Protection by Letters Patent of this invention in all its aspects as the same are set forth in the appended claims is sought to the broadest extent that the prior art allows.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 1, 1961
|Mar 31, 1964
|Jun 12, 1967
|May 5, 1970
|Honeywell Inc
|Polarographic cell
|Jun 12, 1975
|Jan 18, 1977
|Beckman Instruments, Inc.
|Analysis apparatus and method of measuring rate of change of electrolyte pH
|Mar 17, 1976
|May 17, 1977
|Servo Chem Ab
|Enzyme electrode
|Mar 1, 1977
|Jun 20, 1978
|Orbisphere Corporation, Wilmington, Succursale De Collonge-Bellerive
|Electroanalytical transducers
|Dec 5, 1977
|Oct 2, 1979
|Hans List
|Transducer for mechanical measured variables, especially a pressure transducer
|Dec 22, 1977
|Jan 29, 1980
|Bunji Hagihara
|Oxygen measuring electrode assembly
|Jul 26, 1978
|Jun 3, 1980
|Schering Aktiengesellschaft
|Process for the exchange of thermal energy
|Jan 8, 1979
|Feb 3, 1981
|Gesellschaft Fur Biotechnologische Forschung Mbh
|Electrode device
|Aug 9, 1979
|Jul 7, 1981
|James Evangelow
|Stove pipe heater
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 14, 1985
|Apr 29, 1986
|Orbisphere Corporation Wilmington, Succursale De Collonge-Bellerive
|Thermal protection method for electroanalytical cell and amperometric probe
|Mar 27, 1987
|Apr 2, 1991
|Orbisphere Corporation
|Amperometric cell
|Nov 13, 1989
|Feb 4, 1992
|Duncan Instrument Company
|Apparatus for rapid biological oxidation demand of liquids
|Feb 13, 2008
|Jun 10, 2014
|Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg
|Apparatus for determining and/or monitoring a process variable
|Jun 23, 2010
|Aug 26, 2014
|Knick Elektronische Messger�te GmbH & Co. KG
|Electrochemical sensor for measuring the oxygen partial pressure in a process fluid and a method for testing its function
|Feb 13, 2008
|Aug 5, 2010
|Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg
|Apparatus for determining and/or monitoring a process variable
|Jun 23, 2010
|May 23, 2012
|Electrochemical sensor for measuring the partial pressure of oxygen in a process liquid as well as a method for checking the functioning thereof
|Jun 23, 2010
|Jul 2, 2014
|Electrochemical sensor for measuring the partial pressure of oxygen in a process liquid as well as a method for checking the functioning thereof
|Jun 23, 2010
|Feb 10, 2011
|Knick Elektronische Messger�te GmbH & Co. KG
|Electrochemical sensor for measuring the partial pressure of oxygen in a process liquid as well as a method for checking the functioning thereof
|U.S. Classification
|204/415, 165/177, 204/409, 204/408, 165/47, 204/241
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 31, 1983
Owner name: ORBISPHERE CORPORATION WILMINGTON SUCCURSALE DE CO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:WRIGHT, HARRY D.;HALE, JOHN M.;WEBER, EUGEN;REEL/FRAME:004190/0174
Effective date: 19830906
|Dec 31, 1985
|Certificate of correction
|May 31, 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 17, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 26, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 18, 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 29, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19970521


text:
Sacred Valley of the Incas
Earth : South America : Peru : Southern Sierra (Peru) : Sacred Valley of the Incas
The Sacred Valley of the Incas is a valley in the Southern Sierra in Peru that contains many famous and beautiful Inca ruins. It was called the Sacred Valley because it contains some of the best land in the region and was not a part of the Empire but the property of the Emperor or Inca himself.
Major cities or major attractions in the Sacred Valley include:
Other Destinations
Other destinations near to or accessible from cities in the Sacred Valley include:
Get in
Get around
Inca Ruins
The sacred valley is dotted with Inca Ruins, with Machu Picchu being the absolute star attraction. If you are in a hurry, try to visit at least Pisac and Sacsayhuaman.
See the valley. Although the various ruins are the undeniable highlight, a 4-5 hour bus tour of the loop Cuzco-Chincherro-Urubamba-Pisac-Cuzco shows truly spectacular landscapes, especially on clear days during the winter (May-September). Tours can be booked with various agencies, although it is cheapest to just take buses between the various cities (and you can start in any of them).
There are many beautiful towns in the Sacred Valley that contain great landscapes, typical restaurants, Hotels/Hostels and local markets, the largest one are: Pisac, Calca, Urubamba.
Stay safe
Get out

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Install and Configure the Okta Active Directory Agent
Okta Active Directory (AD) integration allows you to integrate Okta with your on-premise AD. AD integration provides delegated authentication support (allowing usersIn Okta literature, we generally refer to "users" as the people who serve as Okta administrators. When we refer to "end users" we are generally referring to the people who the administrators serve. That is, those who use Okta chiclets to access their apps, but have no administrative control. to sign in to Okta with their AD credentials), user provisioning and de-provisioning, and the ability to import users and AD groupsGroups allow you to organize your end users and the apps they can access. Assigning apps to large sets of end users is made easier with groups..
To enable AD integration, you must install the Okta AD agentA software agent is a lightweight program that runs as a service outside of Okta. It is typically installed behind a firewall and allows Okta to tunnel communication between an on-premises service and Okta's cloud service. Okta employs several agent types: Active Directory, LDAP, RADIUS, RSA, Active Directory Password Sync, and IWA. For example, users can install multiple Active Directory agents to ensure that the integration is robust and highly available across geographic locations.. Before installing the agent, you must create a special administrative user whose password is Okta-specific and not tied to AD. Once you integrate AD, users that you deactivate in AD are also deactivated in Okta and the assignment is broken. If you later reactivate that user, the user is re-imported into the initial unassigned state.
AD integrations in a newly-created organization automatically have the following default settings enabled:
- Delegated authentication
- Just-in-Time (JIT) provisioning
- The import schedule set to never
- Profile mastering
- To ensure that you have up-to-date functionality and get optimum performance from your Okta AD agent(s), we strongly recommend that you download and install the latest version of the agent on your designated host server(s). If you are running multiple Okta AD agents, make sure that all of them are the same version. Running different versions within a domain can cause all agents in that domain to function at the level of the oldest agent. This does not affect other domains.
- Install on Windows Server 2008 or Later — You need access to a Windows server to install the Okta AD Agent. You do not need to install the agent on the domain controller itself. Your system must have 20Mb memory for the AD Service Account that is created upon agent installation.
Note: You must be running IE 10 or later on your Windows Server.
- .NET 4.0 (minimum) up to .NET 4.6.x (downloaded and installed automatically with the agent if no suitable version is found on the target machine at runtime).
- Installing the agent on a DMZ server — You must open several ports.
- AD password history enforcement — To enforce the AD Password History policy, you must use Okta AD Agent version 3.4.1 or later and your Domain Controllers must be running Windows Server 2008 R2 or later.
- 256 Mb of free memory for the service to run.
- Service Dedicated AD Service Account with Domain user permissions
- Separate server for domain controller (can be shared).
- Must be a member server within your active directory forest — We recommend the host server be a member in the same active directory domain of which your Active Directory users are members but is not required. The member server can be in a different domain, but must be in the same forest. Placing the agent on a different domain may cause performance issues.
- Consider the agent a part of your IT infrastructure – The host server where the agent resides must be on at all times. Do not install it on your laptop. The host server must have a continuous connection to the Internet so that it can communicate with Okta.
- Run this setup wizard from the host server – We recommend running this setup wizard in a web browser on the host server where you want to install the agent. Otherwise, you must transfer the agent installer to the host server, and then run the installer
- Creating adminAn abbreviation of administrator. This is the individual(s) who have access to the Okta Administrator Dashboard. They control the provisioning and deprovisioning of end users, the assigning of apps, the resetting of passwords, and the overall end user experience. Only administrators have the Administration button on the upper right side of the My Applications page. users – If you are using the Okta AD integration functionality, you should always have an Okta administrator whose password is Okta-specific and not tied to AD.
Okta recommends that no administrators be AD mastered.
Note: This does not affect existing administrators you have created who are AD mastered. We encourage you to disconnect your admins from AD (select Directory > People > More Actions > Disconnect from AD, select the admin users who you want to disconnect, and then click the appropriate Disconnect button).
- If you are using a third-party delegated authentication service, such as that of Salesforce.com which delegates authentication into one service and to another service (like AD via Okta), then you should always have a Salesforce.com admin account that is not assigned to a delegation authentication-enabled profile. For example, you should configure a Salesforce.com admin user whose password is specific to Salesforce.com, not Active Directory.
You must have permissions for the following accounts:
- Okta administrative user.
- An Active Directory (AD) user account to run the AD Agent Installer.
- Okta service account (created by the installer) – A service account under which the AD agent process runs after installation. This account can be created automatically by the installer, or you can select an existing account.
Creating an Okta Administrative User Account
You must create an administrator account before you begin installing the AD Agent. This user should have an Okta-specific password and not an AD password. The AD Agent connects to Okta using this account.
- From the Administrative Dashboard, select Directory > People, and then click Add Person to create a user (for example, email@example.com).
- Select Security > Administrators, and then click Add Administrator.
- Select the type of administrator. We recommend that you configure an organization or application administrator. For details about administrator roles, see Administrators.
User Permissions Required to Install the AD Agent (Version 3.4.x)
During installation, you are asked if you want to let the installer create the Okta service account. To do so, you must have the following permissions:
- Be a member of the domain admins group. This is required because you must be able to create a new AD user in AD that will act as the AD agent service account.
- Have local administrator privileges. If you are installing the AD agent but using an existing user account to run as the service account, you only need local administrator privileges.
With either option, the installer grants logon as a service to the domain user you select.
Okta Service Account Options
The AD agent runs under the account you specified (either the Okta service account the installer created or the domain user you selected). Depending on the configuration of your integration, the agent performs the following actions:
- Read users, OUs, and groups — Requires read access on the accessed objects. By default, a domain user has sufficient permission to do this. We recommend read access on the entire domain, but it is not required.
- Authenticate users — No special permissions are required.
- Change user passwords (by supplying the current password) — No special permissions are required.
- Set user passwords (administratively, without the current password) — Requires permissions to set passwords for users.
- Create and update users, attributes, and memberships in AD with values pushed from Okta — Requires permissions to read and write to the attribute(s) you are updating.
On your Windows server, use the Delegation of Control Wizard to grant the Okta service account the following permissions:
- Create, delete, and manage user accounts — For create and update user flows.
- Reset user passwords and force password change at next logon — For syncing passwords.
- Read all user information — For import and create user flows.
- Modify the membership of a group — For Group Push.
Important: To ensure that you have up-to-date functionality and get optimum performance from your Okta AD agent(s), we strongly recommend that you download and install the latest version of the agent on your designated host server(s). If you are running multiple Okta AD agents, make sure that all of them are the same version. Running different versions within a domain can cause all agents in that domain to function at the level of the oldest agent. This does not affect other domains.
- Select Directory > Directory Integrations.
- Cick Add Directory and then select Add Active Directory.
- Click Set Up Active Directory.
- Click Download Agent.
- Double click the file to launch the installer.
- Click Yes at the message Do you want to allow the following program to make changes to this computer?.
- Choose an installation destination.
- Select the AD domain you want to manage with this agent.
- Select Create or use the Okta Service account (recommended) and complete the prompt to set a password.
Note: Select Use an alternate account that I specify if you want to assign the Okta AD Agent to run as an existing domain user.
- (Optional) If appropriate for your environment, specify a proxy server through which your AD agent will connect.
- To register the AD Agent with the Okta service, enter your Okta subdomain name, and then click Next.
- Enter the username and a password, and then click Sign in.
- Click Allow Access.
Note: If the error message displays The underlying connection was closed. Could not establish trust relationship for the SSL/TLS service channel, see Troubleshooting.
- Click Finish.
- When the Active Directory agent has started, click Next.
- (First time installations for this domain only) At the Connect an Organization Unit to Okta screen, select the OUs from which you want to import users and groups. You can change these and other settings at any time.
- Select the Okta Username format that you want AD-imported end usersIn Okta literature, we generally refer to "end users" as the people who have their own Okta home page (My Applications), using chiclets to authenticate into all of their apps. End users do not have any administrative control. When we refer to "users" we are generally referring to the individual(s) who have administrative control. to use when logging in to Okta.
- Click Next.
- In the Build User Profile tab, select the attributes that you want to use to build your Okta user profiles.
- Click Next.
- When the initial Active Directory agent configuration is complete, click Next.
- Click Done.
- To reconfigure OUAn acronym of Organizational Unit. Organizational units are Active Directory containers into which you can place users, groups, computers, and other organizational units. It is the smallest scope or unit to which you can assign Group Policy settings or delegate administrative authority. and import settings, as well as other settings, return to the Settings tab (Directory > Directory Integrations > Active Directory > Settings). For details, see Configuring Import and Provisioning Settings.
- Click Save Settings.
- If you installed the AD agent on a DMZ server, you must open several ports.
- 137/UDP NetBIOS
- 138/UDP NetBIOS
- 139/TCP NetBIOS
- 88/TCP/UDP Kerberos
In addition, you must open your DCOM RPC ports. In addition to TCP 135, Microsoft RPC (MS-RPC) uses randomly generated ports from TCP 49152-65535 for Vista/2008 and above. These ports are also known as "random RPC ports." RPC clients use the RPC Endpoint Mapper (EPM) which runs on TCP135 to tell them which dynamic ports were assigned to the server.
For detailed information on configuring your ports on a DMZ server, see the Microsoft Support page. For more information on the required network ports, refer to Service overview and network port requirements for Windows. For more information on random RPC ports, refer to How to configure RPC dynamic port allocation to work with firewalls
Important: To ensure that you have up-to-date functionality and get optimum performance from your Okta AD agent(s), we strongly recommend that you download and install the latest version of the agent on your designated domain server(s). If you are running multiple Okta AD agents, make sure that all of them are the same version. Running different versions within a domain can cause all agents in that domain to function at the level of the oldest agent. This does not affect other domains.
When you uninstall and reinstall your AD agent, you must decide whether you also want to remove the old Okta API token from your system. If you are performing an upgrade, you are not required to remove the old token. To remove the API token, you must delete the Okta AD Agent folder and deactivate and remove your old AD agent.
Note: To avoid down time if you intend to continue using an AD agent, you must have at least two agents running before you uninstall one of them. For more information, see Configuring High Availability by Installing Multiple Active Directory Agents.
Uninstalling the AD Agent
- In Windows, select Start > Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features.
- Select the Okta AD Agent, and then select Uninstall.
- Uninstalling your AD agent leaves the agent configuration data on your hard drive.
- To remove the configuration data, go to C:\Program Files (x86)\Okta and delete the Okta AD Agent folder. Deleting this folder removes the agent configuration data and the API Token from your hard drive. The API token for the server is still valid in Okta so it is important to remove the configuration data.
- Revoke the API token by going to the agent monitor. Deactivate and remove the uninstalled agent, which will remove the API token.
Reinstalling the AD Agent
Installing the AD agent does not overwrite the configuration data in the Okta AD Agent folder. If you want to reinstall and create a new API token, make sure you delete the Okta AD Agent folder (as described above) before you reinstall the AD agent. Then perform the following steps to reinstall your AD agent and deactivate and remove the old AD agent in Okta:
- Perform the AD agent installation procedure described in Installing the Active Directory Agent.
- Select Directory > Directory Integrations.
- Click Active Directory.
- In the Settings tab, your agents are listed in the Agent Monitors section. Confirm that your reinstalled AD agent is connected to Okta and appears in the list. You should always make sure to have at least one AD agent online.
If you are performing an upgrade or reinstallation and you do not want to revoke the Okta API token of the old AD agent, you are finished. Otherwise, proceed to the next step.
- Under Agent Monitors, select the Deactivate link for the old AD agent and then click Ok to confirm. Deactivating the agent revokes its API token.
- Click the Remove link for the old AD agent and then click Ok to confirm.
Upgrading in place
It is possible to upgrade the agent without having to uninstall it. The agent installer will automatically upgrade an existing agent.
Delegated authentication (Del Auth) makes your users' Okta credentials the same as their AD credentials. Enable it if you want Active Directory (AD) to authenticate your users when they sign into Okta.
Instance-Level Del Auth moves Del Auth enablement from the orgAn abbreviation of organization, but can also be thought of as a company. A company that uses Okta as their SSO portal is generally referred to as an org. As an administrator, you decide how Okta should be displayed and/or integrated with your org.-level (Security > Delegated Authentication) to the instance-level (Directory > Directory Integrations). While preserving current Del Auth functionality, instance-level Del Auth is optimized for use in environments with multiple AD instances. It allows admins to delegate authentication on a per AD-instance level to support more granular authentication scenarios such as the following:
- Configure Okta to be the authentication master for users in some AD instances.
- Configure AD to be the authentication master for users in the remaining AD instances (meaning users sign-in using their Windows credentials).
Continue to rely on Okta to provision to all AD instances.
When Instance-Level Del Auth is enabled, you can configure it in Directory > Directory Integrations > Active Directory > Settings. Your former org-level delegated authentication settings are preserved but no longer managed from Security > Delegated Authentication > Active Directory.
Options in this section allow you to configure import and provisioning settings, as well as make changes to your initial configuration.
Select Directory > Directory Integrations > Active Directory and then select the Settings tab.
Separate OU selectors
Separate OU selectors for Users and Groups allows you to separately specify the OUs from which to import users, and from which to import groups. This also allows you to ignore the OUs that contain users or groups that you don't want in Okta.
- User OUs connected to Okta – Select the organizational units from which to import users.
- Group OUs connected to Okta – Select the organizational units from which to import groups.
To select all OUs, select the top folder. Or you can select individual OUs.
Note: If you are running a pre-3.3.5 version of the agent, changes to Group OU settings will not take effect for JIT Provisioning until you restart your agents. To avoid the need to restart agents each time you change this setting, upgrade all of your AD agents to version 3.3.5 or later.
This is an Early Access feature. To enable it, please contact Okta Support.
User and Group filters (EA)
Using filters allows you to perform granular imports from Active Directory. Create syntax queries to selectively import users matching the criteria that you specify.
Caution: Changing the default filter queries can result in deprovisioning users. To avoid unintended results, Okta strongly recommends that you test these filters in your directory environment to make sure that the results match your expectations.
Default queries:
- User filter – sAMAccountType=805306368
- Group filter – objectCategory=group
For more about importing groups, see these related topics:
Just in-Time Provisioning (JIT)
Select Create and update users on login to create and update users at sign on. This option can be used with or without scheduled imports.
Okta JIT allows for the automatic creation of new user accounts at sign on, as well as updates to existing user profiles. The security groups to which the user belongs are also imported if the group belongs to a selected OU. If a user signing in does not belong to a selected OU, the sign in fails.
JIT and AD Domains
For details about JIT and AD domain scenarios, see FAQ: Okta and AD Groups.
Delegated Auth and Desktop SSO
There are other forms of JIT that integrate with AD. Namely, delegated authentication for Windows environments, and Desktop SSOAn acronym for single sign-on. In a SSO system, a user logs in once to the system and can access multiple systems without being prompted to sign in for each one. Okta is a cloud-based SSO platform that allows users to enter one name and password to access multiple applications. Users can access all of their web applications, both behind the firewall and in the cloud, with a single sign in. Okta provides a seamless experience across PCs, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. for imports that can be verified on the Imports page. For details, see Delegated Authentication.
Schedule import
Determine how often you want Okta to import users from AD. Select Do not import new users to leverage scheduled imports to keep user profiles and groups in sync without importing new users from your directory. Use it when you only want to to create new users in Okta via JIT, not via imports, yet continue to use imports to sync groups and group memberships.
Okta username format
Note: Orgs created after October 4th (Preview) or October 9th, 2017 (Production) may see slightly different import and provisioning options in the user interface elements described below. These changes will be rolled out to orgs created before these dates at a later date, which will be announced in the Release Notes. For details about the import and provisioning changes, see AD Updated Profile Mapping options.
Specify a username format. When you import users from AD, Okta uses this attribute to generate the Okta username. If you select SAM Account Name, Okta combines the SAM Account Name with the AD domain to generate the Okta username. For example, if the SAM Account Name is jdoe and the AD domain is mycompany.okta.com, then the Okta username is firstname.lastname@example.com.
Note: All Okta users can sign in by entering the alias part of their usernames as long as it maps to a single user in your organization. For example, email@example.com could sign in using jdoe.
Activation emails
You can optionally select Don't send new user activation emails for this domain to prevent Okta from sending an activation email to new users.
USG support
Select the Universal Security Group (USG) option if you want to ignore domain boundaries when importing group memberships for your users. This assumes that the relevant domains are connected in Okta.
You must also deploy an AD agent for every domain in your forest that contains the USG object that you want to sync with Okta. Each connected domain then imports its groups. When a user's group memberships match any groups that were imported (from any connected domain in the forest), Okta syncs the memberships for the user to each group. Only groups from connected domains are imported.
Note: Following a successful import, under specific conditions Okta automatically sends an email to designated administrators. The email details the number of users and groups scanned, added, updated, and/or removed during the import. Okta only sends the email if the scan detects any new users or groups, or changes to any existing user profile or group membership.
Matching rules are used in the import of users from all apps and directories that allow importing. If there is an existing Okta account, AD allows you to import and confirm users automatically. Select the automatic confirmation option that matches the policies of your organization:
Note: This feature does not apply to CSV-imported user lists.
EXACT IMPORT MATCH – Active Directory, OPP, and all provisioning-enabled apps support automatic importation and confirmation of users into Okta. Establishing matching criteria (or rules) allows you to specify how an imported user should be mapped to an existing Okta user. Clearly defining rules for matching helps to prevent multiple instances for the same user from being created.
- Imported user is exact match if – Select the match criteria that establishes whether an imported user exactly matches an existing Okta user. Choose any combination from the list of options to establish your criteria. In order for the new imported user to be considered an exact match, each option that you select must be true. Note that if you choose the third option, the first and second choices are disabled.
- When exact match found – Specify whether matches are confirmed automatically or manually once the matching status is established. If manually confirmed, you must activate the user in Directory > People.
PARTIAL IMPORT MATCH – Partial matching occurs when the first and last name of an imported user matches that of an existing Okta user, but the user's username or/and email address do not.
- Imported user is partial match if – Define the match criteria that establishes whether an imported user partially matches an existing Okta user.
Note: This option is selected by default. When it is selected and the option Auto-confirm match in the When partial match found setting (below) is also selected, importing users from multiple AD domains may result in one or more merged accounts if any imported users have the same name as existing Okta users.
- When partial match found – Specify whether matches are confirmed automatically or manually once the matching status is established. If manually confirmed, you must activate the user in Directory > People.
NO IMPORT MATCH – Define what constitutes a user who would not be associated with an existing Okta user.
- When no match found – Specify whether matches are confirmed automatically or manually once the matching status is established.
- Auto-activate after confirmation – Select to automate the activation of the newly imported user. If this option is selected, you can uncheck it during import confirmation. Note that this feature does not apply for users who already exist in Okta.
Create Users
Note: Orgs created after October 19th (Preview) or October 25th, 2017 (Production) may see slightly different import and provisioning options in the user interface elements described below. These changes will be rolled out to orgs created before these dates at a later date, which will be announced in the Release Notes. For details about the import and provisioning changes, see AD Updated Profile Mapping options.
Checking the Enable box creates or links a user in Active Directory.
- Activation email recipient – Specify where to send the new AD account credentials. The recipient is responsible for distributing the credential information to the appropriate user.
- AD username format – Specify a default AD username format.
- AD common name format – Specify a default AD common name format.
- Exclude AD username update – If you select this option, Okta does not update the usernames of existing AD accounts that are Okta mastered when you change the default username format. You can still provision new AD accounts from Okta.
Update User Attributes
Okta updates a user's attributes in Active Directory when the appAn abbreviation of application. Essentially, it is a web-based site used to perform any number of specific tasks, and requires authentication from end users by signing in. is assigned. Future attribute changes made to the Okta user profile automatically overwrite the corresponding attribute value in Active Directory.
Deactivate Users
Deactivates users' Active Directory account when they are unassigned in Okta or their Okta account is deactivated. Accounts can be reactivated if the app is reassigned to a user in Okta.
Profile Master
Enabled by default, profile mastering makes Active Directory the identity authority for connected users. When enabled, user profiles are not editable in Okta and all changes are sync'd to Okta during provisioning events. AD defaults as a profile masterA profile master is an application (usually a directory service such as Active Directory, or human capital management system such as Workday) that acts as a source of truth for user profile attributes. A user can only be mastered by a single application or directory at any one time. For more details, see Using the Okta People Page., but you can disable this option to have AD treated as a normal application.
If you disable AD as the profile master, user updates performed in AD are not pushed back to the user in Okta. For example, if you change a user's name in AD, the name change is not pushed to the Okta user account. In addition, you cannot reset a user's AD password in Okta because their credentials are still being managed by AD. You can, however, enable the Sync Password option to push passwords to Active Directory and disable Delegated Authentication. Your users will have their delegated Okta password, but any subsequent password updates are pushed to AD.
This is an Early Access feature. To enable it, please contact Okta Support.
This section allows you to determine what happens when a user is deactivated in an app: should they be deactivated, suspended or remain an active user is Okta?
When a user is deactivated in the app
- Do Nothing: Prevents activity in the app from controlling the user life cycle. This still allows profile master control of attributes and mappings.
- Deactivate Okta user: This default setting allows the user to be automatically deactivated when deactivated in the target app.
- Suspend Okta user: This setting allows the user to be automatically suspended when deactivated in the target app.
When a user is reactivated in the app
- Reactivate suspended users: Allows an admin to choose if a suspended Okta user should be reactivated when they have been reactivated in the app.
- Reactivate deactivated users: Allows an admin to choose if a deactivated Okta user should be reactivated when they have been reactivated in the app.
Only the highest priority profile master for an Okta user can deactivate or suspend an Okta user. To verify the highest priority profile master, review the Profile Masters page.
Sync Password
Enable this option if you want each user's AD password to be synced to their Okta password. Any subsequent password changes users make are pushed to their user profile in AD. To enable the Sync Password option, Delegated Authentication must be disabled. For more information, see Using Sync Password.
Profile Attributes & Mappings
For information about profile attributes and mappings, see Using Custom Attributes with Active Directory.
Okta's AD integration support also allows you to set up multiple domains from one AD agent, reducing the number of servers or virtual machines you need to connect to multiple domains. After you install the AD agent, you can use the OKTA AD Agent Management Utility to add more domains.
- On your Windows desktop, select Start > All Programs > Okta > Okta AD Agent > Okta AD Agent Manager.
- Select Domains.
- In the drop-down menu containing the grayed-out text choose another domain, select the domain that you want to add, and then click Register. Alternatively, you can type the desired domain name in the drop-down field, and then click Register.
- A message appears stating that your new domain has been registered and prompting you to restart the agent. Optionally register additional domains. Restart your AD agent after you are finished.
To configure high availability, you can install additional AD agents on separate servers or virtual machines. We recommend setting up two or more AD agents per domain.
Note: Installing multiple agents in close geographical proximity to your users does not enhance performance. When you have multiple agents installed, the process randomly selects which agent it uses so user location is not a factor. In addition, setting up large numbers of agents in this manner can cause problems when the system attempts to perform status checks on their performance.
Setting up a second AD agent follows the same steps as setting up your first agent. If you created the Okta service account with the first AD agent, then you are prompted to enter your password during the second agent installation.
To install additional AD agents on a domain:
- Select Directory > Directory Integrations.
- Click Active Directory.
- Select the Settings tab. Your agents are listed in the Agent Monitors section.
- Click Add Agent.
- Run the installer as described in Installing the Active Directory Agent.
AD Agent Request Handling
Each agent connects to the Okta service independently. When the service needs to communicate to AD (for example, to authenticate a user), it picks one of the available agents and sends it a task to complete. If one of the agents becomes unavailable, it is automatically removed from the queue and not given additional tasks.
Agent Availability
Agents send periodic messages to the service. If the service does not receive a message for 120 seconds, it is marked as unavailable.
Domain Controller Selection
The AD agent relies on the underlying operating system to select which domain controller to communicate with.
Changing the AD Agent User
- Sign in to the server running the AD Agent.
- From the Start menu, type run, then type services.msc.
- Locate the Okta AD Agent Service.
- Right click the Okta AD Agent Service and select Properties.
- Select the Log On tab and change the account credentials.
- Restart the service and verify that the agent displays as green in your Okta org.
You can configure the number of threads the AD agent uses to poll the server for tasks. If you are running the AD agent on a large-scale server, you can increase the thread count as an alternative to using multiple AD agents.
For example, to create three instances, do the following:
- Before opening or modifying the AD agent configuration files, stop the AD agent service under Windows Services.
- From the terminal, locate the OktaAgentService.exe.instances.config file for each AD agent server:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Okta\Okta AD Agent\OktaAgentService.exe.config
Open the 'OktaAgentService.exe.config' file in a suitable text editor program and then locate the following line:
<add key="PollingThreads" value="2" />
The default value is 2 and the valid range is 1 - 10. As an example to increase the number of polling threads to four, edit the line to look like this:
<add key="PollingThreads" value="4" />
- Save the file.
- Start the agent.
Once the change has been made, save the file and then start the Okta AD agent service again. You can verify that the setting has changed by opening the agent.log file at startup and observing the startup information towards the bottom of the file:
2017/07/21 06:06:22.167 Debug – TEST-SERVER-1(4) – PollingThreads: 4
Now the agent has four concurrent polling threads searching for actions to perform.
Note: There is a 10 thread limitation for this feature.
Error when resetting a Windows password
If the following error displays when your end users try to reset their Windows password in Okta,
New Windows password: Unexpected error when changing password, please try again
. . . and the following description was written to Reports > System Log at the same time,
. . . then you are probably not enforcing Active Directory's Password History policy. To enforce the policy, make sure that your Okta AD Agent is version 3.4.1 or later and your Domain Controllers are running Windows Server 2008 R2 or later.
Error when installing the agent
During agent installation, if the error message displays,
The underlying connection was closed. Could not establish trust relationship for the SSL/TLS service channel
. . . then you are probably attempting to install a version of the AD agent in which SSL pinning is enabled by default and your environment is one in which the agent's support for SSL certificate pinning prevents communication with the Okta server. This is most likely to occur in environments that rely on SSL proxies. To allow installation to complete in this case, Okta recommends that you bypass SSL proxy processing by adding the domain okta.com to a whitelist.
Alternatively, if SSL certificate pinning is enabled you can choose to disable it as described below.
To disable SSL certificate pinning if it is enabled
- Perform steps 1 through 4 of the procedure Installing the Active Directory Agent.
- Instead of double-clicking the file as directed in step 5, open a command line terminal and enter the following:
OktaADAgentSetup.exe OktaDisableSslPinning=1
- Press Enter.
- Complete the installation as described in Installing and Configuring the Agent.
To re-enable support for SSL certificate pinning if it is disabled
- Locate and open the AD agent configuration file:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Okta\Okta AD Agent\OktaADAgentSetup.exe.config
- Change the SSL pinning enabled setting to True:
"SslPinningEnabled" value="True"
- Save the configuration file and restart the agent.


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The ORF supports the research
needs of orthopaedic physicians.
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What Information We Collect and How We Use That Information
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Our Site contains links to other Web sites. Please note that when you click on one of these links, you are entering another Web site for which ORF has no responsibility. We encourage you to read the privacy statements on all such sites as their policies may be different from ours.
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text: "The State Attorney's Office has been most pleased to partner with The Shelter for many years now. Working hand in hand, we provide support for domestic violence victims and survivors as they move through the court system. Together we strive to help those in difficult situations transition to a place where they see positive alternatives and a brighter future. The Shelter's great work and focus on providing avenues for preventing domestic violence and intervening in difficult domestic situations make our citizens and communities safer and is worthy of support."


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Anglo-Saxon culture of Britain. Their name is derived from the ancient Lords of Buclogh where the surname means large mountain.
Bulkeley Early Origins
Cheshire where they held a family seat from very ancient times, some say well before the Norman Conquest and the arrival of Duke William at Hastings in 1066 A.D.
Bulkeley Spelling Variations
Bulkeley Spelling Variations
It is only in the last few hundred years that the English language has been standardized. For that reason, early Anglo-Saxon surnames like Bulkeley are characterized by many spelling variations. As the English language changed and incorporated elements of other European languages, even literate people changed the spelling of their names. The variations of the name Bulkeley include: Bulkeley, Bulkely, Buckly, Bulkelly, Bulhilly, Buhilly and many more.
Bulkeley Early History
Bulkeley Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Bulkeley research. Another 401 words (29 lines of text) covering the years 1206, 1638, 1573, 1549, 1552, 1621, 1577, 1659, 1644, 1614, 1662, 1640, 1662, 1585, 1659, 1688, 1658, 1660, 1661, 1568, 1650, 1634, 1685, 1660, 1665, 1666, 1660, 1710, 1692 and 1710 are included under the topic Early Bulkeley History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Bulkeley Early Notables (pre 1700)
Bulkeley Early Notables (pre 1700)
Notables of the family at this time include Sir Richard Bulkeley (died 1573), a Welsh politician, Member of Parliament for Anglesey (1549-1552); Sir Richard Bulkeley of Beaumaris, Anglesey and Lewisham (d. 1621), English parliamentarian, knighted in 1577; his son, Thomas Bulkeley (died. c.1659), created Viscount Bulkeley of Cashel in the Peerage...
Another 74 words (5 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Bulkeley Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Bulkeley In Ireland
Bulkeley In Ireland
Some of the Bulkeley family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 221 words (16 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
Many English families tired of political and religious strife left Britain for the new colonies in North America. Although the trip itself offered no relief - conditions on the ships were extremely cramped, and many travelers arrived diseased, starving, and destitute - these immigrants believed the opportunities that awaited them were worth the risks. Once in the colonies, many of the families did indeed prosper and, in turn, made significant contributions to the culture and economies of the growing colonies. An inquiry into the early roots of North American families has revealed a number of immigrants bearing the name Bulkeley or a variant listed above:
Bulkeley Settlers in United States in the 17th Century
Bulkeley Settlers in Canada in the 18th Century
Contemporary Notables of the name Bulkeley (post 1700)
Contemporary Notables of the name Bulkeley (post 1700)
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Nec temere, nec timide
Motto Translation: Neither rashly nor timidly
Bulkeley Family Crest Products
Bulkeley Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Bulkeley Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Bulkeley Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 18 February 2015 at 13:15.
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text: Yarns suggested bernat's handicrafter thread size 5 Yarn weight Lace / 2 ply Gauge 24 stitches and 28 rows = 4 inches in single crochet back loop only Hook size 4.5 mm Yardage 900 - 1500 yards (823 - 1372 m) Sizes available 32-44" bust Once again, if you can make a granny square,you can make this top! I used size 5 acrylic thread and a G hook. While the hook size seems rather large it works wonderfully with this slinky thread. If you cringe at the thought of acrylic thread try to open your mind a bit! This is a fabulous, light thread with a wonderful sheen that works up with a great drape to it. Think it like the "simply soft" of crochet thread. This top is worked from the top down starting with ribbing that you sew the ends together into a circle. Then you work into the row ends for the skirt. Its an easy no-nonsense pattern that you can pick up really easily. Crochet doesn't have to be complicated to be beautiful! If you choose a different yarn, be sure to check gauge and make sure it has a good drape to the fabric or else it may be bulky. PREFERRED BRAND/YARN bernat's handicrafter thread size 5 COLORWAY robust red


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