text: Select an international website Zoover.at Zoover.be Zoover.ch Zoover.co.uk Zoover.com.tr Zoover.com.ua Zoover.cz Zoover.de Zoover.dk Zoover.es Zoover.fr Zoover.gr Zoover.hu Zoover.it Zoover.lt Zoover.nl Zoover.no Zoover.pl Zoover.pt Zoover.ro Zoover.ru Zoover.se Home Destinations Accommodations Awards Add review Add review Add photos Add videos Add new accommodation Add attraction Home Add review Norway Aust-Agder Accommodations Aust-Agder Destinations (19) Accommodations (57) Attractions in (2) Photos & videos (1) Map Question and Answer (0) Find the best deals Most visitors found the best deal for Aust-Agder with: 1 Booking.com Check price tip More suppliers Collapse Sort by Zoover recommends Rating Reviews Distance from center 57 Accommodations Norway, Aust-Agder Location Country Norway Region Aust-Agder Destination Grimstad Hovden i Setesdal Risør Evje Lillesand (Aust-Agder) Arendal Hornnes Byglandsfjord Åmli Færvik More destinations Destination type Coastal regions in Aust-Agder Accommodation Accommodation Apartement in Aust-Agder Campsites in Aust-Agder Hotels in Aust-Agder Holiday home in Aust-Agder Holiday park in Aust-Agder Bungalows in Aust-Agder Hostels in Aust-Agder Accommodation star count 3 4 5 Facilities Warm shower WiFi Internet available More facilities User Rating Number of reviews 1 5 Review 8.5-10 Very good5 7-8.4 Good20 5-6.9 Mediocre3 0-4.9 Bad2 Scores well regarding Appreciation Location Service Value for money Food Rooms Child friendly Interior Space Activities Housing Restaurants Sanitary More criteria Contributions 19 1 13 Weather Information Weather Expectation Snowy Search within results: 8.7 click Add review Campsite: Flateland Valle, 5.8 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Valle 7.9 click Add review Campsite: Neset Byglandsfjord, 2.3 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Byglandsfjord 8.2 click Add review Campsite: Fennefoss Evje, 2.1 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Evje 8.6 click Add review Campsite: Oddestemmen Sliperi Evje, 2.8 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Evje 10 click Add review Campsite: Marivold Grimstad, 0.7 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Grimstad 8.7 click Add review Hotel: Best Western Revsnes Byglandsfjord, 0.6 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Byglandsfjord 10 click Add review Campsite: Moysand ***** Grimstad, 4 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Grimstad 7.8 click Add review Campsite: Tingsaker **** Lillesand (Aust-Agder), 1 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Lillesand (Aust-Agder) 8.3 click Add review Campsite: Evjetun Evje, 2.3 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Evje 8.1 click Add review Campsite: Sorlandet Risør, 4.8 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Risør 7.6 click Add review Campsite: Kilefjorden *** Hornnes, 11 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Hornnes 7.9 click Add review Bungalow: Hovden Hytter Park Hovden i Setesdal Norway Aust-Agder Hovden i Setesdal 7.8 click Add review Campsite: Odden Evje, 0.5 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Evje 8 click Add review Campsite: Hornnes Hornnes, 1.4 km from center Norway Aust-Agder Hornnes 8 click Add review Holiday home: Stavtjorn Stavtjorn Norway Aust-Agder Stavtjorn 1 2 3 4 next Popular destinations Accommodations in Hovden i Setesdal Accommodations in Evje Accommodations in Byglandsfjord Accommodations in Valle Accommodations in Arendal Accommodations in Grimstad Accommodations in Lillesand (Aust-Agder) Hotels Hotels in Grimstad Hotels in Arendal Weather Weather in Hovden i Setesdal Weather in Evje Weather in Byglandsfjord Weather in Valle Weather in Arendal Weather in Grimstad Weather in Lillesand (Aust-Agder) Are you going on a holiday to Aust-Agder? On this page we have listed all accommodations. read more Are you going on a holiday to Aust-Agder? On this page we have listed all accommodations. This way you are able to find reviews about 3 Apartement, 20 Campsites, 23 Hotels, 6 Holiday home, 2 Holiday park, 2 Bungalows and 1 Hostel in Aust-Agder You are able to see 1 vacation photo of Aust-Agder on Zoover. Compare accommodations in Norway. The destinations with the most reviews about Aust-Agder are Hovden i Setesdal, Evje, Byglandsfjord and Valle. You are able to find more destinations by clicking on the "destinations" tab. You will find more accommodations in Aust-Agder by using the filters on the left side of this page. Less text


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Re: Looking for GA Argo's
In reply to:
Looking for GA Argo's
Hello Tracy
I don't have anything on your Raymond but I do have a William B. Argo b feb 20 1848 d April 20, 1906. He lived in Whitfield County which is not too far from Floyd County. I don't have anything but his name. He was born in Ga and parents in SC according to the 1900 census

subset: commoncrawl


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Japan's Complex Relationship with Tattoo When visiting Japanese Tattoo: Perseverance, Art, and Tradition, on view at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VMFA) in Richmond, Virginia until September 27, you're struck by the pure artistry. Photo after photo of intricate, mesmerizing designs, breathtaking colors, and symbolic imagery, one interwoven into the other, which would be difficult to render on canvas, much less flesh. There's a passion and a reverence in these galleries that is almost palpable. That's why it's almost inconceivable that Japan, which has been so instrumental in elevating tattooing to an art form, has also pushed this art form into the shadows, even condemned it for centuries. To understand the seemingly conflicted relationship that Japan has with tattooing, you must carefully unearth the deep roots of Japan's tattoo culture, which date back to the Jomon Period (roughly 10,500 to 300 BC). That's when the first evidence of tattooing in Japan was recovered from tombs, in the form of clay figurines with faces painted or engraved to represent tattoos. Fast forward many years later to the Edo Period (1615-1868) and Japanese authorities began using tattoos to mark criminals. According to "Japanese Tattoos: From Yakuza to Artisans, Aesthetes" in the Wall Street Journal, "…convicts were branded with penal markings such as bands on the arms, or the kanji character for 'dog' on the forehead." While this criminal stigma would prove difficult to shake for many centuries, tattooing enjoyed a significant reprieve from the negative connotation at the end of the ...Read More »
Tag Archives: modern art
Bad-Ass Geometric Tattoos and the Artists Who Create Them
Some geometric tattoos represent ancient symbols and a oneness with nature. They often depict an optical illusion that nothing is as it seems and that all things are continuous. Geometric design brings together common shapes in an uncommon order. The geometric tattoo is purely decorative, it is neither male or female and not typically associated with a life event. They are indeed a very pure form of art. Some people are taken in by the symmetry and beauty of the shapes, while others feel a connection to sacred symbols and history through geometrical images. The tattoo work for a powerful geometric piece is tedious and precise. It is an exercise in patience and perfection. If one line is too heavy or to too thin it can throw off the entire piece and the visual illusion being sought fails to register in the viewer. The gallery below showcases just a few highly talented artists with advanced technical skills in the geometric style. This images are standouts in a sea of other tattoos. Amazing work by LewisInk in Switzerland. Lewis states he has always been passionate about geometry, shapes and space. Each piece is captivating and seams endless. DotsToLines is artwork by Chaim Machlev from Berlin, Germany. Chaim is known for expressing his work with a seamless connection between the laws mathematics and organic styling. Paul Davies reputation proceeds him. His designs are symetrical and fluid. Each piece looks as if it was meant to be exactly where it is. From Japan, Kenji Alucky is a master with black ink and ...Read More »


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Strongbow gets new life
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Presents news items concerning the furniture industry in Great Britain as of April 2001. Schedule of the upholstery fabric, leather and trimmings show London Fabric in 2002; Closure of Tonbridge branch of home furnishings retailer Parkwood Interiors and Craft; Exhibition of William Bartlett...
- Rosjohn production to move to Romania. // Cabinet Maker;5/2/2003, Issue 5336, p4
Reports on the plan of British furniture company Rosjohn Furniture to move its manufacturing business in Romania. Products offered by the company; Reasons for the business relocation; Worth of the company's turnover.
- A lighter touch - naturally. // Cabinet Maker;01/28/2000, Issue 5172, p4
Features William Bartlett Fine Furniture's lighter `natural mahogany' color furniture to its Strongbow line.
- Summer shutdown. // Cabinet Maker;06/02/2000, Issue 5190, p3
Reports that William Bartlett is closing its High Wycombe factory for its summer shutdown between July 24, 2000 and August 4, 2000.
- New features look at retail. // Furniture/Today;1/24/2011, Vol. 35 Issue 21, p1
The article reports on the features of "Furniture/Today" such as a series of reports on home furnishings retailers and the e-Intent which provides online traffic at furniture Web sites.
- Tuesday panel offers look at 2011 business prospects. Perry, David // Furniture/Today;1/24/2011, Vol. 35 Issue 21, p120
The author discusses the furniture and home furnishing-related events to be held in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2011.
- Have news? Let us know. // Furniture/Today;5/24/2010, Vol. 34 Issue 37, p2
The article invites papers related to furniture retail industry involving personal views, innovative ideas, and photographs with details regarding special features, collection name, and availability.
- Etailer plans to reinvent 'bricks & clicks' format. // Cabinet Maker;9/21/2012, Issue 5804, p16
The article reports that online furniture retailer Made.com has opened a showroom within its London offices in an attempt to reinvent how physical retail merges with e-commerce.
- High Design. // Virginia Living;Feb2010, Vol. 8 Issue 2, p15
The article offers information on the shop Modernicus located in Alexandria, Virginia that sells hip and functional mid-century furniture with high quality home furnishings from famous Danish designers including Hans Wegner, Kristian Vedel, and Finn Juhl.


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June 15th, 2006, 10:51 AM #1Something strange in my stats
I just had something happen I've never seen before. I logged in and my balance was almost $22 higher, so I hit today's stats to see where the sale was and no sale shown.
So I went to Activity details to check for a bonus or make-good payment or something - and I had a sale for one of my merchants. All the info was there and nothing looked unusual at all.
Except: that merchant is not showing up with any activity today at all in my Today's stats. The sale appeared to come from a click thru from a page and not a bookmarked page. How could the info be in one place and not the other?
June 15th, 2006, 11:03 AM #2
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
- 4,662
Maybe the sale was made from a cookie and the click was days or weeks ago.
I have two sales showing a referral domain that is totally NOT MINE...lol. It is a merchant that I have not promoted in a year or more so I guess someone copied my links and forgot to change the ID. OOPS
June 15th, 2006, 11:06 AM #3
Usually even the cookie'd sales show up in today's stats, but it's gotta be something like that.
Speaking of scrapers not changing IDs - one time I was doing the google thing on one of my domains and I saw an ad for a textbook that cost over $1000. Somebody had used my Amazon feed on our Linux books site to scrape a link and left my ID in it. I was hoping for a sale, but it never happened. darn.
June 15th, 2006, 11:08 AM #4
BTW this is a merchant that I usually get some daily clicks on and the occasional sale - more lately because of some SEO I did on the pages. Just weird that it doesn't show up in my today's stats.
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When Charles Thomas took the reins of Crossland High School nine years ago, it was one of the worst schools in Prince George's County. Test scores were low and disciplinary problems were among the highest in the county.
When the longtime principal retired last week — giving just two days' notice — he left a transformed school. Crossland has had dramatic gains in state test scores, soaring participation in Advanced Placement courses and enormous growth in students who aspire to go to college.
"When he first got there, the school was dangerous and out of control and the level of rigor in the classroom was questionable," said School Board member Edward Burroughs III (District 8), who graduated from Crossland in 2010. "Today, Crossland has been recognized nationally for the gains that they've made."
Thomas said he raised standards for students and teachers to improve student achievement and "change the culture" of the Temple Hills school. He told students that profanity and disruptions in class would not be allowed; he told staff that high absenteeism and low performance would not be tolerated.
More than half of the teachers left Crossland in his first two years, he said, and they were "replaced with someone who was better."
In another brazen move, Thomas collected the names of all ninth-graders who were 16 or older with a grade-point average of less than 1.0, or a D. Of the 800 ninth-graders, 330 students — some as old as 19 — fit the profile.
He called them to his office and told them their performance was unacceptable. Thomas gave them one academic quarter to raise their GPA to at least a 1.0 or he would recommend that they either be withdrawn from school or transferred to the evening school program.
At the end of the next quarter, Thomas said, all but 50 of the students had improved their grades.
"That proved to me that all the kids needed was someone to tell them: 'This is not allowed anymore. You are not going to sit here like this,' " Thomas said last week. "That has probably done more to raise the academic performance of students who have done poorly than anything else. That's what parents are supposed to do. Look at grades, and if they are failing, tell them this has to stop. In absence of that, we did it ourselves."
Thomas's leadership motivated Patricia Jackson, who doesn't have a child attending Crossland, to become involved in the school's parent-teacher-student association. She said she believed in Thomas's vision for the school and its students.
"He was able to put Crossland on the national agenda," Jackson said.
Thomas expanded the AP offerings, started an International Baccalaureate program and encouraged students to apply for college. Students took seven AP tests at the school in 1999. Five years after Thomas's arrival, students took nearly 700 AP tests, though many did not score high enough to receive college credit. Yet he said that 90 percent of his graduating seniors apply for college.
The school was featured two years ago on the U.S. Department of Education's "Doing What Works" Web site, which highlights best practices in education.
Thomas's sudden departure shocked students, teachers and elected officials. Interim Schools Superintendent Alvin Crawley sent a letter to the school staff, students and parents on Tuesday, announcing that Thomas planned to retire, effective Friday.
"This comes as a surprise to all of us, but we wish Mr. Thomas the best in his future endeavors," Crawley wrote. On Friday, he named William Kitchings, the school's evening school principal and former vice principal, to serve as the interim principal.
Briant Coleman, a spokesman for the school system, said Thomas did not give schools officials a reason for his sudden retirement.
In an interview, Thomas said the reason for leaving is simple: He was burned out.
"I had a moment a couple of weeks ago; I had a particularly difficult day and it was about 10 o'clock at night and the thought occurred to me that I was really, really tired and I didn't want to do it anymore," Thomas said. "I believe if you don't want to show up and give 100 percent, then you need to get another job. My kids deserve the best I can give."
Thomas, who said he'd only taken three sick days in his 17 years working for the Prince George's County school system, said he departs Crossland feeling like "I have done my part. I look at my body of work, and I know it's a better school."


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to 12
Oakleigh Basketball Courts
30 minute Warm up including Skills N' Drills, then 1 hour of 5on5 Basketball
Each week we play a competitive game of mixed basketball. Once the ball has been tossed play begins, there is substitution every 5 minutes during the hour. Maximise your fitness each game while we pump some tunes!
Payment is made online, preferably 1 week in advance.
Players of various skills play at the same time. Experienced players lead their team against equally matched opponents. Teams are designated and randomised by the event organisers.
Points are totaled and the team with the most wins. Regular members earn Victory Points for every game their team wins, this can be used for free games.
Regular members bring your jersey, if you have not got one they cost $30 and are available before the game starts.
Loan jersey's are provided to new players to identify which team you'r on, so you just need to bring comfortable clothes.
Our culture is what separates Basketball613 apart from standard league competition basketball. The rules are refereed by the players, for the players. We use the FIBA rule system.
Intermediate & advanced players are welcome, click here for details about finding out which group you are in. Beginners are welcome to join the 30 min skills and drills session before the game starts.
Facilities: Showers, Parking, Trains(10 min walk), Drinking Water.
Join Now


text: Posted February 21, 2012 · Report post Hey everyone! I recently stumbled across a website called fitday.com. Everyday you can enter in all of the foods and drinks you had and it tells you: how many calories, how much protein, how much fat and how much carbohydate you ate. The coolest thing is that it also tells you what intake of all vitamins and minerals you had for the day and where that number is in relation to your required daily amount based on your height and weight. It's a really good way to figure out if you are deficient in anything based on what you are eating. I've only used fitday for two days but so far my daily intake of vitamins has been great except for Vitamin D. Both days I only got between 20% and 30% of what I need, so I'm going to start supplementing. I think this is also really useful for calculating how much fat you have eaten in relation to carbohydrates and to make sure you are getting enough protein. Clear skin comes from proper health and nutrition as we all know, so this can really help some of us who aren't sure if we are getting what we need. I'm wondering who else out there is trying the GAPS diet, Specific Carbohydrate diet, Paleo diet, or Bee's diet/anti-candida diet?? I've been trying to learn as much about health as possible recently to try and stop my acne again. I did clear my face for the first time a month ago by eating just fruits, vegetables, cheese and eggs but I also lost too much weight and looked unhealthy. I tried probiotics for three days and also added in brown rice, nuts and nut butter and haven't been able to get clear again since. I think clear skin comes from reducing carbohydate intake and boosting fat intake which all of these diets seem to do. Has anyone had any success with these? I'm also a vegetarian so I'm finding it hard to up to adjust to these diets. I've realized that vegetarianism isn't the healthiest route for me personally and want to start my transition to eating meat again by eating small ice cube amounts of bone broth a day. Then I'll move up to bowls of soup and eventually try some free range, organic meat. Has anyone made this transition before? I've been vegetarian for 10 years and I know it's going to be tough to change my mental outlook on food. Also, the one time I tried bone broth chicken soup I broke out in one of the only cysts I've ever had. Part of me thinks that is a healing reaction though because I looked quite healthy and had a lot of colour in my cheeks. Anyways, hope everyone is doing well with their diet changes and if you have any advice for me I would love to hear it. Love and accept yourself for exactly who you are right now. 25, female, moderate acne since age 12. Accutane at least 6 times. Intolerances: corn & wheat & alcohol. 100% clear, if I follow the diet."the absence of flaw within beauty, is itself a flaw." Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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GTS is an industry-leading trading and technology firm that is committed to a simple mission: Making markets better.
We successfully navigate a dynamic industry landscape by adhering to our principles of innovation, responsibility and leadership.
Our electronic market-making business uses proprietary technology and sophisticated modeling to offer highly efficient prices in cash equities, foreign exchange, interest rate products, commodities, and listed derivatives.
GTS is a people-driven business built on the pillars of innovation, responsibility, and leadership.
GTS was founded in 2006 by Ari Rubenstein, David Lieberman, and Amit Livnat. As trading partners since 2000, the founders established GTS following their successful efforts as pioneers in the automation of market-making strategies.
GTS has been privately-held and employee-owned since the firm's inception.


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10 th Air Jamaica Jazz and Blues Festival Report 2007. January 23-27, 2007, Rose Hall, Montego Bay. The main objectives of this survey were to determine; if overseas patrons at the event are coming to Jamaica specifically for the event.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
January 23-27, 2007,
Rose Hall, Montego Bay
Country of residence
The repeat visitors to Jamaica were asked if it was the first time they were attending Jazz festival. 50% stated that it was their first time attending the festival. This is 28.6% down from 2006 survey. Repeat visitors to the festival represented 46% of those interviewed. This is an increase of 70.4% compared to 2006.
There were more repeat visitors than first time visitors to the festival in 2007. Repeat visit was (65%) of attendees to Jazz and 30 % indicated that it was their first time attending Jazz.
46% of the repeat attendees to the festival thought the festival had improved. While 39% stated that they did not think the festival had improved.
The majority (60%) stated that they thought the festival had improved while 17% on the other hand stated that they have seen no improvement in the festival.
The majority(71%) of the visitors indicated that they came to Jamaica specifically for Jazz, while 28% did not.
The primary factor that influenced attendance to the festival was the line up of the performers (47%). This was the same factor that influenced close to 50% of the visitors in 2006. The coincidence of the festival and the time of their vacation influenced 19% of the visitors.
The line up of performers was the primary factor that influenced the Jamaicans to attend this year's Jazz and Blues Festival.
The visitors learned about the festival through various media. The primary medium through which they learned about the festival was through friends/ relatives (47%). The internet has increased it's influenced moving from 13% of it's share in 2006 to 18% in 2007.
Television (32%) was the top medium through which Jamaicans learnt about the festival in 2007. This was followed by friends or relatives (22%) and radio (15%). These were the top three media through which patrons learned about the festival in 2006.
The total of80% of the respondents gave Jazz an overall rating of excellent to good. It was given an excellent rating by 17%, a very good rating by 36% and a good rating by 27% of the visitors. In comparison to the 2006 festivals, an overwhelming majority (95%) of the visitors gave the Jazz festival an excellent to good rating.
Overall this year's Jazz festival received favorable ratings from the Jamaican patrons. The majority 78% gave it an excellent to good rating. Compared to the 2006 festival 88% gave the Jazz festival an excellent to good rating.
48% of the respondents indicated there are very interested in attending another Air Jamaica Jazz Festival. Another 32% indicated that they were interested, 14% were somewhat interested and 4% were not at all interested. In 2006, more respondents indicated that they were very interested in attending another Air Jamaica Jazz Festival. This high percentage of very interested in 2006 could be a factor that resulted in the high percentage of repeat visitors in 2007.
53% indicated that they were very interested and 35% were interested in attending another Air Jamaica Jazz Festival. In 2006 an overwhelming majority (75%) stated that they were very interested in attending another Air Jamaica Jazz Festival. Again this high percentage of very interested persons in 2006 could be a factor that resulted in the high percentage of repeat attendees in 2007.
Music/ artiste
35% of the visitors gave this years line- up of performers a very good rating, while 31% gave it a good rating . A much smaller number gave it an excellent rating 14% compared to 43% in 2006.
The 2007 line-up of performers were given an excellent to good rating by the majority (84%) of the Jamaican patrons. Overall more patrons in 2006 (93%) gave the line-up of the performers a more favorable rating than those in 2007.
The majority (68%) of the visitors stated that they would definitely recommend the next Air Jamaica Jazz Festival to family or friends.
An overwhelming majority (83%) of the Jamaican who attended Jazz in 2007 indicated that they would definitely recommend the next Air Jamaica Jazz Festival to family or friends.
Average expenditure per person per night is US$187
Average length of stay was 5 nights
The event was viewed as being –


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Eve would f**k Chris Brown up
An inexplicable number of celebrities have defended Chris Brown since the night he punched Rihanna in the face a hundred times. Kanye said we should give him a break. Terrence Howard said he's a good guy. Diddy loaned him his mansion in Miami just days after the... read more


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Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
1050 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC
Pavilion; Sublevel 1 Floor Plan
Approximately 60 objects in this exhibition focus on revolutionary and enduring changes that took place in Iraqi ceramics during the 9th century as Islamic pottery responded to a wave of luxury Chinese goods imported by Arab and Persian maritime merchants. During this time, Iraq became a center for Islamic ceramic production as new technologies transformed common earthenware into a vehicle for complex multicolored designs. Objects on view include "signed" bowls painted in cobalt blue and a green, glazed sweet-meat dish with compartments. A 50-foot-long boat (on view in the Pavilion) excavated from a harbor in China by contemporary artist Cai Guo-Qiang complements the exhibition.
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"Give and it shall be given to you. For the measure you measure with will be measured back to you." (Luke 6:38)
At this important moment of our history, let us keep in mind the many blessings the Lord has given us. Recognizing that all of our material goods are gifts from the Lord, we are asked in the Gospel to give back a portion of these gifts in thanksgiving for God's generosity and goodness to us. Your gift to this campaign is an opportunity to leave a legacy for generations to come. Scripture tells us that Christian stewardship goes beyond our giving from our surplus. Stewardship requires a gift made from substance.
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If your company has a matching gift program, you may be able to enhance the impact of your gift by requesting a matching gift form from your company and including it with your pledge card. Check with your employer for a tax deductable donation.
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Extended Stay America Destin - US 98 - Emerald Coast Pkwy
Select your stay dates to check availability
Extended Stay America Destin - US 98 - Emerald Coast Pkwy
About the hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Extended Stay America Destin - US 98 - Emerald Coast Pkwy in Destin, you'll be convenient to Emerald Bay Golf Club and Destin Commons. This aparthotel is within close proximity of The Golf Garden of Destin and James Lee Park.
Make yourself at home in one of the 101 air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchens with refrigerators and stovetops. 32-inch flat-screen televisions with cable programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Conveniences include desks and microwaves, as well as phones with free local calls.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Don't miss out on recreational opportunities including an outdoor pool and a 24-hour fitness center. Additional amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access, a picnic area, and barbecue grills.
A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include express check-out, a 24-hour front desk, and laundry facilities. Free self parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Year Built 2000
- Total number of rooms - 101
- Express check-out
- Meeting rooms
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Free self parking
- Outdoor pool
- 24-hour front desk
- Picnic area
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Number of floors - 3
- Barbecue grill(s)
Room Facilities
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Free local calls
- Premium TV channels
- Shower/tub combination
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free WiFi
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Weekly housekeeping provided
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Stovetop
- Kitchen
- Private bathroom
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Climate control
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Children 17 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
- Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: USD 25 per accommodation, per day (maximum USD 150 per stay)
- Weekly housekeeping provided; fees apply for additional cleaning
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- Cash deposit: USD 100 per stay
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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Genny Stevens on Dec 15, 2014 2:12:00 PM
Invoicing clients should be fun - it's the final step between your hard work and hard cash! But often it's a stressful process filled with friction and sometimes fiction! Lets look at some top tips on how you can get paid faster.
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Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman Trailer (2013)
22 November 2013 Fantasy, Animated 69 mins
The grouchy Makhichoos, whoe hates Diwali, is digging furiously in the Dholakpur forest searching for a demon. Soon the demon emerges from the roots of a tree. Both the evil witch and Makhichoos plan to build a new kingdom on the eve of Diwali and teach Bheem a lesson. While Bheem and his friends are preparing for the celebrations, Chhota Hanuman also comes there to be a part of the festival. But something worse happens; Makhichoos and the evil witch kidnap princess Indumati. Will Bheem and Hanuman together rescue Indumati and triumph over the evil.
Watch the official Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman 2013 trailer in HD below or find more Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman videos on Vidimovie.


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Stock Graphic >> Texture - Vector beach backgrounds 18992 by VЁЄtek Prchal @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 1.3 MB; Requirements: Adobe CS1+; Vector: Yes.
7 vector blurry backgrounds from beach. Universal, sizable vector backgrounds for your projects.
One eps10 file (Ai 10+) - 7 vector backgrounds (from last image + one more )
Compatible with summer icon objects.
or holiday seamless textures.
Keywords: vector, illustration, blurred, blurry, background, backdrop, wallpaper, square, sizable, summer, holiday, beach, abstract, relax, sunny, day, colorfully, graphic, travel, vocation.


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
49 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services The guests of M68 Berlin may stay in 11 nicely furnished, comfortable rooms in Berlin. For guests arriving by car parking possibility is available nearby. The café and the bar are an ideal place to host a personal meeting or a pleasant evening talk. If you have a suitable portable device, you can connect to the Internet via a wireless network (WiFi) available at the hotel. The exact scope of services offered by M68 Berlin (including those for an extra fee) is available on the information sheet below.
Payment Depending on the selected date, room and price, you may need to provide credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment to finalize your reservation.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in to your room is 15:00, the latest time to check out of your room is 11:00. The personnel can communicate with you in the following languages: English and German.
M68 Berlin rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Parking (10 €/night)
Free WiFi in shared places
Bar, Cafe
Hairdryer, Washing machine


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This webpage is for all SF State faculty members, with or without disabilities. Here you will find resources for working with students and colleagues with disabilities, as well as for accommodating your own disability on campus.
Employee Accommodations
- Faculty members are invited to register with the DPRC for obtaining employee accommodations. For more information visit the Employee Accommodations page.
- The Accessible Media Program (AMP) of the DPRC provides accessible electronic versions of instructional print materials to Faculty with documented disabilities. To make a request to go our Faculty/Staff Accessible Print Request Form.
Providing Reasonable Accommodations to Your Students
Syllabus Disabilities Statement Policy
- In 2007, SF State Academic Senate approved the "Syllabus Disability Statement Policy" statement (#F07 - 244), requiring faculty to post the following statement on all syllabi:
"Students with disabilities who need reasonable accommodations are encouraged to contact the instructor. The Disability Programs and Resource Center (DPRC) is available to facilitate the reasonable accommodations process. The DPRC is located in the Student Service Building and can be reached by telephone (voice/TTY 415-338-2472) or by email (email@example.com)."
The policy was later merged with the Academic Senate Policy #S08-90, Policy on Course Syllabi, into Academic Senate Policy #F10 – 257, Policy on Course Syllabi
Accessible Media Program
- DPRC's Accessible Media Program accessible instructional materials to eligible students, staff, and faculty with documented disabilities. Our two primary services are accessible print (also known as alt text or e-text) and media captioning.
Instructional Strategies
- Learn about instructional strategies to provide support to students with disabilities.
- You will find answers to some common questions about reasonable accommodations and DPRC services on the Faculty FAQ page.
- A majority of the forms needed to request reasonable accommodations are now found on the Forms page.
Other Resources
Access and Construction Alerts
- Subscribe to Access and Construction Alerts for up-to-date information on potential barriers to campus access.
Accessible Event Planning
- Use the DPRC checklist for Planning An Accessible Event at SF State. The checklist is your guide to best practices in accessible event planning.
Assistive Technology
- DPRC supports and maintains assistive software and hardware used by students with disabilities. This includes screen-reading software, voice-recognition software, CCTVs, Braille translation software and Braille embossers.
"From Where I Sit" Video Series
- "From Where I Sit" is a powerful video series that follows eight CSU students with disabilities as they share their experiences in the college classroom.
Instructional Technologies for Accessible Teaching and Learning
- Learn about the suite of tools available to you through Academic Technology.
iLearn accessibility
- San Francisco State must make its instructional materials, including online course materials, accessible to persons with disabilities in order to provide all students with a barrier-free education, and to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, and with California Government Code 11135. For more information, visit the iLearn support page.


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Wire Bin Storage Table
I go through crafting phases and I was very recently on a HUGE crochet kick. The phase eventually tapered off as I was having a hard time keeping up with the yarn for each project. When I couldn't find the appropriate yarn I'd stash that work in progress to bring out one that I COULD find the yarn for. It was so frustrating and right now I have a good 4-5 crochet projects in the works and needing to be finished!
When I saw a pretty trash can at the store made of wire mesh I thought it would be the perfect way to keep up with my yarn. Bad thing was they wanted $80. Um, no. So when I found something similar, albeit smaller, at the craft store for only $20 I went ahead and got it. Now I knew that this wouldn't be tall enough for a proper table but I decided I liked the price enough to cross that bridge when I came to it!
For this project you will need:
Now I'm staining A TON of stuff so I am trying to figure out which stains I like the best. Mind you different shades will do different things on the type of wood you use. For instance, you won't get the same color if you stain pine and poplar with the exact same shade because they are different colors to begin with.
I'm finding that I like this Special Walnut for a generic "brown" color.
Now my table round I got for around $11 at Lowe's but I think they are cheaper at Home Depot. Don't quote me on that, though!
Stain or paint the color you please.
Fill your basket with goodies. This is all of the yarn I need for an upcoming project that I am super stoked about!
Place your dry table top on top of your trash bin and you're all set!
Well, if everything is tall enough! Mine isn't quite…
I wound up using some of Rob's books to make my table the right height. I turned and rotated the books to look like everything was just tossed together, but I made sure that the books could easily support the weight of the table above.
Now I was going to use crochet books but I can't find any of those. I will unpack one of these days (probably within months of moving again 🙂
My little table is kind of Boho and fun and it keeps all of my yarn RIGHT THERE. Hopefully I won't have an excuse for hopping from project to project now since I'll be able to keep my WIP and my yarn all in one place right in the living room!


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Rezer 2 game3D Friv Games > Games
Rezer 2 game
free online Rezer 2 game play. Rezer 2 is the continuation of a shooting and melee fighting game with a horror story behind, but not as important as the action itself. Kill zombies in the control of an also affected yet alive survivor, who has many different weapons and will use them to attack the monsters in close body combat and from a distance too. We wish you the latest most beautiful boys games waiting for you gamers in categories like men's games in our gaming site game fun.


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The fuel efficiency of Mitsubishi's Outlander Sport and Lancer lineup is expected to improve by up to 12% with the two new engine technologies that the automaker is rolling out. The first technology that Mitsubishi is launching is a new engine with next-generation variable valve timing that enhances the combustion stability and lessens piston friction.
The second one is an improved engine idle-stop system that could be applied to cars with continuously variable transmissions. This month, Mitsubishi will be presenting these technologies on the Outlander Sport small crossover, the Lancer sedan and Lancer Sportback.
These models are all built in Japan. These improvements will be made available first for the 1.8-liter engines in Japan before they move abroad or are distributed in other displacements.
The timetable on when these will arrive in North America has yet to be confirmed. At these countries, these Mitsubishi models are available only with 2.0-liter or 2.4-liter engines.
Currently, Mitsubishi is assessing the deployment of the systems in the region. The current 4B10 engine (which features dual cam shafts) will be replaced by the new engine, which is named the 4J10. This is a 1.8-liter, 4-cylinder, 16-valve single overhead cam powerplant.
Mitsubishi claims that along with the new idle-stop technology, the 4J10 could achieve a 12% improvement in fuel economy compared to the prior engine.
These new technologies are being presented as Mitsubishi seeks to comply with more stringent emissions standards. Mitsubishi seeks to enhance the fuel efficiency of this fleet by 25% over the 2005 global average by the year 2015. However, this is just a midterm goal as it prepares to cut emissions by half by the year 2020.
By launching the new Mitsubishi ASX compact crossover, Japanese carmaker Mitsubishi Motors is able to enter into a smaller C-segment. The Mitsubishi ASX is regarded as a "global car for the regions" and will be named and specified accordingly. Mitsubishi initially launched the ASX in Japan in February 2010 as Mitsubishi RVR and then unveiled it to the European audience at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.
The carmaker plans to commence sales of the ASX in Europe by the end of spring 2010. Back at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show, Mitsubishi unveiled the Concept-cX show car in "Kawasemi Blue" color. Thanks to the overwhelming reception, the Concept-cX eventually became a full-fledged production car. Its marketable version became the Mitsubishi ASX, which also is wrapped in "Kawasemi Blue."
A few modifications were made, although the ASX still features the Concept-cX's basic design theme and its passenger car-like stance. Compared to the Concept-cX, the ASX is around 20 cm longer at 4.295 m, around 2 cm wider and around 6.5 cm higher. Moreover, the ASX has a more upright tailgate to ensure optimum packaging.
Interestingly, the new Mitsubishi ASX compact crossover features the gaping "Jet Fighter" trademark grille, as inspired by the F-2 jet fighter of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. It boasts of a car-like "attitude" and the seemingly lack of heavy detailing that is evident on its Pajero and L200 siblings. This resulted to a Concept-cX with a less polarizing yet expressive "sports hatch."


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Giant's Causeway Trip – Learn English Dublin
ULEARN ENGLISH SCHOOL DUBLIN is visiting the GIANT'S CAUSEWAY this weekend
As you all know, visiting Ireland to learn English is not just about listening to your teachers talking about conditional clauses. Most good schools offer fun-packed social programmes, and this weekend ULearn is taking our students to Northern Ireland's UNESCO heritage site, The Giant's Causeway. So if you want to learn english Dublin, this is the type of school you should be looking for 😉
So what exactly is the Giant's Causeway? Well, it's a geological phenomenon that was originally produced by volcanic activity millions and millions of years ago. Interesting to some, but boring for most!!! But don't worry, as there are plenty of myths and legends surrounding the Causeway also. The most famous is shown in the video below.
Click HERE for details of the trip.
ULearn English School


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Now accepting reservations through August 6, 2018.
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Here are a few of our most popular Sedona resorts. Perform a search above to see all of the hotel options Southwest Vacations has to offer.
Experience warm Southwestern hospitality in a cozy lodge ambiance during stays at this hotel has something for everyone.
Located in the heart of Uptown Sedona next door to fine art galleries, shopping, and restaurants.
With famous red rocks and a charming downtown, this hotel is located in one the country's most scenic destinations.
At our resort great attractions are right outside the door. Our hotel is two hours south of Grand Canyon National Park.
†First and second checked bags. Weight and size limits apply. A golf bag can be substituted for one checked bag.
© 2017 Southwest Vacations
The Mark Travel Corporation is the tour operator for Southwest Vacations.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 12, 1996
|Filing date
|Mar 18, 1993
|Priority date
|Mar 19, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ryuji Watanabe, Osamu Miura, Kunio Miyazaki, Yukio Ookoshi, Akio Takahashi
|Original Assignee
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (55), Classifications (52), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the manufacture of wiring sheet assemblies, e.g. such as are typically used for the mounting of integrated circuit chips. In particular, the invention is concerned with the manner in which electrical connections are formed between successive conductive layers of the wiring sheet assembly which are separated by insulating layers.
Multilayer wiring sheets are used conventionally in electronic computer circuitry. The operating speeds of computers are continuously increasing. To achieve a high operating speed, high speed signal transmission is needed. For high speed transmission, signal delay must be minimised at every part of the system, including the wiring assembly connecting to the integrated circuitry.
A typical layered wiring assembly has a ceramics substrate on which are laminated one or more insulating films. The insulating films support and separate conductive circuit layers, usually of copper. In conventional manufacture, insulator layers and patterned circuit layers are layered progressively onto the ceramics substrate, with each conductive layer being connected to the preceding one at the desired locations through through-holes of the insulator layers, at each stage of the process.
The number of electrical connections to be made in this sequential lamination process may be very large, typically thousands per layer. The best conventional process uses localised metal plating, typically electroless plating of copper, to plate through the through-holes (or "vias") and thereby connect an underlying conductor with a connection pad, adjacent the through-hole, of the upper conductor. The plating process involves many heat cycles and chemical treatment steps, and the resulting plated junction is liable both to damage and to peeling from the pad portions. It is therefore expensive, and the reliability problem makes it hard to achieve wiring assemblies having large numbers of layers e.g. more than ten.
Another conventional method uses a conductive solder paste whereof a lump is placed in the through-hole and fused by heating so that its top flows over the exposed conductor. The conductivity of these solder pastes is low, so they are inappropriate for high-speed signal transmission. They are also liable to cracking, and their adhesion to the conductors is not good.
An object of this invention is to provide a novel interconnection method for wiring sheet assemblies.
Another object of the invention is to provide wiring sheet assemblies incorporating novel electrical connections.
In this invention, we form an electrical connection between conductors separated by an insulating layer of a wiring sheet assembly by forming a through hole overlying one of the conductors, bonding a metal stud, preferably of a metal having an electrical resistivity not greater than 3 μΩ.cm, onto the conductor through the through-hole, and then pressing the exposed end of the metal stud so that it is mechanically spread into contact with the conductor at the exposed surface.
Preferably the stud is bonded to the underlying conductor by forming a metallurgical bond using applied heat, pressure and preferably also ultrasound. In particular, it is preferred that such a bond be formed by a wire-bonding technique, in which the stud is formed by first bonding the end of a wire onto the underlying conductor and then separating the bonded end from the remainder of the wire to form the stud. This technique has a great practical advantage, since it can be carried out using wire-bonding steps which are in themselves conventional, and for which suitable apparatus is readily available or can conveniently be adapted. The conventional wire-bonding process, originally developed by Matsushita and now well known, is used for bonding connecting wires onto chip bonding pads. For the present process, that method can be adapted to include the step of detaching the bonded end from the remainder of the wire to form or partially form the stud.
The pressing of the exposed end of the stud may be carried out by any suitable mechanical presser e.g. a stamper (stamping in a direction down onto the stud) or a roller. Stamping has the advantage that it is conveniently combined with the direction of operation of a bonding machine which has means for downward pressing for bonding. For example, a stamping head may be associated with the pressing capillary used in wire-bonding.
The use of mechanical pressing, as opposed to the reflow melting used in the prior art solder paste process, is advantageous. Firstly it avoids a heating step, while nevertheless helping to ensure that the through-hole is filled by the stud so that good conduction is obtained. Secondly, it becomes possible to form the exposed end of the stud with a flat top. This contrasts with the rounded dome created by reflow, facilitates the application of subsequent layers without undesirable voids and irregularities, and thereby contributes to production reliability. Thirdly, it presses the flange positively into contact with the uppermost conductor. If desired, the pressing may incorporate additional bonding conditions such as heat and/or ultrasound, to form a metallurgical bond to the upper conductor.
The present method is of course also superior to the solder paste reflow method in that materials of very high conductivity, generally of resistivity less than 3 μΩ.cm for example gold, copper or aluminum, may be used. Nevertheless, the technique offers substantial processing advantages e.g. in the manufacture of non-high-speed circuitry, even if lower conductivity materials such as tin/lead solder are used.
If desired, the underlying conductor may be plated before the stud is applied.
The technique may be used to connect one patterned wiring layer to another through an intervening insulator layer. It may also be used with advantage to connect the wiring layer of a lowermost insulating layer through to the connector terminals of a substrate of the wiring assembly, typically a substrate of ceramics or silicon. These terminals, commonly of tungsten, may be plated before the stud is applied.
Embodiments of the invention are now described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a multi-layer wiring board assembly;
FIG. 2a-f illustrates the stamping of a stud microbump electrical connector;
FIG. 3a-c shows a wire-bonding method for initially forming a stud;
FIG. 4a-b illustrates modes of mechanical pressing of the studs;
FIG. 5 is a plan view showing the spread exposed end of a stud on a bonding pad;
FIG. 6a-e illustrates forming of electrical connections through a duplex Cu-clad insulator sheet, and
FIG. 7 shows schematically, in perspective, a thin-film assembly board with an LSI mounted thereon.
FIG. 1 shows in section part of a multilayer wiring board comprising a stack 2 of wiring sheets superimposed on a stiff substrate 1.
The substrate 1 is of a generally conventional type. Its main layer 11 may be of e.g. ceramics, glass ceramics, silicon, glass-epoxy, glass-polyimide, epoxy reinforced with organic fibre (e.g. aramid), polyimide reinforced with organic fibre, or the like. Ceramics, glass-epoxy and glass-polyimide are preferred because they have a good combination of heat resistance, flexibility, moisture resistance, electrical resistance and dimensional stability. In this particular embodiment, a 3 mm mullite layer 11 was used. Terminal pins 12 for making electrical connections, e.g. to signal, power source, ground etc, extend through the layer 11. The top off each terminal pin 12, at the upper surface of the layer 11, has a connecting pad 13.
The terminal pins 12 are preferably of tungsten. To improve bonding to the tungsten, the connecting pads 13 are preferably plated. In this embodiment, a 1 μm nickel layer and a 0.5 μm gold layer were used.
The wiring sheet stack 2 consists essentially of metal wiring patterns: 4, each forming a desired circuit pattern, formed on arid separated by insulating layers 3 of high dielectric constant. In the embodiment shown, each wiring pattern 4 has been fabricated onto the top surface of a respective one of the insulating layers 3 so that they form together an integrated wiring layer.
The embodiment shown has five wiring layers. However the number may vary e.g. from 1 to 20, and usually at least 2.
The insulation layers 3 preferably have a thickness between 0.1 and 500 μm, more usually 5 to 100 μm. A variety of suitable materials is well known in the art. For example, polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polysulfone, polyparabanic acid, polyhydantoin, polyetheretherketone, polyaddition-type imide, epoxy resin, phenolic resin, poly-p-hydroxystyrene polymer, fluororesin, silicone or phosphazene resin, or composites of the mentioned polymers with reinforcing materials such as glass fibres, aramid fibres or the like, are known suitable materials. Among these, polyimide is particularly preferred since it has a good combination of heat resistance, flexibility, electrical insulation and adhesive strength. Among polyimide films, a combination-type film using a condensation-type aromatic polyimide (or a precursor of such a polyimide e.g. a polyamic acid) with a polyaddition-type polyimide (e.g. an N,N'-substituted bismaleimide) is particularly preferred.
Materials for the conductor patterns or wiring are also well known. Copper, aluminum, and gold are all suitable; copper is used most frequently. The wiring pattern is preferably formed on the preformed insulation layer (or substrate) e.g. by a metal plating method after patterning with a resist, or by an etching method for etching metal foil from a metal foil-clad insulating layer at parts other than parts intended to constitute the circuit, and which are protected by a resist.
The wiring patterns 4 of adjacent wiring layers are connected to one another through the insulating layers 3 by means of metal studs 5 extending through through-holes or vias 31. In a typical assembly, in which the area of each layer might rankle from 100 to 500 cm2, there might be from 2000 to 100,000 such electrical connections per layer.
The forming of electrical connections through through-holes is per se conventional, and consequently techniques for forming the through-holes 31 are well known. The preferred technique uses an excimer laser. Usually, the diameter of the holes is between 30 and 70 μm. The holes 31 are made at locations which overlie, or will overlie when laminated on, a portion of the conductor on the layer beneath, while their tops open at or through bonding pads 41 of the exposed upper wiring pattern 4.
As can be seen in FIG. 1, each metal connecting stud 5 is a single piece which entirely fills the through-hole 31, has a bottom end 52 abutting and bonding against the conductor below in face-to-face relationship and a top end 53 which is radially spread out to form a flange 54 overlapping in contact with the bonding pad 41 of the upper wiring 4.
Most of the studs 5 abut squarely against the flat surface of the underlying wiring. Some of them, however, bond partly or entirely against the head 53 of a similar stud in the layer beneath.
The preferred material for these studs 5 is a metal having an electrical resistivity less than 3 μΩ.cm, particularly if the circuitry is intended for high-speed operation. Gold, an alloy of gold with one or more of indium, silicon, germanium and antimony, or silver, copper or aluminum, are all suitable materials having excellent conductivity, and thereby low heat generation at the pad-stud junction. They also reduce signal transmission delay while achieving good product reliability.
Methods for forming the studs 5 are now described.
FIG. 2(a) to (f) shows steps in forming and connection of a bonding pad 41 of the wiring on a first insulating layer 3 through to the connector pad 13 of one of the substrate terminal pins 12. The wiring layer is a 25 μm polyimide sheet having an 18 μm copper cladding 4' on one surface (FIG. 2(a)). The copper cladding was photoetched according to known processes to form the wiring pattern, including a bonding pad 41 (FIG. 2(b)). An excimer laser of 248 nm wavelength was used to drill through the polyimide at the locations for connection through to the substrate terminal pins, forming through-holes 31 (FIG. 2(c)).
Then, a conventional alignment apparatus was used to register alignment marks on the substrate layer 11 and insulating sheet 3, and thereby superpose the substrate 1 and sheet 3 with the substrate connector pads 13 aligned with the through-holes 31 of the sheet 3. Sheet and substrate were then fixed together by conventional means to hold them in position. FIG. 2(d) shows the ensuing alignment. Then, as shown in FIG. 2(e), a metal bump or stud 5' was positioned in the through-hole 31 and bonded to the underlying connector pad 13, which had previously been prepared by nickel and gold plating, to form a metallurgical thermocompression bond using heat, pressure and ultrasound. A gold bump 5' was used in this embodiment.
Then, the studded bump 5' was stamped from above causing its body to form a shank 51 wholly filling the through-hole 31, and its exposed end 53 to be spread into a flange 54 in overlapping contact with the bonding pad 41 of the upper wiring (FIG. 2(f)). The stamper used was connected to a heater and ultrasonic source, so that the flange 54 adhered strongly to the top bonding pad 41.
Bonding conditions for the face-to-face bonding at the bottom of the stud typically use a temperature of 150� to 400� C. in combination with ultrasonic energy, in a manner known per se for wire bonding.
The partially-formed bump or stud 5' may be introduced into the through-hole by various means. For example, lumps of suitable metal may be printed into the holes. By far the most preferred method, however, is to form and bond the studs directly into the holes 31 using a wire-bonding method, since wire-bonding techniques are suitable for use with these materials, they achieve bonds of a good strength, and the technology for accurate location of a very large number of wire-bonding operations is already available.
So, as indicated in FIG. 3, a partially-formed stud 5' can be deposited using a wire-bonding head 6 having a guiding capillary 61 through which the end of a wire 64 projects, a releasable clamp 63 for releasably gripping the wire 64 above the capillary opening, and a movable electrode 62 which can be positioned adjacent the end of the wire 64 in a known manner, to form a softened ball 65 at the wire end by electrical arcing. FIG. 3(a) shows the formed ball.
FIG. 3(b) illustrates withdrawal of the electrode 62, release of the clamp 63 and pressing of the ball 65 against the prepared bonding region by the longitudinally-drivable end of the capillary 61, which (as is conventional in wire-bonding methods) is adapted to apply heat and ultrasound energy as well as mechanical pressure. The ball is accordingly flattened and bonded onto the underlying conductor.
Then, as shown by FIG. 3(c), the clamp 63 grips the wire 64 again and pupils sharply upwardly to separate the bonded ball, now the part-formed stud 5', from the rest of the wire. Alternatively, this can be done by a sideways shift of the capillary 61 relative to the bonding site. The bonding head 6 then moves to the site of the next connection, in accordance with a control program.
Most preferably, the bonding machine is also provided with a stamping head 57, of the same general nature and positional controllability as the bonding capillary 61 but having a flat stamping face 68 as shown in FIG. 4(a). This is preferably connected to the heating and ultrasound sources. It stamps down on the partly-formed stud 5' to force it to fill the hole 31 and also to spread its head to form the flange 54, which is thereby bonded firmly against the upper conductive terminal 41. The flat stamping surface 68 ensures regularity and flatness of the tops of the studs, improving contact reliability and uniformity in a multi-layer structure.
It will be understood that the volume of metal to be applied for each stud should be predetermined in relation to the layer thickness and through-hole area, so that excess metal is available for spreading to form the top flange 54. Typically, a metal volume 20 to 30% greater than the volume of the through-hole 31 is used.
With wire-bonding methods, when a wire of 20 to 40 μm diameter is used, stud diameter might be e.g. 60 to 120 μm and stud height 40 to 500 μm, more usually 40 to 100 μm. Of course, this is determined in dependence on the layer thickness and through-hole size.
FIG. 4(b) shows schematically how, in an alternative embodiment, the tops of the part-formed studs 5' are pressed between rollers 69 of a roll press after all of the studs for a given layer have been bonded on in a part-formed state.
FIG. 5 shows in plan view the surface of the layer after the stud through-connection has been made at a bonding pad 41. The circular through-hole 31 is in register with a corresponding etched hole through the bonding pad 41 of the wiring 4, and is occupied by the shank 51 of the metal stud 5. The flange 54 at the top of the stud spreads to overlap the bonding pad 41, but without extending beyond the pad edges. The thickness of the spread flange will usually be between 3 and 40 μm. However, usually it should not be thicker than the underlying insulating layer 3, otherwise there may be problems in applying subsequent layers.
By repeating the process described above in relation to one or more subsequent wiring layers, an assembly as shown in FIG. 1 can be created for any desired number of layers. It will be understood that the insulating layers 3 need not necessarily be Cu-clad, pre-etched and predrilled before application to the underlying structure. The method is applicable for any mode of formation of the structure e.g. methods in which insulating layers are formed in situ from a liquid precursor and wiring is then deposited on their surfaces.
By way of comparison, we compared the metallurgical bonding strength of studs formed as described above, using gold wire and a wire-bonding technique, with soldered bumps of the conventional type. In the tests, a test substructure consisted of a silicon substrate, a 10 μm polyimide layer and a surface gold/nickel plating. Gold bumps of diameter between 80 and 100 μm were bonded between this stiff substructure and a flexible polyimide sheet also having gold/nickel plating. The flexible sheet was peeled perpendicularly away from the substructure, and the peeling force measured by a strain gauge. We found that the measured bonding strength between the layers ranged from 40 to 70 g per bump, compared with 5 to 15 g per bump for a conventional solder connection.
FIG. 6 shows the method applied to a duplex Cu-clad polyimide sheet, comprising a central polyimide layer 3' having similar lower and upper copper foil claddings 14', 15' on its two surfaces. Photo-etching was used to preform wiring patterns 14, 15 on the surfaces (FIG. 6(b)), followed by drilling of through-holes 131 at predetermined locations, corresponding to holes in bonding pads 151 of the top wiring layer 15, but overlying continuous portions 141 of the lower wiring layer 14 (FIG. 6(c)). The holes 131 are drilled by excimer laser through a masking window 17. To improve bonding strength on the contact surfaces of the wiring patterns, these surfaces are selectively plated with nickel and gold plating 16. Gold studs 5' were then stamped into the through-holes 131, by a suitable method as described above (FIG. 6(d)), and then stamped to flatten their upper ends into good contact with the upper bonding pads 151 and thereby form effective stud connectors 5.
FIG. 7 shows the present techniques applied to multilayer tape automated bonding (TAB). On an underlying Cu-polyimide sheet 100 a grounding layer 101, power source layer 102 and signal layer 103 are formed successively. An LSI 110 is bonded down onto the connection terminals of the signal layer by conventional means. Conventionally, bonding between the respective layers of such constructions has been by batch bonding with a heating tool, or by a single bonding process. Metallic connections have been previously established by plating or printing solder lumps or pieces. In the present embodiment, wire-bonding techniques as described above are used to form electrical connecting studs and thereby eliminate printing or plating processes. The wire-bonded studs can then be directly stamped to form the interconnections, enabling a reliable multilayer TAB to be made at low cost.
Thus, the present invention is applicable not only to wiring board construction in thin film multilayer high-density packaging modules for use in mainframe computers, but also to other applications such as large-scale printed boards, multilayer TABs and the like.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 13, 1995
Owner name: HITACHI, LTD., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WATANABE, RYUJI;MIURA, OSAMU;MIYAZAKI, KUNIO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:007673/0075
Effective date: 19930302
|Aug 19, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 29, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 17, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 12, 2008
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 29, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20080312


text:
Results 1 to 1 of 1
- Join Date
- Aug 2009
- Posts
- 238
- Location
- Tractor
- Kubota BX24
FYI, PTO safety switch slipped back
Just thought I'd share since this was the first time I ran into this and it took about 20 minutes (time to get more done during the shorter days).
Doing my normal backhoe and loader work when the tractor shuts off and cannot be restarted (you can hear clicking but engine won't turn). Remembering some threads on the seat switches I target them..nothing wrong..moved on to pedal pivotting...nothing wrong again...listened to starter clicking on and off..works fine. Then I took a look below the PTO lever and long behold, the switch is fully sticking out even though the lever is all the up (not engaged). pushed in the switch and turned the key...bam, engine rolled...turns out both screws which holds the switch in place was loose and the switch slid back...
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text:
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text:
Taffer's idea: turn the dive into the Corporate Bar and Grill, complete with luxury ice cubes.
The pirates were not pleased. There was a mutiny. The owners turned the place back into a pirate bar. My colleague Tim Carman's report on the culinary theatrics was bizarre and hilarious:
The owners never had any desire to embrace his concepts. "The reason why they didn't? Candidly?" the host says in a phone interview. "They want to be pirates."
Spike TV's producers obviously think this makes for great TV: They just announced that the Piratz Tavern episode will be the show's season premiere on July 22. Below is a preview the show just posted. It is wonderfully surreal.


text:
As the title says I am unable to create an account for blackshot (twowar), from the Netherlands, so Im from Europe.
Everytime I fill in all my information correctly, I click the button register and it says verification invalid, please check the code.
The code is good so what is the problem? Can anyone help me out please?


text:
Forgot your password? Enter the email address you signed up with and we will send you a link to create a new password.
Your password reset has been submitted to the address provided.
Words, letters, and/or numbers in stylized form
Nutritional supplements in the form of gel
Business in Irvine, CA


text:
Just how many people can fit into the facility? Will it be enough?
Just take a quick look at this link for the ariel photography of the Panamerican Pier on the World Port Source: Panamerican Pier. Based on last year's reported crowd for EDC and Skrillex in Pablo Sixto Escobar in January, I'd guess at least 15,000 ravers will want to go to the carnival.
I don't know how much of the facility has been cleared, but it needs to host 3 stages, the rides, PLUS 15,000 raging ravers. Seems like too small of a location. Change of venues have been a common occurrence with festival like atmospheres. Both EDC 2011 and Skrillex changed venues, it all depends on us. Ticket sales will most likely drive the venue. So we'll see.
Puerto Rico EDC 2012 in Panamerican Pier?
Just how many people can fit into the facility? Will it be enough?
Labels: EDC, Electric Daisy Carnival, Panamerican Pier, Puerto Rico, rave, Skrillex