text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 13, 1987
|Filing date
|Aug 27, 1986
|Priority date
|Feb 28, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Cary H. Masatsugu, Bruce S. Denning, Martin N. Nelson
|Original Assignee
|Dest Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (9), Classifications (4), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 470,241 filed Feb. 28, 1983, now abandoned.
A simple bit-level correlation scheme for use in a character recognition apparatus entails a one-to-one comparison between each character pixel and its associated mask pixel. For purposes of this specification, a pixel is defined as an individual picture element. Every pixel is given a weight of one or zero, for a mismatch or match respectively. FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate an example of this scheme. The resulting mismatch count, hereby referred to as the character score for the specific mask, ranges from 0 for a character which is completely identical to a mask, to 768 (i.e., 24�32) for a character which is the negative of a mask. This correlation scheme can be represented by the following equation: ##EQU1## where cxy is the character pixel value (either 0 or 1) at row x and column y, and mxy is the associated mask pixel value (either 0 or 1) and ⊕ is the "exclusive-OR" logical operation. This technique produces the highest degree of resolution available in a bit matching system. In FIGS. 1a and 1b, pixels labeled xa in the character to be identified have no counterparts in corresponding locations in the mask, and pixels labeled xb in the mask have no counterparts in corresponding locations in the character. If the pixels are each weighted by a score of "1", the resulting mismatched score is the sum of xa +xb, which in the example equals 24.
Maximum resolution is not necessarily desirable for purposes of character recognition. The resulting scores are representative of absolute pixel variations and are not necessarily responsive to character feature variations. An example of such high resolution creating improper identification is shown in FIGS. 2a-2c. Assuming that FIGS. 2a and 2b represent the mask fields for a lower case `l` and upper case `I`, respectively, an unknown character as diagrammed in FIG. 2c produces scores of 9 for the I mask and 18 for the l mask, as summarized below:
______________________________________ Pixel Mask Mismatch Weight Score______________________________________Mismatched Score: 1 18 � 1 = 18 I 9 � 1 = 9______________________________________
The unknown character, a slightly degraded lower case `l`, is identified as the wrong symbol. Cases such as this occur frequently when a large spectrum of characters are processed. The correlation scheme favors the wrong mask, due to the fact that each pixel mismatch carries the same weight, regardless of the location of that pixel with respect to the main strokes of the characters. Note that in this example the mismatching pixels of the upper case `I` mask are farther away from the nearest matching pixel, whereas the mismatching pixels of the lower case `l` mask are only one pixel distance away from the nearest matching pixel.
To counteract this shortcoming, a correlator can be developed that weighs each pixel mismatch as a function of that pixel's distance to the nearest matching pixel. A large weight would be attached to a mismatched pixel that is located a great distance from the nearest matching pixel, and a small weight would be attached to a mismatched pixel that is adjacent to a matching pixel. An example of this grading scheme is shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b for the examples in FIGS. 1a and 1b. A mismatch one pixel away from a matching pixel is given the weight of 0.5; a mismatch two pixels away from the matching pixel is given a weight of 2; and, mismatches n pixels away from the matching pixel are given the weight n2. Thus, pixels `a` are one pixel distance from the nearest matching pixel, and a weight of 0.5 is given for `a` pixels. Pixels labeled `b` are two pixels away, and are weighted 2. Pixels labeled `c` are three pixels away, and are weighted 9.
The resulting mismatched score is:
______________________________________ 8 `a` pixels (� .5) = 4 pts. 8 `b` pixels (� 2) = 16 pts. 8 `c` pixels (� 9) = 72 pts. 24 Pixels = 92 Pts.______________________________________
The example of FIG. 2 with a distance-weighted correlation scheme is illustrated in FIG. 4, with the resulting mismatched score as given below:
______________________________________ Pixel Mask Mismatch Weight Score______________________________________Mismatched Score: 1 18 � .5 = 9.0 I 3 � .5 = 1.5 3 � 2 = 6.0 3 � 9 = 18.0 27 = 25.5______________________________________
Hence, the unknown character is properly identified as a lower case "l". Unfortunately, a distance-weighted correlation implementation is both costly and time-consuming, requiring a conversion from bit-level weighting having only two states to multiply level weighting having many states.
A simple approximation of the distance scheme with binary states can be accomplished by weighting mismatches within a specific distance around and matching pixel with a weight of zero. Each character pixel is compared with the associated mask pixel and a logically OR'ed combination of adjacent mask pixels, hereafter referred to as the dead-band region. The single mask pixel is similarly compared with the associated character pixel and a combination of adjacent character pixels. The specific pixels used in the dead-band region are chosen to be the pixels immediately above and below, and to the right and left of pixel in question.
Since most character strokes are vertically and horizontally oriented, variations between characters and ideal masks tend to appear in those directions. Typical copiers tend to round character corners and blur strokes in directions perpendicular to the page edge, and different sources of type faces commonly have different stroke widths. The dead-band region of the present invention is selected to accommodate stroke width variations and degradations in the horizontal and vertical directions. The result is that the resolution of the correlator is decreased, but this reduction in resolution does not affect the ability to differentiate character features that extend a known number of pixels from the main stroke. The character scores, calculated with such a dead band region, therefore tend to accentuate character feature differences and deemphasize stroke width variations.
With any correlation technique, proper character-to-mask registration is essential. The dead-band correlator of the present invention is more immune to slight registration errors than the single bit level correlator, due to its wider tolerance level. Nonetheless, misregistration in any direction can result in scores. In order to improve the correlation output, nine different character-to-mask registrations are correlated simultaneously. These registrations form a grid about a central registration. This process, together with the use of a dead-band region incorporating a preselected range (in pixels) in vertical and horizontal directions, results in a correlation scheme which is both registration tolerant and informative.
FIGS. 1a and b illustrate operation of a bit-to-bit character correlator typical in the prior art.
FIGS. 2a, b and c show an example of improper character identification employing the correlation scheme of FIGS. 1a and 1b.
FIGS. 3a and b illustrate operation of a distance-weighted character correlator commonly found in the prior art.
FIGS. 4a, b and c show an example of character identification employing the correlation scheme of FIGS. 3a and 3b.
FIGS. 5a and b illustrate operation of a dead-band correlator according to the principles of the present invention.
FIGS. 6a, b and c show an example of character identification employing the correlation scheme of FIGS. 5a and 5b.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a character recognition system according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart for initializing the system of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a table of character mask threshold values employed in the system of FIG. 7.
FIGS. 10a and 10b are a block diagram of the correlator employed in the system of FIG. 7.
FIG. 11 is a flowchart of the interrupt service routine algorithm employed in the system of FIG. 7.
FIG. 12 is a vector diagram of a character mapped into a mask set according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a set of vector diagrams for a plurality of recognizable masks for which the threshold values are given in FIG. 9.
FIGS. 14a, b and c illustrate the resolution of intersecting masks according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 15 illustrates the effect of lowering threshold values for masks in the system of the present invention.
FIGS. 16a, b and c illustrate the effect of a minimum score separation requirement on the resolution of intersecting masks according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a flowchart of the algorithm for reiterative processing of character data employed in the system of FIG. 7.
FIG. 18 illustrates the process of removing small amounts of noise from the character field of a character to be identified according to the principles of the present invention.
FIGS. 19a, b and c illustrate character burn according to the principles of the present invention.
FIGS. 10a, b and c illustrate character regrow according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 21 illustrates the block diagram of the correlator hardware.
FIG. 22 illustrates the detailed implementation of the correlator hardware.
FIG. 23 illustrates the registration shifting in the corelator.
Referring to FIGS. 5a and b, the distance-weighted dead-band correlator of the present invention weights pixel mismatches within a pre-selected distance around a matching pixel at zero weight. Each mask pixel is compared with a corresponding combination of character pixels, and each character pixel is compared with a corresponding combination of mask pixels. The pixels within the dead-band are those immediately above and below, typically 2 each, and to the right and left, also typically 2 each, of the pixel of interest.
The resulting correlation is expressed mathematically below: ##EQU2## where cxy is the character pixel value represented by a digital 0 or 1 at row x and column y, and mxy is the mask pixel value represented by a digital 0 or 1 at row x and column y. The dead-band region and the new correlation scheme is shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b. The lightly shaded area 50 illustrates a typical dead-band area defined for each pixel to be examined. Pixels labeled `a` are one pixel away, either horizontally or vertically, from the nearest matching pixel (dark shaded area 51) and are weighted as zero. Pixels labeled `b` are more than one pixel distance from the nearest matching pixel and are weighted with 1. The resulting mismatched score is:
______________________________________ 8 `a` pixels (� 0) = 0 pts 16 `b` pixels (� 1) = 16 pts 24 total pixels = 16 Pts______________________________________
The total character score can range from 0 to 768.
FIG. 6 shows the results as tabulated below of the example in FIGS. 2a-2c with the dead-band correlation scheme:
______________________________________ Pixel Mask Mismatch Weight Score______________________________________Mismatched Score: 1 18 � 0 = 0 I 3 � 0 = 0 6 � 1 = 6 + 6______________________________________
The recognition process is initiated by loading digital data representing an unknown character field into a correlator RAM buffer 71 as shown in FIG. 7. The software as shown in FIG. 8 then directs the selection of a mask set to be used in a table look-up procedure. The mask set is controlled by a mask header table as shown in FIG. 9. The header table contains information needed to properly utilize the mask set. The hardware of FIG. 7 is initialized by loading the breakpoint counter register 83 with the number of masks to be used. For the preferred embodiment, nine masks are used. A score threshold register 82 is loaded with the maximum score that should be reported. This limits the correlator outputs to scores that are significantly low. Finally, the starting address of the mask space is loaded into mask address registers 75. Accessing the low order address byte enables the hardware processing function.
The unknown character is converted from byte format in the RAM buffer 71 to a serial bit stream with the parallel to serial converter 79. The first mask is likewise serialized in parallel to serial converter 78, and both serial bit streams 77a and 77b are sent into a correlator logic network 77. This network 77, whose block diagram is shown in FIG. 10a, is a combination of sequential and combinatorial circuits. The output of the network 77 is loaded into score counters 101.
In general, nine score counters 101 are required. However, only eight score counters 101 can also be used. As shown in FIGS. 10a and 10b, the L1D1 registration zone (i.e., the left one and down one group of pixels) can be omitted, thereby reducing the amount of recognition hardware.
At the end of each mask period, the score counters 101 are shifted via bus 77c into a magnitude comparator 80. The lowest of the eight or nine scores is then loaded into an output score register 81. If the lowest score is less than the score threshold register 82, an interrupt is generated on the microprocessor interrupt line 84 to microprocessor 85. The microprocessor 85 is thus informed that a potentially satisfactory correlation has been performed. The lowest score, its associated registration zone, and the mask address are read by the software in the microprocessor 85 and stored for evaluation.
The character is then recirculated and processed with the next mask. Since the masks are continuous in mask memory in the Mask Rom 74, the next mask address need not be loaded. After each mask period, the breakpoint counter 83 is decremented. When the breakpoint counter 83 reaches zero, the hardware ceases processing and another interrupt is generated. This signals the end of the mask set.
Referring again to FIGS. 10a and 10b, an unknown character is shown digitized into 768 bits, 24 bits wide by 32 bits high with each bit representing one pixel. Each font or typestyle is represented by approximately 100 masks, including those for numbers, capitals and the like. The sequence within correlator 77 is given below:
1. Reset: Clears all score counters 101.
2. Count errors in score counters 101 during mask and character clocking.
3. Load: transfers values from counters 101 to holding registers 102.
4. Shift: causes all holding registers 102 to be cascaded so that each score is moved to the next register 102 on each shift clock. The score in the last register 102 is sent to the magnitude comparitor 80 on each shift clock.
5. Error counting can start again for the next mask after the load pulse since all scores are saved in the holding registers 102.
The unknown characters are isolated from the page of text by an Isolation Process and are passed to a Recognition Process. The character is stored in a matrix 24 wide by 32 high. Each mask is also stored in this format in a font read-only-memory (ROM). The process of character identification is called "mask-matching". The unknown character is tested again all masks in the font.
The method for character identification is to correlate both the character and mask matrices and find the mask with the lowest error score. This correlation method compensates for irregularities in the text, the digitizing system, and the isolation system.
As shown in FIGS. 21, 22, and 23, the correlator system consists of a shift register section 120, a region (window) generating section 122, and nine simultaneously operating correlators 125. A central correlator assumes perfect registration between the mask and character matrices. Four more correlators account for a 1 bit registration error in one dimension only. The last four correlators account for a 1 bit registration error in both dimensions.
As shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, each correlator is designed in two parts. The first part compares one bit of the character matrix to a corresponding 5-bit region in the mask matrix. The region is defined as the corresponding bit and all four adjacent bits: up, down, right and left. The second part of the correlator compares one bit of the mask matrix to the corresponding 5-bit region of the character matrix. If there is a match in both parts of the comparitor, then no error count is recorded.
The correlator hardware performs the matrix matching by a serial mechanism one bit position at a time. The matrices are 24�32 bits, so there are 768 bit positions made during the sequence. The matrices are presented to the correlator board in synchronous serial form. The correlator converts a small portion consisting of five 24-bit lines, back into parallel form so that the surrounding regions are available for each bit position.
As shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, the character bits are observed through a mask window made up of a 3�5 matrix. The mask bits are observed through a character window made up of a 5�3 matrix. As the mask and character signals are synchronously shifted through these windows, measurements are made in each position. The regions are created by OR-ing 5 bits of the shift register together.
The central correlator is implemented as shown in FIG. 22. The central character bit C13 is compared to the mask region made up of M03, M13, M23, M12, M14. The comparison is made to detect a mismatch so that only errors are tabulated. This comparison implements the rule that if C13 is a black bit and either M03, M13, M23, M12, or M14 is a black bit, then there is a match. If none of the bits in the region is black, then there is a mismatch. This function is accomplished by AND-ing the bit and region signals together.
The C13 bit is simultaneously compared with two other regions of the mask which represent an up-shift or a down-shift in relative registration. The mask regions are: Up (M15, M24, M14, M04, M13) and down (M13, M22, M12, M02, M11). In addition, bits C12 and C14 are simultaneously compared to all three mask regions. The result is that nine separate measurements are made.
An additional nine measurements are made with mask bits M12, M13, M14, against three regions of the character: center (C23, C14, C13, C12, C03), left (C24, C15, C14, C13, C04) and right (C22, C13, C12, C11, C02). There are actually a total of eighteen measurements made at each bit position (768 total positions), but in the electronics, matching pairs are OR-ed together so that nine terms remain. The nine results are used to enable the clock to an error score counter.
At the end of the correlation, each of the nine counters can have a different error score in the range of 0 to 768. As a practical matter, the score counters are designed to count to a maximum of 128 since error counts above 128 are not significant.
The interrupt service rountine used by microprocessor 85 is shown in FIG. 11. Since both the low score interrupt and the breakpoint interrupt are on the same interrupt level, the software must check for both on every interrupt. At each interrupt, the mask address is converted to an ASCII code by indexing into an ASCII translation table which is referenced in the mask header table. The new score is then compared to the current low score and next lowest score. Only the lowest score for each ASCII code is retained. The current mask address is then compared to the expected breakpoint address. If the mask address is not equal to the breakpoint address, a simple return from the interrupt service routine is executed. When the breakpoint address is reached, the processing of the accumulated data is enabled. The character is then represented in the mask set by the lowest score and its ASCII code, and the next lowest score and its ASCII code. The former is referred to as the best guess mask, and the latter is its nearest neighbor.
The scores for a given character can be viewed as vectors in an n-dimensional mask space. In order to simplify the following description, it has been assumed that the vectors can be transformed into a two dimensional space. FIG. 12 is a representation of a character mapped into a mask set by its best guess and nearest neighbor. The vector magnitudes are equivalent to the associated scores, and the vector directions are functions of the ASCII code. Using this concept, all possible character fields (there are 2768 possible input fields) can be mapped into the mask set. Obviously, not all inputs are legal characters. A method for resolving legitimate characters from unrecognizable characters, noise, and characters from a different mask space is required.
The first approximation for determining a legitimate character is the use of a low score threshold requirement. If the lowest score meets some minimum level, the character is identified by the associated mask's ASCII code. The threshold requirement creates two basic categories of inputs. All input fields that are mapped into any mask's threshold space are identified with that ASCII code. All input fields that do not fall into any mask's threshold space are deemed unidentifiable, and are labeled as rejects. By adjusting the score threshold requirement, the reject rate can be tailored to any level.
The threshold values need not be equal for all masks. Since different masks vary in terms of pixel count, stroke orientation, and surface area, theresholds should be different for each mask. For example, it is reasonable to expect the scores for n samples of a specific punctuation mark will vary much less than the scores for n samples of a capital M. Different thresholds create different recognizable masks spaced as shown in FIG. 13. The threshold criteria are mask set dependent and a threshold table is given in FIG. 9. Characters which fall within circles as defined by mask thresholds are indentified by that mask's ASCII code. Characters that fall outside all circles are rejected.
When two similar masks have intersecting spaces, the intersection must be resolved. An example of this occurs with a Prestige Elite lower case `a` and lower case `s`, as shown in FIGS. 14a and b. The blocked pixels represent matching pixels within dead-band regions. The theoretically ideal mismatch as shown in FIG. 14c is only 22. In order to accommodate most of the characters, the thresholds for each mask will tend to intersect. The shaded area 150 represents possible substitutions. The identity of a character that maps into the intersecting region 150 is uncertain. An incorrectly identified character is called a substitution.
There are a number of ways to control the substitution rate. One method is to lower the threshold requirements to a point where no intersections 150 of mask space occur. Characters that may have been substituted before are now rejected properly. Reducing the threshold, however, increases the reject rate of acceptable characters for any given mask. Characters with a magnitude equivalent to that of the potential substitution, but in a different direction, will also be rejected. Thus, as shown in FIG. 15, shaded regions 160 and 162 represent fields of characters that should be identified correctly, but are rejected due to lower thresholds. Dark area 165 represents substitutions which are thereby avoided.
To accomodate acceptable characters while still rejecting potential substitutions, a second requirement should be placed on the recognition of an input field. The next lowest score (nearest neighbor) contains some directional information. By using the difference between the next score and the lowest score (called score separation), the characters which fall in an intersecting field can be isolated. Therefore, a minimum score separation requirement is added to the criteria. Using this second requirement, possible substitutions can be rejected properly while still allowing a broader threshold to accommodate legitimate characters. By adjusting the required thresholds and separations for each mask, the overall reject and separation rates for a mask set can be controlled.
In certain instances, different sources of a generic typestyle produce slightly different characters with the same ASCII code designation. An example is shown in FIGS. 16a and 16b. A typical Prestige Elite lower case `a` from one manufacturer's typeball (source A) is different from the lower case `a` from another manufacturer's printwheel (source B), even though they belong to the same generic typestyle. For character pairs such as this, the scoring threshold values that would be required to recognize both types of characters with a single mask would be too large for practical purposes, allowing many possible substitutions and non-recognizable characters into the mask space. Therefore, a duplicate mask with an equivalent ASCII code designation is added to the mask set. This creates a further subdivision for the mask set. Since the ASCII codes for the best guess and nearest neighbor are not allowed to be equal, the threshold and separation criteria can still be applied to all masks of each ASCII code. Thus, referring to FIG. 16c, the shaded region 170 is rejected.
Referring to FIG. 17, software control permits the recognition of characters to be an iterative process. Confidence in recognition is based on the threshold and separation requirement. A dual level of thresholds and separation is established in order to improve confidence in identification, while still allowing the recognition of a broad spectrum of character inputs.
The original character is assumed to be registered properly. Its data is passed through the correlator 77, and the resulting scores logged. The results are then evaluated using tight threshold and separation criteria. If the results are acceptable with tight requirements, the character is considered recognized with a high confidence factor. If the results fail to meet the tight requirements, the charcter data undergoes "retry processing".
Retry processing is a series of functions designed to eliminate noise and degradations from data representing the character. After each function is performed, the data is processed through the correlator 77. If the results meet the tight requirements, character recognition processing is complete. If not, the new results are compared to the old results to determine if the function has improved recognition of the character (i.e., a lower score). If recognition was improved, the current character is passed on to the next phase of retry. If recognition was degraded, the previous character (before the last retry) is restored and passed on to the next phase of retry.
The level of improvement is dependent on the specific function utilized. This continues until the results have been accepted with the tight thresholds, or all retries are attempted. If all the retries fail to produce a tight acceptance, the results are evaluated with a somewhat looser criteria. If the results are acceptable under the looser criteria, the character is identified with a lower confidence factor. If the results fail under the looser criteria, the character is labeled a reject.
The first retry function attempts to center the character. If the character was previously mis-centered, the character is centered and data representing it is passed to the correlator 77. If the character was previously centered properly, the original character data is passed to the next level of retry.
The second level of retry processing attempts to filter small isolated noise which exists in the character field. This is accomplished by compressing the character field into vertical and horizontal composites to form silhouettes 171 and 172 as shown in FIG. 18. These silhouettes are inspected for isolated black shadows up to two pixels by two pixels in area. If none are found, the character data is passed to the next level of retry. If noise is found, the black bits are erased, using the horizontal and vertical positions of the shadow silhouette as indicies. Referring again to FIG. 18, noise pixel 173 does not affect recognition, while noise pixel 174 may affect recognition of the character. If the character field is now blank, the field is assumed to be noise, and recognition is halted. Any remaining character is re-centered and sent to the correlator 77. No improvement of recognition is required in this phase, since black areas as small as two by two are not considered to be significant features for recognition.
The third level of retry processing is similar to the previous function in that it involves further noise filtering. The character data, along with the correlation results, are copied into a holding buffer. The original character data then undergoes a further noise filtering process which erases any isolated black area smaller than five pixels by seven pixels. If no such areas are found, the character data is passed on to the next level of retry. If the character data field after filtering is blank, the character data is restored from the holding buffer and passed on to the next level of retry. Any remaining character data is re-centered and passed to the correlator 77. If the new results meet the tight requirements for threshold and separation, the filtered character data is considered to represent the final character. If not, the new results are compared to the old results. If the new low score is lower than the old low score, and the new separation is greater than the old separation, the filtering process is considered legitimate, and the filtered character data is passed to the next level of retry. If the old score or separation is better, the original, unfiltered character data is passed to the next level of retry.
The distinction between small and large noise levels and the improvement in recognition are implemented to prevent incorrect filtering. Dots on certain lower case i's, as well as some types of punctuation, can appear smaller than the large noise size requirement since certain character features can be as small as four pixels by six pixels. Improvements in the scores and separations are required to prevent permanent distortions to such characters.
After noise has been erased from the character data field and a tight criteria has not been achieved, the data undergoes a status check. Included in the character field buffer is an indication as to whether or not the character data is located in a region of text that is underscored. If the underscore flag is not set, the character data is passed along to the next level of retry. If the underscore flag is set, the character data enters underline erasure processing. First, the character data and its results are copied into a holding buffer. The bottom row of black is then erased from the character data field, and the new character data is sent to the correlator 77. If the resulting character data meet the tight requirement, the character is deemed identified. If not, the new results are compared to the old results. The original character data is sent to the next level of retry if recognition did not improve. Again, "improvement" means the mismatch score is lower than the previous retry. If the new score and separation are better, another iteration of underscore removal is attempted. This continues until the results satisfy the tight requirements, or three iterations of underscore removal are completed. After three iterations, the character data is sent to the next level of retry.
If the character data reaches the fifth level of retry without being identified by the tight criteria, the data goes through a series of stroke width normalizers. These normalizers attempt to improve correlator resolution by varying character stroke width. One form of noramlizer, referred to as a software "burn", attempts to reduce very dark characters to reasonable proportions by removing pixels from the perimeter of character strokes. One phase of "burn" removes one pixel from the top and left of each stroke. The second phase of "burn" removes one pixel from the bottom and right of each stroke. This is accomplished by a series of shifts and logical AND functions performed on the character data. FIGS. 19a-c illustrate an example of a character before (FIG. 19a) and after a first (FIG. 19b) and second (FIG. 19c) burn iteration. Before each phase of burn is performed, the character data and results are copied to the holding buffer. After two burns are performed, the character data is sent to the correlator 77. If the results meet the tight requirements, the character is accepted. If not, a check is made for an improvement in recognition (i.e., a lower mismatch score). If recognition has been improved, the character data undergoes another phase of "burn". This form of retry continues, alternating between the two phases of "burn", until the results meet the tight criteria or recognition fails to improve between the previous results and the current results.
In order to prevent the burn retry algorithm from reducing the character data to a blank, or from changing all characters to punctuation marks, a secondary requirement is attached to the requirement of improved recognition. The ASCII code for the best guess is not allowed to change after a specified level of burn. This inhibits a burn from creating overly forced character data distortions.
Another normalizer, known as a software "regrow", is very similar to burn, except that it attempts to darken an overly light character. The two phases of regrow consist of adding a pixel to the top and left of each stroke, and adding a pixel to the bottom and right of each stroke. This is accomplished by applying a series of shifts and logical OR functions to the data. FIGS. 20a-c show an example of a character before (FIG. 20a) and after first (FIG. 20b) and second regrows (FIG. 20c). Regrow proceeds in a fashion similar to that of burn, continuing until the character data is accepted under tight requirements, or recognition fails to improve.
The burn and regrow processing is controlled by a normalizer routine, which keeps statistical page information as to whether burn or regrow is more likely to be needed. The routine initializes its counters at the start of each page, and updates them for each recognized character. The counters reflect the number of burns and regrows used before characters are recognized. The state of the counters aids in determining if the characters on the page tend to be darker or lighter than a normalized standard. The normalizing routine activates the burn retry for pages that tend to be darker. If the first burn iteration fails to improve recognition, the regrow retry is attempted. If the character is improved by at least one burn, regrow is disabled. Similarly, if the counters indicate that the page is lighter than normal, regrow is attempted first. If the first phase of regrow fails to improve recognition, the burn retry is attempted. If the character data is improved by at least one regrow phase, burn is inhibited. This normalizer thus assists in adapting the retry mechanism to different qualities of text.
A machine that is designed to recognize characters from multiple typestyles can compare each character with every mask in the system. This method is usually tedious, decreasing recognition speed for each additional typestyle added. Usually, however, pages are typed with one particular typestyle. Even in cases where multiple typestyles appear on the same page, the characters from a specific region of the page are usually members of the same typestyle. This information can aid in the recognition of a specific page region. If the particular typestyle can be determined, that typestyle mask set can be implemented by collecting data over a range of characters from a particular page area.
Typestyle recognition is initiated at the beginning of each page. A score counter for data representing each typestyle mask in the system is reset to zero. While in typestyle recognition mode, the characters are evaluated using all typestyle mask sets. The correlation results for each typestyle are stored in a typestyle data table. After the character data has been correlated with all possible typestyles, the correlation results are processed. Character data that is rejected in all typestyles is simply rejected, and data that is accepted in at least one typestyle is passed on to further processing. The best typestyle is determined by comparing the level of acceptances for each typestyle. If more than one typestyle recognizes the character data at the best level of acceptance, the ASCII codes from those typestyles are compared. If all of these typestyles do not agree on the ASCII code designation, the character data and all the typestyle results are placed in a holding buffer to await a typestyle determination. If the ASCII codes are all equal, the character data is accepted, and the low scores of all the typestyles are added to their respective score counters. Any typestyle that rejects the character data has its score counter disabled. All typestyle counters that reach a predetermined level are also disabled. A typestyle is recognized when one counter is left enabled, or the holding buffer of character data awaiting typestyle determination is full. If this occurs before all but one counter is disabled, the typestyle whose counter is lowest is selected. The holding buffer is then emptied, using the selected typestyle's results to accept or reject the character.
The selected typestyle is then used exclusively until character data cannot be resolved with the current typestyle set. If the character data fails the separation requirement but passes the tight threshold requirement, the character is rejected. If the character data fails the tight threshold requirement, the character data is processed through all typestyles. If no typestyle accepts the data with a high degree of confidence (i.e. tight acceptance levels), the character is rejected. If one of the typestyles does accept the character data with its tight requirements, typestyle recognition is re-entered, starting with the current character.
The selection of a typestyle mask set thus improves the efficiency and accuracy of the recognition system. The time required to correlate a character is directly proportional to the number of masks it must be compared against. By limiting the number of masks utilized, recognition speed can be increased. Typestyle selection also improves recognition accuracy. Characters within a specific typestyle are designed to be recognizable within that typestyle space. Different ASCII characters from different typestyles may contain similar features. By segregating the mask space by typestyle, near neighbors from different typestyles do not impede recognition capability.
A listing of instructions of routines and subroutines for algorithms for controlling operation of the system according to the principles of the present invention are shown in Appendix A. ##SPC1##
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 20, 1962
|Jan 26, 1965
|Specimen identification methods and apparatus
|Nov 14, 1960
|Nov 23, 1965
|Control Data Corp
|Means for determining separation locations between spaced and touching characters
|Jun 6, 1962
|Sep 20, 1966
|Rca Corp
|Character recognition system including circuits for locating characters and circuitsfor discriminating against noise
|Aug 27, 1964
|Dec 27, 1966
|Sylvania Electric Prod
|Scan control and normalization for a character recognition system
|Mar 5, 1963
|Feb 7, 1967
|Control Data Corp
|Character separating reading machine
|Jan 27, 1967
|Feb 17, 1970
|Singer General Precision
|On-line read/copy data processing system accepting printed and graphic material
|Nov 20, 1969
|Nov 2, 1971
|Character recognition using mask integrating recognition logic
|Jan 2, 1970
|Dec 21, 1971
|Sectioning apparatus and method for character recognition systems
|Jan 15, 1969
|Jan 11, 1972
|Method and apparatus for style and specimen identification
|Dec 17, 1971
|Sep 18, 1973
|Honeywell Inf Systems
|Technique for determining the extreme binary number from a set of binary numbers
|Apr 30, 1971
|Apr 16, 1974
|Technique for the conversion to digital form of interspersed symbolic and graphic data
|Dec 18, 1972
|Jun 18, 1974
|Character data search system
|Aug 18, 1971
|Jun 25, 1974
|Cognitronics Corp
|Character reading system controlled by preprinted program control characters on document form
|Apr 4, 1973
|Nov 5, 1974
|Hitachi Ltd
|Pattern pre-processing apparatus
|Oct 26, 1973
|Apr 15, 1975
|Nippon Electric Co
|Character recognition system
|Sep 15, 1972
|Sep 9, 1975
|Information Int Inc
|Binary image processor
|Jan 15, 1974
|Jan 20, 1976
|Possel Rene De
|System for scanning and identifying standardised characters at high speed
|Jul 14, 1977
|May 8, 1979
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method and device for detecting the similarity between standard and unknown patterns
|Aug 24, 1979
|Sep 8, 1981
|Compression Labs, Inc.
|High speed character matcher and method
|Feb 4, 1980
|Dec 29, 1981
|Compuscan, Incorporated
|Apparatus and method for character recognition
|IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 14, No. 9, Feb. 1972, "Iterative Segmentation", R. J. Baumgartner.
|IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 14, No. 9, Feb. 1972, Iterative Segmentation , R. J. Baumgartner.
|IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 15, No. 5 (Oct. 1972), "Amount Line Finding Logic", K. Kerchmar.
|IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 15, No. 5 (Oct. 1972), Amount Line Finding Logic , K. Kerchmar.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 8, 1990
|Dec 4, 1990
|Nec Corporation
|Character recognition apparatus
|Oct 5, 1990
|Feb 4, 1992
|British Telecommunications Public Limited Company
|Video image processing
|Jan 28, 1991
|Oct 27, 1992
|Ezel, Inc.
|Method and system for verifying a seal against a stored image
|Sep 27, 1993
|Nov 22, 1994
|Ezel, Inc.
|Method and system for establishing a coincidence between two images
|May 10, 1994
|Feb 6, 1996
|Ezel Inc.
|Method and system for comparing two images by making an initial rough judgement
|Apr 25, 2001
|Oct 17, 2006
|Minolta Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for detecting a pattern
|Oct 29, 2004
|Aug 28, 2007
|Minolta Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for detecting a pattern
|Apr 25, 2001
|Nov 1, 2001
|Toshihiro Mori
|Apparatus and method for detecting a pattern
|Oct 29, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Minolta Co., Ltd
|Apparatus and method for detecting a pattern
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 8, 1991
Owner name: FOOG, INC., A CORP. OF CA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DEST CORPORATION, A CORP. OF CA;REEL/FRAME:005591/0810
Effective date: 19890524
|May 14, 1991
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 13, 1991
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 24, 1991
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19911013


text:
This tutorial illustrates how to configure your Google account to work with your IdP Web Application using Ultimate SAML.
Configuring the Saml2GoogleSSO Identify Provider Web Application
You only need to change the list of user credentials in web.config file. The user name specified in web.config file must match with an account name in Google Apps.
Configuring Google Apps to work with your Identity Provider
To enable and configure single sign-on in Google Apps, you can follow the following steps:
- Login to Google Apps.
- Select "Advanced tools".
- Then select "Set up single sign-on (SSO)".
- Upload certificate, such as the SP_X509Certificate_ForGoogleSP.cer in the Idp web application.
- Set Sign-in page URL, Sign-out page URL, and Change password URL. For example, when you deploy the test application on your server with domain name mydomain.com, the following URLs should be specified:
- Sign-in page URL: http://www.mydomain.com/service.aspx
- Sign-out page URL: http://www.mydomain.com/UserLogout.aspx
- Change password URL: http://www.mydomain.com/changepassword.aspx
- Add a user in Google Apps that is known to the IdP web application.
Testing the Identify Provider Web Application
The identity provider web application, in conjunction with Google Apps, demonstrates SP initiated single sign-on. To test the application with Ultimate SAML, follow the steps below:
- Browse to a Google App (e.g Google Calendar at http://www.google.com/calendar/hosted/mydomain.com).
- You should then be redirected to the Idp's Login page
- Login with the credentials configured in Google App. You need to make sure that the user name specified in web.config file matches with the user name used to login to Google App.
- You should then be redirected and signed into the Google App.
- If you wish to change the account password, click on Settings, and then Google Account Settings->Change password
- To Logout from the Google App, click on the Sign out link on the Google App page.
- You should then be redirected to the Idp Sample Web Application logout page.Click here to download the Ultimate SAML SSO Component for ASP.NET.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
hi guys, recently my car overheated - I think it was something to do with the temperature regulator thingy. Now I need to get my master cylinder and gaskets replaced. The mechanic is going to disable the temperature regulator thingy since 'it isn't" needed in southern Africa. Is this true? How does my car know when to 'drink" water??? I don't want to buy a new master cylinder. It is already costing at least $1500 plus!
I'm guessing it's the termostat that he's 'disabling' (by removing). And he's wrong, all cars need thermostats, they're not very expensive, find a source for parts and order one.
I'm guessing that Texases is right (as usual) about the "temperature regulator thingy", and that the "master cylinder and gaskets) is probably the headgasket. It's entirely possible that there is a communication/translation difficulty messing up the terminology. It's even possible that they actually use totally different terms, like the English do.
Your car doesn't know when to "drink" water. The cooling system is a closed system, with basically a radiator, a thermostat, and a water pump. When the engine reaches full operating temperature, the thermostat should be fully opened and allow th epump to pump the coolant through the engine where it picks up heat and into the radiator where it dissipates it. The thermostat prevents full flow of the coolant until it reaches full temperature.
Full temperature is typically in excess of 200F. Unless the ambient temperature where you are reaches over 200F, your engine needs the T-stat to reach proper operating temp.


text:
Playstation 2 Games
Character gallery for Wild Arms 3Home / Playstation 2 /
This page contains Wild Arms 3 Hints for Playstation 2 called "Character gallery" and has been posted or updated on Oct 22, 2006 by OGLocSK.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Media Vision
- Publisher: Scea
- Genre: Role-Playing Console-style RPG
- Release: Oct 15, 2002
- ESRB: Teen
Character gallery
Press Select during a dialogue sequence to view a portrait of the speaking character. Note: This cannot be done during intermission sequences.
Report Problem
Please Submit a Problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
If you know other secrets, hints, glitches or level guides, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights with other players.
All Hints
From: moomoo
From: OGLocSK
From: Emma-Leigh69
From: Mac
From: nige1970
From: sirbenstar
From: ahsanaziz786
From: cazzylou
From: heartless2007
Back to all Cheats »
From: LeaonaC
Latest Questions
Secret garden level?
From: Autumn
From: Autumn
Total 0 AnswersPosted on: 11-29-2011
Ask a Question
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Your Question
Trailers & Gameplay Videos
Wild Arms 3 - 1st intro
- Added on: May 31, 2014
Wild Arms 3 - 2nd intro
- Added on: May 31, 2014
Wild Arms 3 - 3rd intro
- Added on: May 31, 2014
View All Videos »
Wild Arms 3 - 4th intro
- Added on: May 31, 2014
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text:
MELISSA BLOCK, Host:
From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Melissa Block.
MICHELE NORRIS, Host:
And I?m Michele Norris. This week we?re taking a special look at the rural parts of China. On average, the people of the country are poorer than their cousins in the city. And they have fewer prospects for benefiting from China?s economic growth.
Today NPR?s Louisa Lim takes us a few hours drive from Shanghai, where one village has come up with its own path toward prosperity.
LOUISA LIM: I?ve just arrived in Huaxi Village. It?s the richest village in the whole of China and it?s a model example of the new socialist countryside that China?s trying to construct. But the strange thing is, it really doesn?t feel like a Chinese village at all. As we drove in, all I could see were row upon row of white houses with red roofs. And it really looks more like American suburbia transplanted to the Chinese countryside.
Unidentified Woman #1: (Speaking in Foreign Language)
Unidentified Man #1: (Speaking in Foreign Language)
LIM: Now I?m being taken on a tour of what I?m being assured is an ordinary villager?s house. A Mr. Sun who lives in it has got three bedrooms, three sitting rooms including the one that I?m standing in now with leather sofas and crystal chandeliers. He also has three bathrooms, a card room, a gym with two running machines because he decided the first running machine didn?t have enough functions. And five or six television sets in the whole house. He can?t quite remember how many he has.
WU HAO: As people know, Huaxi is the number one village in our country.
LIM: Wu Hao is another happy Huaxi resident who?s just come back from studying in New Zealand. He?s 26 years old. He?s wearing designer eyeglasses. He runs one of the village?s import-export businesses. And though he?s never worked the land, he still calls himself a farmer.
HAO: I?m a Huaxi farmer. A rich farmer. I feel so happy because I make a good salary. Everything is okay.
LIM: It?s hard to believe that Huaxi Village was once poor. The secret to its phenomenal success was its move from agriculture to industry. Thirty years ago, the village was starting to behave more like a city and look like one too, as it built factory after factory.
Wu Hao's family was the driving force behind the move. His uncle, Wu Xie En, is currently the party secretary, the village's head honcho.
WU XIE EN: (Through Translator) Huaxi is a small place. If all we did was farm, at best we'd just be able to feed and clothe ourselves. We wouldn't have gotten rich.
LIM: And this is the reason why the villages of Huaxi are so rich. I?m now on the factory floor, watching hundreds of workers in white coats sitting at sewing machines stitching dark blue jackets. This textile shop is part of Huaxi's business empire. Now the village owns about 80 factories. It?s expanded to swallow up 16 neighboring villages and employ many thousands of migrant laborers. And the original villagers are now enjoying the rewards of this strategy. Last year, they earned $10,000 U.S. dollars a head, that?s 25 times the national average for farmers.
This tour group is one of hundreds that come every day to gawk at the little village made good. And soon there?ll be even more jaw-dropping sights. Construction is underway of a clock tower costing two and a half million dollars to be surrounded by fountains that will shoot water 17 stories into the air. Today, many of the visitors are government officials hoping to learn from Huaxi?s success.
Unidentified Man #2: (Speaking foreign language)
If this is socialism, we want it, too, this impressed tourist exclaims. But village chief Wu Xie En says it's not a one-size-fits-all formula.
XIE EN: If industry works for your village, then do that. If business is your thing, then do that. If farming works for you, then go that road. Learning from Huaxi doesn't mean doing exactly what we're doing.
The last stop on my tour, a high-tech agricultural zone, illustrates one vision of the future of China's countryside. It's a massive greenhouse stuffed with bizarre breeds of vegetables. There were purple chili peppers, a pumpkin that weighs 20 pounds, and even one single tree that grows both tomatoes and eggplant. A lone gardener waters some orange trees as hordes of tourists tramp past. It seems that in China's model village of the future, farming has become little more than a tourist attraction.
Louisa Lim, NPR News, Huaxi Village, China.
NORRIS: Tomorrow we?ll meet a family in a common arrangement. The grandparents take care of the children in their rural village while the parents go to the city to earn more money. There is more from this series on our website including a slideshow called Rural China in Transition. It?s at NPR.org.
Commentator Bates Gill has traveled all over rural China. He?d like to share a story now from a recent trip with his wife.
BATES GILL: So it?s midnight and the phone is ringing next to the bed. Who would be calling us here and at this hour- My wife and I had just arrived at this remote and sleepy rural county seat. We?d been driving for much of the day deeper into the mountains of Western Anhui Province and are ready for a good night?s rest. We look forward to meeting with our Chinese friend from Shanghai the next day. He will proudly show us around his Loucha(ph), the home village of his family and ancestors.
I groggily pick up the jangling phone. There?s a youngish-sounding woman on the other end. But in a haze I manage to politely decline her offer of some company and hang up. We are nearly back to sleep when the phone rings again. Different voice, same proposition. How do these people know we?re here- I give the same reply and begin thinking about unplugging the phone from the wall but before I can do that, the phone rings once again. This time, my wife takes the phone and delivers a firm and less than diplomatic Chinese no thank you.
That seems to do the trick. We don?t receive any more calls. Now it?s not so uncommon to get calls like that in lots of places around the world. It?s not so uncommon to get calls like that in China whether you are in Shanghai or out in the countryside. But still we found it a little strange. You see we were staying at the local Communist Party guest house.
NORRIS: Bates Gill is coauthor of CHINA, THE BALANCE SHEET: WHAT THE WORLD NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT THE EMERGING SUPERPOWER.
Copyright © 2006 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


text: Since there was some discussion about ammo, especially some issues with the Winchester White Box, I decided I'd post a brief comparison having shot all 3 now. When I first bought the G36 at French Creek Outfitters here in PA, I bought a box of Blazer Brass with which to shoot at their indoor range, at $25 for a box of 50. I had absolutely no problems and it was quite clean. I didn't have anything to compare it to, since this was the first time I had ever shot a Glock, let alone a .45 out of anything other than a custom 1911. Nevertheless, I was satisfied with a 5" grouping shot one-handed at 7 yards. I then made a trip to Walmart and bought the 100 round box of the Winchester White Box for $32. At the range I noticed that for a couple rounds out of the 100, the slide didn't cycle as smoothly - but still did cycle. In other words, after the shot, you could see the back of the slide take a very split second to finish chambering the next round. In one round of the 100, the slide locked open mid-way through the magazine. I simply dropped the slide by hand and was back in action. Accuracy was seemingly worse. My groupings were noticeably larger than they had been the last time I was at the range with the Blazer Brass. I certainly don't claim to be more accurate than any ammo, so it could have entirely been placebo effect. I had my cousin there at the time, and asked him to load his custom Combat Commander with a magazine of the WWB, and the difference in groupings was insignificant, so the difference was likely just in my head. The WWB ammo is also very dirty. The smell was stronger, and it wasn't long before the end of the slide had the chalky white color. With some digital calipers I compared the overall cartridge length of 2 of the WWB rounds to the Federal Champion rounds I discuss below. The overall length of the WWB cartridges was 1.272 inches. For reference the SAAMI maximum length for any .45 acp cartridge is 1.275 inches. The federal Champion cartridges were 1.263 inches in length. The differences is enough to be seen with good naked eyes. I and others on here suspect this difference may account for why the WWB doesn't always feed as smoothly in the G36. When it comes to range ammo though, the issues with the WWB were very minor compared to the price difference - $16 per 50 versus $25 per 50 of the Blazer Brass. I therefore headed back to Walmart for another box of the WWB. The ammo case was even more bare than last time, and there was absolutely no .45 ammo. I returned the next day since I was driving by the store anyway just in case I was lucky. I was. They had just received 8 50-round boxes of Federal Champion, at $16 a box. Yes, that's the same price per 50 as the WWB. I grabbed 2 boxes. I've seen others say the the Federal Champion is basically the same round as the Blazer Brass. I think that's likely the case as both are owned by the same parent company, both look the same, and are advertised as 830 fps. The Federal Champion appears to be a Walmart-specific line, especially since the model number begins with "WM". It basically shot the same for me as the Blazer Brass - clean, smooth, and accurate. Given that it's the same price per 50 as the WWB, there's no reason I would shoot anything other than this ammo. So if you can find Blazer Brass or Federal Champion for the same price or even slightly more than the WWB, without a doubt I'd go for the BB or FC. If all you can find for less than $20 a box is WWB, then it's still perfectly suitable as range ammo. Mace


text:
Readers suspend reality when they become immersed in a story. Writers suspend reality when they wake up in the morning. Otherwise, we're pretty much the same.
Monday, December 24, 2012
Holiday Greetings and Other Thoughts
Despite my good fortune, I can't help but think of the pain suffered by some families this year. What must Christmas be like for those who lost a loved one in the Connecticut school shooting, or the family of my old friend, Alvin Pugh . . . he dropped dead of a massive coronary a few days ago. Two young boys in my town, brothers walking their bikes down the side of the road, were killed by a drunk driver a couple months ago. Even families of soldiers killed in Afghanistan this year, how do they find peace and happiness this Christmas?
I don't have answers. Wish I did. All I can do is to take a few minutes out of my own happiness, to think about those who are suffering and respect their loss by memorializing the lives of their loved ones. So while I am having the most wonderful holiday season ever, I am trying to think good thoughts for those who have been less fortunate in hope that Karma really exists.
Merry Christmas or Joyous Holidays to everyone.
4 comments:
Good thoughts, and at our Candle Light Service tonight I said a prayer for all those who have suffered loss or isolation, and that the Lord may grant them comfort and strength.ReplyDelete
It is good to read that you're getting to spend Christmas with family! I hope this proves to be not only an enjoyable but memorable Christmas, Dean.Replies
Thank you, Terry. I wish the same for you and your family...DeanDelete
- AnonymousDecember 29, 2012 at 5:25 AM
Away from my children during the holidays, I took the focus off of me, myself, and I by traveling to Seattle with an armload of Winter coats for the sex workers on 1st and 2nd street. One gal was so grateful she teared up. I think she may have been thinking about her own family during this time of the year?ReplyDelete
I've done this every year since an occasion many, many years ago when I was with a group of women, one of which called out to the sex workers, "Whores! Get a real job!" Incensed by her comment, I demanded the driver to immediately pull over to the curb. I got out, approached a gal with a short skirt, a tube top, and no jacket; not even a windbreaker in the 30 degree Winter night. I took off my down-filled coat and slipped it on her.
When I returned to the car I told the gal who made such an inhumane comment, "Shame on you! Do you know who these girls are? They are the abused who fled from homes where they weren't wanted. They are the targeted by pimps because of their obvious vulnerability and naivete. They are the further abused by boyfriends, promising the love they've never felt. They are the hurt and betrayed when their so-called boyfriends turn them out on the streets. They are the substance abusers who self-medicate to dull their senses when they service despicable johns. They are the human debris society has thrown away.
But they are our children for ALL children are OUR children, are they not? These "whores" hide the hurting child deep within their hearts, tamping down the emotions of the past and the hopelessness of the future. They are the truly forgotten.
What is the true meaning of Christmas? Caring for those who no longer care about themselves. The passing out of coats isn't what is important, but giving the gift of love may bring these lost children a measure of hope, a bit of joy, and the love of a giver...not a taker, the rapists of their souls...
I'm away from family this season, but now I've an extended family who gifted me by just meeting these beautiful souls...
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year...
Thank you, Anonomous, for both your post and your kind heart. It is people like you who sustain society and make it great, albeit, without fanfare or reward other than personal satisfaction. I applaud you. May you have a wondrous and fulfilling 2013...DeanReplyDelete


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Top Rated Life Insurance Companies
If you are trying to find ways to maintain your family's finances safe, you have probably thought about purchasing life insurance. The agreement necessitates person purchasing it, can pay a regular amount towards the firm in exchange for coverage and protection. I will spend just a little time guiding you through a process which will serve you well when purchasing life insurance today or anytime inside the future. Why do I want to have life insurance? There are straight life insurance policies where your Forrest Arriaga loved ones will obtain the proceeds upon your death.
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Illegal Activity. Another significant difference will be the cost of Jenni Wurz coverage. In Money Back policies, the policy holder tends to get periodic payments throughout the term of the policy even when he could be alive. The potential money values during these scenarios aren't projected but assured or assured.
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Adam CaseyMontreal, Quebec, CA
I have a deep voice which works well for commercials on a hard or soft sell format. My character voices include impersonations of celebrities and a wide range of accents(you name it, I can probably do it.) My announcer voice is excellent as well.
English, English (North American), English (British), English (Australian), English (New Zealand)
Australian, British, Canadian, French, French (Québécois), German, Indian (India), Irish, Japanese, Mexican, Native American (Indian), New Zealand, North American, Russian, Scottish (Standard Scottish English), Swedish, US South (Deep South, Dixie, Delta)
Special Skills
Audiobooks, Business, Cartoons, Documentaries, Educational, Internet, Jingles, Movie Trailers, Music, Podcasting, Radio, Telephone, Television, Videogames
1-2 years
Payment Terms
Hire Adam as a voice actor. Payment is made through Voices.com SurePay, an escrow service that guarantees your work is done to your satisfaction. Send payment securely by Visa, Mastercard or PayPal through Voices.com then download your files from the website.
Watch a video to see how to make a payment
Next Steps
To contact Adam Casey about your project, request a quote today. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step. It's fast and easy.
This talent has not uploaded any demos yet.
Hire Adam Casey as a voice actor. Working with Adam Casey is fast and easy. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step.
Request a quote for your project today.


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text: Join a vibrant network of neurologists and neuroscience professionals in your area of interest. Engage in conversation; exchange ideas; and share scientific, practice, and professional insights. Volunteer to submit scientific abstract reviews, education course proposals, and topic proposals for AAN guidelines. Visit Synapse Online Communities, the official communities of AAN Sections.


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Torrington Connecticut Area Parkinsons Support Group
The Torrington Area Parkinsons Support Group recently organized to fill a local need for new information on and solutions related to Parkinson's disease. Our meetings are held every fourth Saturday of each month at 10:00 AM at the Sullivan Senior Center located in Torrington. (check our calendar)
Meetings include speakers from health care professions and local support services organizations, as well as separate group sessions for both the caregiver and caretaker.
Our Northwestern Connecticut area parkinsons support group meetings are open to those who have Parkinsons disease, their caregivers, their family and friends, and other interested parties.
For more information contact Sue Pelchat at 860-201-7913 or Ann Quattrocchi at 860-309-6336 or Carol Pathe at 860-482-4610
CORRECTION!! The next meeting will be at the Sullivan Senior Center as usual. There was a mistake in the mailing. Please do not go to West Hartford.
Litchfield, CT 06759
Registration begins at noon. Bring a picnic for the family before or after the walk.
This year you can donate and register online with our all new software. You will have to create an account and just follow the prompts. Minimum donation to create or join a team is $20.00.
If you just want to only donate to the Parkinsons Group, you can just create an account and not create or select a team.
If you want to create a team, you need to create an account first.
Once completed, you should be automatically logged in, so now you need to create your team
The Walk in the Woods for Parkinson's raises funds to support Parkinson's research, to increase awareness of PD, which affects 6.3 million people around the world, and to provide support for local people who struggle daily with Parkinson's disease. 1 in 272 people will be affected by Parkinson's disease. We hope to educate the public about PD and help the people affected by it.
Through our first four walks, we raised approximately $60,000 to support the MJFox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, with additional funds to help area citizens with PD. We hope to increase our contributions for research and to expand our support of TAPSG members and families affected by Parkinson's disease. Join us for our 5th Annual Walk in the Woods for Parkinson's.
Who is hosting the walk?
We are the Torrington Area Parkinson's Support Group. We are people with Parkinson's disease, family and care partners. We meet at Torrington's Sullivan Senior Center on the fourth Saturday of most months. (See the Senior Center newsletter for monthly meeting postings.) All affected by Parksinson's disease are welcome to join our group and to attend meetings. To learn more about TAPSG, visit www.torringtonparkinsonssupportgroup.com/
Did You Know?
- Every 9 minutes an individual is diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease
- 1 in 10 people will have Parkinson's
- There is no "definitive test" that can confirm Parkinson's disease, except after death
- Parkinson's is not just your "grandparent's" disease or for "old" people
- Currently there is "no cure" for Parkinson's
- Medication can substitute for the missing dopamine, but it is only a temporary solution
- There are 60,000 new cases of Parkinson's Disease a year
- The total cost to the nation is estimated to exceed $6 Billion annually
- Without more federal funding for research to find a cure for Parkinson's, the numbers of Parkinson patients will only increase each year
Torrington Connecticut Area Parkinsons Support Group is sponsored by the Sullivan Senior Center, Charlotte Hungerford Hospital and the Connecticut American Parkinsons Disease Association.


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Stokes is out of Ireland ties after fetching £1.7m at IPL auction
Ben Stokes is one of several England players who will miss the one-day internationals against Ireland in May after he was bought at the Indian Premier League auction yesterday.
The star all-rounder and newly appointed vice-captain of the England Test side became the most expensive foreign player in IPL history when he was bought for £1.7million by the Rising Pune Supergiants, and England have already agreed to him staying for all but the final week of the tournament which takes place from April 5 to May 21.
Also snapped up for six-figure sums were pace bowler Chris Woakes (Kolkata Knight Riders) and opening batsman Jason Roy (Gujurat Lions), while fast bowler Chris Jordan fetched £60,000 and both Josh Butler and Sam Billings were retained by their Mumbai and Delhi franchises respectively.
All six are likely to be given permission to miss the ODIs at Bristol on Friday, May 5 and at Lord's two days later but although former Ireland international Eoin Morgan was bought for £240,000, the England ODI captain will be recalled to lead the team against the country of his birth.
The other big England earner was Twenty20 specialist Tymal Mills who was bought for £1.4million (Royal Challengers Bangalore) and, with England having no T20 games in May, he will be available for the duration.
Two other players likely to be facing Ireland are Johnny Bairstow and Alex Hales, who remained unsold at the auction.
No Ireland players could put themselves forward because Ireland also have four ODIs in a tri-series with New Zealand and Bangladesh, in Malahide, immediately following the games against England.
However, for the first time, two Associate players will be involved with the Afghanistan duo Mohammad Nabi and 18-year-old leg spinner Rashid Khan bought for £36,000 and a staggering £475,000 respectively.
Belfast Telegraph


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Football' started by snowcraig2.0, Sep 6, 2008.
I might be interested in a car pool.
I was hoping you'd get some bites--so this is a "bump"
If I didn't have a game of my own at 6 p.m. tonight in the Quad Cities, I'd so take you up on the offer.
Good Luck to the Clones and Kohawks today!!


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Art nouveau style wallpaper with a metallic design that adds character to your decor. Enjoy world class decor by internationally renowned interior designer Barbara Hulanicki. This wallpaper is suitable for most rooms with the exception of kitchens and bathrooms.
- Paste the paper for easy installation
- Flat finish for a clean, modern look
- Each roll is 11 yds. x 20.5 in. W and covers 56 sq. ft.
- Washable with a damp cloth and soapy water


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MSNBC.com, you're a pain in my butt not letting me link your stories...anywho, this time of year usually gives me severe agita, after the early renewals have been announced and before the May upfronts have gotten here, but this year, I'm feeling pretty okay. Most of the shows I've fallen in love with over the past couple of years have gotten early pickups for next season and several of my on the bubble shows really aren't so on the bubble - so let's see...
Chuck, which almost didn't come back this season, seems to be a good bet to return next season, so I'm choosing not to worry.
Better Off Ted seems to be pretty much dead. I'm heartbroken. But I guess better to know now than to spend the next three months with heartburn waiting to get the bad news. I'm soothing my heartache by watching old episodes on Hulu. Like Arrested Development before, I don't think I'll ever get tired of watching this show.
Which just leaves two shows for me to worry about, both in their freshman year - the CW's Life Unexpected and NBC's Community. LUX has a lot of potential - a lot - and not only is it great to have Shiri Appleby back on tv (the show has inspired me to go back and rewatch my old Roswell DVDs) but Kristoffer Polaha really deserves to finally find a good show, a show that won't get cancelled after just a few episodes (yes, he has a guest role on Mad Men, but it's very tiny, and I'm not counting it) - not only is he oh so pretty, but he can act, too. As for Community - it's quirky, it's funny, it's got heart, it actually makes me laugh out loud, and it perfectly rounds out NBC's 4-comedy Thursday block in a way that this network hasn't had in years and years and years. For that reason alone, they should bring back this show.
So maybe it's just those two shows, but it looks like I'm going to be suffering from agita for the next couple of months anyway...grr, argh...
Life Unexpected will be moving to Mondays at 8 p.m., CW
Community, Thursdays at 8 p.m. on NBC
Watch them, ya dig?!!
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3DOcean Mizar Team Light 140965
3D Model \ Buildings and Architecture \ Miscellaneous
Fixture \ Render \ Materials \ Lights \ Photometric \ Profile \ Provided \ Quality
3D Model - Mizar Team Light 140965 by jpintor @ 3DOcean
3D Model \ Buildings and Architecture \ Miscellaneous
High quality light fixture modeled in max 2009 based on a design by Mizar.
Ready to animate and render. Rig, photometric lights and materials done, also an IES light profile is provided with this model.
Animated: No; Materials: Yes; Rigged: Yes; Textured: Yes; UV Layout: No; 3D File Formats Included: .3ds (multi format), .fbx (multi format), .max (3ds Max), .obj (multi format); Created In: 3ds max 2009; Geometry: Polygons; Poly Count: 74736.
Mizar Kable 12 Light; Mizar Ky Light; Mizar Phantom Light; Mizar Ray Light.
Keywords: high detailed, high poly, lamp, light, light fixture, mizar, rigged, team.
Download Link


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About: Bassetlaw Hospital / General surgery Bassetlaw Hospital General surgery S81 0BD
Posted via NHS Choices
I was booked in for surgery on the 24th August at 10.am. On arrival the ward manager said they weren't expecting me!! However, after numerous phone calls, they discovered I was "lost in the system". They promised me they would get to the bottom of what had happened and alerted the matron who came to see me and said everything was being done to sort this out. My notes arrived at about 3.30 and the ward manager said that the surgeon/anesthetist had found a gap in their schedule, so could fit me in. So went down for surgery at 4.pm. I have to say that everyone was really lovely and they couldn't apologise enough for what had happened. All the staff really looked after me, one nurse was so attentive and concerned. The ward manager was so professional and really worked hard to resolve the communication issue. I cannot praise the way you looked after me highly enough and thank you so so much. I am in awe of your profession. Thank you is inadequate. Bless you. xxx


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How to Give a Deep Tissue Massage. Deep tissue massage, as the name suggests, uses special techniques to work into the deeper muscles of the body, helping to release stress and tension which has been held in the body for long periods of time. While many of the standards massage techniques are the same, the application varies slightly. A few tips can show you how.
Step 1
Begin a deep tissue massage by applying heat to the body, focusing on areas which need to be worked, such as old injuries, sore stiff muscles or over large muscles which are causing stress to the body. You can use heating pads, heated ceramic coil pads or other techniques; however, make sure that the heat source does not burn the skin and that it sets on target areas for at least 10 minutes but no more than 15 minutes.
Step 2
Warm up the body a bit further with long, flowing motions, preparing the muscles for deeper touch. While relaxation massage keeps the motions of the warm up smooth and slow, deep tissue often incorporates quicker movements and kneading during warm up to help soften the superficial muscles and warm the deeper muscles.
Step 3
Slow down your motions as you begin to work into deeper, more sensitive tissues. Locate the specific muscle or ligament you would like to target and then shorten the muscle if possible. For example, if you working on deep calf muscles, you can point the toes of the foot to shorten the muscle.
Step 4
Work into the muscle with circular motions, vibration and friction, warming up the deeper tissues. When you are ready to work even deeper, lengthen the muscles, placing it in a gentle stretch.
Step 5
Use longitudinal friction to help increase flexibility and relieve general stiffness in the muscle. Use cross fiber friction to help break up scar tissue or lesions caused by recent injury. Use wide vibration to help relax the muscle or direct vibration to release pressure points. Never work deeply on one area of the body for more than about 5 minutes to prevent injuring the delicate tissues.
Step 6
Finish the massage with long, sweeping strokes towards the heart to help flush toxins and then apply ice to any area that you have worked extensively. Again, ice should be left in place for no longer than 15 minutes.


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Bringing forth a wide range of termite resistant and easy to clean Wooden Pallets, Plywood Boxes, Wooden Blocks etc. at competitive prices
About Us
Catering to the clients in Automobile, Electronics and allied industries with our unmatched packaging and logistics solutions since the year 2010, we, Alpha Safe Pack, are known as a reputed Manufacturer, Importer, Trader, Supplier and Service Provider. Our offered product range includes, Polyester Straps, Pet Strap Clips, Bubble Sheets and more while CBU Yard Management, Parts Packaging Design etc. are some of the services we offer. These products are manufactured in our 2 semi automatic production setups, where we have invested a whopping sum of 1 Crore INR on the machinery itself. Only the superior quality base material, like, Pinewood, Plywood, Polyester, Wooden Pallets, Pine Wooden Pallets etc. are used by us in the production process, which is followed by quality checks. Due to this, our offered Wooden, Plywood and Pinewood Products are known for being termite resistant, finely finished, durable, innovative designed, stain proof and easy to clean features.
With base in Tamil Nadu, we offer Straps, VCI Sheets, Cargo Lashing Belts etc. to our esteemed clientele. While our import markets are majorly China, Malaysia and Germany, our export market is spread throughout the world. In future, we plan to thrive in the business, expand it and produce Carton Box and PP Strap. Backed by a highly skilled team of professionals, who strive to work hard, we wish to be able to meet all kinds of KPI requirements of the customers. The services offered by them are famous in the industry for being flexible, personalized, prompt, reliable and cost-effective. They also offer customization on our product range, where the wooden boxes and pallets as designed as per customers' specifications. Our offered straps and Belts are known for their resistance to abrasion & corrosion, ability to absorb shocks, portability, easy, safe, reliable and quick usage etc.
It's because of our ethical business practices, wide distribution network and client centric approaches only that we have been able to achieve a long list of customers. Some of them are the globally recognized names, like Mahindra & Mahindra, Nissan India, Ashok Leyland and more.


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A smart city is a place where the traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies, for the benefit of inhabitants and businesses. Smart Dublin is an initiative of the four local authorities that make up the Dublin Region.
IDEA were delighted to have been appointed by Dublin City Council to develop a contemporary, dynamic brand for Smart Dublin and to design and programme a vibrant, responsive website to reflect the innovative nature of the Smart Cities initiative. With a tight deadline for launching at the Startup Gathering it was all hands on deck to ensure that the deadline was met! This is Phase 1 of the Smart Dublin website which can be viewed here. We are currently working on the development of Phase 2 of the website which will be live in January 2016.


text: So I have a bit of a problem. I've owned my Incredible for three, going on four months, and for the most part I have liked the phone. I've never really disliked the Inc, but haven't really ever loved it either. At first I was tempted by the X, but quickly squashed that bug, and then I was hit with the Vibrant and Captivate (belonging to friends), which I instantly took to, despite the issues. So now the Fascinate has made it's way to Verizon, and my dad, who is the primary line, is offering to take my Incredible and he'll give me his upgrade... But just when I tell myself ''JUMP'', I get hung up on it. I understand the Fascinate isn't a HUGE step up in terms of performance. I guess I'm paranoid that I'm going to leave something that works for me and end up with something worse, even though I already like the T-mo and ATT variants? So for those of you that have the phone, is it worth the switch from already owning the Incredible, or for those that swapped the Inc for the Fascinate, how do you feel about it? Thanks in advance!


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Where is Dumbuie?
Dumbuie is in the parish of Old Kilpatrick and the county of Dunbartonshire.
Grid reference: NS 4218 7517
Lat / long: 55.943628, -4.528519
Alternative names for Dumbuie
Dumbowie Hill; Dumbuie Dun; Dunbuie Hill
References (websites):
Historic sites near Dumbuie
Ancient sites
- Dumbuckcrannog (1.39 km)
- Dumbarton Rockfort (2.29 km)
- Langbank Eastcrannog (2.52 km)
- Langbankcrannog (2.71 km)
- Longhaugh Pointstanding stone (2.74 km)
- Langbank Westcrannog (4.35 km)
- Carmanfort (6.55 km)
- Dumgoyachstanding stones (12.37 km)
- Clairinshcrannog (14.93 km)
- Gleniffer Braesstanding stones (15.27 km)
- Middleton (site of)(0.62 km)
- Overtoun (site of)(0.99 km)
- Dunglass Castle(2.28 km)
- Dumbarton Castle(2.29 km)
- Bishopton House(2.65 km)
- Cardross Castle (site of)(3.74 km)
- Erskine Castle (site of)(4.17 km)
- Rossland (site of)(4.53 km)
- Boghall (site of)(5.2 km)
- Park Castle (site of)(5.61 km)
Pictish sites near Dumbuie
Pictish stones
- Hawkhill Class III cross-slab (50.99 km)
- Blackford Class I symbol stone (61.09 km)
- Tullibole Class III cross slab (68.25 km)
- Fowlis Wester Class II cross-slab (70.4 km)
- Fowlis Wester Church Class III cross-slab (70.45 km)
- Dupplin Cross Class III cross (76.7 km)
- Princes Street Gardens Class I symbol stone (82.59 km)
- Abernethy No. 3 Class III cross-slab (86.28 km)
- Abernethy No. 4 Class III cross shaft (86.28 km)
- Abernethy No. 5 Class III cross shaft (86.28 km)
Pictish sites
- Whitecleughsilver chain (67.4 km)
- Todholes (possible)silver chain (68.02 km)
- Borlandsilver chain (69.86 km)
- Norrie's Lawhoard (103.96 km)
- Haddingtonsilver chain (109.02 km)
- Whitlawsilver chain (110.46 km)
- Traprain Lawsilver chain (115.85 km)
- Hoardweelsilver chain (136.92 km)
- Torveansilver chain (169.71 km)
- Dunnicaerfort (183.61 km)
Accommodation near Dumbuie
The Abbotsford Hotel
The Abbotsford Hotel is situated north west of Glasgow and we are literally minutes from L....
Premier Inn Dumbarton / Loch Lomond
Situated in the outskirts of Dumbarton this Premier Inn is conveniently located between Gl....
Mar Hall Golf & Spa Resort
Mar Hall has become recognised as one of Scotland's Top Five Star Golf & Spa Resorts. It....
Best Western Gleddoch House Hotel & Leisure Club
Fore...! Sorry, but we really do need to make sure you look out for this hotel.Not that yo....
The Millers Guesthouse
The Millers is a Luxurious converted stable courtyard circa 1700 set in 150 acres of tranq....
Erskine Bridge Hotel
The modern Erskine Bridge Hotel is set in 18 acres of parkland on the River Clyde, 12 mile....
Beardmore Hotel and Conference Centre
The Beardmore Hotel was named Scottish Business Hotel of the Year at the Scottish Hotels o....
West Park Hotel
Located just 10 minutes from Glasgow Airport, the city centre and 20 minutes from the natu....
Cameron House Luxury Lodges
Experience relaxation at De Vere at any time of year through our uniquely flexible seasona....
The Carrick at Cameron House Luxury Lodges
Experience relaxation at De Vere at any time of year through our uniquely flexible seasona....