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Glucocorticoids (GCs) have profound effects on the immune and nervous systems during development. However, circulating GC levels are low neonatally and show little response to stressors. This paradox could be resolved if immune and neural tissues locally synthesize GCs. Here, we measured baseline corticosterone and cortisol levels in plasma, immune organs, and brain regions of developing zebra finches. Steroids were extracted using solid phase-extraction and quantified using specific immunoassays. As expected, corticosterone was the predominant GC in plasma and increased with age. In contrast, cortisol was the predominant GC in immune tissues (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen) and decreased with age. Cortisol levels in immune tissues were higher than cortisol levels in plasma. In the brain, corticosterone and cortisol levels were similarly low, providing little evidence for local synthesis of GCs in the brain. This is the first study to measure 1) cortisol in the plasma of songbirds, 2) corticosterone or cortisol in the brain of songbirds, and 3) corticosterone or cortisol in the immune system of any species. Despite the prevailing dogma that corticosterone is the primary GC in birds, these results indicate that cortisol is the predominant GC in the immune system of developing zebra finches. These results raise the hypothesis that cortisol is synthesized de novo from cholesterol in the immune system as an "immunosteroid," analogous to neurosteroids synthesized in the brain. Local production of GCs in immune tissues may allow GCs to regulate lymphocyte selection while avoiding the costs of high systemic GCs during development.
- adrenal
- altricial
- avian
- bird
- bone marrow
- brain
- bursa of fabricius
- chicken
- glucocorticoid
- hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
- hydrocortisone
- immunosteroid
- neurosteroid
- ontogeny
- spleen
- stress
- stress hyporesponsive period
- thymus
- zebra finch
glucocorticoids (GCs) affect many systems during development, including the immune and nervous systems. For example, GCs regulate apoptosis and selection of T cells in the thymus and B cells in bone marrow (16, 21, 26). Although high GC concentrations decrease thymocyte survival, intermediate GC levels can antagonize T cell receptor-signaling and increase thymocyte survival (71). In addition, GCs have important and long-lasting effects on the developing brain, such as regulation of neurotransmitter levels (36) and neurogenesis in the hippocampus (29, 42).
Despite the profound effects of GCs and stress on the immune system and brain during development, circulating GC levels are low and show only a slight, if any, response to stress neonatally. This has been coined the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP). In rats, the SHRP lasts from postnatal day (PN) 3 to about PN12 (19, 38, 56). In mice, the SHRP lasts from PN1 to about PN12 (60). In birds, plasma corticosterone levels are low during the first few days of life and show little or no increase after restraint stress (61, 64, 73).
It remains a paradox that GCs have profound effects on the immune and nervous systems during development, even though circulating GC levels are low. One hypothesis that may explain this discrepancy is that GCs are produced locally in immune organs and/or brain tissue early in development. The capacity for the developing murine thymus to synthesize GCs in vitro has been well-established. In culture, developing mouse thymic non-T cells produce pregnenolone and deoxycorticosterone after incubation with 22R-hydroxycholesterol (72). GC production in the thymus declines with age, but GC production in the adrenals increases with age (72). Furthermore, steroidogenic enzymes, including P450scc, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD), P450c21, and P450c11, are expressed in murine thymus (34, 72).
In chickens, in vitro studies suggest that the thymus and bursa of Fabricius (hereafter bursa) express all the enzymes necessary to synthesize cortisol from cholesterol, in contrast to the adrenal glands, which synthesize corticosterone (33). The bursa is a primary immune organ in birds that produces B lymphocytes and is functionally equivalent to bone marrow in mammals (1, 9). The suggestion that the chicken immune system synthesizes cortisol, not corticosterone, is surprising. Traditionally, the primary adrenal GC in birds is thought to be corticosterone, and cortisol is typically not measured in birds. Importantly, no studies have measured endogenous GC levels in immune tissues, in any species. This is a major gap in our knowledge.
There is also strong evidence that steroids are produced de novo from cholesterol in the developing and adult brain (neurosteroids). Studies in rats suggest that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and progesterone are synthesized in the brain (3, 52, 67). Neural DHEA synthesis declines during development (8). There is also evidence that estrogens are neurosteroids in songbirds, with declining synthesis during development (22, 39). There is little evidence thus far that GCs are neurosteroids. However, GC synthetic enzymes are expressed in the adult rat brain (43). Aldosterone may be synthesized in the adult rat brain (17). Because corticosterone is a precursor to aldosterone, these data indirectly suggest neural corticosterone synthesis.
Here, we measured endogenous GCs in plasma, immune tissues, and brain of a developing songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Songbirds are excellent animal models for studying local steroid synthesis in the immune and nervous systems. The avian immune system is well-characterized (9, 12), and the thymus and bursa can both be readily examined. Moreover, the avian brain robustly expresses steroidogenic enzymes (18, 20, 50, 58).
We measured corticosterone and cortisol at the day of hatch (P0), P3, and P30. First, we predicted that GC levels in plasma would be low early in development, but GC levels in immune organs and brain would be high because of the local synthesis of GCs. This result would indicate that GCs can have important effects on immune system and brain development, even though systemic GC levels are low. Second, we predicted that GC levels in plasma would increase with age as the SHRP ended, whereas local GC levels would decline with age. Third, we predicted that the primary GC in plasma and adrenal glands would be corticosterone, and the primary GC in the immune organs would be cortisol. This result would raise the possibility that corticosterone and cortisol have different functions, despite the prevailing belief that the two GCs are interchangeable.
Research was carried out under a University of British Columbia Animal Care permit (A06-0408), and procedures were approved by the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Breeding pairs of adult zebra finches were housed separately and given millet seeds, water, grit, and cuttlefish bone ad libitum. Breeding pairs were also given a food supplement consisting of boiled chicken eggs, cornmeal, and bread daily. The light cycle provided 14 h of light and 10 h of dark (lights on at 8:00 A.M.). Temperature was held constant at 23°C and relative humidity at ∼50%.
Subjects were developing male and female zebra finches at P0 (n = 16), P3 (n = 16), or P30 (n = 8) (n = 40 subjects total). Zebra finches are altricial. At P0 and P3, the chicks' eyes were closed, and chicks could not thermoregulate well (14, 78). At P30, chicks had fledged from the nest but remained in the same cage as their parents. At P0 and P3, samples were pooled from two birds of the same sex and age. In total, 136 plasma and tissue samples were analyzed for both corticosterone and cortisol.
Sample collection.
All subjects were sampled between 10:00 and 11:00 A.M. to control for possible diel changes in GCs. A blood sample was collected within 3 min [2.35 ± 0.10 (SE) min] of opening the cage. GC levels are generally at baseline if animals are sampled within 3 min of disturbance (53, 77). At P30, blood samples were taken from the brachial vein by puncturing the vein with a 26-gauge needle and collecting blood into heparinized microhematocrit tubes. At P0 and P3, because of the difficulty of collecting a sufficient quantity of blood from the brachial vein, blood was collected via cardiac puncture with heparinized 0.5-ml syringes with 28-gauge fixed needles. Blood was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. Plasma was collected with a Hamilton syringe and stored at −20°C until analysis.
Immediately after blood collection, birds were rapidly decapitated. The period from opening the cage to death was 2.52 ± 0.11 min. The brains and bodies were immediately chilled at −20°C. After 2 min, brains were dissected. Brain regions collected include the rostral telencephalon (rTel), caudal telencephalon (cTel), and cerebellum. First, the cerebellum was collected. Next, the telencephalon was bisected midway to separate the rostral and caudal sections. The rTel and cTel were then separated into the left and right hemispheres. Next, the body was dissected. The bursa was collected at all three ages. The thymus and spleen were collected only at P30 because of the difficulty of collecting these organs in the younger animals. Adrenal glands and breast muscle were also collected at P30 (n = 4), as positive and negative controls, respectively. Tissues were immediately frozen on dry ice and stored at −80°C.
Steroid extraction.
Steroids were extracted from tissue and plasma using solid phase extraction with C18 columns as previously described (45). This extraction procedure results in high and consistent steroid recoveries and effectively removes interfering substances from lipid-rich samples (45). Briefly, tissue samples were homogenized in ice-cold deionized water (dH2O). Then HPLC-grade methanol was immediately added, and samples were incubated overnight at 4°C. C18 columns were primed with 3 ml HPLC-grade ethanol and equilibrated with dH2O. Tissue samples were centrifuged at 3,000 g, the supernatant was brought up to 10 ml with dH2O, and samples were loaded on C18 columns. Plasma samples were also brought up to 10 ml with dH2O and loaded on C18 columns. Columns were then washed with dH2O, and steroids were eluted with 5 ml of 90% HPLC-grade methanol. Samples were evaporated under N2 at ∼40°C. Dried extracts were resuspended in 70 μl assay buffer (phosphate-buffered diluent provided with the cortisol assay). We used absolute ethanol (5% of resuspension volume) to aid in resuspension of steroids (45).
Steroid recovery was determined by spiking plasma and tissue pools with known amounts of radioinert corticosterone and cortisol and comparing spiked samples with unspiked samples (n = 3 pairs for each of plasma, immune tissue, and brain tissue). Recovery of corticosterone was 108 ± 4.23% in plasma, 92 ± 4.62% in immune tissue, and 95 ± 3.14% in brain tissue. Recovery of cortisol was 110 ± 1.90% in plasma, 84 ± 3.35% in immune tissue, and 110 ± 2.68% in brain tissue. Samples were corrected for recovery where applicable.
Corticosterone radioimmunoassay.
Levels of corticosterone were determined using a sensitive and specific double-antibody 125I RIA (07-120103; MP Biomedicals) that has been validated for songbird plasma and tissue samples (45, 46, 74). The detection limit was 3.12 pg corticosterone/tube. The corticosterone antibody was highly specific (Table 1). The cross-reactivities of the corticosterone antibody to the metabolites and precursors of cortisol and corticosterone were determined by us, if the information was not provided by the manufacturer. Specifically, we determined the cross-reactivity of the corticosterone antibody to cortisone and dehydrocorticosterone (Table 1).
Of the 70 μl resuspension, 20 μl were used for the corticosterone assay (29% of the sample). These 20 μl were brought up to 100 μl with the phosphate-buffered diluent provided with the corticosterone assay, and 50 μl were assayed in duplicate for corticosterone. Average coefficient of variation between duplicates was 1.8%.
Because samples were resuspended in 5% ethanol, we ensured that the ethanol had no effect on the RIA by comparing a 50-pg standard containing 5% ethanol with a 50-pg standard without ethanol (n = 3 pairs). The standard with ethanol was similar to the standard without ethanol (t = 1.35, P = 0.25). Water blanks and known standards were analyzed in each assay. All extracted water blanks (n = 10) were nondetectable for corticosterone (<3.12 pg corticosterone). For corticosterone, a 30-pg control was analyzed in each corticosterone assay (n = 4). We obtained on average 34 ± 2.15 pg. Interassay coefficient of variation was 12%.
Cortisol enzyme immunoassay.
Levels of cortisol were determined using a sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Salimetrics, 1-3012). Several cortisol assays were compared, and this assay was the most sensitive and highly specific. The cortisol assay was similar to the corticosterone assay in several respects. Both assays were highly specific, had similar detection limits, and had similar intra- and interassay variation. The detection limit was 3 pg cortisol/well. The antibody was highly specific for cortisol (Table 1). The cross-reactivities of the cortisol antibody to the metabolites and precursors of cortisol and corticosterone were determined by us, if the information was not provided by the manufacturer. Specifically, we determined the cross-reactivity of the cortisol antibody to 11-deoxycorticosterone and dehydrocorticosterone (Table 1). For the cortisol antibody, the manufacturer reported a low cross-reactivity to corticosterone (0.20%). Nonetheless, we verified this by testing, in duplicate, 1,000, 100, and 10 pg of corticosterone in the cortisol EIA, all of which were nondetectable. These results verify that cross-reactivity of the cortisol antibody to corticosterone was <0.30%.
The remaining 50 μl of resuspension (71% of the sample) were brought up to 70 μl with the phosphate-buffered diluent provided with the cortisol EIA, and 25 μl were assayed in duplicate for cortisol. Average coefficient of variation between duplicates was 1.6%. A plate washer was used to ensure that wells were washed consistently (Tecan Columbus washer: I 109011). Absorbance was measured using a plate reader (Sunrise remote: f039300) at 450 nm, with a 620-nm background correction.
Because samples were resuspended in 5% ethanol, we ensured that the ethanol had no effect on the EIA by comparing a 100-pg standard containing 5% ethanol with a 100-pg standard without ethanol (n = 3 pairs). The standard with ethanol was similar to the standard without ethanol (t = 0.94, P = 0.40). Water blanks and known standards were analyzed in each assay. For cortisol, 8 of 10 water blanks were nondetectable (<3 pg cortisol). The average amount of cortisol detected in the water blanks was 0.65 ± 0.44 pg. For cortisol, a 25-pg control was analyzed in each cortisol EIA (n = 5). We obtained on average 24.18 ± 1.33 pg. Interassay coefficient of variation was 12%.
Nondetectable samples (below the lowest standard on the standard curve) were conservatively set to zero for both assays. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 11 for Mac OS X).
Data were analyzed with mixed-design three-way ANOVA tests on each tissue and plasma, with age and sex as between-subjects variables and steroid (corticosterone vs. cortisol) as a within-subjects variable. The sex factor was not significant (main effects or interactions with another factor) in any of the analyses, and thus data from males and females were combined. The lack of sex differences is consistent with data on other songbird species (73 and K. Schmidt, E. Chin, K. Soma, unpublished observations). Where applicable, significant interactions between age and steroid were broken down into simple main effects using paired t-tests. If the interaction was not significant, significant main effects of age were broken down using Tukey's honestly significant difference test.
Steroid levels in tissues were compared with steroid levels in plasma (as in Refs. 6, 10, and 17). Note that 1 ml of songbird plasma weighs 1.005 ± 0.17 g (n = 3; unpublished observation). Mixed-design two-way ANOVA tests were performed to compare levels of GCs in plasma and tissue using age as a between-subjects variable and sample (tissue vs. plasma) as a within-subjects variable. In addition, within individuals, we subtracted plasma GC levels from tissue GC levels.
For tissues that were only collected in P30 animals, levels of corticosterone and cortisol were compared using paired t-tests, and plasma levels were compared with tissue levels using paired t-tests. Tests were two-tailed. Test results were considered significant for P < 0.05. Results are presented as means ± SE.
GC levels in plasma.
In the plasma, levels of corticosterone were lowest at P0 and increased with age (Fig. 1). Cortisol levels showed the opposite pattern and were highest at P0 and decreased with age (Fig. 1). The interaction between age and steroid was significant [F(2,20) = 9.22, P = 0.002]. A breakdown of the interaction into simple main effects revealed that corticosterone was the predominant GC in plasma at P3 (t7 = 2.73, P = 0.03) and P30 (t7 = 6.06, P < 0.001); however, corticosterone and cortisol were present at similar levels in P0 plasma (t7 = 0.24, P = 0.82).
GC levels in the immune system.
Local GC levels in the immune system were high at P0 and decreased with age (Fig. 2). Furthermore, cortisol, not corticosterone, was the predominant GC in the immune system (Fig. 2). In the bursa, there was a significant main effect of steroid that revealed that cortisol levels were significantly higher than corticosterone levels at all three ages [F(1,20) = 13.92, P = 0.002]. Furthermore, there was a significant main effect of age [F(2,20) = 8.51, P = 0.003]. Post hoc tests revealed that GC levels in the bursa were higher at P0 than at P3 and P30. GC levels in the bursa were not significantly different between P3 and P30, suggesting that there is a rapid decrease in GC levels in the bursa soon after hatch. A comparison between cortisol levels in the bursa and plasma revealed a significant main effect of sample, indicating that cortisol levels in the bursa were higher than cortisol levels in the plasma at all three ages [F(1,20) = 20.29, P < 0.001] (Table 2). In contrast, corticosterone levels in the bursa were not significantly different from corticosterone levels in the plasma [F(1,20) = 0.80, P = 0.38] (Table 2).
GC levels in the thymus and spleen were analyzed at P30 only (Fig. 2). As in the bursa, cortisol was the primary GC in the thymus and spleen. Cortisol levels were significantly higher than corticosterone levels in the thymus and spleen (t7 = 2.50, P = 0.04 and t7 = 2.45, P = 0.04, respectively). Furthermore, cortisol levels in the thymus and spleen were significantly higher than cortisol levels in the plasma (t7 = 3.77, P = 0.007 and t7 = 4.29, P = 0.003, respectively) (Table 2). In contrast, corticosterone levels in thymus and spleen were lower than corticosterone levels in the plasma (t7 = 7.57, P < 0.001 and t7 = 3.60, P = 0.008, respectively) (Table 2).
GC levels in the brain.
GC levels in the brain were low, and many samples were nondetectable for corticosterone and cortisol (Fig. 3). In the rTel (Fig. 3A), there was a significant interaction between steroid and age [F(2,20) = 7.83, P = 0.004]. Decomposition of this interaction indicated that, at P30, corticosterone levels were significantly higher than cortisol levels (t7 = 3.19, P = 0.02). At P0 (t7 = 2.25, P = 0.07) and P3 (t7 = 0.36, P = 0.75), corticosterone and cortisol levels did not differ significantly in the rTel (Fig. 3A). Corticosterone levels in the rTel were significantly lower than corticosterone levels in the plasma at all three ages [F(1,20) = 55.84, P < 0.001] (Table 2). However, cortisol levels in the rTel and plasma did not differ significantly at any age [F(1,20) = 0.71, P = 0.41] (Table 2).
In the cTel (Fig. 3B), there were no significant effects of age [F(2,20) = 2.59, P = 0.11] or steroid [F(1,20) = 2.54, P = 0.13], indicating that corticosterone and cortisol levels were similar and did not change with age. Although cortisol levels in the cTel at P0 appear higher than cortisol levels in the cTel at the older ages and appear to be higher than corticosterone levels in the cTel at P0, the interaction between age and steroid failed to reach significance [F(2,20) = 1.96, P = 0.17]. A post hoc power calculation revealed that power for this comparison was 0.75. It is possible that larger sample sizes would result in a significant interaction between age and steroid. Corticosterone levels in the cTel were significantly lower than corticosterone levels in the plasma at all three ages [F(1,20) = 17.20, P = 0.001] (Table 2). Cortisol levels in the cTel and plasma did not differ significantly at any age [F(1,20) = 1.60, P = 0.22] (Table 2).
In the cerebellum (Fig. 3C), there was a significant interaction between age and steroid [F(2,20) = 4.07, P = 0.04]. Analysis of this interaction revealed that corticosterone levels in the cerebellum were significantly higher than cortisol levels at P30 (t7 = 2.59, P = 0.04) (Fig. 3C). At P0 (t7 = 1.51, P = 0.18) and P3 (t7 = 2.11, P = 0.07), corticosterone and cortisol levels did not differ significantly. Corticosterone levels in the cerebellum were significantly lower than corticosterone levels in the plasma at all three ages [F(1,20) = 56.52, P < 0.001] (Table 2). Cortisol levels in the cerebellum and plasma did not differ significantly at any age [F(1,20) = 0.39, P = 0.54].
GC levels in the adrenal glands and breast muscle.
Analysis of GC levels in adrenal glands of P30 birds revealed that, as expected, corticosterone levels in the adrenals (2,605.03 ± 747.88 ng/g, 100% of samples detectable) were significantly higher than corticosterone levels in the plasma (t3 = 3.48, P = 0.04). Cortisol was also present in P30 adrenals, but at lower levels than corticosterone (t3 = 3.46, P = 0.04). Cortisol levels in the adrenals (68.07 ± 17.21 ng/g, 100% of samples detectable) were significantly higher than cortisol levels in the plasma (t3 = 3.93, P = 0.03).
Both corticosterone and cortisol levels were low in breast muscle, and levels of the two GCs did not differ from one another (t3 = 0.49, P = 0.66). Corticosterone levels in the breast muscle (1.38 ± 0.38 ng/g, 75% of samples detectable) were significantly lower than corticosterone levels in the plasma (t3 = 7.93, P = 0.004). Cortisol levels in the breast muscle (0.91 ± 0.46 ng/g, 75% of samples detectable) were not different from cortisol levels in the plasma (t3 = 1.57, P = 0.22).
To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure 1) cortisol in the plasma of songbirds, 2) corticosterone or cortisol in the nervous system of songbirds, and 3) endogenous corticosterone or cortisol levels in the immune system of any species. In plasma, the ratio of corticosterone to cortisol increased with age. On P0, plasma corticosterone and cortisol levels were similar; however, within 3 days, corticosterone was more abundant. In contrast, cortisol was more abundant than corticosterone in the immune system at all three ages. Furthermore, cortisol levels in the immune organs were higher than cortisol levels in the plasma. In the brain, corticosterone and cortisol levels were generally low. Brain corticosterone and cortisol levels were not different at P0 and P3, but, at P30, corticosterone levels were higher than cortisol levels.
GC levels in the brain.
GC levels in the brain were generally low throughout development. At P0 and P3, corticosterone and cortisol levels were not significantly different in the three regions examined, raising the interesting possibility that both GCs play important, but perhaps different, roles in early brain development. At P30, corticosterone was generally the most abundant GC in the brain, as in the plasma.
In all three regions studied, neural corticosterone levels were lower than plasma corticosterone levels. In contrast, neural cortisol levels were similar to plasma cortisol levels. These data suggest differential metabolism of circulating GCs by neural 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (23). Alternatively, there may be differential active transport of corticosterone and cortisol out of the brain. For example, the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier transports cortisol, but not corticosterone, out of the brain in mice and humans (30).
These results provide little evidence for local GC synthesis in the developing brain. However, there is some evidence that GC synthetic enzymes are expressed in the developing and adult rat brain (17, 43), so more studies are needed before this possibility can be excluded. For example, it is possible that the brain synthesizes GCs only after stress or only in specific regions.
GC levels in the immune system.
In the immune system, cortisol levels in the bursa are higher than corticosterone levels in the bursa at all three ages. In addition, cortisol levels in the bursa are higher than cortisol levels in the plasma at all three ages. Very similar results were obtained for the thymus and spleen at P30. With age, cortisol levels in the bursa decreased, whereas corticosterone levels in the plasma increased, suggesting that local cortisol synthesis in the immune system declines as systemic corticosterone levels increase. The abundance of cortisol in avian immune tissues is quite surprising because traditionally the primary GC in birds has been thought to be corticosterone (24, 44, 77). Nonetheless, in birds, corticosteroid binding globulin binds both corticosterone and cortisol with high affinity (76), and an intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds both corticosterone and cortisol with high affinity (68 and C. Breuner, personal communication).
These data suggest local cortisol synthesis in the developing immune system. The present results are consistent with in vitro data demonstrating that the chicken bursa and thymus contain all the steroidogenic enzymes, including P450c17, to synthesize cortisol de novo from cholesterol (33). Also, studies in mice have measured steroidogenic enzyme proteins and activities in the thymus (34, 72). Although these previous studies examined enzyme activities in vitro or cultured thymic cells (34, 72), the present study fills an important gap by measuring endogenous corticosterone and cortisol levels in uncultured tissue. Taken together, the data raise the hypothesis that cortisol is synthesized de novo in the avian immune system as an "immunosteroid" (41), analogous to neurosteroids synthesized in the nervous system (10).
It is possible that high local cortisol levels are due to the sequestration of cortisol in these organs, rather than local synthesis. However, previous studies that demonstrate steroidogenic enzymes in the bursa and thymus support the hypothesis that high levels are due to synthesis and not just sequestration (33, 34, 72). Also, in preliminary studies, we have performed short-term (24 h) incubations of bursa and thymus in vitro and measured GCs in conditioned media. We detected high levels of cortisol, but low levels of corticosterone, in the conditioned media (K. Schmidt, Y. Yu, K. Soma, unpublished observations).
The functional significance of local GC synthesis in the immune system is an important issue. GCs play an important role in the regulation of lymphocyte development. The mutual antagonism model postulates that signaling through either the GR or the T cell receptor alone induces thymocyte apoptosis. However, when both receptors are simultaneously stimulated, their signals oppose one another, leading to positive selection and thymocyte survival (21, 70). In this model, GC levels that are either too high or too low can induce lymphocyte apoptosis (26). Interestingly, when transgenic mice that overexpress GRs specifically in thymocytes are adrenalectomized, GR overexpression still leads to a decrease in thymocyte number, even though systemic GCs have been removed (49). These data suggest a role for local GCs in thymocyte selection.
Because high levels of GCs can induce lymphocyte apoptosis, one possibility is that high local levels of GCs in the zebra finch immune system suppress the development of the costly adaptive immune system, thus shunting resources to rapid body growth during early development. Zebra finches exhibit a very fast "pace of life" and reach reproductive maturity at an early age (∼P90; see Ref. 78). This life history strategy may favor reduced allocation of resources to the development of costly adaptive immune defenses (35). Thus a critical question is whether local GC production results in "high" or "intermediate" local GC levels in zebra finches. Comparative studies (35, 40) and experimental hormone manipulations (15) will be useful for resolving this issue.
Roles of corticosterone and cortisol?
Corticosterone and cortisol are often viewed as interchangeable, and a common belief is that a species has just one predominant GC, corticosterone or cortisol. However, there are species that have similar levels of the two GCs in circulation, for example, New Zealand White rabbits (69). Another study of rabbits found that, at baseline, corticosterone was the predominant adrenal GC, but, after chronic ACTH treatment, cortisol became the predominant adrenal GC (31). Thus the primary circulating GC may be context-specific.
The present results suggest that the primary GC can also be organ-specific and age-specific. Our finding that cortisol levels are highest in early development is consistent with studies showing that the adrenal glands in embryonic and newly hatched chickens produce corticosterone and cortisol at similar levels, but cortisol production by the adrenals declines soon after hatch (25, 27, 28). Our results suggest that cortisol may have unique effects during early immune system development. Both cortisol and corticosterone administration decrease the weight of the bursa in young chickens, but cortisol causes more vacuolar spaces within the lymph follicle of the bursa, suggesting that cortisol has a stronger effect on bursa histology than corticosterone (13). Interestingly, in young chickens, GRs in the bursa have a higher affinity for cortisol than corticosterone (68).
At the molecular level, steroid transporters and receptors can differentiate between corticosterone and cortisol. In mice and humans, P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier transports cortisol, but not corticosterone, out of the brain (30). Moreover, in rainbow trout, two GRs are present, and both GRs bind cortisol, the primary circulating GC in fish. However, only one GR (rainbow trout GR 2) binds 11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone, indicating that multiple GRs with differential affinities to corticosterone and cortisol can exist within a single organism (5).
Local vs. systemic signals.
Prolonged high levels of GCs in the circulation can suppress body growth (20, 55), bone deposition, digestion, immune function (57), and feather growth (54). Low systemic GC levels in developing animals could be beneficial by minimizing the negative effects of high circulating GCs (37, 56, 60). Local GC production may provide GCs where they are needed, while avoiding the "costs" of high circulating GCs.
A similar hypothesis states that circulating testosterone levels are low in songbirds during the nonbreeding season to avoid the costs of high circulating testosterone (65, 75). In nonbreeding songbirds, sex steroids can be locally synthesized in the brain, to support the expression of aggression for defense of winter territories (66).
Extra-adrenal GC production.
In addition to the immune system, evidence suggests extra-adrenal production of GCs in many organ systems (11). The genes for GC synthetic enzymes are expressed in the intestinal mucosa (7), heart (32), fetal lung (51), and skin (62).
Interestingly, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH are also locally expressed in the immune system, skin, and other tissues, potentially providing a mechanism for regulating local GC synthesis. In the immune system, ACTH is expressed in lymphocytes (4), and injection of a virus into hypophysectomized mice increases ACTH-immunoreactive lymphocytes in the spleen (63). CRH is also expressed in the thymus and spleen (2, 47). In the skin, there is evidence for local expression of CRH, CRH receptor, ACTH, ACTH receptor, and all the GC synthetic enzymes. This has been described as a "miniature hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" or "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis homolog" in the skin (48, 62, 79). Future studies will examine CRH and ACTH expression in bursa, thymus, and spleen and the effects of immune challenges.
Perspectives and Significance
The present data indicate that cortisol is present in the general circulation, immune system, and nervous system of developing zebra finches. Cortisol concentrations can be equal to or greater than corticosterone concentrations. Furthermore, circulating GC levels may not be indicative of local GC levels. Last, the ratio of corticosterone to cortisol is organ-specific and age-specific. Our results support the hypothesis that cortisol is an immunosteroid synthesized de novo from cholesterol in the developing avian immune system. Importantly, our results suggest that the identities of locally produced steroids may differ from the identities of systemic steroids. Future studies should measure mRNA for enzymes involved in GC synthesis in the developing songbird immune system and confirm high cortisol levels in the immune system using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
This research was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, and the Canada Foundation for Innovation to K. K. Soma and a NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship to K. L. Schmidt.
We thank L. Sheldon, A. Shah, and A. Newman for assistance and D. Pradhan, A. Newman, and Dr. L. Martin for comments on the manuscript. We thank Drs. G. Miller, E. Chen, and J. Weinberg for the use of their equipment and Dr. K. Wynne-Edwards for technical advice.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2008 the American Physiological Society


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Critic's Notebook: The Oscar-winning actress' stellar turn in Alfonso Cuarón's space epic displays a command and depth light years beyond previous roles.
Review: Love at its finest in 'Blue Is the Warmest Color'
Abdellatif Kechiche's near-perfect story of sexual awakening and real love, 'Blue Is the Warmest Color,' is beautiful and explicit. The truth of its emotionally raw, romantic drama is eternal and universal.
The war within, explored in 'Omar,' 'Canopy' and 'Break Loose'
Toronto film festival: War is the topic of several films at the festival. Filmmakers Hany Abu-Assad, Aaron Wilson and Aleksey Uchitel dig particularly deep.
Review: 'Runner Runner' runs hot, cold with Ben Affleck, Justin Timberlake
Ben Affleck and Justin Timberlake play it cool amid the world of online gambling, but the crime thriller runs out of steam.
TIFF 2013: A bounty of Benedict Cumberbatch performances
Benedict Cumberbatch discusses playing Julian Assange in 'The Fifth Estate,' roles in '12 Years a Slave,' 'August: Osage County.'
Review: 'Carrie' hasn't evolved much since 1976
Director Kimberly Peirce's film echoes Brian De Palma's more than it needs to, but an excellent cast helps, led by Chloë Grace Moretz and Julianne Moore.
Review: Death and the Beats' birth drive 'Kill Your Darlings'
In the drama on the group's early days, Daniel Radcliffe as Allen Ginsberg is too proper, but Dane DeHaan is a complex Lucien Carr.
Review: 'Enzo Avitabile Music Life' sits in on extended jam session
Jonathan Demme looks at the fusionist saxophonist and singer through the lens of an extended jam session in 'Enzo Avitabile Music Life.'
Review: Johnny Knoxville's 'Bad Grandpa' is higher-brow lowbrow
With 'Bad Grandpa,' Johnny Knoxville and his 'Jackass' crew add some plot and, gasp!, emotion to the usual repertoire of stupid stunts. The laughs — and something more — burst forth regularly.
Review: 'Dallas Buyers Club' led well by McConaughey, Leto
Matthew McConaughey and Jared Leto give Oscar-worthy performances in frayed-at-the-edges AIDS drama 'Dallas Buyers Club.'


text:
it is a simple question, give me a simple answer
The tax can be found by using a the simple formula T=PR ( where T is the tax P the principal and r the rate ) Therefore the principal = tax/rate. The rate could be found by using tax/principal. Hope this helps.


text:
8 Best Men's exfoliating face scrub for dry skin in India: Exfoliation is important so that the skin gets smooth and the dark spots, lines etc are faded. These are the products that can be tried and men can get a smooth clear skin. There are some very good products in the market like the face scrubs that you can ...Read More »
Tag Archives: dry skin
8 Best Dry Skin Face Wash for Men in India with Price
8 Best Dry Skin Face Wash for Men in India: When you have dry skin then you should choose the face wash for men's dry skin with care. Guys if you feel that your skin is getting dry or feel stretchy then you have dry skin surely and have to take care of the skin adequately. So what can you ...Read More »
8 Best Men's Skin Cream for Dry skin India
8 Best Men's Cream for Dry skin India: Is your skin is dry and you constantly face that stretchiness then guys you do have rough dry face. Such skin may feel stretchy and scaly, especially during winters when the weather is already dry. So, what can we do to take care of the dry skin? We can use the skin ...Read More »
Homemade Beauty Tips for Men for Oily skin, Dry Face
Homemade Beauty Tips for Men for Oily skin, Dry Face Beauty is not just for women but men too should concentrate on the beauty of their skin and personal hygiene. This care will ensure that the skin looks younger in the long run and also stays free from skin problems. None of us wants blackheads, patchy skin, uneven skin complexion, ...Read More »


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Mar 2017
In 2016, PepsiCo continues to outpace average packaged food growth, ranking second after Nestlé. With its solid snacks portfolio, established billion dollar brands and diversified product range, the company still stands out as one of the top ...
Jan 2017
PepsiCo is the world's second largest soft drinks company, with a major presence in such categories as carbonates, juice and bottled water. This report looks at PepsiCo's global operations in soft drinks, its performance in key geographies, its most ...
Dec 2016
PepsiCo is synonymous with its carbonate brand Diet Pepsi in HW. However, as consumers move away from carbonates, particularly in its core market, the US, PepsiCo's other HW brands, including Gatorade, Quaker and Naked, are becoming more important to...
Market Intelligence Systems
Passport Consumer Appliances is the leading on-line market intelligence system for strategic, corporate and marketing planning. A regional subscription delivers unrivalled levels of research and analysis for major and small consumer appliances, helping you make clear, confident decisions.
Passport Major Appliances
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Asia Pacific and Australasia
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Eastern Europe
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Middle East and Africa
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Western Europe


text: These turnips are amazing; they possess an incredible will to survive. Somehow in my gardening misadventures I had forgotten entirely about my flat of turnips, and they were left outdoors for several weeks. When I finally rediscovered the flat, it was full of weeds choking out the little turnips, most of which had caterpillar-eaten greens...but I transplanted the little guys, not holding out much hope for them, into the garden bed. Wow---they came back with a vengeance. A few weeks later, I pulled a few young ones which were delicious even raw and grew most of them to rather impressive sizes. Given their terrible early lives in the seed flat, and their transplanting to a heavy clay bed, these were incredibly successful and productive. I will definitely continue to grow this variety in future years.


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St Paul's
Music in the main services is led by the Director of Music, Keith Beniston who brings a professional approach to the more traditional aspects of music in the church, accompanied by the fine three manual TC Lewis/Hill organ, restored and modernised in 2008. The robed choir sings not only at the traditional services, but also at weddings and other special services and concerts. The latter have included the Mozart Requiem, the Nelson Mass by Haydn, semi-staged concert performances of HMS Pinafore, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music and Oliver as well as various recitals. Orchestral support is introduced on occasions especially at Christmas where the church is at full capacity. Services of Choral Evensong are held occasionally throughout the year.
Holy Cross
The robed choir supports the regular services under the direction of David Clough. The choir is augmented on occasions to sing at the annual Flower Festival Concert, and to provide support at the Village Carol service where the church is at full capacity. Music is taken into the villages at Christmas with carol singing and on special occasions such as the Queen's Jubilee, when the choirs from both churches combine.
Music making in the Benefice is one of the many strengths of the two parishes, taking high quality music out to all age groups. This is an important outreach into the communities, using local skills and talents, often of those who are not regular churchgoers.
Choir rehearsals for both churches are on Friday evenings - new members are always welcome. If you are interested, simply join us at any rehearsal. There is no audition. Some music reading ability is desirable though not essential.
Please contact:
Keith Beniston: 01923 400559 St Paul's
David Clough: 01923 264884 Holy Cross
Choral events coming up for St Paul's in 2017


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Troy Souders
awsome illustration!!
the future.....?
I want this!!!! I'd buy one for sure!
This reminds me of that freaky, weird movie! I like it.
This is interesting. It's a deep message, and even stranger in the wavy, hazy style you have designed it in. It reminds me a bit of the tree hologram from the first Lisa's future episode, but in a good way. I'd like to see maybe a space-suited father and child in a space suit being in the scene instead of the lone figure. Maybe the child could be trying to read the placard about a tree, but the father would be gazing at the tree, with knowledge of how the human civilization made something as plentiful as a tree go extinct.
Bean Bandit
love it
nice work...
i am a newbie here could you please help me w/ my designs
nathanwpyle at gmail.com
love it
wow. this is so prophetic it's scary. also, i would like it more if it looked like an actual museum. make the sign and the glass more official looking.
puffs magic dragon
love it
puffs magic dragon
how bout in blk?
FRICKINAWESOME & girllovesveggies. Thanks for constructive comment. I really appreciate. I will take in your advice and work on this illustration again!
it's awesome! :)
i actually like the lone figure, makes it much more sad
very cool. though it had a hard time staring at the figure trying to guess if it was a human or what...but aside from that this is sweet.


text:
First Tutors enables you to find a private physics teacher in Knaresborough and across the UK. Local physics tuition is an excellent way to bolster confidence as well as improving grades and doesn't have to be boring! Please use our service to search for Knaresborough physics tutors and select which best fits your needs.
First Tutors is the only place to find the most suitable Knaresborough physics tutors for your needs, helping you find a home Knaresborough physics teacher for any subject including GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Economics. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn Spanish, take a Russian course or prepare yourself for French life, we can help - and all in Knaresborough! We order physics Knaresborough teachers in your area according to their physics tuition charges and distance from you.
If you are a Knaresborough physics teacher wishing to offer your private physics tuition services in Knaresborough or the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we offer here. Private physics tuition is a fantastic way to re-affirm your own physics knowledge while helping someone else, all in your local Knaresborough area!


text:
The Northern Traditions Collection "Hunter Jacket" reflects back to the yesteryear of red and black hunting clothes, but it is not just an earlier hunting style. Name brand clothing and stores are designing and showing red and black hunter theme clothing and making it a popular, sought after look. Coordinating fabrics and color combinations make this versatile PDF pattern a must have for a variety of jackets. Be sure to check out the coordinating Sofie's Hunter Hat pattern also from Sofie Clareese Fashion patterns.
Recommended Fabrics: wool or similar fabrics and leather/suede fabrics are suitable for outer fashion fabrics and anti-static polyester lining fabric for lining
Supplies Needed:
-1/3 yd Outer Fashion Fabric (one colorway) Or 1/4 yd each of two contrasting Outer Fashion Fabrics
-1/4 yd anti-static polyester lining fabric
-1/8 yd Rib Knit for cuff and waistband in place of self fabric version
-(4-5) buttons
-(4-5) snaps 3/8" or 10" hook and loop tape (1/4" - 3/8" )
-Heavy cotton glazed quilting thread for hand basting
-Seam binding for neck
Skill Level: Intermediate
What You Get: One 33 page sewing pattern that you digitally download as a PDF file so you can start your project immediately! The PDF sewing pattern provides full color step-by-step illustrated instructions and full size pattern pieces. A PDF reader is required to view and print the files (example: Adobe Reader or Preview for MAC). The download link is received immediately after the transaction is complete. Print copies are NOT available.Download, Print, Sew!
*Creating a customer account will ensure that you have the ability to access your purchased (and free) files at any time.For detailed information and answers to the most common questions, be sure to read the Terms of Use and FAQ's related to the doll clothes patterns sold at Pixie Faire.
The Warm Winter Coat pattern is a classic style, double breasted, hooded coat, featuring easy...
The Liberty Jane® Tokyo Libby: Ginza Girl Coat is designed to fit 18 inch dolls...
Every girl needs a fashionable peacoat to keep her warm during the chilly Fall and...
The Liberty Jane® Euro Libby: Piccadilly Peacoat PDF Pattern will delight your 18-inch American Girl...
Pattern was excellent and as made it for a boy doll only tweaked it and the notions I used slightly. FTR .... I used real leather and wanted a detachable faux fur collar.
I just love these two patterns. Both are well written and easy to follow. They are also the style here in the Northeast... WARM lol
Fits doll well. Easy to sew. Love all the patterns.
I love your patterns and have got tons of them and will keep on buy from you


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Naperbrook Golf Course is located in Plainfield. At the crossroads of Naperville/Plainfield Rd. and Boughton Rd. sits a very well kept and a very reasonably priced 18 hole golf course.
The only drawback I could come up with here at this course was that the chipping green, putting green and driving range were all on-top of one another. Such a minor thing that doesn't even matter to most golfers. But I honestly had a hard time finding a negative with this piece of property.
As you know from some of my past posts, I love an open layout. I'm not a fan of walking off one hole and right across the cart path is the next tee like you get at many area golf courses. Not only is aesthetically unappealing, but it slows the pace of play. Well Naperbrook didn't disappoint in this category. All holes were spread out and helped to keep the pace of play moving along at a nice clip. There was no waiting except on a couple of the par 3s. And the course was pretty crowded.
I didn't get my usual hotdog after the turn, or a chance to eat in the restaurant, so I can't comment on the food. But the service in the clubhouse during check-in was friendly and courteous. The starter at the first tee was very accommodating at getting us out before our scheduled tee time to avoid getting caught behind two groups of foursomes that were ahead of us.
As for the golf course itself. It's pretty much caught between a links style course and your average tree lined course. Why do I say caught between? Because the rough is thick when you miss the fairway indicative of a links course, but the trees are limited. The trees that are on the course need to grow in and it's going to be one tough track. On most holes the tall praire grass is going to play hide-and-go-seek with your ball if your not accurate. Water comes into play on 12 of the 18 holes so make your shots count. A pull or a push on an arrant tee shot, or a pulled second or third shot will end up wet. The fairways and greens were in fantastic shape with the usual divots in the fairways and ball marks on the greens, but not an overabundance of either. Overall the course is very well maintained and kept. The lush green turf was a pleasure to see after all the dead and dry spots I've encountered on other courses all summer long. Kevin Carlson (course superintendent) and his crew do a wonderful job. These were the hardest greens I've putted all summer long both in speed and contour. Not only were there dips and breaks, but there were plateaus with 3 and 4 foot elevation changes to read and deal with. Pin placement was as difficult here as any course I've played. A true challenge for all golfing skill levels.
If you haven't discovered Naperbrook Golf Course in Plainfield, you need to come and play here. You'll enjoy it as much as I did I promise you.
Filed under: Course Review
Tags: bolingbrook, course review, golf, sports, west suburbs


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Congratulations! You've received your offer of admission. Here's what you need to do next.
On this page:
- Step 1: Accept your offer
- Step 2: Apply early for a study permit
- Step 3: Plan your finances
- Step 4: Find a place to live
- Step 5: Plan your degree
- Step 6: Review your requirements
- Step 7: Register for courses
- Step 8: Start your transition to UBC life
Step 1: Accept your offer
To reserve your place at UBC, most students must formally accept their offer before May 1 or June 1 (or the date indicated on your letter of admission) and pay the acceptance deposit.
▪ CAD $500 for Canadian citizens or permanent residents of Canada
▪ CAD $1,000 for international students
Log in to the Student Service Centre and click Yes, I accept this offer. You will be guided through paying your deposit, which will be credited to your first-term tuition fees.
It is essential that you review the conditions outlined in your letter of admission, maintain your grades, and submit your final transcript/report of grades required to confirm your offer.
After you accept your offer, check that UBC has your complete and current mailing address in your Student Service Centre account under Personal Info and Contact Summary. All admission packages are sent by mail or courier, and can take up to four weeks to arrive.
If you have any questions about registration, resources, or finances, contact an Enrolment Services Professional (Vancouver campus) or Student Services (Okanagan campus). Vancouver students, in June you can find your ESP in your Student Service Centre account under Personal Info and UBC Contacts.
Share the good news!
Once you've accepted your offer, why not share the good news with family and friends using the #IAMUBC hashtag.
Step 2: Apply early for a study permit
This step is for international students only.
Unless you are a Canadian citizen or permanent resident of Canada, you will need a valid post-secondary study permit to attend UBC for longer than six months. Obtaining a permit can take several months, so submit your application as soon as you accept your UBC offer.
Take some time to read up on applying for or extending your study permit. If you are under 17 years of age and want to come to Canada to study without a parent or legal guardian, you must arrange for a custodian in Canada.
UBC's Designated Learning Institution (DLI) number
As a Designated Learning Institution (DLI), UBC is issued the DLI number (it starts with the letter "O" and not zero) O19330231062. You may be asked by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) to provide UBC's DLI number when you apply for a permit or a visa.
Step 3: Plan your finances
To succeed at UBC, you and your family or financial supporters need to understand the financial commitment required, and plan accordingly. Use our online cost calculator to get an idea of what UBC will cost for you. The calculator will take into account:
- degree fees
- citizenship
- intended accommodation during the school year
- and any financial support you will receive
Try as many options as you want, and then use our budget planning worksheet to develop a financial plan that includes university costs and living costs.
Tuition at UBC varies according to degree. Be sure to check when your fees are due.
Work, loans, bursaries, and scholarships
Explore the Work Learn and Work Study programs for job opportunities on campus where you can develop your professional skills and learn in a work environment.
If you are a Canadian citizen or permanent resident of Canada, you may be eligible for federal and provincial student loans or bursaries.
If you are a U.S. student, you can apply for Direct Lend Stafford and PLUS loans through the U.S. government.
UBC is strongly committed to recognizing students for demonstrated academic excellence, community and school involvement, and leadership through our merit- and need-based awards.
Transferring money to Canada
You have several options for transferring money to Canada, including bank drafts, wire transfer services, and automated teller machines (ATMs). Banks are available on the Vancouver and Okanagan campuses.
International students can pay their UBC fees in their home currency using our international transfer method. This allows you to lock into an exchange rate for 72 hours during which time you can transfer funds to UBC via Western Union Business Solutions.
If you have concerns about finances, we can offer helpful advice.
UBC's Vancouver campus
In Vancouver, your Enrolment Services Professional (ESP) can walk you through your funding options and help you put together a customized financial plan. In June, you can find your ESP in your Student Service Centre account under Personal Info and UBC Contacts.
UBC's Okanagan campus
In the Okanagan, Student Services and Financial Support is ready to answer your questions at email@example.com.
Step 4: Find a place to live
Where you choose to live will shape your UBC experience. If you're looking for a supportive environment, close-knit community, and easy access to on-campus services and facilities, residence on either our Vancouver or Okanagan campuses is for you. If you prefer an independent lifestyle, you will find all sorts of off-campus housing options nearby.
Live in residence
All first-year students (who graduate from high school) are guaranteed a place in student housing on our Vancouver or Okanagan campuses as long as you:
- Apply for admission to UBC;
- Apply to UBC Housing (in the separate application) when you receive an offer of admission (but no later than May 1); and
- Accept your offer of admission to UBC by the date indicated in your letter of admission (but no later than June 1).
If you applied to programs on both campuses, you must complete a separate residence application for each campus.
Residence offers will be sent via email, so check your email regularly. To get information on the different residences and meal plans, housing fees, or the status of your housing application, visit the Housing website for UBC's Vancouver or Okanagan campus.
Arriving early?
The application deadline for early arrival campus housing is July 15 on our Vancouver and Okanagan campuses. If you are participating in the UBC Jump Start summer immersion program on our Vancouver or Okanagan campus, early arrival housing is included in your registration.
Live off campus
If you're considering living off campus, start by exploring the following resources for Vancouver or Kelowna. Then spend some time wandering potential neighbourhoods. Vacancy signs posted on rental properties and houses can yield some great finds.
Step 5: Plan your degree
If you're wondering which courses to take in your first year at UBC, our Vancouver campus and our Okanagan campus degree-planning charts are a great place to start.
Plan to take courses that are required by your program, degree, and faculty. Include electives that interest you.
College or university transfer students should consult the Student Service Centre to find out which courses are awarded transfer credit.
For course selection, review the Academic Calendar for the Vancouver campus or the Okanagan campus, and individual faculty websites on the Vancouver campus or the Okanagan campus.
How to read course descriptions
Here's a quick overview of course descriptions for UBC's Vancouver campus and Okanagan campus.
Connect with an academic advisor
Get advice on courses and programs from a faculty advisor on UBC's Vancouver and Okanagan campuses.
Step 6: Review your requirements
Understanding your degree requirements is a critical first step in building your timetable. Degree-specific requirements are different for each degree and vary according to where you attended high school or university. Degree-specific requirements are listed for Canadian students and International students on our website.
English requirement
Math requirement
Step 7: Register for courses
You'll register for courses online. You will be emailed your assigned registration date and time two weeks before you can register. It's important to register at that date and time – regardless of where you are in the world – to secure your first choice of courses. UBC is in Pacific Daylight Time. Registration opens in June for both campuses. Find out when to register.
Visit the Student Service Centre
Create your timetable, register for courses, check and pay your fees, and watch video tutorials online at the Student Service Centre.
Step 8: Start your transition to UBC life
Whether you are a first-year student, a student coming from outside Canada, an Aboriginal student, or a transfer student, we provide an orientation program to get your UBC experience off to a great start. This is your time to explore campus, learn how your faculty works, and set yourself up for a rewarding year.
Destination UBC and UBC Welcomes You
If you are a Canadian high school student living in Canada, you'll want to attend UBC Welcomes You on the Vancouver campus in April 2017, or Destination UBC on the Okanagan campus in May 2017 to get important advice about your transition to UBC.
Make the most of public transit with your U-Pass
Your U-Pass, which is included in your fees, offers unlimited access to local public transit. Available on our Vancouver and Okanagan campuses.
If you cannot play the "I've Been Admitted. Now What?" video, try watching it here.


text:
|Posted by darcyreadpreschool on November 2, 2016 at 12:50 AM
We ask all students to please bring the following item by the first day of school:
2 glue sticks made by Avery or Elmer's please
1 bottle of glue
1 package of colored markers (Crayola)
****Additional supplies are broken down by classes:
If you are in the 2's class please also bring:
1 package of large garbage bags 13 gallon preferably with drawstring
Eraser sponges for cleaning
1 package of cheap paper plates ( large)
If you are in the 3's class please also bring:
1 roll of duct tape colored
1 package of paper plates small (families with last names A - P)
1 box of medium zip lock bags (families with last names Q - Z)
Sanitizing wipes ( any brand)
If you are in the 4's class please also bring the following:
1 container of NON antibacterial soap refill
1 package of 500 count copy paper
1 box of large zip lock bags
Other supplies needed:
Packaged non-perishable snack items
Paper towels
Cotton balls
Any kind of stickers
White construction paper
Teacher WISH list
1 set oil pastels
Cotton kitchen towels
Thanks in advance for providing these supplies for your children.
Remember all donations are tax deductible.
Please let us know if you have any questions
Sincerely, The Darcy Read Preschool Board.
Categories: None
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It's a dark and stormy night. Red and blue revolving lights reflect off the wet brick and highlight the steam rising out of a sewer grate. As the camera pans down we see a sea of police cars and an area cordoned off with yellow police tape. Crime scene investigators snap pictures of every surface, collect samples of blood, paint, and other trace evidence, dust for fingerprints, and bag objects that might be relevant to the investigation. Read More
Development of Forensic Software to detect original paintings is not easy!
The most expensive painting ever…Read more


text:
Stock Graphic >> Pattern - Floral Web Tiles Digital Papers 56062 by Kelly Jane Creative @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 96.33 MB; Tileable: Yes; DPI: 300 DPI; Vector: Yes.
Floral Web Tiles & Digital Papers that coordinate with the other Petal Boutique sets in the shop.
12 Seamless Web Tiles
12 Seamless Web Tile EPS files
12 Seamless 12x12 Digital Papers (300 dpi)
Find more coordinating graphics in the Petal Boutique Collection:https://creativemarket.com/kellyjsorenson/collections/43199/Petal-Boutique
Keywords: web tile, seamless pattern, blog background, floral pattern, digital paper, digital pattern, petal boutique, flowers and leaves, floral design, invitation patterns, stationery patterns, wedding flowers, shower flowers, garden pattern, vintage flowers, hand drawn flowers, hand drawn leaves, hand drawn design elements, design elements.


text:
Four Seasons Hotel Alexandria at San Stefano
Select your stay dates to check availability at Four Seasons Hotel Alexandria at San Stefano
Four Seasons Hotel Alexandria at San Stefano
About the Hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Four Seasons Hotel Alexandria at San Stefano in Alexandria, you'll be close to Stanly Bridge and Bibliotheca Alexandrina. This 5-star hotel is within close proximity of Royal Jewellery Museum and Green Plaza Mall.
Make yourself at home in one of the 118 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars and DVD players. Rooms have private balconies. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary, while 32-inch LED televisions with cable programming provide entertainment. Private bathrooms with separate bathtubs and showers feature deep soaking bathtubs and rainfall showerheads.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Pamper yourself with a visit to the spa, which offers massages, body treatments, and facials. After a day at the private beach, you can enjoy other recreational amenities including a 24-hour health club and a health club. This Mediterranean hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and babysitting/childcare (surcharge).
Grab a bite to eat at one of the hotel's 7 restaurants and 2 coffee shops/cafés, or stay in and take advantage of 24-hour room service. When you are in need of a refreshing drink, visit a beach bar or one of 2 bars/lounges, or 2 poolside bars.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and a business center. Event facilities at this hotel consist of conference space and meeting rooms. Guests may use a roundtrip airport shuttle for a surcharge, and self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- 24-hour business center
- Full-service spa
- Beach sun loungers
- Total number of rooms - 118
- Number of bars/lounges - 2
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Laundry facilities
- Business center
- On private beach
- Health club
- Fitness facilities
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Outdoor pool
- Beach umbrellas
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Snack bar/deli
- Concierge services
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Fireplace in lobby
- Wedding services
- Supervised childcare/activities (free)
- Spa services on site
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Elevator/lift
- Indoor tennis court
- ATM/banking
- Hair salon
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Beach bar
- Indoor pool
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Newspapers in lobby (surcharge)
- Multilingual staff
- Poolside bar
- Number of coffee shops/cafes - 2
- Number of restaurants - 7
- Number of meeting rooms - 6
- Luggage storage
- Express check-out
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Spa tub
- Sauna
- Terrace
- Express check-in
- Free WiFi
- Children's club (free)
- Pool umbrellas
- Self parking (surcharge)
- 24-hour front desk
- Children's pool
- 24-hour health club
- Shopping on site
- Number of floors - 15
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 6
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Number of poolside bars - 2
- Steam room
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Beach towels
- Pool sun loungers
Room Facilities
- Turndown service
- Rainfall showerhead
- Minibar
- Bidet
- Free WiFi
- Separate bathtub and shower
- Daily housekeeping
- Cable TV service
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Free newspaper
- Deep soaking bathtub
- Balcony
- In-room safe
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Separate dining area
- Desk
- Climate control
- Pillow menu
- Slippers
- Hair dryer
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Air conditioning
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Room service (24 hours)
- Coffee/tea maker
- DVD player
- Free bottled water
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: between USD 0 and USD 0 for adults, USD 12 and USD 24 for children (approximately)
- Self parking fee: USD 10 per day
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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Lebanon Emotion Trailer (2013)
A man chases a woman. She runs by and then meets another man. The film shows desolate sights. The director's intention to show indescribable emotions comes up in the frames.
Watch the official Lebanon Emotion 2013 trailer in HD below or find more Lebanon Emotion videos on Vidimovie.


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Darling Darling Trailer (2005)
Meeting your new girlfriend's parents is never comfortable, but sometimes the event goes to unexpected levels of surreality. An awkward and flustered "everyteen" is forced to make small talk with his prom date's bizarre father.
Watch the official Darling Darling 2005 trailer in HD below or find more Darling Darling videos on Vidimovie.


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Hot Topics
Do actions speak louder than words? Cheryl debuts baby bump on night out.
After months of speculation, Cheryl has all but confirmed she's expecting her first child as she stepped out in a figure-hugging dress with her baby bump on full display.
Earlier this year, speculation began that the former X Factor judge and One Direction hottie Liam Payne were expecting their first child, but nothing has been confirmed since. But do actions speak louder than words?
Cheryl was positively glowing as she stepped out with her boyfriend in London the other evening wearing a tight fitted ribbed dress and showing off her bump in all its glory! However, she is still keeping her mouth shut on the pregnancy with her spokesperson telling the Press Association "Cheryl will not be commenting."
Looking heathier and happier than ever Cheryl is likely going to be giving us a lesson in maternity wear over the coming months but we are just itching to know what she and expectant dad Liam have to say about their upcoming arrival.
Do you think Cheryl and Liam should "officially" announce their pregnancy or is the silence something to be credited? Let us know over on Facebook and Twitter.


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On May 18th R2-KT marched with The 501st Legion in the Star Wars Weekends parade opening weekend. Disney was moved by KT's story and agreed she is a tribute to the love and power of Star Wars fans.You can see photos of her in the parade on the KT website right here.To celebrate, we are releasing a series of mission patches to benefit the Make-A-Wish Foundation (in honor of Katie's MAW trip to Disney in 2005). Each patch is lovingly designed by Dave Liew. They are $7 each (or a full set of three for $20 including a KT vinyl sticker from Sticker Robot) - free shipping to anywhere. Paypal to firstname.lastname@example.com and indicate which design you are ordering.
This site is not endorsed by Lucasfilm Ltd. Disney, or Twentieth Century Fox and is intended for entertainment and information purposes only. The Official Star Wars site can be found at www.starwars.com. All original content of this site, both graphical and textual, is the intellectual property of TF.N, LLC., unless otherwise noted.
© Copyright 2017 TheForce.net, LLC. Privacy Policy
If you are looking for more Star Wars Collectible news, visit Rebelscum.com!
If you are looking for Star Wars Podcasting visit ForceCast.net!
If you like R2-D2, check out R2D2Central.com!
For all other collectible toy lines, visit CoolToyReview.com!


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"It's not OK anymore to be silent," said a young mother of four children who had never been to a Gilbert Public School Governing Board meeting.
That quote shared by Anita Christy, GilbertWatch.com, who watched the dramatic twist this past week, in the fight to put audible prayer back into board meetings. She says it was an "extraordinary evening."
If you live in the East Valley, you might know of the debate regarding opening prayer at the board meetings. It's been more than a decade since prayer was replaced by the ever so politically correct "moment of silence."
Since that time, citizens have vowed not to let the matter rest. Tuesday, they were triumphant. The board returned the audible invocation. A courageous move.
Of course, this fight will never end. History, in and out of the Church, tells of the constant battle for and against recognition of God.
In my life time: 50 years ago, anti-God citizens won a biggie. The U. S. Supreme Court ruled God out, for the most part, of the public arena. It acted in response to petitions by the now infamous, Madalyn Murray O'Hare, an atheist activist whose demise was ironically by murder (another story, another time). And, with that, with each decade, evidence of Deity is being purged from plain sight; hidden, locked away because it's so "dangerous."
I believe the board voted correctly, not because I absolutely believe in God and His place in public life, but because this East Valley community is known to be filled with believers; filled with churches, of people who worship. That prayer, at that board meeting, represents the majority of citizens in Gilbert. And, I will never be convinced that children attending board meetings will be harmed by hearing someone speak to the Deity of their choice.
The admirable trend to acknowledge minority groups in our great nation has long passed its tipping point. When the minority overturns the majority regarding time honored, major issues, we need to reconsider. I'm good with courtesy, respect of other's beliefs, but still, when they tread in sacred territory (pun intended), I'm happy to show them the door.
Even the most reasonable must admit, what has replaced God does not equal that which has been banned. We now worship greed and materialism and unearned gain and government. Personal responsibility has disappeared and protection of the most fragile among us, the born and the unborn, is no longer honored. And, you and I are forced to pay from our personal bank accounts for such egregious practices.
Oh yes, we're aware the courts will do their thing, but the board's message is enormously important in this age old battle. As the young mother said, we must not go silent.
We know religion holds a vital place in society. It needs its space to do so. Every lawful voice should be heard in the public square; secular and religious. Religion is not simply private worship. It's about public expression on social and moral issues. Just as atheism is.
Anita Christy reflects: "I know this sounds a little dramatic, but honestly, it almost seemed like God was present. Maybe because His name was stated aloud so many times from a place where His name could not be mentioned, He decided to come down and find out what was going on. What a lovely thought."
• East Valley resident Linda Turley-Hansen (email@example.com) is a syndicated columnist and former Phoenix veteran TV anchor.


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M2 El-Tip Range
The M2 El-Tip range incorporates both standard and bariatric versions of the highlty effective battery-operated tilt-in-space shower, toilet and commode chair.
The standard version of the chair accommodates users up to 140kg whilst the bariatric version has been designed for those that need a wider M2 El-Tip chair that can accommodate up to 200kg in weight.
Designed to provide definitive positioning and postural management for those who are unable to maintain their body posture and require extra support when showering or toileting. The seat height of the standard chair can be adjusted using the telescopic legs to accommodate each individual user (not available on the 200kg version).
The tilt-in-space feature enables the occupant to be tilted forwards or backwards in a chair whilst maintaining the position of the knees and hips to achieve optimal, support for showering and toileting.
Tilting the body has the effect of distributing weight over a larger contact surface proving a simple way to combat the build up of pressure as well as preventing the occupant slumping and sliding into an uncomfortable position.
Manufactured from quality stainless steel with moulded polyurethane upholstery to ensure easy cleaning and durability.
As with all the H2O range, the chairs can be purchased complete with a range of accessories such as footrests, headrests and lateral supports or each accessory prescribed seperately onto a basic model depending on individual requirements.
10 day despatch promise: standard M2 El-Tip (not including 200kg version) shower, toilet and commode chairs are available for despatch within 10 working days from receipt of order.
General Use
Great mobility - easy to push!
Standard Specification
Weight Limit: 140kg/22 stone
Bariatric Specification: (200kg chair)
Weight Limit: 200kg/30 stones


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Marianna Brown Bettman
Marianna Brown Bettman is Distinguished Teaching Professor and Professor of Practice Emerita at the University of Cincinnati College of Law, where she taught torts, legal ethics, and a seminar on the Supreme Court of Ohio. She is also a former Ohio state court of appeals judge. Professor Bettman is a frequent presenter on Supreme Court of Ohio cases at Continuing Legal and Judicial Education seminars and conferences including the Ohio Judicial Conference. She also provides appellate consulting services to attorneys.
Tag Archives: No Contest Plea; Proffer
Oral Argument Preview: Properly Preserving An Off-The-Record Discussion For Appeal. State of Ohio v. Andrea Beasley.
Read the analysis of the argument here.
On May 16, 2017, the Supreme Court of Ohio will hear oral argument in the case of State of Ohio v. Andrea Beasley, 2016-Ohio-1603. At issue in this case is … Continue reading


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Fava Beans and Peas
2 c Fresh or frozen fava beans
1 c Fresh or frozen peas
1 tb Olive oil
2 Garlic cloves, minced
1 tb Fresh anise, chopped
Salt & pepper, to taste
In a heavy pot, heat the olive oil and add the salt & garlic & saute for a few minutes. The temperature should be about medium high. Add the anise & stir to mix. Add the fava beans and mix well. Add salt, pepper & water; cover the pot with a tight fitting lid. Turn down the heat & let steam cook until tender. Add the peas; stir to mix well. Cover again & steam until the peas are done, about ten minutes. Adjust salt & pepper & serve.
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"The Merry Wives of Windsor," Shakespeare's play about two smart, funny women, boasts what is possibly (oh, the speculation) one of the only original plots the Bard ever came up with. His titular heroines, Mistress Ford and Mistress Page, conspire to outsmart the conniving Falstaff as he drives to seduce and swindle them. We caught up with Veanne Cox, who plays Mistress Page in the Shakespeare Theatre's new production.
This is set right after World War I, when the British class system was really changing. How does class affect relationships in the play?
"Merry Wives" has the distinction of being the singular play that Shakespeare wrote about his contemporaries, about middle-class Elizabethan times. One of the struggles in this play for me has been not being a queen or a pauper. It's harder to be normal; the distinctions are more subtle.
"Merry Wives" is one of the only Shakespeare plays that has a really strong, central friendship between two women who aren't sisters.
Yes! It's a singular joy to see the collaboration between two smart, funny, out-for-fun women. It's shocking that Shakespeare comes around to giving us that; it's so rare.
It's a really uncommonly nuanced relationship for such a broad comedy.
I'd call it subtle, but the lengths that they go to to enjoy themselves aren't exactly subtle. I have a leading lady! I thoroughly enjoy having a leading man, always, but this is a different experience.Shakespeare Theatre's Sidney Harman Hall, 610 F St. NW; through July 15, $20-$100; 202-547-1122. (Gallery Place)


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Toronto's Comedy Festival took place September 21 – 30, 2017! If you attended this year's edition, you most likely enjoyed an exciting new way...
Case studies
October 30, 2017
In the world of web marketing, we often hear about AdWords. When it comes to this platform, the vast number of metrics and statistics can be...
August 14, 2017
The Novatech Group has recently migrated its website from Magento 1 to 2, for performance concern for consumers, but especially to simplify...
November 6, 2017
Since its foundation, L'Association professionnelle des notaires du Québec has been tasked with helping notaries work with integrity in the Quebec...
September 4, 2017
Web marketing has an impressive number of increasingly complicated expressions. Technical jargon includes plenty of acronyms but working in digital...
October 16, 2017
When working on a new digital project, content delivery is often a source of anxiety for our clients. It is also the main cause of delay in putting a...
August 21, 2017
July 3, 2017
As a non-profit organisation, the mission of L'alUMni is to develop and maintain ties with the graduates of the Université de Moncton. By grouping... Read the article
By: Cassandra Sawodny, Communications Advisor
June 26, 2017
MultipleMedia is proud to announce its new project with the CISSS de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue. As a result of its participation in the request for... Read the article
June 21, 2017
Get ready for another list of digital events to enjoy the season at its best. Need a little boost at work? There's surely something for everyone... Read the article
June 19, 2017
To meet Richelieu International's general need to provide several tools with high productivity value for its existing members, MultipleMedia has... Read the article
June 12, 2017
In response to requests for proposals from the Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC) and the Groupement des assureurs automobiles (GAA), MultipleMedia... Read the article
By: Cassandra Sawodny, Communications Advisor and Tamara Maggio, Project manager
June 5, 2017
To keep up with the good work, our digital agency called for 7 additional pairs of arms. Béranger Man of challenges and inveterate fan of sports... Read the article
May 10, 2017
Ever struggle to fit lots of information into a concise booklet, eGuide, or app? QuickSeries Publishing has just the skills to help you out. Based in... Read the article
March 21, 2017
On Thursday, February 23, I showed up to TLMUX, a new acronym, yes, but much cooler than others! Tout Le Monde (en parle) UX ("Everyone is talking... Read the article
By: Maxime Verrette, Art Director and Cassandra Sawodny, Communications Advisor


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Bombay HC issues notice to NIA, ATS
This followed a petition filed by an accused, Sudhakar Chaturvedi, claiming that officers of the terrorism squad had tampered with evidence in the case. Chaturvedi requested for a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to investigate the case.
In his petition, he blamed ATS officers of implicating him and some others. The court has asked respondents to file replies by June 26. The 2008 Malegaon blasts claimed six people and injured atleast 100 others. Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur and Lt Col Prasad Purohit were arrested in connection with the bombings.


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Part-time news reportingComplete your NCTJ Diploma while working
We are now offering the chance for you to study to become a journalist and acquire your much-coveted NCTJ Diploma on a new part-time course.
You will study towards the full journalism Diploma exams every Tuesday from 6.30pm to 9.30pm and from 10am to 5.30pm on a Saturday.
This action-packed programme will be spread over 38 weeks and the next course starts on September 20 2016. Places are limited and are expected to fill up quickly.
You will complete the full portfolio of modules required to be awarded the NCTJ's Gold Standard Diploma qualification. There will be exams in shorthand, essential media law, court reporting, public affairs, production journalism and you will be required to complete a portfolio of published work.
Our tutors are all working journalists bringing the very latest knowledge and techniques from today's digital newsrooms into the classroom.
You will have plenty of opportunity to work on real stories during the course. There will be a requirement to complete homework assignments between sessions and to work on your shorthand outside of class time.
However, you can be sure that you will be working in a supportive environment led by a course leader very experienced in managing part-time study.
Our next course starts on September 18 2018 to June 18 2019.


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Donald Trump is wasting no time in picking his cabinet positions and despite them all being qualified for the job, they have all faced considerable criticism from the liberals.
Donald Trump just publicly confirmed his Secretary of Defense as James "Mad Dog" Mattis.
According to Breitbart:
"Mad Dog Mattis," as he is known by soldiers who served under his command, is a popular leader among many who serve in America's military, largely because of his history of colorful quotes and his no nonsense approach to war.
He resigned during the Obama administration, as some reports suggested that he was pressured out of his job by civilian government bureaucrats.
"Pentagon insiders say that he rubbed civilian officials the wrong way," reported Foreign Policy reporter Thomas Ricks at the time.
Trump confirmed the news himself during a victory rally in Cincinnati, Ohio on Thursday. "We are going to appoint Mad Dog Mattis as our secretary of defense," he said as the crowd cheered. "But we're not announcing it until Monday … Don't tell anybody."
Donald Trump is taking a no nonsense approach to his cabinet as he should and is picking people with the same attitude as him.
The amount of backlash from the Liberal media is going to be epic so stay prepare for that people.
James Mattis has a lot of colorful quotes over the years but one that shows that he is no nonsense is this one. There are many more if you want to know more.


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Love bluegrass? Love fresh fruit, flowers, meat and veggies? Then the Proctor Farmers' Market is the place for you this Saturday. During market hours (9 a.m.-2 p..m) the market will host a variety of local bluegrass bands at the not-so-euphoniously-named MarketGrass day.
Musicians include The Pine Hearts and Tattered Dress, plus jam sessions for kids and adults alike, all completely free. Bring an instrument (there'll be cover provided if it rains) or just a shopping bag and enjoy the atmosphere.
And just so's you know, the market is open every Saturday through Christmas, then second Saturdays through winter.
9 a.m. – 2 p.m. Sept. 29. Kids' jam 11 a.m.-noon, adult jams all day. Free. North 27th and Proctor Streets, Tacoma. proctorfarmersmarket.com


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Louisiana Lands Yet Another Contestant on The Voice, With Lafayette's Lane Mack
Louisiana knows how to support their own so set your DVRs.
Louisiana knows how to support their own so set your DVRs.
Local metal/hard rock vocalist Chris Benefield is auditioning for "The Voice" in Nashville next month.
Shreveport, Louisiana singer Cole Vosbury may have been sent home on 'The Voice' this week, but a visit to the Today Show in New York has helped cement his place as a future star.
It's been a long, wild ride for Shreveport's Cole Vosbury. The singer made it all the way to the final 5 on 'The Voice,' but on Tuesday, Dec. 10, that journey ended. Vosbury was eliminated in the semifinals.
It's been a long and interesting journey for Shreveport's Cole Vosbury, who started out on 'The Voice' with a blind audition that leaned toward novelty and made a big mid-season move to Blake Shelton's team. But here we are, one week from the season 5 finale on Dec. 16-17, and the singer has successfully made the top 5.
Relive Vosbury's journey on 'The Voice' by watching all of his performances.
You may have seen 16 year-old Jason Kertson showing off his vocal skills recently on "The Voice", but who knew he had guitar skills as well...
Cole Vosbury performed two songs on "The Voice" last night. He started the NBC Show "The Voice" with the Hall & Oates classic "Rich Girl," but his biggest performance of the night was the James Morrison song "Better Man."


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Recently a preview premiere took place country wide to promote MARVELS new "Guardians of the Galaxy", in which viewers had the lucky opportunity to see 17 minutes of the finished film.
So far all Ive heard is that there is non-stop action, laughs, and Chris Pratt's Star Lord becomes Rocket Racoon's prison b****! Which would explain the line in the trailer "This here is OUR booty!" Originally i thought "booty" meant like money in a heist or a treasure chest or something. Nope. Its Chris Pratt!
Anyway for all of us unlucky people who did not get the chance to go to the theater and see the preview, here are some newly released Guardians of the Galaxy stills!
Check out the link because they are awesome!


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If you're trying to lengthen the pants like your kids, then don't cut and sew the band right on the hem.
DIY Refashioned Track Pants
If you're trying to lengthen the pants like your kids, then don't cut and sew the band right on the hem.
19 comments:
- ellietteDecember 16, 2014 at 5:33 PM
you're so very clever. I love this idea, thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 17, 2014 at 1:26 PM
I have so many old sweats I'm going to do this with.ReplyDelete
Love this idea...thanks for the tutorial!ReplyDelete
awesome idea... especially like that you side noted "for the littles" ;) thanks!ReplyDelete
This is so cool, I wanna try :)ReplyDelete
This is amazing. Can't wait to try!!ReplyDelete
What is the bottom part? Hem of a t-shirt? Scrap fabric?
What is the bottom part made from? Looks like a scrap of t-shirt but I can't really tell...ReplyDeleteReplies
I had an old ribbed tank I used. You could use a tshirt...Delete
- AnonymousMay 28, 2015 at 6:57 AM
This looks awesome! Like what I always say, "Why buy it when you can do it?" Imma make one of this.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 18, 2015 at 4:46 PM
super cuteee!!!ReplyDelete
Love this!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 27, 2015 at 9:25 PM
I need to try this!!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousAugust 4, 2015 at 9:16 PM
Wow owesomeReplyDelete
- AnonymousAugust 23, 2015 at 3:16 PM
Great refashioning for old baggy sweats! Dont know how to finish the upper leg part so that it doesn't pucker.ReplyDelete
Very resourceful! Great idea for old sweats. Thanks for the tutorial.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 14, 2017 at 11:16 PM