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A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal" μέταλλον Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library metal, on Oxford Dictionaries) is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). metal. Encyclopædia Britannica About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals; the others are nonmetals or metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms. Astrophysicists use the term "metal" to collectively describe all elements other than hydrogen and helium, the simplest two, in a star. The star fuses smaller atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, to make larger ones over its lifetime. In that sense, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of all heavier chemical elements, not just traditional metals. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures; these are formed as metallic allotropes of non-metals. The strength and resilience of metals has led to their frequent use in high-rise building and bridge construction, as well as most vehicles, many home appliances, tools, pipes, non-illuminated signs and railroad tracks. Precious metals were historically used as coinage.
Metals in the periodic tableThe elements which are considered as metals under ordinary conditions are shown in yellow on the periodic table below. The remaining elements are shown either as nonmetals or as metalloids of intermediate character.
Structure and bondingThe atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close-packed (hcp). In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others. In fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons, resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement. This provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat and electricity. While this flow of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions between each atom and the electron cloud. This type of bond is called a metallic bond.
ChemicalMetals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss, reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over various timescales (iron rusts over years, while potassium burns in seconds). Examples: 4 Na + O2 → 2 Na2O (sodium oxide) 2 Ca + O2 → 2 CaO (calcium oxide) 4 Al + 3 O2 → 2 Al2O3 (aluminium oxide). The transition metals (such as iron, copper, zinc, and nickel) are slower to oxidize because they form a passivating layer of oxide that protects the interior. Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all. Some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades (like aluminium, magnesium, some steels, and titanium). The oxides of metals are generally basic, as opposed to those of nonmetals, which are acidic. Exceptions are largely oxides with very high oxidation states such as CrO3, Mn2O7, and OsO4, which have strictly acidic reactions. Painting, anodizing or plating metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion. However, a more reactive metal in the electrochemical series must be chosen for coating, especially when chipping of the coating is expected. Water and the two metals form an electrochemical cell, and if the coating is less reactive than the coatee, the coating actually promotes corrosion.
Physicalcrystals]] Metals in general have high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and high density. Typically they are malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving. In terms of optical properties, metals are shiny and lustrous. Sheets of metal beyond a few micrometres in thickness appear opaque, but gold leaf transmits green light. Although most metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest. The alkali and alkaline earth metals in groups I A and II A are referred to as the light metals because they have low density, low hardness, and low melting points. The high density of most metals is due to the tightly packed crystal lattice of the metallic structure. The strength of metallic bonds for different metals reaches a maximum around the center of the transition metal series, as those elements have large amounts of delocalized electrons in tight binding type metallic bonds. However, other factors (such as atomic radius, nuclear charge, number of bonds orbitals, overlap of orbital energies and crystal form) are involved as well.
ElectricalThe electrical and thermal conductivities of metals originate from the fact that their outer electrons are delocalized. This situation can be visualized by seeing the atomic structure of a metal as a collection of atoms embedded in a sea of highly mobile electrons. The electrical conductivity, as well as the electrons' contribution to the heat capacity and heat conductivity of metals can be calculated from the free electron model, which does not take into account the detailed structure of the ion lattice. When considering the electronic band structure and binding energy of a metal, it is necessary to take into account the positive potential caused by the specific arrangement of the ion cores—which is periodic in crystals. The most important consequence of the periodic potential is the formation of a small band gap at the boundary of the Brillouin zone. Mathematically, the potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model.
MechanicalMechanical properties of metals include ductility, i.e. their capacity for plastic deformation. Reversible elastic deformation in metals can be described by Hooke's Law for restoring forces, where the stress is linearly proportional to the strain. Forces larger than the elastic limit, or heat, may cause a permanent (irreversible) deformation of the object, known as plastic deformation or plasticity. This irreversible change in atomic arrangement may occur as a result of:
- The action of an applied force (or work). An applied force may be tensile (pulling) force, compressive (pushing) force, shear, bending or torsion (twisting) forces.
- A change in temperature (heat). A temperature change may affect the mobility of the structural defects such as grain boundaries, point vacancies, line and screw dislocations, stacking faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline solids. The movement or displacement of such mobile defects is thermally activated, and thus limited by the rate of atomic diffusion.
AlloysAn alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in which the main component is a metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron ( steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness. The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while the addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels. Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. Copper alloys have been known since prehistory— bronze gave the Bronze Age its name—and have many applications today, most importantly in electrical wiring. The alloys of the other three metals have been developed relatively recently; due to their chemical reactivity they require electrolytic extraction processes. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios; magnesium can also provide electromagnetic shielding. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive applications. Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten elements.
Base metalIn chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that is easily oxidized or corroded, and reacts easily with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form metal chloride and hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is considered a base metal as it is oxidized relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. Base metal is commonly used in opposition to noble metal. In alchemy, a base metal was a common and inexpensive metal, as opposed to precious metals, mainly gold and silver. A longtime goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into precious metals. In numismatics, coins in the past derived their value primarily from the precious metal content. Most modern currencies are fiat currency, allowing the coins to be made of base metal.
Ferrous metalThe term "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word meaning "containing iron". This can include pure iron, such as wrought iron, or an alloy such as steel. Ferrous metals are often magnetic, but not exclusively.
Noble metalNoble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation, unlike most base metals. They tend to be precious metals, often due to perceived rarity. Examples include gold, platinum, silver, rhodium, iridium and palladium.
Precious metalA precious metal is a rare metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high luster and high electrical conductivity. Historically, precious metals were important as currency, but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial commodities. Gold, silver, platinum and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code. The best-known precious metals are gold and silver. While both have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in art, jewelry, and coinage. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, of which platinum is the most widely traded. The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use, but also by their role as investments and a store of value. Palladium and platinum are, as of fall 2017, valued at about three quarters the price of gold. Silver is substantially less expensive than these metals, but is often traditionally considered a precious metal for its role in coinage and jewelry.
Heavy metalA heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid. More specific definitions have been proposed, but none have obtained widespread acceptance. Some heavy metals have niche uses, or are notably toxic; some are essential in trace amounts.
ExtractionMetals are often extracted from the Earth by means of mining ores that are rich sources of the requisite elements, such as bauxite. Ore is located by prospecting techniques, followed by the exploration and examination of deposits. Mineral sources are generally divided into surface mines, which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment, and subsurface mines. Once the ore is mined, the metals must be extracted, usually by chemical or electrolytic reduction. Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures to convert ore into raw metals, while hydrometallurgy employs aqueous chemistry for the same purpose. The methods used depend on the metal and their contaminants. When a metal ore is an ionic compound of that metal and a non-metal, the ore must usually be smelted—heated with a reducing agent—to extract the pure metal. Many common metals, such as iron, are smelted using carbon as a reducing agent. Some metals, such as aluminium and sodium, have no commercially practical reducing agent, and are extracted using electrolysis instead. Sulfide ores are not reduced directly to the metal but are roasted in air to convert them to oxides.
RecyclingDemand for metals is closely linked to economic growth. During the 20th century, the variety of metals uses in society grew rapidly. Today, the development of major nations, such as China and India, and advances in technologies, are fuelling ever more demand. The result is that mining activities are expanding, and more and more of the world's metal stocks are above ground in use, rather than below ground as unused reserves. An example is the in-use stock of copper. Between 1932 and 1999, copper in use in the US rose from 73g to 238g per person. The Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report 2010, International Resource Panel, United Nations Environment Programme Metals are inherently recyclable, so in principle, can be used over and over again, minimizing these negative environmental impacts and saving energy. For example, 95% of the energy used to make aluminium from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material. Tread lightly: Aluminium attack Carolyn Fry, Guardian.co.uk, 22 February 2008. Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published reports on metal stocks that exist within society Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis 2010, International Resource Panel, United Nations Environment Programme and their recycling rates. The report authors observed that the metal stocks in society can serve as huge mines above ground. They warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells are so low that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.
MetallurgyMetallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.
ApplicationsSome metals and metal alloys possess high structural strength per unit mass, making them useful materials for carrying large loads or resisting impact damage. Metal alloys can be engineered to have high resistance to shear, torque and deformation. However the same metal can also be vulnerable to fatigue damage through repeated use or from sudden stress failure when a load capacity is exceeded. The strength and resilience of metals has led to their frequent use in high-rise building and bridge construction, as well as most vehicles, many appliances, tools, pipes, non-illuminated signs and railroad tracks. The two most commonly used structural metals, iron and aluminium, are also the most abundant metals in the Earth's crust.Frank Kreith and Yogi Goswami, eds. (2004). ''The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, 2nd edition. Boca Raton. p. 12-2. Metals are good conductors, making them valuable in electrical appliances and for carrying an electric current over a distance with little energy lost. Electrical power grids rely on metal cables to distribute electricity. Home electrical systems, for the most part, are wired with copper wire for its good conducting properties. The thermal conductivity of metal is useful for containers to heat materials over a flame. Metal is also used for heat sinks to protect sensitive equipment from overheating. The high reflectivity of some metals is important in the construction of mirrors, including precision astronomical instruments. This last property can also make metallic jewelry aesthetically appealing. Some metals have specialized uses; radioactive metals such as uranium and plutonium are used in nuclear power plants to produce energy via nuclear fission. Mercury is a liquid at room temperature and is used in switches to complete a circuit when it flows over the switch contacts. Shape memory alloy is used for applications such as pipes, fasteners and vascular stents. Metals can be doped with foreign molecules—organic, inorganic, biological and polymers. This doping entails the metal with new properties that are induced by the guest molecules. Applications in catalysis, medicine, electrochemical cells, corrosion and more have been developed.
TradeThe World Bank reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by the United States and Japan. Structure of merchandise imports
HistoryThe nature of metals has fascinated humans for many centuries, because these materials provided people with tools of unsurpassed properties both in war and in their preparation and processing. Pure gold and silver have been known to humans since the Stone Age. Lead and silver were fused from their ores as early as the fourth millennium BC. Ancient Latin and Greek writers such as Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, or Pedanius Dioscorides, did not try to classify metals. The ancient Europeans never attained the concept "metal" as a distinct elementary substance with fixed, characteristic chemical and physical properties. Following Empedocles, all substances within the sublunary sphere were assumed to vary in their constituent classical elements of earth, water, air and fire. Following the Pythagoreans, Plato assumed that these elements could be further reduced to plane geometrical shapes (triangles and squares) bounding space and relating to the regular polyhedra in the sequence earth:cube, water:icosahedron, air:octahedron, fire:tetrahedron. However, this philosophical extension did not become as popular as the simple four elements, after it was rejected by Aristotle. Aristotle also rejected the atomic theory of Democritus, since he classified the implied existence of a vacuum necessary for motion as a contradiction (a vacuum implies nonexistence, therefore cannot exist). Aristotle did, however, introduce underlying antagonistic qualities (or forces) of dry vs. wet and cold vs. heat into the composition of each of the four elements. The word "metal" originally meant "mines" and only later gained the general meaning of products from materials obtained in mines. In the first centuries A.D. a relation between the planets and the existing metals was assumed as Gold:Sun, Silver:Moon, Electrum:Jupiter, Iron:Mars, Copper:Venus, Tin:Mercury, Lead:Saturn. After electrum was determined to be a combination of silver and gold, the relations Tin:Jupiter and Mercury:Mercury were substituted into the previous sequence. John Maxson Stillman, The Story of Early Chemistry D. Appleton (1924) Arabic and medieval alchemists believed that all metals, and in fact, all sublunar matter, were composed of the principle of sulfur, carrying the combustible property, and the principle of mercury, the mother of all metals and carrier of the liquidity or fusibility, and the volatility properties. These principles were not necessarily the common substances sulfur and mercury found in most laboratories. This theory reinforced the belief that the all metals were destined to become gold in the bowels of the earth through the proper combinations of heat, digestion, time, and elimination of contaminants, all of which could be developed and hastened through the knowledge and methods of alchemy. Paracelsus added the third principle of salt, carrying the nonvolatile and incombustible properties, in his tria prima doctrine. These theories retained the four classical elements as underlying the composition of sulfur, mercury and salt. The first systematic text on the arts of mining and metallurgy was De la Pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio, which treats the examination, fusion, and working of metals. Sixteen years later, Georgius Agricola published De Re Metallica in 1555, a clear and complete account of the profession of mining, metallurgy, and the accessory arts and sciences, as well as qualifying as the greatest treatise on the chemical industry through the sixteenth century. He gave the following description of a metal in his De Natura Fossilium (1546). Metal is a mineral body, by nature either liquid or somewhat hard. The latter may be melted by the heat of the fire, but when it has cooled down again and lost all heat, it becomes hard again and resumes its proper form. In this respect it differs from the stone which melts in the fire, for although the latter regain its hardness, yet it loses its pristine form and properties. Traditionally there are six different kinds of metals, namely gold, silver, copper, iron, tin and lead. There are really others, for quicksilver is a metal, although the Alchemists disagree with us on this subject, and bismuth is also. The ancient Greek writers seem to have been ignorant of bismuth, wherefore Ammonius rightly states that there are many species of metals, animals, and plants which are unknown to us. Stibium when smelted in the crucible and refined has as much right to be regarded as a proper metal as is accorded to lead by writers. If when smelted, a certain portion be added to tin, a bookseller's alloy is produced from which the type is made that is used by those who print books on paper. Each metal has its own form which it preserves when separated from those metals which were mixed with it. Therefore neither electrum nor Stannum meaning our tin is of itself a real metal, but rather an alloy of two metals. Electrum is an alloy of gold and silver, Stannum of lead and silver. And yet if silver be parted from the electrum, then gold remains and not electrum; if silver be taken away from Stannum, then lead remains and not Stannum. Whether brass, however, is found as a native metal or not, cannot be ascertained with any surety. We only know of the artificial brass, which consists of copper tinted with the colour of the mineral calamine. And yet if any should be dug up, it would be a proper metal. Black and white copper seem to be different from the red kind. Metal, therefore, is by nature either solid, as I have stated, or fluid, as in the unique case of quicksilver. But enough now concerning the simple kinds.Georgius Agricola, De Re Metallica (1556) Tr. Herbert Clark Hoover & Lou Henry Hoover (1912); Footnote quoting De Natura Fossilium (1546), p. 180
See also
- Amorphous metal
- ASM International (society)
- Ductility
- Electric field screening
- Metal theft
- Metalworking
- Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals
- Properties and uses of metals
- Solid
- Spin transition
- Steel
- Structural steel
- Transition metal


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- Home
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- Greddy Type FV Blow Off Valve - NEW
Greddy Type FZ Blow Off Valve - NEW
GReddy Blow Off Valves are easily adjustable to eliminate compressor surge and preventing premature boost leakage, while increasing boost response between shifts. Each valve is made of durable cast and billet aluminum frame and the valve to diaphragm ratio provides performance that cheap piston types cannot offer. The spring stiffness adjustment screw and the three different sizes give the GReddy user the option to match vehicles with mild upgrades to heavily tuned engines.
Greddy FZ Design and Features
Gunmetal/Blue, adjustable floating valve, revised funnel outlet (Blue)
Floating Valve design with opposing springs, alows for improved control, response and idle.
new top hat design allow for rotating of the vacuum nipple without disassmebly of the unit.
100-400hp range
BOV gasket, nuts & bolts
Compatiable with standard 2-bolt GReddy BOV flanges and Type-RZ outlet adapters.
Works awesome
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I bought this bov to replace a greddy knock off, this one works perfect and has awesome response coming back into throttle, easy to adjust, would recommend, has a quiet sound.
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"Heart Care in elderly"
About: Princess Royal University Hospital (Orpington) Princess Royal University Hospital (Orpington) Orpington BR6 8ND
Posted via NHS Choices
I am writing for my mother who was in the PRUH for a fortnight after an emergency admission on 13th November.
She was misdiagnosed with the problem that caused her to be admitted, but whilst there she suffered what we believe to be a heart attack.
We were never told this was the problem, and she was set to be discharged from the hospital on the 19th November, before the cardiac team kept her in and moved her to the cardiac ward.
The consultants and their teams have been very kind and caring in most cases. but we did find one doctor extremely unpleasant and who totally misdiagnosed my mother's problems and accused her of being a smoker.
My mother has never smoked.
She was seen by other doctors who are now planning further tests with a view to performing a heart valve replacement by a TAVI.
The nursing and auxiliary staff were all caring and kind, but the communication between teams and the coordination was very poor, with a constant need to remind the staff present of what we had already told the previous person.
Response from Princess Royal University Hospital nearly 2 years ago
Please accept my apologies for the delay in responding to your comments.
I was sorry to learn of the difficulties that your mother experienced when she was an inpatient at the Princess Royal University Hospital in November 2015.
If you would like the Trust to investigate the issues you raise regarding misdiagnosis and communication, please do not hesitate to contact the PALS Team on email@example.com or 01689 863252.
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10 am following the 9:00 AM service
We also have a children's program available that gathers at the middle altar. For more information about that and other ministries for families with children, see that page or contact Steven Lee.
Bible Discussion
Members of the Congregation gather together to discuss the Bible readings of the day near the "American Bay" on the left side of the Cathedral as you enter. All are welcome to join.
Inquirers Discussion
Those interested in learning more about making the Cathedral their spiritual home or exploring the Episcopal Church, Baptism, or Confirmation are invited to meet the clergy for discussion and fellowship.
Treats and Fellowship
Just to the right of the middle altar, a table is set up with coffee and treats - as well as all sorts of information about the Cathedral and people who would be happy to greet you.


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It's been almost a month since I started participating in the daily object writing challenge. I've been writing everyday for ten minutes a day. I accepted the challenge to hold myself accountable to write something everyday, as well as to increase my writing skills. Object writing is writing that is sensory based; when writing, the focus is on the senses–sight, taste, smell, sound/hearing, touch/feeling (internal and external). We are encouraged to "show" vs. "tell" in our writing. If done correctly, by focusing on the senses, our readers should be able to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste what we've written.
Here's what I've learned/discovered throughout this process so far:
1. Ten minutes goes by faster than you think: Sometimes I can be on a roll with writing and my timer goes off. When I initially started the challenge I wondered how I would find 10 minutes in my day to make time to write. Now that I've been participating in this challenge for a while, I've realized that 10 minutes is such a small sacrifice of time to make in order to devote to my craft. It goes by so fast, that I'm actually excited to not only devote those 10 minutes a day, but to add even more time to the craft. After all, if this is in fact what I want to do, it shouldn't be a problem to devote time to it.
2. It's best (for me) to write first thing in the morning: When I'm alone in the quiet of the morning, I feel like I'm so much more productive. There are no interruptions or distractions. Also, if I get it done in the morning, I don't have to worry about it for the rest of the day, nor do I have to try to rush and squeeze it in after my day job, when most times I'm too tired to even think about writing, let alone doing it. Not to mention, usually after work I'm running around the house doing laundry, cooking and trying to prepare for the next day.
3. Show vs. Tell: I have to be constantly aware in my writing that I'm showing and not just telling. Of course, it's challenging (it's so much easier to tell), but it strengthens my abilities when I don't take the easy route. It causes me to really focus on what I'm writing or what I'm trying to convey. Sometimes I find myself closing my eyes, trying to actually see, smell, taste, hear and feel what I'm writing about. The group's organizer gave us an example of showing vs. telling:
Tell: "Valek was angry."
Show: "Valek took a gray rock off his desk and hurled it toward me. Stunned, I froze as the stone whizzed past and exploded on the wall behind me."
4. I need to expand my vocabulary: I've found that I use the same descriptive words over and over, so what I'd like to do is study and learn more ways to express certain things in different ways.
5. I would like to travel to expand my experiences: There's only so much I can write about if I haven't experienced it, or read about it, or talked to people well versed in the subject matter, or totally immersed myself in it. I've always liked to travel, but now I understand how important travel is to gaining perspective on life.
All in all, I've discovered that this is challenging, but worth it. I'm looking forward to continuing to participate in this challenge and I'm excited about where this will lead. Be sure to check out the "Daily Object Writing" tab above to check out what I've written thus far.


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Please remember to follow the manual of style and code of conduct at all times.
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.
User talk:Wolfy Harfleur 76700
Leaf Storm
I don't think that move has been confirmed as Leaf Storm. It could be a new move with a similar animation. Kindly keep such speculation off of Bulbapedia. —darklordtrom 10:16, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
actually it has but that's not the point now is it Ataro 10:18, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
- The point is that... too early. Just wait. We'll have the information up there eventually. Gen V's not even out yet. If we don't have it up by December, then yeah, add it in. But. It's not even September. TTEchidna 10:23, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
Link templates. OR ELSE. :D {{p|Victini}} over [[Victini]].TTEchidna 10:28, 18 August 2010 (UTC)


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posted on Wednesday, 27th June 2012 by Steve May
Positioned as a neat, wall-mountable alternative to long cable runs, the DVDO Air is a wireless HD connection system which can be used between any HD source and display.
We've seen a flood of wireless HD transmitters come to market over the past 12 months, but they often entail a compromise of two (usually on the audio front) and are generally intended for multi-room use. This DVDO solution is different. It uses WiHD technology, which operates in the 60GHz band and promises full HDMI v1.4a compliance, from 1080p 3D through to 7.1 multichannel PCM audio. It's not a multi-room solution though. WirelessHD is a line-of-site technology, although it uses a beam forming technique to sidestep this limitation to make shorter connections below 10m. For installers, this means the small, cylindrical receiver unit can be mounted behind a TV, using the bracket supplied. DVDO Air can operate in rooms up to 30m in length, when LOS is possible. Of course, working within the Extremely High Frequency band also moves the system away from any possible interference from Wi-Fi or mobile networks.
Installation involves no more than connecting the source and display to the transmitter and receiver. Lag is quotes at just 2ms. The DVDO Air is distributed in the UK by Karma AV, and has a retail price of £350. Shipping begins in July.
Steve is a veteran of the UK consumer electronics
industry, having covered it for
various media outlets for more than 20 years.
InsideCI Publisher
Contributing Editor
Freelance Journalist
posted by Steve May
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Rent rises to be restricted to once every 2 years in deal
A watered-down version of 'rent certainty', whereby landlords will only be allowed to hike prices every two years, has been agreed by the Coalition.
The long-running battle between Environment Minister Alan Kelly and the Department of Finance over how to tackle the rental crisis ended in compromise last night.
Mr Kelly has agreed to give up on his plan to link rent increases to inflation in return for tougher regulations on landlords trying to hike rents to evict tenants.
Currently, a tenant can have their rent raised every 12 months but this timeframe is set to be doubled.
The package, which will be signed off on by Cabinet next Tuesday, also contains incentives for landlords who take families off the social housing list.
"There is a suite of measures that everybody is happy with and the firm target is now for Tuesday's Cabinet meeting," said a source.
The changes will require some new legislation but sources said that this can be "done very quickly" by making amendments to the Residential Tenancies Bill 2012.
It was introduced by Jan O'Sullivan when she was Minister for Housing and deals primarily with the voluntary and cooperative housing sector.
Speaking in the Dail yesterday, Mr Kelly defended his handling of the crisis, saying that supply is the major problem but would take years to fix.
"If there is enough supply, people have options and rents will not be as high. In the long term, the most important issue is private and public supply," he said.
"Construction is the only sector in the country that has not repaired itself.
"Once it has undergone that process, there will also be supply on the private side, but it will take more time.
"The Government is considering a number of measures to address the lag in supply that will exist in the coming years."


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Who we are…?
The Kerala State Minorities Development Finance Corporation (KSMDFC) Ltd. Is a Non Banking Financial Company registered under Companies Act, 1956 under the administrative control of the General Administration (Minority Welfare) Department, Government of Kerala, with an objective to promote economic and developmental activities for the benefit of the members of notified Minority communities such as Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains & Parsis. It is a State Channelizing Agency of National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation (NMDFC), a Central Government initiative under Ministry of Minority Affairs, New Delhi.
KSMDFC implement its welfare activities with the assistance of Central Government through NMDFC and with the capital assistance of State Government. KSMDFC provides Self Employment Loan, Business Development Loan, Educational Loan, Pravasi / VISA Loan, Madrassa Teachers Housing Loan, Micro Finance and Vocational Training Programmes etc for members of notified minority communities.
KSMDFC is a wholly owned Government Company registered with an authorised share capital of Rs. 100 Crores.
Board of Directors
At Present KSMDFC Board of Directors consists of the following;,
1. Prof. A.P Abdul Vahab, Chairman
2. Dr. A.B Aliyar, Director
3. Prof. Monamma Kokkad, Director
4. Smt. P. Mymoona, Director
5. Sri. K.T Abdurahiman, Director
6. Sri. C.K Usman Haji, Director
7. Fr. Prof. Mathews Vazhakkunnam, Director
8. Sri. V.K Akber, Managing Director
9. Sri. Sidhardhan S, Director (Representative of GA(MW)D, Government of Kerala
10. Director, Minority Welfare Dept., Government of Kerala (Ex-Officio Director)
11. The Managing Director, National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation (Ex-Officio Director)
Primary objective of KSMDFC is to promote welfare and economic development of religious minorities and recommended communities as notified by the Central and State Government(s) from time to time, by providing financial assistance by way of loans, advances, guarantees, securities and other financial aids subject to the guidelines as laid down by Government.
Minority Communities
Government of India has notified following communities as minority communities;
1. Muslims
2. Christians
3. Sikhs
4. Buddhist
5. Parsis
6. Jains
Registered Office/Head Office
Its registered office is at Ground Floor, KURDFC Building, Chakkorathkulam, West Hill P.O, Kozhikode – 673572, Kerala. Ph: 0495 2769 366, 2369 366, 2368 366. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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1. Thiruvananthapuram Regional Office – 2nd Floor, Samastha Jubilee Building, Melethampanoor, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 001, Ph: 0471-2324 232. Email: email@example.com
2. Ernakulam Regional Office – 1st Floor, Minority Coaching Centre Building, Bank Junction, Aluva, Ernakulam – 683 101, Ph: 0484-2627 655. Email: email@example.com
3. Malappuram Regional Office – 1st Floor, Sunni Mahal Building, Jubilee Mini Bypass Road, Perinthalmanna, Malappuram – 679 322, Ph: 04933-297 017. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
4. Kasaragod Regional Office – Ground Floor, Bus Stand Building, Cherkala, Chengala (PO), Kasaragod – 671 541, Ph: 04994-283 061. Email: email@example.com
Our Present Schemes
1. Self Employment Loan.
2. Business Development Loan.
3. Educational Loan (Student Plus/Parent Plus).
4. Pravasi / VISA Loan.


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Study: Little Difference in Learning in Online and In-Class Science Courses
October 22, 2012
A study in Colorado has found little difference in the learning of students in online or in-person introductory science courses. The study tracked community college students who took science courses online and in traditional classes, and who then went on to four-year universities in the state. Upon transferring, the students in the two groups performed equally well. Some science faculty members have expressed skepticism about the ability of online students in science, due to the lack of group laboratory opportunities, but the programs in Colorado work with companies to provide home kits so that online students can have a lab experience.
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FSU Home → Faculty Senate → 2013-2014
Autonomous Committees
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Note: All Faculty Senate meetings are held in Room 121 in the Lyons Science Annex Building from 2:00-4:00 p.m. Called meetings are scheduled as needed.
Note: All Executive Committee meetings are held in Room 201 in the Alumni Hall from 2:00-3:30 p.m. A change in location will be posted.
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Latest Stories
Myst Television Adaptation and Companion Game Currently in Development
October 7, 2014
Talking Myst With Co-creator Rand Miller
May 7, 2014
About This Game
- Summary
- Specifications
- Game Editions
Riven is the sequel to the original Myst. Its all about the ending of the first Myst game. When you win the original game, Atrus says he needs your help in the future. You must trap Atrus' father, Gehn to save Catherine before you can leave Riven. Find out more of the future by investigating the past.
- Supported Functions
- Number Of Players: 1
- Memory Card
Riven: The Sequel to MystPublisher: Cyan Worlds, Inc.Release Date: December 15, 2010
Help us solve the toughest (or most puzzling) game puzzles and challenges.
Our attempt to answer issues which most commonly occur on IGN's wikis.


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The term "nonmaleficence" derives from the ancient maxim primum non nocere, which, translated from the Latin, means "first, do no harm." Professionals in the health sciences, and in public health practice in particular, have a tradition of utilitarian approaches, meaning that the greatest good should be accomplished through any public health action. Obligations not to harm others (e.g., through theft, disablement, or killing) are clearly distinct from, and usually more stringent than, obligations to help others (e.g., by providing benefits, protecting interests, and promoting welfare). For example, the obligation not to injure others is a societal expectation, whereas the act of rescuing someone in danger is generally considered a heroic act.
In public health research and practice, professionals intervene through asking people to participate in research by, for instance, answering questions, submitting themselves to vaccination or screening programs, through issuing health advisories, or through legislation. Under the utilitarian theory of ethics that serves as the foundation for public health, the duty not to cause harm through any intervention is interpreted to mean that any given intervention must result in more good than harm on a population basis. In medical practice, what the physician does for a patient should have a greater chance of benefiting than harming the patient. Both applications of the duty not to harm are supported by rigorous risk-benefit analyses, often based on studies of effects of animals (e.g., toxicological research of new drugs). They are enforced through regulations under administrative law designed to protect the public health interest, as well as through codes of professional practice.
A common public health concern involving the principle of doing no harm involves product safety. Harms can arise when manufactured products are used by consumers. The crucial question is whether or not adequate knowledge existed before the product went to market about the potential for harms to occur. If the manufacturer did not take precautions (e.g., adequate product testing) to ensure safety, the duty to cause no harm would have been breached because, with due care, harm could have been prevented. The breach would be real regardless of whether or not harm was intended.
The actions of individuals can also be contrary to the principle of nonmaleficence. For example, the leading cause of death in North America among people aged eighteen to thirty-four is accidental injury. The majority of these injuries involve motor vehicles. If a driver should fail to obey the speed limit or drive while intoxicated, he or she is placing other drivers in a dangerous situation. While there is no specific intent to harm, reasonable care was not taken to avoid harm. Breach of the obligation to cause no harm in the absence of a specific intent to harm is called "negligence" and may be treated as such under the law.
Colin L. Soskolne
Lee E. Sieswerda
(see also: Beneficence; Codes of Conduct and Ethics Guidelines; Ethics of Public Health )
Beauchamp, T. L., and Childress, J. F. (1994). Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Hi! My name is Lisa Loving, I'm a Dallas based freelance graphic designer and photographer. Since 2006 I have worked on a variety of projects including branding, print collateral, product photography, portraits and event photography. This site showcases some of my work which I keep updated regularly. Please take a look around to learn more about me and how I can help you! Feel free to contact me with any questions or to request an estimate. Thank you for your time and consideration I look forward to hearing from you!
Next event!
$100 Headshot Photo Special
March 7th & 8th 2015
Lisa Loving of Loving Design and Photography and Vivienne Vermuth of V for Vermuth Makeup Artistry have teamed up to offer an incredible photo package! Spots are limited so book soon, these will go quickly!
This package includes professional hair and makeup, a half hour studio session AND 2 retouched photos! More details and availability.
"I'm thrilled with my headshots from the fabulous team of Lisa Loving and Vivienne Vermuth! Vivienne is so skilled at making your vision come to life that exceeds your expectations or creating a look for you if you're unsure of what you want. Lisa really took the time to give me a wide variety of shots and guided me through the entire shoot to do different poses and angles. They're both great listeners and creative artists who truly love what they do and it shows!" – Chauncey
Facebook event page: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/3kem3vtsw9hy2dk/AACp4P2Xd1DjirMC6CeWWhvua?dl=0


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Samad is one of the most dangerous bosses on the streets - don ' even think about crossing him! If you do, just be prepared for the consequences of your actions. His main focus has always been about gettin money, and hustlin', until he meets Heat. Falling in love with her, and making her his woman, was never on his radar....
Heat's ex-boyfriend was murdered, and as a result she gave up on love, and closed her heart up thinking she would never find love...until she meets Samad. Their paths crossed for a reason. Aaron steps up filling in while the boss is away, only to find out business and money was not handled right, which opens the door questioning everyone's loyalty and position.
Moe has his eyes on Heat - he will stop at nothing until he gets what he wants, no matter who gets in the way. Unique, and ebony, are heat's best friends their bond is as strong as BFFs can be. Ebony only deals with a certain type of guy in the streets: hustlers. Her only concern is gettin' money from them, even if it means transporting a few kilos and guns state to state as long as it keeps her pockets full.
Unique is in denial about the domestic abuse going on in her relationship with her baby daddy. However, behind closed doors she deals with the abuse until one day it turns deadly. How do you kill someone, move on, and act as if nothing happened with blood on your hands, when the blood belongs to someone you once loved? Keeping it a secret was part of the plan...until the body starts decomposing....
When you cross people, be very clear murder comes along with the territory. Keep your eyes open in these streets, and your mouth closed....
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Blumz Says Handmade Matters This Valentine's Day
More Romance
- Blumz Says Handmade Matters This Valentine's Day
- PetCalls to Host Valentine's Day Fundraiser for Detroit Dog Rescue
- The Frivolist: 8 Pieces of Ridiculous Relationship Advice You Should Disavow
- From US to Canada, Western Michigan Couple Celebrates Their Love
- Bookmarks: Romance Between the Pages
- Ultimate LGBT Wedding & Anniversary Expo Celebrates Marriage Equality
- Love Day Ideas
- The Frivolist: Be Mine On A Dime: 10 Ways To Show Your Love Without Spending A Fortune
- When A Lesbian Becomes A Man
- The New Little Blue Sex Pill
- W.E.T. Detroit Hosts New Events for Queer Women to Detroit
- Looking For Love (or whatever)? Here's How To Stay Safe
- Seven simple ideas for a romantic Valentine's Day
- Valentine's Day gifts for the eco-minded
- Valentine's Day for the Romantically Challenged
- Cupid Ain't Stupid: Valentine's Gifts That'll Getcha Some
Featured Advertisers
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- Detroit Marriott Livonia
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Special Section: World AIDS Day
Rising Above
Activist Cleve Jones has lived an extraordinary life, filled with world-changing friends and figureheads from Harvey Milk to Dustin Lance Black.View More World AIDS Day
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I almost got my Bird RDA by just watching and listening for birds while my daughter sold Girl Scout cookies for an hour outside the post office this morning. Most surprising at this urban location was an Eastern Bluebird on a wire over the road. Other birds seen included Tufted Titmouse, Carolina Wren (calling from behind a house across the road), Northern Cardinal, Dark-eyed Junco, and Mourning Doves. Canada Goose, Ring-billed Gull, and Turkey Vultures flew overhead. I ended my point count at 17 species.
A quick drive past a local duck pond got me Mute Swan, Mallard, and Northern Mockingbird to get me to twenty species.
My afternoon walk netted 23 species, including, finally, a new species for my BIGBY List--Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Day List: 31 species (155% of Bird RDA)
2008 List: 221 species
BIGBY List: 47 species
Saturday, February 02, 2008
Good Bird Karma Slowly Returns
Posted by birdchaser at 4:33 PM
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The good: Go for a drive and you'll make lots of people happy. Typically VW high safety levels, build and finish quality. Plenty of room up front. Torquey 2.0-litre engine. Comfortable ride. Strong brakes.
The bad: Form severely compromises function in some respects. Poor vision around the car. Restricted rear seat space. Small boot. Agricultural gearbox. Expensive, and resale value is problematic.
The verdict: A little motorised happy pill - ecstasy on wheels.
Rating: 3 stars (out of 5).
It is often argued that buying a car is an emotive rather than a rational decision. Volkswagen certainly subscribes to this view. The spiel for the Mexican-built New Beetle presents "the logic of sunflowers, ice-cream and love" as reasons to put down $36,990 for it.
The original Beetle succeeded because, to young buyers, it was a political statement. It became the anti-car car that brought into sharp contrast the excesses of '60s consumer culture.
The New Beetle has little chance of achieving the same cachet. In 2000, idealism is for losers, thanks very much. Any old hippie will tell you that spending lots of cash on a pretty object (mass-produced in a developing country by cheap labour) that makes you go all warm and gooey is pure conformist behaviour.
Still, there's no denying that a drive in the New Beetle is a radical experience. You are perceived as completely non-threatening. People on the street smile at you, as though Beetle ownership confers "nice-person" status.
Underneath the timeless Beetle body is a VW Golf. The main floor structure, brakes, suspension and components are shared. The engine - up front and driving the front wheels - is the relatively low-powered 2.0-litre four used in the Golf GLE.
A five-speed manual gearbox is standard, with the four-speed auto adding $2,200.
The New Beetle may trade on nostalgia, but its safety credentials are, thankfully, more in line with current standards than those of the '60s. Two front and two side airbags, four-wheel anti-lock disc brakes with electronic force distribution, the latest seat belt technology and crash-absorbing body engineering contributed to the Beetle's high score in US crash tests.
It is also much less likely to flip on its roof than its evil-handling predecessor, and the headlights illuminate more than the bumper.
Performance has nothing to do with the Beetle idea, so the 2.0 is an appropriate engine. It has plenty of mid-range torque, and pulls the higher gears in a smooth, relaxed fashion - revving it hard produces only more noise. The manual is a bit agricultural, especially the shift from first to second gears.
Premium unleaded - at 90-plus cents per litre - is recommended.
The suspension is tuned for a soft, supple ride in line with the preferences of American buyers. On the road, it feels larger and heavier than a typical hatch, with relatively low cornering limits, some body roll and float on bumps or undulations, and accurate but distinctly non-sporting steering. It is, however, quite predictable and easy to drive, and its Continental tyres impart secure roadholding.
The ABS is powerful and progressive, cutting in relatively late, as it should, but the softly sprung front end dips under hard pedal pressure. Ride comfort is excellent, and very little road shock reaches the cabin.
Like all VWs, the New Beetle feels extremely tight and solid, as evidenced when you swing open the heavy doors. Much of the non-structural body work is plastic - including the bumpers and wheel arches, bolted on for easy removal. The galvanised steel body shell carries a 12-year warranty against rust. Build, fit and finish quality match the VW's high price tag.
On first impression, the New Beetle's cabin is dazzlingly light, bright and multicoloured - it looks too toy-like to be real. Nearly a metre of dash stretches, people mover-style, from the driver's seat to the base of the windscreen.
The large, flat front seats are comfortable but provide little side support. Long travel ensures plenty of leg room for all drivers, and the domed roof provides unlimited headroom.
In several other respects the New Beetle's aesthetics compromise practical aspects. Vision around the car is poor. When parking, you have no idea where the extremities are, and over-the-shoulder vision is restricted - changing lanes requires a long look. The side mirrors are too small to cover adjacent lanes properly, and are positioned too far forward.
A height- and tilt-adjustable wheel and height-adjustable driver's seat are provided, but the compromised vision will make life difficult, particularly for shorter drivers.
The retro dash, with its circular binnacle and large, central speedo (lit at night in cool blue) is as cute as can be, but the cup-holders won't take a small bottle, the sunglasses-holder is too small and, with the wheel pushed in near the dash, your hands easily bump the indicator wand and audio controls.
Standard equipment includes air-conditioning, an in-dash CD player/radio/six-speaker audio system, remote central locking, immobiliser, power mirrors and front windows (which can also be raised or lowered by holding the key in the driver's door lock) and adjustable headlights.
The back seat is suitable for two kids only; taller adults will make head contact with the rear window. Passengers sit under glass, with no opening side windows. Access, via a single lift-slide mechanism on the front seats which returns them to the adjusted position, is better than the average three-door hatch.
Folding the rear seatback forward extends the small, shallow boot. Lifting the seat base also provides a long floor, but the front seats must be pushed too far forward for most drivers to be comfortable. When you close the boot, the doors lock, which makes no sense.
It would be futile to suggest that the New Beetle is a better or worse car than comparably priced hatches, because no-one who buys it will be interested in such a comparison.
Vital signs
Engine: 2.0-litre eight-valve fuel-injected four-cylinder.
Power: 85kW at 5,200rpm (below average).
Performance: O-100km/h in 11.7 secs (slowish).
Brakes: Discs with ABS (good).
Economy: 7-8 litres/100km highway (average); 10-12 city (slightly above average).
Prices: Recommended retail - $36,990; $39,190 auto. Street price - $500 off.
Main options: Metallic paint, $695; sunroof, $1,990.
Warranty: Three years/60,000 km/roadside assistance (average).
Residual value: Too early to tell.
Safety rating: Good.
Alternatives: None - wait for the new Mini.


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King's Castle Theatre proudly presents: Dublin's Irish Tenors and The Celtic Ladies. This group of five of Ireland's finest tenors and four of its loveliest ladies perform some of the best music of the 20th Century, including famous Irish classics, opera, pop and swing.
Their unique blend of timeless traditional folk ballads with adult contemporary and classical will appeal to all ages.
Two superb Irish groups together in one magical concert! With welcoming Irish charm and polished performances, these groups will win your heart as they whisk you away to the Emerald Isle. Come see why this is one of the best selling shows in Branson! Reserve your tickets now!
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1026 Cornwall B UNIT 1026b, Boca Raton FL, 33434
Sold Price:
2 beds , 1 Full/1 Half baths
880 sqft
Status: Sold
Last Updated: 11/21/2017 12:01 AM
Description for 1026 Cornwall B UNIT 1026b Boca Raton, FL 33434
Magnificent waterfront view in this 2 bedroom condo. Short walk to the clubhouse and to worship. CAN LEASE RIGHT AWAY NO WAITING PERIOD
Sold Price:
Sold Date:12/15/2016
Cornwall/Century Village
Palm Beach
1 Full/1 Half
880 (approx)
Magnificent waterfront view in this 2 bedroom condo. Short walk to the clubhouse and to worship. CAN LEASE RIGHT AWAY NO WAITING PERIOD
Listing Information
Cornwall/Century Village
Electric Water Heater, Public Water Service
Public Sewer
Cable TV, Electric service available
Room Information
Living/Dining Combo
Interior Features
Dishwasher, Disposal, Electric Range/Cooktop, Refrigerator
Ceramic Tile, Carpet
Central Air, Electric, Ceiling Fan(s)
Electric Heating, Central
Single Hung, Sliding
Guard At Gate
Smoke Alarm, Unfurnished, Domed Kitchen, Walk-in Closets
Exterior / Lot Features
Assigned Parking Space, Guest Parking, No Parking
Tar Gravel
Water Front, Lake
Community Features
Driving Directions
E side of Lyons between Glades and Palmetto for Gate to Century Village
Financial Considerations
Market Trends and Price History
Current market conditions for 1026 Cornwall B UNIT 1026b
Active Market Trends
Source: MLS DATA
Median list price$124,950
Days on market156
Properties for sale536
Sold Market Trends
Source: MLS DATA
Median sold price$109,950
Sales to list price91.1%
Properties sold172
Median sq ft price$112
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History
Boca Raton Real Estate
Boca Raton is located in Florida. Boca Raton, Florida 33434 has a population of 93,235.
The median household income in Boca Raton, Florida 33434 is $71,867. The median household income for the surrounding county is $52,878 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Boca Raton 33434 is 46 years.
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GraphicRiver Bifold Business Brochure 7447232
Category: Print Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Bifold Business Brochure 7447232
Print Template \ Brochures \ Corporate
Fresh \ Design \ Printed \ Template \ Creative \ Corporate \ Bifold \ Fold \ Brochure
Print Template - Bifold Business Brochure 7447232 by sydnetec @ GraphicRiver
Print Template \ Brochures \ Corporate
Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD; Layered: Yes; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS5; Print Dimensions: 8.5x11.
PSD Bifold Brochure Template for Business. All is layered,grouped and named.
Easy to edit.Smart object used,easily you can replace photo here.
Photo not included,download link attached in help file.
File Information.
- Size: 11×8.5 In
- Pages:Bi-fold brohcure (08 pages)
- Resolution: 300 dpi
- Color mode: CMYK
- Bleed: 0.25 in
- Working file: Photoshop cs,
- Files included: Photoshop cs5 (psd)
- Font used.
bebas neue
Thank you for Purchasing
Travel Agency Flyer; Business Flyer Template; Trifold Brochure- Business; Corporate Flyer Template; Bifold Real Estate Brochure; Trifold Brochure-Beauty Salon; Real Estate Brochure-8 Pages.
Keywords: 2 fold, bifold, brochure, business, clean, corporate, creative, design, fresh, printed, psd, template.


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Selected by ABURY
Iona Feather Earrings - Black
Black and Gold Iona Feather Earrings by Fiona Paxton
Sold Out
- Iona Feather Earrings - Black -
by Fiona Paxton
Iona Feather earrings in black are sustainably stylish. These gorgeous earrings are handmade of goose feathers held in a metal case dangling on fine brass chain, adding an elegant but quirky touch to your unique style.
- Handmade in India
- Locally sourced in the UK
- Accented with goose feathers
- Earring hooks are gold plated.
- FIne brass chain
- Length from the ear is 11 cm
More Information
This is a lovingly handmade Fiona Paxton piece of jewellery made with care, tenderness and attention to detail. To extend its life and get years of cherished wear, please treat it delicately and carefully. Keep out of direct sunlight and store it safely when not being worn. Avoid all contact with water, perfume, moisture and makeup. The colour and tone of the piece may mellow and change throughout its lifetime; this is part of the quality of the piece and is to be enjoyed and treasured.


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Simple MP3 Player 01
Features: - streaming player - highly cutomizable from XML - continuous play - after the song list has been fully played the player will start from the beggining - change gradients/transparency levels/animation type/animation time/ player's position relative to the scene/toggle backgrounds on/off/ toggle the shadow/ toggle background stroke/ change the text's position/ change the text/font size/font color/ change the speakers size - another cool feature you can change from xml: you can set the player's volume and it's starting state (playing or paused/mute) The package comes with three xml's/three skins. Enjoy this new release from OXYLUS Flash.Visit publisher site: Simple MP3 Player 01
Listing Details
- Version:
- 1.0
- Filed in:
Scripts / Flash / Components
- Submitted on:
- Last Updated:
- Mar 4, 2009
- Publisher:
- OxylusFlash Other listings by this publisher
License & Pricing Information
- License Type:
- Commercial
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text: Chris plays himself as a low-key, nebbishy rock star fumbling sincerely with mundane neighborhood & bizarre rock god situations, with the help but more often, hindrance of his band & manager/ex-girlfriend (Kristine Dattilo). His TV band includes 3 of his real long-time back-ups (Hershel Yatovitz, Rolly Salley & his droll drummer Kenney Dale Johnson. Frequent music biz guest stars play themselves and jam with sharply-dressed nice guy Chris, such as Trisha Yearwood and Billie Joe Armstrong.


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Only a few hours after the Vancouver Supercross was over we received an email from the Chief Altruistic Officer of Wonder Warthog Racing, Scott Kandel. The email from Scott was brief:
"Jimmy finished 6th in his first SX ever!!"
With that we knew that Jimmy would make a great story for our first edition of the WWR Privateer Update. A new addition to transworldmx.com, the Privateer Update will serve as a weekly update on how privateers—specifically the WWR Interns and Hog Haven Riders—are fairing in Supercross. If you're not familiar with these new Wonder Warthog programs, check out our Friday Feature article from a few weeks back. While WWR's full efforts don't begin until Anaheim One in January, a few of the interns did make their way to Canada for a little pre-A1 racing.
One of those riders was Jimmy Albertson, and as Scott reminded us in his email, Jimmy had a very impressive debut in his first pro Supercross race. With the fastest lap time in both of his practice sessions and a third place in his Lites heat race, Albertson was looking solid when it came time to line up for the Lites Main Event. And solid he was, as Jimmy piloted his MDK/WWR/Yamaha around the loose and rocky Vancouver track to a sixth place finish.
While Jimmy Albertson is fortunate enough to be a WWR Intern, make no mistake, he is still a privateer; and as the life of a privateer often dictates Jimmy's drive home to California from Canada proved to be a long one. When we called Jimmy on his cell phone, he was pulling into Sacramento after fixing a third blowout on their motor home. Fortunately his strong performance in Vancouver had Jimmy in good spirits…
Hey Jimmy, thanks for taking time to be a part of our first WWR Privateer Update. Tell us how things went for you in Vancouver.
Things went real well. Tuesday or Wednesday we had just gotten the new stock '07 bike in, and I knew some buddies that were going up to race Supercross, so we decided to go race it. Since they're our new sponsor we stopped by MDK first to drop off some bikes to get done. I rode one of their outdoor bikes last year and the motor was really good on it, so I asked them if I could ride it, and sure enough they let us take that bike up to Vancouver. I put my suspension on it, and just went up there and raced. We figured any experience, is good experience.
For the last couple months I've really been riding a 450 on Supercross track, so it was kinda weird hopping on a 250F again, but as the week went on I got better and better. It went really good.
So you rode an MDK bike up in Vancouver?
Yeah, one of their Yamahas; it was awesome. The bike had like 12 or 13 hours on it, and it was still really fast, so we were pumped about that. We just got my suspension back from Enzo, and it was working good, but was a little bit soft since we hadn't done any testing on it. It was just the first stuff they sent out, so I can't wait to get some testing done to get ready for Anaheim one.
So you're plan for the season is to run West coast lites?
Yeah, west coast lites.
How is being part of the WWR Intern program working out?
Right now it's been great; we've been getting a lot of stuff in, and getting bikes in. Everything's going great and moving along quick. It's helped out a lot for sure. Right now we're not signing any contracts, so if I'm putting up good results and something happens with anybody on a big team—I hate to say I'd leave the team because they've helped us out so much, but I guess that's the whole idea of the program, so it's real cool.
It's pretty unique, for sure, that this is the only team in the pits whose goal it is to get their riders off the team.
[BRACKET "Laughs"] Yeah it is, but they're really cool, for sure.
For some of our readers that may not be reaal familiar with your background, tell us more about yourself.
I'm from Billings, Missouri. I'm 18 years old, and I've been racing bikes since I was little. When I turned about 13 we started doing all the amateur nationals and I've got some intermediate championships, some national championships and some pro national championships. I guess my last year at Loretta's didn't go as well as planned. I still ended up getting on the podium with a third, but it didn't go as well as I thought it would. I struggled with fitness a little bit coming into the pro class, but now I'm working with Ryan Hughes and everything's been getting better and better. Hopefully I can work out my kinks and Anaheim one will go really well.
So Vancouver was your first Supercross race?
Yeah, it was my very first one, and it's kind of a bummer because I haven't really been on Supercross tracks much. I mean for me to go out and race against guys I've raced my whole life that are on factory teams, it's kind of a bummer because I think with a little more time under my belt, I think have the same potential as some of them. But this is going to work out good because with MDK doing our bikes we have some good people around the team, and it will be a great success.
You talk about guys you've raced against your whole life being on factory and satellite teams. What do you think makes the difference for guys getting on a factory team at a young age, versus those that have to work at it more?
You know, it definitely makes it a lot easier for those kids. But if everything is given to you that easily, maybe you won't appreciate it as much. I think for a guy like me that has been passed up a little bit, it's going to make me want to work a little harder and not take any of this for granted. By me not getting a ride, yeah it sucks, but if you never give up you'll eventually be there. If you look at guys like Tedesco or Andrew Short, they didn't start out on factory teams, they just kept on trying and now they're riding on the factory teams. A lot of guys that don't get rides just give up, but you've just got to keep on trying no matter what.
I guess that's the point of the Wonder Warthog program; to take guys like you that maybe had small things not go their way and hook you up with trainers, bikes, transportation and other pieces you need to push to the next level.
It will be good because we don't have to stress with things like driving. I mean this weekend we drove like 20 hours up to Vancouver, and then on the way back we had three blowouts on the motor home. Right now I would have been home for like a day if I 'd flown back.
So once the WWR season officially gets started your bikes will be transported to the races, and you guys will fly out?
Yeah, it will be just like a regular satellite team, except we will have like ten Hog Haven riders pitting out of the back of the semi as well.
I don't know if the average fan realizes how much the transportation alone will help you guys out financially.
Not only that, but when you're having to drive across the country as a privateer you're not eating right, you don't get the proper rest, and you can't be focused. You're driving down the road just eating wherever and not getting enough sleep because you're driving all night. How can you expect to beat a guy who's training all week and flying to a hotel where he can rest and focus on his race the next day?
The program sounds like it's really going to help out, and we're sure the WWR pit will be a popular stop for fans. Thanks for the update, Jimmy.
Yeah, I think it will be a good atmosphere to be around for sure. Thanks.
Brady Sheren—also a WWR Intern—had a good showing in Vancouver as well. He finished fourth in his heat race, and 12th in the Lites Main.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 22, 2005
|Filing date
|Apr 29, 2004
|Priority date
|Jul 17, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Amit Lal, Chung-Hoon Lee
|Original Assignee
|Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (6), Classifications (20), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/441,735, filed May 20, 2003, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/617,478, filed Jul. 17, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,249, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made with United States government support awarded by the following agencies: NSF 9632527. The United States government has certain rights in this invention.
This invention pertains generally to the field of surgical instruments and similar devices, to micromechanical systems, and to ultrasonically actuated instruments.
Various types of hypodermic needles have been developed for the injection of substances, e.g., drugs, into the body, or the withdrawal of body fluid samples, e.g., blood. For drawing blood samples from a vein, the subject's blood pressure may be sufficient to pump the blood sample through the bore of the hypodermic needle to a container. In situations where a needle is used to withdraw samples of other body fluids, it is generally necessary to use some type of mechanism to draw or pump the body fluid through the needle to a container, for example, a plunger attached to the needle which can be manipulated to provide a sufficient vacuum draw on the needle to draw the fluid sample through the bore of the needle into the container of the plunger.
While conventional hypodermic needles that can be manipulated by hand by medical personnel have been successfully used for many years for withdrawing relatively large samples of blood and other body fluids, the use of such needles is, of course, accompanied by some tissue damage as the needle punctures the skin and subdermal tissues of the subject. This incidental tissue damage becomes particularly a problem if repeated sampling is required, for example, for monitoring of blood sugars by diabetics or in other situations where it is desirable to be able to closely monitor the levels of blood components or drug levels within a patient. Efforts have thus been directed to the development of miniaturized needle systems which are capable of very lightly puncturing the skin, and in some cases limiting penetration to the dermal layer of skin to collect interstitial fluid in the dermal layer without puncturing capillaries beneath the dermal layer. Examples of such systems are shown in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,582,184, 5,682,233, 5,746,217 and 5,820,570. The small size of the needles and the small amounts of interstitial fluids that are withdrawn through the needle complicate the problem of drawing fluids through the needle to a sample container or a sample chamber.
It has been found that ultrasonically actuated needles will pump fluid from the distal end of the needle to its proximal end under appropriate conditions. Such needles can also be fabricated using microelectromechnical fabrication techniques. See, A. Lal, et al., "Silicon Micro-Fabricated Horns for Power Ultrasonics," Transducers 95, June 1995, Stockholm, Sweden; A. Lal, et al., "Micromachined Silicon Ultrasonic Needle," IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Nov. 7-10, 1995, Seattle, Wash., U.S.A.; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,569,968 and 5,728,089 to Lal, et al. A limitation of the use of such ultrasonically actuated needles for body fluid sampling is the potential damping of the vibration of the needle as it is inserted into relatively stiff skin tissue. The damping of the vibrations of the needle by skin tissue reduces the efficiency of pumping of fluid from the needle. Further, increasing the amplitude of the vibrations applied to the needle to overcome the loss of efficiency may result in excessive disruption of the body tissue penetrated by the needle by virtue of the mechanical displacement, cavitation, and localized heating of tissue caused by the vibrations.
In accordance with the present invention, an ultrasonically actuated needle pump system provides efficient pumping of body fluids with minimal disruption of body tissue adjacent to the needle. Ultrasonic pumping action occurs through the needle system without interference with the pumping action by the skin or other body tissue which is penetrated. The needle system is well-suited to the extraction of precisely controlled amounts of fluid for purposes such as sampling of interstitial fluid.
The needle pump system of the invention includes an outer, stationary tubular needle having a distal end, which may have a penetrating tip, and a hollow bore. An inner tubular needle is mounted in the bore of the outer needle. The inner and outer needles may be formed as any type of elongated hollow structure acting as a conduit for fluid, and may have any desired cross-sectional shape in addition to the common round inner and outer surfaces for such conduits. The distal end of the inner tubular needle is located adjacent to, at or spaced slightly away from, the distal end of the outer needle. An ultrasonic actuator is coupled to the inner tubular needle at a position away from the distal end to selectively drive the inner needle in longitudinal mode vibrations at ultrasonic frequencies. The inner needle is free to vibrate independently of the outer needle, and the outer needle is not vibrated and is essentially stationary. The outer needle may, for example, be formed of metal in a conventional fashion with a sharp, penetrating tip, and the inner tubular needle may be formed of a capillary tube which may be formed of a transparent material, such as glass, which facilitates inspection of the contents of the inner needle as it is pumped therethrough. It is found that, in accordance with the invention, the vibration of the inner tubular needle results in highly efficient pumping of fluid from the distal end of the needle system, e.g., at the penetrating tip of the outer needle, to the proximal end opening of the inner tubular needle. Such pumping action occurs when the distal end of the needle system is inserted into a sample of liquid by itself as well as when the needle system is used to penetrate skin tissue. Because the outer needle is stationary, it does not mechanically disrupt or heat the adjacent body tissue, and the surrounding outer needle shields the vibrating inner needle from contact with body tissue so that no damping of the vibrations of the inner needle occurs.
It is also found in accordance with the invention that the needle system of the invention may be utilized to pump fluid from a container at the distal end and to efficiently atomize the liquid at an open proximal end of the inner needle.
Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
A simplified cross-sectional view of an ultrasonically actuated needle pump for fluid sampling or atomization in accordance with the invention is shown generally at 20 in FIG. 1. The ultrasonic pump includes an outer tubular needle 21 having an inner bore 22, which may be circular as shown, a distal end 24 which has an end opening 25 that may be formed blunt as shown (or the opening may be cut on a bias to form a penetrating tip), and a proximal end 26. A tubular inner needle 28 is mounted within the bore 22 of the outer needle 21 and is not secured to the surfaces of the bore 22 so that it can move longitudinally without substantial interference from the outer tubular needle 21. The inner tubular needle 28 has a distal end 30 which, as shown in
When power is supplied to the ultrasonic actuator 35 to vibrate the inner needle 28 in longitudinal mode vibrations, illustrated by the lines 40 in
The ultrasonically actuated needle pump system of the invention is particularly advantageous in the extraction of interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid in skin has major lymph-related metabolite molecules which are filtered across the capillary walls from blood in the capillaries. A major advantage of sampling interstitial fluid is the minimal degree of invasive penetration of tissue, typically requiring penetration only 100 to 500 microns beneath the skin surface, which minimizes pain and the risk of infection. The needles 21 and 28 of the present invention can be fabricated in small sizes, adapted for low voltage driving, which are well-suited to portable interstitial sampling units. It is also understood that the ultrasonic actuated pump of the present invention can be used in the reverse direction to deliver drugs into the skin from a drug supply at the proximal end of the inner tubular needle by appropriate arrangement of the outer and inner needles and choice of ultrasonic drive actuator frequency.
The present invention can be fabricated in a variety of ways using various materials. The inner and outer needles may be formed of tubes of various materials such as metals, glass, and silicon. Silicon based devices can be formed as described in the above referenced patents and publications by Lal, et al. An example of an ultrasonic actuated pump system in accordance with the present invention that is well-suited for interstitial sampling is shown at 50 in FIG. 2. The pump 50 is formed of an outer silicon base frame 51, a silicon horn 52 for concentrating ultrasonic energy at the tip 53 thereof, an outer (hypodermic) needle 54 having a penetrating tip 55 at its distal end and preferably formed of metal (e.g., stainless steel), and an inner tubular needle 57 which may be, for example, a glass capillary tube having a hollow bore, with a proximal end 58 and a distal end adjacent to the distal end 57 of the outer needle at the position indicated at 59 in FIG. 2. The outer hypodermic needle 54 is bonded to the base frame 51, e.g., by utilizing an adhesive such a cyanoacrylate. The inner capillary tube needle 57 extends out of the proximal end 60 of the outer tube 54 and is bonded, e.g., with cyanoacrylate, to the silicon horn 52. The silicon horn 52 is connected to and supported by the outer frame 51 by bridge connectors 61 which essentially allow the horn 52 to be vibrationally isolated from the frame 51. The bridge connectors are preferably joined to the horn 52 at the position of a vibrational node of the horn to minimize transmission of vibrations through the base 51 to the outer needle 54. As indicated below, the horn 52, the connectors 61, and the outer frame 51 may be formed from a unitary piece of silicon by conventional silicon machining techniques. An ultrasonic actuator 64, e.g., a lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic, is bonded to the silicon horn 52, for example, by using a glue such as cyanoacrylate. An ultrasonic driver 65 is connected by wires 66 to the piezoelectric actuator 64 to provide oscillatory electrical power thereto, typically in the frequency range of 100 KHz to 1 MHz or higher. Exemplary dimensions for the device of
The ultrasonically actuated pump system 50 of
The foregoing pump structure was used to pump liquids from the distal end 55 to the proximal end 58, with atomization found to take place when the proximal end 58 is open to the atmosphere. The resonant frequencies of the ultrasonically vibrated system formed of the needle 57, horn 52, and actuator 64 were determined utilizing electrical impedance measurements, and several resonant frequencies, corresponding to different structural resonance modes, were found to exist. The resonant operation results in large motion at the distal end 59 of the inner needle, resulting in efficient pumping. The frequency of most efficient pumping of water was found to be at 625 KHz. Other resonant frequencies occurred at 456 KHz and 920 KHz, but with less reliable or stable pumping. To test the characteristics of the pump, two different liquids, water and ethyl alcohol, were pumped to determine differences in pumping action for the different types of liquid. It is understood that other liquids, such as perfume, will also be efficiently pumped by this type of pump system. As illustrated in
A particular advantage of the ultrasonic pump of the present invention is that the high efficiency of pumping through the needle is not degraded by contact of the needle with skin or other body tissue. Because the stationary outer needle 21 is in contact with the skin and shields the vibrated inner needle 28 from such contact, no substantial damping of the vibrational resonance of the inner needle 28 occurs. The action of the needle system upon insertion into tissue can be simulated as shown in
The ability of the ultrasonically acatuated needle pump of the present invention to efficiently pump liquid from the distal end to the proximal end is believed to be due to two pumping mechanisms. A first is acoustic streaming inside the space in front of the inner needle and inside the outer needle. The ultrasonic motion induces a toroidal motion of liquid. This steady state motion of fluid, even though the actuation is at a high frequency, is a result of the nonlinear acoustic streaming phenomenon. The nonlinear connective part of the Navier-Stokes equation, which governs fluid motion, produces a steady state time-averaged force in the presence of sinusoidal pressure waves. This phenomenon has been described in e.g., Bradley, C. E., "Acoustic streaming field structure: the influence of the radiator," J. Acous. Soc. Am., September 1996, vol. 100, no.3, pp. 1399-408; and Jackson, F. J., et al., "Sonically-induced micro-streaming near a plane boundary. I. The sonic generator and the associated acoustic field," J. Acous. Soc. Am., vol. 32 no. 10, October 1960, pp. 1243-1250. Acoustic streaming has been analyzed for vortex generation from a rigid piston. See, e.g., Jackson, F. J., "Sonically-induced micro-streaming near a plane boundary. II. Acoustic streaming field," J. Acous. Soc. Am., vol. 32, no. 11, November 1960, pp. 1387-1395; and Nyborg, W. L., "Acoustic streaming," in Physical Acoustics (W. P. Mason, ed.), vol. 2B, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 1949, pp. 1415-1422.
In the present invention vortices are observed but the positive pressure at the center of the toroidal vortex results in pumping the liquid. While vortex generation and pumping occurs even for a single needle, the outer needle focuses the acoustic field inside the outer needle and results in a much more active vortex. The outer needle also forms an acoustic resonator between the active inner capillary needle and the adjacent orifice of the outer needle. An acoustic impedance exists at the faces at the distal ends of both the outer and inner needles. This effective impedance results in a buildup of acoustic intensity inside the resonator. This has been seen as an effective higher pumping force when the distance between the driving inner capillary distal end and the outer needle distal end is tuned to be one wavelength or half wavelengths in the liquid.
In addition to the acoustic streaming generated vortex due to the acoustic field induced in front of the inner capillary tube, there also exists a shear field in the liquid on side surfaces of the needles. The needle walls shear the fluid surrounding them while pushing the liquid in front of it. The shear field decays exponentially in a characteristic length called the shear viscous depth. An expression for this depth is
where v is the kinematic viscosity and f is the frequency of the ultrasonic field. The shear viscous depth for water ranges from less than a micron to a couple of microns in the frequency range of 100 KHz to 1 MHz for water. The time averaged acoustic streaming force in the shear field results in a steady movement of the flow as well. This is believed to be a secondary effect in pumping of the fluid on the surface wall of the inner capillary.
Another possible explanation for pumping is ultrasonic cavitation induced higher average pressure in front of the driving needle. However, in the present invention intensities may be used (˜0.1 W/cm2) that are much lower than what is needed for cavitation at the frequencies of ˜500 KHz. Cavitation is believed to be nearly negligible at frequencies above 100 kHz.
As noted above, the present invention is particularly well suited to use in sampling interstitial body fluid obtained from the dermal layer of tissue, in which only slight penetration of the skin is required. To facilitate control of the depth of penetration into the skin and to increase the amount of fluid drawn for analysis, the present invention may be embodied in a needle array based pumping apparatus, as illustrated generally at 90 in a side view in FIG. 14 and in a top view in FIG. 15. The pumping apparatus 90 includes a lower mounting plate 91 (e.g., of stainless steel), to which an array of outer hypodermic needles 92 having penetrating tips 93 at their distal ends are fixed, e.g., by tapping tightly into holes 95 in the mounting plate 91. Hollow inner needle tubes 96 are inserted into the bores of the outer needles 92, each inner needle having a distal end 97 which is preferably positioned spaced from, but closely adjacent to the penetrating tip 93 of the outer hypodermic needle tube 92. An upper vibration transmitting plate 100 (e.g., of stainless steel) is mounted to the lower plate using spacers 101 formed of, e.g., silicon. The spacers 101 secure the two plates 91 and 100 together but reduce vibrational coupling between the two plates since only the upper plate 100 is to be vibrated during pumping. In addition, the spacers 101 can also be vibrational actuators, such as PZT plates, so that drive power can be supplied to such actuators to vibrate the outer needles 92, to facilitate initial penetration into the skin, after which such actuators are turned off during ultrasonic pumping. The capillary-like inner needles 96 are passed through holes 102 in the upper plate 100 and into the bores of the outer hypodermic needles 92. The inner capillary tube needles 96 are adhesively attached to the upper plate at the holes 102 by, e.g., cyanoacrylate so that the inner needles will be vibrated by the upper plate. Exemplary dimensions for the holes 95 in the lower plate 91 and the holes 102 in the upper plate 100 (which may be formed by electrical discharge machining) are 300 micrometers and 100 micrometers, respectively. Ultrasonic actuators 105 comprising PZT plates are then adhesively mounted onto the upper surface of the upper plate 100, e.g., with cyanoacrylate. The two actuators 105 are mounted to the plate to provide a bimorph structure. Each of the plates 105 can be driven by a separate ultrasonic driver. The power applied to the two piezoelectric actuators 105 is provided at voltage levels and frequencies that are found to provide an appropriate resonance of the plate and inner needle structure and to yield the desired pumping action of liquid through the inner capillary tube needles 96.
It is understood that the invention is not confined to the particular embodiments set forth herein as illustrative, but embraces all such modifications thereof as come within the scope of the following claims.
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|International Classification
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|European Classification
|Aug 21, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 23, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 26, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12