text:
Oxidative Damage to DNA and Lipids as Biomarkers of Exposure to Air Pollution
[do action="authors"]Peter Møller, Steffen Loft[/do][do action="affiliations"]Department of Public Health, Section of Environment Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark[/do][do action="citation-string"]Environ Health Perspect 118:1126-1136 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901725 [online 01 August 2010] [/do]
[do action="abstract"]
Background: Air pollution is thought to exert health effects through oxidative stress, which causes damage to DNA and lipids.
Objective: We determined whether levels of oxidatively damaged DNA and lipid peroxidation products in cells or bodily fluids from humans are useful biomarkers of biologically effective dose in studies of the health effects of exposure to particulate matter (PM) from combustion processes.
Data sources: We identified publications that reported estimated associations between environmental exposure to PM and oxidative damage to DNA and lipids in PubMed and EMBASE. We also identified publications from reference lists and articles cited in the Web of Science.
Data extraction: For each study, we obtained information on the estimated effect size to calculate the standardized mean difference (unitless) and determined the potential for errors in exposure assessment and analysis of each of the biomarkers, for total and stratified formal meta-analyses.
Data synthesis: In the meta-analysis, the standardized mean differences (95% confidence interval) between exposed and unexposed subjects for oxidized DNA and lipids were 0.53 (0.29–0.76) and 0.73 (0.18–1.28) in blood and 0.52 (0.22–0.82) and 0.49 (0.01–0.97) in urine, respectively. The standardized mean difference for oxidized lipids was 0.64 (0.07–1.21) in the airways. Restricting analyses to studies unlikely to have substantial biomarker or exposure measurement error, studies likely to have biomarker and/or exposure error, or studies likely to have both sources of error resulted in standardized mean differences of 0.55 (0.19–0.90), 0.66 (0.37–0.95), and 0.65 (0.34–0.96), respectively.
Conclusions: Exposure to combustion particles is consistenly associated with oxidatively damaged DNA and lipids in humans, suggesting that it is possible to use these measurements as biomarkers of biologically effective dose.
[/do][do action="abstract"]Key words: biomarker, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation products, oxidative stress, particulate matter[/do]
[do action="notes-rule-above"]Address correspondence to P. Møller, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Postbox 2099, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark. Telephone: 45-35-32-76-54. Fax: 45-35-32-76-86. E-mail: email@example.com[/do][do action="notes"]This work was supported by grants from the Danish Research Councils.[/do][do action="notes"]The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.[/do][do action="notes"] Received 24 November 2009; accepted 27 April 2010; online 01 August 2010.[/do]
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) from combustion processes contributes substantially to cardiovascular and pulmonary ill health and premature mortality globally (Brook 2008; Salvi and Barnes 2009). PM represents highly complex mixtures with large variations in size, chemical composition, shape, surface, reactivity, and charge, in both time and space, due to variable sources, atmospheric chemical reactions, and meteorological conditions (Sioutas et al. 2005). Nevertheless, for exposure assessment for epidemiological association with health outcomes and regulation, PM is usually only considered as mass defined by size cutoff at 2.5 and 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively). These measures are often little affected by ultrafine particles (UFPs) from, for example, diesel engine emission because of their low mass, although UFPs are thought to have important health effects due to their high alveolar deposition, small size (≤ 0.1 μm in aerodynamic diameter), large surface area, and potential to translocate (Delfino et al. 2005). Moreover, in epidemiological studies, exposure levels are often assigned crudely and groupwise according to air monitoring data and sources near the residence, because the modest individual risks require large numbers and long observation times to assess. Personal exposure can be assessed by portable monitors or carefully registered time–activity patterns in well-defined microenvironments of exposure in small numbers of subjects (Zou et al. 2009). However, the internal dose of PM also depends on breathing patterns and airway deposition, and cardiovascular and other systemic effects of PM require further translocation of PM constituents or signaling molecules or cells from the airways (Mills et al. 2009). Oxidative stress with inflammation is thought to be central in the mechanisms of action for both the pulmonary and extrapulmonary health effects of PM (Mills et al. 2009; Risom et al. 2005). Thus, biomarkers of oxidative stress should serve as proxy measures of the true internal exposure to PM to compare potential health impacts of different sources in both small controlled exposure settings and large population approaches. Oxidative modification of DNA and lipids are particularly relevant for cancer and cardiovascular disease where oxidative stress in the circulation is important (Mills et al 2009; Risom et al. 2005). Experimental studies in animals and cell cultures have consistently shown that combustion-related PM induces oxidative stress and DNA damage in relevant organs and cells (Møller et al. 2008a, 2010). In our experience the effects on biomarkers of oxidized DNA and lipids are observed within a lag period < 24 hr after the exposure to PM.
A number of studies of PM exposure in humans have applied biomarkers of oxidative damage to DNA and lipids in the blood compartment or in terms of products excreted in urine or exhaled breath condensate (EBC), as outlined in Table 1. The biomarkers of oxidatively damaged DNA include 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) or the corresponding deoxynucleoside 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) measured in DNA and urine, the exocyclic M1 adduct to guanine (M1dG), and lesions detected as sites in DNA sensitive to formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) and endonuclease III (ENDOIII). The biomarkers of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products include conjugated dienes (CDs), lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (TBARS), and F2-isoprostanes measured in EBC, plasma, serum, or urine. However, a systematic approach is required to evaluate the validity of their use as biomarkers of biological effective dose in this context. We undertook a systematic review of the published studies to assess the extent and consistency of associations between exposure to combustion-related PM and the biomarkers of oxidative damage to DNA and lipids.
Summary of biomarkers of oxidatively damaged DNA, nucleobases, and LPO products used in studies of the effect of combustion particles.
Materials and Methods
Studies included in meta-analysis. The publications were identified by searches in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, as well as reference lists in the identified papers [see Supplemental Material for the search strategy (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901725)]. We included studies that investigated measures of effects of environmental air pollution exposure. This encompassed studies of subjects who had been exposed at work to environmental air pollution (e.g., policemen exposed to traffic exhaust). We excluded studies on occupational exposures to air pollution, such as metal smelting or incineration, because these are characterized by exposure to other air pollution components than those found in urban air. We searched for publications with reported data on LPO products and oxidatively damaged DNA by means of the biomarkers outlined in Table 1 in airways, the blood compartment, and urine. Isolated leukocytes, lymphocytes, or mononuclear blood cells are all referred to as white blood cells (WBCs). We used the term "oxidized nucleobases" for the urinary excretion of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGua because they are not measured in DNA. Tables 2–5 summarize details of the included studies. The results from some of the studies have been reported in multiple publications; we discuss these as studies rather than as individual publications because they originated from the same investigation.
Summary of controlled exposure studies on exposure to air pollution PM from combustion processes.
Summary of panel studies on exposure to air pollution PM from combustion processes.
We stratified the studies into three broad categories: controlled exposures, panel studies, and cross-sectional studies. Studies with controlled exposure to air pollution PM are the most robust type of design as either crossover studies or parallel groups of subjects exposed to air pollution constituents or filtered air. In panel studies, samples are collected from the same individuals at different times of the year in order to exploit contrasts in exposure due to temporal changes. This study design minimizes the influence of interindividual variation because the subjects are their own controls. However, the design is vulnerable to confounding because other factors such as diet and sunlight show temporal (e.g., seasonal) variation, which can affect the value of the biomarker as shown, for instance, for DNA damage in WBCs detected by the comet assay (Møller and Loft 2006; Møller et al. 2002). In addition, the quality of the panel study depends on the exposure characterization; personal exposure characterization shows a closer association with biomarker levels than does exposure assessed from stationary monitoring stations (Sørensen et al. 2003a, 2003b, 2003c; Vinzents et al. 2005). Cross-sectional studies have a less controlled design than do the panel studies because the exposure gradient is obtained by collecting samples from subjects from different geographical areas or occupations. The cross-sectional studies can have optimal exposure characterization, but confounding can be a problem because individual factors such as lifestyle, including diet, may influence the biomarker and covary with the exposure. This problem typically arises, for instance, when policemen and office personal or subjects from rural and urban areas are being compared.
We critically analyzed the studies with special focus on suboptimal exposure assessment and the quality of biomarkers. We referred to these problems as potential measurement error in the exposure assessment and biomarkers because they can be regarded as systematic errors that may affect the validity. Figure 1 outlines the relationship between the measurement error in exposure assessment and biomarker. We should emphasize that specific studies included in our analysis may have other sources of bias, including selection bias and small numbers of observations, which can affect the estimated effect size in a particular study.
Types of errors in studies of the effect of combustion air pollution. oxDNA, oxidatively damaged DNA.
Measurement error in exposure assessment. The primary exposure assessment in our analysis is the mass concentration of particles as PM2.5 or PM10 or the number concentration of UFPs. The exposure characterization encompasses data obtained from stationary monitor stations and personal monitors. We regarded personal exposure to PM as the optimal exposure assessment; for studies without PM measurements we regarded data on ambient gasses [nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), or sulfur dioxide], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and benzene as indirect estimates of PM exposure with greater potential for error. Similarly, the urinary excretion of metabolites of PAHs [e.g., 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP)] and benzene [S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and trans,trans-muconic acid (tt-MA)] generated by their biotransformation are potentially biased estimates of the ambient concentration of PM, although they may be important biomarkers of internal dose of the parent compound. The measured PM showed the strongest association with the biomarkers of oxidized DNA and lipids in studies that measured the exposure as both PM and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 1-HOP, S-PMA, and tt-MA (Avogbe et al. 2005; Bräuner et al. 2007; Sørensen et al. 2003a, 2003b). We expect that the measurement error will be nondifferential, which usually biases effect estimates toward the null because they tend to obscure contrasts between the exposed and unexposed and those with or without the outcome of interest.
Measurement error related to biomarkers. The potential for biomarker measurement error originates from unspecific measurements or analytic flaws due to poor assay conditions. For instance, suboptimal assay procedures used to detect oxidatively damaged DNA may cause spurious oxidation that increases the apparent level of DNA damage. The level of 8-oxodG in DNA from unexposed mammals is approximately 1 lesion/106 dG (deoxyguanosine); the European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage (2003a, 2003b; Gedik et al. 2005) recommended that publications that report levels of 8-oxodG above a threshold of 5 lesions/106 dG should be interpreted with caution. The comet assay detects DNA damage by migration of DNA in agarose gels, and the end points are usually reported as extent of migration, although they can be transformed to lesions per unaltered nucleotides by calibration with ionizing radiation (Forchhammer et al. 2008; Møller et al. 2004). The level of oxidatively damaged DNA measured by the comet assay in WBCs of humans is < 1 lesion/106 nucleotides (Møller 2006). Oxidatively damaged DNA, nucleobases, and LPO products can be measured by antibody-based methods, but artificially high background levels can occur because of unspecific binding of the antibodies to other biomolecules (Halliwell and Whiteman 2004; Møller et al. 2008b). The simple assay of TBARS and CDs has been seriously criticized and is not recommended for in vivo detection of LPO products, whereas improved methods using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification steps are more reliable assays of TBARS (Halliwell and Whiteman 2004). We classified biomarkers with suboptimal biochemical analysis as follows: (1) simple spectrophotometric measurement of TBARS without a prepurification step; (2) simple assays for CDs and lipid hydroperoxides, (3) levels of 8-oxodG exceeding a threshold of 5 lesions/106 dG in the unexposed group, and (4) detection of oxidatively damaged DNA, nucleobases, or lipids by antibody-based methods without prepurification steps. We expect that the biomarker measurement error will result in reduced effect estimates for both nonspecific biomarkers and assays having low sensitivity or a high limit of detection.
Assessment of estimated effect size. The studies differ considerably in design, and the results are reported in ways and units that preclude direct comparison of the estimated effect size in the studies. Thus, we have estimated the effect of exposure on biomarkers as standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between exposed subjects and referents in a random effects meta-analysis by means of Review Manager (RevMan; version 5.0; Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration 2008, København Ø, Denmark). The standardized mean difference is the difference in means of groups divided by the pooled standard deviation (SD). It is a measurement of estimated effect, which can be used in a meta-analysis when all studies assess the same outcome (level of oxidized biomolecules in this analysis), but it is measured in a variety of ways with different scales. We assessed the estimated effect size in a random model meta-analysis because it incorporates heterogeneity among studies. The heterogeneity between studies was analyzed by tau squared, chi squared, and I2 tests; tests for subgroup differences were carried out using the chi-square test. We obtained means, SDs, and the number of subjects from the studies, or we calculated these values from data reported in the publications (see Tables 2–5). The variance was reported in different ways in the original publications; thus, our estimates of 95% CIs may be biased, but the central estimates (means) should not be. We calculated the mean and SD from regression analyses for studies that modeled continuous data and defined the exposure gradient as equal to either the interquartile range (Kelishadi et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2009a, 2009b) or a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM (Liu et al. 2007). The interquartile range in PM2.5 was in the same range as a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 in the studies carried out in Windsor, Ontario, Canada (Liu et al. 2007, 2009a, 2009b), whereas the interquartile range (66.5 μg/m3 measured as PM10) measured by Kelishadi et al. (2009) in Iran was substantially higher, which could reflect different sources of exposure or PM fraction. We calculated overall means and SD for studies that included more than one group of exposed subjects or investigated the same subjects under different exposure scenarios (Avogbe et al. 2005; De Coster et al. 2008; Mills et al. 2008; Novotna et al. 2007; Rundell et al. 2008; Singh et al. 2007; Staessen et al. 2001; Sørensen et al. 2003a, 2003b). We assumed that the interquartile ranges would be equal to the SDs found in studies that used nonparametric analyses and reported variation as ranges (Chen et al. 2007; Romieu et al. 2008; Sørensen et al. 2003a, 2003b).
Oxidative damage reported in controlled exposure studies. Table 2 summarizes studies on the association between air pollution exposure and oxidized DNA and lipids in controlled exposure studies. The number of subjects in these studies is rather low (3–41 subjects; mean ± SD, 18 ± 12), which may be because carrying out controlled exposure on a large number of subjects is demanding. A study of air pollution exposure to UFPs in persons bicycling for approximately 90 min in a laboratory or on traffic-intense streets reported that the level of FPG sites in WBCs was associated with the number concentration of UFPs (Vinzents et al. 2005). A subsequent investigation by the same group had a similar correlation between particulate fractions with median particle sizes of 23 nm and 57 nm (consistent with semivolatile organic compounds from diesel exhaust and carbonaceous soot emissions into the air of a busy street) and the level of FPG sites in WBCs (Bräuner et al. 2007). A subsequent study in elderly subjects showed a statistically nonsignificant decrease in urinary excretion of the F2-isoprostane 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2 after a period of home air filtration (Bräuner et al. 2008). In another study of elderly patients with coronary heart disease, Mills et al. (2008) reported that inhalation of concentrated air pollution particles (CAPs) was associated with increased concentration of 8-isoprostanes in EBC. This finding is in keeping with that found by Rundell et al. 2008) who observed that healthy young subjects had elevated level of MDA in EBC after intensive exercise at a location with high-traffic intensity compared with the same type of exercise at a location with less traffic.
Controlled exposure to wood smoke containing very high mass concentration of particles has been associated with increased levels of LPO products in serum, urine, and EBC (Barregard et al. 2006, 2008). However, Danielsen et al. (2008) observed no association between exposure and FPG sites in WBCs and suggested that this result may be due to increased DNA repair activity of oxidized nucleobases because urinary excretion of 8-oxoGua and WBC expression levels of the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) base excision repair enzyme, which removes 8-oxoGua from DNA, were increased after exposure to wood smoke but not after exposure of the same subjects to clean air. Increased urinary excretion of 8-oxoGua was also observed in a study where subjects were exposed to exhaust on a traffic-intense street for 4 hr (Suzuki et al. 1995), but 2 hr of exposure to a high concentration of diesel exhaust was not associated with urinary excretion of 8-oxodG or F2-isoprostanes in subjects with metabolic syndrome (Allen et al. 2009).
Oxidative damage reported in panel studies. Table 3 summarizes studies on the association between air pollution exposure and oxidized DNA and lipids in panel studies. These studies involved multiple measurements over time, and the number of subjects in these studies was higher than the number of subjects in controlled exposure studies (2–182 subjects; mean ± SD, 62 ± 59). Several panel studies showed that concurrent air pollution exposure was associated with elevated levels of LPO products in EBC (Liu et al. 2009a; Romieu et al. 2008) and plasma (Liu et al. 2007; Medina-Navarro et al. 1997), as well as elevated levels of 8-oxodG in plasma (Chuang et al. 2007). Subjects without doctor-diagnosed cardiovascular diseases or who did not take medication for diabetes showed an association between outdoor levels of PM2.5 and TBARS in plasma, although the analysis of all subjects in the study only indicated statistically nonsignificant associations between personal exposure to PM2.5 and TBARS or 8-isoprostanes in plasma (Liu et al. 2009b). Personal exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased levels of 8-oxodG in WBCs of students living in the center of Copenhagen, whereas the exposure was only associated with the MDA levels of women and not with the level of FPG sites in WBCs in any group (Sørensen et al. 2003a, 2003b). Interestingly, Sørensen et al. (2003a, 2003b) observed no correlation between 8-oxodG in WBCs and the background mass concentration of PM2.5 measured at stationary monitoring stations, suggesting that a relatively clean urban air may provide too little contrast in the long-range transported fractions of PM to be a reliable indicator of traffic-generated exposure. Moreover, they found significant association between the biomarkers and personal exposure to NO2 supporting the key role of PM. This is in keeping with observations from a controlled exposure study with constant NO2 exposure, which showed a strong effect of change in PM exposure on DNA oxidation (Bräuner et al. 2007).
Summary of cross-sectional studies on exposure to air pollution PM from combustion processes in humans in different occupations.
Oxidative damage reported in cross-sectional studies. The design of the cross-sectional studies can be grouped into two main categories. The first category is characterized by studies that achieved the exposure contrast by studying subjects in occupations with different ambient air pollution levels (Table 4). The other category is characterized by studies of subjects, often with comparable occupations or ages, from geographical areas with different ambient air pollution levels (Table 5). The cross-sectional studies have generally included more subjects than the controlled exposure studies and panel studies. The number of subjects in the cross-sectional studies on different occupations has been in the range of 31–356 subjects (mean ± SD = 109 ± 95 subjects), whereas the studies that have contrasted exposure in different geographical areas have used even higher number of subjects (43–894 subjects; mean ± SD = 222 ± 234).
Summary of cross-sectional studies on exposure to air pollution PM from combustion processes in different areas.
Using job titles as the basis for stratification of exposure, studies showed that subjects in occupations with high exposure to traffic emissions had higher levels of FPG sites (Avogbe et al. 2005; Cavallo et al. 2006; Palli et al. 2009) and 8-oxodG and M1dG (Ayi Fanou et al. 2006; Singh et al. 2007) in WBCs than did referents. However, the latter two studies reported levels of 8-oxodG that were above the threshold of 5 lesions/106 dG, suggesting the potential for spurious oxidation of the samples. Another study showed higher levels of FPG and ENDOIII sites in WBCs of traffic emission exposed policemen compared with other policemen working indoor during a month when air pollution was relatively high (i.e., January) but no association during a month with low air pollution exposure (i.e., September) (Novotna et al. 2007). In contrast, Bonina et al. (2008) found no difference in serum lipid hydroperoxides concentration when comparing traffic officers with healthy indoor workers; the primary purpose of their study appears to have been to compare lipid hydroperoxide levels between subjects that received phytochemicals and subjects that did not, and they evaluated associations with air pollution in a secondary analysis. Evidence of null associations in studies that evaluate air pollution as a secondary exposure suggests the possibly of a general trend toward publication bias favoring studies that report positive associations when air pollution is the primary exposure of interest, but the findings of the Bonina et al. (2008) study may also have been due to the use of a nonspecific spectrophotometric assay for the detection of LPO products, which can bias the estimated effect toward null. Studies using urinary biomarkers have also shown increased levels of 8-oxodG and 15-F2t-isoprostanes in subjects exposed to high concentrations of traffic-vehicle exhausts (Chuang et al. 2003; Lai et al. 2005; Rossner et al. 2008a, 2008b).
Cross-sectional studies of subjects living, working, or going to school in locations with different ambient air pollution levels encompass investigations of subjects with predefined age groups, such as children, adolescents, adults, or elderly. Studies of children living in areas with different levels of exposure have shown positive associations with 8-oxodG levels in nasal cells (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al. 1999), 8-oxodG in WBCs (Buthbumrung et al. 2008), LPO products in plasma (Kelishadi et al. 2009; Vujovic et al. 2009), and urinary excretion of 8-oxodG (Svecova et al. 2009). Studies of air pollution exposure in adults have provided more mixed results: benzene as a marker of urban air pollution exposure was associated with urinary excretion of S-PMA and 8-oxodG in WBCs, but not with ENDOIII and FPG sites in WBCs or urinary excretion of 8-oxodG (Sørensen et al. 2003c). Other studies of urinary excretion of 8-oxodG have shown positive associations (De Coster et al. 2008; Loft et al. 1999; Staessen et al. 2001; Wei et al. 2009), but studies of LPO products in plasma have indicated both positive associations with oxidative damage (Chen et al. 2007; Isik et al. 2005; Sanchez-Rodriguez et al. 2005) and no apparent effects (Autrup et al. 1999; Hicks et al. 1996).
Combined effect estimates for markers in airways, blood, and urine. The qualitative assessment in the preceding sections indicates that most of the reports showed associations between air pollution exposure and oxidatively damaged DNA, nucleobases, and lipids. Most studies measured the biomarkers in surrogate tissue cells such as WBCs or noncellular bodily fluids such as plasma, urine, and EBC. The data on biomarkers of the airways mainly encompass measurements of LPO products in EBC, whereas only one study examined 8-oxodG in nasal cells (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al. 1999). Figure 2 shows study-specific and overall estimates of effect for exposure to PM on oxidatively damaged DNA, nucleobases, and lipids in the airways, blood, and urine. In general there is considerable heterogeneity between the studies and between subgroups; methodological diversity between studies may explain the heterogeneity. In addition, the categorization of the exposure does not take into account that exposure gradients most likely differ between the studies. It is not possible to calculate a standardized exposure unit (e.g., effect per 10-μg/m3 increase PM2.5) because the studies reported exposure measurements in different fractions of PM, or they contained no information about the concentration of PM. The overall standardized mean differences between exposed subjects and nonexposed referents for the oxidized DNA and for LPO products in the blood were 0.53 (95% CI, 0.29–0.76) and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.18–1.28), respectively. In the urine the estimated effect size by PM exposure versus nonexposed referents for oxidatively damaged DNA and nucleobases and for LPO products was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.22–0.82) and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.01–0.97), respectively. This suggests that exposure to PM is associated with comparable increases in oxidized DNA and lipids, although it should be emphasized that the heterogeneity between subgroups might mask real differences between the biomarkers. The effect on DNA damage in the airways is presently difficult to assess because there was only one study of oxidized DNA (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al. 1999). The estimated effect on LPO products in EBC was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.07–1.21), which is comparable to overall standardized mean differences in LPO products in the blood and urine with PM exposure. This finding suggests that LPO products in plasma and urine are suitable biomarkers of biologically effective PM dose reflecting oxidative stress in the airways.
Forest plot of air pollution exposure on biomarkers of oxidized DNA, nucleobases, and lipids. Specific biomarkers in studies that have measured multiple assays of oxidized DNA and lipids are (1) 8-oxodG, (2) M1dG, (3) 8-oxodG, (4) ENDOIII/FPG sites, (5) ENDOIII/FPG sites, (6) 8-oxodG, (7) 8-oxodG, and (8) 8-oxoGua (the numbers in parentheses refer to references citations that are listed by first author/year only).
Combined estimates according to the potential for exposure or outcome measurement error. The focus of our analysis was on the estimated effect of exposure to PM on biomarkers of oxidized DNA, nucleobases, and lipids. A number of studies have not measured personal exposure to PM, which may be because of their focus on other air pollution constituents or lack of resources or because the study was too large to do personal exposure measurements. Ideally, all studies should have included personal measurements of PM, and the analysis should have included mutual adjustment for coexposures to other air pollutants. We assumed that PM is the most important contributor to oxidative stress among the air pollutants and that personal exposure can be estimated from the personal exposure to the other pollutants or ambient PM levels, although with potential bias. Of the studies identified in our meta-analysis, only Chen et al. (2007) has estimated personal exposure levels using mathematical modeling of data from stationary monitoring stations. We have categorized the studies according to whether or not they characterized exposure using personal versus ambient PM measurements. Based on the categorization of the studies according to the potential measurement error in Tables 2–5, the estimated effect size is 0.55 (95% CI, 0.19–0.90), 0.66 (95% CI, 0.37–0.95), and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.34–0.96) for studies categorized as having no potential measurement error, potential measurement error in either biomarker analysis or exposure assessment, and potential measurement error in both biomarker analysis or exposure assessment, respectively [see Supplemental Material for the Forest plots (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901725)]. The effect size is essentially identical in the three groups, which could be caused by opposite acting effects of potential measurement errors (regression toward null effect) and uncontrolled confounding factors (increased effect size) in panel and cross-sectional studies. The percentages of studies that did not use personal measurements to assess PM exposure were 8% (1 of 12), 36% (4 of 11), and 100% (29 of 29) in the studies categorized as controlled exposures, panel studies, and cross-sectional studies, respectively (χ2 = 36.7, p < 0.001). The use of error-prone biomarker assays was less likely in the controlled exposure studies (31%; 4 of 13) than in the panel studies (64%; 7 of 11) and cross-sectional studies (59%; 17 of 29), although no differences were found between the distributions (χ2 = 3.4, p > 0.05). Overall, the quality of the studies, in terms of the likelihood of exposure and outcome measurement error, appears highest in the controlled studies and lowest in the cross-sectional studies. Both of these measurement errors may bias the effect estimate toward null, whereas uncontrolled confounding factors in panel studies and cross-sectional studies most likely increased the estimated effect size. In addition, we emphasize that the studies that measured personal PM exposure and used more accurate biomarker assays mainly investigated the effect of air pollution particles in realistic urban air concentrations (Bräuner et al. 2007, 2008; Rundell et al. 2008; Sørensen et al. 2003a, 2003b; Vinzents et al. 2005), although one study used high concentrations of wood smoke particles (Barregard et al. 2006, 2008; Danielsen et al. 2008). Collectively, associations between PM exposure and biomarkers of oxidative stress estimated by studies likely to have more accurate exposure and outcome measurements cannot be explained by exposure to excessive concentrations of PM. Yet, the controlled exposure studies in our meta-analysis had few numbers of observations, which might reduce the precision with which effects have been estimated. In addition, controlled exposure studies may be more prone to selection bias due to random errors in selection and have limited generalizability because they are restricted to participants with specific characteristics.
Our analysis shows that exposure to combustion particles is consistently associated with elevated levels of oxidatively damaged DNA and nucleobases and LPO products in human blood cells, plasma, urine, and EBC. The association is seen across studies with optimum designs, including controlled or personal exposure assessment and biomarkers with low potential measurement error due to indirect exposure assessment and/or use of biomarkers prone to artifacts. Still, we emphasize that the identified studies are inhomogeneous in design and quality of biomarkers, which weakens our conclusions about specific exposure–effect relationships for particulate air pollution. In addition, few numbers of subjects, especially in the controlled exposure studies, is a minor limitation that might affect the generalizability of our meta-analysis results.
Our critical analysis indicates that the range in exposure to realistic ambient concentrations of combustion particles is associated with a 50% increase in the level of oxidatively damaged DNA, nucleobases, and lipids, supporting the notion that they are suitable biomarkers of the biologically effective dose of PM. However, we caution against the use of suboptimal biomarkers; ideal biomarkers of oxidative damage should detect a major part of the total ongoing oxidative damage in vivo, have small assay variation, have smaller intraindividual than interindividual variation, not be confounded by diet, be stable on storage, and have the same level obtained in target and surrogate tissue (Halliwell and Whiteman 2004). They should also have predictive value of risk of disease, which can be firmly assessed only in prospective studies (Loft and Møller 2006). The biomarkers of urinary excretion of 8-oxodG and TBARS in plasma are among the few biomarkers that have been studied in prospective cohort studies; they have predictive value regarding development of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases, respectively (Loft et al. 2006; Walter et al. 2004). Further development of oxidized DNA and LPO products as biomarkers of biological effective dose of air pollution exposure should focus on the most reliable and well-validated assays, including assays for the measurement of isoprostanes and techniques that consistently measure low background levels of oxidatively damaged DNA and nucleobases. The relevant biomarkers with low potential of measurement error are constantly developed to increase assay capacity toward high throughput, for instance, the comet assay and urinary excretion of 8-oxodG (Henriksen and Poulsen 2009; Stang and Witte 2009). This development will allow the use of these biomarkers of exposure to PM in large-scale population studies.
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- Bräuner EV, Forchhammer L, Møller P, Barregard L, Gunnarsen L, Afshari A, et al. 2008. Indoor particles affect vascular function in the aged: an air filtration-based intervention study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:419–425.
- Bräuner EV, Forchhammer L, Møller P, Simonsen J, Glasius M, Wåhlin P, et al. 2007. Exposure to ultrafine particles from ambient air and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Environ Health Perspect 115:1177–1182.
- Brook RD. 2008. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Clin Sci 115:175–187.
- Buthbumrung N, Mahidol C, Navasumrit P, Promvijit J, Hunsonti P, Autrup H, et al. 2008. Oxidative DNA damage and influence of genetic polymorphisms among urban and rural schoolchildren exposed to benzene. Chem Biol Interact 172:185–194.
- Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Wen-Wang L, Zhang YJ, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Osnaya N, Villarreal-Calderón A, et al. 1999. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a major mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion, and DNA strand breaks in nasal respiratory epithelium of children exposed to urban pollution. Environ Health Perspect 107:469–474.
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- Chen C, Arjomandi M, Balmes J, Tager I, Holland N. 2007. Effects of chronic and acute ozone exposure on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in healthy young adults. Environ Health Perspect 115:1732–1737.
- Chuang CY, Lee CC, Chang YK, Sung FC. 2003. Oxidative DNA damage estimated by urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine: influence of taxi driving, smoking and areca chewing. Chemosphere 52:1163–1171.
- Chuang KJ, Chan CC, Su TC, Lee CT, Tang CS. 2007. The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:370–376.
- Danielsen PH, Bräuner EV, Barregard L, Sällsten G, Wallin M, Olinski R, et al. 2008. Oxidatively damaged DNA and its repair after experimental exposure to wood smoke in healthy humans. Mutat Res 642:37–42.
- De Coster S, Koppen G, Bracke M, Schroijen C, Hond ED, Nelen V, et al. 2008. Pollutant effects on genotoxic parameters and tumor-associated protein levels in adults: a cross sectional study. Environ Health 7:26.; doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-26
- Delfino RJ, Sioutas C, Malik S. 2005. Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health. Environ Health Perspect 113:934–946.
- European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage. 2003. Measurement of DNA oxidation in human cells by chromatographic and enzymic methods. Free Radic Biol Med 34:1089–1099.
- European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage. 2003. Comparative analysis of baseline 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in mammalian cell DNA, by different methods in different laboratories: an approach to consensus. Carcinogenesis 23:2129–2133.
- Forchhammer L, Bräuner EV, Folkmann JK, Danielsen PH, Nielsen C, Jensen A, et al. 2008. Variation in assessment of oxidatively damaged DNA in mononuclear blood cells by the comet assay with visual scoring. Mutagenesis 23:223–231.
- Gedik CM, Collins A, European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage. 2005. Establishing the background level of base oxidation in human lymphocyte DNA: results of an interlaboratory validation study. FASEB J 19:82–84.
- Griffiths HR, Møller L, Bartosz G, Bast A, Bertoni-Freddari C, Collins A, et al. 2002. Biomarkers. Mol Aspects Med 23:101–208.
- Halliwell B, Whiteman M. 2004. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 142:231–255.
- Henriksen T, Hillestrøm PR, Poulsen HE, Weimann A. Automated method for the direct analysis of 8-oxo-guanosine and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in human urine using ultraperformance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 47:629–635.
- Hicks JJ, Medina-Navarro R, Guzman-Grenfell A, Wacher N, Lifshitz A. 1996. Possible effect of air pollutants (Mexico City) on superoxide dismutase activity and serum lipoperoxides in the human adult. Arch Med Res 27:145–149.
- Isik B, Isik RS, Akyildiz L, Topcu F. 2005. Does biomass exposure affect serum MDA levels in women? Inhal Toxicol 17:695–697.
- Kelishadi R, Mirghaffari N, Poursafa P, Gidding SS. 2009. Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children. Atherosclerosis 203:311–319.
- Lai CH, Liou SH, Lin HC, Shih TS, Tsai PJ, Chen JS, et al. 2005. Exposure to traffic exhausts and oxidative DNA damage. Occup Environ Med 62:216–222.
- Liu L, Poon R, Chen L, Frescura AM, Montuschi P, Ciabattoni G, et al. 2009. Acute effects of air pollution on pulmonary function, airway inflammation, and oxidative stress in asthmatic children. Environ Health Perspect 117:668–674.
- Liu L, Ruddy T, Dalipaj M, Poon R, Szyszkowicz M, You H, et al. 2009. Effects of indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure to particulate air pollution on cardiovascular physiology and systemic mediators in seniors. J Occup Environ Med 51:1088–1098.
- Liu L, Ruddy TD, Dalipaj M, Szyszkowicz M, You H, Poon R, et al. 2007. Influence of personal exposure to particulate air pollution on cardiovascular physiology and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with diabetes. J Occup Environ Med 49:258–265.
- Loft S, Møller P. 2006. Oxidative DNA damage and human cancer: need for cohort studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:1021–1031.
- Loft S, Poulsen HE, Vistisen K, Knudsen LE. 1999. Increased urinary excretion of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, in urban bus drivers. Mutat Res 441:11–19.
- Loft S, Svoboda P, Kasai H, Tjonneland A, Vogel U, Møller P, et al. 2006. Prospective study of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion and the risk of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 27:1245–1250.
- Medina-Navarro R, Lifshitz A, Wacher N, Hicks JJ. 1997. Changes in human serum antioxidant capacity and peroxidation after four months of exposure to air pollutants. Arch Med Res 28:205–208.
- Mills NL, Donaldson K, Hadoke PW, Boon NA, MacNee W, Cassee FR, et al. 2009. Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 6:36–44.
- Mills NL, Robinson SD, Fokkens PH, Leseman DL, Miller MR, Anderson D, et al. 2008. Exposure to concentrated ambient particles does not affect vascular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Environ Health Perspect 116:709–715.
- Møller P. 2006. Assessment of reference values for DNA damage detected by the comet assay in humans blood cell DNA. Mutat Res 612:84–104.
- Møller P, Folkmann JK, Forchhammer L, Bräuner EV, Danielsen PH, Risom L, et al. 2008. Air pollution, oxidative damage to DNA, and carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 266:84–97.
- Møller P, Friis G, Christensen PH, Risom L, Plesner G, Kjærsgaard J, et al. 2004. Intra-laboratory comet assay sample scoring exercise for determination of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase sites in human mononuclear blood cell DNA. Free Radic Res 38:1207–1214.
- Møller P, Jacobsen NR, Folkmann JK, Danielsen PH, Mikkelsen L, Hemmingsen JG, et al. 2010. Role of oxidative damage in toxicity of particulates. Free Radic Res 44:1–46.
- Møller P, Loft S. 2006. Dietary antioxidants and beneficial effect on oxidatively damaged DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 41:388–415.
- Møller P, Risom L, Lundby C, Mikkelsen L, Loft S. 2008. Hypoxia and oxidation levels of DNA and lipids in humans and animal experimental models. IUBMB Life 60:707–723.
- Møller P, Wallin H, Holst E, Knudsen LE. 2002. Sunlight induced DNA damage in human mononuclear cells. FASEB J 16:45–53.
- Novotna B, Topinka J, Solansky I, Chvatalova I, Lnenickova Z, Sram RJ. 2007. Impact of air pollution and genotype variability on DNA damage in Prague policemen. Toxicol Lett 172:37–47.
- Palli D, Sera F, Giovannelli L, Masala G, Grechi D, Bendinelli B, et al. 2009. Environmental ozone exposure and oxidative DNA damage in adult residents of Florence, Italy. Environ Pollut 157:1521–1525.
- Risom L, Møller P, Loft S. 2005. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate air pollution. Mutat Res 592:119–137.
- Romieu I, Barraza-Villarreal A, Escamilla-Nunez C, Almstrand AC, Diaz-Sanchez D, Sly PD, et al. 2008. Exhaled breath malondialdehyde as a marker of effect of exposure to air pollution in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:903–909.
- Rossner P Jr, Svecova V, Milcova A, Lnenickova Z, Solansky I, Santella RM, et al. 2007. Oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in bus drivers. Mutat Res 617:23–32.
- Rossner P Jr, Svecova V, Milcova A, Lnenickova Z, Solansky I, Sram RJ. 2008. Seasonal variability of oxidative stress markers in city bus drivers. Part I. Oxidative damage to DNA. Mutat Res 642:14–20.
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- Rundell KW, Slee JB, Caviston R, Hollenbach AM. 2008. Decreased lung function after inhalation of ultrafine and fine particulate matter during exercise is related to decreased total nitrate in exhaled breath condensate. Inhal Toxicol 20:1–9.
- Salvi SS, Barnes PJ. 2009. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmokers. Lancet 374:733–743.
- Sánchez-Rodríguez MA, Retana-Ugalde R, Ruiz-Ramos M, Munoz-Sanchez JL, Vargas-Guadarrama LA, Mendoza-Nunez VM. 2005. Efficient antioxidant capacity against lipid peroxide levels in healthy elderly of Mexico City. Environ Res 97:322–329.
- Singh R, Kaur B, Kalina I, Popov TA, Georgieva T, Garte S, et al. 2007. Effects of environmental air pollution on endogenous oxidative DNA damage in humans. Mutat Res 620:71–82.
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- Sørensen M, Daneshvar B, Hansen M, Dragsted LO, Hertel O, Knudsen L, et al. 2003. Personal PM2.5 exposure and markers of oxidative stress in blood. Environ Health Perspect 111:161–166.
- Sørensen M, Skov H, Autrup H, Hertel O, Loft S. 2003. Urban benzene exposure and oxidative DNA damage: influence of genetic polymorphisms in metabolic genes. Sci Total Environ 309:69–80.
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Information for Our Readers
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EHP is pleased to announce that "The Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage among Industrial Hog Operation Workers, Community Residents, and Children Living in Their Households: North Carolina, USA," published in EHP in the April 2017 issue, has been selected by the Children's Environmental Health Network (CEHN) as its October 2017 Article of the Month. (more…)
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Car Care: Tires, Repairs & More At 4359 Washington Rd
Here at Tires Plus at 4359 Washington Rd, we offer top-quality services and tires to help keep your car running smoothly. Shop top-rated tires, book an appointment, or stop in at any of our Evans locations today.
Your Tires Plus Store At 4359 Washington Rd
When you bring your car or truck to Tires Plus at 4359 Washington Rd, you'll receive top-quality tires, repair, and maintenance. Find a Tires Plus location in your neighborhood, or book your next appointment online or by phone.
Tires Plus
- Mon-Fri:7:00am-7:00pm
- Sat:7:00am-5:00pm
- Sun:9:00am-4:00pm
*Note Special Holiday Hours Below.
Holiday Hours
Please note our hours for Thanksgiving and Black Friday
- 11/23Closed
- 11/247am-7pm
The Plus That Sets Us Apart
Here at Tires Plus, complete customer satisfaction is our top priority. We want our guests to be excited about the tires and services they receive. What's more, we think top car care should always be affordable. That's why we have tire and service offers like coupons and deals. Drop by your nearest Evans Tires Plus store or book a service appointment now!
Services And Deals Offered At Tires Plus
At Tires Plus, the Plus means we strive for excellence. That's why you'll receive more than tires. Whether your car or truck needs a routine inspection or repair work, depend on your Evans Tires Plus to get you back on the road quickly.

subset: commoncrawl


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Chef Michael Ruhlman's 7 Kitchen Garden Essentials
What's the best way to ensure that only high-quality ingredients fill your pantry? Grow your own garden, of course. Chef Michael Ruhlman shares his passion for cooking with fresh, homegrown ingredients, and reveals which seeds you should start sowing today.
Ruhlman's culinary roots run deep: he's written more than 20 cookbooks, including bestsellers like The Soul of a Chef and The French Laundry Cookbook. Additionally, he's produced cooking apps, has his own line of cooking tools; he was a judge on the Next Iron Chef and Iron Chef America, and he's also appeared on shows like Cooking Under Fire and Anthony Bourdain's No Reservations.
To Ruhlman, cooking is more than a profession, it's the lens through which he sees the world.
"Once you become a cook," Ruhlman says, "you can't un-become a cook. It changes who you are."
For example, working with cooking great Thomas Keller changed how Ruhlman saw ingredients. Keller would say that overcooking a piece of meat resulted in more than a wasted ingredient; the time that went into preparing it was wasted, and so too was the effort of the butcher who packaged it and the effort of the farmer who raised the livestock. Keller's closeness to food rubbed off on Ruhlman, and now Keller's philosophy is a key facet of Ruhlman's writing.
"Cooking is a metaphor of how we live and make choices," Ruhlman says. "We talk about cooking being hard and paying more for good food, but everything is like that. Things that are good are not cheap and easy. That's part of what makes them good. We don't see that more represented anywhere else than in what we eat."
Like most chefs, Ruhlman prefers to work with fresh ingredients, and he says there is nothing like making a meal out of ingredients that you have grown and prepared yourself. If Tim King's plans for the upcoming planting season have inspired you to plant a garden of your own, Ruhlman offers a chef's perspective on what to plant in your kitchen garden.
Ruhlman suggests researching your area to learn what naturally grows best, but these plants will give you an idea of what to consider:
They're inexpensive, easy to grow and delicious. Ruhlman grows a variety of tomatoes, big and small.
Expensive to buy in-store, but a valuable component to many recipes.
recommends thyme and tarragon, but chives, basil, cilantro and parsley are nice to have on hand as well.
Store-bought peas can't compare to freshly picked peas, Ruhlman says.
To maximize the return on your kitchen garden, plant squash so you can enjoy fresh produce almost year round.
Ruhlman says that growing lettuce can sometimes be a challenge. It requires care and regular weeding, but the return is a fresh experience that store-bought lettuce can't match.
Having fresh garlic readily available adds a new dimension to recipes. Fortunately, garlic is relatively easy to grow.
As for what to make with your fresh ingredients, Ruhlman recommends simple pasta dishes like spaghetti with garlic, basil, and tomato. If you are more daring, you can make an entire meal from scratch with ingredients that you have grown.
"The opportunities in the garden are to be more self-sufficient because it's tastier and more fun," Ruhlman says.
So, have fun with your kitchen garden and enjoy the rewards in your recipes.
Ruhlman's newest book, Egg: A Culinary Exploration of the World's Most Versatile Ingredient, is now available for pre-order. Visit Ruhlman.com to learn more about his other books, apps, and cooking products.
By Marshal D. Carper
Recent Articles
Vintage Eating
Oct. 31, 2017
Intermittent Fasting
Oct. 31, 2017
Edible Landscaping
Oct. 31, 2017
Archived Blogs
- Ask Farmer Tim: Peek into the Seed PantryApr. 01, 2016
- Lisa's Freedom Farms Beet SaladApr. 04, 2016
- 10 Seed SecretsApr. 14, 2016
- Lisa's Chicken Divan CasseroleApr. 18, 2016
- Ask Farmer Joe: Busy BeekeepingApr. 22, 2016
- Ask Farmer Pete: How to Raise Chicks for Laying HensApr. 25, 2016
- Last Chance: Full Season CSAsApr. 28, 2016
- Shop Mother's Day at Freedom FarmsApr. 29, 2016
- Daily Dozen ShareApr. 30, 2016
- Shop Mother's Day at Freedom Farms (Part 2)Apr. 30, 2016
- Dairy SharesMay. 01, 2016
- Ask Farmer Tim: RhubarbMay. 02, 2016
- Dinners in the FieldMay. 05, 2016
- Freedom Farms Featured in DocumentaryMay. 06, 2016
- Lisa's Kitchen: Perfect Personal PizzaMay. 09, 2016
- 10 Reasons You Should Love Freedom FarmsMay. 11, 2016
- CSA Investor CardsMay. 12, 2016
- Lisa's Kitchen: Leek Vodka SauceMay. 16, 2016
- What Customers LoveMay. 18, 2016
- Dine Happy with the KingsMay. 19, 2016
- Miss Lisa's Homemade Tomato SauceMay. 21, 2016
- Ask Farmer Tim: The Root of the MatterMay. 23, 2016
- CSA Half SharesMay. 26, 2016
- Freedom, Family, and FunMay. 30, 2016


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Write a Book
Budget $8-15 USD / hour
10 freelancers are bidding on average $22/hour for this job
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Good day, I can write a book in a way that will interest and impact readers because it is my major. I can turn any idea to reality. Cheers Andrew
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On February 13th, I flew from Toronto to New York City to stay there and explore for the weekend. My friend Jaimee and I, (plvntstrong) who I met through Instagram, planned a Valentines Day Vegan Meetup in December. We were able to book it at this amazing restaurant we found by searching around online called Peacefood Cafe. The vegan meetup went amazing and I got to meet so many beautiful, like minded souls who had the same thoughts and beliefs as me. And the best part was: we all take pictures of our food, so I wasn't the only one (like I usually am).
Now to talk about the café. Peacefood was incredible. From the moment you walk in the door you just get this amazing vibe of good people and good food. Right in front of you at the cash is a big glass window filled with vegan desserts ranging from cakes to cookies to brownies to muffins. I almost wanted to cry.
The food was amazing. I got the pizza that had daiya cheese and vegetables and it tasted incredible. Everybody else was so pleased with their meals as well. And the food isn't even that expensive. I went to a different vegan restaraunt the night prior and I paid $21 for soba noodles and $3 extra for a side of tofu. My meal of pizza and a large piece of cake came to $18.
The service was amazing as well. Everyone was super friendly and tended to our needs. Victoria and I (my friend I was staying with in NYC who I also met through Instagram) loved it so much that we actually went back the next day for a treat and hot chocolate. We went to a yoga class that was just around the corner from Peacefood so we kind of couldn't resist.
We both got a hot chocolate made with almond milk and I got a peanut butter cheesecake and Victoria got a chocolate cookie. Again, the food was AMAZING. I honestly want to fly back to NYC just for the food at Peacefood.
Overall, Peacefood Cafe is an amazing place from the food to the service to the restaurant itself. I think I'd rate it a 10/10 and next time I go to NYC (hopefully this summer) I'll definitely be back there. Thanks so much Peacefood!


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Like The Lovely Bones and The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, Cammie McGovern's breakout novel is at once a hypnotic thriller and an affecting portrait of people as real as our next-door neighbors. In Eye Contact, two children vanish in the woods behind their elementary school. Hours later, nine-year-old Adam is found alive, the sole witness to his playmate's murder. But because Adam has autism, he is a silent witness. Only his mother, Cara, can help decode his behavior for the police. As the suspense ratchets, Eye Contact becomes a heart-stopping exploration of the bond between a mother and a very special child.
An airtight thriller that illuminates the exhausting, isolating realities of parenting special- needs children.


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
Holiday home suitable for 6 persons . The holiday home is 80 m² and is build in 1936. In 2011 the holiday home was partial renovated. You can bring along 1 pet.}.
Bed situation : All together there are 2 bedrooms. The beds are divided on: 4 sleeping places in double beds. 2 sleeping places in single beds.
Kitchen : The kitchen is equipped with 1 refrigerator with freezing-compartment as well as freezer with a capacity of 50 litres. There are 4 electric hotplates, baking oven, microwave oven and dishwasher.
Toilet and bathroom : There is 1 bathroom with shower and 1 toilet.
Multimedia : The holiday home contains 1 TV. Radio.
The holiday home is situated on a 1200 m² natural site. Situated 5 m from inlet. Nearest shop is 15000 m away. A 100 m² terrace belong to the holiday home. Furthermore the house has a 15 m² covered terrace. Equally, you have access to a sunroom. Swing. Parking place by the holiday home.


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2004 Dodge Intrepid - Consumer Review
Build Quality
Reliability Value
Build Quality
Reliability Value
4 of 4 people found this review helpful
do NOT buy this car.
By drhr on
Vehicle2004 Dodge Intrepid SE 4dr Sedan (2.7L 6cyl 4A)
ReviewThis car was horrible from day one. A week after I brought it home the check engine light came on, and it would only start when it wanted to. I went to get it fixed, and it stopped doing it and ran perfectly fine for a year and a half. Then the battery died, the breaks went out, and the transmission started going out. Currently the car is in my driveway, unused because the transmission locked up the engine and the drive trane is disconnected from the drivers side. I will NEVER buy another dodge again. Its been terrible from day one.
Best FeaturesTheres not a whole lot I like about this car except how roomy it is in the car, and trunk.
Worst FeaturesTake all Dodge's and burn them.
Recommend (4) (0)
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Whenever our body temperature shoots up, we get fever. A fever is a symptom of an illness. It can occur when our body is fighting an infection like flu.
Symptoms of fever include muscle ache and headache, dehydration, weakness, loss of appetite, etc.
In case you are not really willing to go to the doctor for a prescription, mentioning names of strong medicines to get rid of the fever, you can fall back on some simple home remedies.
But, if it is very high and there are some serious ailments responsible for it, then you must see a doctor without fail.
Here are the top 10 home remedies for fever. Take a look.
1. Water: Soak a cloth in cool water, wring out the excess water and place it on your forehead, back of the neck, feet, hands, etc. The cool compression will reduce the heat and give you relief. The cloth should be changed at regular intervals. Also, bathing in lukewarm water helps in times of fever. But, don't take a full-fledged shower and opt only for a sponge bath for your body.
2. Apple Cider Vinegar: The acid present in this draws the heat out of the skin and gives relief from fever. Its mineral-rich content also helps in providing the body the essential nutrients that get depleted during fever. Apple cider vinegar can be used both externally and internally as a remedy for fever.
Externally, you can mix half a cup of vinegar in lukewarm bath water and after you soak in it for about 10 minutes, the improvement will start to show. Repeat this whenever your body temperature goes high. You can also mix two teaspoons of apple cider vinegar and one tablespoon of honey in a glass of water and consume it two to three times a day.
3. Basil Herb: It is very effective in bringing down fever. Its effects are same as any antibiotic available in the market; but it doesn't have any side effects like the artificial medicines.
Prepare a concoction of around 20 basil leaves and one teaspoon of crushed ginger in a cup of water and wait till it gets reduced to half. Add some honey and drink it two to three times a day. Basil leaf tea can also be taken to recover from fever.
4. Ginger: Ginger helps in expelling the body heat and hence reducing fever. It is also a natural antiviral and antibacterial agent which helps our immunity against all sorts of infection.
Add two tablespoons of powdered ginger in a bathtub having warm water and soak yourself for 10 minutes. The consequent sweating will bring down the fever. Have ginger tea or a concoction of ginger juice, lemon juice and honey. Drink it three to four times a day and you will be feeling fine again.
5. Garlic: The garlic's warm properties can also reduce fever by enhancing sweating. Its antifungal and antibacterial benefits also help fight infections and cure the fever. Drink garlic tea containing a clove twice a day and you will feel much better.
Also, mix two crushed cloves of garlic and two tablespoons of olive oil. Apply it over the sole of each foot and wrap your feet for the night. It works wonders for many people the next morning.
Besides the above-mentioned home remedies for fever, the following can also be used as well:
- Mint
- Turmeric
- Sandalwood
- Egg white (externally, it absorbs heat from the body to give relief)
- Raisins


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Researchers: Patrick Tague, Joy Zhang
Research Area: Mobility
CMU's mobility research currently covers a variety of research topics ranging from wireless security, mobile-context awareness, airborne sensing, to in-building sensing, ultra-low-power computing, and indoor positioning systems. This research is motivated by the fact that increasingly more powerful user devices, such as mobile phones, in-vehicle and hand-held travel guidance systems are becoming ubiquitous mechanisms for Internet access and personalized computing. Wireless sensors embedded in appliances, vehicles, and physical environments are rapidly expanding Internet interactions with human users. However, context-aware services such as mobile shopping, advertising, gaming, and social networking could take advantage of wireless sensor networks only to the extent that the security and privacy of applications is preserved.
The utility of mobile networks can be enhanced by taking advantage of measurable or predictable user behavior; e.g., how people live, work, collaborate, and entertain themselves in mobile contexts. For example, CMU's Silicon Valley campus has already created models of users' behavior from observed mobile sensor time-series data using built-in accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, GPS subsystems, WiFi receivers, cameras, and microphones. Using these models, we can predict the future location of users, assist home-bound elderly individuals in real-time without relying on intrusive or costly care, and develop user authentication mechanisms that do not rely on secrets (e.g., passwords). However, we have not yet explored the security, privacy, and robustness implications of these models, and hence this constitutes a substantial unexplored area of fruitful future research.


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I could watch these videos all day long.
When the UFC 202 press conference started it looked to be an average run of the mill event, even though McGregor was late. But when he finally showed up, Diaz decided it was his time to exit ... and then all hell broke loose.
In this clip below you can see the ruckus from Diaz's point of view. The video appears to be shot by someone in the Diaz camp as you can see someone in alternate views filming who is walking with the group.
I cannot wait until Saturday to see this two fight again, without the security to break it apart of course.
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Hofwiesengasse 22, Vienna
Price per room/night from EUR 74.4
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Please note that the property has no reception. After booking, you will receive an email from the property with check-in details.
Please also note that late check-in is only possible upon prior confirmation from the hotel. Contact details can be found on the booking confirmation.
Please note that there is no lift in the building.
Please note that the number of private parking spaces is limited. Free public parking is available nearby. Please inform CheckVienna - Apartmenthaus Hietzing in advance of your expected arrival time. You can use the Special Requests box when booking, or contact the property directly with the contact details provided in your confirmation.
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Ok listen, I'm not in the business of singling out kids as the reason for losses, but Javan Felix had a starring role towards the end of a terrible closing sequence for the Texas Longhorns in a 64-59 loss to the No.4 Kansas Jayhawks on Saturday, culminating with possibly one of the worst misses on a potential game-tying shot in NCAA history.
The Jayhawks couldn't shake the Longhorns for most of the day but ended the game in a 14–6 run to erase the upset bid by Texas.
Let me be clear, though, Felix was not the reason the Jayhawks won. Kansas fought to get back into this game. Jeff Withey had six points, six rebounds and three blocks after halftime to finish his line at 14 points, nine boards. Ben McLemore also shook off a sub-par first half to score 11 of his 16 points in the second half.
The Jayhawks also sealed of the perimeter, preventing any Longhorn 3-pointers after Texas sank 7 of 11 shots from beyond the arc in the first half, including a trio of 3's to start the game.
Kansas' ball-handling also improved as the game went on, committing just four turnovers in the second half after turning the ball over 11 times in the first.
In the end, though, the game came down to the aggressive play of a veteran team overpowering a young team that settled for poor jump shots.
In addition to being scoreless on four 3-point attempts, the Longhorns were also only 1 of 2 from the free-throw line, whereas Kansas was 11 of 14 from the charity stripe.
Travis Releford scored 12 points as the only other Jayhawk in double figures.
Sheldon McClellan had 18 points to lead the Longhorns, while Julien Lewis had 11 points, seven rebounds and Jonathan Holmes had 10 points.
Kansas returns to the court Tuesday for an 8 p.m. road game against the No.16 Kansas State Wildcats, while Texas takes to the road to face the Oklahoma Sooners on Monday at 9:30 p.m.
Mike Gillmeister can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com, or on Twitter:@mgillmei. Like his Facebook page here for updates on Big 12/A-1o men's basketball.


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BOSTON (AP) — Toney Douglas played well when he replaced an injured Chauncey Billups during the regular season.
In only his third season, Douglas said he's prepared if, as expected, Billups, the 13-year veteran point guard, misses tonight's Game 2 of the New York Knicks' first-round playoff series with the Boston Celtics with a sore left knee.
Billups is "very questionable," coach Mike D'Antoni said Monday.
If he is out, it will be up to Douglas to direct an offense led by Amare Stoudemire and Carmelo Anthony.
"I'm ready," Douglas said Monday. "The hardest part is getting my body ready for that situation."
Sundevils move into second place in baseball standings
The Española Valley Sundevils baseball team swept a crucial doubleheader against the Santa Fe Demons Saturday to keep pace with the Los Alamos Hilltoppers in the District 2-4A standings.
The two teams wore out home plate in the first game of Saturday's doubleheader at Santa Fe, as the Sundevils prevailed 27-12. In the second game, the Sundevils earned a healthy 14-4 victory.
The two wins put Española Valley at 5-2 in the 2-4A race — and 10-9 overall, the only district team with a season record above .500 — and trail Los Alamos by just 1-1/2 games in the district standings.
A pair of Los Alamos' District 2-4A rivals won the Los Alamos Spring Invitational golf tournament Monday.
Monday's tournament, the only home appearance by Los Alamos' Hilltoppers during the spring 2011 regular season, was held at Los Alamos Golf Course. The tournament consisted of nine boys teams and four girls teams.
The Bernalillo Spartans held off a crowded field at the top of the boys competition, earning a team score of 346. In all, six teams, including Los Alamos, were within 13 shots of the team title. Bosque, which finished as the team runner-up, was just one shot behind Bernalillo while third-place finisher Santa Fe was just three shots back of the team lead.
BOSTON (AP) — The rest of the world can debate whether Geoffrey Mutai set a record when he blistered the Boston Marathon course in 2 hours, 3 minutes, 2 seconds — the fastest anyone has ever run 26.2 miles.
From Hopkinton to Copley Square, there is no doubt.
"We had a stunning performance and an immensely fast time here today," Tom Grilk, the head of the Boston Athletic Association, said on Monday. "We in Boston are well-pleased with what has happened, and that's good unto itself. The definitions of others, I will leave to them."
Mutai outsprinted Moses Mosop down Boylston Street to win by 4 seconds, and the two Kenyans each beat Haile Gebrselassie's sanctioned world record of 2:03:59.
The Los Alamos Hilltopper boys track and field team held its collective breath until the final event Saturday, but took top honors in the Capital City Invitational.
Los Alamos held off the host Santa Fe Demons to win the meet. Ian Pulliam of the Hilltoppers' 1600-meter relay team held off a late charge in the final event of the day as Los Alamos nipped Santa Fe 85-82.
It was the second win in a row for Los Alamos, which was also a winner at the Los Alamos Classic a week earlier.
For Los Alamos, Jacob Brown won and qualified for state in the triple jump. Brown posted a career-best 42 feet, 8-3/4 inches to earn the win.
The Los Alamos Hilltopper girls track and field team won its second meet in a row Saturday at the Capital City Invitational, topping a tough competitor.
The Capital City Invitational, which included 12 teams, mostly from northern New Mexico, was hosted by the Santa Fe Demons.
The Hilltopper girls went head-to-head Saturday against the St. Pius X Sartans, one of the teams they may have to hold off at the Class 4A meet.
St. Pius kept Saturday's contest close, but Los Alamos prevailed, winning the team title with 134 points to the Sartans' 115.
Los Alamos head coach Paul Anderson said that the meet, occurring on the same day as Los Alamos High School's prom, still went as about as well as he was expecting.
Even without being at full strength for the whole weekend, the Los Alamos Hilltopper girls tennis team had little trouble dispatching its three district opponents.
The Hilltoppers swept all three of their opponents that were able to field teams for the Pre-District 2-4A playoff this weekend. The Hilltoppers dropped the Española Valley Sundevils and Santa Fe Demons Friday, then swept the Bernalillo Spartans Saturday.
Capital, the other team in the district, only had three available players Saturday when it and Los Alamos were scheduled to meet.
With only a handful of games left in the 2011 season, the Los Alamos Hilltopper baseball team is still in good shape in the District 2-4A race.
Despite having to settle for a home split Friday afternoon, the Hilltoppers are still ahead of the pack at 7-1 in the district standings. The Hilltoppers lost a close game one contest Friday, but didn't waste any time bouncing back in game two, scoring 10 runs in the bottom of the first to pick up that win.
Los Alamos took on the Bernalillo Spartans Friday at Bomber Field. Bernalillo and Los Alamos, which have become the two dominant teams in district over the last several seasons, were playing for first place in the district standings.
In Friday's District 2-4A doubleheader, the Los Alamos Hilltopper softball team was itching for a sweep.
But Emily Rodriguez and the Bernalillo Spartans had other plans.
Rodriguez, who survived a rocky start in game one of the doubleheader, pitched seven sparkling innings to give her team a 4-2 victory.
Los Alamos would bounce back in the nightcap of the doubleheader, winning that contest 6-1 and stay within striking distance of the district leader Santa Fe in the standings.
Bernalillo, which was stunned in both ends of a doubleheader last week by Santa Fe, needed at least a split at Los Alamos Friday to avoid falling into a deep hole in the 2-4A race.
Golf: Los Alamos Invitational, boys and girls varsity, 9 a.m.
Girls track and field: LAMS Invite, 3 p.m.
Girls tennis: Los Alamos at Moriarty, JV, 3 p.m.
Baseball: Los Alamos at Santa Fe, JV, 4 p.m.
Softball: Los Alamos at Santa Fe, JV, 4 p.m.
Tennis: Los Alamos at Santa Fe, boys and girls varsity, 3 p.m.
Baseball: Santa Fe at Los Alamos, varsity, 4 p.m.
Softball: Santa Fe at Los Alamos, varsity, 4 p.m.
Track and field: Los Alamos Invite, boys and girls JV and middle school, 3 p.m.
Copyright © 2017
The Los Alamos Monitor is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Los Alamos County and Los Alamos, NM, and the surrounding area.


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To whom it may concern:
Greetings of peace!
The attached Resolution, A Resolution Affirming the Stand of the United Methodist Social Principles Against Death Penalty, is hereby commended to the United Methodist Youth in the Philippines, and to all concerned, for prayerful consideration. This Resolution, as drafted by John Paul Corpuz, Kevin Jaron Pedrosa, and Russnyl Panopio, with the assistance of Dan Kesniel Rombaoa, who constituted the Council Committee on Resolutions, was approved unanimously by the members of the National Youth Council assembled in Guimba United Methodist Church, Guimba, Nueva Ecija on February 17 to 19, 2017.
Si Kristo higit sa lahat!
ATTACHMENT: UMYFP Resolution on Death Penalty


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No, this isn't a post about President Bush although can read my latest one here about W.
About 8 years ago, Minhee and I sent an email to folks about our desire to plant a church in the city of Seattle called Quest. It was pretty scary not knowing who was going to show up – if anyone. But seven people showed including two people that are still with us right now. Over the next several months, about 30 people joined us of which about 5 people are still us with us.
Lots of changes. People coming in and out. Lots of pain. Lots of growth. Lots of joy. Lots of memories. And lots of "What in the world am I doing?" There's been lots of ups and downs and but through it all, Minhee and I have been privileged to have a handful of people journey with us for the majority of our journey.
In particular, I'm thankful for George and Jin – two brothers amongst the seven folks that joined our first gathering in our living over seven years ago. They have been some of the most loyal and dependable friends and partners in ministry. Every pastor and leader needs people like these two to journey with them. I'll roast Jin another time.
George has served the church in almost every way conceivable including being our worship director from Day 1. Now, nearly 50+ musicians rotate through various teams. For the first couple years, George volunteered ALL of his time and it was only in the recent years that the church "compensated" him as a part time worship & arts director. After 7+ years as the church's worship director, George officially stepped down from his position last Sunday. He'll be taking couple months off to rest and simply enjoy sitting and worshipping on Sundays next to his Vivien [his wife], attend a community group together, and prayerfully discern how they can serve God together at Quest.
But before I give him too much praise, I want folks to know that I taught him everything he knows about what it means to be an artist and leading worship. When I first "discovered" him, he was a little rough on the edges: no style, no range on his voice, guitar playing was a little shaky, rhythm was off, and he kept wanting to wear sunglasses while leading worship. But I saw his potential and invested in him. But just in case you don't believe me, I have a clip of George when I discovered him. Make sure you check it out. Thankfully, he's since much improved in his giftings as an artist and musician:
* Just in case you don't know, the youtube video is NOT George. C'mon! Not all Asians look the same. If you want to listen to one of George's original worship songs, click here to listen to 'Testament.'
Filed under: quest church, seattle


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House Revolution is different!
Not the different that some estate agents claim, which in the end turns out they only have a different colour tie or logo or questionable special offer. No, our differences are real, tangible and totally consumer focused and as result, customers love us and the proof can be found in our very many fantastic online customer reviews.
We launched in 2006 and provide a fixed price, highly customer focused estate agency service. On average vendors save thousands of pounds in fees compared with estate agents who charge a percentage of the selling price. Other differences include:
* No contractual minimum term because customers should always be given total flexibility.
* No set up fees or upfront costs.
* No cancellation fees.
* Our people either have or are studying for an Estate Agency Qualification.
* Our behaviour is always open, honest and transparent.
* We work as a team and reward our people only on the quality of their customer care.
* We offer different payment options.
* We dont promote ourselves by cold calling, door knocking, hassling, pestering or generally being annoying.
* We have invested significantly in building unique technology that provides all customers with a online my House Revolution account allowing total access 24/7 to all house selling activity as it happens.
So, If you are looking to sell your home and you are looking for different then give us a call.
Disclaimer: The information about this Agent is provided by the Agent themselves as an advertisement for their agency services. Rightmove is not endorsing this Agent and makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove does not check or verify the accuracy of the content. The information is generated, provided and maintained by House Revolution, Norwich. Please contact the Agent directly to obtain further information about their property services.
39a Newmarket Road Norwich Norfolk NR2 2HN


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|2016-12-02 15:42
Rockefeller Descendants Call ExxonMobil 'Morally Bankrupt' Over Climate Change... +
Fifth-generation Descendants of John Rockefeller, the man whose company eventually became ExxonMobil, are calling out the company as "morally bankrupt" over what they say is the company's record on climate change....
|2016-08-15 23:56
Amazon Acquires 2015 Black List Script Ida Tarbell About Hard-Hitting Journalist Who Challenged Oil Man John Rockefeller... +
EXCLUSIVE: Amazon has acquired the 2015 Black List biopic script Ida Tarbell by Mark McDevitt for producer Tom Drumm of Think Tank Management & Production to produce. The Irish writer McDevitt moved to New York in 1994 after winning a greencard in a l...


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Since the early days of social networking services becoming a place for businesses to engage in marketing to past, current and potential customers, there has been a debate over how to respond appropriately to users' content and comments. That conversation
Social Marketing Predictions for Small Business in 2015 [Archived Webinar]
Social Marketing Predictions for Small Business in 2015 Social Media is the most common activity on the Web today, with the average user spending 37 minutes per day on social networks. The reach of the Internet is moving more and
Creating an Email Community With Google [Webinar]
Creating an Email Community With Google Email is a powerful communication tool when used effectively in a Small Business environment. And, Social Media is touted as the primary community-building tool on the Web. Well, email is just as powerful, and


text:
Fated Fortune in Canada, 1929
When Arthur Wolfe stepped aboard the SS Montreal bound for the homesteads of Canada- age only 13 and possibly the youngest emigrant of that year, 1929 - he began a journey that would take him thousands of kilometres across that vast country, witness to the struggle of the Canadian farmers during the Great Depression. His travels and adventures, tramping the country and "riding the rods" on the Canadian Pacific freight trains, tell of a world of grim, sometimes unbelievable hardship - but a world also from which this young teenager brings back a story that encompasses both heartache and hilarity.
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Trinity Energy Group Land Services
Trinity's Leadership
John L. Solomon - Founder and President
John Solomon has over 20 years' experience in real estate and corporate law with a specific focus in the oil and gas and telecom industries. After receiving B.S. in Business Administration from Murray State University and then his law degree from the University of Kentucky, Mr. Solomon was in private practice in Lexington, Kentucky for two years before moving to the Washington D.C. area where he continued to practice primarily in the real estate area. Thereafter, he held the office of executive director of a large marketing company for four years that was later named the "Fastest Growing Privately-Held Company in America" by Inc. Magazine. In 1998, John managed the title administration of a large, multistate fiber optic right-of-way project and has worked in the oil and gas, telecom and alternative energy industries ever since. He has worked as a contract field landman, held the position of crew chief over several successful projects in the Appalachian and Illinois basins, has owned and operated a successful landman brokerage firm, and has and continues to successfully facilitate the purchase and sale of large lease plays and drilling projects.


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Calli Hostel
Select your stay dates to check availability at Calli Hostel
Calli Hostel
About the Hotel
Property Location
Calli Hostel is in the heart of Busan, walking distance from Lotte Department Store and Seomyeon Street. This hostel is within close proximity of Hwangnyeongsan Mountain and Busan Citizens' Hall.
Make yourself at home in one of the 32 air-conditioned guestrooms. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access is available. Private bathrooms with showers feature complimentary toiletries and slippers. Conveniences include desks and complimentary bottled water, as well as phones with free local calls.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Take in the views from a terrace and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access. Getting to nearby attractions is a breeze with the area shuttle (surcharge).
Satisfy your appetite at a coffee shop/café serving guests of Calli Hostel. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access and laundry facilities. Guests may use a roundtrip airport shuttle for a surcharge, and free self parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Total number of rooms - 32
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Free self parking
- Coffee shop or café
- Laundry facilities
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Terrace
- Bar/lounge
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
Room Facilities
- Limited housekeeping
- Free local calls
- Desk
- Slippers
- Free toiletries
- Air conditioning
- Private bathroom
- Phone
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Free dial-up Internet access
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Free bottled water
- Shower only
Hotel Policy
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: KRW 25000 per pet, per stay
- Late check-out fee: KRW 5000
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- Cash deposit: KRW 10000 per stay
- Pet deposit: KRW 30000.00 per stay
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text: Man I tell you these ROMs are coming left and right. I just flashed Succulent Desire, but now I'm definitely curious about this ROM. Enjoy this guys.... Gonna flash it now.... Froyo FRF91 SS v4.4 [7/9/2010] From SOURCE - All 4.3 Issues Fixed - Maps/Market, ALL! - Droid Forum - Verizon Droid & the Motorola Droid Forum


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Rogue Community College athletics facilities
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Information about Rogue Community College athletics facilities, and registering for elective seminars and discussion sections. Not all recruiting is done like NCAA Division I teams. College coaches want to hear from serious recruits throughout their high school career. Don't be shy to send videos of your best games to college coaching staff or scouts. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Rogue Community College Athletic information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Rogue Community College.
In the weight room, don't be fooled by players who are always pumping iron. It takes a lot more than big muscles to succeed in college sports. Players are becoming more agile, and developing superior game skills every year. You need to develop muscle strength as well, it's true, but your primary focus in weight training should be to use the equipment to help you develop strength along a natural range of motion.
If your school doesn't have advanced machinery in the weight room, you're better off using free weights, and pulley systems that allow you to copy the same motions you make when playing. A few simple exercises done right can replace thousands of dollars of weight-room equipment. Good, old-fashioned push-ups, with a clap in the air every other rep, will do wonders to increase your chest and triceps. Chin-ups will increase your biceps, and pull-downs will bring out your lats. Olympic College baseball coaching staff may encourage student-athletes to apply via early decision. Students who are considering applying via early decision should be aware of the rules and obligations that this commitment entails. Beyond consideration for Rogue Community College athletics facilities, you may think about Scott Community College book exchange for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Industrial / Occupational Athletic Trainer (ATC)
InSite Health
Our team of certified athletic trainers is committed to keeping the working athlete healthy and productive. This position will require both 1 early morning and 1..
12 hours ago Kickboxing/Fitness Instructor
Respond with resume, full availability, start date, and any planned vacations. Must have above average energy, an edge, be passionate about fitness, a fast..
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Attention to Experience, Coaching, Instruction, and understands the how to get results. Our D1 Clearwater Florida location is actively looking for a Head..
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Ability to confidently lead our signature POWER HOUR classes using our structured approach, work with members one-to-one, provide clear instructions, correct..
7 hours ago Basketball Coach/Trainer
Pro Guard Development
Ability to follow sports curriculum and tailor specific lessons to various developmental levels. I am in search of someone experienced in basketball coaching.
3 days ago


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Wait! We think you're in the US - Lovehoney.com is a better site for you.Shop there and get 10% off!Go to Lovehoney.com
Bondage Boutique Faux Leather Flogger
Average customer review 4.5 out of 5 stars43 reviews
Whip your lover into submission with this faux leather flogger from Bondage Boutique. We've crafted this pocket-size, vegan-friendly whip with 9 inch fronds which flow from a sturdy handle to deliver teasing strokes, bracing whips and a satisfying sting.
£12.99Offer 20% off when you buy 2 Bondage toys
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Product Description
Whip your lover into submission with this faux leather flogger from Bondage Boutique. We've crafted this pocket-size, vegan-friendly whip with 9 inch fronds which flow from a sturdy handle to deliver teasing strokes, bracing whips and a satisfying sting.
For those who don't want to use real leather, but also don't want to compromise on performance, this faux leather flogger fits the bill. With a solid wrapped handle, long supple fronds and textured surface, this whip satisfies your cravings for serious domination, without animal products.
Alternate flogs with strokes from a feather tickler to begin and build up to an eye-watering thwack as a crescendo to your bondage play session.
Whether you're vegan or simply want fuss-free S&M, faux leather is an excellent choice for anyone who doesn't like the smell of leather, or couples who want soft supple products that don't require leather care and upkeep.
Pair with faux leather restraints from the same range to start creating your very own leather-free BDSM box.
Key Features:
- Faux leather flogger for intermediate spanking play
- Textured 6 inch handle for an easy grip
- 9 inch fronds faux leather fronds deliver a delightful tickle or satisfying sting
- Great for those who want to explore serious S&M, without real leather
- Easy to care for - no need for regular leather treatments like real leather
How it measures up
- Length: 15 inches
How it feels
- Material: Faux Leather
Product Videos
Bondage Boutique Intermediate Faux Leather Flogger
Whip your lover into line with this flogger from Bondage Boutique. Nine inch fronds flow from a sturdy handle to deliver teasing strokes, bracing whips and a sharp satisfying sting.
Buyer's Guides
Whether you want to take your first steps with a bedroom bondage kit or go the whole hog and recreate scenes from Fifty Shades of Grey, our bondage guides are here to help.
Bondage Guides > Spanking and Whipping for Beginners
Bondage Guides > Beginner's Guide to Bondage
Bondage Guides > Beginner's Bedroom Bondage Techniques
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Customer Reviews
Bondage Boutique Faux Leather Flogger 43 4.5 out of 5 stars
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Bondage Boutique Faux Leather Flogger
Surprisingly satisfing
Reviewed: 01 July 2017 by Tinkerbell90, a Straight Married Female
My husband bought this as a surprise, I was certainly surprised when I saw it.
I was pretty worried about using it to begin with but have to say it's one of the most enjoyable things we have tried.
You don't have to be rough with it unless that's what you like. Gentle strokes and whips across the body teamed with a blindfold, it is just as great.
- Pros
- The feel of it.
- Cons
- Nothing.
- Bottom line
- Amazing.
- Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Reviewed: 18 May 2017 by HMW_, a Straight Engaged Male
The thought of these had always scared me. I have always thought of the horror in films where women are left red and scarred. However, despite this, I thought I'd be brave and try and boy was that a good decision!
You can play it safe and trace the tassels up and down, giving off a bit of a tickle, or go all out.
Hubby had never though or even been open to it before until I surprised him one night. One whip across the chest whilst you're on top it sure to keep him going that bit longer!
The gorgeously made product, surprisingly gentle!
- Pros
- Beautifully made - no hard harsh leathers.
- Cons
- Nothing.
- Bottom line
- Kinky!
- Was this review helpful to you? Yes
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Swishingly fun
Reviewed: 13 March 2017 by Alittleminx, a Straight Going Steady Female
I ordered this for our relatively new relationship and exciting dynamic. His eyes lit up when we opened the box.
I've never had one of these used on me before so I had no idea what to expect...
I was not disappointed. What an amazing feeling, both of him not having to hold back and it not feeling too harsh, and that it gives such a lovely soft swish.
When used with some force the sensation is strong and wonderful!
- Pros
- A lovely sensation but still delivers the heat when needed.
- Cons
- There is nothing not to love about it.
- Bottom line
- Perfect for this little lady.
- Was this review helpful to you? Yes
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