text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 10, 1984
|Filing date
|Jun 18, 1982
|Priority date
|Jul 1, 1981
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Shojiro Sugaki, Masahiko Ogirima, Naoki Yamamoto
|Original Assignee
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (37), Classifications (20), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of forming the electrode of a semiconductor device, and more particularly to a method which can form a good electrode on a silicon wafer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As is well known, the electrodes of various semiconductor devices are formed principally by employing an Al alloy as an electrode material or by producing metal silicide directly on a silicon substrate.
The method employing the Al alloy as the electrode material has the merit that the process is simple and that the manufacture is easy. Since, however, the Al alloy is readily alloyed with Si at a low temperature of about 500� C., Al penetrates into the Si substrate on account of the solid-phase diffusing reaction between Si and Al. In case a diffusion layer in the Si substrate is thin, the Al having penetrated pierces the diffusion layer easily, resulting in the disadvantages that the junction shorting takes place and that the heat resistance is conspicuously low.
The method which forms the electrode by forming metal silicide directly on the Si substrate, is more excellent in the heat resistance than the method which employs the Al alloy.
In forming the electrode, however, the metal silicide is formed by the solid phase reaction between a metal and the Si substrate, so that when it is intended to form a thick metal silicide layer, the metal silicide in a lower part thereof enters the Si substrate into the state in which the interface between the metal silicide and the corresponding part of the Si substrate lies within the original Si substrate.
Within the Si substrate, regions opposite in the conductivity type to the Si substrate are usually formed. Therefore, when the interface is formed within the Si substrate, a junction is feared to be ruined by the metal silicide, so that the thickness of the metal silicide cannot be made very great.
In order to solve this problem, there has been proposed a method in which a polycrystalline Si film heavily doped with an impurity is formed on the Si substrate in advance, and a metal film is deposited thereon to react it with the polycrystalline Si film, thereby to form the metal silicide.
Owing to the presence of the polycrystalline Si film, this method can prevent the junction within the substrate from being ruined. Since, however, a polycrystalline Si film needs to be formed in parts to become contact holes by the use of the photoetching process, the method is unsuitable for the formation of a semiconductor device of high packaging density having a very fine structure.
An object of the present invention is to solve the problems involved in the prior-art methods of forming electrodes, and to provide a method of forming the electrode of a semiconductor device which ensures a sufficient heat resistance of the electrode, which is not feared to ruin a junction within a substrate and which is also applicable to the manufacture of an integrated circuit of high packaging density.
In order to accomplish the object, according to the present invention, a Si layer is formed on that selected part of the surface of a Si substrate on which an electrode is to be formed, and a metal film is deposited onto the Si layer so as to form metal silicide.
FIGS. 1a to 1d are processing flow diagrams illustrative of an embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1a, an impurity-doped layer 2 is formed in the surface region of a single-crystal Si substrate 1 by a well-known expedient such as thermal diffusion and ion implantation.
Using a well-known process such as thermal oxidation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a SiO2 film 3 is deposited on the whole surface of the Si substrate. Thereafter, the part of the SiO2 film overlying the impurity-doped layer 2 is selectively removed by the well-known photoetching so as to form a contact hole 4.
In an example, the deposition of the SiO2 film 3 and the formation of the contact hole 4 were carried out after the impurity-doped layer 2 had been formed. Needless to say, however, the impurity-doped layer 2 may well be formed after the deposition of the SiO2 film 3 and the formation of the contact hole 4 have been performed.
As shown in FIG. 1b, using the well-known vapor epitaxial growth which employs SiCl4 and H2, a Si epitaxial layer 5 is selectively grown on the exposed surface of the Si substrate 1. Thereafter, a refractory metal film 6 of Mo, Ta, Ti, W or the like is deposited on the whole surface of the resultant substrate. Two or more of such metals may well be jointly used, or an alloy consisting of such metals may well be used.
Subsequently, a heat treatment is conducted at about 500� C. or above in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. Then, a solid phase reaction takes place between the refractory metal layer 6 and the Si epitaxial layer 5, and a metal silicide layer 8 is formed as shown in FIG. 1c.
The temperature of the heat treatment for forming the metal silicide layer 8 should preferably be about 500� C.-1000� C. At a temperature below about 500� C., the metal silicide is difficult to be formed, and at a temperature above about 1000� C., the impurity-doped layer 2 spreads due to thermal diffusion and a pn-junction 7 deepens. The growth rate of the metal silicide depends greatly upon the atmosphere of the heat treatment. For example, the growth rate of the metal silicide is markedly higher with the heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere than with the heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere.
The thickness of the metal silicide layer 8 can be controlled to a desired value by changing the conditions of the heat treatment. In the example in which the heat treatment was conducted at 700� C., in the hydrogen atmosphere for 1 hour, a tungsten silicide layer 8 was about 500 nm thick.
Even when the entire Si epitaxial layer 5 reacts with the refractory metal film 6, it is only required that the produced metal silicide film 8 does not pierce the impurity-doped layer 2 to destroy the junction 7. Therefore, when the thickness of the Si epitaxial layer 5 is made great to some extent beforehand (roughly, greater than the thickness of the metal silicide layer to be formed), the formation of the metal silicide layer 8 can be performed with a sufficient allowance.
More specifically, when the Si epitaxial layer 5 is formed to be somewhat thick in advance, this layer 5 is not fully reacted in the formation of the metal silicide but is left unreacted to some degree as illustrated in FIG. 1c. Therefore, the pn-junction 7 is not feared to be spoilt by the metal silicide layer 8, and a contact having a high reliability can be formed very easily.
In the embodiment, the Si epitaxial layer 5 is formed on the impurity-doped layer 2. Since, however, the present invention requires only the formation of the metal silicide through the reaction with the refractory metal, it is possible to employ, not only the Si epitaxial layer, but also a polycrystalline silicone layer or an amorphous silicon layer. In this regard, however, it is difficult to form the amorphous silicon layer on the selected part of the impurity-doped layer 2 without using a mask or the like. In contrast, the Si epitaxial or the polycrystalline silicon layer can be selectively grown on the impurity-doped layer 2 and is therefore favorable in practical use.
After the metal silicide layer 8 has been formed, the refractory metal film 6 is etched and removed. In this case, only the unreacted refractory metal film 6 can be selectively etched and removed by employing an etchant with which the etching rate of the refractory metal is sufficiently greater than that of the metal silicide.
By way of example, in a case where Mo is employed as the refractory metal and where Mo silicide is formed, only the Mo film is selectively removed with the Mo silicide layer left behind by employing a phosphoric acid-based solution as the etchant. In a case where W is employed as the refractory metal to form W silicide, only the W film is selectively removed with the W silicide layer left behind by employing a hydrogen peroxide liquid as the etchant.
Next, a wiring metal film of, e.g., Al is deposited on the whole surface of the resultant substrate and thereafter has its unnecessary parts removed by the well-known photoetching. Then, a wiring layer 9 which is electrically connected with the metal silicide layer 8 is formed as shown in FIG. 1d.
The metal silicide layer formed in the present invention can be used as the contact electrode with the impurity-doped layer within the Si substrate, the electrode of a Schottky diode, etc. In the case of using the metal silicide layer as the electrode of the Schottky diode, it is desirable to react the entire Si epitaxial layer with the metal silicide and to hold the metal silicide layer in direct contact and the silicon semiconductor substrate.
In the above embodiment, the metal silicide layer is formed, the refractory metal layer is thereafter removed, and the wiring material layer made of Al or the like is deposited so as to form the wiring.
It is a matter of course, however, that the present invention is not restricted to such steps. By processing the unreacted refractory metal layer into a desired shape by the photoetching, it can be used as the wiring of any of various semiconductor devices, the gate electrode of a MOS field effect transistor, etc. In the cases of employing the refractory metal as the wiring of the various semiconductor devices, the gate electrode of the MOS field effect transistor, etc., a metal silicide layer can also be formed on a contact hole by a heat treatment after the refractory metal has been processed into the desired shape by the photoetching.
The metal silicide layer formed in the present invention can endure a heat treatment at temperatures up to about 1,200� C.
Accordingly, when the temperatures of various heat treatments which are conducted after the formation of the electrode are below about 1,100� C., the electrode is not feared to ruin, and almost all the ordinary silicon processes can be performed without hindrance.
Moreover, when the wiring is formed of the unreacted part of the refractory metal used for forming the metal silicide, the heat resistance is very excellent, and the specific resistance is as low as at most 2�10-5 Ω.cm. Therefore, the wiring is very suitable for various semiconductor integrated circuits.
In addition, according to the present invention, Si is selectively grown on the contact hole and is reacted with the refractory metal. Therefore, the metal silicide layer is formed in a self-alignment fashion, and the method can be very easily applied to the formation of a large-scale integrated circuit having a very fine structure. The invention has such numerous merits.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 22, 1967
|Dec 8, 1970
|Bosch Gmbh Robert
|Process of forming contacts on electrical parts,particularly silicon semiconductors
|Apr 5, 1971
|Aug 21, 1973
|Rca Corp
|Method for making an intermetallic contact to a semiconductor device
|Jul 31, 1972
|Dec 11, 1973
|Fairchild Camera Instr Co
|Methods for forming metal/metal silicide semiconductor device interconnect system
|Dec 10, 1973
|Jun 17, 1975
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Ohmic contacts to silicon
|Jun 28, 1974
|Nov 11, 1975
|Intel Corp
|Al/Si metallization process
|Sep 9, 1976
|Mar 28, 1978
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device and device manufactured according to the method
|Jan 22, 1975
|Aug 8, 1978
|Ferranti Limited
|Semiconductor devices
|Nov 2, 1976
|Mar 27, 1979
|Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd.
|Method of producing a P-N junction utilizing polycrystalline silicon
|Jan 24, 1980
|Apr 21, 1981
|General Electric Company
|Composite conductive structures in integrated circuits and method of making same
|Dec 29, 1978
|Jun 30, 1981
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Integrated semiconductor circuit structure and method for making it
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 1983
|Aug 6, 1985
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Method of forming conductive interconnection between vertically spaced levels in VLSI devices
|May 6, 1983
|Oct 8, 1985
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method of forming a titanium disilicide
|May 2, 1984
|Mar 18, 1986
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Method of manufacturing an insulated-gate field-effect transistor
|May 15, 1984
|Mar 25, 1986
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method of forming electrical contact to a semiconductor substrate via a metallic silicide or silicon alloy layer formed in the substrate
|Mar 29, 1985
|Jan 13, 1987
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|Method of fabricating titanium silicide gate electrodes and interconnections
|Dec 3, 1985
|Dec 1, 1987
|Varian Associates, Inc.
|Chemical vapor deposition apparatus
|Jun 19, 1987
|Sep 6, 1988
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Semiconductor device
|Jan 15, 1987
|Jan 10, 1989
|Varian Associates, Inc.
|Rapid thermal cvd apparatus
|Mar 11, 1985
|Feb 14, 1989
|Itt Gallium Arsenide Technology Center, A Division Of Itt Corporation
|Method of manufacture of galluim arsenide field effect transistors
|Oct 30, 1985
|Jun 20, 1989
|General Electric Company
|MOS VLSI device having shallow junctions and method of making same
|Nov 8, 1988
|Oct 10, 1989
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Method for making silicide interconnection structures for integrated circuit devices
|Sep 1, 1988
|Oct 10, 1989
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for providing silicide bridge contact between silicon regions separated by a thin dielectric
|Feb 11, 1988
|Mar 20, 1990
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Semiconductor device having a metal electrode interconnection film with two layers of silicide
|Sep 8, 1988
|Jun 19, 1990
|General Electric Company
|Method for fabricating a self-aligned lightly doped drain semiconductor device with silicide
|Oct 28, 1988
|Aug 14, 1990
|Matsushita Electronics Corporation
|Method of making interconnects between polysilicon layers
|Sep 13, 1989
|Oct 30, 1990
|Intel Corporation
|Process for selective contact hole filling including a silicide plug
|Dec 20, 1982
|Jan 1, 1991
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|Buried Schottky clamped transistor
|Apr 12, 1989
|Mar 19, 1991
|Self-aligned salicide process for forming semiconductor devices and devices formed thereby
|Apr 2, 1990
|Jan 14, 1992
|Hyundai Electronics Industries Co., Ltd.
|Method for forming a silicide film used in a semiconductor chip
|Oct 4, 1990
|Mar 31, 1992
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming self-aligned conducting pillars in an (IC) fabrication process
|Oct 23, 1990
|Jun 9, 1992
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Integrated circuit device having improved junction connections
|Oct 3, 1988
|Sep 29, 1992
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method of manufacturing a metallic silicide transparent electrode
|Feb 21, 1992
|Nov 29, 1994
|Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics, Inc.
|Method to improve step coverage by contact reflow
|Jan 19, 1993
|Sep 26, 1995
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and structure for interconnecting different polysilicon zones on semiconductor substrates for integrated circuits
|Sep 28, 1994
|May 21, 1996
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of manufacturing a wiring layer including amorphous silicon and refractory metal silicide
|Apr 22, 1996
|Nov 12, 1996
|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd.
|Method of forming salicided self-aligned contact for SRAM cells
|Aug 26, 1996
|Sep 30, 1997
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Structure for interconnecting different polysilicon zones on semiconductor substrates for integrated circuits
|Oct 25, 1996
|Jun 22, 1999
|Nec Corporation
|Fabrication process for semiconductor device
|Jul 22, 2004
|Aug 7, 2007
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming a storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Mar 8, 2006
|Jun 10, 2008
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Mar 21, 2007
|Jul 1, 2008
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming a storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Jul 17, 2006
|Jul 15, 2008
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming a storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Jul 22, 2004
|Jan 6, 2005
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming a storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Mar 8, 2006
|Jun 29, 2006
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming a stroage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Jul 17, 2006
|Nov 2, 2006
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming a storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Mar 21, 2007
|Jul 19, 2007
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for forming a storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials
|Feb 6, 2007
|Aug 16, 2007
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 20, 1984
Owner name: HITACHI LTD 5-1 MARUNOUCHI 1 CHOME CHIYODA KU TOKY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SUGAKI, SHOJIRO;OGIRIMA, MASAHIKO;YAMAMOTO, NAOKI;REEL/FRAME:004212/0478
Effective date: 19820607
|Dec 31, 1987
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 20, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 28, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Patio Doors
- French/Swing Patio Doors
- Single, double, or French Swinging Patio Doors are available in many styles and glass types to provide clear viewing or obscured for more privacy.
- Sliding Patio Doors
- Sliding glass patio doors don't swing, so they require less floor space, allowing you to place furniture nearby, inside or out.
- Sliding French Patio Doors
- French-Style Sliding Doors combine space-saving convenience with the elegance of a French patio door.
- Folding Patio Doors
- Open up an entire room to the great outdoors with a Folding Patio Door System. These doors open accordion style and can be designed with multiple panels.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sienna Miller gives birth
Reportedly, Sienna had her first child with fiance Tom Sturridge, 26, over the weekend in London. Wow, imagine this beautiful baby. Oh yes, and for some reason everyone's talking about Kourtney Kardashian giving birth. I say, not interested.
Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively are still hot and heavy
It's been a long time since we've seen the pair together, but their PDA-style certainly confirms that they are still together. At a recent 4th of July bash, the two were snapped smooching in their swimwear. Gorgeous couple.
Legendary actor, Ernest Borgnine, dies at 95
The actor known best for his role as the lovesick butcher in "Marty" in 1955, died at his home in LA yesterday. RIP.
Dame Edna retires
At 78-years-old Dame Edna – Evita Bezuidenhout's doppelgänger – known for her famous put-downs and inflated ego. The creator of the character, Barry Humphries, first performed the as Edna in 1955. Love her!
COPE MP tries to exit plane in mid-air
A Congress of the People MP reportedly tried to open the door of an SAA plane on a flight to India, Beeld report. Was he drunk? Uh yes. Cope chief whip Dennis Bloem told the newspaper on Sunday: "Dirk Feldman had too much to drink and they say he lost his inhibitions. Can we really blame him for drinking? 😉


text:
Egg packing centre: application for designation
- From:
- Animal and Plant Health Agency
- Part of:
- Egg production and marketing
- Published:
- 6 January 2014
- Last updated:
- 15 November 2016, see all updates
- Applies to:
- England and Wales
Form to apply for designation as a premises for grading and packing eggs.
EXD215: Application for designation of an egg packing centre
Ref: EXD215 PDF, 104KB, 9 pages
This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Request an accessible format.
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email email@example.com. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
This form is for premises where table eggs are brought to for grading and packing. It does not include premises or part of premises which only deal with eggs laid on the same premises.
The form also explains the conditions of designation and the restrictions that are likely to be applied if there is a disease outbreak.
Document information
Published: 6 January 2014
Updated: 15 November 2016
- EXD215 updated
- AHVLA documents have been re-assigned to the new Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA).
- First published.
From: Animal and Plant Health Agency
Part of: Egg production and marketing


text:
July 2012 New Media Breakfast - Social Media or Search Engine Optimisation - THE FACE OFF
WeDO Scotland
Thursday, July 12, 2012 from 8:00 AM to 11:00 AM (BST)
Event Details
Social Media or Search Engine Optimisation - THE FACE OFF
We are often asked where businesses should spend their online marketing budget - Social Media or Search Engine Optimisation (SEO)? The answer is of course both. Social Media and SEO are both essential for online success there you shouldn't discard one in favour of the other: in fact, Social Media and SEO increasingly work hand-in-hand with each other.
So, rather than battling it out for your budgets, regular New Media Breakfast speakers Gordon White (in the Social Media corner) and Tim Barlow (in the SEO corner)) will take it in turns to share their (or your) very best online marketing tips in an attempt to win the vote. He who gets the most votes wins. He who wins ... well that's still to be decided.
We're not sure how many tips we'll get through but don't worry, we'll prepare lots for you and you'll leave the Breakfast with plenty of things to consider for optimising your Social Media and your Search.
The New Media Breakfast is all about sharing knowledge and helping to keep each other informed about the latest developments in new media, we would encourage you to submit any tips or tricks that you may have that you would like to share at the Breakfast. Or, you may have heard a tip for Social Media or SEO but you're unsure about its effectiveness or credibility? Please feel free to submit it to us beforehand and we can share the answers at the breakfast. Please send your tips or questions to @GordonWhite or @TimBarlow via Twitter.
These events are highly popular and regularly sell out therefore please book your ticket(s) as soon as possible to avoid disappointment. Please note that ticket sales close at 4pm on the11th of July and tickets are not available to purchase on the day.
Cancellations of bookings must be received in writing to firstname.lastname@example.com Where a cancellation has been made more than 24 hours in advance, a refund will be issued for online bookings. For bookings which are cancelled less than 24 hours in advance, no refund will be payable.
Remember to register on the New Media Breakfast website by clicking here
To find out more about fatBuzz, click here
To find out more about WeDO Scotland, click here
When & Where
125 George Street
EH2 4JN Edinburgh
United Kingdom
Thursday, July 12, 2012 from 8:00 AM to 11:00 AM (BST)
Add to my calendar


text:
You could call this the night of personal comebacks.
Take your pick in the Kings' 4-3 shootout win against the Vancouver Canucks on Saturday night at Staples Center.
Candidate No. 1: Kings goalie Peter Budaj, the man who went the 2014-15 season without winning a game at the minor league level, won back-to-back starts in the NHL for the first time since 2014, when he was with Montreal.
Budaj faced 25 shots in helping lead the Kings against the Canucks, who suffered their first loss in five games. He stopped all three Canucks players in the shootout, and Tanner Pearson converted on his shootout opportunity to clinch the win.
Candidate No. 2: Kings winger Dustin...


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Results 1 to 2 of 2
02-17-09, 12:03 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Feb 2009
- Posts
- 1
Need constructive comments/criticism on ERD
i'm somewhat new to database design and i need someone to take a look at this ERD design which i have created using a lot of surrogate keys and unique indexes as opposed to composite keys (in many cases)
i only have a few tables in there and it is in PDF for now so i have attached it here. There is only one page of interest so please give me any constructive comments or criticism so i can get going in the right direction. Feel free to email me if you want.
02-17-09, 12:14 #2King of Understatement
- Join Date
- Feb 2004
- Location
- One Flump in One Place
- Posts
- 14,912
I wouldn't use surrogates in place of composite keys at the modelling stage. Dependencies are easier to spot if all the relevant attributes are actually part of the entity definition rather than buried in parents. By all means use them when you implement the database; they just muddy the waters at this stage.
I haven't looked at the design long enough to be able to offer much else.Testimonial:
pootle flump
ur codings are working excelent.


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Bio & Incident Details
Age: 28
Tour: 2 years
Badge # Not available
Cause: Struck by vehicle
Incident Date: 2/5/1978
· Leave a Reflection
· Add to My Heroes
· Update this memorial
Sergeant Cernoch succumbed to injuries sustained four days earlier when he was struck by a vehicle while directing traffic. He had observed several fire trucks trying to maneuver through traffic at FM 2218 and FM 1640. He began directing traffic to allow the fire trucks to pass. After the last fire track passed he began walking back to his patrol car when he was struck from behind by another vehicle.
Sergeant Cernoch had been with the agency for two years.


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The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee is holding hearings on the appealingly titled Clean Power Act of 2001 (S. 556), introduced by Senator James Jeffords (I-VT), which supporters say will reduce emissions of air pollutants from the nation's power plants. To do this, however, the bill requires power plants to drastically reduce emissions of three pollutants as well as a naturally occurring gas within an unreasonably short period of time. But this approach will drive up electricity prices, compromise the reliability of the nation's electricity supply, and undermine America's economic strength.
The Senate committee should instead craft legislation that will not have these broad and negative effects. The President and many Members of Congress believe there is a better way to improve air quality while ensuring that Americans have dependable and affordable electricity in the future. They seek a flexible, market-based approach to reducing emissions that also streamlines the current regulatory process and balances the nation's energy and environmental policies.
Restricting Fuel
Electricity is a secondary energy source generated from a variety of natural resources. Such a diverse fuel mix protects consumers and electric companies from depleted fuel supplies and price fluctuations and enhances the reliability of electricity supply. Major or sudden changes in this generation mix would adversely affect the nation's energy supply and economic strength.
Currently, over half of the nation's electricity supply is generated from coal, America's most abundant, reliable, inexpensive, and safely transportable energy resource. Of the remainder, 20 percent is generated from nuclear power, 16 percent from natural gas, 11 percent from hydropower and other renewable resources, and about 3 percent from fuel oil. An October 2001 Energy Information Administration (EIA) analysis projects that by 2020, if S. 556 were enacted, coal-based electricity generation would decline by 55 percent and natural gas-based electricity generation would increase by 24 percent, leading to a 16 percent increase in the cost of tapping the gas at the well.
However, rapidly switching from coal to natural gas as a fuel source could cause supply disruptions. Jeff Holmstead, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation at the Environmental Protection Agency, noted at a recent Senate hearing that such a dramatic shift would "cost consumers too much and endanger our energy security."
Electricity Reliability
Holmstead also points out that the stringent emissions reductions in S. 556 would force power plants to install expensive emissions control technologies "too quickly" over a short time period. To meet a 2007 deadline, existing facilities might have to be taken offline while the new emissions control equipment was put in place, severely affecting the availability, cost, and reliability of electric power and compromising the capacity of the electric power grid to meet consumers' needs.
Threatening the
The EIA analysis predicts that the emissions limits in S. 556 will lead to higher electricity prices--as much as 31 percent higher in 2010 and 33 percent higher in 2020--even as consumers reduce their consumption. Annual utility expenditures per household would increase by $158 in 2010 and, again, by $154 in 2020. The rise in energy prices would also increase the costs of production, causing goods and services to increase in cost as well. According to the EIA, if this proposal were enacted, the gross domestic product (GDP) would be $100 billion lower--a reduction of 0.8 percent--in 2007.
Compliance with the emissions reductions in S. 556 would substantially increase the cumulative costs to generate electricity (the total cost of fuel plus operations and maintenance expenditures, investments in plant and equipment, and cost of any purchased power). The EIA estimates that the cumulative expenditure attributable to the emissions limits would run $177 billion (a 9 percent increase) through 2020. Annualized resource costs in 2007 (when the limits were in full force), including financing and capital recovery costs, would be $19.9 billion higher with these restrictions. Many of these increased costs would be passed on to consumers.
Imposing a Domestic-Style "Kyoto
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a clear, odorless gas and a fundamental nutrient of the planetary food chain. It does not pose a threat to human health or to the environment and is not subject to regulation under the Clean Air Act. Yet S. 556 calls for drastically reducing CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by 2007.
Currently, there are no economical technologies to sequester CO2 emissions from generation plants. The only way to reduce CO2 emissions is to reduce overall energy use or dramatically reduce the amount of domestic coal used to generate electricity. This could force premature closure of many of the coal-fired steam electric generation plants that produce over half of the nation's electricity. It could lead to a new reliance on natural gas-fired power plants at a time when the industry is already expecting rising demand. The EIA predicts that, by 2020, the emissions limits would increase electricity generators' demand for natural gas by 24 percent. Higher demand will drive up prices. Mandating such stringent reductions in CO2 emissions essentially would implement a domestic version of the flawed Kyoto Protocol limits, which analysts predict will jeopardize the nation's economic and energy security.
The current regulatory structure to improve air quality is complex, duplicative, and costly. To achieve the nation's environmental, energy, and economic objectives, carefully crafted multi-emissions legislation should streamline the existing regulatory process and provide greater certainty that the industry can reliably supply electricity well into the future while improving air quality.
Such legislation should be based on a flexible, market-based approach that seeks reasonable emissions reductions within a reasonable period. Energy producers should be encouraged to choose cost-effective ways to reduce their emissions through market-oriented programs like emissions "trading" to enhance the nation's overall air quality rather than forced to meet government-mandated standards for technology.
Charli E. Coon, J.D., is Senior Policy Analyst for Energy and the Environment in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation.


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Nigel Owens produced a very risqué joke after Leinster's win over Edinburgh
He's our favourite Welsh rugby referee.
The hugely popular official was the man in the middle for Leinster's 36-23 win in the Scottish capital.
It was a good end to a frustrating campaign for the province and a farewell game for Jimmy Gopperth.
After the game, there were a lot of tributes to the Kiwi but the one tweet about the game got more attention than others.
Nice day for a 99. Just as well Leinster 6 was not putting the ball into scrum. Would have been a nice day for a ?? pic.twitter.com/w2BxQUmsik— Nigel Owens (@Nigelrefowens) May 17, 2015
Online Editors


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Viviana Gradinaru, PI
Ben Deverman, Director
The mission of the CLARITY, Optogenetics and Vector Engineering Research (CLOVER) Center is to support tissue clearing and imaging projects, optogenetic studies, and custom gene delivery vehicle development at Caltech through technology and methodology innovation, training, and infrastructure and reagent sharing.
The CLOVER Center has three main research aims:
| Ben Deverman
230 Beckman Institute
Mail Code 139-74
|Prof. Viviana Gradinaru
Principal Investigator
Biology and Biological Engineering
258A Alles Laboratory
Mail Code 156-29


text:
Compact, lightweight and self-contained, the ARRI ALEXA Mini is a versatile additional tool in the ALEXA camera range
Key Features:
Complementing The ALEXA Range
Compact, lightweight and self-contained, the ARRI ALEXA Mini is a versatile additional tool in the ALEXA camera range. Crews will find that the ALEXA Mini perfectly complements their ALEXA shooting kit, eliminating the complications of working with third-party cameras for specialized shots and keeping everything within a single system that is trusted all over the world.
To maintain ARRI's famously rugged build quality in a small and lightweight camera, a number of unique design solutions have been incorporated. These include highly integrated and sealed electronics, a lightweight carbon housing and a solid titanium PL mount that connects directly with the new internal sensor mount – also made of titanium – to ensure a super-stable flange focal distance, even when using large lenses. Nimble in use and hardy on set, the ALEXA Mini is a go-anywhere tool, easy to transport in backpacks or as carry-on luggage.
- Versatile mountingand shooting options
- Uncompromised image quality for specialized shots
- Internal CFast 4K Recording Technology
- Lightweight carbon housing
- Solid titanium PL mount
- Highly integrated and sealed electronics
- Super-stable titanium sensor mount
- In-camera recording to CFast 2.0 memory cards
- ProRes up to 200 fps
- Uncompressed ARRIRAW up to 30 fps
- 4:3 sensor for anamorphic productions
- Exchangeable PL, B4 and EF lens mounts
- Cost-efficient in-camera grading
- Built-in Wi-Fi connectivity
- Motorized and remotely-controllable internal DN filters
- Integrated ARRI Lens Data System (LDS)
- 4K UHD, HDR and HFR recording
|Camera type
|35 format film-style digital camera with lightweight and compact carbon body, 4:3/16:9 switchable active sensor area, support for ARRI MVF-1 viewfinder, built-in remote control capabilities via ARRI Electronic Control System and Wi-Fi, support for cforce motors, built-in motorized ND filters, interchangable lens mounts and ARRI Lens Data System
|Length: 185 mm/7.3"
Width: 125 mm/4.9"
Height: 140 mm/5.5"
(camera body with PL lens mount)
|~ 2.3 kg/5 lbs (camera body with titanium PL lens mount)
|35 mm format ARRI ALEV III CMOS with Bayer pattern color filter array
|Photo sites
(with surround view)
| 16:9 ProRes HD 2880x1620
16:9 ProRes 2K 2867x1613
16:9 ProRes 3.2K 3200x1800
16:9 ProRes 4K UHD 3200x1800
4:3 ProRes 2.8K 2880x2160 *
6:5 ProRes De-squeezed to 2K 2560x2145 ∗
8:9 ProRes De-squeezed to HD 1920x2160 ∗
16:9 ARRIRAW 2.8K 2880x2160 ∗
Open Gate ARRIRAW 3.4K 3414x2198 ∗
|Electronic shutter, 5.0° to 356.0°
|Exposure latitude
|14+ stops over the entire sensitivity range from EI 160 to EI 3200 as measured with the ARRI Dynamic Range Test Chart (DRTC-1)
|Exposure index
|EI 800 base sensitivity
|Built-in motorized ND filters 0.6, 1.2, 2.1
|Lens mounts
|Titanium PL mount with L-Bus connector and LDS
EF mount
PL mount with Hirose connector and LDS
B4 mount with Hirose connector
|Recording media
|CFast 2.0 memory cards
|Recording formats
|16:9 ProRes HD (1920 x 1080)
16:9 ProRes 2K (2048 x 1152)
16:9 ProRes 3.2K (3200 x 1800)
16:9 ProRes 4K UHD (3840 x 2160)
4:3 ProRes 2.8K (2880 x 2160) ∗
6:5 ProRes De-squeezed to 2K (2048 x 858) ∗
8:9 ProRes De-squeezed to HD (1920 x 1080) ∗
16:9 ARRIRAW 2.8K (2880 x 1620) ∗
Open Gate ARRIRAW 3.4K (3414 x 2198) ∗
(The pixel count in brackets shows the number of pixels in the recorded file.)
|Recording codec
|ProRes 422, 422 HQ, 4444, 4444 XQ, ARRIRAW ∗
|Color output
|Rec 709, custom look or Log C
|Look control
|Import of custom 3D LUT, ASC CDL parameter (slope, offset, power, saturation)
|Adjustable image parameters
|Knee, gamma, saturation, black gamma, saturation by hue
|Focus and exposure control
|Peaking, zebra, false color
|White balance
|Manual and auto white balance
|Sound level
|< 20 dB(A) at standard frame rates
|-20° C to +45° C (-4° F to +113° F) @ 95% humidity max, non-condensing Splash and dust-proof through sealed electronics
|Multi Viewfinder MVF-1 (OLED and LCD ) with flip-out LCD screen and military-grade connector to camera
|Control interface
|oft buttons and OSD on SDI output, integration of Transvideo StarliteHD touch interface
|ARRI lens motor control
|Built-in radio interface for ARRI lens control L-Bus motor output for daisy-chainable cforce lens control motors
|Wi-Fi remote control
|Built-in Wi-Fi interface and web-based remote control from phones, tablets and laptops
|Custom control
|Optional GPIO interface for integration with custom control interfaces
|Power input
|Lemo 8-pin, 10.5-34 V DC
|Video outputs
|2x HD-SDI out 1.5G and 3G: uncompressed HD video with embedded audio and metadata, SDI-6G interface to external CODEX recorder ∗
|SDI-Genlock (optional activation through ARRI Service), timecode (in and output)
|Other interfaces
|USB 2.0 (for usersets, looks etc.) Ethernet EXT accessory interface w. RS pin
|∗ available in a later SUP


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In case your cat instantly goes off its feed for no clear purpose, try out tempting treats these kinds of as jack mackerel, tuna, or cream of chicken soup in compact amounts. These are generally not finish foodstuff and shouldn't be fed very long phrase, nonetheless they are extremely delicious to cats. A finicky cat could start off having all over again and continue when provided among these treats.
Develop a heat mattress for an outdoor or feral cat by lining a banana box which has a thick layer of newspaper. Reduce a piece of Mylar to suit the underside in the box. Put yet another layer of newspaper on top rated. Insert a warm blanket. Place the whole box inside of a pet house or beneath a porch exactly where it cannot get damp.
Look at the amount of treats that you choose to give your cat. Like human beings, cats can easily overeat junk foods. This tends to result in them to get bodyweight and will bring about some wellness complications like heart concerns and diabetic issues. In the event you do give your cat treats, provide them with a small volume and help it become a particular point instead of a daily regime.
For those who are planning to obtain a pet cat, make sure to check out using your local shelter. Shelters are overflowing with wonderful cats, as well as the adoption payment usually covers necessary vet care. After you adopt a cat from the shelter, you preserve a lifetime and support continue to keep the cat population under control.
Established up a good, heat and comfortable region to your cat to rest in your home. It should be lined having a warm towel or blanket. Be certain to wash the bedding frequently because it can obtain dust, dander, and anything at all from outdoors if the cat is an outdoor cat.
If the cat is really an outside cat or even a cat that features a habit of having outside, they want good identification. The cat ought to have a safety collar and an ID tag. Safety collars which have elastic bands allow for cats to receive out of the collar when they get it caught on some thing. An ID tag or an implanted microchip can assist your cat get returned if they are shed.
Make a cost-free toy for your cat by positioning a little bit dry rice or simply a handful of dry beans inside an empty tablet bottle. Close the lid and roll the rattly toy across the ground. Most cats cannot resist the sound and movement. You can also tie a size of twine all around the neck of the bottle to make a pull toy or simply a dangly toy.
Hardly ever use any product supposed for canines on the cat. Cats have quite powerful, damaging reactions to products and solutions formulated for canines. This is certainly especially true of flea products. Puppy flea prevention items will destroy your cat. In actual fact, your cat really should be held away from the canine for many hrs immediately after the puppy has become handled for fleas.
If the cat goes outside, it can be important to possess a collar having a tag. Cats can journey much, along with a tag will help you find the cat easier when they wander off. Ensure that at a minimum amount to put your pet's identify plus your telephone number about the tag.
To help keep your cat happy and healthful, its important to agenda standard visits for the vet. Not just are typical checkups excellent for catching issues early, but typical visits can insure that the cat retains up to date on its vaccinations. Should you really don't know in the event the very last time your cat had its photographs, timetable an appointment for booster pictures as soon as possible.
Keep away from eye get in touch with to help make pals having a cat. At any time marvel why cats appear drawn on the man or woman who likes cats the least? The answer lies in cat entire body language. To cats, staring is "rude" and might be regarded as a challenge. On the lookout absent shows that you simply respect their area and so are not likely to be a menace. So following time you are looking to satisfy a brand new feline close friend, glimpse away and let them solution you.
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1. Tell us about your latest release, DEAD MAN'S FIRE.
DEAD MAN'S FIRE was just released September 2nd. It's the first in my Marc Huntington series of thrillers, which follows the exploits of recovery experts Marc and Dana Huntington as they travel the world recovering stolen items of great value, rescuing kidnapped persons, and generally using their skills to recover anything – provided there's a reward offered. In DEAD MAN'S FIRE, Marc learns that the son of his former Delta Force commander has gone missing from a scientific expedition in the Amazon Rainforest. Marc and Dana investigate only to find nearly all of the expedition members dead and a fossilized skull steeped in superstition at the heart of the mystery. Marc and Dana get caught up in a frenzy of intrigue as multiple factions seek the skull and consequently the young man caught at the heart of the situation – the man the Huntingtons had come to rescue.
2. Can you share little bit about what you're working on now or what's coming next?
I'm about a month or so from finishing the second book in the Huntington series, CHASING KELVIN. Marc and Dana are in the process of recovering a valuable diamond when they learn of a terrorist plot on the train they're currently riding. A bio-toxin is released. One of the Huntingtons is infected, there are simultaneous attacks around the globe, and officials have been compromised in multiple governments. Otherwise it's just another day in the life.
As to other projects, my publisher is asking me for additional story ideas, so it looks like the Huntington series will be continuing. As well, I have another book, THE EMPTY, due for release in a couple of months. This is coming from a different publisher (L & L Dreamspell) and deals with a human-like race that has no genetic matrix of its own, and so its people must infuse genetic information from others – often both human and animal. These people have lived on the outskirts of humanity for centuries, but in today's modern world they risk exposure and possibly extinction.
3. Where do you find inspiration for your writing?
For me, the big concepts come from the question, "What if?" What if a race had unstable genetics and were forced to steal new DNA from others in order to survive? What would that society look like? What would be their internal struggles? What if someone that could cause serious damage found out about them? What if I found myself caught up in the midst of a terrorist attack? Those are big concepts, but each scene in a novel can have inspiration as well, and here, the daily flavor of life becomes the inspiration.
I could be inspired by watching a mother deal with a disobedient child, with that special relationship between the two. A strange man on a bus, or a cranky check-out clerk, they could all find a way into a story. I think it's the little day-to-day inspirations that bring a story to life. These little touches that make what might be a far-fetched concept feel natural and believable.
I used to frequent a music store run by a quirky old man. The place was a mess. Guitars scattered across the concrete floor, dust covered counters. As well, I've found ancient artifacts sold very cheaply from a catalogue. These were things that were day-to-day items 3,000 years ago, and were to numerous for museums to display, and so they were sold quite cheaply to the general public. In THE DEMON BAQASH, I married these two concepts. The music store became an ancient artifacts shop, with 2,000 year-old swords scattered on the floor, and ancient pottery and idles on dusty counters. Anything can inspire if given the chance.
4. How long have you been writing?
I didn't really realize how important writing was to me until adulthood, but looking back it seems I've always written stories. In middle school I created, wrote, and drew, my own comic book series. I'm sure it wasn't good, but I was coming up with stories. I made my first attempt at writing a novel while still in high school. I came across it a couple of years back and was surprised that it actually wasn't too bad.
5. What is a typical writing day like for you? Do you have any habits or established routines that work best?
I'm a morning person. I get up anywhere from four to five AM, have a cup of tea, and start writing. It's quiet. No one is up but me, and my mind is fresh. I generally start by editing what I wrote the day before. This gets me into the groove of the story and helps me flow right into new material.
6. Who are your favorite authors, the ones you read when you could or should be doing something else? Why do they appeal to you?
I just finished reading George R. R. Martin's A DANCE WITH DRAGONS. His characters are some of the best I've encountered in literature. Deep. Multifaceted. Complex. I also like Robert E. Howard and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Great pulp fiction. Ken Follett is very good. Stephen King is another one with fantastic characterization. I think that sometimes due to his commercial success and his choice of genre his talent is sometimes overlooked. He would be amazing in any genre. Clive Barker is also fantastic, and in an entirely different arena, I enjoy Clive Cussler from time-to-time. His books are simply a fun ride. Neil Gaiman has a wonderful imagination. Orson Scott Card – thought provoking. I could go on all day.
7. How do you promote your work? Any tips for other authors?
Promotion is a never-ending part of an author's life. I do book signings, interviews, blogs. I'm looking into purchasing advertising, both print and online. I don't know that there's any secret other than perseverance. Keep looking for opportunities even in unusual places. My first novel, THE DEMON BAQASH, was supernatural in nature. As such, I found that it was a good fit with comic book readers, and found that comic book stores were very receptive to granting me book signing opportunities.
8. In addition to your novels, you also have a short story collection, 13 Bodies: Seven Tales of Murder and Madness. Can you share a bit about the collection and how it came to be?
I wrote and coproduced, with my wife, a weekly audio drama radio program in Las Vegas. It was a half hour format and primarily featured stand-alone stories: murder mysteries, sci-fi, horror, suspense, humor. Every week was different. A publisher, Speaking Volumes, contacted me about releasing some of our audio dramas as downloads and CDs, which we went on to do. The publisher then asked if I would like to do a short story collection based on these dramas. That's how 13 BODIES came about. Each short story is based on one of the audio dramas. Some have been expanded considerably as the short story format allowed me to develop the concepts well beyond what I was able to accomplish in the half hour audio drama format. On a side note, the Marc Huntington books also started as an audio drama series.
9. Who or what has been the biggest influence in your writing career and why?
I think I could give a different answer to that question on almost any given day. Of course, the authors that I listed earlier have influenced me, but so have so many others. Bram Stoker was a big influence on my approach to THE DEMON BAQASH. I think my Marc Huntington books owe something to Cussler, Ludlum, and Follett. I read classics as well as pulp, as well as the latest and greatest. My favorite book of all time is EAST OF EDEN. I'm always reading and absorbing. In addition to traditional print books, I listen to audio books every time I'm alone in a car, often listening to over forty books per year from different authors and genres. I don't think a writer can read enough.
10. What part of the craft of writing has improved since you wrote your first book?
I hope all of it. Writing is a process and I do feel like I get better with every draft of every project. I'm big on characters, and am always striving to make my characters more human, more real. I believe I've grown in terms of plot development as well. That said, I don't think I'll ever feel that I've reached a point where I can sit back and put it on cruise control.
11. Are your stories plot-driven or character-driven?
The two are intertwined. A fantastic plot with great twists and tension will still fall flat if the characters are uninspired or two dimensional. If I don't care about a character then I don't care about what happens to them in the story. The flip side is that a story with wonderfully developed, multi-dimensional characters that are not confronted with interesting trials and challenges will become boring and can come off as pretentious. I generally begin with a plot idea and then fill that plot with characters that I care about and find interesting. My hope is that my readers will feel the same.
12. What do you consider the single, most satisfying aspect of being a writer?
Seeing the story come together. I love the process of refining, of working through multiple drafts and seeing what started as perhaps a solid, but incomplete idea, coming to completion.
My books: http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=thom+reese&x=15&y=19
My blog: http://thomreese.wordpress.com/
THE DEMON BAQASH chapter 1: http://demonbaqash.wordpress.com/
My audio dramas: http://www.speakingvolumes.us/results.asp


text:
Celebrate Children Apps - Koala Box HD now available on the App Store. Children Apps - Koala Box HD Download URL: http://box.kaoladao.com Children Apps ...
Discontinued App
Celebrate Children Apps - Koala Box HD now available on the App Store. Children Apps - Koala Box HD Download URL: http://box.kaoladao.com Children Apps - Koala Box, an innovative and useful utility, re-classifies all children-related apps on the Apple App Store. It can help parents and children find suitable apps easily and quickly. 儿ç«¥åºâ€Ã§â€¨å¤§å…¨ - 考拉ç›'å 是首款专门为家长åŠå"¿Ã§«¥è®¾è®¡Ã§š"éžå¸¸å®žÃ§â€¨Ã§š"åºâ€Ã§â€¨åˆ†Ã§±»Ã£€æœÃ§´¢Ã£€å¯¼èˆªè½¯Ã¤»¶, 通过考拉ç›'å, 家长åŠå"¿Ã§«¥èƒ½å¤Ÿå¿«é€ŸÃ£€Ã¤¾¿æ·Ã§š"找到åˆé€'çš"ç²¾å"教育åºâ€Ã§â€¨Ã£€' 儿ç«¥åºâ€Ã§â€¨å¤§å…¨ - 考拉ç›'å下载地å€: http://box.kaoladao.com Cognition to Geometry is very important in math learning. Did your kids still tire of learning geometry with boring textbooks? Don't worry now, here comes Koala Math 1-5-Geometry, the sixth app of our Koala Math series, must be quite suitable for you and your kids. The app includes three modes to play. They are 2D Shapes, 3D Shapes and Challenge. Kids can learn kinds of shapes and their features like circle, square, cube, sphere, and so on. With animated images and realistic pronunciations, kids will love to use it. In the Challenge mode, kids will challenge with time. As long as kids answer the question correct, the cute monkey will jump over the river successfully. But if wrong, it will fall off in the river. That will be funny for your kids. Just hurry to get the edutainment app! Features: ... Koala Math Series for kids ... Simple and easy operations ... Realistic pronunciations ... Appreciated with three kinds of cup (as a prize) ... Three degrees of difficulty
Version: 1.1
Size: 10.72 MB
Price: 0,00 €
Day of release: 0000-00-0


text:
Emergency Medical Dispatch Recertification
Maintain your valuable Total Response® Emergency Medical Dispatch certification.
PowerPhone's convenient online program lets you renew your EMD certification and stay on top of the latest medical trends. It's easy to use and an enjoyable way to learn.
- Latest AHA CPR guidelines
- AED procedures
- Patient confidentiality
- Review of essential protocols
- Tape review with actual 911 calls
- Call handling skills review
- EMD process refresher
- Training can be conducted at your agency on your time schedule
- No more scheduling headaches to cover shifts for those attending training
- Significant cost savings over classroom programs
- Online program does it all for you – no need to send in test results
Fees & Discounts
$129 per student (online program)


text:
The House of Mario won't have a live event in Los Angeles for the Electronic Entertainment Expo tradeshow, but that doesn't mean it's taking the week off. Nintendo is planning to make its announcements in a digital event that it will stream online. So are we getting more Zelda, Metroid, and more Mario? Probably. Let's watch and discover together.
What: Nintendo Digital Event
When: Tuesday, 9 a.m. Pacific/12 p.m. Eastern


text:
Pack me away
Pack me away, 365 Days - Day 6
Originally uploaded by Tojosan.
This photo is a tribute to Brittney Bush, flickr superhero.
Her original shot is this one:
-- from BrittneyBush - (?)
Odd and end thoughts and links from a midwestern middle aged programmer.
Posted by Todd Jordan at 10/28/2006 10:21:00 PM
Tags: flickr


text:
With First Tutors you can find a local study skills teacher in Chipping Norton and across the UK. Local study skills tuition is an excellent way to improve confidence while improving grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to find Chipping Norton study skills tutors and select the one who best suits your requirements.
First Tutors is the only place to discover through one search the top Chipping Norton study skills tutors for your needs, helping you find a home Chipping Norton study skills teacher for any subject, for example, GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Chemistry. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn Italian, take a Arabic course or prepare yourself for Italian life, we can help - and all in Chipping Norton! Our search will order study skills Chipping Norton teachers in your area according to their study skills lesson costs and proximity to you.
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11-17-04, 11:06 #1Registered User
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Unanswered: Using tinyurl for exsitng lengthyurl
Have anybody made use of www.tinyurl.com. I created a new URL for my existing portal page using tinyurl.com. Is this new URL (created by tinyurl.com) secured enough to give it to users.sampath gowri


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To understand how polarized politics became in 2004, just glance at a columnist's e-mail — mine, for example. At the end of this bitter year, I'm under the happy obligation...
WASHINGTON — To understand how polarized politics became in 2004, just glance at a columnist's e-mail — mine, for example.
At the end of this bitter year, I'm under the happy obligation of saying thanks to all readers, and particularly to the thousands of you who shared your views. I do read my e-mail, even if it takes a while. Over the last few days, I printed out and went through about 1,000 pages of your comments, which were, among other things, smart, passionate, discerning, angry, puckish and occasionally obscene.
Readers on my side of the political fence offered warm support, column ideas and sophisticated arguments that deserved publication far beyond the confines of my e-mail box. I could spend all my space just expressing gratitude to them.
But I am also indebted to my critics whose outraged missives showed how much they care about politics. This column is dedicated to those who disagreed with me and talked back. Some spoke so personally that I came to imagine them as old friends taking to task a buddy they saw as a hopeless leftist getting it wrong yet again.
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One reader called me a "liberal claptrap contraption," a lovely alliteration worthy of William Safire and Pat Buchanan in their speechwriting salad days in the Nixon White House. "I feel pretty good about myself this morning," a reader of the Indianapolis Star wrote, "because I once again agree with nothing you have to say." If a columnist can't make you feel good when you take that first sip of coffee, what good is he?
This reader thought I was opposed to a national sales tax because "obviously you don't wish to pay 20 or 23 percent sales tax on your next Mercedes, or in your case probably a Volvo." I'm happy to be innocent of this elitist liberal crime: I've been a satisfied Saturn owner since 1993.
Readers love to catch you in contradictions. When I contrasted President Bush's harsh attacks on John Kerry with Ronald Reagan's 1984 "Morning Again in America" campaign, one wrote: "Oh, so you think that Reagan was right then? I bet you didn't think so at the time. Who's flip-flopping now?" OK, I didn't vote for Reagan. But, truly, I did think at the time that the Morning in America campaign was brilliant.
Any criticism of Bush's tax cuts brought forth an avalanche of invective. One of my favorites: A reader from Chillicothe, Ohio, took me to task for "THE USUAL LIBERAL SPIN ON BUSH TAX POLICY." This reader graciously concluded his e-mail: "YES I KNOW IT'S RUDE TO USE ALL CAPS BUT I FEEL THE NEED TO YELL." No apology required.
On the same theme, another reader wrote: "Obviously, E.J. never took ECON 101 (or if he did, it didn't take)." Good point. I never did take ECON 101. At the risk of confirming conservative prejudices against liberals, I'll admit that the one economics course I took was a seminar on taxes.
Speaking of gaps in my education, a writer from Minneapolis rebuked me with a classical reference. "Livy warned us about Dionne's kind," he wrote. "For them, the welfare of the nation is always trumped by their partisan agenda."
I was stumped. I had never read Livy, the great historian of ancient Rome. But my learned friend Tony Corrado — along with an erudite reader from Athens, Tenn. — pointed me to Machiavelli's commentary on Livy that spoke of "partisans" creating "factions," which caused the "ruin" of regimes. It does seem a relevant thought for our time, though my Minneapolis correspondent and I probably disagree on what's causing the partisanship, the factionalism and the ruin.
Some of my e-mail friends, bless them, acknowledged that they might be guilty of the very same sins they ascribed to me. A Colorado reader who accused me of partisanship admitted: "I've tried to vote for a Democrat before, he was my next-door neighbor and best friend running for city council, but I couldn't do it." You have to admire the party loyalty. But did he tell his friend?
My critics and I share the assumption that the stakes in politics now are very high. I wish we could all argue these things through together at a tavern somewhere as an antidote to the great failure in politics these days: that nobody seems to listen to anybody else. I'm thankful that those who disagreed with me were nonetheless listening — and that they assumed I would hear them, too. I did.
We may never persuade each other, but I promise to pay close attention to those who think I'm a claptrap contraption.
E.J. Dionne's e-mail address is email@example.com