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Creating an Abstraction Layer with POCO entity generator
by rcats on December 20, 2010
When creating a decoupled (web)application using interfaces is a given. Where I always run into trouble is when using tools like LinqToSQL or Entity framework, my code get's coupled to the context. It's not always a problem, but sometimes it just doesn't feel right.
I want to design an IContext Interface, have my Model implement this interface, and create a Repository service that will accept an I context interface as a property or constructor parameter. Much nicer.
To do this, we are going to use the ADO.Net C# POCO entity generator. This basically add a couple of (2) T4 templates that can create POCO (plain old class object, without knowledge of things that aren't it's concern) classes and a context based on your data context. Which is awesome.
First step, use the Visual Studio extension manager to add the generator templates. I'm assuming you already have an Entity Model (.edmx) in your solution, which will automatically be added as a source for the code generation templates template.
Now in the properties for you Entity Model, change the value for "Code Generation Strategy" to "None". We are going to use the T4 templates to generate them after all.
Next, let's create an interface, for example like so:
public interface IContext { IObjectSet tblUsers { get; } IObjectSet messageLog { get; } IObjectSet tblUserStates { get; } int SaveChanges(); }
And let's also create a repository
public interface IRepository { User GetUserByName(string name); } public class Repository : IRepository { IContext context; public Repository(IContext lecontext) { context = lecontext; } public User GetUserByName(string name) { return context.tblUsers.SingleOrDefault(r => r.alias == name); } }
By adding the extension, you added two files that look like [NAME].tt and [NAME].context.tt to your project. Underneath [NAME].tt you'll find your model entities are created. Please note that they are not inheriting from EntityObject. BTW, you don't have to use the templates and can create the classes by hand, but the templates make life easier. This works because the 4.0 version of the context is smart enough to figure it out!
We'll leave [Name].tt as is and open the [NAME].context.tt file. This looks a bit funky if you are new to T4 templates, but all we have to do is make sure that our interface, IContext, is added upon context generation. In one of the first lines, you'll find something like
<#=Accessibility.ForType(container)#> partial class <#=code.Escape(container)#>
And change this to inherit from our interface.
<#=Accessibility.ForType(container)#>; partial class <#=code.Escape(container)#> : ObjectContext, IContext
As you can see in the IContext Interface, we are returning IObjectSet instead of ObjectSet, so we have to change this in the template as well. There's two occurrences in the template, so change them.
Please note that we have now changed the template that creates our code. If you look at the [Name].context.cs file, you'll see the changes reflected. There's no point in making the changes in the .cs file, cause, well, it's generated. Also note we changes the generated methods to use IObjectSet, but the method names get generated from the model and your IContext interface must match the name.
So, with this setup, we have a nice separation of concerns. We can use the Repository in our classes. On that subject, I was watching another brilliantly funny Scott Hanselman presentation where he mentioned that if you start writing hardwiring code like this,
IRepository repo = new Repository();
you're not doing it right (quit your job and start selling taco's or something along those lines).
In my next post I'll write about ninjecting our way out of this. I'll add a video tutorial doing all of this as well when I find the time to do it.
Cheers, Rinze
One comment
Alternatively, you can download my project on Codeplex. I have a working example that you can copy.


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New California-based Pacific Standard Time Co. creates wooden watches that are water resistant in up to 100 meters
Looking for a different way to do things, Pacific Standard Time Co.—a new start up that prides itself on its Pacific roots—has launched a Kickstarter campaign for its wooden watches that withstands water up to 100 meters in depth. The watches are made from fallen exotic Hawaiian trees, and come in several wood options, including Koa and Milo. Keeping with a sustainable business model, Pacific Standard aims to plant a new tree with every watch sold.
The start up has already exceeded its crowdfunding goal of $15k, currently sitting at a little over $17k, and has a little over a month left in its campaign. Here's more from the brand:
Wooden watches have been on the market for a few years now, but nearly all of them are not very durable and if you get them wet they're pretty much ruined. We wanted to create a wooden watch that could keep up with people's active lifestyles, and so we created our own.
The watch is loaded with a ton of awesome features, here are just a few…
· Swiss Ronda 5030.D Analog Chronograph Quartz Movement
· Power Saving Mechanism w/Pulled Out Stem: Reduction of Consumption by 70%
· Stainless Steel Inner-Casing
· Scratch-Resistant Sapphire Crystal
For more information on Pacific Standard Time, head over to its Kickstarter page to hear the details, or check out www.pacificstandardtimecompany.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Cisco WebEx Social is a people-centric collaboration application that goes beyond email, portals, and point social networking products to deliver a true ...
Discontinued App
Communication | iPhone, iPad
Social | Android
Communication | iPhone, iPad
Communication | iPhone, iPad
Cisco WebEx Social is a people-centric collaboration application that goes beyond email, portals, and point social networking products to deliver a true collaboration experience - anytime, anywhere. WebEx Social mobile offers capabilities targeted for remote, and desk less employees. It offers a compelling way for you to stay connected to corporate culture and engaged with colleagues around the globe. IMPORTANT: WebEx Social for iPhone or iPad works only with WebEx Social applications licenses. If you are unsure if your company has licenses, please contact your IT department. Administrators: Please refer to Cisco Web Site. What's new in 3.1 : - Improved navigation for better navigability between various functionalities - Collapsible view to see last three comments within activity streams - Support for primary actions (Like, Comment or Favorite) directly from activity stream - Multi selection of people when @mention in Microblogs - Zoom in / Zoom out on content / images - Grid view to access list of contacts - Enhanced user profile offers quick ways to interact via real time communications - Filter posts based on People, Community and Tags - View list of people who liked your status update or Post - Chat with other users through instant messaging - Click to start a video call - Access enterprise web applications designed for mobile devices - Customize the look and feel to match your brand - Full support for iPhone5 - Click to start an instant WebEx meeting (requires Cisco WebEx Meetings Version 4.1 or newer) - Share a post or an update outside your immediate network, and with anyone in your company - Support for user and community wall posts - Favorite and Recent post filters Features supported from 2.5 : - Update your status or share your thoughts with colleagues on the go - Know what others in your network are working on through dynamic activity feed - Create posts with embedded photos or attached videos and share with your communities and others - Find the most relevant people, content and communities using enterprise search - Find experts and follow, email, call, or text them directly from their rich user profile page - Read full posts and actively participate in discussions - Ask questions and find answers to your business needs - Take a photo or choose an existing image and attach to a microblog - Share an existing post with your contacts - Ability to 'Like' and mark a post or a microblog as 'Favorite' - View the thumbnails of images attached to a post or a microblog in the activity stream - Tap the thumbnail images in activity stream and display in detailed view WebEx Social 3.1 mobile works with Apple iOS 5.1, 6.0, 6.1 and iOS 7 on iPhone, iPad 1, iPad 2, iPad 2 with retina display, iPad Mini and iPod touch devices. This application is available for a free download for WebEx Social customers and is designed to work with a premises-based as well as cloud-based WebEx Social solution running version 3.1.1 SR2 or later.
Version: 18.104.22.168.101810
Size: 10.92 MB
Price: 0,00 €
Day of release: 0000-00-0


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Boch Collision
Review for Boch Collision
Amanda W. on 10/31/2012
Amanda said she really liked the customer service at this business. She chose this business because it is where she purchased her vehicle.
Category: Collision
Service Date: 10/24/2012
Review Created: 10/31/2012
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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Latest Existing Member Offers
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It provides a great opportunity to boost your returns when placing those winning accumulators. The more selections you have, the larger the bonus you will receive; and placing a successful 14-fold will result in a tremendous 100% bonus to add on top of your return.
European Soccer's most prestigious club competition draws closer to a thrilling conclusion this week as the second legs of the Round of 16 commence. On Tuesday, Old Trafford hosts Man Utd v Real Madrid in a tie which is still wide open following last month's 1-1 draw at the Santiago Bernabeu Stadium. Meanwhile, Borussia Dortmund and Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk face off in Germany.
There's more action on Wednesday as Celtic's players travel to Turin in hope of overturning a 3-0 Juventus lead, while PSG's expensively assembled squad entertains a Valencia team encouraged by a last minute first leg resurgence.
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Australian Church calls for more support for Indigenous people
The Church in Australia has again raised its voice in support of Aboriginal Australians. The archdiocese of Adelaide has called on religious groups to do more to help indigenous communities affected by abuse and violence. A Church spokesperson said: "the attempts we make as a community and churches to address these problems are simply not enough." He said it was necessary to intensify programmes of social, medical assistance, education and rehabilitation as the situation had deteriorated so badly. "It is a question not only of charity but also social justice" he said. After recent reports of sexual abuse and violence on Aboriginal communities, Caritas called for more attention to the question of integration in Australian society. The agency recalled that in the past 200 years the Aboriginal people have endured tremendous suffering. According to Caritas, policies for the forcible removal of land and many thousands of children from their families as well as laws forcing segregation denying access to social welfare and fundamental human rights, have all impacted on their quality of life. The Church in Australia has always given special attention to the situation of Aboriginal people. Recently, the recent reorganisation of the Bishops' Conference included 12 commissions one of which will deal with Relations with Aboriginal communities. Every year the Church organises National Reconciliation Week with a series of initiatives and events with testimony, formation meetings and reflection on the subject of reconciliation of European and Aboriginal communities recalling that "over 1,100 Aboriginal babies born prematurely or underweight, are destined to a life of health problems." Basic healthcare and education are, according to the Bishops' Commission, concrete expression of 'reconciliation'. Aboriginal people are about 2.4% of the entire population, but 16% of the population detained in prisons. They were almost exterminated in the 19th century in a series of local wars over fertile land which the natives used for hunting and the European settlers made into fields and pasture land. In the 20th century Australia's policies towards Aboriginal people did not improve. Up to 40 years ago Aboriginal children were taken from their parents to be raised by white families. It was only in 1967 that the Aboriginal people were recognised as full Australian citizens with all civil and political rights. At least 100,000 children were taken from their parents between 1930 and 1970, causing serious trauma individual and social. Today in Australia there are about 460,000 Aboriginal people. Most live below the poverty line and in situations of widespread unemployment and abuse of alcohol. Last week Pope Benedict urged the Australian Government to seek forgiveness from Indigenous Australians and address the "deep underlying causes" of their plight. The Age reported that he told the new Australian ambassador to the Vatican, Anne Maree Plunkett, that Aborigines' predicament caused much pain. Some of the contents of the speech were reported in CathNews on Friday, but further details - including the call for an apology - emerged on Monday. The Pope said: "I encourage you and the Government to continue to address with compassion and determination the deep underlying causes of their plight." "Commitment to truth opens the way to lasting reconciliation through the healing process of asking for forgiveness and granting forgiveness - two indispensable elements for peace." The Prime Minister has consistently refused to apologise to Indigenous people and has criticised "the black armband view of history". He has also promoted the idea of "practical" reconciliation over "symbolic" reconciliation, saying that the health and welfare of Aborigines are more important than an apology. Source: Fides/Church Resources


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North Las Vegas, NV and Toronto, ON. April 26, 2016
The City of North Las Vegas Utilities Department (the City) has selected CIS Infinity, the customer information and utility billing software solution by Advanced Utility Systems, a division of N. Harris Computer Corporation (Advanced) to streamline operations by leveraging modern technology.
CIS Infinity provides the ability to automate repetitive tasks that includes everything from generating service orders based on information from meter reading files to generating letters and customer account tasks. With this automation the City will be able to efficiently run or eliminate many manual daily tasks and processes.
CIS Infinity has also been carefully designed to ensure the user interface is easy-to-use, flexible and powerful. This ensures that training and user adoption is faster and easier and that staff have access to all the information they need on one screen for quick customer issue resolution.
Further, the City is replacing a customer information system that has not received any updates since 2003 and would not be guaranteed to work with its database operating system of choice. CIS Infinity offers builds and patches as part of the annual maintenance fee and operates with the Citys database and hardware environment.
Will Riggs, Utilities Financial Manager for the City underscores why CIS Infinity was selected, Based on our evaluations of CIS solutions it was apparent that CIS Infinity had really distinguished itself from other offerings when it came to functionality, ease-of-use and reliability. However, our selection came down to the fact that CIS Infinity was the right fit for the City as it aligned with our feature and technology requirements. We look forward to CIS Infinity driving efficiency at our utility.
In addition to CIS Infinity, the City also selected Infinity.Link (Customer Self-Service) and Infinity.Mobile (Paperless Service Orders), complementary solutions offered by Advanced that are integrated in real-time to CIS Infinity.
The project kicked off in March and is being managed by Advanced staff who bring deep technical and business expertise to the implementations and who utilize award-winning methodologies.
Peter Fanous, Executive Vice President for Advanced comments: Our skilled services staff will work with the Citys project team to enhance current business practices, develop methods for streamlining operations, and ensure all City staff are well-trained and able to exploit the power of our solution.
The City provides water, sewer and solid waste service to over 89,000 accounts.
For additional information contact:
Peter Fanous, Executive Vice President
Advanced Utility Systems, a division of N. Harris Computer Corporation
(888) 355-7772 x231
Will Riggs, Utilities Financial Manager
City of North Las Vegas
(702) 633-2475
About Advanced and Harris:
Advanced is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Harris Computer Systems that provides
Customer Information and Billing solutions exclusively to utilities and municipalities. Harris is a leading provider of financial
management and Customer Information Systems (CIS) software solutions.
Since 1976, Harris has focused on providing feature-rich and robust
turnkey solutions to all levels of local government as well as public
power and water markets throughout North America. Harris' focus is on
creating long-term relationships with our customers and ensuring that we
meet the changing needs of our customers over time. For further
information on Harris Computer Systems, please visit our website at
http://www.Harriscomputer.com, or call 888-847-7747.
For more information on Advanced and CIS Infinity ® please contact us at www.advancedutility.com/contact.asp
Press Releases
Northern Kentucky Water District:
"Our customers needed a seamless upgrade. We had more confidence in the Advanced strategy than any other vendor's -- their implementation and conversion process were designed to flex for a unique situation like ours."
City of Bellevue:
"Throughout the 10-month conversion and implementation project, Advanced brought excellent people to the table, and we've arrived at the end of the project with all our requirements met."
Advanced on Facebook |
Advanced on Twitter | www.mycisinfinity.com
Advanced Utility Systems, a Division of N. Harris Computer Corporation
All rights reserved.


text:
iPhone Application Development India Provides Mobile and iPhone Development Services Like iPhone Application/Software Development, Mobile Applications, iPhone 3G Games/Mac Games Development, Android Mobile Application Programming, iPhone Icons/Themes Design, Wireless / (WAP) Mobile Applications Development, J2ME based Mobile Application Development for USA, UK, Europe, Netherlands, France, Brazil, Portugal and More.
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text:
Marvel X-MEN #49 October 1968 1st Appearance POLARIS MESMERO 12 Cent Demi-Men
Sold for:
Start Free Trial
or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
Zaldiva is a Registered eBayDrop Off Center and Licensed Auction House. The items we are selling may be our own, but they may also be on consignment. Please read through the entire listing, including terms, before you bid. Please review all photographs. If you are unsure about anything, let us know. We list items with 100% honesty and point out any seen imperfections through our description and photographs. SHIPPING: We try to offer several options for shipping each item. USPS rates are not always less expensive than UPS. If you live outside the continental US and the item you're bidding on only has UPS rates quoted, just email us for the USPS rate. If you feel our rates are too high for some reason, just send us a POLITE email including your zip code and country (if outside the US) and we'll check it out and get back to you.
COMBINED SHIPPING: We will combine shipping IF & WHENEVER POSSIBLE. Sometimes, for example, combining 1st Class items together ends up costing more than shipping individually. If you need a combined rate and we haven't already sent you an adjusted invoice, please email us and we'll get that done ASAP.RETURNS: All sales are final unless; a) an item was grossly misrepresented in the listing, b) the package was damaged in transit, or c) we have specified a Warranty in the auction terms for ... read more


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Outdoors in Piedmont
Browse 139 attractions, meet 20 travelers, 11 tour guides and discover 403 photos
Travelers are voting Sacri Monti, Arenzano and Rochemelon as the best of 30 outdoors in Piedmont. Also popular are Gran Paradiso National Park and Lago Serru in Piedmont and Ceriale in Albenga. Want more? Check out our map of outdoors in Piedmont or these 11 outdoors near Genoa.
Sacri MontiRecreation / Outdoor Peaks or SummitsComo, Lombardy Region, Piedmont Region, Italy
The Sacri Monti (Italian for "Sacred Mountains") of Piedmont and Lombardy are a series of nine groups of chapels and other architectural features…
ArenzanoPlaces To Visit Towns & VillagesLiguria, 16011, Italy
Arenzano is a coastal town and comune in the province of Genoa, Liguria, Italy. As of 2007, it has a population of 11,568. This varies a…3
RochemelonRecreation / Outdoor Peaks or SummitsItaly
Rocciamelone is a 3,538 m high mountain in Piedmont, near the border between Italy and France, 50 km west of Turin, in the commune of…2
Gran Paradiso National ParkRecreation / Outdoor National ParksGraian Alps, Italy
Gran Paradiso National Park is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps, between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions. The park is named after…1
CerialePlaces To Visit Towns & VillagesProvince of Savona, Liguria, Italy
Ceriale (Ligurian: O Çejâ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria, located about 70 km southwest…
Lago SerruRecreation / Outdoor LakesProvince of Turin, Italy
Lago Serru is a lake in the Province of Torino, Piedmont, Italy.
Lighthouse of GenoaRecreation / Outdoor LighthousesGenoa, Liguria, Italy
The Lighthouse of Genoa is the main lighthouse for the city's port. Besides being an important aid to night navigation in the vicinity, the tower…
Lago AgnelRecreation / Outdoor LakesProvince of Turin, Italy
Lago Agnel is a lake at Ceresole Reale in the Province of Torino, Piedmont, Italy, near the Colle del Nivolet. The reservoir on the Orco river is…
Colle del NivoletRecreation / Outdoor Mountain PassesItaly
Colle del Nivolet (French: Col du Nivolet) is a mountain pass in the Eastern group of the Graian Alps in Italy. It is at the top of the Valle Orco…1
Monte MattoRecreation / Outdoor Peaks or SummitsItaly
Monte Matto is a 3,097 m high mountain in Piedmont, in the province of Cuneo. It is part of the Maritime Alps, dividing the Maris and Gesso…


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As we know, you can race Chocobos in Final Fantasy XIII-2, and encounter them out on a field. Buy gysahl greens (and other goods) from the travelling merchant Chocolina, and throw them at a Chocobo in battle and you can attract one... except for the red birds. These guys actually run away at the sight of gysahl greens, and there's a suggestion that the red Chocobo might have its own side story. When riding a Chocobo, you won't get attacked by enemies. They can also serve as one of your monsters in battle, too.
Besides Chocobos, the fields will also see various weather effects including sun, thunderstorm and sandstorms. When the weather changes, so too will the enemies and background music.
The Live Trigger events allow you make conversation choices for Noel or Serah during cutscenes. Unlike games like Mass Effect where you just use analog stick to highlight your decision, in Final Fantasy XIII-2 you'll be using the face buttons to choose.
Finally, if you're a huge fan of those giant Japanese game guides, two Final Fantasy XIII-2 Ultimania guides are planned. (Final Fantasy XIII had three of them.) The scenario ultimania and the battle ultimania will both release in Japan in late January.
Sunday, November 26 • 10am PST/1pm EST
Final Fantasy XII: The Zodiac Age
Mondays • 6pm PST/9pm EST
Vandal Hearts
Tuesdays • 12pm PST/3pm EST
Final Fantasy VI
Thursdays and Fridays • 3pm PST/6pm EST
Xenoblade Chronicles
Tues-Wed-Thu • 7pm PST/10pm EST
Saturdays • 5pm PST/8pm EST


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There were growing signals in Moscow last night that Roman Abramovich, the owner of Chelsea Football Club, is to be the next target in a Kremlin crackdown against Russia's billionaires.
State prosecutors confirmed that they had received an official request to investigate Mr Abramovich's purchase of the oil company Sibneft. The call came from Vladimir Yudin, the Kremlin-linked MP whose demands led to the investigation and subsequent arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russia's richest man by machinegun-carrying special agents.
Mr Khodorkovsky, then the head of Yukos, the world's fourth largest oil company, has been held in an overcrowded jail in eastern Moscow for 12 days on charges that he cheated the state of £600 million in taxes.
President Vladimir Putin, who is due to attend a European Union summit in Rome today, has assured investors that he will not try to reverse the privatisations of the Boris Yeltsin era.
But it is widely believed that he is using the legal system to pursue the billionaires and crush their political ambitions. Newspapers are filled with suggestions that the Kremlin is poised to step up its campaign against the super-rich industrialists, who won their huge wealth in controversial deals overseen by Mr Yeltsin when he was president.
Mr Yudin, the MP behind the Sibneft investigation, is widely considered to be a stalking horse for a coterie of hardliners, known as the siloviki or "men of power". Most are former KGB men now working in the Kremlin and are believed to have the ear of the president, also a former KGB agent.
Mr Abramovich snapped up Sibneft, which now generates hundreds of millions of pounds a year, for around £80 million.
Under Russian law, the prosecutor's office has three months to decide whether to launch an investigation. If Mr Abramovich is formally charged, he may request political asylum in Britain, following the example of his former mentor Boris Berezovsky, another Russian oligarch.
Mr Berezovsky, who is wanted by Russian prosecutors on charges of fraud and embezzlement, writes in The Telegraph today that political parties in Russia should boycott next month's parliamentary elections in protest at what he calls Mr Putin's "creeping anti-constitutional coup".
Mr Berezovsky had his Russian television interests effectively nationalised and has been granted political asylum in Britain, which has shielded him from Moscow's attempts to extradite him.


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600 sqft
Bar & Restaurant
À partager
Rare prints, priceless jewellery, collectable home goods, those amazing retro finds after hours of sifting—this is the kind of shopping experience that draws people in the know as well as browsers to Church Street. Sound like an idea you've got in the works? There's no better place than Marylebone for direct access to this specialised market.
The space has floor to ceiling windows opening on to the street, protected by handy shutters. Overhead fluorescent lighting has been installed upstairs and downstairs, and there's chequered tiling on the ground floor. On the lower level, you'll find a basement and toilet.
You can expect a steady flow of people from Alfies Antiques Market just up the road, and your neighbours are primarily retail businesses in decorative arts, design and bespoke or antique home furnishings. Street parking is available while Marylebone and Edgware Road stations are ten minutes away on foot.
No events are permitted on site.
The floor on the ground floor will need replacing or covering, unless your look is rustic.
Appear Here attache une importance primordiale à la collaboration : dès votre inscription, vous serez guidé et conseillé par un concierge pour trouver l'espace idéal pour votre projet.


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Simple Functional Exercises That You Can Do At Home
Why Functional Training?
A matter of common knowledge yet rarely acknowledged. Functional exercises not only keep you fit but enhance your muscle endurance, make them flexible and provide agility. These exercises first developed with their relevance in rehabilitation, they are of great use to the present day generation.
With the desk jobs that most of us have the use and importance magnifies. These simple modifications of everyday activities are a great way to keep oneself healthy and active. So unless you're a fitness trainer or go up and down the flight of stairs numerous times daily; this might just be the Pandora's box for you.
Simple Functional Exercises that you can do at home
1) Reaching with the medicine ball.
What you need: A medicine ball.
How to do it:
Hold the ball firmly in your hands and then stand straight with your legs widened. Reach for right diagonally and stretch your hands, midriff upward and also your legs (without removing them from the ground. Come to the stand still position and repeat the exercise towards the left-hand side.
Benefits: This exercise would find its functionality when you pick up objects from the top shelf. Whenever you try to reach for the jars in the kitchen or maybe bags kept in the top shelf of the cupboard etc
Image Via Popsugar
2) Squats
What you need: Absolutely nothing except the wall support in certain cases ( if you wish)
How to do it: Keeping your back straight; keep the chest high; place equal weights on both the legs and more importantly to have the foot placement correct.
Benefits: Squats are one of the easiest functional exercises that you could do on a regular basis. They have been proven to give you a toned lower body and also improve flexibility.
Image via Emily Jensen Nutrition
3) Stair climbing with weight lift
What do you need: A flight of stairs and a basic 5-6 pound dumbbell (you could increase the weights eventually)
Variations: Curl your biceps with the weights while climbing the stairs to improve your cardiovascular fitness.
Benefits: Fitness trainers never fail to emphasize the importance of climbing stairs every day. Try to inculcate this functional exercise in your daily routine. Climb at least 4-5 flight of stairs every day.
4) Triceps Dips.
What do you need: You could do this exercise with the help of a couch, chair etc!
How to do it: Position yourself in the opposite direction and with the support of your hands; try sitting and getting up and position your hips and elbows almost at 90 degrees with the support.
Benefits: Well-toned lower body portion and greater flexibility.
Image via SeanFlanaganFitness
5) Jumping jacks.
How to do it: Nothing better than jumping up and down with a synchronized yet free hand movement. Do a minimum of 15- 20 sets in a day.
Benefits: This is also helpful in stimulating blood flow to various muscles in the body. Also an extremely important cardiovascular exercise.
Image via In Life Health Care
For personal guidance on fitness or to call a fitness trainer right at your place, always remember Housejoy Fitness.


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In Richmond, VA, we are lucky to have a sheriff with a good heart who does what he can to help the people in his charge. I give my gratitude to Sheriff C.T. Woody, and Billy Scruggs feels it, too. Betterment programs at the old Richmond City Jail flourished under Sheriff Woody, who allowed far more volunteers to offer counsel and services to help his inmates cope and grow, than did any of his predecessors.
Here is a statement Billy gave me two years ago:
February 26, 2013
Below, in a letter to a judge, I stated that I would trust Billy Scruggs with my own affairs. I had forgotten I'd written that until I looked back at this letter today. Thank you, Billy, for helping me continue to feel, a year and a half later, the same way.
Here is an email Billy sent me the other day, verbatim:
Billy has also started a blog — asanctuarysite.com — which will provide resources to help inmates, upon release, assimilate back into society.
Thank you, David Swenson, of Ashtanga Yoga Productions, for your wonderful generosity in sending supplies over the years.
Thank you to Lisa O'Mara and Susan Hallett of the Community Foundation Serving Richmond and Central Virginia, and to the anonymous donor, for supporting the jail yoga. Many thanks to Bobbie Allen and Steven Cahn of TheConfluenceCountdown.com, who have been very generous over the years in mentioning my work; Steve and Bobbie do fantastic work with their daily blog focusing on Ashtanga Yoga news and archives.


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Melissa McCarthy has unveiled her hotly anticipated clothing line, Seven7 which runs from size 4 through to 28, and she's determined that it will break down the weirdness that still exists around 'plus size.' Particularly around what McCarthy sees as the segregation of plus-size fashion to that of the mainstream.
McCarthy told Connie Wang at Refinery29,
"I don't like the segregated plus section. You're saying: 'You don't get what everybody else gets. You have to go shop up by the tire section.' I have a couple of very big retailers that I think are going to help me chip away at that in a very meaningful way, and I'm really excited about it. I'm not ready to announce them yet, but they agreed to just put me on the floor. I said, 'Run the sizes as I make them and let friends go shopping with their friends. Stop segregating women.' And they said, 'Okay.'"
Separating plus-size fashion, says McCarthy, is a way of telling women - a LOT of women - that they are not "worthy."
"Women come in all sizes. Seventy per cent of women in the United States are a size 14 or above, and that's technically 'plus-size,' so you're taking your biggest category of people and telling them, 'You're not really worthy.' I find that very strange," McCarthy told Refinery29, adding,
"I also find it very bad business. It doesn't make a lot of sense numbers-wise. It's like, if you open a restaurant and you say, 'We're primarily gonna serve people that don't eat.' It's like, what? You would be nuts. Yet, people do it with clothing lines all the time, and no one seems to have a problem with it. I just don't get why we always have to group everything into a good or bad, right or wrong category. I just think, if you're going to make women's clothing, make women's clothing. Designers that put everyone in categories are over-complicating something that should be easy."
It's already been announced that major department stores in the US such as Nordstrom, Macy's and Lane Bryant among others will stock McCarthy's label, which is all about well-cut, elevated basics that women will enjoy wearing.
We have a feeling that a fash revolution might be brewing and Melissa McCarthy is our fearless (well-dressed) leader.


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Release Notes: Many changes; mostly a lot of new JavaScript/AJAX for a smoother user experience.
Release Notes: A problem in which error messages were thrown on empty values was fixed.
Release Notes: The attribute description is now taken from the schema. Multiple attribute names no longer cause trouble. Attribute names are no longer case sensitive.
Release Notes: A few important fixes which make YALA compatible with Fedora Directory Server and PHP5 friendly.
Release Notes: The "cannot submit" bug in modrdn was fixed.
Release Notes: Mostly code cleanup with a few bugfixes.
Release Notes: This release features bug fixes, code cleanups, CSS and better design, sanity checks, and more.
Release Notes: This version features a better structure of configuration files, better code (no PHP "notice" messages), a change so that objectclass names are case insensitive, a nicer look, and some small bugfixes.
Release Notes: The look was improved, and many small fixes were made.
Release Notes: The login form was changed, which fixes the problems in the previous version. Please upgrade.


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Add-on >> Shape - Yummy Badge Shapes 23175 by YD-LABS @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 5.56 MB; Requirements: Adobe CS1+; Layered: Yes; Vector: Yes.
Updated on Feb 28,2014 - EPS version included. :)
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"nothing at all"
About: Southampton General Hospital Southampton General Hospital Southampton SO16 6YD
Posted via NHS Choices (as ),
What I liked
nothing at all
What could be improved
clean hospital. communication between doctors and other doctors. doctors telling patients whats going on.
Anything else?
I am really gobsmacked with the way the hospital is run. My niece has been in hospital for a month now on and off. She first went in with hip pains and eventually got put on ward G4. This ward was filthy. She then started having mild fits when this happened nobody was informed. (so much for patient care). Another night she was in bed crying in pain and the nurse just said be quiet and pull yourself together(again poor patient care). After about a week she was sent home no explanation what was wrong. As soon as she got home she was rushed back by ambulance. She was kept in for another week or two so they could do tests. we were told she had brain scan by 4 doctors and another 1 said she hadnt so we are still none the wiser. She was then sent home again still no explanation. She was home for a couple of days and then she started having trouble breathing so again an ambulance was called. Paramedics said they cant believe she was sent home. After 5 hours waiting at the hospital we saw a doctor who just said you can go home and if it happens again just take ibuprofen(its a joke). Is it a hospital or a circus i ask myself. I am utterly disgusted.
Response from Southampton General Hospital 8 years ago
Andy: We are sorry to hear that your niece and your family appear to have had such a negative experience that does not reflect the high standards we set for ourselves. We have passed your concerns on to the staff of G4 and the lead matron for child health, but we would very much like you to get in touch with us directly so that we can communicate directly with you and your family and investigate the specific matters in more detail. Please contact our Patient Advice and Liaison Service by email on firstname.lastname@example.com or 023 8079 8498.
- {{helpful}} {{helpful == 1 ? "person thinks" : "people think"}} this response is helpful
- Was this response helpful? Yes | No
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Get ultimate Jayhawks style in this replica basketball jersey from adidas! It features a tight weave mesh construction with custom printed Kansas University graphics and an embroidered school wordmark at the back yoke, making it a go-to, necessary addition to your Jayhawks game day gear. Be part of your team while cheering from the stands in this Jayhawks jersey!
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Click the button below to add the Group Maker Fun Factory Easy VBS 2017 Maker Mania Youth Leader Manual / ISBN # 9781470744045 to your wish list.
The same great Bible Points with a youth-friendly presentation. Your teens will join other kids for the Sing & Play opening and finale, but in between they'll enjoy their own age-appropriate programming.
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We asked a Phoenix SEO company for some on page SEO tips and they blew us away. Here are a few simple steps to follow, from Voxy Marketing, to make sure your web site stays on page one after you throw the change. The problem, from a Search engine optimization viewpoint, is that this exercise has resulted in vague and repetitive CTAs on several homepages. Before you litter your page with More Information or View details links, consider providing more context. Learn about diamond buying is an even more descriptive link that simply Learn more. What you say in your links issues and how many links you've also matters. Every link on the page reduces the possible link equity that may be spread to key pages.
One way to mitigate this is in order to avoid over linking to pages which are unimportant for SEO. For instance, multiple policy pages can frequently be combined into one page. Another way is to be persistent in relegating lessor links to your sitemap. Every page must have only one h1 or header tag and it ought to be particular to the page. A page called way to purchase a diamond is more useful than way to purchase. This gives search engines more info about your pages. In case your page name is rooted in critical business jargon consider laypoints with lay person language to attract both neophytes and initiates.
Since the sitemap has a large amount of links on it through your site, you might also differentiate how you list the links and maintain the more essential ones near the top. Search engines prefer to not send people straight to Portable Document Format pages. You may still have this content available in Portable Document Format format for easy off-line reading, but by integrating it to the page you greatly expand your distinctive content footprint. If others link to the page, vs. Bypassing it and linking directly to the Portable Document Format, you enhance the website overall link ranking. When utilizing PDFs as lead generation bait, common on Business-to-business sites selling pricey software and providers, attempt integrating a strong sampling of this content into your page body.
Redesigns frequently entail shifts in content strategy and info architecture. Some long forgotten pages could be functioning as squeeze pages and generating valuable organic traffic. Make certain these pages keep a presence in your sitemap therefore search engines may continue to find them. Some of these pages might not just be generating traffic, they could be driving real business results. Consider elevating these pages, not only retaining them. While domain decisions are usually the province of IT, you'll find very real marketing and Search engine optimization things to consider.


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Friday, March 16, 2007
Going to Miami
Well, that's the plan so long as Jetblue comes through. We have a flight out tonight and of course the weather is nice all week and then decides not to cooperate today.
Please keep your fingers crossed we'll get out safely tonight and will be on the beach tomorrow. I am in dire need of some sun and vacation time so I really hope everything works out as planned.
Posted by Fairfield Mom at 9:51 AM
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Heather is beyond humbled and honoured to announce that she has been awarded Business London's Top 20 Under 40 award for 2016!
I'm exceptionally proud to be recognized here as a small business owner in a creative field. Never did I dream 14 years ago when I started HRM Photography that I'd be able to take my business to the level that it is today. Thank you so much to my family, friends, colleagues and clients for your support!
We are so proud to have won the Consumer's Choice Award for London Photography Studio for the 3rd year in a row! Here we are at the awards gala! Check out the press release here.
We are honoured to have been voted "London's Best Photography Studio" for the FOURTH year in a row!! Check out the special feature in the London Free Press today!


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Your potential customer will spend a few minutes of his busy schedule to decide whether to stay on your website and with your business or move elsewhere for his needs. Those few minutes are all you have to make an everlasting impression. This makes the design of your website the crux of your online presence. Web design is the single most important aspect which will help a customer choose between you and your competitor. That is the very reason that you need a website that is creative, engaging and pleasing – so you can get your customers to stay & visit back.
Web Design Solutions by Prismic Reflections
Creating the perfect website is an art that the team at Prismic Reflections has spent more than 12 years to perfecting. The first thing that your website needs to do is tell your customers who you really are. It's the face of your brand and the design needs to portray your business ethics, values, products or services. But there is much more than that to a good web design.
A good web design is one that, primarily, appeals to the customers and satisfy their goals. A website may be perfect from a business' point of view, but is that how the customers want to get the information they need?
The fact remains that customers like engaging websites – a web design that allows them to navigate easily, find what they're looking for within a few clicks, go through information that is presented aesthetically and have fun while learning what you have to offer. Every visitor to your website is looking for ease of use and simplistic beauty that is informative. That is why Prismic Reflections offers UI/UX website design solutions. Our website designing services aim at complete ease of use for customers while being representative of your brand.
We know what goes into making a great website. Some of the aspects that we incorporate include:
Our web designing solutions are created with you, our client, in mind. This includes your customers, your desire for greater sales and the goals which you wish to attain. We believe that an effective web design solution is one that attracts customers, leading to better business for you. Like any other web design agency, we work to creating effective website designing solutions. However, we go one step further to incorporate the results of extensive research and feedback to ensure that our web designing solutions meet your business goal perfectly. We work with the aim of creating UI/UX website designs that do justice to your brand value and the final design that you get is one that is based on what your customers would like to see and that keeps them coming back again and again.


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The Aero Garden KitJuly 27, 2009 # 5:13 am # Home Gadgets # 6 Comments
For some people, gardening is always such great fun to do. There are plenty people who love to do some garden things. Gardening is s perfect way to release some stress that we had because of our daily routine works. In order to get some releasing, you may set some place of you house as your garden. This is very useful for you to have some refreshing by taking care of your own garden.
This is the good news for you who love gardening. You may get the counter top herb garden. It has the perfect balance of organic nutrients, oxygen, and lighting and automation technology. Aero Garden kit is simply a gadget the especially dedicated to some people who love gardening. Surely, there is no messy soil needed here. This Aero Garden kit comes with complete with everything including seed pods and nutrients.
This is a very complete well designed gadget for some gardening lovers. If you love gardening but you don�t have enough time to take care of your plants, perhaps you need to consider having this device. You may take care of you plants easily. This is the ultimate counter top herb garden. So, of you want have a personal (very personal) garden, perhaps you may consider to get this stuff.


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Wayne Gilliam
- 21 years old
- Date of birth: Jun 18, 1978
- Date of passing: Dec 14, 1999
|Let the memory of Wayne be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Wayne Gilliam, 21, born on June 18, 1978 and passed away on December 14, 1999. We will remember him forever.
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ForceTronics LLC
At ForceTronics LLC we are committed to enabling makers, entrepreneurs, and startups to turn an idea into reality. We do this by offering products, services, and tutorials that are focused on leverage open source development hardware.
- We offer high quality products at prices makers and startups can afford. Our products are all open source.
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- We offer tutorials on everything from Arduino to Bluetooth to how to build your own smart thermostat.
Subscribe to the ForceTronics YouTube Channel and follow us on Twitter @ForceTronics


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On Thursday, May 7, at the Cordelle, Mayor Karl Dean and the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce hosted the Nashville Small Business Forum to help Nashville business owners. This event was hosted in partnership with Nashville Metro Council members and featured a panel of Nashville government officials to provide an overview of Metro's small business incentives and assistance programs. Following the panel discussion, we held a business fair highlighting more than 10 local, state and federal agencies and organizations all focused on helping small businesses.
Watch this event in its entirety or view individual videos of each panelist below.
Check out our photo gallery to see pictures from the event, photos provided by Kerry Woo Photography
panel participants
- The Honorable Karl Dean, Mayor of Nashville (Opening remarks)
- Ralph Schulz, President/CEO, Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce (Moderator)
- Michelle Hernandez Lane, Minority and Women Business Assistance Director, Metro Finance Department
- Terry Cobb, Director of Development Services, Mayor's Office of Economic Development
- Davita Taylor, Business Diversity Development Director, Metro Nashville Airport Authority
- The Honorable Jerry Maynard, Council Member-at-large
- Corey Davis, Director of Business Growth Initiatives, Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce


text: A Vietnamese mobile website Mainguyen has displayed unveiled Samsung's smartphone : 'Galaxy Win'. This phone expected to be announced by Samsung next month. Like other Samsung smartphones, it uses Android 4.1.2 Jellybean. It will have 1.2 Ghz Snapdragon processor, 4.7 inch Super AMOLED display and 5 MP camera. It will also feature dual sim capability.


text:
Below are poems written by poet
Andrei Cristian Caraiman. Click the Next or Previous links below the poem to navigate between poems. Remember, Poetrysoup is an environment of encouragement and growth. Thank you.
List of ALL
Andrei Cristian
Caraiman poems
Andrei Cristian Caraiman
The poem(s) are below...
All that's green will turn to pale
As Fall sends her chilly winds.
Summer will have left no trail
Of the sunshine it still brings
The Sun's flowers, looking down:
Their time has come, they've lived the hours;
Brought worship towards Autumn's crown,
But all she brings are heavy showers.
Fall—because the leaves fall brown,
Dancing through her fingertips.
She picks them up and throws them round,
Then sets them free, while some she keeps.
Copyright © Andrei Cristian Caraiman | Year Posted 2012


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Don't miss your chance to see Toni Braxton in Honolulu! Check out the schedule below for the concert date of your choice, then buy your Toni Braxton Honolulu tickets before they sell out!
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If you were searching to see if Toni Braxton is coming to Honolulu, then you're in luck! For their latest tour, Toni Braxton will indeed hold a concert in Honolulu. Have an awesome concert experience when you go to see Toni Braxton in Honolulu. Get your Toni Braxton tickets Honolulu and join fellow fans for a concert to remember!


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Santa Monica, CA (PressExposure) November 24, 2012 -- Sending your child to college is part of the American dream and, with the Six-Step College Application, this dream will be easier to achieve. The process of applying to college can be overwhelming and can wear out both parents and kids, so why not make use of a great support and assistance program? The increasingly competitive college admissions process has recently put a lot of stress on the shoulders of high school seniors and their families. Parents are often confused about what they have to do, and are routinely overwhelmed by enormous college reference guides that provide too much information. With the College Application Weekend, the process is no longer a chore! It is a simple and clear six-step endeavor, at the end of which your kid will have a good application and a greater chance of getting into the college he or she wants!
The program was developed by Dr. Jane Dabel, a professor and college admissions consultant who speaks to parents and other groups about the best way to navigate college admissions. Dr. Dabel also helps students avoid the madness by managing their time efficiently and offering them a systematic plan that focuses on all the basic aspects of the process, from college search and financial aid systems to college essay and student resume. College Application Weekend is fast and effective, saving students and families a lot of time and money. It shows them how to go through the college application process in just one weekend, following six simple steps, the first of which is a proper assessment of the student's academic record. The program emphasizes the importance of focusing on the right schools, which means the college search should center around colleges and universities that accept students with similar SAT scores, GPA and other academic credentials.
Six-Step College Application also helps families get a clear picture of the costs, explaining how the financial aid system works and offering advice on the best strategies to use in order to get as much financial aid as possible. The website even provides links to EFC calculators, which help parents estimate their expected family contribution. Moreover, the program is a great tool when it comes to creating a student resume and writing the college essay or personal statement. The founder of the website has vast experience in the field and knows exactly what admissions committees look for in these essays and resumes, what they appreciate and what they dismiss. By following the guidelines on the site, you will greatly increase your chances of admission.
About the company
Six-Step College Application is a college admissions consulting website, developed by Dr. Jane Dabel, a university professor in California. The website provides extensive support for both high school seniors and parents facing the overwhelming process of applying to college. Six-Step College Application has developed a program called College Application Weekend, which guides students step by step towards successful applications that can be done in only one weekend, showing them how to efficiently manage their time and how to strategically plan their tasks.
For more information, please visit http://www.sixstepcollegeapplication.com/ or use the contact details below:


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GraphicRiver Proffesional Resume Pack 4948376
Category: Print Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Proffesional Resume Pack 4948376
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 27, 1997
|Filing date
|May 31, 1994
|Priority date
|May 31, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mehdi Zamanian
|Original Assignee
|Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (36), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (17), Classifications (35), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to semiconductor integrated circuit processing, and more specifically to an improved method of forming a landing pad structure comprising a barrier film.
Design rules are required in integrated circuit design which allow for variations in the fabrication processes to protect against catastrophic failures and to guarantee the electrical parameters of the devices; the electrical parameters being determined by the physical dimensions of the features. Certain feature sizes and minimum space or design tolerance must be maintained between devices in order to maintain the electrical integrity of the devices. Shapes and sizes may vary as a result of, for example, mask misalignment or variations in photoresist exposure. The size of the features may also change during the operation of the circuit. Design rules have thus been established for the various types of material used and the particular location of the devices on the chip, for example, width and spacing rules exist for metal, diffusion and polysilicon materials as well as for contact openings such as a metal contact space to gate. Any misalignment in the formation of a metal contact, for example to a diffused region, may invade the required space between the contact and a surrounding device such as the polysilicon gate. Thus, reduction in the minimum required spacing will not meet the design tolerance and will not insure the devices' electrical characteristics.
To avoid the misalignment and spacing problems between, for example, the metal contact and gate, a landing pad may be formed between the metal contact and the underlying diffused region. The landing pad may be formed from a polysilicon layer over which a silicide layer may be formed to decrease sheet resistance. Due to the design rules for polysilicon, the landing pad will allow for a reduction in the size of the cell and tolerate greater misalignment problems. The landing pad, however, creates a topography problem for subsequently formed layers. The contact opening formed over the landing pad has a higher aspect ratio than an opening formed without a landing pad; the aspect ratio being the height of the contact opening divided by the width of the opening. The larger the aspect ratio, the more difficult it will be to fill a contact opening.
An additional problem in the field of integrated circuit manufacture, particularly with the continuing trend toward smaller integrated circuit feature sizes, is the making of high-reliability conductive electrical contacts between metallization layers and semiconductor elements, particularly contacts between aluminum and diffused junctions into single-crystal silicon. This increased difficulty is due to the tendency for aluminum and silicon to interdiffuse when in contact with one another, and when subjected to the high temperatures necessary for integrated circuit manufacturing. As is well known in the art, conventional integrated circuit process steps can cause aluminum atoms to diffuse from a metal electrode of pure aluminum atoms into single-crystal silicon to such a depth as to short out a shallow p-n junction in the silicon. This phenomenon is known as junction spiking. The use of silicon-doped aluminum in forming integrated circuit metallization, while preventing junction spiking, is known to introduce the vulnerability of the contact junction to the formation of silicon nodules thereat, such nodules effectively reducing the contact area, and thus significantly reducing the conductivity of the contact.
Accordingly, recent advances in the field of integrated circuit fabrication have been made by the introduction of so-called "barrier" layers at the aluminum-silicon interface. Conventionally, the barrier layer is a refractory metal compound such as titanium-tungsten (TiW), or a refractory metal nitride such as titanium nitride (TIN). The barrier layer is formed at the contact location so as to be disposed between the silicon and the overlying aluminum layer. In some cases, the barrier layer is formed by deposition of the refractory metal, followed by an anneal which forms both the barrier layer compound and also a metal silicide where the metal is in contact with the silicon; as is known in the art, the metal silicide improves the conductivity of the contact. In any case, the barrier layer inhibits the interdiffusion of aluminum and silicon atoms, thus eliminating the problems of junction spiking and silicon nodule formation noted above.
While a barrier layer eliminates the problems associated with aluminum in direct contact with silicon, it is difficult to form a uniform barrier in contact openings that have a large aspect ratio such as that in contact with a landing pad. Even with today's deposition technology, it is often hard to uniformly coat all sides in an opening, particularly in the corners of the openings. If the barrier layer is not thick enough, pin holes may result from inadequate coverage, resulting in the junction spiking problem noted above, to occur.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of forming an integrated circuit in which a high integrity barrier layer is formed in conjunction with a landing pad in such a manner as to reduce the cell size.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a method that provides adequate barrier protection under a contact opening having a high aspect ratio.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide such a method that tolerates misalignment of subsequently formed contact openings.
Other objects and advantages of the present method will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to the following specification together with the drawings.
The invention may be incorporated into a method for forming a semiconductor device structure, and the semiconductor device structure formed thereby. An active or diffused region is formed on a substrate. A first dielectric layer having an opening therethrough is formed over the active region. The first dielectric may comprise an oxide layer. A landing pad is formed over the first dielectric and in the opening. The landing pad is preferably formed of a polysilicon layer disposed under a barrier layer which is disposed under silicide layer. Alternatively, the silicide layer may be formed over the polysilicon layer and under the barrier layer. The barrier layer is preferably formed of a refractory metal or refractory metal nitride, for example, titanium or titanium nitride. Alternatively, the barrier layer may be formed of a refractory metal nitride overlying a refractory metal. A second dielectric layer having an opening therethrough is formed over the landing pad. A conductive material, for example, an aluminum alloy, is formed in the opening in the second dielectric layer. The conductive material makes contact with the diffused region through the landing pad.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, and further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGS. 1-5 are cross-sectional views of the fabrication of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the fabrication of a semiconductor integrated circuit according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 1-5, a method of fabricating an integrated circuit to have a landing pad with barrier layer according to a first embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail. The cross-sections of FIGS. 1-5 illustrate this method as a portion of an overall process flow for fabricating the integrated circuit. As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, the partial process flow to be described herein may be applied in the fabrication of many types of integrated circuits, in which the full process flow will include many other process steps conventional in the art.
FIG. 1 illustrates, in cross-section, a portion of an integrated circuit that has been partially fabricated. According to the example described herein, the present invention is directed to forming a landing pad with a barrier layer between an aluminum metallization layer and a doped semiconductor region in single-crystal silicon, as such contacts are generally the most sensitive to the misalignment and design rules for spacing addressed by the landing pad and the spiking and nodule problems addressed by the barrier layer. It is contemplated, of course, that the present invention will also be applicable to the formation of other contacts, including, for example, contacts between metallization and polysilicon.
The structure of FIG. 1, includes silicon substrate 10, into a surface of and above which is a field oxide region 12 for separating active regions or devices. Various active devices may be formed on or in the surface of the substrate as well as overlying the field oxide region 12. In a particular application, a gate electrode 14, formed from a first layer of polysilicon, is shown overlying a gate oxide 16. As is known in the art, typically gate electrode 14 will have sidewall oxide spacers 18, lightly doped drain regions 20 and source and drain or diffused regions 22, 24. Diffused region 24 may form a shared contact 25 between devices as is known in the art. Also from the first polysilicon layer may be formed an interconnect 26 which may partially overlie field oxide region 12.
The diffused or active region 24 is formed of opposite conductivity type from that of substrate 10. For example, substrate 10 may be lightly doped p-type silicon and diffusion region 24 may be heavily doped n-type silicon. Of course, as noted above, other structures (with the same or opposite conductivity type selection) may alternatively be used; for example, substrate 10 may instead be a well or tub region in a CMOS process, into which diffusion or active region 24 is formed. In the example of FIG. 1, diffusion 24 is bounded by field oxide region 12, formed in the conventional manner. In this example, diffusion 24 is very shallow, such as on the order of 0.15 microns, as is conventional for modern integrated circuits having sub-micron feature sizes. As such, diffusion 24 may be formed by ion implantation of the dopant followed by a high-temperature anneal to form the junction, as is well known in the art. Alternatively, the ion implantation may be performed prior to the formation of subsequent layers, with the drive-in anneal performed later in the process, if desired.
Dielectric layer 28, which may be a deposited oxide or another type of dielectric layer, is formed over diffusion 24, field oxide region 12 and other already formed devices such as gate electrode 14 and interconnect 26. Dielectric layer 28, formed for purposes of electrically isolating overlying conductive structures from diffusion 24 and other devices except at locations where contacts are desired therebetween, may have a thickness of about 500 to 2000 angstroms.
As shown in FIG. 2, contact opening 30 is formed through dielectric layer 28, for example by way of reactive ion etching or another type of anisotropic etching; as will be apparent below, this embodiment of the invention is concerned with the formation of an overlying landing pad and barrier structure that is in contact with diffusion 24 and under an overlying metallization layer subsequently formed in a contact opening. In this example, any misalignment of the contact opening 30 may decrease the contact space between the edge 31 of gate electrode 14 and the side 34 of the contact opening. Due to the misalignment of the contact opening, in this example, effectively opening over the sidewall spacer 18, the distance between these active areas may be reduced enough such that the design rules for a metal contact space to gate cannot be tolerated to insure device integrity. Thus, another material is formed in contact opening 30 whereby the design rules for contact space or side of contact 34 to gate or edge 31 are met.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a polysilicon layer 32 is formed over dielectric layer 28 and in the contact opening 30 in contact with the diffused region 24. Polysilicon layer 28 is doped with a similar dopant as the diffused region 24, such as by ion implantation or other suitable method. Polysilicon layer 32 will have a thickness of between approximately 500 to 2000 angstroms. A thin barrier layer 34 of a refractory metal or refractory metal nitride is deposited over the polysilicon layer 32, preferably formed by way of sputtering, to a thickness of about 400 to 1000 angstroms. Barrier layer 34 is preferably formed of titanium nitride or other suitable refractory metal nitride, or may be formed of titanium, titanium-tungsten, or other suitable refractory metal. The barrier layer may alternatively be formed of a refractory metal nitride over a refractory metal, for example, a titanium nitride may be formed over a titanium layer. The material and thickness of barrier layer 34 are selected according to optimized process conditions to prevent diffusion of atoms between the diffused region 24 and an overlying conductive layer to be subsequently formed. Following the deposition of barrier layer 34, a silicide layer 36 is formed over barrier layer 34 to lower the overall sheet resistance of the underlying layers. For a particular application, silicide layer 36 is preferably formed of tantalum disilicide (TaSi2) or tungsten disilicide (WSi2) by sputter deposition to a thickness of about 500 to 2000 angstroms.
Referring to FIG. 4, polysilicon layer 32, barrier layer 34 and silicide layer 36 are patterned and etched to form a composite landing pad 38. Landing pad 38 will provide for proper design rules for spacing such as that between the contact in opening 30 and gate 14 caused by such factors as misalignment and smaller required geometries. The advantages of forming barrier layer 34 as part of the composite landing pad 38 will be described below.
Referring to FIG. 5, a second dielectric layer 40 is formed over the landing pad 38 and first dielectric layer 28. The second dielectric layer 40 may be, for example, a multi-layer film or a glass layer such as spin-on-glass or borophosphorous silicate glass (BPSG) to aid in planarization of the surface of the wafer at this stage of processing. Dielectric layer 40 will have a thickness dependent upon the underlying topography and may be between approximately 6000 to 12000 angstroms. An opening 42 is formed through the dielectric layer 40 exposing a portion of the landing pad 38. If BPSG is used for the dielectric layer 40, as is known in the art, it will typically be reflowed to round the corners at the opening 42. A conductive layer is formed over the dielectric layer 40, patterned and etched to form a conductive contact 44. Contact 44 is typically aluminum which makes electrical connection to diffused region 24, in this case, through landing pad 38. The width of the contact opening 42 is not as critical as the previous contact opening 30 to diffused region 24. With the landing pad formed between the contact 44 and gate 14, the design rules for contact to gate spacing are not invaded by the conductive contact 44. A wider contact opening may thus be formed to facilitate the deposition of a contact metal such as aluminum or other suitable contact metal such as tungsten. In addition, some misalignment of contact opening 42 over the landing pad 38 will also be tolerated without invalidating design rules.
The barrier layer 34, formed as part of the landing pad 38, is disposed between the silicon or diffused region 24 and the overlying aluminum layer 44. The silicide layer 36 overlying the barrier layer 34 improves the conductivity of the contact and the polysilicon layer 32. The barrier layer 34 inhibits the interdiffusion of aluminum and silicon atoms, thus eliminating the possibility of junction spiking. One of the advantages of forming the barrier layer as part of the landing pad is that it can be uniformly formed over the polysilicon layer to provide adequate coverage of the barrier layer below the aluminum. The landing pad creates additional topography under the contact opening such that if the barrier layer were formed in the contact opening 42, there may be inadequate coverage of the barrier layer at the bottom of the contact opening. Inadequate coverage at the bottom of the contact opening may result in pinholes in the barrier layer allowing the aluminum and silicon atoms to interdiffuse thus causing junction spiking. The barrier layer formed within the landing pad will provide for uniform thickness of the barrier layer under the aluminum contact and prevent junction spiking.
Referring to FIG. 6, an alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown. Similar reference numerals will be used to identify similar layers or regions as described above with reference to FIGS. 1-5 and the corresponding text. The steps of forming the oxide layer 28, opening 30 and polysilicon layer 32 are as described above. The silicide layer 36 is next formed over the polysilicon layer 32. The barrier layer 34 is formed over the silicide layer 36. Thus, the formation of the silicide layer 36 over the polysilicon reduces the sheet resistance and improves conductivity. The barrier layer 34 is uniformly formed over the silicide layer 36. Dielectric layer 40, contact opening 42 and conductive contact 44 are formed as described above. The barrier layer 34, formed over the silicide layer 36, is in the bottom of the contact opening underlying the aluminum layer 44. Similar advantages of the landing pad with the barrier layer formed as part of the landing pad remain. A consideration, however, in forming the barrier layer over the silicide layer, is the required overetch of the dielectric layer 40 to insure that all of the dielectric has been removed from the contact opening 42. Overetching of the dielectric layer may etch away part or all of the barrier layer 34 in the opening. Consideration should be given as to which materials are to be used for the barrier layer. For example, if titanium nitride is formed over titanium, overetching the dielectric layer 40 may remove the titanium nitride but leave the titanium in tact. Another consideration is the reflow temperature of the BPSG dielectric layer 40. The higher the processing temperature, the more likely it will be that the barrier layer 34 will interact with the underlying layer which may increase the resistance of the landing pad beyond desirable limits. Thus, the lower the reflow temperature used, the lower will be the resistance.
As described above, the composite landing pad with barrier layer will provide for smaller design rules such as that for contact space to gate, while also providing for a high integrity barrier between the aluminum contact and active or diffused region. The preferred and alternative embodiments of the present invention are directed to novel methods of forming a landing pad with a barrier layer to provide the required barrier performance and maintain desired design rules.
While the invention has been described herein relative to its preferred embodiments, it is of course contemplated that modifications of, and alternatives to, these embodiments, such modifications and alternatives obtaining the advantages and benefits of this invention, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to this specification and its drawings. It is contemplated that such modifications and alternatives are within the scope of this invention as subsequently claimed herein.
|Cited Patent
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|Title not available
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 11, 1997
|Feb 23, 1999
|United Microelectronics Corporation
|Method of forming a self-aligned silicide device
|Oct 3, 1996
|Apr 13, 1999
|Stmicroelectronics, Inc.
|Method of forming a landing pad structure in an integrated circuit
|Nov 26, 1997
|Apr 20, 1999
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Method of manufacturing semiconductor device
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|Jun 1, 1999
|Stmicroelectronics, Inc.
|Method of forming a landing pad structure in an integrated circuit
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|Jun 8, 1999
|Lsi Logic Corporation
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|Stmicroelectronics, Inc.
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|Aug 31, 1999
|Stmicroelectronics, Inc.
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|Dec 22, 1994
|Sep 21, 1999
|Stmicroelectronics, Inc.
|Method of forming a metal contact to landing pad structure in an integrated circuit
|Oct 2, 1997
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
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|Nov 29, 2004
|Dec 9, 2008
|Walker Andrew J
|Dual-gate device and method
|Feb 6, 2007
|Feb 24, 2009
|Walker Andrew J
|Dual-gate device and method
|May 19, 2016
|Sep 12, 2017
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|Feb 6, 2007
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 31, 1994
Owner name: SGS-THOMSON MICROELECTRONICS, INC., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ZAMANIAN, MEHDI;REEL/FRAME:007016/0488
Effective date: 19940531
|Sep 29, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 26, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 27, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Last week, a woman and her daughter came up to me and introduced themselves. The mother mentioned how much she appreciated "someone in the media who is a Christian witness to the lost and saved." She went on to say how her family was recently in a Jackson store and noticed a meteorologist from another television station stocking up on alcoholic beverages. This mother said how disappointed she was to see this person with a buggy full of drinks and was embarrassed because her daughter saw it, too.
It is true, as Christians we all live in a fishbowl to some extent. As a Christian, we have an awesome responsibility to turn people "on" to Christ; not turn them "off". Romans 14:13 says, "Make up your mind not to put any stumbling block or obstacle in your brother's way." What does this mean? A stumbling block is anything or anyone that causes someone to sin. If your conscience tells you a certain action is sinful, then it is sin for you to do it. That is the Holy Spirit convicting you or your actions.
Each year, my parents go to their old high school reunions. As with many parties or gathering, there is alcohol being served. My parents refuse to carry a cup around with them while they visit, although it contains sweet tea or lemonade, because they don't want someone to say, "I saw so-in-so drinking at the class reunion!" Now, you may call that extreme, but my parents do not believe it is right for them to drink alcohol. They believe it would be a stumbling block for others to see them partaking in drinking alcohol. (Trust me when I tell you, they have a wonderful time without it. And, they can remember everything that was said and done the morning after.) However, they don't have a problem with others making that choice.
It is the same for the clothes we wear, the things we say, and the people we associate with. Can someone who is a weak Christian or a non-Christian be "turned off" to Christ because of my actions or your actions? It is a big responsibility, but one God expects us to take seriously.
Monday, October 15, 2007
Stumbling Blocks
Posted by Barbie Bassett at 9:00 AM
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text:
Contrary to what the Beeb would have you believe...
the US is not an aggressive empire building regime. It is much more profitable to compete economically. Also, just because you cannot measure the cost in lives does not mean that there are no costs.
Interesting that you should compare this development to that of the atomic bomb. Look carefully at history and see if you can figure out the number of lives that have been saved by the fear of the use of that monster. WWII cost millions of lives, and that style of warfare was accepted practice until the advent of the Bomb. Would Korea have sparked WWIII without the threat of mutually assured destruction hanging over the heads of the US and USSR? Would it have been the same with Vietnam? How about any of the minor little skirmishes around the globe since the end of WWII? The bomb however, managed to keep everyones head on straight through the cold war, and put a lot of incentive behind those that would find a peaceful solution to problems. In those days, a failure of the UN could cost more than sanctions. It was an ugly thing to be avoided, we have two examples of the outcome of failure to prevent use of the Bomb.
Now, as for Automated weaponry. We are not developing Cylons here. At least, not yet. It is hard enough to prosecute a war where the enemy hides among the civilian population and fights more through propaganda than through traditional combat with human guidance and control. We are far from turning over that sort of control to the machines, Captain Cyborg and malicious cyberloos not withstanding.


text: I've finally got round to connecting as a Ravelry designer and I've uploaded four free pdf patterns to download. Click on the links below the pics to get to the relevant pattern page on Ravelry. BTW, if you're a knitter reading this and you haven't discovered, joined or explored Ravelry yet, get yourself over there and do it :o)


text:
University of Missouri - Columbia
College of Education
Journalism Education Certification and Master's (Online)
Program Information
Degrees Offered:
Journalism Education Certification and Master's (Online)
Format: Online
Program Description:
The MU School of Journalism and the University of Missouri-Columbia College of Education have partnered to offer a convenient way for practicing teachers to obtain a masterÆs degree focusing on journalism education. The course work prepares educators for the field of journalism education and helps existing journalism teachers to be more effective instructors. All course work in the same program is online, convenient and taught by faculty from both journalism and education. No thesis is required.
Accreditation:The University of Missouri-Columbia (MU) is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the Nort
Facts & Figures
Classification: Doctoral/Research University—Extensive
Locale: Small City
Size & Settings: 20,000-39,999


text:
Homer Laughlin Restaurant Ware Fruit Dessert Bowls White with Burgundy Trim. This grouping of 5 vintage Homer Laughlin Restaurant Ware Fruit, Dessert, or Sauce Bowls feature a thin burgundy accent band and are made of heavy white porcelain. Each bowl is in excellent condition with no chips, cracks, stains, or crazing.
Each bowl is marked on the bottom in black, "Homer Laughlin Lead Free Glaze, USA HHC" and measures 4-3/4 inches diameter and is 1 inch deep.
Bringing the past back to life by offering you authentic vintage goods with a click of your mouse!
Browse through our shop...Unique, Vintage Items and Always Reasonable Prices.


text:
The most powerful GT to date had to unveil itself sooner than later if it is to make its debut at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in June this year.
The confirmed but yet to be seen Mercedes-AMG GT R has been caught in camo cladding while testing at Norschleife. The current 4.0-litre V8 twin-turbocharged GT S produces 375kW and 700Nm of power and we expect the R, which is a track-focused GT, to produce up to 450kW in conjunction with four-wheel steering and active aerodynamics.
The GT's approach into the right-hander at the 'Green Hell' remains flat and stable, even when pushed while TRC is flickering on. From the video we can also see alterations to the front splitter and grill, and notably a central exhaust at the rear with a big black wing on top that looks very Black Edition-ish.
There was some buzz that Mercedes-AMG is gearing up for an AMG GT Black Edition after this GT spotting at Nordschleife, and while according to AMG Chairman Tobias Moers there is a GT Black Edition coming, it won't be until after the GT convertible which is scheduled for 2017.
Moers is keen on utilising the GT model as a base for more than just a few high-performance coupes, and we might find a four-door version in the future to compete against the Porsche Panamera.


text:
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