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|20 Dec 2006
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|29 May 2003
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|29 May 2003
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|Deming Wang, David Michael Doddrell
|Univ Queensland
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This invention relates to method and apparatus for mapping and/or correcting geometric distortion in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In particular, the invention is directed to the use of a three dimensional model or "phantom" to map distortion.
BACKGROUND ART MRI has revolutionized diagnostic imaging over the past two decades.
This imaging modality can explore the physical properties of tissue in great detail and is arguably the most powerful imaging technique in the current practice of radiology, especially for imaging of the brain. MRI has become a valuable radiological technique for both structural and functional study of the brain. MRI is also widely used in nearly every aspect of radiological examinations and it is gradually replacing other imaging modalities.
. However, MRI does have some limitations. Its constraints are related to the homogeneity of the field generating devices used to form the image. Geometric distortion arising from magnetic field inhomogeneity and gradient field non-linearity has been one of the major concerns. The current generation of MRI scanners has been designed with gradient rise times of less than 200 μs . In order to achieve such short rise times, gradient designers have restricted the length of the gradient coils and also used fewer turns. Such restrictions have led to an increase in the gradient field non- linearity, the result being image distortions. Although slight distortions in MR images normally have little consequences in routine radiological examinations, geometric distortion can be a serious problem in certain MRI applications where high geometric accuracy is required. Examples where precision is a primary consideration include image-guided surgery, and volumetric quantification.
Geometric distortion arising from the static field inhomogeneity and gradient field non-linearity has been studied by using specially designed models, hereafter referred to as "phantoms" to establish control points. Nearly all of these phantoms, however, have been designed for two dimensional (2D) measurements. Two major design approaches have been employed, one using square grids, and the other using cylindrical rods or capillary tubes. A common feature in both design approaches is that the control points are defined only through the intersection of the imaging slice with the grids or cylindrical rods. A clear limitation in these approaches is that only the two coordinates of the each control point's location in the imaging plane can be measured. The third coordinate (that is perpendicular to the imaging plane) is immeasurable and is unknown. Therefore, the measurement of geometric distortion with 2D phantoms only provides an incomplete description of the image distortion. In addition to this serious limitation, mapping geometric distortion in the entire imaging volume using 2D phantoms is time consuming. It often requires measurements with the phantom positioned at different locations and with different orientations. Additional errors can easily be introduced in the process of repositioning.
For a complete mapping of geometric distortion in MRI, control points defined in 3D are required. One previous study [1,2] which used control points defined in 3D to study geometric distortion used spheres of a certain size arranged in three dimensions. In order to specify the positions of the control points, the centre of the gravity of the spheres was used to generate the control points' positions. To ensure accuracy, such an approach requires the spheres to have a sufficient size. This requirement puts a limit on the number of spheres that can be arranged in a phantom. In the earlier study, spheres of 11 mm in diameter were used, and two phantoms were constructed that contained 427 and 793 control points, respectively. The accuracy associated with the positional measurement of the control points appeared to be dependent on a number of factors including the size of the image voxels.
This approach of using "point-like" objects, i.e. spheres, to define a point in space therefore has limitations, particularly on the number of control points that can be introduced.
There are two main requirements for comprehensive and accurate mapping of geometric distortion in 3D. First, the number of sampling points (control points) needs to be large enough to provide a comprehensive mapping of the spatial variations of the distortion. Dense sampling is necessary if detailed spatial information on local deformations is to be obtained. Secondly, the positions of the sampling or control points must be measured with accuracy, as this accuracy ultimately determines the spatial quantification of the geometric distortion. It is an aim of this invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for mapping geometric distortion in imaging applications, such as MRI. The mapped distortion can then be used to correct acquired images.
In one broad form, this invention provides apparatus for use in measuring distortion in an imaging system, the apparatus comprising a three-dimensional structure having a plurality of boundary surface portions, the structure defining a plurality of control points thereon which are of constant spatial relationship to each other, each of the control points being definable by reference to three orthogonal planes, each of which is identifiable by reference to one or more of the boundary surface portions of the structure, wherein in an image of the apparatus produced by the imaging system, the position of each of said planes for each control point is determinable by detecting in the image the interfacial boundary between the respective boundary surface portion(s) and a medium surrounding the structure.
In a preferred embodiment, the structure comprises a plurality of spaced parallel planar grids, each grid having opposed planar boundary surface portions. Each grid is formed by a plurality of spaced parallel first slat-like portions and a plurality of spaced parallel second slat-like portions orientated orthogonally to the first slat-like portions and intersecting therewith, each of the slat-like portions having opposed boundary surface portions orthogonal to the plane of the grid. Each control point is located on a boundary surface of a grid at the intersection of one of the first slat-like portions with one of the second slat-like portions. Each control point is defined by the intersection of (a) the plane of the boundary surface of the grid on which it is located,
(b) a plane in the middle of the opposed boundary surface portions of the respective first slat-like portion, and
(c) a plane in the middle of the opposed boundary surface portions of the respective second slat-like portion. The three dimensional structure serves as a phantom which allows a large number of control points to be obtained, each control point being defined by three orthogonal planes. In another form, the invention provides a method of determining geometric distortion in an imaging system, comprising the steps of
(a) providing a three-dimensional structure as described above,
(b) creating an image of the structure using the imaging system, (c) locating the positions of the control points of interest in the image, and
(d) for each control point of interest, calculating the difference between the position of the control point in the image and the true position of the control point.
Typically, in step (c) the image position of each control point of interest is located by reference to its associated boundary surfaces. Step (c) therefore includes, for each control point of interest, detecting an interfacial boundary between each of the associated boundary surface portions and a medium surrounding the structure, determining the three orthogonal planes by reference to the detected boundary surfaces, and locating the image position of the control point as the intersection of the three determined orthogonal planes.
Preferably, the step of detecting an interfacial boundary comprises image edge detection using a derivative function, such as a Prewitt operator.
Advantageously, step (c) also includes the preliminary step of convoluting the image with a mask to enhance the prominence of the voxels at the control points. The calculated three-dimensional distortion map, i.e. the differences between the image positions and true positions of the control points, can then be applied to modify the imaging system so as to compensate for geometric distortion.
In order that the invention may be more fully understood and put into practice, a preferred embodiment thereof will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of the control points (indicated by the arrows) generated using three orthogonal planes.
Fig. 2 is a photographic representation of a 3D phantom according to one embodiment of the invention, with the coordinate axis system used in relating to the orientation of the phantom being shown in the bottom left corner. Fig. 3 is a graphic presentation of the 26 neighboring voxels used hi a 3D Prewitt operator.
Fig. 4 illustrates a mask used in the 3D Prewitt operator that provides an approximation for the first derivative along the x axis (i direction) as indicated. Fig. 5 illustrates a sequence of transverse slices selected in close proximity to an interface between a grid sheet surface and surrounding water (top row); and the corresponding images based on the magnitude of the first derivative calculated along the z axis using a 3D Prewitt operator (bottom row).
Fig. 6 is a 2D mask used in a convolution for enhancement of the prominence of the voxels at the crosses in the derivative images.
Fig. 7 illustrates a representative transverse slice of the convoluted derivative image (top left corner) and three images obtained with different threshold levels to aid visual recognition of the enhanced prominence of the voxels at the crosses. Figs. 8 (a) and (b) illustrate two representative ID intensity profiles, one selected along the x axis (a) and one selected along the y axis (b) of the convoluted derivative images. The two lines were selected passing at the central cross (see Fig.
Figs. 9 (a) and (b) illustrate representative ID profiles of the image intensity for a sequence of voxels taken along a line parallel to the z axis (a); and the magnitude of the first derivative calculated along the z axis for the same voxels (b). The two edges in (a) correspond to the two interfacial boundaries between the grid sheet surfaces and the water. The dashed lines in (b) indicate the positions of the interfacial boundaries and were obtained using the first moments. Figs. 10 (a) and (b) are schematic diagrams showing the placement of
PSVs for the calculation of the first moments used in the determination of the coordinates: namely, (a) the placement of PSV(z) for the z coordinate calculation; (b) the placement of PSV(ry) for the x dxAy coordinate calculations.
Fig. 11 (a) illustrates representative ID profiles of the image intensity for a sequence of voxels taken along a line parallel to the x axis; and Fig. 11 (b) illustrates the magnitude of the first derivative calculated along the x axis for the same voxels. The two close interfacial boundaries between grid sidewalls and the water are well resolved in the derivative profile (b). The dashed lines in (b) indicate the middle positions of the interfacial boundaries and were obtained using the first moments.
Fig. 12 (a) illustrates representative ID profiles of the image intensity for a sequence of voxels taken along a line parallel to the y axis; and Fig. 12 (b) illustrates the magnitude of the first derivative calculated along the y axis for the same voxels. The two close interfacial boundaries between grid sidewalls and the water are well resolved in the derivative profile (b). The dashed lines in (b) indicate the middle positions of the interfacial boundaries and were obtained using the first moments.
Fig. 13 illustrates representative transverse slices of the phantom image selected at different locations before correction (top row); and three slices selected at similar locations after correction (bottom row).
Figs. 14 (a) to (f) depict samples of the measured geometric distortion in certain planes at different locations.
Figs. 15 (a) to (f) depict samples of the measured residual geometric distortion in the corrected images in certain planes at different locations.
A 3D phantom 10 according to one embodiment of this invention is illustrated in Fig. 2. The phantom 10 has a very simple structure, and was constructed to fit into a body coil. It consists of layers of parallel grid sheets 11. Each grid sheet 11 is orientated in the xy plane, and has two integrally-formed orthogonal arrays of spaced parallel thin slats or plates 12, so that slats 12 in one array intersect with the slats 12 in the other array. The grid sheets 11 are equally spaced along the third dimension (the z axis). The basis of the design of the 3D phantom is illustrated in Fig. 1. As indicated by the arrows, each intersection of the slats 12 forms a cross on the surface of a grid sheet 11 which can be used to define a point in space. These points can be viewed as the intercepting points of the three orthogonal planes: the two planes that define the two intersecting slats 12 and the surface plane of the grid sheet 11. These well-defined intersections at the surface of the grid sheets 11 in 3D are used as the control points.
The phantom 10 therefore provides a 3D array of control points. The spacing between the sheets 11 is the same as their thickness so the control points along the z axis are equally spaced. The external dimensions of the illustrated phantom 10 are 310 mm x 310 mm x 310 mm, which forms a cube. The grid sheets 11 are 9mm in thickness. These grid sheets 11 are readily available as they are normally used for building ventilation. All the wall plates or slats 12 and control surfaces of the grid sheets 11 were machined with precision to ensure the regularity of the grid pattern of the phantom. The grids 11 are slightly non-square, 14.28 mm along one dimension (denoted as the x direction) and 14.39 mm along the other dimension (denoted as the y axis). The width of the grid sheets 11 is 9.0 mm.
In the phantom 10 shown in Fig. 2, the grid sheets 11 contain 19 grid crosses along each of the x and / axes, producing 361 points on each side of the sheet surfaces. The phantom contained 15 grid sheets, and hence provided 10,830 points that can be used as control points. These points form a regular 3D array. The dimensions between the array points along the three orthogonal axes are denoted, respectively, as , Cy andCz . For the phantom 10 shown in Fig. 2, Cx =14.28 mm, C =14.39 mm and Cz=9.00 mm. Arranging the control points in a 3D matrix enables a large number of control points to be achieved in a compact space.
To measure imaging distortion, the phantom 10 is first filled with a water solution which fills the interstices in the phantom. The water solution is suitably prepared according to the method recommended by American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM).
An advantageous aspect of the method of this invention is the manner in which the positions of the control points are measured. Namely, the positions of the control points are determined by the positions of the planes (see Fig. 1). The z coordinate is determined by the interfacial boundary formed between a surface of the grid sheet and the water. The x and y coordinates are each determined by a pair of interfaces between the walls of the grid slats or plates and the water, with the middle position of the two interfaces being taken as the x and y coordinates. Therefore, the positions of the control points are determined by detecting the positions of the interfacial boundaries. These interfacial boundaries are normally manifested as image edges and the extraction of the interfacial boundaries becomes an exercise in edge detection. There are various known methods for image edge detection, particularly for 2D images, and any suitable method may be used. However, the preferred method is the use of the first derivatives evaluated in 3 dimensions to detect these edges and consequently to detect the interfacial boundaries. In the preferred embodiment, the operators used for deriving approximate first derivatives in 3 dimensions are the extended 3D Prewitt operators described below.
Prewitt operators were initially introduced in 2D to provide an approximation for the first derivatives [3]. These operators can be viewed as a discrete evaluation of the first derivatives. The 2D Prewitt operators can be defined by a set of 3 x 3 masks [3]. For example, the mask that is used for an approximate first derivative along the +x axis (the horizontal axis of the image) is
The convolution of this mask with a 2-dimensional image will provide an approximation for the first derivative along the +x axis for every pixel in the image, except for those pixels on the image boundaries for which the Prewitt operators are not applicable. The explicit calculation involved in the convolution process is gx(i, j) = f(i + j - l) - f(i - l, j - l)
+ f(i + h j) - f(i - h j) (1)
+ f(i + l, j + l) - f(i - l, j + l)
where gx(i,j) denotes the approximate first derivative along the +x axis for the pixel at (i,j) and/is the image function (gray scale intensity). A scaling factor 1/3 is often used to normalize the first derivatives.
The 2D Prewitt operators are extended to provide an approximation for the first derivatives in 3D. The 3D equivalents of the 2D Prewitt operators are defined by a set of 3 x 3 x 3 masks. In this embodiment of the invention, each of these masks contains 26 neighboring voxels as shown in Fig. 3. For convenience, these operators are referred to as 3D Prewitt operators. Only the 3D Prewitt operators that provide approximate values of the first derivative along the three principal axes, x, y and z axes (or , i,j, and k directions) are used.
The 3D Prewitt operator that provides an approximate value for the first derivative along the +x axis uses a mask as shown in Fig. 4. The explicit calculation involved in the convolution process is gx(i ,k)=f(i+ι -ι,k-i)-f(i-ι,j-ι,k-i)+f(i+ι,j-ι,k)-f(i-ι,j-ι,k)
+f(i + l,j-l,k+ϊ)~f(i-l,j-l,k + ϊ)
+f(i + l,j,k-l)-f(i-\,j,k-\) + f(i+l,j,k)-f(i-l,j,k)
+f(i+l,j,k + ϊ)-f(i-l,j,k + ϊ)
+f(i+l,j + l,k-l)-f(i-l,j + l,k-\)+f(i + l,j + l,k)-f(i-l,j + l,k)
(2) where gx(i,j,k) is the approximate value for the first derivative for the voxel at
(i,j,k) , and /is the image function in 3D. The first derivative is approximated by averaging the differences of the gray scale intensities between nine pairs of the neighboring voxels. By simply rotating the axes, masks can be defined for the two operators that provide approximate values for the first derivatives along the y and z axes. The calculations involved in the corresponding convolution processes are gy(i,j,k) = f(i-l,j + l,k-l)-f(i-l,j-l,k-l) + f(i-l,j + l,k)-f(i-l,j-l,k)
+f(i-l,j + l,k + l)-f(i-l,j-l,k + l)
+f(i,j + l,k-l)-f(i,j-l,k-ϊ) + f(i,j + l,k)-f(i,j-l,k)
+f(i,jAl,k + l)-f(i,j-l,k + l)
+f(i + l,j + l,k-ϊ)-f(i + l,j-l,k-ϊ) + f(i + l,j + l,k)-f(i + l,j-l,k)
+f(i + l,j + l,k + l)-f(i + l,j~l,k + ϊ) (3) and g2(i,j,k) = f(i-l,j-l,k + l)-f(i-l,j-l,k-l) + f(i-l,j,k + ϊ)-f(i-l,j,k-l)
+f -l + l,k + ϊ)-f(i-l + ltk-ϊ)
+f(i,j-l,k + l)-f(i,j-l,k-l) + f(i,j,k + V)-f(i,j,k-V)
+f(i, j + 1, k + 1) - /(/, j + l,k-l)
+f(i + l,j-l,k + l)-f(i + l,j-l,k-ϊ) + f(i+l,j,k + ϊ)-f(i + l,j,k-ϊ)
+f(i + l,j + l,k + ϊ)-f(i + l,j + l,k~ϊ)
(4) where gy(i,j,k) and gz(i,j,k) are the approximate values for the first derivatives along the y and z axes.
The method used for measuring or locating the positions of the control points in MR images of the 3D phantom is fully automated, using appropriate image processing tools. This method involves two separate steps. The first step is to identify a set of reference voxels whose positions can be taken as an initial estimation of the positions of the control points in the image. In conventional approaches using pointlike objects as source of control points, clusters of voxels whose center of gravity is taken as an approximation for the positions of the control points have been used. However, a different method has been developed for use in the preferred embodiment wherein orthogonal planes are used to define the control points. This method, described below, provides an initial estimate for the positions of the control points.
In a subsequent step, the final positions of the control points are then determined by the positions of the planes using the first moments calculated on the images formed by the magnitude of the first derivatives. The initial estimated positions of the control points obtained in the first step are used to assist an optimal placement of a region of interest in which the positions of the planes are to be evaluated.
A. Identification of the reference voxels for initial estimation for the positions of the control points
As noted above, the interfacial boundaries that are used to define the control points in the present method are manifested as image edges,as demonstrated in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5, the top row shows a sequence of transverse slices of the gray scale intensity images in the proximity of an interfacial boundary between a grid sheet surface and the water. Moving from left to right, the slice's position moves from a position in the inter-layer gap (in the water) near the interface to a position that cuts through the grid sheet. As shown, the interfacial boundary occurred near the slice second from the left. In the bottom row, the images based on the magnitude of the first derivative along the z axis, \ gz (i,j,k) \, are shown. It is clearly demonstrated here that the interfacial boundary is manifested as image edges.
The next step is to further enhance the prominence of the voxels at the crosses to assist their identification. This is achieved through a convolution using a cross-like mask as shown in Fig. 6. The convolution of this mask with \ gz (i,j,k)\ adds more intensity weight for voxels at the crosses than those on the edges of the grids. The size of the mask used in this convolution is not particularly crucial. The convolution is carried out in the xy plane. A representative transverse slice of the convoluted derivative image is shown in the top left corner of Fig. 7. (The other three images included in Fig 7, obtained with different threshold levels, were to make the prominence of the crosses more perceptible). In Fig. 8, two representative ID intensity profiles, one selected along the x axis (a) and the other selected along the y axis (b) are presented. As clearly shown here, the intensity of the voxels at the crosses is significantly higher. The 19 peaks in each profile correspond to the 19 crosses. The voxels that have the local maximum intensity are located and taken as the reference voxels. In this way, the position of each control point is approximated by the position of a reference voxel.
The actual process for identifying the reference voxels for the entire set of the control points is as follows. First, the location of the corner array point with the array indexes (1, 1, 1) is estimated through visual inspection of the image data set. A box of 7 x 7 x 7 is then placed centrally at the given location and the search for the voxel that has the local maximum intensity within the box is carried out. The voxel that has the maximum intensity is assigned as the reference voxel for the first control point at the corner. Then, the identification process moves through the entire array of the phantom point by point along each dimension. At each identified array point (called the current array point), in order to identify a reference voxel that represents the next array point, a new location is first drawn. This new location is moved from the current array point in steps of the cubical dimensions of the array, Cx , Cy or Cz , depending on the direction along which the search is carried out. The search is repeated and the designated voxel is assigned. This process repeats until all the array points are covered. This ordered search process avoids any regions that are close to the interfacial boundaries between the water and the two internal walls of the phantom that are perpendicular to the z axis because voxels in these regions have high intensities in the convoluted derivative images. Any involvement of these regions in the search of the reference voxels could complicate the search process. B. The final measurement of the positions of the control points by using the positions of the planes
The identified reference voxels provide an initial estimation of the position of the control points in the phantom images and are used to assist in the calculation of the positions of the planes from which the positions of the control points are finally determined. The positions of the three planes are determined using the first moments of the magnitude of the first derivatives evaluated along the three principal axes (Eqs. (2)-(4) above). In order to gain insight into the calculation of the positions of the planes, it is useful to examine some ID profiles of image gray scale intensity and the magnitude of the first derivatives in the neighborhood of a control point.
In Fig. 9(a), representative ID profiles of the image intensity for a group of voxels sequentially selected along a line parallel to the z axis near two control points are shown. Profiles of the magnitude of the first derivative for the selected voxels calculated along the z direction are given in Fig. 9(b). As shown, the z positions of the planes (the interfacial boundaries between the surfaces of the grid sheet and the water) are well defined especially in the derivative profiles in Fig. 9(b).
In this method, the z position of the planes is defined as the central position of the peak in the derivative profile. These central positions are calculated using the first moment K(i, j)
However, in a fully automated algorithm such as the one used in the preferred embodiment, the use of a fitting process may pose problems in implementing an effective procedure for convergence checks. Therefore, an approximation is preferably used. In this approximation, the mean value of the sampled K(i, j) in the specified neighborhood is taken as the z coordinate of the control point. In a similar fashion the x and y coordinates are assigned by the mean positions of the other two planes, as described below. The voxels used in the determination of the position of the plane form a volume, and this volume is referred to as the plane sampling volume (PSV). For the determination of the z position of the control points, this volume is denoted as PSV( ). For a neighborhood of 5x5 with 7 voxels used in the evaluation of the first moment, PSV(z) is 5x5x7. The placement of the PSV(z) is centred at the reference voxel as shown schematically in Fig. 10(a), (Fig. 10(b) shows the placement of PSV(xy), the plane sampling volume used for the determination of the x and y coordinates).
The measurements of the positions of the control points along the x and y axes are carried out in a similar manner to that for the z coordinate. In Fig. 11(a), representative ID profiles of the image intensity for voxels sequentially selected along a line parallel to the x axis near two control points are shown, while in Fig 11 (b) the magnitude of the first derivative calculated along the x axis for the same voxels is given. As shown in Fig. 1, for the x (and > coordinate, two interfacial boundaries on the opposite sides of the slats (or plates) are employed. As the separation between the two boundaries is the width of the slat, which in the illustrated embodiment, is only ~1.5 mm, the two interfacial boundaries are very close as indicated by slopes in the intensity profile (a) and peaks in the derivative profile (b). The middle position between the two interfacial boundaries is taken as the x position of the plane perpendicular to the x axis. These middle positions can be approximated by the first moment I(j, k) , calculated as ∑ip \ gx(ip,J,k) p=l (6)
I(j,k) =
∑\ gx(ip,j,k) \ p=l where nx is the number of voxels used in the evaluation of the first moment. Typical values for 7^ are 7, 9, or 11. The dashed lines in Fig 11(b) indicate the middle positions of the interfacial boundaries determined by the first moment, I(j,k) . Like for the z coordinate calculation, the x position is sampled in a small neighborhood with a typical size of 7x3 or 9x 4 . The mean value of I(j,k) sampled in the specified neighborhood is then taken as the JC coordinate of the control point. The voxels used in the determination of the x coordinate (and for y as well since the phantom is symmetric with respect to the x and y axes) form a volume and this volume is referred to as PSV(xy). The placement of PSV(x ) is within the frame of the grid as illustrated in Fig. 10(b).
For the determination of the y coordinate, the procedure is exactly the same by using the first derivative calculated along the y axis. The first moment
J(i, k) , calculated as
The method of the described embodiment uses a laboratory-based coordinate system for the positions of the control points, measured in Euclidean coordinates. This coordinate axis system has its origin at the isocentre of the scanner which is also taken to be the isocentre of the gradient field generating devices. Its x axis is taken to be along the left/right direction, the y axis along the anterior/superior direction and the z axis along the head/foot direction. The geometric distortion can then be characterized by the differences in the coordinates of the control points <fyp = yp -yp
(p = l,2....N)
Here xP , yp and P are the coordinates of the control point p measured in the distorted image space; x , >p and z^ are the corresponding coordinates measured in the undistorted physical space of the phantom; and N is the total number of control points. This one-to-one correspondence enables a detailed mapping of geometric distortion to be obtained.
Following the mapping of the geometric distortion using the accurate knowledge of the positions of the control points, the correction of the distortion simply becomes a problem of interpolation. This interpolation can be symbolically expressed as
where ^ and z are the coordinates of any given spatial point in the undistorted physical space, x, y and z are the coordinates of its corresponding point in the distorted image space, and p represents an interpolation model through which this correspondence is established. The transformation expressed by Eq. (9) is also referred to as spatial transformation.
There are two general approaches to spatial transformations: global transformation and piecewise interpolation. Global transformations, such as the polynomial transformations, impose a single mapping function upon the entire imaging volume of interest. In that approach, the use of a single function sometimes cannot account adequately for local geometric distortions. In order to provide more adequate description for local distortions, piecewise mapping has been introduced [4]. Piecewise interpolations are preferred for the method of this invention, to ensure a comprehensive and accurate mapping of the geometric distortion.
There are various known models for piecewise interpolation. These models, however, were mainly developed to deal with two dimensional problems. Although some models can be extended to 3D, one problem associated with such extension, particularly for a significantly large number of data points, is the exponential increase in computational time. Trilinear interpolation is preferred. It is a simple interpolation but performs as satisfactorily as more sophisticated interpolation models in most applications. In order to complete the correction process, a second interpolation is required for interpolating the image intensity. Again, the trilinear interpolation is preferred.
The above described distortion measurement and correction method was tested on three separately acquired image data sets. The images were acquired with a Siemens Sonata 1.5T MRI scanner. The phantom was positioned at the magnet isocentre and imaging was performed using a body coil. An inversion recovery gradient echo 3D imaging sequence was used with following imaging parameters: TR=1540 ms; TE=1.53 ms; TI (inversion time)=1100 ms; imaging array size = 256 x 256 x 256; FOV = 334.0 mm x 334.0 mm x 307.2 mm. The corresponding ' voxel's dimensions were 1.305 mm x 1.305 mm x 1.200 mm. Because of the relatively low sensitivity of the body coil, multiple acquisitions were used. Three image data sets were acquired in a single session with the phantom's position unaltered. The first two data sets (data sets 1 and 2) were acquired with four acquisitions each and were acquired one after the other. The third data set (data set 3) was then acquired with eight acquisitions. In the acquired images, as some slices at the phantom edges contained significant image artifacts, only the control points defined by the central part of the phantom within a l9x l9χ25 array (a total of 9025 control points) were used in evaluating the method. Precision positioning of the phantom in the scanner was enabled using scanner's laser positioning facility.
The reproducibility of the method was tested by comparing the measured positions of the control points between the three repeatedly acquired data sets. The test also included a study of the differences in the measured positions by using different PSV (plane sampling volume) sizes. The measurement of the accuracy of the method can be difficult. Manual identification relying on human vision is sometimes regarded as an "accurate" method but such a claim has always been questioned due to the subjective variability involved. Manual identification is also impractical when the number of the control points in the phantom is large. Moreover, the accuracy in manual identification is limited as it does not provide accuracy at a sub-pixel (or sub- voxel) level. Because of these limitations, accuracy was assessed by estimating the measured residual geometric distortions in the corrected images. If the positions of the control points have been measured accurately, the corrected images can be expected to contain little or no geometric distortion. Any residual distortion measured in the corrected images can then be used as an overall measure of the accuracy.
Representative transverse slices of uncorrected phantom images are shown in the top row of Fig. 13. Geometric distortions are clearly visible in these images. The distortion increases as the distance from the magnet isocentre increases. For example, in the slice shown in the top right corner of Fig.13 which is at z =110 mm, the grids shown in the central region and those in the corner areas were actually from two neighboring grid sheets. Representative slices of the corrected images are shown in the bottom row. By visual inspection, the corrected images showed no noticeable geometric distortion.
More quantitative analysis relating to the geometric distortion is presented in Fig. 14 which shows geometric distortion in certain selected planes, obtained by calculating the positional differences (Eq. (8)). Significantly large positional differences are present. Maximum differences were over 9.00 mm in the uncorrected images. For comparison, samples of the positional differences measured in the corrected images are given in Fig. 15. It is apparent that in the corrected images the differences were negligible. The maximum differences were -0.6 mm.
Representative quantitative results on reproducibility and accuracy are presented in Tables 1-3. In Table 1, statistical data for the absolute differences in the measured coordinates of the control points compared between three repeated data sets are tabulated. The means errors in the absolute differences in the coordinates (x, y, and z) and in the positional displacement (r) are only -0.1 mm or less, indicating an excellent reproducibility. The standard deviations are also very small. Also included is the maximum absolute difference. There is no single control point whose absolute difference either along the principal axes (x, y and z) or in its positional displacement exceeded 0.7 mm. In Table 2, representative statistical data on the differences in the coordinates obtained using two different sets of PSVs are presented, showing an extremely high level of reproducibility. Both the means and standard deviations were in the order of 0.1 mm. All maximum absolute differences were less than 0.5 mm.
The representative results for the accuracy assessment are summarized in Table 3, in which the positional differences in the coordinates of the control points between those measured from the phantom images (uncorrected and corrected) and that measured from the known dimensions of the phantom are tabulated. Before the correction, the means absolute differences in the coordinates were about 1.4 mm and in the positional displacement 2.8 mm. The maximum differences were found to vary between 6.9 mm and 9.5 mm for the coordinates and exceeded 10.0 mm for the positional displacement. After correction, the mean absolute differences in the coordinates were -0.1 mm or less. The mean absolute differences in the positional displacement were slightly larger, between 0.17 mm and 0.21 mm. The standard deviations were 0.10 or less. The maximum absolute differences were -0.6 mm.
The above described method and apparatus provide two key requirements for comprehensive and accurate 3 -dimensional mapping of the geometric distortion, namely a dense distribution of the control points and a robust and accurate method for the positional measurement of these control points. A particular advantage of the method is the high accuracy in the positional measurements of the control points (see Table 3). Even greater accuracy can be achieved for mapping geometric distortion with a head coil. (With head coils, phantom images with smaller voxel sizes and better signal-to-noise ratios can be generated. With smaller voxels, the edges that define the interfacial boundaries become sharper and the positions of the planes can be more accurately measured.)
The simplicity, accuracy and the effectiveness of the method in mapping the geometric distortion renders it suitable in applications of MRI requiring accurate and reproducible imaging, such as in radiosurgery and radiotherapy. The accurately mapped geometric distortion obtained with the method can be used to improve the accuracy and sensitivity both in structural and functional MRI. The method can also provide an effective way for image quality control in large-scale longitudinal studies using MRI.
Any local deformation should not significantly affect the accuracy in the measurement of the positions of the control points as the positions of the planes for each control point are only determined in a small neighborhood, typically 5 to 7 voxels along each direction. On such relatively small scales, any deformations of the planes should be negligibly small and, therefore, the effect due to the deformations should also be small.
The reproducibility data shows that the method is extremely robust. The measured coordinates of the control points, either in repeated image data sets or with differently selected PSV sizes, all show a high level of reproducibility (see Tables 1 and 2). The mean errors were very small, between 0.02 mm and 0.12 mm. The standard deviations were also negligibly small. The maximum differences were -0.6 mm. It should be noted that this high level of robustness was achieved on the phantom images with relatively low quality. For the three data sets used, the mean SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) was only 13.6 in data set 1, 13. 7 in data set 2, and 19.4 in data set 3 (this data set having been acquired with twice the number of acquisitions). In addition, SNR showed large spatial variations in the imaging volume and in some regions, SNR dropped to -5.0. Also, it was noticed that the intensity of the phantom images was highly inhomogeneous. It is believed that the use of the 3D Prewitt operators contributes to the robustness of the method. These operators inherently have an effective smoothing capability that allows an accurate estimation of the control points.
It should also be noted that the method is entirely automated. There are no steps in which subjective decisions are required.
The 3D phantom can be used to provide a comprehensive quality assurance program for geometric distortion that is not otherwise achievable with phantoms designed for 2D measurements. The described method also has several quantifiable advantages over the sphere-based approach [1]. First, the number of control points can be made as large as desired, whereas the number of control points in the sphere-based approach is limited. (The illustrated phantom has 10,830 control points compared to 792 in a phantom of similar size that used spheres[l]) . Secondly, the present method is more accurate. If the maximum absolute difference in the positional displacement is used as a measure, the present method reduced it from over 10.00 mm before the correction to -0.6 mm after the correction, a reduction by a factor of more than 15. By comparison, using the method described in [1], the reduction was about four fold from 4.3 mm before the correction to -1.0 mm after the correction. A similar performance difference is obtained in the reduction in the mean errors of the positions of the control points between the two methods. Thirdly, the design of the phantom is extremely simple and flexible. In addition, the collection of the phantom MR images needed to map the geometric distortion is also simple.
The foregoing describes only one embodiment of the invention and modifications may be made thereto within the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that by changing the grid dimensions and the width of the grid sheets, phantoms with any desired density of control points can be easily constructed. Further, the invention is not limited to MRI, and may be used in other imaging applications, e.g. calibrating CT scan machines. The phantom need not comprise separate layers of thin- walled grids as shown in Fig. 2. It may be a three dimensional grid formed from rods with square or rectangular cross-section, or may comprise equally spaced parallel sheets with square or rectangular apertures that are aligned. Other possible designs for the phantom include 1. three sets of equally spaced parallel sheets with each set aligned along one of the orthogonal axes (with holes suitably cut through the sheets for water-filling the spaces between the sheets), and 2. three sets of square-shaped rods with each set aligned parallel with one of the three orthogonal axes. As long as there are three orthogonal planes defined in a small neighborhood of each of the control points, the shape of the rest of the structure of the phantom is not so important. Table 1. Summary of the statistical data ( μ , σ , max) of positional differences (absolute) in the measured coordinates of the control points compared between the three different data sets described in the text. The PSV sizes used were: PSV( y)=7 x 7 x 3 and PSV(z)= 3 x3 x 5.
Data set Data set Direction μ (mm) σ max (mm)
1 2 X 0.06 0.06 0.53 y 0.05 0.04 0.40 z 0.06 0.05 0.48 r 0.11 0.06 0.70
1 3 0.05 0.05 0.52
0.04 0.04 0.40
0.05 0.04 0.40
0.10 0.06 0.61
2 3 0.05 0.05 0.53
0.04 0.04 0.37
0.05 0.04 0.54
0.10 0.06 0.60
Table 2. Summary of the statistical data ( μ , σ , max) of positional differences (absolute) in the measured coordinates of the control points obtained with different sizes of PS Vs.
Data set PSV size PSV size Direction μ (mm) σ max (mm) (Set I) (Set II)
1 7x 7x 3 9x 9x 4 X 0.05 0.04 0.27
PSV(^) PSVf�) y 0.02 0.02 0.13
3 x 3 x 5 5 x 5 x 7 z 0.09 0.07 0.46
PSV(z) PSV(z) r 0.12 0.07 0.46
2 0.05 0.04 0.27 0.02 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.45 0.12 0.07 0.45
3 0.05 0.04 0.27 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.44 0.12 0.07 0.44 Table 3. Summary of the statistical data ( μ , σ , max) of positional differences (absolute) between the measured coordinates of the control points in the phantom images (uncorrected or corrected) and the corresponding coordinates measured directly from the physical dimensions of the phantom.
Data set Status Direction μ (mm) σ max (mm)
1 uncorrected X 1.46 1.47 8.12 y 1.44 1.39 6.90 z 1.36 1.35 9.50 r 2.83 2.00 10.67
1 Corrected 0.08 0.07 0.53
0.09 0.07 0.52
0.07 0.07 0.58
0.17 0.08 0.60
2 Uncorrected 1.46 1.47 8.09
1.44 1.39 7.02
1.36 1.35 9.31
2.83 1.99 10.54
2 Corrected 0.09 0.08 0.60
0.10 0.08 0.60
0.10 0.08 0.56
0.20 0.09 0.64
3 Uncorrected 1.46 1.47 8.14
1.44 1.39 7.03
1.36 1.35 9.33
2.83 1.99 10.56
3 Corrected 0.08 0.07 0.58
0.11 0.09 0.58
0.11 0.10 0.50
0.21 0.10 0.68 References
[1] Breeuwer M, Holden M, Zylka W. Detection and correction of geometric distortion in 3D MR images Proc SPIE 2001;4322:1110-1120
[2]Holden M, Breeuwer M, Mcleish K, Hawkes DI, Keevil SF, Hill DLG. Sources and correction of higher order geometrical distortion for serial MR brain imaging Proc SPIE 2001;4322:69-78
[3] Sonka M, Hlavac V, Boyle R. Image processing, analysis and machine vision International Thomson Publishing Inc. 1996
[4] Franke R. Scattered data interpolation: tests of some methods Mathematics of Computation 1982;38:181-200
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|19 Jan 1988
|17 Aug 1988
|North American Philips Corporation
|Three-dimensional metric, perfusion and metabolic compartment spectroscopy phantom
|Title not available
|17 Sep 1984
|17 Feb 1987
|General Electric Company
|Three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance phantom
|28 Nov 1988
|19 Dec 1989
|The Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas
|Physiological phantom standard for NMR imaging and spectroscopy
|28 Mar 1989
|9 Apr 1991
|Sam Technology, Inc.
|Three-dimensional magnetic resonance image distortion correction method and system
|BREEUWER M ET AL: "Detection and correction of geometric distortion in 3D MR images", PROCEEDINGS OF THE SPIE, SPIE, BELLINGHAM, VA, US, vol. 4322, 2001, pages 1110 - 1120, XP002376927, ISSN: 0277-786X
|FINNIGAN: "Phantom System to quantify and map gradient induced distortions in MR images of the Pelvis", PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE,, 1 April 2000 (2000-04-01) - 7 April 2000 (2000-04-07), Denver, Co, USA, pages 1688, XP002405582
|PRICE R R ET AL: "QUALITY ASSURANCE METHODS AND PHANTOMS FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: REPORT OF AAPM NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TASK GROUP NO.1A", MEDICAL PHYSICS, AIP, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 17, no. 2, 1 March 1990 (1990-03-01), pages 287 - 295, XP000114577, ISSN: 0094-2405
|See also references of WO2004106962A1
|WANG D ET AL: "A novel phantom and method for comprehensive 3-dimensional measurement and correction of geometric distortion in magnetic resonance imaging", MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 2004 UNITED STATES, vol. 22, no. 4, 2004, pages 529 - 542, XP002405583, ISSN: 0730-725X
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|15 Mar 2006
|Designated contracting states:
Kind code of ref document: A1
Designated state(s): DE GB NL
|15 Mar 2006
|Request for examination filed
Effective date: 20051216
|6 Sep 2006
|Request for extension of the european patent (to any country) deleted
|6 Sep 2006
|Designated contracting states (correction):
Designated state(s): DE GB NL
|13 Dec 2006
|Classification (correction)
Ipc: G01R 33/58 20060101AFI20061107BHEP
Ipc: G01R 33/565 20060101ALN20061107BHEP
|20 Dec 2006
|Despatch of supplementary search report
Effective date: 20061120
|18 Nov 2009
|First examination report
Effective date: 20091019
|9 Jan 2013
Effective date: 20121129


text:
PIC HEAVY! >.<Merry Christmas! Blessed Yule! Happy whatever you may have celebrated this week! Christmas went fairly well for us, the only downside was an injury sustained by our cat Nori - something with his paw, we'll have to take him to the vet once holiday hours are over, for now he wears the cone of shame. I baked my ass off. I planned on baking gingerbread cookies earlier this month. They were supposed to be for my birthday but I kept putting it off, so I baked them on Christmas Eve instead. I got this bright idea to make Nanaimo bars. When we were kids we used to eat these at Christmas, my Nana made them. I believe they're a Canadian thing, originally form BC. They're really good but super rich. They have a coconut/graham cracker chocolate base with custard cream filling and a top layer of chocolate. Super decadent. So sweet in fact that I resorted to scarfing down a bag of carrots after eating only two bars. If you plan on trying them cut them into smaller squares and not the two inch bars you see in photographs, and cut them with a hot knife to make sure the chocolate doesn't crack. There are no photos of mine because I did a terrible job cutting them lol.
I spent most of Christmas Eve day baking and decorating cookies. I started at 10 am and finished at 5:30 pm. My family came over at 7 and we watched What We Do in the Shadows while snacking on treats. On Christmas day I hung out with my guy, watched 90's cartoons and ate gingerbread cookies. We visited family briefly in the afternoon, made a delicious dinner (where I tried champagne for the first time- yuck!), drove around looking at Christmas lights and polished it off with Krampus (I didn't really care for it other than the costumes and puppets). I was saddened to hear George Michael died. I was singing Last Christmas about a hundred times over the weekend, I couldn't stop doing it. It's weird because I'm not even that big on the song but it was stuck in my head! I always thought it was Boy George who sang it because they sound similar. When it came on in the car last night I had asked "didn't he die?" not realizing it was Wham instead of Boy George (or that either man was still alive at this point). Imagine my dismay... to come home and an hour later have George Michael's death pop up in the news feed. How in the hell??!! I felt bad like I had jinxed him or something. His song "Faith" was number one on the day I was born. Rather bummed. First Bowie. Then Prince. Now Michael. :( Too many musicians lost this year.
I hope you all had a good holiday! I've been hanging out in my sewing room sewing stuff. I'm working on a velvet skater skirt, almost done, I'll share it here upon completion. Soon maybe I might sew a dress, I'm not sure. I want to get some drawing done this week before New Years. Busy busy busy. I'm also in the process of planning a mini vacation, but more on that later.
Tell me about your Christmas! :)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jessica Biel Workout Secrets
December 26, 2011 by staff
Jessica Biel Workout Secrets, After a whirlwind press day in NYC for her new Revlon mascara commercial, Jessica Biel returned home to L.A.-but only for a moment. This week, she starts shooting the Total Recall remake in Toronto with Colin Farrell.
"It's hard to keep my skin looking good with work, travel, and stress," acknowledges Biel, laughing when we marvel at her luminous complexion. "I don't feel very glowing, especially after wearing makeup-and not necessarily my choice of makeup-for 12 hours straight on a movie set. When I'm playing a character, her look is sometimes different from my own. "
Biel says her own makeup choices are simple; mascara, blotting papers, and peach lip gloss are her standbys ("I like peach because it's natural-looking and perfect for a little color"). Even if she wears dark lipstick for the red carpet, Biel says she'll tuck a tube of peach gloss in her purse. "I trust my makeup artist to apply dark lipstick, but I get nervous about reapplying it, so I'll just use gloss instead," she explains, adding, "The last time I tried to reapply dark lipstick, I dropped it on my dress and it left a spot."
Other red-carpet mishaps from Biel's past include a broken shoe heel, shredded toenail, and chipped manicure. "Anything you can imagine, it's happened," she says. "In the car on my way to premieres and awards shows, I'll sit with tissue paper under my armpits so I don't soil the delicate dress fabric. The whole time I'm telling myself, 'Please don't sweat, please don't sweat.' I throw the tissues out right before I step out of the car and nobody ever knows! I just put on a smile and fake it."
One thing Biel's not faking is her ultratoned figure. When asked about her secrets to staying fit, she says she sticks to the basics: "For me, getting enough sleep, drinking lots of water, having a healthy diet, and staying away from alcohol are musts. It's so boring, I know, but doing those things really helps."
To stay on track with her regimen while home in Los Angeles, Biel frequents places like Real Food Daily, a restaurant that specializes in organic vegan cuisine. " M Café is also great-it has a lot of macrobiotic options," she says. "But you can find healthy food pretty much anywhere. I do a lot of cooking at home using grains and vegetables."
Boxing and martial arts are also part of Jessica Biel's workout routine , which she says also includes a lot of yoga. "Yoga is a constant for me because it keeps my muscles long and flexible," she says. "But now that summer's coming around, I'm planning on spending more time outdoors playing volleyball and jogging with my dog, Tina."
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text:
Traveling Luck for Hoklingen, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway
Where is Hoklingen?What's around Hoklingen?
Wikipedia near Hoklingen
Where to stay near Hoklingen
The timezone in Hoklingen is Europe/Oslo
Sunrise at 09:05 and Sunset at 14:57. It's Dark
Latitude. 63.6167°, Longitude. 11.1500°
Weather near Hoklingen; Report from Trondheim / Vaernes, 21.6km away
Weather : No significant weather
Temperature: 5°C / 41°F
Wind: 19.6km/h South
Cloud: Sky Clear
Weather : No significant weather
Temperature: 5°C / 41°F
Wind: 19.6km/h South
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map around Hoklingen
Loading map of Hoklingen and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Hoklingen, in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway
- lake;
- a large inland body of standing water.
- Hoklingen (0km)
- Lynvatnet (4.3km)
- Movatnet (5.6km)
- Håvatnet (6.1km)
- Engelsvatnet (7.3km)
- Hamarvatnet (7.8km)
- Ausetvatnet (8.2km)
- Byvatnet (9.1km)
- Tyldvatn (10.4km)
- Sønningen (11.6km)
Accommodation around Hoklingen
- peak;
- a pointed elevation atop a mountain, ridge, or other hypsographic feature.
- Stokkvola (5.2km)
- Høgsætervola (8km)
- administrative division;
- an administrative division of a country, undifferentiated as to administrative level.
- Levanger (4.8km)
- Levanger Herad (7.8km)
- bay;
- a coastal indentation between two capes or headlands, larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf.
- Leangfjorden (11.4km)
- hill;
- a rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m.
- Lundsbustadvola (10.4km)
- stream;
- a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.
- Hopleelv (11.4km)
Wikipedia entries close to
- Hoklingen lake
- Movatnet lake
- Hammervatnet lake
- Byavatnet lake
- Sønningen lake
- Hegra city city o
- Trondheimfjord waterbody waterbody
- Kvithammer city city o
- Flughafen Trondheim airport airport
- Hell, Norway city city o
- Muruvik city city o
- Verdalsøra city city o
- Hylla city city o
- Meltingvatnet lake
- Mostad city city o
- Stiklestad city city o
Airports close to Hoklingen
Trondheim vaernes(TRD), Trondheim, Norway (21.6km)
Orland(OLA), Orland, Norway (80.9km)
Roeros(RRS), Roros, Norway (122km)
Froson(OSD), Ostersund, Sweden (182.6km)
Kristiansund kvernberget(KSU), Kristiansund, Norway (184.4km)
Airfields or small airports close to Hoklingen
Hedlanda, Hede, Sweden (197.8km)
Optand, Optand, Sweden (200.1km)
Idre, Idre, Sweden (221.1km)
Photos provided by Panoramio are under the copyright of their owners.


text:
Strictly Salsa
By JS900
This app is only available on the App Store for iOS devices.
Salsa is a great dancing experience enjoyed by millions around the World! This tuitional app has some 184 easy to follow video lessons on all aspects of Salsa Dancing!
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Intro to Salsa Dancing -- Part 2
Intro to Salsa Dancing -- Part 3
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Salsa Dancing for Beginners Basic Back Step in Salsa Dancing for Beginners
Salsa Dance Episode 1 Basic Step Our first stab at this
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salsa combo 1
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Salsa Dancing Moves - Advanced
Learn Salsa Dance Intermediate Steps
Learn to Dance Salsa Basic Steps for Beginners
Salsa Dance Lesson The Submarine Move
Advanced Salsa Dance Moves Getting out of Hammerlocks
Eddy Torres short instructional video on how to dance On2
Salsa on2 on1 dancing to the conga
Grupo Latin Vibe - La LLave Salsa Rhythm Timing Video HD
How to Find the Beat in Salsa Music part 1
Hear and Play Salsa 101 The Famous Clave Sound Broken Down
MARCHA TUMBADORA EN CLAVE 23 y 32
Mambo Dinamico - Musicality Workshop at the DC Salsa Congress 2009
Salsa Timing - La Pantera Mambo HD
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Cogele El Gusto by Wayne Gorbea - Salsa Rhythm Timing HD
Salsa Music Timing II
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Tito Puente - Hong Kong Mambo Salsa Rhythm On-2 Timing Video
Salsa Music Video Mix
Salsa music - A great salsa song Mary by Joe Arroyo
Joe Arroyo - La Rebelion Salsa Rhythm Timing HD
cmo bailar al comps o al ritmo de la msica
Conteo musical 1-2-3-5-6-7 salsa timing Uno dos tres Cinco seis siete
Salsa Lesson 1 Ladies Right Turn
Salsa Lesson 2 Mens Right Turn With A Switch Behind The Back
Salsa Lesson 3 Mens Right Turn With a Duck
Salsa Lesson 4 Cross Body Lead
Salsa Lesson 5 Broken Left Turn BLT For Ladies
Silvia Teaching a Beginner Level Class
Salsa Lesson 6 Men Broken Left Turn
Salsa Lesson 7 One Hand Copa
Salsa Lesson 8 Double Hand Copa
Salsa Lesson 10 Outside Cross Body Lead
And more
What's New in Version 3.6
Now 184 Lessons and a new interface
- Category: Health & Fitness
- Updated: 15 December 2014
- Version: 3.6
- Size: 10.7 MB
- Language: English
- Developer: Anthony Walsh
- © www.js900.com
Compatibility: Requires iOS 8.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad and iPod touch.


text:
|www.BedandBreakfast-Directory.co.uk - The Bed and Breakfast Directory.
Home > Scotland > Edinburgh > Edinburgh
Ben Doran
Luxurious Georgian Town House Centrally Located
|Luxurious Georgian Town House, located centrally. Very close to the city centre and all Edinburgh's famous attractions. Ideal for business, family and romantic holidays. Ben Doran is entirely non smoking. Scottish breakfast is always freshly cooked in addition to a selection of buffet choices. Dinners on request.


text:
Brant Garcia
Flirt of the Year 2017
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Vote for Brant Garcia to win the Viewer's Choice Award.
Brant Garcia's Details
Brant Garcia's Likes
I am a very disciplined boy, I love to do exercises, meet new people, I am very friendly, to be with my family and friends, I am a very sexual and daring young man
My Fantasies
My main fantasy is to have sex in a casual place, to start very romantically and to end up with a hard sex
Additional Info
In my shows I am very versatile, but I prefer to be a dominant boy, and make scream of pleasure and joy, my cum show is Awesome
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You can treat me with love or with madness, I love to hear them scream of pleasure.
My Fetishes
Discipline, Domination, Exhibitionism, Feet, Muscle Worship, Nipple Play, Role Play/Costumes, Training, Voyeurism
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Feather, Fleshlight, Nipple Clamps
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Bad Cop/Good Cop, Boss / Secretary, Coach/Trainee, Doctor / Nurse, Flight Attendant/Pilot, Pirate/Captive, Prisoner/Guard, Student/Teacher
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My dream is to be able to buy my motorcycle from my dreams, and so I can enjoy traveling with her everywhere.
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to customers who have spent $100 or more on Flirt 4 Free.
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text:
Yay!!! The next run of Chalk bags and Chalk Buckets will be ready by the end of July. We now have more sewing help, the fabulous Deidre of "Stitching on the Corner" in Winslow, AZ.
Please keep checking in or follow us on Instagram for updates. Thank you for your patience!


text:
Great Article On Dave Brandon and His Granddaughter
We just had our first grandchild...I understand fully what DB feels. I am personally delighted that things turned out so well for his granddaughter.
Mott and all of the other Childrens' hospitals nationwide do great things for the little people we love, and these institutions deserve our unending support.
FWIW, my grandson's first piece of clothing on this earth was a little Michigan hat with Go Blue written all over it.
Had no idea our fearless leader was going on 61/had grandkids. He looks far too young. Excellent read.
This article doesn't fit the narrative.
Let's complain about jerseys and money instead.
You forgot mascots, "rawk musik" and ads.
I read it as "grand daughter," as if to say that his daughter is just super.
I think saying "as if to say" is the grammar centric version of the slang term "fo sho"; meaning that they both irritate me equally.
""You say goodbye to her, they wheel her off, and it's the most helpless feeling in the world," Dave Brandon said. "Dr. Bove came out after the surgery and looked at me and said it went perfect. I asked if she's going to have any limitations, he said, 'If she wants to run cross country for the University of Michigan, she'll be able to do it.' Those were the best words I've ever heard."
This is the part that got to me a little. Very touching story indeed, and thanks for sharing this.
As bluebyyou said, hospitals like Mott provide an invaluable service and should get endless praise for helping to make sure the lives of the next generation are healthy, long lives.
What a great story. Ileana sounds like a real trooper.
That's a nice article on Dave Brandon. It's great to see he understands that being a great father and grandfather is a much more important job than any professional one.
Thanks for sharing, OP.


text:
"Beauty" is a dog gentle palomino mare. She is extremely calm and absolutely adores people. She would be extremely easy to train. The only downfall that…SOLD
Ruby is your affordable show horse! Ruby is a registered 14 year old sorrel quarter horse mare who has literally been there, and done that. She has been…SOLD
LeRoy crosses water, tarps, bridges, teeter totters, you name it. Sweet and willing little guy. 3 year old gelding. Just started under saddle, making…SOLD
Pony herd dispersal due to health reasons. Coming 2 yo( in July) bay filly for sale. Out of 12 hand 1/4 Arabian sorrel tobiano mare and 10 hand grey…SOLD
Pony herd dispersal due to health issues. Here is a coming 2 yo (in July) steel gray colt, out of a 11.5 hand fleabitten grey tovero mare and 10 hand…SOLD
Pony herd dispersal due to health issues. This is a two year old pony colt, very friendly, stocky built, Shetland size. He is out of a 12 hh sorrel tobiano…SOLD
Pony herd dispersal due to health issues. Two year old pony mare out of 11 hand fleabitten grey tovero mare and 10 hand grey stallion. Full sister to…SOLD
Great little pony. Has been led around with 2 year old on, and ridden a by 6 year old. Started with Parelli Natural Horse Man Ship, does games well. Super…SOLD


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Director Dee Rees On Making Southern Culture Come To Life in 'Mudbound'
The film hits Netflix on Friday.
Ice Age: Collision Course is slated to hit theaters pretty soon and two of the animated film's stars,John Leguizamo and Wanda Sykes, chatted with BET.com about just why you should go see the movie. In fact, reaching back 20 years, John revisited a past character to woo you.
In the voice of his To Wong Foo character Chi-Chi Rodriguez, he spoke on just why you should go check it out.
"I love Chi-Chi Rodriguez, too and I know Chi-Chi became an icon for transgender teenagers and I'm really proud of that," he started, before going in full-on character mode. "So, as Chi-Chi Rodriguez, you have to come see Ice Age: Collision Course 'cause you're gonna love it. It's like that. You know. It's the scene. It's all that. It's a good look, too. You know?"
Also, watch the video above to see what he and Wanda Sykes say is the key to surviving Hollywood as a person of color. Ice Age: Collision Course hits theaters on July 22.
BET.com is your No. 1 source for Black celebrity news, photos, exclusive videos and all the latest in the world of hip hop and R&B music.
(Photo: Universal City Studios Inc.)
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Phone: 856.589.8441 ext. 3321
Degrees and Certifications:
Bachelors of Arts in Elementary Education Bachelors of Arts in Spanish
Mrs. Melissa Hermley
Welcome to THIRD GRADE!
Hello! My name is Mrs. Hermley and I am looking forward to a fun and exciting school year! Ever since I was a little girl, I wanted to be a teacher. I feel so fortunate to be teaching at Bells. It is truly an amazing school! This year is extra special because Mrs. Twardzik and I have the wonderful opportunity to work together in a co-teaching atmosphere. This is our sixth year together and I am honored to be working by her side.
In 2003, I graduated from Rowan University with my Bachelor's degree in both Elementary Education and Spanish. I started teaching third grade at Bells School in December of 2003.
I currently live in Haddon Heights, New Jersey with my husband and our three children, Julianna, Bryce and Evelyn. Some of my hobbies include cooking, reading, doing yoga, shopping and spending time with my family and friends. I hope you are as excited as I am to have a fun and successful year in third grade!
Dear Parents/Guardians,
Throughout the year, if you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact me using the contact information below.
(856) 218-0957 ext. 3321
Mrs. Melissa Hermley


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We'll send you monthly updates with the latest posts from Team Yoactiv!
Yoactiv is a fitness app which uses gamification and social groups to engage users in fitness activities. While playing, you can discover the fitness activities of your choice, stay connected with studios around you and leverage the power of social connections to achieve your fitness goals. Our goal is to make fitness fun and help people integrate physical activities into their daily life.


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2010 IASC Elections Results
In this election, IASC members also voted on proposed bylaws revisions. The revisions were approved by the membership.
Leticia Merino
Being a member of IASC and serving as a member of the Association' s executive council and as president of the 10th Global Conference held in Oaxaca, Mexico, in 2004, have been some of the richest experiences of my professional life. I feel deeply honored by the proposal of the nominating committee of becoming one of the pre-nominated candidates for the presidency of the IASC.
As Ruth Meinzen-Dick stated in her speech on inauguration as president of IASC, the Association has achieved much. Collective property is acknowledged now by many as a viable and legitimate option to face problems related with sustainability of natural resources and ecosystems. Furthermore, in the environmental field and many others, the need for collective action, social capital and strong local institutions is also regarded as an imperative. IASC contributions to these achievements are undeniable.
During the last six years as a member of the council I have had the opportunity to take part in developing a diagnosis of the evolving fields that the members of the IASC try to address, as well as the limitations that may hinder IASC as a strategic tool for its members' efforts.
I see three main interlinked challenges: there are "traditional" challenges posed by the resistance of governments and elites to the demand for more democratic, fair and cooperative social and human relations, implicit in "commons thought". This is an ongoing battle; there will always be old and emerging conflicts that feed on the resistance of the powerful to acknowledgement of others' perspectives and rights and to share their privileges. In order to address these challenges, IASC research and theory will be useful. Another set of challenges can be seen as "emerging": political tensions are always present, but the empirical fields, the types of goods or systems and the associated knowledge are relatively new. I refer to fields such as climate, new threats to public health and information, including digital and genetic information. IASC scholars need to work based in strong interdisciplinary approaches and teams to provide relevant reflections and tools for policy and to advance democratic and socially fair agendas for evolving governance systems in these fields.
Finally there are also challenges that can be regarded as the result of threats posed by the success of IASC and the popularity of themes such as the commons, collective action and collective property. I refer to the growth of IASC and IASC conferences that may weaken the sense of personal connection and personal belonging, as well as to the growth of the IASC in different regions of the world while membership and activities in North America have lessened, and to the emergence of new associations with focus on specific fields, though often with a "commons" approach.
In order to address these challenges I propose we should:
_ Diversifying and enriching the relations with the members and among members, based on more participatory, interactive communication. Recently some members of the executive council and of the secretariat have been working hard on proposals for a new communication strategy, developing possible uses of the web page, exploring the creation of thematic and/or regional blogs, and other mechanisms that may enable more dynamic and intense relations among members.
_ Reaching new audiences, increasing the potential of IASC scholarship and strengthening our chances for generational replacement through a web-based course on the commons involving some of our members of different generations and regions.
_ Developing a strategy to reach and enroll young audiences: maintaining quotas and/or specific forums for young people in the global and regional conferences.
_ Holding teaching events for young people at the conferences (a successful experience first implemented in Cheltenham).
_ Managing specific grants for young people to attend conferences, and having awards for the best Masters and PHD thesis presented in the Conferences.
_ Becoming more policy-relevant and policy-oriented. Since the beginning, IASC has tried to influence public policies, providing rigorous theoretical and research elements for the analysis of policies and for the crafting of more inclusive and finely tuned policy proposals. IASC needs to develop an agenda that includes the maintenance and strengthening of the diversity of members, including academics and practitioners, promoting the participation of relevant NGOs and other agencies in the Association and/or the conferences, and providing platforms for contemporary debates and networking around them through our main tools: the conferences, the Digital Library of the Commons, the Commons Digest, the International Journal of the Commons and soon the web page.
_ Having IASC groups participate in relevant meetings such as the World Forest Congress, debates on climate change and the mechanisms to halt it.
_ Maintaining and supporting the Commons Digest and the Journal of the Commons, supporting their search for high quality while looking for a wider participation in their production and for the translation of the Digest in each of the main languages with presence of members. The Digital Library of the Commons Is one of the main assets of IASC. A close relationship between the Library sustained by the Workshop of Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University and the secretariat and the presidency is key for IASC. The support of the generous effort of the Workshop should be one of the priorities of IASC.
_ PROMOTE THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE IASC by actively supporting regional efforts such as conferences, projects, regional funding to strengthen the global network and the global conferences. Regional networking at global conferences can become more systematic and purpose-oriented. Regional IASC conferences should also be part of the agenda of the Association.
_ By maintaining and protecting an institutional memory with IASC records kept at a host institution under legal agreements, and digitalizing these records as much as possible, working with an informal "advisory body" conformed by those members who have served as council members.
_ By institutionalizing the roles of different bodies (the collegial presidency, the council, the nominations committee, the Journal) that through the years have developed new and rich collective practices not
fully acknowledged.
Finally, financial viability is a serious problem for the IASC. That is partly related to a change of working styles and priorities of some of our traditional donors, but also to the growth of the association, and the size of conferences, as well as the emerging diversity of activities. For several years, some members of the council have underlined the importance of being able to be "financed by our doing instead of being financed by our being". The maintenance of a balance among self-sufficiency and the nature of "public good" of IASC scholarship and production is also an ongoing demand. But financial
viability deserves serious attention and efforts.
General ideas on this critical theme include:
_ Diversification of funding, including funding for specific activities (the Journal, regional networking and conferences, work in specific critical themes, policy related activities.
_ Financing some of our activities by our doing (such as the digital course on the Commons).
_ Exploring the possibility of developing an endowment for IASC.
_ Promoting the work of a financial committee within the executive committee.
These are general ideas. They can only be put in place through intense and committed collective action and trust, assets that in the past enabled the creation and survival of the IASC. I apologize for the space I have taken and I thank for your attention.
Executive Council Members
Lapologang Magole
Lapologang Magole received her PhD in Development Studies (Environmental Policy Analysis) at the University of East Anglia, UK. She is currently a research scholar at the University of Botswana's Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre in Maun. Lapo has previously held the position of Lecturer in regional development planning in the Department of Environmental Science of the University of Botswana. As a researcher she has worked on issues of environmental policy and governance for over ten years. Through her research and application/development work she has interacted with resource users at grass roots level, donors, policy makers and implementers and has come to appreciate multiple interests and aims with regard to natural resource management and use. Lapo has experience in organizing meetings (workshops and conferences) and facilitation (mediation, negotiation, conflict resolution and empowerment) in general and training on participatory planning and learning methods in particular. Her publications are in the areas of; institutions for management of the commons, rangeland management dynamics and issues affecting development and resource access of the San and other minority communities. Her scope of work has widened to the whole Southern African Development Community (SADC) through networking and collaborative work. Lapo's exposure to the IASC body was through the Cross Sectoral Commons Governance in Southern Africa (CROSCOG) project which organised a special session at the 12th Biannual Conference in 2008. She has since been an active member. She was part of the panel of reviewers for both the 12th and 13th biannual conferences. Lapo was also the Conference Chair for the Africa Regional IASC Conference in Cape Town, January, 2009. She is currently finalizing a special section in the International Journal of the Commons (IJC) as a guest editor for papers resulting from work in the CROSCOG project and the Africa regional meeting.. As demonstrated by the dissemination (special section in the IJC, policy messages/briefs to communities, NGOs and policy makers as well as radio broadcasts) of the results of the Africa regional meeting that she led, Lapo's vision for IASC is to continue expanding and renewing the commons scholarship but also and most importantly, to facilitate that IASC becomes an empowering agent for local resource users by providing them with the information and support they need to successfully negotiate their stake in natural resources. This can be done by ensuring that IASC has strong and active regional bodies which interact with local resource users.
Ashwini Chhatre
I am an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I am an Indian citizen, male, 39 years old, and have only been in the US for seven years. I was awarded a Ph.D. in Political Science at Duke University, and was the first Giorgio Ruffolo Sustainability Science Research Fellow at Harvard University in 2006-07. Between my BA in Economics from University of Delhi in 1990 and the start of my PhD at Duke, I spent 11 years working in different parts of India, mostly as a community organizer and social activist working on issues related to natural resources like land, forests, and water. A background in economics, graduate training in political science, a job in Geography, and a general interest in ecology and environmental sciences ensure that my interests will never be confined to a single discipline. Cross-disciplinary training and experience on both sides of the research-practice divide allow me to bring multiple perspectives to bear simultaneously upon research questions relating to the commons.
Research is an integral part of being a social activist, at least a well-informed one, and my research experience started well before I joined graduate school. I had the good fortune of collaborating with some of the best scholars in India, and I learnt the importance of connecting research to policy and social issues early in my career. Some of that research experience was published as journal articles, and I also co-authored a book on the politics of conservation and development in India based on my pre-graduate school social activist experience. My current research interests lie in the study of intersection of democratic politics with environment and development. All my field research has been confined to India, and I am also collaborating with IFRI researchers in analyzing the joint production of livelihoods and forest-related outcomes. Ongoing research projects include 1) the long-term impact of redistributive land reforms on environment and development, 2) the conceptualization of democracy as the emergent property of complex adaptive networks of public, civic, and market institutions, 3) the role of forest commons in simultaneously producing livelihoods, sequestering carbon, and conserving biodiversity in human-dominated mixed-use landscapes, and 4) role of access of vulnerable groups to local institutions and cross-scale articulation between institutions in facilitating local adaptation to climate change.
I would like to see more attention to the role of commons in the mitigation of and adaptation to imminent climate change. IASC is uniquely positioned to integrate knowledge across disciplines to produce meaningful insights into practical solutions to this global concern. For example, forest commons simultaneously provide multiple benefits – carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and material subsistence and commercial benefits to local communities. However, much work remains to be done to explore the synergies and trade-offs among multiple benefits under alternative institutional configurations. I will strive to encourage collaboration among commons scholars on the role of commons in climate change, as well as attract young scholars and practitioners to engage with commons scholarship as they work on climate change issues. I am also interested in establishing closer ties between the IASC and the Society of Conservation Biology, and am also seeking a service position in the Social Science Working Group of the SCB.


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Five clever ways to save
Technologies which help you to save money on fuel and cut down on CO2 emissions.
1. Save every time you stop
Our Start/Stop technology saves fuel and therefore cuts emissions by automatically switching off the engine when the car isn't in motion.
2. Save every time you brake
Our Brake Energy Recuperation system saves fuel by making the most of energy that's usually lost when you brake.
Recuperation recycles the energy normally lost during braking by storing and then using it for acceleration or starting. When you're trying to save energy while driving it makes sense to recover it where you can. One way we've done this is to raise the alternator voltage when slowing down and braking. This increases battery charging and helps the car slow down. The alternator load is then reduced when accelerating to lighten the burden on the engine and cut fuel consumption. Recuperation is a feature of some of our BlueMotion cars.
3. Save every time you move
Our low rolling resistance tyres save you fuel by reducing the friction between the tyre and the road, meaning it takes less energy - and less fuel - to go further.
Low rolling resistance tyres are part of our BlueMotion Technologies and are fitted to most of our BlueMotion and BlueMotion Technology models.
4. Save every time you accelerate
Our turbocharged engines deliver more power when you need it and use less fuel when you don't.
5. Save every time you drive
Our aerodynamic BlueMotion models are designed to cut through the air with ease, saving you fuel and saving you money. The smoother the airflow over your car as it goes forward, the less drag there is holding it back and the less effort is needed to move the car forward.
How we've achieved this:
- The body is more streamlined and gaps between panels are narrower
- Headlights and indicators are combined
- Radiator grilles, underbody panels and spoilers are designed to reduce drag
BlueMotion. Two easy ways to get it.
To drive a car with these technologies look out for 'BlueMotion Technology' or 'BMT' in the engine description when browsing the range.
Alternatively, our flagship BlueMotion models which are available on Polo, Golf, Golf SV, Golf Estate, Passat, and Passat Estate also feature aerodynamically optimised design as well as all of the great fuel saving BlueMotion Technologies.
Both are great ways to Think Blue.
Think Blue. Trainer
When you do sport, having a personal trainer by your side who gives you advice and assistance helps you to exercise more efficiently. It's the same with driving: the "Think Blue. Trainer." in the new up! makes saving fuel easy. It shows you how green your driving is at any given point. This inventive little assistant shows you your current consumption and gives you real suggestions about how to reduce it. Helping you to perform better on every track – the "Think Blue. Trainer."
Please refer to your Volkswagen Owner's manual for official guidance on use and operation of all our technology.


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June 29, 2015 TUSCALOOSA, Ala. – The University of Alabama Athletics Department continues to rank among the top-10 percent of all NCAA Division I athletics programs in both the Learfield Sports Director's Cup and the Capital One Cup.
The Crimson Tide ranked 25th in the Learfield Director's Cup for the 2014-15 academic year, marking the seventh time in the past decade that Alabama has earned a place among the top 25.
"I'm proud of the way our teams continue to thrive in the competitive arena," UA Director of Athletics Bill Battle said. "A total of nine of our teams finished in the top-20 nationally, including four — football, gymnastics, softball and men's swimming and diving — that finished in the top-10. I'm equally proud of the success our students continue to earn in the classroom and the time and effort they devote to helping make the world around them a better place."
The Learfield Sports Directors' Cup standings, begun in the 1993-94 academic year, encompass the combined men's and women's programs.
Alabama finished the 2014-15 academic year ranked 25th out of 289 schools in the all-sports rankings. In the Directors' Cup, 20 total teams (10 men and 10 women) can be scored for the final standings. The Crimson Tide has 21 teams (9 men and 12 women) in 17 sports programs. Stanford, this year's winner and the winner of the last 21 Directors' Cups, fields 37 total varsity teams.
Alabama scored 315 points in the spring, 282 points in the winter standings, and 158 points in the fall in the Learfield rankings. The Southeastern Conference led all conferences with seven teams finishing in the top-25. In addition, all 14 SEC schools were in the Top 66 overall.
Alabama's men and women both ranked in the top-35 in Capital One Cup now in its fifth year. The men checked in at No. 30 on the strength of top-10 finishes in football (4th) and swimming and diving (10th) while the women were 32nd after top-10 finishes by gymnastics (4th) and softball (6th).
Points toward the Capital One Cup are based on final standings of NCAA Championships and final official coaches' polls. The Capital One Cup counts only top-10 national finishes and uses a tiered points system. That tiered system awards greater value to "marquee sports" (football, basketball, etc.) and lesser value to others.
Under the Capital One system, 106 NCAA Division I men's teams and 97 women's teams earned points. In the SEC, eight men's teams and 10 women's team figured among the Capital One Cups top 35.
Three years ago, the Tide's women's teams posted what remains their highest finish in the Capital One Cup standings, taking third place following the 2011-12 season – led by NCAA team titles in gymnastics, women's golf and softball. Overall, Alabama has won nine national team titles since 2009.
Alabama In Final Learfield Directors' Cup Standings
"I think the most important thing of all for any team is a winning attitude. The coaches must have it. The players must have it. The student body must have it. If you have dedicated players who believe in themselves, you don't need a lot of talent."
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Gianforte Dumps Another $500,000 into Campaign to Force Dangerous Agenda Onto Montanans
New Jersey Multimillionaire's Personal Contributions Now Exceeds Unprecedented $5.8 Million
New Jersey multimillionaire Greg Gianforte has dumped another $500,000 of his personal fortune into his campaign to buy Montana's election and force his dangerous agenda onto Montana voters.
Gianforte's personal campaign contributions now total an unprecedented $5,821,385 million. 74% of Gianforte's campaign's contributions came directly from his own checking account.
"Greg Gianforte is a modern-day Copper King who is using his personal fortune to mislead Montanans and force his dangerous agenda onto us," said Jason Pitt a spokesperson for the Montana Democratic Party. "Montana isn't for sale, and another personal check from Greg Gianforte doesn't change the fact that he lobbied to impose a statewide sales tax on hard-working Montana families and sued to eliminate a public stream access point."
In addition to spending more than $5.8 million of his personal fortune, Gianforte also opposes the bipartisan Disclose Act. A court this week upheld the legislation, which Bullock says shines light on dark money organizations.


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New Delhi, (IANS) The Supreme Court on Wednesday stayed the Gujarat High Court order questioning the state government over allotting plots in a posh locality of Ahmedabad in 2010 to then 27 high court judges including a now judge of the apex court.
Staying the August 10-11 high court order, the apex court bench of Chief Justice H.L. Dattu, Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose and Justice Abhay Manohar Sapre issued notice to the Gujarat government, the Ahmedabad collector, the municipal commissioner and other state government agencies.
Notice was also issued to the Neetibagh Judges Co-operative Housing Society Ltd. and the high court registrar seeking their responses to a petition by former judge of the Gujarat High Court Justice Dhiren Arvind Mehta.
The notice issued by the apex court are returnable in four weeks.
"In the meantime, further proceedings shall remain stayed, until further orders. The registry is directed to communicate this order to the Gujarat High Court forthwith," the apex court said on Wednesday in a brief order after counsel Harish Salve mentioned the matter.
The court directed the deleting of the names of 27 judges which were listed as respondents, "on the oral request" of Salve.
The apex court also allowed the plea by counsel K.K. Venugopal and impleaded the Gujarat High Court Advocates Association as a party respondent.
Appearing for the petitioner judge Mehta, Salve said the high court action in issuing notice to retired and sitting judges was not good.
Salve questioned the haste shown by the high court in entertaining the July 2-3, 2015 letter by former judge Justice B.J. Shethna and the July 6, 2015 letter by former chief justice of Bombay High Court Justice K.R. Vyas raising the issue of the allotment of plots, and converting the letters into public interest litigations.


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Peer Visits Tools for sharing best practices. Becky Ames GOH In-House Coordinator, Champaign County. Getting started. What is a best practice? Demonstrate evidence of success Affects something important and contributes to the organizations mission and goals
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Becky Ames
GOH In-House Coordinator,Champaign County
In-House CoordinatorGift of Hope
Phone: (217) 390-7418
Email: [email protected]


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Any more misdiagnosis statements would be very much appreciated
Well, I am still making slow progress and my MP is taking a more solid interest now.
I was recently sent a link to a Multiple Sclerosis forum about the misdiagnosis of "CFS/ME" when MS is the correct diagnosis.
I have joined their forum to ask for help from anyone there affected as we have been here.
I had another e.mail at the weekend from an anonymous person saying that I should take this issue all the way to the European Court of Human Rights but I would of course need to find a solicitor.....
I am also putting together a letter to the Chief Medical Officer but I will not send it until I have collated any more anonymous statements to illustrate my arguments.
This is all difficult work for me as I am not well and have to push myself up a virtual 1 in 3 hill every day having only had a few hours sleep due to pain.
However, the more I learn the more determined I am to keep going with this project.
Many thanks to those who are also supporting this initiative.


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2017 IAC Board of Directors
Madison Sabo, President
Aaron Ludwig, Vice President
Rebecca Slak, Treasurer
Cate Planisky, Secretary
Gretchen Barbor
Joseph Baunoch
Jennifer Clark
Elizabeth Judge
Board Member Biographies
Gretchen Barbor
Gretchen Barbor is a recently retired English / Theatre teacher from Indiana Area Senior High School. She has been involved with the arts in some capacity her entire life. She hopes to continue her arts advocacy as an IAC Board member in support of the IAC mission to promote the Arts, culturally enhance and enrich the community, provide and expand creative opportunities for artists, and educational outreach and support for students.
Jenn Clark
By day, I am a public relations professional; By night, I am an art enthusiast. My love for the arts stems back to my youth. From the time I could pick up a pencil, I was writing and drawing. This is why I jumped at the opportunity to start volunteering for the Indiana Arts Council back in 2013. By the beginning of 2014, I was asked to be a board member and proudly accepted. I hope to continue this path and continue to assist in the promotion of the arts in the community and surrounding areas.
I believe in the arts, and I believe in the mission of the IAC. I want to be able to see the council accomplish even more in the coming year and hope to recruit more artists in this cause as well. I am convinced that the varying arts bring something special to a community, and I think they would truly be missed if they were not present.
Aaron Ludwig
Aaron is an attorney who lives and works in Indiana. He is an associate with Supinka & Supinka, PC and is a Public Defender for Indiana County. He attended Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP), where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Criminology, a concentration in Pre-Law and a minor in Political Science. Aaron attended Duquesne University School of Law, where he graduated summa cum laude and academically ranked at the top of his class. After graduating from law school, Aaron returned to Indiana with his wife Katie.
"I cannot think of a better way to spend some of my free time then to help bring the arts to our community. As a member of the Indiana Arts Council I am able to achieve this goal through a variety of their wonderful events and programs, which enriches the lives of everyone involved."
Madison Sabo
Madison Sabo is a lifelong resident of Indiana, PA. She graduated from Indiana High School in 2009 and continued her education at IUP where she studied Hospitality Management. While going to school, she gained professional experience by working at the Grapevine Restaurant, Rustic Lodge and the University Events Office at IUP. After graduation, Maddie moved to Pittsburgh where she worked for Market District in their Catering Department. She then moved back to her home town and continues her career in Hospitality. Inspired by her parents, Maddie developed a passion for music and the arts; always wanting to keep both a part of her life. Along with being a board member of the Indiana Arts Council, she is also a member of Quota International and a board member of Welcome to Indiana.
If you are dedicated to the arts and wish to contribute your skills in support of advancing the Arts in Indiana County, contact us.