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In the book 'Buzzmarketing', Author Mark Hughes shares his advice and experiences he gained while running as the vice president of marketing at online retailer, Half.com. With a small advertising budget he increased the number of customers from zero to eight million in three years, by transforming the company into a magnet for media attention.
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This book is excellent for business owners who have limited funds to spend on advertising, and are looking for effective ways to maximise their budget and get their products noticed.


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You will get: 5
What is a Brannock Device?
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Don't miss out on a lower price on this hotel
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Bruehl with casino and restaurant
Collecting Nectar Points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when you check out. Your points will be credited 35 days after you return from your trip.
*Terms and conditions apply.
Popular property highlights
Located in the heart of Bruehl, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Schlossparkstadion and Max Ernst Museum. Augustusburg Castle and Falkenlust Castle are also within 2 mi (3 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features a casino, a restaurant, and a bar/lounge. WiFi in public areas is free. Additionally, tour/ticket assistance, a garden, and a front-desk safe are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 14 rooms offer free WiFi, sitting areas, and TVs with satellite channels. Other amenities available to guests include room service, hair dryers, and desks.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Gästehaus Balthasar Neumann
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Public areas are equipped with complimentary wireless Internet access. This Bruehl hotel also offers a casino, a terrace, and tour/ticket assistance.
- Casino
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Terrace
- Bar/lounge
- Luggage storage
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Restaurant
- Total number of rooms - 14
- Free WiFi
- Number of floors - 3
- Number of buildings/towers - 5
- Garden
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Shower/tub combination
- Separate sitting area
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Desk
- Television
- Satellite TV service
- Free WiFi
- Room service (limited hours)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Continental breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning.
Gästehaus Balthasar Neumann has a restaurant on site.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 10 AM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for EUR 10 per night.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for EUR 10 per night.
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of EUR 7.00 per pet, per night
- Restrictions apply
- For more information contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
- A 5 percent city/local tax will be charged
Optional extras
- Fee for continental breakfast: EUR 5.90 per person (approximately)
- Pet fee: EUR 7.00 per pet, per night
- Crib (infant bed) fee: EUR 10 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 10 per night
Hotel Name
- Gaestehaus Balthasar Neumann
- Gaestehaus Balthasar Neumann Bruehl
- Gaestehaus Balthasar Neumann Hotel
- Gaestehaus Balthasar Neumann Hotel Bruehl
- Gästehaus Balthasar Neumann Hotel Bruehl
- Gästehaus Balthasar Neumann Hotel
- Gästehaus Balthasar Neumann Bruehl
- Gästehaus Balthasar Neumann
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).


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Ancient beehive hut on the rocky cliffs of the Dingle Peninsula
The Fairytale Traveler is a travel & lifestyle blog inspired by myth, legends, books, film and fandoms. We're just a single mom and a little boy in a world of unicorns and superheroes. Film locations, literary trails, historic sites, castles, cons and otherworldly places for the geeky adventurer.
©2013-2017 Travel Media Solutions, LLC DBA The Fairytale Traveler All Rights Reserved


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Arkansas is one of the friendliest places on earth and is known as the "Natural State" due to the vast abundance of natural beauty, gorgeous lakes and streams, and interesting wildlife.
With so much beauty, everyone who lives in this state probably thinks that they live in the best town or city in Arkansas. But we've compiled data and found the real 10 best places to live in Arkansas based on factors like education, low crime rates, and high incomes.
Here is the cream of the crop when it comes to places to live in Arkansas:
Read on to see how we determined the best of the best.
How we determined the best places to live in Arkansas
To figure out how good a place is to live in, we only needed to know what kinds of things people like and then decide what cities have the most amount of those things. We don't think it's a stretch to assume that people like the following things:
- Good education
- Lots of jobs
- Low crime
- High incomes
- High population density
- Lots of things to do
Then, we ranked the list based on places that are the best in all of these categories, crunched the numbers and – like magic – got the list from best to worst.
We threw a lot of criteria at this one in order to get the best, most complete results possible. Using FBI crime data, the government census, Bureau of Labor Statistics and Sperling's Best Places, this is the criteria we used:
- Population Density (The lower the worse)
- Highest Unemployment Rates
- Adjusted Median Income (Median income adjusted for the cost of living)
- High Housing Vacancy Rate
- Education (Low expenditures per student and high Student Teacher Ratio)
- Long Commute Times
- High Crime
- The Worst Weather
Read on below to learn more about these amazing places to live in Arkansas.
This list is a scientific analysis based on real data and is completely unbiased.
1. Maumelle
Population: 16,965
Student Expenditure: Highest in the state
Median income: Highest In Arkansas
Crime index: 7th Lowest In Arkansas
Maumelle is unequivocally the best place to live in Arkansas. Not only do they have the highest student expenditure in the state, meaning they place a very high value on their students' education, but they also have the highest median income.
Additionally, they have the lowest crime rate, making it the safest city in Arkansas. If that wasn't enough, their unemployment rate is only 5.6%.
Overall, Maumelle is the place to live in Arkansas.
2. Rogers
Population: 56,208
Unemployment rate: 3rd Lowest In Arkansas
Median income: 9th Highest In Arkansas
Household Vacancy Rate: 8th Lowest in the state
Rogers comes in at a close second behind Maumelle. They have the 3rd lowest unemployment rate in the state and the 9th highest median income as well, which means the people in Rogers are working and getting paid well.
Additionally, the household vacancy rate is the 8th lowest in the state.
3. Springdale
Population: 70,087
Unemployment rate: Lowest in Arkansas
Household Vacancy rate: 4th Lowest In The State
It's obvious why Springdale ranks #3 in the state for best places to live: they have the lowest unemployment rate and the 4th lowest household vacancy rate.
Plus, they're known for their quality education and relatively low crime, making Springdale a great place to live.
4. Bentonville
Population: 35,635
Unemployment rate: Second Lowest in Arkansas
Median income: 5th Highest in State
Household Vacancy rate: 10th Lowest In The State
Bentonville is by far one of the best places to live in Arkansas: the math proves it! This city has the second lowest unemployment rate and the 5th highest median income in all of Arkansas.
Plus, the household vacancy rate is the 10th lowest in the state. And if all of that isn't enough to convince you, then check this out: their crime rate is the 11th lowest in the state, making Bentonville a safe and great place to live.
5. Sherwood
Population: 29,406
Median income: 11th Highest in State
Household Vacancy rate: 14th Lowest In The State
Perhaps what makes Sherwood so amazing is the high emphasis they put on quality education: they have one of the highest student expenditure rates in the state.
However, quality education isn't all that makes Sherwood great. They also have the 11th highest median income and the 14th lowest household vacancy rate.
6. Benton
Population: 30,736
Unemployment rate: 11th Lowest in Arkansas
Median income: 12th Highest in State
Student Expenditure: 15th Highest In The State
Like Sherwood, Benton is known for having a great education system and has the 15th highest student expenditure rate.
Additionally, the unemployment rate in Benton is the 11th lowest in Arkansas and the median income is the 12th highest in the state.
7. Van Buren
Population: 22,722
Unemployment rate: 5.9%
Student Expenditure: 7th Highest In Arkansas
Known for its low unemployment rates and great education, Van Buren is a wonderful place to live in this state. If you're going to school in Van Buren, you're going to the 19th best ranked schools in the state.
The relatively stable household incomes and below average crime rates don't hurt either! While it may not be as great as Sherwood or Benton, it's certainly close!
8. Cabot
Population: 23,670
Unemployment rate: 15th Lowest in Arkansas
Median income: 10th Highest in State
Cabot's unemployment rates are some of the lowest in the state and the median income is the 10th highest, making Cabot a great place to work and settle down if you're look for a stable job with a stable income.
Additionally, Cabot has above average education and low crime, making this place a safe place to live.
9. Siloam Springs
Population: 15,103
Unemployment rate: 3rd Lowest in Arkansas
Median income: 14th Highest in State
Crime Index: 13th Lowest In the State
With the unemployment rate being the 3rd lowest in Arkansas, even lower than Cabot, and very stable household median incomes, it's easy to see why someone would want to live in Siloam Springs.
Plus, the crime rate is the 13th lowest in the state!
10. Fayetteville
Population: 74,191
Unemployment rate: 10th Lowest in Arkansas
Household Vacancy Rate: 3rd Lowest in Arkansas
In Fayetteville, everyone is home! The household vacancy rate is the 3rd lowest in Arkansas.
Additionally, the unemployment rate is the 10th lowest in the state. and the crime rates are only slightly higher than in Siloam Springs.
Wrapping It Up
As you can see, there are plenty of amazing places to live in Arkansas, but these top 10 cities are undoubtedly take the cake.
Their low unemployment rates, low crime rates, high incomes, low household vacancy rates, and high student expenditure rates make these 10 places the best places to live in Arkansas.
If you're curious, here are the worst places to live in Arkansas, according to our data.


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|13 Feb 2011
Cannot re-install win 7 iso
My son screwed up the PC and I cannot open anything other than in safe mode. I have a legit win 7 pro copy but am missing my 32 bit disk. I burned an iso but everytime I try to install it, it gives me a message saying I don't have" enough memory for temporary Windows files". I don't really want to lose anything if I can help it. Any ideas?
|My System Specs
|13 Feb 2011
Burn another DVD using ImgBurn at 4x speed. Where did you get the ISO?
First try running System Restore and System File Checker in Safe mode, or from the booted DVD Repair Console or Repair CD: System Restore
SFC /SCANNOW Command - System File Checker
SFC /SCANNOW : Run in Command Prompt at Boot
If this doesn't start it normally, boot into the DVD Repair console or Repair CD to run Startup Repair repeatedly. Startup Repair
System Recovery Options
If this doesn't solve your issue(s) then from Safe Mode try some basic troubleshooting steps to try to determine what the problem is.
If all else fails, you can copy out your files this way: Copy & Paste - in Windows Recovery Console
Then run your Factory Recovery partition or disks, or re-install windows 7
|My System Specs
|13 Feb 2011
tried system restore to every date available, thanks will try your suggestions
|My System Specs
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I thought it might be useful for those travelling to Lyon to have an overview of the different areas of the city - I actually started writing this as a response to another post but it got so long and detailed that I figured it might be better as a separate post.
The city of Lyon is divided up into arrondissements, a bit like Paris. The last letter of the post (zip) code is the number of the arrondissement, so for example, 69005 would be the 5th.
There's a map showing the layout of the arrondissements here:
The city transport authority (TCL) also has a very detailed downloadable PDF map of the city and its surroundings: http://www.tcl.fr/site/00_plans_reseau/pdf/lyon_villeurbanne.pdf
The 1st arrondissement is located at the northern end of the Presqu'ile (peninsula) between the Rhône and Sâone rivers. It includes the magnificent Place des Terreaux and the criss-crossing old streets that stretch up behind it on the Croix-Rousse hill (les pentes de la Croix Rousse). The 1st is home to the Opera house and fine arts museum, and covers a chunk of rue Edouard Herriot and rue de la République, two of the city's main shopping streets. The metro stations Hotel de Ville and Croix-Paquet (on the slopes) are in the 1st. This arrondissement is sometimes referred to as the Terreaux area.
The 2nd arrondissement covers most of Lyon's main shopping and restaurant zones, extending from Cordeliers metro station all the way down to the confluence where the Rhône and Sâone rivers meet. The term Presqu'ile is often used to refer to the 2nd. It includes the pedestrianised section of rue de la République and the place de la République, the enormous place Bellecour, the restaurant streets of rue Mercière and rue des Marronniers, the pedestrianised shopping street rue Victor Hugo, Perrache station, the city aquarium... it also includes the large chunk of land extending south of Perrache to the confluence, which is in the process of being rehabilitated and turned into a super duper new dockland development.
It's the 2nd arrondissement, north of Perrache station, that's probably the best area for hotels. The metro stations Cordeliers, Bellecour, Ampère and Perrache are all in the 2nd arrondissement.
The 3rd arrondissement is on the other side of the Rhône river and is essentially a residential and business area. It includes the Crédit Lyonnais tower, a pencil shaped building that is visible from most of the city, along with Part Dieu station (the city's main rail hub) and Part Dieu shopping mall. It is also home to the city's covered food market, the Halles de Lyon, patronised by many of the city's chefs. This area is sometimes also known as the Part-Dieu area.
The 4th arrondissement is usually known as the Croix-Rousse, and it covers the area at the top of the Croix-Rousse hill and down the sides of the slope, extending northwards as far as the communes of Cuire and Caluire, which aren't part of Lyon proper. It is the old silk weavers district and has in recent years become a very desirable place to live, particularly for young couples and families. It is home to the city's best street market (along the Boulevard de la Croix Rousse), some good bars and restaurants, and the Maison des Canuts or silk weavers museum. It's a steep walk up the hill to reach this area, but you do have the option of taking the wonderful cog metro (line C) which hauls you up from Hotel de Ville to the stations of Croix Paquet, Croix Rousse, Henon and Cuire. Just by Henon station is the most amazing, enormous trompe l'oeil mural, the Mur des Canuts - perhaps the biggest and best example of the city's numerous painted murals.
The 5th arrondissement stretches along the banks of the Saône river opposite the Presqu'ile, and includes the Vieux Lyon (old town) area, Fourvière hill with its basilica, the roman theatres and Gallo-Roman museum, along with the network of traboules or covered passages linking up many of the old buildings (there's also a network of traboules on the Croix-Rousse hill). Beyond the basilica and Roman theatres is a fairly quiet, residential part of Lyon. Metro station Vieux Lyon is in the 5th, along with the funicular stations at Minimes, St Just and Fourvière.
The 6th arrondissement is on the other side of the city, opposite the peninsula on the banks of the Rhône, and north of the 3rd arrondissement. It's considered a very upscale area to live (Lyon's answer to the 16th arrondissement in Paris) and is home, in particular, to the magnificent parc de la Tête d'Or, a wonderful place for Sunday strolls or summer picnics. Also in the 6th is the Cité international and conference centre, and the Hilton hotel, all of which are clustered between the park and the river, rather on the edge of things. Metro stations Foche, Masséna, Brotteaux and Charpennes are in the 6th.
The 7th arrondissement is south of the 3rd, stretching south from the Cours Gambetta to the Gerland area with its stadium. The 7th is home to much of the university, located on the banks of the Rhône, the open air piscine du Rhône, and the Halle Tony Garnier, an old abbatoir that has been converted into a huge concert and exhibition venue. The metro stations Jean Macé, Place Jean Jaurès, Debourg and Stade de Gerland are in the 7th, while Guillotière and Saxe Gambetta sit between the 7th and the 3rd. The northern part of the 7th is often referred to as the Guillotière area.
The 8th arrondissement flanks the 3rd and 7th and is largely residential.
The 9th arrondissement is located north of the 5th arrondissement and curves up alongside the Saône river and into the hillside behind. It is mainly a residential and, to an extent, business district. Metro line D runs across town between the 8th and 9th arrondissements.
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Lyon by arrondissement
I thought it might be useful for those travelling to Lyon to have an overview of the different areas of the city - I actually started writing this as a response to another post but it got so long and detailed that I figured it might be better as a separate post.
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Can I be cheeky and make an addition to your otherwise brilliant rundown of Lyon? I'll take that as a yes ; )
The 3rd arrondissement is also home to the Chateau Lumiere, the museum and former home of the Lumiere brothers who invented 'movies'. In the summer there are regular, free open-air screenings in the Place Lumiere, as stone's throw from where the first ever film was shot. An absolute must for any film fan.
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thank you for your descriptions... we visited once for a couple of days and enjoyed meandering but I had no idea really about the city. I'd like to go back some time.
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Thanks for the addition, Jay G - had forgotten about the Lumière museum
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Thanks for the detail description.
How much time would one spend in Lyon in order to see the basic sights?
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Hi Swagman, I think that around 3 days in Lyon is enough to get a basic overview of the city, though one could certainly stay longer and not get bored! A 4-5 day stay would allow for a couple of day trips to the surrounding area, such as the Beaujolais region, the medieval village of Pérouges, or a boat trip down the Rhône to the old Roman city of Vienne.
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As a first timer to Lyon, in which area should I stay? Place Bellcour, Place Republique, the Bosolo Grand on the river has good rates (Euro 110), Vieux Nice or another area you may recommend.
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The Boscolo is in a good, central location, near the Rhône (so on the opposite side of the Presqu'ile from the Old town). Very close to the main shopping streets, and lots of bars and restaurants nearby. I haven't been inside that hotel so I don't know what it's like as a place to stay, however.
Place de la République or Place Bellecour are also fine areas to stay (they are pretty close together), although the area around République is mostly pedestrianised, while Bellecour has a bit more traffic. Rue de la République is always packed with shoppers on Saturdays.
Vieux Nice might be a little bit far if you want to visit Lyon
As for Vieux Lyon, much as I like the area I'm not sure I'd necessarily want to stay there, as I think the Presqu'ile is more convenient for transport, shopping and restaurants. But again, the old town is a stone's throw from the Presqu'ile and it's very atmospheric. I think it would depend very much on the hotel - the area has some very upscale hotels like La Tour Rose, La Cour des Loges and the Villa Florentine, but I'm not sure there are as many good value mid-range options as in other parts of the city.
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bookmarking this great information
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Thanks for the excellent summary hanl. I've always appreciated your advice on Lyon. I made it back to Lyon in February this year, my third trip.
Though Paris is fabulous I think Lyon is more "real." And has better food. Something that sings to my culinary tastes.
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Thanks Indy. I must admit I do miss living in Lyon (though fortunately Brussels has its fair share of excellent restaurants)
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Old thread, but great info -- thanks to the OP
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Is the 1 arr a safe area? I was thinking of staying in an airbnb.
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Excellent information, but some of the links from this old thread do not work well. Could anyone supply an updated link that clearly shows the Arrondissements?
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To answer my own question, here is such a discussion of Lyon arrondissements: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Lyon
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The first arrondissement is certainly safe, it's where the OPera and Hotel de Ville are.
There is an interactive plan on www.lyon.fr (top upper RH corner) but it seems a little skittish.
The TCL map has the arrondissement boundaries on it marked fairly well, if you enlarge http://plan-interactif.tcl.fr/
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Martha Stewart is an undeniable force in the business world. One of the world's greatest entrepreneurs, she turned her personal passion into Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, a billion dollar business. This fall she's breaking new ground with two television shows from NBC, her reality show The Apprentice: Martha Stewart and her daytime syndicated show Martha, as well as a radio program on Sirius satellite radio which will provide daily round-the-clock how-to content. What's her secret for success? Now, for the first time, Martha Stewart shares her business knowledge and advice in this handbook for success. Tapping into her years of experience in building a thriving business, Martha will help readers identify their own entrepreneurial voice and channel their skills and passions into a successful business venture. Her advice and insight is applicable to anyone who is about to start or expand a venture of any size, whether it is a business or philanthropic endeavor, but also to individuals who want to apply the entrepreneurial spirit to a job or corporation to increase innovation and maintain a competitive edge.
Featuring Martha's top principles for success, as well as stories and anecdotes from her own experiences, Martha's Rules is sure to appeal to business readers, fans, and anyone who admires her for her style, taste, and great advice, and who have great business ideas of their own!
2005 Audie Award Nominee, Business Information/Educational
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2 it means to load a different version of Operating System.
3 in this condition we install windows on a computer to use it to flashable ROM.
4 when installing,changing,or upgrating the operating system the flashable rom does help this work.
5 A Flashing does erase all of your stored data,
6 For Example:Contacts Pics text etc.and settings.
7 Sometimes a batter knowlegemen can take your Huawei Honor U8860 backup and after flashing you get your data restore.
8 Re-installing operating system usually make it faster,provide batter battery-life or add new features.
Why does flashing a Huawei Honor U8860 -
Flashing required when Huawei Honor U8860 's operating system gets currupted of many software related problem like:-
1 when Huawei Honor U8860 functioning is slow.
2 Huawei Honor U8860 restarting problem.
3 when our Huawei Honor U8860 display not working
4 when we use our camera suddenly an error occured this condition our camera does not working
5 Sometimes our Huawei Honor U8860 application is not working
6 unfortunately Error the Huawei Honor U8860
7 sometimes Huawei Honor U8860 booting problem is occured.
8 when Virus entered in Huawei Honor U8860 Huawei Honor U8860 .
9 when our Huawei Honor U8860 is not on.
10 when our Huawei Honor U8860 's window is crashed.
Warning: Please keep a backup of your present data like Email accounts ,contacts , Apps, Files, Images etc. before this action. Also remove the Micro SD card
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U8860-1 V100R001C75 Huawei B939 Portugal TMN
U8860-1 V100R001C102 Huawei B937 Lithuania Tele2
U8860-1 V100R001C10 Huawei B929 Russia
U8860-1 V100R001C10 Huawei B867 Russia
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|12 Jul 1994
|Filing date
|31 Dec 1992
|Priority date
|28 Nov 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Norman J. Sato
|Original Assignee
|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (53), Classifications (38), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/853,262, filed Mar. 18, 1992, now abandoned, which was a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/619,084, now abandoned.
The invention generally relates to methods for applying thermoplastic compositions. More specifically, the present invention relates to compositions and methods for the applying of thermoplastic compositions through heating by the application of electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in the radio spectrum. These thermoplastics comprise novel receptors which upon activation generate heat. The compositions and methods of the present invention are useful in the creation of adhesive bonds, films, fiber resin composite suitable for many applications in various industries including general adhesive applications in the automobile industry, the aerospace industry and the like.
One of the first applications of using radio waves to produce heat was in the area of medical diathermy or the heating of muscle and skin tissue by radio waves. Radio waves were used in this context for the treatment of arthritis at the beginning of the century. In the adhesives industry, the first radio frequency cure application with water based adhesives dates back to the late 1930's in the lumber industry. At this time, boards were being pressed with steam heated platens into plywood sheets. Veneers were being hot pressed into curved shapes with hand tool metal molds. Switching to radio frequency heating equipment saved money, time, energy and materials, by eliminating the steam platens. This new technology was immediately accepted by the wood working industry.
The rapid radio frequency cure of plywood was invaluable during World War II. Examples of applications for radio frequency cured water based adhesives in plywood products include items such as the P.T. boat and the British mosquito bomber airplanes. The radio frequency cure industry continued to grow rapidly in the 1950's. The wood and lumber industries converted more and more to radio frequency. Plastic welders, heat sealers and resin heaters to dry and relieve physical stresses in thermoplastics were developed. Rubber vulcanizing systems and compression molding techniques for the tire industry were also developed.
A representative sample of the present state of the art includes Haven et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,191, which teaches the applying of thermoplastic resins such as polyurethanes, phenolics, polyesters, and epoxies through the use of dielectrically lossy particles to which an electric field having a frequency ranging from 1 MHz to 30 GHz is applied.
Wilkinson et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,936, disclose a process for using dielectric heating in the manufacture of reinforced plastic automotive body parts. Thorsrud et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,360,607, discloses a sensitizing concentrate generally comprising four constituents including (1) polymeric alkylene glycols and their mono- and di-alkyl ethers, (2) alcohol amines and their hydrocarbyl substituted derivatives, and optionally, (3) silica, and (4) a "plastomer", i.e., an elastomer such as a butadiene-styrene copolymeric rubber. Thorsrud, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,661,299, 4,767,799 and 4,790,965, also disclose compositions intended to enhance the radio frequency sensitivity of moldable compositions such as zinc oxide, bentonite clay, and crystalline or amorphous alkali or alkaline earth metal aluminsilicate. Further, Thorsrud, U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,758, discloses a method for preparing molded thermoplastic articles including the steps of admixing a radio frequency energy sensitizing agent, namely, N-ethyl toluene sulfonamide into a thermoplastic polymer to provide a mixture having moldable consistency.
Pham et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,420, discloses polymers which are readily susceptible to high frequency radiation, from about 0.1 to about 30,000 MHz as a means of heating these thermoplastic polymers to a pliable consistency. Beckert et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,296,294, disclose a mechanism for drying aqueous based adhesives based on varying the energy in a radio frequency field to effectively promote the evaporation of water from the adhesive used in bookbindings. Schonfeld et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,083,901, disclose a process for applying polyurethane elastomers.
Toa Gosei Chem Ind. Ltd., Japanese Patent No. 2,086,672, discloses an adhesive complex comprising polypropylene which optionally may contain an ethylenepropylene copolymer, an alpha, beta ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or its anhydride, a radical initiator, and fine metallic particles. Maeda et al, U.K. Patent Application 2,200,128A, discloses a polyphenylene oxide resin composition suitable for high temperature dielectric applications. Gauvin et al, "Forging and R-F Assisted Processing of UHMW Polyethylene, Two Alternatives for Shorter Cycles and High Performance", compares radio frequency assisted processing and forging processing of thermoplastic compositions.
Radio frequency has been applied to various other adhesives with little or no commercial success. Urethanes, resin composites, epoxies, dental acrylics, and epoxy adhesives, were all subjected to experimentation of radio frequency cure. Moreover, polyesters, silicons, polyolefins generally, polystyrene, rigid polyvinylchloride, acrylics, polycarbonates, urethanes, generally epoxies, fiberglass, are among those compounds that are not sensitive to radio frequency energy. The use of radio frequency to cure solely the adhesive composition generally failed due to a lack of appropriate equipment as well as an absence of appropriate electrical and chemical properties in the materials to be applied.
The present invention provides compositions and processes which may be used to melt, apply or form thermoplastic compositions on demand at a substantial savings in costs. The compositions and methods of the present invention provide for the heat application of thermoplastic compositions within the localized volume where an effective concentration the radio frequency receptor is located. As a result, not only is unnecessary heating of the surrounding environment avoided, but moreover, flammable substrates as well as resins may be left substantially unaffected by processing. The compositions and methods of the present invention reduce heat distortion, warpage, or "read through" on the substrates of application. The bond line is the sole situs of heat and not the substrate. Rather the substrate acts as a heat sink.
The system of the present invention places a RF applicable composition between a source of RF energy and a conductive surface. The RF energy passes from the source through the RF applicable composition to the conductive surface. The RF source can be an antenna or plate, conductive substrates or other RF source. The conductive, receiving surface may be an antenna or plate, conductive substrate or any other effective RF receptor. The present invention allows application of thermoplastic compositions on demand at a lower cost in materials as well as power consumption. The composition of the present invention is capable of applying or forming thermoplastic compositions having a higher melting point than the melting point or heat distortion temperature of the substrate to which they are applied due to the localized activation of the thermoplastic through the radio frequency receptor. Moreover, methods and compositions of the present invention provide a means of applying thermoplastic compositions regardless of the thickness or the polarity of the substrates.
The present invention resides in part in a thermoplastic receptor for radio signals having a frequency of about 1 to 100 MHz. The receptor of this invention has a dissipation factor of about 0.1 or greater. The present invention also comprises heat applicable films, adhesive compositions, and composites. Methods of applying thermoplastic .compositions through the application of radio signals having a frequency of about 1 to 100 MHz to compositions having a receptor where the substrate of application can be used to transmit the activating energy to the receptor laden composition.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a modified Hartley circuit.
FIG. 2 is one embodiment of the method of the present invention depicting the application of radio frequency waves in a direction parallel to the receptor laden resin.
FIG. 3 is an alternative embodiment of the method of the present invention depicting application of radio frequency waves in a direction perpendicular to the orientation of the receptor laden resin.
FIG. 4 is a further alternative embodiment of the method of the present invention depicting the application of radio frequency waves to the receptor laden resin through stray field waves.
FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 depict various alternative embodiments of the application of radio frequency waves to the receptor laden resin stemming principally from the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
The present invention comprises a radio frequency receptor, compositions including a radio frequency receptor and thermoplastic compositions, and methods of applying thermoplastic compositions using a radio frequency receptor.
Generally, the receptors of the present invention function to absorb radio waves transmitted through a receptor laden heat applicable thermoplastic composition. By absorbing the radio waves, the receptors, in turn, transform radio energy into heat energy which melts and promotes application of the thermoplastic compositions. Previously, radio frequency work has focused on the dielectric constant of various receptor compositions. However, I have found that in the relationship of dielectric constant, loss tangent, and dielectric loss factor, both loss tangent and dielectric loss factor have a significant impact on the system. Dielectric constant is related to loss tangent and dielectric loss factor by the following equation:
Dielectric Loss Factor=Dielectric Constant�Dissipation Factor
The dielectric constant is a measure of the energy storage capability of the material. The Dissipation Factor is the ratio of the energy dissipation (or loss) capability of the material to its energy storage capability. In previous instances, the primary focus has been upon dielectric constant, i.e., the ability of the material to accept and store charge. However, important to a receptor composition is the ability of that composition to not only absorb and store charge but to also dissipate that charge or lose that charge to the surrounding material.
This dissipation factor or dielectric loss factor is a measure of the ability of the receptor to dissipate energy in the form of heat to the surrounding material. Reliance solely upon dielectric constant may result in a receptor which will store energy continually without any resulting dissipation.
Generally, compositions useful as receptors in accordance with the present invention include those which have a dissipation factor of at least 0.1 or greater when exposed to radio waves of a frequency of from 1 MHz to 100 MHz. Moreover, the compositions in accordance with the present invention which will most preferably serve as receptors should have a dissipation factor ranging from about 0.1 to over 100, preferably from about 0.1 to about 50, and most preferably from about 0.1 to about 5. Receptors of the present invention may also have a dielectric constant ranging from about 0.1 to over 2000.
Examples of receptors which have been found useful in accordance with the present invention are believed to work by way of one of two of the following mechanisms. First, useful receptors ("kinetic receptors") have been found to work through a kinetic mechanism where the addition of a higher concentration of receptor within the thermoplastic composition results in an increased amount of heat towards that level desired in the specific application.
Receptors useful in the present invention have also been found to work in a complementary manner with the activating radio frequency plate or antenna. Specifically, the more plate or antenna area to which the "complementary receptor" treated composition is exposed, the lower the concentration of receptor necessary to create the amount of desired heat. In contrast, the lesser area of antenna or plate available to activate the receptor treated composition, the higher the concentration of receptor necessary to treat and create the desired heat given a fixed distance between plates. In this capacitive relationship, the amount of energy exposed to the receptor treated composition inversely determines the concentration of receptor necessary within the composition itself.
Generally, any composition which has a dielectric constant, dissipation factor and is capable of absorbing radio waves at the frequencies detailed above may be used in accordance with the present invention. Compositions which have been found to be most useful in accordance with the present invention include compounds both with and without bound molecular water.
Those compounds having bound molecular water include alkali and alkaline earth metal sulfate salts and aluminum trihydrate. Sulfate salts such as calcium sulfate are believed to work through a kinetic mechanism where the concentration of the calcium sulfate is varied based on the amount of heat desired and the composition of use. Generally, the composition of calcium sulfate ranges from about 0.1 wt-% to 40 wt-%, preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to 10 wt-% and most preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to 6 wt-%.
Turning to aluminum trihydrate, this receptor is also believed to also work through kinetic action wherein the concentration may be varied depending upon the amount of heat to be delivered to the resulting composition. Specifically, the concentration of aluminum trihydrate may vary broadly from about 1.0 wt-% to 60 wt-%, preferably 8 wt-% to 12 wt-%, and is most preferably about 10 wt-%.
Receptors useful in the present invention may also comprise those without bound molecular water such as polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt, quaternary ammonium salts, as well as phosphonate compounds and phosphate compounds.
The concentration of polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt may be varied depending on the area of the receptor laden substance exposed to the antenna or radio frequency generating plate. Generally, the concentration of polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt may vary from about 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably from about 0.3 to 4 wt-% and most preferably from about 0.5 to 2 wt-%.
Other compounds also useful as receptors in accordance with the present invention are phosphate and phosphonate compounds. Generally, phosphate compounds useful in the present invention are those having a large enough dipole character to be receptive to the given frequency of radio waves introduced into the system. Phosphate compounds which may adequately work as receptors include tricresyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, propylated triphenyl phosphate, and tri (β,β dichloro isopropyl) phosphate among others.
Moreover, any phosphonate compound having a phosphate-oxygen bond with enough dipole character to be receptive to the frequency of energy introduced into the system may be useful in accordance with the present invention. Phosphonate compounds which have been found useful in accordance with the present invention include dimethyl methyl phosphonate, trichloropropyl phosphonate, diethyl 2-hydroxy ethyl amino phosphonate, and the like. Generally, the concentration of these compounds will range from about 0.1 wt-% to 25 wt-%, preferably from about 0.5 wt-% to 10 wt-% and most preferably from about 1 wt-% to about 7 wt-%.
Receptors of the present invention may also comprise any quaternary ammonium salt having the chemical and electrical properties previously outlined. Generally, those quaternary ammonium salts which are though to be most useful are those of the general formula CH3 CH2 N(CH3)2 R wherein R is a C10 to C24 branched or linear alkyl. In especially preferred quaternary salt is CA100 available from Aceto Chemical Co. of New York. The concentration of the quaternary ammonium salts generally ranges from about 0.1 to 15 wt-%, preferably from about 0.3 to 10 wt-% and most preferably from about 0.5 to 1.5 wt-%.
While the quaternary ammonium salts are generally soluble in the resin, it is often desirable to use a plasticizer to make the salts soluble. In these instances, a plasticizer may generally be added at the rate of up to 8 parts plasticizer for every 2 parts quaternary ammonium salt wherein the concentration of quaternary ammonium salt is within the ranges detailed above. Useful plasticizer compositions include any composition which will effectively solubilize the quaternary ammonium salt within the given resin such as phosphates and phosphonates, polyols such as 1,4-butanediol, dioctyl phthalate ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol are all examples of compositions which may be useful in solubilizing quaternary ammonium salt receptors of the present invention.
Thermoplastic compositions that may be used with the receptors of the present invention include vinyl polymers, polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, polyamide-imides, polyethers, block polyamides-polyethers, block polyesterspolyethers, polycarbonates, polysulfones, poly bisimidazoles, polybisoxazoles, poly bis-thiazoles, and polyphenyl polymers. Other useful thermoplastics include nylons, polyacetals, polyester elastomers, polyurethanes, polyphenyl-aniline sulfides, polypropylenes, polyether ether ketones, as well as elastomeric thermoplastics including butyl rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, as well as SOS, SBS and SIS block copolymers and the like. Especially preferred are polycarbonates, and polyolefins such as polypropylene, as well as polyimides.
Vinyl polymers useful in the present invention, include polyethylene, polypropylene; rubbery polymers and copolymers prepared from monomers including ethylene, propylene, styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene, isoprene, and others, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, vinyl acetate, hydroxy methacrylate, hydroxy ethylacrylate, as well as other known vinyl monomers.
Also useful as thermoplastics with the receptors of the present invention include thermoplastic saturated polyesters made from di- or tri- carboxylic acid in combination with di- or tri- hydroxy compounds.
The receptor compositions of the present invention may also be used in composites generally comprising the thermoplastic compositions outlined above and insoluble filler or fiber compositions. Generally, the composite may comprise at least one fiber and a thermoplastic. Fiber components can be monofilament, multifilament fibers, yarns, woven, nonwoven, and unidirectional composite fibers. Generally, composite fibers that can be used in combination with thermoplastics and the receptor of the present invention to create a unitary object through processes known to those of skill in the art including glass fibers, carbon fibers, or graphite fibers. Also useful are polyester mats, glass mats, carbon mats and graphite mats which may be woven or nonwoven as is intended for any given application.
Generally, these composite articles may be manufactured by any means known to those of skill in the art and in the fabrication of a composite, the concentration of the composite fiber will range from about 0.1 wt-% to about 99 wt-%, preferably from 5 wt-% to 40 wt-% and most preferably from about 10 wt-% to 20 wt-%.
Generally, the receptors of the present invention may be activated by any device capable of directing electromagnetic energy having a frequency ranging from about 1 megahertz to 100 megahertz (MHz) into the receptor containing thermoplastic. Radio waves within this frequency may be generated through a modified Hartley circuit 10, FIG. 1. A modified Hartley circuit 10 may generally comprise a frequency coil 12, tuning coil 14, oscillatory tube 16 and two opposing plates 18A and 18B. In use, the sample is generally positioned between these two plates, 18A and 18B, and the energy passes through the sample from plate to opposing plate.
While a modified Hartley circuit 10 is possibly the most simple and well known circuit used for the creation of radio waves having the given frequency of 1 MHz to about 100 MHz, any other device capable of producing radio waves of this frequency may also be used in accordance with the present invention. Generally, the receptors within a given thermoplastic resin may be activated by positioning the receptor containing resin 30 between two substrates 20A and 20B which are in turn positioned between the two opposing plates or electrodes 18A and 18B, see FIG. 2. In noncomposite applications, the resin 30 may be laid on the substrate of application, which in turn may. be positioned with the largest dimension of the adhesive 30 parallel to the opposing plates 18A and 18B, FIG. 2.
The resin containing substrates 20A and 20B may also be positioned between and perpendicular to the opposing plates 18A and 18B, FIG. 3. The substrates 20A and 20B may also be positioned outside of the space between the opposing plates so as to be activated by radio waves which stray beyond the field created between the two plates, FIG. 4. This last application of energy is called stray field activation. In composite applications these three schemes are equally applicable to compositions held in molds by varying the position of the molds accordingly.
When the resin is placed within the field between the two opposing plates, various combinations of plates and substrates may be used in activating the receptors and, in turn, heating and melting the thermoplastic compositions of the present invention, see FIGS. 5-7.
For example, as previously defined, the most simple means of activating receptors in accordance with the present invention is the use of a modified Hartley circuit 10 having conductive opposing plates. If the receptor laden thermoplastic 30 of the present invention is to be used as an adhesive, two opposing substrates 20A and 20B having the receptor laden resin 30 in between them may be inserted between the opposing plates 18A and 18B, FIG. 5. The plates 18A and 18B, being conductive, act to effectively transmit energy waves through the substrates 20A and 20B, activating the receptor. The adhesive 30 is heated and melted, ultimately bonding the two substrates 20A and 20B.
The present invention also provides for the use of a single conductive substrate or two conductive substrates to be used instead of the plates, FIGS. 6 and 7. In these two instances, the opposing conductive plates are either partially or completely obviated. For example, it is possible to use a conductive plate 18A in combination with two substrates 20A and 20C wherein substrate 20C is conductive. The opposing lead for the radio frequency applying system is merely attached to the conductive substrate 20C so that energy will flow from the charged plate through the receptor laden thermoplastic composition to the conductive substrate 20C. Substrate 20C may be made conductive through the application of embedded metal foils, fibers or particles. Conductive particles may also be applied by aerosol or pump spray. Alternatively, an inherently conductive substrate may be used such as a metal or metal alloy.
This design or method of applying radio frequency energy towards heating and melting thermoplastic compositions is applicable in situations where a two plate system is not practical due to constraints created by logistic, space, etc. considerations which prevent the inclusion of two opposing conductive plates. Such applications are often found in the automotive, aerospace, and marine industries. An opposing lead is merely attached to the substrate in which the receptor laden thermoplastic composition is to be applied so as to provide a proper alternating lead or plate so that the radio frequency energy will actually pass through the receptor laden thermoplastic composition which is laid against the first opposing conductive plate.
The present invention also allows for the application for radio frequency energy to compositions which comprise two conductive substrates, FIG. 7. Here again, the substrates 20D and 20E may be the intended surfaces of application, such as in the case of a film or adhesive. Alternatively, the substrates may be a mold for the production of a composite article. For example, if an adhesive application is intended, two opposing substrates 20D and 20E may be bonded to each other using those substrates as the conductive plates which would normally emit and receive the radio frequency energy. In this instance, the receptor laden thermoplastic 30 may be generally applied to one of the substrates in the intended position. The other substrate is then placed approximately adjacent to this lower substrate in its intended position. Leads are then attached to the respective substrates 20D and 20E and energy is transmitted through the receptor laden thermoplastic composition 30. The substrates may be made conductive or may be inherently conductive as noted earlier. Composites may be similarly formed by using electrically conductive molds.
The use of such conductive substrates may be found applicable in any number of industries including those which require metal to metal bonding or metal to dielectric bonding, where the dielectric is something such as wood, plastic, paper and the like. Such industries include the aerospace, marine, and automotive industry in applications such as bumper bonding and molding, carpet bonding, and headlamp molding; the aeronautical industry in applications such as the assembly and manufacture of interior and exterior components.
Generally, the receptors of the present invention may be activated by a frequency ranging from about 1 to 100 MHz, preferably from about 3 to 80 MHz, and most preferably from about 3 to 35 MHz. The most preferred frequency for operation of the receptors of the present invention is about 27.12 MHz. An additional advantage of the present invention is the ability to activate receptors without the use of high voltage electricity. Specifically, voltages ranging from about 100 to 500,000, preferably from about 1000 to about 100,000, and most preferably from about 1000 to 50,000 may be used to activate the receptors of the present invention. Generally, the spacing of the radio wave generating plates ranges from about 0.001 inch to 20 inches, preferably 0.005 inch to 12 inches, and most preferably from 0.030 inch to 6 inches. In use, the radio waves are generated from the circuitry with an amperage ranging from about 0.05 amp to 5 amps, preferably from about 0.1 amp to 1 amp, and most preferably from about 0.2 amp to 0.4 amp.
Generally, once receptors are loaded into the thermoplastic compositions of choice, the thermoplastic may be activated instantaneously merely by the application of energy having the correct frequency to activate that composition. The actual time of activation will depend upon the required heat to melt the adhesive as well as the design of the plates used to provide the radio waves and the volume of thermoplastic composition to be applied. Generally, the time of application will range from about 0.01 to 60 minutes, preferably from about 0.1 to 15 minutes, and most preferably from about 0.1 to 6 minutes.
While a modified Hartley circuit may be used to complete the processes of the present inveniton, an especially preferred machine is a Workrite 300 made by Workrite Co. of Berkley, Cal. I have found that this machine is especially applicable to stray field applications providing 1000 volts and 300 watts.
The receptors of the present invention may be used to cure a variety of thermoplastic compositions which may be used in any number of applications including the use as films, adhesives or in the manufacture of unitary composite articles. Generally, receptors can be used in thermoplastic compositions towards the production of plastic bonds, plastic to metal bonds, metal to metal bonds, wood to metal or plastic, and the like. The thermoplastic receptor compositions of the present invention may also be used for paper to paper, metal, and plastic for bonding of parts in the aerospace, aircraft, marine, furniture, automotive, rail, appliance, construction, packaging, and general assembly markets.
Plastic substrates which may be adhered to by film coating or adhesion include polycarbonate substrates, acrylic substrates, polyvinyl chloride substrates, ABS substrates, polyolefins such as polypropylene substrates, polyethylene substrates, phenolic substrates, polyamide substrates, polyimide substrates, epoxy substrates, polysulfide and polysulfone substrates, polyester substrates, polyurethane substrates, and the like. Other substrates which the receptor laden thermoplastic compositions of the present invention may be used on include paper, wood, styrene, butadiene substrates, expanded polystyrene, nylon, fiberglass reinforced plastics including SMC and BMC and the like. By films, it is intended that the receptor laden thermoplastic composition of the present invention may cast as free standing films or sealants which are readily adhered to a substrate, as well as other types of functional or aesthetic coating applications. These plastics may be coated or, in fact, bonded for the fabrication of parts used in any number of industries including the aerospace and aircraft industries, marine and recreational products industries, as well as the automotive, rail and truck industries.
Non-plastic substrates to which the receptor laden thermoplastic compositions may be applied include glass, wood, and metals such as aluminum, copper and copper alloys including brass, lead, stainless steel, tin, paper, galvanized steel, as well as plastic, metal alloys or thermoplastic elastomers, olefins, or polyesters.
The following examples illustrate the preparation of receptor containing thermoplastic compositions in accorance with the present invention. These working examples should be viewed as illustrative and not as limiting of the present invention.
Various phosphate receptors were tested for radio frequency activity in a stray environment. Specifically, 185 to 195 milliamps of radio frequency energy at a frequency of 27.12 MHz was applied and the temperature change was measured over the given period of time. Below you will find the working examples segregated into Examples 1A through 1K.
______________________________________Example 1A: 3 gm Pentaerythritol/No heat rise.Example 1B: 3 gm of Calcium Carbonate/No response.Example 1C: 2.5 grams of Tri (Beta Chloropropyl) Phosphate. Temp. Change Time RT - 224F 1 min 55 secExample 1D: Tributyl phosphate. Temp. Change Time RT - 100F 120 sec.Example 1E: Tri (Beta, Beta Dichloro isopropyl) Phosphate Temp. Change Time RT - 151F 19 sec RT - 151F 18 sec RT - 224.4F 49 secExample 1F: Propylated triphenyl phosphate Temp. Change Time RT - 151F 29 sec RT - 224.4F 181 secExample 1G: Butylated triphenyl phosphate Temp. Change Time RT - 151F 55 sec RT - 224F 92 sec RT - 151F 31 sec RT - 224F 107 secExample 1H: Tri cresyl Phosphate. Temp. Change Time RT - 151F 29 sec RT - 224F 82 sec RT - 151F 28 sec RT - 224F 92 secExample 1I: Dimethyl Methyl Phosphonate. Temp. Change Time RT - 224F 26 sec RT - 151F 21 sec RT - 224F 29 secExample 1J: Diether N,N-Bis (2-hydroxy ethyl) amino methyl phosphonate. Temp. Change Time RT - 151F 3 sec RT - 202F 6 secExample 1K: Tri (Beta Chloro Ethyl) Phosphate. Temp. Change Time RT - 151F 59 sec RT - 224F 102 sec______________________________________
A receptor composition comprising 20% solid quarternary salt and 80% dimethyl methyl phosphonate was then formulated in a 250 milliliter beaker by introducing a quarternary salt first and then adding the dimethyl methyl phosphate with a stirrer at 150� F. Once this composition was dissolved it was cooled and placed in a glass jar. The composition was then tested for RF sensitivity by applying 215 milliamps through a stray field to the composition for 0 to 5 seconds. As can be seen below, the temperature change over that time period for each of five samples range as high as 353� F. from the initial room temperature for each of the five samples.
______________________________________Wt-% Grams______________________________________1. CA-100 20 8.1 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 N(CH.sub.3).sub.2 (C.sub.12-14 alkyl)2. DMMP 80 32.4 Dimethyl methyl phosphonate 100 40.5______________________________________Example Temp. Change Time______________________________________2A RT - 224.4� F. 3 sec2B RT - 299.3� F. 2.4 sec2C RT - 353.3� F. 1.7 sec2D RT - 353.1� F. 4.1 sec2E RT - 353.1� F. 2.6 sec______________________________________
Testing was then undertaken to determine the sensitivity of certain RF receptors. The first composition was formulated by mixing 20 wt-% quarternary ammonium salt (CH3 CH2N (CH3)2 (C12-14 alkyl)Cl) and 80 wt-% 1, 4 butanediol. When a 2.5 gram sample of this mixture was subjected to 215 milliamps of RF frequency at 27.12 Mghz, the sample increased in temperature from room temperature to 151� F. in 6.4 seconds. A second sample was subjected to 295 milliamps at 27.12 Mghz and after 23 seconds, the temperature increased from room temperature to 252� F.
A second mixture of 20 wt-% of quarternary ammonium salt (CH3 CH2N (CH3)2 (C12-14 alkyl)Cl) and 80% 1,4 butanediol were mixed. 2.5 gram samples were then subjected to an RF energy at varying milliamp ranges and 27.12 MHz frequency. At times ranging from 5 seconds to 20 seconds, the samples increased in temperature from room temperature to 328� F. The receptor compositions of Working Example X seemed to generate less heat than those of Working Example XI.
A control receptor composition was prepared by mixing 1 gram of polycarbonate granules with 3 grams of Frequon C-20, (a control sulfonamide receptor available from Struktol Inc. of Ohio) until the polycarbonate was thoroughly wet out. A 100 milliliter polyethylene plastic cup was then inverted and 2-3 grams of the composition was placed on the base of the cup. The composition was then heated with RF energy using a stray field system at 27.12 MHz. After two minutes at 205 milliamps the polycarbonate began to fuse. After three minutes a hole resulted in the bottom of the polyethylene cup at which time the experiment was ended.
Another sample of the material prepared in Example V was placed in a 20 milliliter glass pyrex beaker. The beaker was precoated with a mold release compound commonly used in the production of composites RF energy was then applied to the beaker under the same conditions of Working Example I. It was difficult to get good application of RF energy due to the shape of the beaker. After five minutes the composition began to melt and flow.
Using the same material as prepared in Working Example V, additional material was placed on a fiberglass mat which was in turn placed on an inverted 100 milliliter cup. Applying RF energy to the system under the same conditions as in Working Example I, the polycarbonate melted in three minutes.
To ascertain the RF sensitivity of the quaternary cationics of the present invention, 2.1875 grams of polycarbonate granules are combined with 0.3125 grams of catufur PP50 (CH3 CH2 N+ (CH3)2 RCL- wherein R equals C12-14 - 20%; 80% 1,4-butane diol) were mixed under ambient conditions until the polycarbonate granules were completely wet out. A plastic cup similar to that used in Working Example V was inverted and 2 to 3 grams of the mixture was applied to the inverted cup. RF energy was then applied to the composition under the conditions set forth in Working Example I. After 14 seconds the composition has melted and fused to the upper surface of the inverted cup.
A comparison was then undertaken using a bismaleamide resin (MDAB/5292B from Mobax Chemical). In this instance, the resin was placed in a 500 milliliter polyethylene cup having a 24 ounce glass placed over the top of it. RF energy was then applied under the same conditions as that used in Example V. The bismaleamide resin showed a very slight heating response and melted over time.
The same resin used in Working Example IX was then heated under RF conditions. It took five minutes to heat the material (2 grams) from room temperature to 252.5� F. at 185-190 milliamps with no sensitizers added. The heating was completed in a 100 milliliter polyethylene cup. These results show that the material is lossy enough to respond slightly to radio frequency energy.
A 50 gram batch of the bismaleamide-receptor resin is then prepared using the resin of Working Example IX at 95% and the receptor shown in Working Example IV at 5%. Under its conditions shown in Example VI, the bismaleamide resin is melted using a receptor and RF energy.
A receptor composition was then formulated by mixing 38.2 grams of quaternary ammonium salt (40 wt-%) with 57.3 grams of m-pyrol (60 wt-%). The receptor composition was mixed by adding the m-pyrol to a 250 milliliter Erlenmeyer flask and then adding the quaternary ammonium salt (CH3 CH2 N+ (CH3)2 RCl- wherein R equals C12-14 alkyl) and heating the composition to 150� F. until dissolved. Six Working Examples were then prepared.
Working Example XIIA comprised a sandwich of two layers of clear polycarbonate (Lexon LS111 from Standard Plaques), between which was placed two radiation resistant thermoplastic polyamide sheets known within the trade as Kapton sheets. These Kapton sheets were each 15 millimeters thick. Between the Kapton sheets was a polyimide known as Techimer 2001 (available from Fiber Resins, Inc.).
Working Example XIIB comprised a sandwich of two clear polycarbonate layers only.
Working Example XIIC comprised a control of two Kapton sheets without the Techimer 2001 polyimide adhesive.
Working Example XIID comprised the Techimer 2001 polyimide adhesive placed between two Kapton sheets.
Working Example XIIE comprised a dried film of Techimer 2001 without the Kapton sheets placed between the polycarbonate.
Working Example XIIF comprised polyimide adhesive mixed with 2% of the receptor composition previously formulated. This composition was then introduced between two Kapton sheets which were then held between two polycarbonate lenses.
In each instance, melting powders were placed in Working Example XIIA, B, C, E and F. Applying RF energy to the compositions at 70 MHz, under parallel plate conditions, none of Working Examples XIIA--E resulted in a bond between the Kapton sheets when these sheets were present. Only Working Example XIIF resulted in a bonding of the Kapton sheets.
The foregoing specification, examples and data provide a basis for understanding the invention. The invention can be made in a variety of embodiments without departing form the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
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|Z Corporation
|Compositions for three-dimensional printing of solid objects
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|Diamond Arthur S
|Radiofrequency activated inkjet inks and apparatus for inkjet printing
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|Gorbold Jonathan M
|Fast-drying, radiofrequency-activatable inkjet inks and methods and systems for their use
|19 Jul 2007
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|Richard Fotland
|Method and apparatus for producing uniform small portions of fine powders and articles thereof
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|Richard Fotland
|Method and apparatus for producing uniform small portions of fine powders and articles thereof
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|Remington Jr Michael P
|Curing Coatings on Glass Containers
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|Senco Products, Inc.
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|U.S. Classification
|156/275.5, 156/275.7, 427/591, 427/553, 427/58, 427/595, 427/516
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|21 Mar 1995
|Certificate of correction
|12 Jan 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|11 Jan 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|6 Feb 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|12 Jan 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
reading books for toddlers online For Kids Book Reviews
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text:
In 2012, after working in the same nursery for 22 years, Nigel Hall decided he wanted a change and set about looking for another job.
As a teenager he was hit head-on by a car whilst on his bicycle, suffering serious injuries which affected his memory and mobility. Although he has attended several interviews over the last few years, Nigel found his speech problems often let him down when trying to secure another job.
Earlier this year Nigel was put in touch with the Darlington office of Triage Central Ltd who deliver the Work Programme on behalf of Ingeus in the North of England. It was during a trial week at a cobblers in Barnard Castle that Nigel realised that self-employment would be the best option for him, and he says he has not looked back.
"I've worked in gardens all my working life and since I've started working for myself I've never had to advertise. People recommend me to their friends and I've also been stopped in the street by people who ask me to come and work in their gardens, so word-of-mouth really works for me."
Nigel still maintains close links with the Triage office and the company's area manager for North East England, Karen Cochran says Nigel's achievements are a fantastic example of how the Work Programme can turn lives around.
"Nigel is not just a wonderful role model for people who have been unemployment for a length of time and want to get back into the workplace but a shining example to people with disabilities of just what determination and hard work can achieve. Although Nigel is successfully running his own business now, we still keep in touch and are able to support him with any issues that might arise."
Not only is Nigel's business flourishing, but he is able to spend time working at something he loves as well as enjoy the flexibility of self-employment.
"The best thing is that I'm my own boss so I can arrange my weeks so that when my wife's not away working, I can spend more time at home with her. I'm also able to offer my services to garden centres and nurseries, particularly in the winter months when there's not so much work to be done outside. In my opinion, disability makes you stronger and I would say to other people in a similar situation to myself to believe in yourself and never give in and never give up."


text:
Giant Basil, Tahoe Warrior and Warrior Within completed the order. Act of God, Malameeze and Sacred Light scratched.(Chart, Equibase)
Patrick Biancone has been a big supporter of Polytrack and Stream Cat, who trained on the surface at Turfway Park, won the $114,300 Crown Royal American Turf (gr. IIIT) at Churchill Downs Friday.Many handicappers believe horses who like turf also like Polytrack. Stream Cat certainly supports that theory, having won three times in six starts – twice on grass and once on Polytrack. He won the With Anticipation last year on the Saratoga lawn as well as the Kentucky Cup Juvenile (gr. III) at Turfway. He then ran third in the Breeders' Futurity (gr. I) and eighth in the Bessemer Trust Breeders' Cup Juvenile (gr. I). The Crown Royal was his first start of 2006.Go Between took the lead out of the gate in the 1 1/16-mile race, but Tahoe Warrior was rank and drug Garrett Gomez to the lead. Julien Leparoux was content to let Stream Cat settle into last in the six-horse field.Tahoe Warrior went a quarter in :24.76 and half in :48.84 before Gaelic Storm, under Rene Douglas, took the lead. After six furlongs in 1:12.92, favored Go Between and Edgar Prado made the lead. But Stream Cat came rolling while four wide under left-handed urging from Leparoux and wore down the 7-5 favorite inside the sixteenth pole to win by a neck.It was the second turf stakes win of the day for Leparoux and trainer Patrick Biancone, who earlier scored with Man of Illusion in the Aegon Turf Sprint (gr. IIIT).Stream Cat, by Black Minnaloushe, is owned by Fabien Ouaki, Bobby Hurley, and Jack Goldthorpe. The 3-year-old colt was bred in Kentucky by Matthews Breeding and Racing.The victory, Stream Cat's third in six starts, was worth $70,158, increasing the dark bay's earnings to $223,828.The winner, who ran the distance in 1:42.27, paid $10.20, $4.20, and $3.80. Go Between, ridden by Edgar Prado, was worth $2.80 and $2.40 and Gaelic Storm, with Rene Douglas aboard, returned $2.60 to show.