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Still Dangerous, 3.13.12
Found object assemblage | 24X43″ | $500
A bruised and battered pugilist is almost out on his feet, but as fight fans will tell you, even a badly hurt boxer is still dangerous.
The gray pail was found on the railroad tracks near 460 a couple years ago, the rake, shovel, rear-view mirror, arms and trunks were scrap yard finds and the gloves (Prince Albert can and an alarm clock back) came from an Arizona ghost town. The cool Pfeiffer label (and his rivet nipples): donated by my wonderful friend, Roy, who found it while relic hunting near Suffolk, Va. I googled the company and discovered they were makers of butcher supplies and linoleum flooring. It's funny how things work out … This is wired and ready to hang.


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A series of four programmes which tells the human stories of some of the computer pioneers in three countries, Britain, America and the Ukraine.
Each is a little cameo of social history of the early post-war years half a century ago, from a time when, in the words of one of them, 'everything you did was new, no-one had ever done it before'. No anorak needed to enjoy these programmes!
©2013 AudioGO Ltd (P)2013 AudioGO Ltd
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"A good listen"
loved these simple but informative short clips well worth listening to even if you are not technically inclined
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subset: commoncrawl


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Room 114 News
Dear Room 114 Families, January 23, 2017
There are several notes/reminders for the week.
- Please have your child bring an extra set of clothes and shoes if you have them. It's great to have an extra set for muddy days like today.
- Thank you for your snack donations. Please keep them coming. I believe January's donation should come from students with the last names A-K. However, I have misplaced the list so please correct me if I am wrong.
- Please, please, please join us for Raise a Glass for Ray at the Promontory on February 2nd at 6pm. This was an awesome event last year and all proceeds go to Ray School. It's a great opportunity to meet other families and have a night out. More information is found on the Ray School website.
- Please make sure your child completes their Friday letter at home. Students have ten minutes in the morning to begin them but many do not finish in this time. Encourage them to write with lots of details and ask them questions about their week if they are stuck.
- Students should have homework every night. If they do not have homework it is because they did not go to their cubby at the end of the day to collect their belongings. They can make up the homework the following night.
Students will not receive their individualized spelling list this week. I am assessing them on their growth and will modify the lessons as needed.
Vocabulary: shallow, artificial, quilt, crowded, coin
This week we will read The Keeping Quilt. Students will dig deeper into the text through each reading. We will discuss the meanings of the vocabulary words, identify the setting, characters and story parts in the text. Most importantly, we will discuss character actions and how they affect the story's outcome.
We will continue Unit 3: Writing How-To books with a focus on listing materials, adding more details, putting it in a book and using transition words. We will also work on introductions and conclusions. This week we will finish our unit.
In Math, we are working on unit 5-place value. We will learn about greater and less than symbols and play penny dice exchange. We will also measure objects using paper clips.
Sound and Light, Oh My! This week we are continuing KLEWS (science version of CLUES) to find out what we Know, want to L, what Evidence we want to gather, and Science terms learned from our Sound and Light unit. We will discuss volume of sounds and pitch. We will make one string guitars, xylophones and megaphones. We are learning about vibrations and sound relationship.
This week we will read Lightning Comes In a Jar. We will continue to discuss traditions and send home a family timeline
Homelink 5.4
Homelink 5.5
Ray Spirit Day
Homelink 5.6
Homelink 5.7
Friday Letter


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The articles talk about personal characteristic that tend to make it easier to grow after trauma, like optimism, openness to change, etc. I found it positive because it tells me that it is possible for something good to come out of this crap.
And I think both WSs and BSs experience trauma and can find lasting change for the better.
They even said that the degree of trauma can be related to the degree of change. For me, this is likely why it took such a crisis for my H to finally face himself and do the hard work. Only facing truly losing everything and seeing the extreme pain he caused was enough of a catalyst for lasting change.
Course, this is me again trying to look for the positive!
Grief, loss and pain taunt her - "you will never be the same." Like a Phoenix rising from the ashes, she rises and spreads her new wings as she brushes off the ashes an


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2525 South Sherwood Forest Boulevard, Baton Rouge, LA 70816Request info Add to list
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2525 South Sherwood Forest Boulevard is aretail property for lease in Baton Rouge, LA.
This offering is for a long-term, absolute NNN corporately guaranteed Raising Cane's ground lease located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Raising Cane's has been open and operating in this location for approximately 7.5 years and recently exercised 2 - 5 year renewal options providing for a remaining guaranteed term of approximately 17.5 years. Please see attached Offering Memorandum for more details.
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Contact us now to start planning your unforgetable trip to Cape Town.
Visit us at www.capetowntourguide.com
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We are a group of experienced tour guides that believe in authentic high quality touring experiences.
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'Bond 23': What Does Daniel Craig Know?
Daniel Craig
Daniel Craigadmits he's definitely reprising his role as James Bond for a third time in Bond 23 (ridiculous title to come later), but that's old news. What fans want to know is what's in store for 007 after Quantum of Solace?
Could it be comedy? "Yeah, there's room for more comedy," says Craig. Excellent.
What about characters like Q and Miss Moneypenny? "I would love to [include them next time], but I think you offer it to the best actors you can and you say to them, 'Forget what's happened, reinvent it, tell us what you think these characters should be,' and that's where it should come from," the Brit tells us.
How about Bond on the ski slopes? "I'm not a skier, Jesus," Craig laughs. "I think Bond [would] actually slide down the hill."
One thing we know for sure is that Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster is out, confessing, "They offered me the next one, but I am switching genres."
Craig could stay on for a fourth movie as well, but it's not likely. "I can't see doing it beyond another movie," he says. "If they ask me back to do another movie I would be thrilled."
Of course, he can't see himself playing a character like Thor, either. The actor divulged that Marvel Comics did, in fact, ask him to play the part in their upcoming project, but he turned it down.
"They spoke about it, but I thought 'I can't play Bond AND Thor,' he says. "It's like some stupid f*cking power trip. Blond hair and a big hammer…it would have been too much of a statement…[Bond] is as physical as I want to get in movies at the moment."
MORE NEWS: Actors on Strike?!


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When it comes to car safety, you can focus on driving safely and you can focus on choosing a safe car. However, if you have children, you also need to focus on choosing a safe car seat. This is one of a series of reviews I'll write on what I consider to be the best car seats currently available in the United States.
2014 Britax B-Safe – What's the big deal?
The Britax B-Safe isn't the kind of seat I'd typically review, given my preference for convertibles and combination seats, but functionality is what's important, and in terms of functionality, this is one of the most impressive seats on the market. It's an infant car seat, which means it can be used in one configuration: as a rear-facing infant seat. It does not forward face; for that, you'll need a convertible. It's one of the newest infant seats from Britax, and aims to improve child safety by increasing the odds parents have of correctly installing and using car seats from day one. Is it worth it? Read on to find out!
Britax B-Safe Limits for Weight and Height
Rear-facing: 4-30 pounds. Your child's head should not reach past 1″ below the top of the main shell. There is also a 32″ height limit for the child. The shoulder height of the child while seated may range between 6.5″ and 11″.
Of course, as a parent invested in your child's safety, you're not going to stop at 30 lbs, since research into car safety indicates children should remain rear-facing for as long as possible (the average is 4 years in Sweden, which posts the lowest child fatality rate on Earth), and after rear-facing, the child should remain forward-facing as long as possible.
Buy the Britax B-Safe on Sale at Amazon here.
Dimensions of the Britax B-Safe
The seat is 17.5″ wide at its widest point and 24.5″ high when the handle is up. The seat weighs 9.8 pounds, which makes it one of the lightest seats I've reviewed so far. Of course, being an infant seat, it should be much lighter than a convertible or combination seat. The base weighs 6 pounds and is 15″ wide.
Using the Britax B-Safe
There are a number of fun parts to using the B-Safe; here are some that stood out to me rather quickly. First of all, there are four different settings for the harness height and you can adjust how deep the crotch strap sits.
As is typically the case with infant seats, the seat can be detached from its base and attached to Britax strollers, which makes it easy to transport your children while on the go. You can achieve a good install with either the seat belt or with lower LATCH anchors. Don't use both, of course. The seat may be installed with or without the base. I like the base because it makes it a snap (literally) to install and remove the seat, which is crucial for getting a newborn or young infant out of a vehicle or into one without waking him or her. If you need extra bases, you can purchase them separately for installations in multiple vehicles. The base has a recline adjustment with 5 positions as well as indicators for the correct angle on both sides.
The thing I like most about the Britax B-Safe is that it is preemie friendly. There are a lot of seats that require a lot of hoops such as blanket rolling to make work with premature infants, and any mother who has purchased, bought, and returned several car seats to and from the NICU in effort to find a seat that makes a good fit knows how thankless of a task that is. However, the Britax B-Safe fits preemies easily, which is a blessing. A big part of why it will reliably fit 4 pound babies is because the lowest of the four harness slots is only 5.5″. Along with the Keyfit 30, this is a great choice for a preemie-friendly infant seat. Remember that not every infant seat actually makes a good fit when you try to use it at the lowest advertised weight, so this is important information.
The Britax B-Safe features a newborn insert to make fitting premature and smaller infants an easier affair. It is designed to be moved from the baby's bottom to behind him or her to keep a good fit as the child grows. It can be used or removed at any weight or height under the condition that the child is seated securely in the seat with or without the insert. Finally, I'm also a fan of the fact that Britax made two positions for the crotch buckle; little touches like these make all the difference in comfort for small infants.
Buy the Britax B-Safe on Sale at Amazon here.
Why Buy the Britax B-Safe?
This is the part parents are most interested in. The Britax B-Safe is not designed to help you rear-face a child until the cows come home. What it does well is provide parents with a convenient and nearly fool-proof method of getting their child safely from the hospital and around for the first few months of life. After that, I'd recommend replacing it with a convertible seat with the highest RF limits you can find. In other words, look for these seats. Remember, every pound is precious, as the longer you rear-face, the safer your child is. In the US, parents tend to turn their children around into the line of fire at 1. In Sweden, this typically isn't done until 4. Children in Sweden are far less likely to die in car crashes than children in the US. It makes that much of a difference.
If ERF is what's most important, then you might wonder why I'd suggest a seat that doesn't come anywhere close to the best ERF limits. That's because infant seats aren't designed to RF forever. They're for convenience! A class A convertible like a Foonf weighs more than 30 pounds; add the 7 pounds of a newborn and there's no way you're going to take that seat and child anywhere if it's all you have as a child seat.
In contrast, with a seat like the Britax B-Safe, you buy it packaged with a stroller, such as with the B-Safe Travel System, and use the seat and stroller to transport your child when walking, and move the seat with your newborn about without waking up your child. Later, as your child gains in weight, you'll naturally stop using the infant seat and start using the stroller or a good baby carrier to transport him or her, and when s/he's in the car, you'll use a high quality convertible car seat, and then later a combination seat. That's the easiest way to navigate the practicalities of weight, children, car seats, and transportation. Start with the infant seat and stroller, or infant seat and carrier, and transition to the stroller or carrier and convertible seat.
I recommend the Britax B-Safe wholeheartedly. You can buy the B-Safe in a range of colors here. You can buy the B-Safe packaged with a stroller here or buy a separate compatible regular stroller here or a compatible high end stroller here. Here's an example of a great baby carrier that we use on a daily basis when walking with our kids. You can buy the B-Safe base separately here. And last but not least, Canadians can buy the B-Safe and additional bases here.
If you find the information on car safety, recommended car seats, and car seat reviews on this car seat blog helpful, you can bookmark and shop through this Amazon link. Canadians can bookmark and shop through this link.


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Effort to Solve Energy Woes Clashes With Nuclear Safety
By DAVID E. SANGER,
Published: August 20, 1994
TOKYO— If the collapse of nuclear controls in Russia poses the near-term threat that terrorists could seize plutonium to make nuclear weapons, longer-term fears arise from nuclear energy programs launched by America's closest allies: Japan, Britain and France.
Over the next two decades these countries, as well as Russia, plan to vastly increase the world's stockpiles of plutonium. They are producing it to fuel a generation of nuclear power plants whose time has never quite come.
And in the process they are deflating the post-cold-war optimism that the world's supply of bomb-usable materials would drastically shrink. Moreover, the race to produce plutonium for energy is also sustaining a rationale that nuclear aspirants like North Korea have used to justify building nuclear energy installations that can quickly be turned to weapons production.
The plutonium can be used to fuel existing reactors, in place of uranium, but also for planned breeder reactors, nuclear plants that were first conceived with enormous enthusiasm, as a virtually self-sustaining source of electric power. These reactors burn nuclear fuel while "breeding" more, and for decades seemed to offer a solution to two major problems at once.
By recycling fuel, breeders would cut down on the amount of nuclear waste that would otherwise have to be buried or sunk in the ocean. And at first blush, the technology promised billions of dollars in savings.
But the long-promised economies have evaporated, and the spread of weapons projects in the last several years -- in North Korea, Iraq, Pakistan and elsewhere -- has only underscored the inherent dangers of a world energy system based on recycled plutonium. Nuclear weapon science is everywhere, it is now clear, and the greatest obstacle to bomb production is not know-how, but access to plutonium or highly enriched uranium -- materials which, under the energy strategies being pursued by several countries, will remain in plentiful supply.
The new supplies of separated plutonium are the result of "reprocessing" -- extraction of plutonium and uranium from the spent fuel of conventional nuclear power plants. Because the extraction of plutonium is rapidly outpacing the building of the breeder reactors it was intended to fuel, a surplus of plutonium is building.
The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates there are now over 100 tons of separated civilian plutonium stockpiled around the world. Most of it is stored in Britain, France and Russia. Japan plans to obtain 50 tons more over the next 15 years, mainly produced in European plants, and within seven years it plans to open up a huge new reprocessing plant of its own. If diverted to weapons use, those supplies could produce thousands of nuclear weapons.
While officials in several countries concede that the breeder-reactor strategy is wildly uneconomical today, they say that the world will thank them one day when uranium -- the fuel for ordinary reactors -- becomes scarce and expensive.
"We take the long-term view, not the short-term," said Yasutaka Moriguchi, the director of the nuclear fuel division of Japan's Science and Technology Agency. "We are looking out 40 years ahead."
Similar views are voiced in France, Britain and Russia. But critics charge that officials in Japan and elsewhere are simply justifying expensive programs that have already created large vested interests. Asian Worries About Japan
The rise of a "plutonium economy" has created several new threats. Britain and France are nuclear powers already, but Japan's repeated insistence that it would never use its stockpile to make nuclear weapons have left its Asian neighbors unconvinced. Many point out that Japan does not actually need to build a weapon to gain strategic leverage: Its plutonium supplies, combined with the country's obvious technological prowess, create a de facto nuclear capability, without the political complications of actually possessing a weapon.
But the main fear is that a huge commerce in plutonium would be a ripe target for theft by terrorists or countries secretly desiring to build nuclear weapons.
Moreover, the spread of reprocessing technology creates a justification for countries that want to make nuclear weapons to follow suit, under the guise of conducting energy research or developing energy sources. North Korean Program
North Korea is a vivid example: Rather than obtain bomb materials from Russia or China, it produced its own from spent nuclear fuel as part of what it calls a national electrification project. And in response to the West's demands that it permanently cease reprocessing activities, Pyongyang has consistently offered a straightforward response: Japan is allowed to do it, so why not us?
China is talking about building a breeder reactor. South Korea's military leaders endorsed the idea last year, presumably in response to the North's project. There is talk of it in Taiwan, a country that was forced to abandon a nuclear weapons program of its own several years ago.
"Would you be comfortable in a world in which every country that wanted a reprocessor could have one?" asked Christopher Paine of the Natural Resources Defense Council, an American environmental group.


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Sir -- The real end is surely at hand. Are they closing the Garda training college? No money for beds for cystic fibrosis kids or sick people, or for carers and others who do important jobs, and lots of money for stocking bad, dishonestly run banks. It's hard to understand. There surely will be days of reckoning for the culprits. Satan is taking over! All the reins are in crazy hands.
Kathleen Corrigan,
Cootehill, Co Cavan


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[ep-uh-nawr-thoh-sis] /ˌɛp ə nɔrˈθoʊ sɪs/
noun, plural epanorthoses
[ep-uh-nawr-thoh-seez] /ˌɛp ə nɔrˈθoʊ siz/ (Show IPA). Rhetoric.
the rephrasing of an immediately preceding word or statement for the purpose of intensification, emphasis, or justification, as in "Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not 'seems.' ".
(rhetoric) the almost immediate replacement of a preceding word or phrase by a more correct or more emphatic one, as for example in thousands, nay, millions
Tagged: e
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- Epaphras
lovely, spoken of by Paul (Col. 1:7; 4:12) as "his dear fellow-servant," and "a faithful minister of Christ." He was thus evidently with him at Rome when he wrote to the Colossians. He was a distinguished disciple, and probably the founder of the Colossian church. He is also mentioned in the Epistle to Philemon (1:23), […]
- Epaphroditus
fair, graceful; belonging to Aphrodite or Venus the messenger who came from Phillipi to the apostle when he was a prisoner at Rome (Phil. 2:25-30; 4:10-18). Paul mentions him in words of esteem and affection. On his return to Philippi he was the bearer of Paul's letter to the church there.
- Eparch
[ep-ahrk] /ˈɛp ɑrk/ noun 1. the prefect or governor of an eparchy. 2. Eastern Church. a bishop or metropolitan of an eparchy. /ˈɛpɑːk/ noun 1. a bishop or metropolitan in charge of an eparchy (sense 1) 2. a government official in charge of an eparchy (senses 2 or 3)
- Eparchy
[ep-ahr-kee] /ˈɛp ɑr ki/ noun, plural eparchies. 1. (in modern Greece) one of the administrative subdivisions of a province. 2. (in ancient Greece) a province. /ˈɛpɑːkɪ/ noun (pl) -chies, -chates 1. a diocese of the Eastern Christian Church 2. (in ancient Greece) a province 3. (in modern Greece) a subdivision of a province


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"My name was transformed to JackEL at age of 14. I am currently 18 and live in Las Vegas. I am originally from Edmonton, in Canada but moved out to Las Vegas when I realized music was my passion. I grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana and lived there for the first seven years of my life. I contribute a lot of my music success to the music that has surrounded me my whole life in different parts of the world." - JackEL
JackEL's style is simply unique; his styles range from hard-hitting electro house to smooth NuDisco, with wavey synths that would make Kill Paris jealous. Oh and did we mention an insatiable hunger and passion to make good music? The kid is killin it. I was lucky enough to interview JackEL check it out!
OTB: How did you get introduced into Electronic Dance Music?
JackEL: Kicking it in Canada when I was in grade 7, I started listening to Deadmau5 and Skrillex and purchased the game DJ Hero. Right after that I purchased real turn tables and started spinning but new that I was missing something. I wanted to actually create these electronic bangers not just mash them up. So that's when I downloaded Fruity Loops and started creating my own beats, shortly moving to Ableton Live.
OTB: Do you think living in Las Vegas has impacted the way you produce?
JackEL: I think that Moving to Las Vegas was extremely detrimental to my current success. As soon as I moved here I immediately starting making some connections that would boost my career drastically.
OTB: How did JackEL come about?
JackEL: Back in Grade 7 I used to DJ parties and school dances under the name DJ BOMB, that came from all my friends always saying Jack Is the bomb. I soon changed my name to Romboy when I started producing as I didn't want to have DJ in my artist name. After a lot of thought and logo ideas, Me and my father realized I should just be named JackEL. It made sense because of my first name Jack my middle name Edward and my last name Lozeron so JackEL was born.
OTB: What is your opinion on genres?
JackEL: I continuously hear people say, "Oh, I don't listen to rap music", or "I don't like EDM" . Ever since I was young I never dislikes any genre. I've always went through various fazes of music from moshing to Heavy Metal, to driving to Classical music, raging to EDM or relaxing to some Jazz. I think that all music is very fascinating and if it has a good melody and a good beat I can usually dig it.
OTB: Who would be your dream collab?
JackEL: I would love to work with various Alternative Rock/Indie Rock bands such as Foster The People or Two Door Cinema Club or Paramore. Although collaborating with some EDM kings such as Kill The Noise and Skrillex would be a great experience , I would definitely love to chill in the studio all day, jamming with some cool bands and vibing out, making some great music.
OTB: Being so young, do you think you have already formed "your sound"?
JackEL: I'm not to sure what "My sound" would be yet, but I would say that my fans can always expect a catchy melody somewhere in music. I'm continuously making different genres of music, experimenting and having fun trying new things. I think my future holds a lot of different styles of music.
OTB: Biggest music influences?
JackEL: I used to listen to Nirvana (Kurt Cobain) every single day of my life and take notes on how he rose to his success and how he did his music. I used to want to be exactly like him, until I grew older and realized that he got famous because it was the right time and he did him. I think that I have a couple small influences here and there, but when I get into the studio and start creating, I make what comes to me, and I don't try to make music trying to be like another artist.
OTB: What has been your favorite song that you have put out so far?
JackEL: I think my favorite song I have put out is "High Times". Originally a Free Download on my Soundcloud page, this track was a hit from the day I released it. It immediately got picked up by a *secret* label that is currently trying to find a hit singer to ft. on it! The reason why it's my favorite is because the song came to me so naturally and I finished it and released it in around 3 hours. I love fast tracks that don't ride on for weeks and get boring after awhile.
OTB: What is next for JackEL?
JackEL: Honestly, you can expect to see my name on the top 100 list on iTunes and on Billboards all over the world. I have been planning tons of touring gigs in different countries and all over North America. I have been collaborating with some amazing Grammy winning artists, and i'm just going to be making music every single day until something happens where I can't make music anymore. Who knows I might join a Korean Pop band or something crazy like that. As long as I'm creating music and having fun with it, the future could hold anything.
I hope you all enjoyed this interview as much as I did, be sure to keep a lookout for JackEL he is an up and comer.


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Julie's Easy Meal Plans ~ Simple every day meals for the busy family!
Welcome back to this edition of your Meal Plan! I had gotten out of meal planning and I'm so glad I started again. I was preaching the preach but not walking the walk. Trust me it's so much easier when I walk the walk!
I'm so excited for summer to come and was can start grilling and enjoying the outdoors. It's funny how that happens. By the end of summer I'll be looking forward to the fall flavors, hooded sweatshirts and curling up by the fireplace.
I assure you that I never….ever…look forward to the long bitter months of winter!
Pork & Ramen Stir-Fry ~ Ramen Noodles add a fun twist on normal Stir-Fry!
Taco Pie ~ Crescent Rolls piled with taco meat, sour cream, Mexican cheese and nacho cheese chips!
Linguine Casserole ~ Stuffed with Ham, Swiss Cheese and Linguine! The ultimate comfort food!
Meatball Hash Brown Bake ~ Cheesy Hash Browns layered with Homemade Meatballs!
Garlic Butter Shrimp Scampi ~ Easy, homemade supper perfect for the weeknight! On the table in 20 minutes!
Garlic Monkey Bread ~ Cute little monkey bread cups stuffed with garlic and Parmesan!
Springtime Swirl Cake ~ Easy, Moist and Delicious Cake Perfect to Welcome the Days of Spring!
Mini Meatball Sandwich ~ Dinner Rolls Stuffed with Homemade Meatballs and Provolone Cheese!
Southwestern Pork Tenderloin ~ Quick and easy pork tenderloin with a kick and only 3 ingredients!
Baked Samoa Donuts ~ Buttery Donuts Dipped in Chocolate and Covered in Caramel and Coconut!
Texas Tacos – Tacos are taken over the top when they are stuffed full of taco meat, tomatoes, corn, red pepper and rice!


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oresome 09:42 18 Mar 2013
I've not read any magic solutions.
Perhaps giving a £20,000 subsidy to encourage five start up shops would be better than doing nothing. Of course existing retailers may complain that this is an unfair advantage if there is any overlap of trade.
The new retailers would have to produce a viable business plan in order to get the grant which in the light of experience will be no easy task. The move away from small physical shops seems unstoppable.


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RALEIGH, N.C. - The disgraced district attorney in the Duke lacrosse rape case apologized to the three athletes in a carefully worded statement Thursday as their lawyers weighed whether to sue him - and some legal experts say they have a case.
While prosecutors generally have immunity for what they do inside the courtroom, experts said that protection probably doesn't cover some of Mike Nifong's more questionable actions in his handling of the case - such as calling the lacrosse players "a bunch of hooligans."
On Wednesday, North Carolina Attorney General Roy threw out the case against the three young men.
In his first comment on that decision, Nifong said in a statement Thursday: "To the extent that I made judgments that ultimately proved to be incorrect, I apologize to the three students that were wrongly accused."
- Associated Press
So far, spring's on hold in northern U.S.
CHICAGO - More snow fell across the northern states Thursday as a deadly storm that already had grounded hundreds of flights, postponed a baseball game and disappointed those longing for the warmth of spring moved eastward.
A jet trying to land at Traverse City, Mich., skidded 50 feet off a runway in the heavy snow early Thursday. The plane remained upright, and the 46 passengers and three crew members were unhurt, Pinnacle Airlines spokesman Phil Reed said.
Six deaths elsewhere were blamed on the slick conditions.
The worst of the storm blew into the Northeast, where the National Weather Service posted a winter storm warnings Thursday for much northern New England, forecasting up to a foot of snow through Friday in some areas.
In Vermont, Mount Snow, a ski area that had already closed for the season, decided to reopen for the weekend after getting 5 inches of new snow by midday Thursday.
- Associated Press
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ordon (A.L.F.) is insulted when the Tanners consider him a parasite, free-loader, sponger. He tries to make money to be less of a burden on the family, but puts Willie's VISA card over the limit purchasing "Terry Faith Cosmetics" to sell at a house party.Résumé de IMDb.com
|Nom du fichier
|Alf - 1x05 - Keepin' the Faith.srt


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The current study was designed to examine potential interlimb asymmetries in controlling movement extent. Subjects made repetitive single-joint elbow extension movements while the arm was supported on a horizontal, frictionless, air-jet system. Four targets of 10, 20, 35, and 45° excursions were randomly presented over the course of 150 trials. For both arms, peak tangential hand velocity scaled linearly with movement distance. There was no significant difference between either peak velocities or movement accuracies for the two arms. However, the mechanisms responsible for achieving these velocities and extents were quite distinct for each arm. For the dominant arm, peak tangential finger acceleration varied systematically with movement distance. In contrast, nondominant-arm peak tangential acceleration varied little across targets and, as such, was a poor predictor of movement distance. Instead the velocities of the nondominant arm were determined primarily by variation in the duration of the initial acceleration impulse, which corresponds to the time of peak velocity. These different strategies reflect previously identified mechanisms in controlling movement distance: pulse-height control and pulse-width control. The former is characterized by a variation in peak acceleration and has been associated with preplanning mechanisms. The latter occurs after peak acceleration and has been shown to depend on peripheral sensory feedback. Our findings indicate that the dominant-arm system controls movement extent largely through planning mechanisms that specify pulse-height control, whereas the nondominant system does so largely through feedback mediated pulse-width control.
Handedness is a prominent feature of human motor control that has been well described phenomenologically through the identification of tasks that are preferentially performed with one or the other arm (Oldfield 1971). However, the neural mechanisms responsible for this behavioral asymmetry are not well understood. The most prevalent theory of motor lateralization suggests that preplanning and feedback mediated mechanisms are differentially controlled by each hemisphere. According to this open/closed loop hypothesis, preferential sensorimotor access of each arm to the contralateral hemisphere and thus to one or the other process, is thought to result in manual asymmetries. The term, "closed-loop," refers to mechanisms that are mediated by sensory feedback, whereas "open-loop" refers to mechanisms that for any given movement, are not affected by feedback. However, open-loop mechanisms may be influenced through the feedforward use of sensory information obtained during previous movements. This hypothesis has emerged from studies comparing dominant and nondominant arm performance in healthy adults (Annett et al. 1979; Carson 1993; Mieschke et al. 2001) and has been supported by studies examining the ipsilesional arm in unilaterally brain damaged patients (Haaland and Delaney 1981; Haaland and Harrington 1989a,b, 1996; Winstein and Pohl 1995).
We have recently provided evidence for an alternative hypothesis of motor lateralization (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2002, 2003; Sainburg 2002; Sainburg and Kalakanis 2000; Sainburg and Wang 2002). The dynamic dominance hypothesis suggests that the dominant hemisphere/limb system is specialized for controlling limb trajectory, whereas the nondominant arm system appears specialized for controlling limb position or posture. This hypothesis emerged from studies demonstrating superiority of the dominant arm in controlling intersegmental dynamics as required for specification of hand trajectory during multijoint reaching movements (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2002, 2003; Sainburg 2002; Sainburg and Kalakanis 2000; Sainburg and Wang 2002). This idea is not contradictory to the open/closed-loop hypothesis, and the two ideas may actually express convergent perspectives of motor lateralization. Control of intersegmental dynamics is, in fact, largely dependent on anticipatory control mechanisms, which for any given trial, are mediated by open-loop mechanisms (Gribble and Ostry 1999; Sainburg et al. 1993, 1995; Schneider et al. 1989; Smith and Zernicke 1987). We have also reported evidence consistent with nondominant-arm superiority for somatosensory-based feedback-mediated control. In a number of studies, the nondominant arm showed greater final-position accuracy for reaching movements made without visual feedback (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2002, 2003; Sainburg 2002; Sainburg and Kalakanis 2000; Sainburg and Wang 2002). Because accuracy in final position is largely related to events occurring in the later phase of motion, when feedback mechanisms become available, these findings may be associated with an advantage for somatosensory-based, closed-loop control mechanisms. In fact, we recently showed that the nondominant arm is substantially more efficacious in somatosensory-based responses to unexpected inertial perturbations (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2003). Nevertheless, the roles of feedforward and feedback processes in limb-coordination asymmetries remain poorly understood.
We expect that if these differences in control are fundamental to motor asymmetries, they should not be limited to complex multijoint movements. Instead such differences should be apparent in single-joint-targeted motions. Rapid single-joint movements are typically associated with triphasic electromyographic (EMG) patterns that result in characteristic kinematic patterns that include a biphasic acceleration profile and a typically smooth unimodal velocity profile (Desmedt and Godaux 1977, 1979; Ghez 1979; Ghez and Gordon 1987; Gordon and Ghez 1984). For movements made to different target amplitudes, the initial acceleration profile has been shown to correlate well with both peak velocity and movement amplitude (Ghez and Gordon 1987; Ghez and Vicario 1978; Gordon and Ghez 1984, 1987a; Gottlieb et al. 1990). The duration of the first acceleration pulse is typically fairly consistent, although it varies slightly with target and movement amplitude. This control pattern has been referred to as pulse-step control and has two components: pulse-height and -width, which refer to the peak and duration, respectively, of the initial acceleration pulse, force pulse, or first agonist EMG burst (Ghez 1979; Ghez and Gordon 1987; Gordon and Ghez 1984; Brown and Cooke 1981, 1984, 1986, 1990). Pulse-width control has been shown be substantially affected by peripheral sensory influences, such as force perturbations, whereas pulse-height control is resistant to such influences (Brown and Cooke 1981). Because of this and because peak accelerations occur before peripheral feedback can affect force output, pulse-height control has been attributed largely to the preplanning of movement amplitude. Gordon and Ghez (1987b) have also shown that within a given isometric target, the duration of the force profile varied inversely with force amplitude. They proposed that pulse-width mechanisms, thereby, function to compensate inaccuracies in pulse-height control. These findings have recently been corroborated in a multijoint reaching task (Krakauer et al. 2002). Taken together, these studies support a two-mechanism process for controlling single-joint movement amplitude: pulse-height and pulse-width control. The former results exclusively from preplanning, whereas the latter is substantially influenced by somatosensory feedback and can compensate for inaccuracies in the former.
The purpose of the current study is to examine interlimb differences in control of movement extent. According to both the open/closed-loop and the dynamic-dominance hypotheses, we expect the nondominant system to rely more heavily on pulse-width control, whereas the dominant system might show more reliance on pulse-height control. Alternatively, these mechanisms may not reflect interlimb differences in coordination associated with handedness. In this case, the previously identified interlimb differences in coordination may be specific to the multijoint-coordination requirements of the tasks studied.
Eleven neurologically intact right-handed adults (3 males and 8 females) aged from 20 to 25 yr old, performed fast point-to-point single-joint elbow-extension movements. Only right-handers were recruited; handedness was determined using a 12-item version of the Edinburgh inventory (Oldfield 1971). The subjects gave informed consent prior to participation. Each subject performed two single 150-trial experimental sessions (1 with each arm). Five subjects performed with their left arm first (LR group) and the other six with their right arm first (RL group).
Experimental setup
Figure 1 illustrates the experimental setup. Subjects sat facing a projection screen with either the right or left arm supported over a horizontal table top, positioned just below shoulder height (adjusted to subjects' comfort), by an air-jet system, which reduces the effects of gravity and friction. A cursor representing finger position, a start circle, and a target were projected on a horizontal back-projection screen positioned above the arm. A mirror, positioned parallel and below this screen, reflected the visual display so as to give the illusion that the display was in the same horizontal plane as the fingertip. Calibration of the display assured that this projection was veridical. The upper arm and all joints distal to the elbow were immobilized using adjustable braces. This virtual-reality environment assured that subjects had no visual feedback of their arm during an experimental session. Movements of the trunk and scapula were restricted using a butterfly-shaped chest restraint. Position and orientation of the segments proximal and distal of the elbow joint were sampled using a flock-of-birds (FoB; Ascension-Technology) magnetic 6-df movement-recording system. A single sensor was attached to the upper arm segment via an adjustable plastic cuff, and another sensor was fixed to the air sled where the forearm was fitted. The sensors were positioned approximately at the center of each arm segment. The position of the following three bony landmarks was digitized using a stylus that was rigidly attached to a FoB sensor: index finger tip, the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the acromion, directly posterior to the acromio-clavicular joint. These positions relative to the sensors attached to each arm segment thus remained constant throughout the experimental session. As sensor data were received from the FoB, the position of these landmarks was computed by our custom software yielding the three-dimensional (3D) position of the index finger tip. Because the table surface defined our x-y plane, perpendicular axis displacement was constant. We, thus used the recorded x-y coordinates of the finger tip to project a cursor onto the screen. Screen redrawing occurred fast enough to maintain the cursor centered on the fingertip throughout the sampled arm movements. During the experiment, the light was turned off such that subjects were unable to view their arm. Digital data were collected at 103 Hz using a Macintosh computer, which controlled the sensors through separated serial ports and stored on disk for further analysis. Custom computer algorithms for experiment control and data analysis were written in REAL BASIC (REAL Software), C, and IgorPro (Wavemetric).
Experimental task
Prior to all trials, the index finger position was displayed in real time as a screen cursor. The shoulder position was restrained by a brace at 20°, while the shoulder-elbow angle (angle formed between upper arm and forearm) established the start and end locations of the movements. The start location was 80°, while the target locations were 90, 100, 115, and 125°; thus target positions required 10, 20, 35, and 45° of elbow extension, respectively (Fig. 2). Although target positions were individually set for each subject according to elbow angles, the average Euclidean distances were 7, 13, 21, and 27 cm, respectively. All targets were displayed as 2.5 cm in diameter. Subjects were to hold the cursor within the starting circle for 200 ms to initiate each trial. They were instructed to move the finger cursor to the target using a single, uncorrected motion in response to an audiovisual go signal. Feedback of the fingertip position (cursor display) was given to allow subjects to position the hand in the start circle and then was removed at the go signal. Whereas subjects did not receive specific feedback about final position location, points were awarded based on distance between the final finger position and the center of the target. Final position errors of <2.5 cm were awarded 10 points, whereas errors between 2.5 and 3.5 cm were awarded 3 points and errors between 3.5 and 5 cm were awarded 1 point. Targets were presented in a pseudorandom order such that no single target was presented consecutively. The first 50 trials of each session were discarded to allow for task familiarity. Kinematic analysis was conducted on the following 100 trials.
Kinematic data
The 3D position of the index finger and elbow were calculated from sensor position and orientation data. Then joint angle was calculated from this data. All kinematic data were low-pass filtered at 8 Hz (3rd-order, dual-pass Butterworth) and differentiated to yield angular velocity and acceleration values. Each trial usually started with the hand at zero velocity, but small oscillations of the hand sometimes occurred within the start circle. In this case, the onset of movement was defined by the last minimum (<5% maximum tangential velocity) prior to the maximum in the index finger's tangential velocity profile. Movement termination was defined as the first minimum (<5% maximum tangential hand velocity) after the peak in tangential hand velocity. Elbow displacement and velocity were calculated from joint-angle data. Movement accuracy was measured as the final position error, which was calculated as the distance between the index-finger location at movement end and the center of the target.
Statistical analysis
The individual dependent measures used in this paper were analyzed using two-way repeated-measure ANOVA. The individual dependent measures used in this paper were analyzed using two-way repeated-measure ANOVA. The design was counterbalanced, such that 1/2 of the subjects performed first with the dominant arm, whereas the other 1/2 performed first with the nondominant arm. The two factors assessed were hand and target. Based on our design, we expected main effects for target. Our null hypothesis was that main effects for hand would not be significant, P > 0.05. Post hoc analysis was done using Tukey-Kramer analysis when warranted by significant main effects. We also conducted simple linear regression analysis for select sets of data using the linfit routine in Igor Pro (Wavemetrics). Comparison of correlation coefficients was done by converting r values to z scores (Fisher Transformation) and then averaging these scores. Mean z scores were then converted back into equivalent correlation coefficients and were compared using paired t-test.
Hand paths
Figure 3 shows ensemble averaged hand paths separated by target and hand for a representative subject. Movements were generally well adapted to the amplitude of the targets and showed a tendency to overshoot, which was greater for the longer distance targets (Table 1). The tendency to overshoot targets has previously been demonstrated for planar reaching movements made under low-friction conditions with no visual feedback (Ghez 1979; Sainburg 2002). However, as shown in the inset of Fig. 3, both arms showed comparable final-position errors across all subjects. Our ANOVA revealed no main effect for hand, nor interaction between target and hand (Table 1). There was a tendency for the nondominant arm to overshoot target 3 more than the dominant arm (P < 0.05); however, both arms showed similar performances for the other targets. Overall, the hand-paths of both arms showed similar spatial profiles for this task.
Velocity and acceleration profiles
Figure 4A shows the ensemble averaged tangential hand velocity (top) and acceleration profiles (bottom) for individual subjects. Figure 4B shows parametric measures of peak tangential hand velocity, peak tangential hand acceleration, and time-to-peak tangential hand velocity separated by target and averaged across all subjects. Both dominant and nondominant arm trajectories show a strong scaling of peak tangential hand velocity with smaller movements averaging ∼0.4–0.45 m/s and the largest movements averaging ∼0.9–1.2 m/s. As shown in Fig. 4B (left), this scaling was consistent across both arms of all subjects. No significant main effect for hand occurred, but there was a main effect for target and an interaction effect (Table 2).
Whereas both arms showed similar scaling of peak velocities with target distance, the method of achieving these velocities was quite different for each arm. Figure 4A, bottom, shows the acceleration profiles that correspond to the velocity profiles (top). The characteristic unimodal velocity profiles were produced by biphasic acceleration profiles. As reported previously, the scaling of dominant arm velocity profiles with target distance is reflected by scaling of the first peak in the acceleration profile, a phenomenon termed "pulse-height" control (Brown and Cooke 1981; Ghez 1979). Whereas the peak in tangential hand velocity reflects the area of the first acceleration pulse, the duration of this pulse is very consistent across target amplitudes. This is reflected by the near coincident peak velocities, and acceleration zero crosses, for all four movement amplitudes. Thus the width of the acceleration profile is nearly constant for the dominant arm, whereas the height varies with movement amplitude, a reflection of predominantly pulse-height control. In contrast, the nondominant arm shows an opposite pattern for the acceleration profiles. The initial peak in tangential acceleration is nearly constant across all four movement amplitudes, whereas the duration of the first acceleration pulse varies directly with the peak in tangential velocity. As a result, the time-to-peak tangential velocity varies directly with peak velocity. This is most easily observed by the increasingly rightward location of the larger velocity profiles in Fig. 4A (top, left) and of the acceleration cross zero locations (bottom, left). Thus in contrast to the dominant arm, the nondominant arm system specified peak velocity primarily by varying the duration of the first acceleration pulse, a reflection of pulse-width control.
The robust nature of this finding is demonstrated in the bar plots of Fig. 4B. Peak tangential velocity (left) shows a similar scaling across target amplitudes for both arms. No main effect of hand was revealed by ANOVA (Table 2). However, peak tangential acceleration was quite different for the two arms. For the nondominant arm, very little variation of peak acceleration with target occurred. In fact, there was no significant main effect of target (P = 0.23). However, for the dominant arm, substantial scaling of peak acceleration occurred with target as reflected by a main effect of target for this arm (P < 0.0001). Our ANOVA revealed a main effect for hand and interaction between hand and target for this measure (Table 3). As discussed in the preceding text, the nondominant arm scaling of peak velocity with target occurred by scaling the duration, not the amplitude, of the acceleration profile. As a result, the nondominant arm showed, on average, an increase of near 100% [109 ± 0.0096 (SD) ms] in time-to-peak velocity between targets 1 and 4. In contrast, the dominant arm showed less than a 60% change over the same targets. In both cases, a main effect for target occurred for each hand and an interaction between hand and target occurred (Table 4).
It should be noted that the duration of acceleration varied for both hands but much more so for the nondominant arm, whereas peak acceleration varied greater for the dominant arm. These findings indicate greater reliance on pulse-width control for the nondominant arm and on pulse-height control for the dominant arm.
The findings described in the preceding text imply that peak tangential acceleration, which occurred some 50 ms after (58 ± 11 ms) movement onset, served as a reasonable predictor of movement distance for the dominant but not the nondominant arm. Figure 5A shows movement distance plotted as a function of peak tangential acceleration for both arms of a representative subject. As indicated by the figure, peak tangential acceleration is a relatively strong predictor of distance for the dominant arm (r2 = 0.59) but not for the nondominant arm (r2 = 0.11). This finding was significant across all subjects as indicated by Fig. 5A, inset, showing a comparison of correlation coefficients across subjects. These values were normalized for statistical comparison, which indicated highly significant differences between the limbs (P < 0.001).
Regardless of the poor correlation between movement distance and peak acceleration for the nondominant arm, peak velocity predicted movement distance well for both arms. In fact, as shown by Fig. 5B, inset, this prediction was better for the nondominant arm than for the dominant arm across all subjects (P < 0.005). This indicates that the pulse-width strategy employed by the nondominant arm was effective in producing peak velocities that were comparable to the dominant arm in relation to movement distance. As shown in Fig. 5C, time-to-peak velocity, or acceleration duration, predicted movement distance to a greater degree for the nondominant (r2 = 0.72) than the dominant arm (r2 = 0.23). This finding was significant across all subjects as indicated by the insert graph of normalized correlation coefficients (P < 0.01). As discussed in the preceding text, this suggests that the nondominant arm system utilized sensory feedback mechanisms to adjust the duration of the initial acceleration impulse so as to specify movement speed in accord with intended movement distance. In contrast, the dominant arm system specified distance primarily by adjusting the amplitude of the initial acceleration impulse.
In this study, we examined interlimb differences in control of movement extent. Subjects made repetitive single-joint elbow-extension movements to each of four targets of 10, 20, 35, and 45° excursions. Both arms performed the task equally well as there was no significant difference between either peak velocities or movement accuracies. However, the mechanisms responsible for the different movement extents were quite distinct for each arm. For the nondominant arm, peak tangential acceleration varied little across target distances and, as such, was a poor predictor of movement distance. The peak velocities of the nondominant arm were determined primarily by variation in the duration of extensor accelerations. In contrast, for the dominant arm, peak tangential finger acceleration varied with movement distance, whereas the duration of the initial acceleration impulse remained fairly constant. Previous research on dominant-arm movements has indicated that these two processes represent independent neural mechanisms for control of movement distance (Brown and Cooke 1981, 1984, 1986; Ghez 1979; Ghez and Gordon 1987; Ghez and Vicario 1978; Gordon and Ghez 1984, 1987a, b). Our current findings support this idea by showing that each arm system relies differentially on one or the other process to specify movement distance.
The dominant-arm dependence on pulse-height control is consistent with the hypothesis that the dominant control system is specialized for open-loop movement-planning mechanisms. The premise that pulse-height control represents open-loop processes is supported by two lines of experimental evidence. First, studies of load perturbations indicate that appreciable changes in force cannot occur at latencies less than 50 ms, roughly the time of peak acceleration in single-joint studies (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2003; Bennett et al. 1994; Bizzi et al. 1978; Bock 1993; Brown and Cooke 1981; Shapiro et al. 2002). Second, a number of studies have revealed that pulse-height control mechanisms are resistant to manipulations of sensory information prior to or during rapid single-joint movements (Brown and Cooke 1981, 1984, 1986). When a force perturbation is applied to the stationary limb of an animal or human, the first measurable EMG response that produces substantial force is initiated at a latency of 30–60 ms and has been referred to as the functional stretch reflex (FSR) (Evarts and Tanji 1974, 1976; Ghez and Shinoda 1978; Godaux and Desmedt 1979). Similarly, when unexpected loads are applied just prior to an ongoing voluntary movement, load compensation responses begin some 50–60 ms after the onset of movement (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2003; Bennett et al. 1994; Bizzi et al. 1978; Bock 1993; Brown and Cooke 1981; Shapiro et al. 2002). It should be emphasized that additional time is required for such changes in EMG to affect force and thus acceleration values (Zajac 1989). These findings provide strong support to the idea that peak acceleration values, measured some 50 ms after movement onset, are unaffected by sensory feedback.
Previous studies that have directly examined pulse-height and -width control provide further support to the hypotheses that the former is a reflection of preprogrammed processes, while the latter largely reflects feedback-mediated events. Rapid, aimed, single-joint movements are typically produced with a characteristic triphasic EMG pattern (Day et al. 1983; Desmedt and Godaux 1979; Ghez 1979; Gordon and Ghez 1984). During targeted isometric force pulses (Gordon and Ghez 1984, 1987a) and rapid elbow-joint movements (Brown and Cooke 1981, 1984, 1986), the amplitude of the first agonist burst (AG1) corresponds to the amplitude of the initial acceleration peak or force, whereas the duration of the initial acceleration impulse, or time-to-peak force, varies with the duration of AG1 and onset of the antagonist muscle burst (ANT). In an elegant series of experiments, Brown and Cooke (1981, 1984, 1986) previously showed that the duration of AG1 and the onset of ANT can be affected by sensory feedback in the form of perturbations prior to or during movement onset. However, the amplitude of AG1 tends to be resistant to such peripheral influences (Brown and Cooke 1981). These authors also showed that the duration of AG1 and onset of ANT continue to vary with movement amplitude in a proprioceptively deafferented patient, suggesting that pulse-width control is at least partially mediated by open-loop mechanisms (Cooke et al. 1985). Nevertheless, these studies support the hypothesis that pulse-height control is dependent on preprogramming, whereas pulse-width control can also be substantially influenced by feedback-mediated processes. Further supporting this idea, Gordon and Ghez (1987) showed that pulse-width control can serve as a mechanism for correcting inaccuracies in pulse-height control. In a targeted force-pulse task, for each single-target amplitude, force rise time varied inversely with computed initial "errors" in the rate of rise of force. When the slope of the force/time curve was too steep for the target amplitude, the timing of peak force was shortened, and when the slope was too shallow, the timing of peak force was prolonged. These findings have recently been supported in a planar reaching task (Krakauer et al. 2002) in which time-to-peak velocity was shown to vary inversely with peak acceleration. As a result, peak velocity remained fairly constant for a given target amplitude. Thus pulse-height and -width control appear to largely reflect the influence of open- and closed-loop mechanisms for controlling movement distance. Our current findings provide support for this model by demonstrating that the two arms rely differentially on one or the other process. In addition, our findings suggest specialization of the dominant hemisphere/limb system for pulse-height control and specialization of the nondominant system for pulse-width control.
Interlimb differences in open/closed-loop processing
The idea that the nondominant arm is specialized for feedback-mediated error-correction mechanisms has previously been proposed, although the effects of sensory feedback on dominant and nondominant arm performance have yielded conflicting results (Carson et al. 1990, 1992, 1995; Elliott et al. 1994; Flowers 1975a,b; Roy and Elliott 1986; Roy et al. 1994; Todor and Cisneros 1985). For example, Flowers (1975a,b) and others (Carson et al. 1993a; Todor and Cisneros 1985; Todor and Doane 1977) suggested that manual asymmetries emerge from differences in the use of visual feedback that arise when the precision requirements of aiming tasks become high as reflected by the index of difficulty (ID) (see Plamondon and Alimi 1997). However, conflicting interpretations developed from studies that failed to alter interlimb differences in accuracy by manipulating the visual feedback conditions of aimed movements (Carson 1992, 1993; Carson et al. 1990, 1993a,b; Roy and Elliott 1986). In contrast to feedback mechanisms, some authors have proposed a dominant arm/hemisphere advantage for movement planning, initiation, or sequencing (Annett et al. 1979; Carson et al. 1995; Todor and Kyprie 1980; Todor and Smiley-Oyen 1987). Other studies have suggested a nondominant arm/hemisphere advantage for movement preparation based on left-hand advantages in reaction time (Carson et al. 1990; Elliott et al. 1993). Thus the idea of differentiating dominant and nondominant arm control by open- or closed-loop control mechanisms alone remains controversial. However, most of these studies used reaction time, peak speed, movement duration, and/or final position accuracy as dependent measures. It should be stressed that our current results show substantial interlimb differences in movement strategy, as revealed by the early phase of the acceleration profiles, with no significant differences in movement accuracy or speed. Therefore the seemingly equivocal results from many previous studies may be due to the dependent variables chosen, regardless of interlimb differences in control strategies.
Studies in unilateral brain-damaged patients have provided consistent and strong evidence to support an open/closed-loop hypothesis of hemispheric control. Haaland and colleagues (Haaland et al. 1977; Haaland and Delaney 1981; Haaland and Harrington 1989a,b, 1996, 1994; Prestopnik et al. 2003) have used perceptual motor tasks, which require rapid reciprocal aimed movements between two targets that vary in size and/or target distance to examine movement deficits in the ipsilesional arm of stroke patients. These experiments have used horizontal movement in the ipsilesional hemispace with the ipsilesional arm in the stroke patients (e.g., right hemispace and arm for patients with right hemisphere damage) to rule out the confounding effects of motor weakness, visual field cuts, and visual neglect. Dominant hemisphere lesions produced deficits in the initial, ballistic component of movement but not in the later component (Haaland and Delaney 1981; Haaland and Harrington 1989a,b, 1994, 1996; Haaland et al. 1977; Prestopnik et al. 2003). Patients with nondominant hemisphere lesions showed no deficits in this task. However, when the precision requirements of the task were increased, patients with nondominant lesions showed deficits in final position accuracy (Haaland and Delaney 1981; Haaland and Harrington 1989a,b, 1994, 1996; Haaland et al. 1977; Prestopnik et al. 2003; Winstein and Pohl 1995). These results suggested that the dominant hemisphere is important for controlling rapid, ballistic components of movement that are more dependent on planning (open-loop), and the nondominant hemisphere is more important for the later movement component that is more responsible for response modification (closed-loop). Consistent with these findings, Winstein and Pohl (1995) showed that nondominant lesions produced slowing of the deceleration phase of motion, whereas dominant lesions produced slowing of the initial, acceleration phase of motion. Our current results support these findings, indicating a reliance of the dominant limb/hemisphere system on open-loop pulse-height control and a reliance of the nondominant system on closed-loop pulse-width control. It should be emphasized that neurologically intact individuals utilize both mechanisms with each limb but seem to rely more heavily on one or the other, depending on the arm being used. Previous studies with stroke patients did not specifically examine pulse-height and -width control mechanisms, and it thus remains to be determined whether these patients will show lesion specific deficits in these mechanisms.
Consistent with the idea that the nondominant hemisphere/limb system is specialized for feedback mediated control, we recently provided strong evidence for nondominant arm advantages in somatosensory-based load-compensation responses (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2003). Subjects made repetitive 20° elbow flexion movements while the arm was supported on a horizontal, frictionless, air-jet system. On random trials, a 2-kg mass was attached to the arm splint prior to the go signal. Whereas muscle activity recorded prior to peak tangential hand acceleration was the same for loaded and baseline trials, substantial changes in muscle activity occurred after this point. In both limbs, the load-compensation response was associated with a reduction in extensor muscle activity, resulting in a prolonged flexor velocity phase of motion. For the nondominant arm, this resulted in effective load compensation, such that no differences in final position accuracy occurred between loaded and baseline trials. However, the dominant arm response also included a considerable increase in flexor muscle activity, which substantially prolonged the flexor acceleration phase of motion. As a result, the dominant arm overcompensated the effects of the load, producing a large and systematic overshoot of final position. These results indicated more effective load-compensation responses for the nondominant arm, supporting a specialized role of the nondominant arm/hemisphere system in closed-loop somatosensory-based mechanisms. Our current findings, indicating reliance on pulse-width mechanisms for controlling movement amplitude, are consistent with a nondominant arm specialization for feedback mediated control. These findings also may explain previous findings showing nondominant arm advantages in final position accuracy (Bagesteiro and Sainburg 2002; Sainburg and Kalakanis 2000; Sainburg and Wang 2002). This is because final position achievement is largely dependent on deceleration mechanisms that emerge late in the movement, after feedback loops become available. These findings suggest that the open/closed-loop and the dynamic-dominance hypotheses of motor lateralization are convergent ideas that might reflect differential specialization for open-loop trajectory-planning mechanisms and closed-loop control of final position.
This research was supported by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Grant R01HD-39311.
We thank Dr. Kathy Haaland for many insightful and scholarly interactions that contributed to the considerations of hemispheric dominance discussed in this paper.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2004 by the American Physiological Society


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This document contains the list of all OLM tables, their high level ERD and table links explained with the help of example. Very Good for OLM (Oracle Learning Management) starters.
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text: I've been seriously entertaining the thought of attending next year's San Francisco International Film Festival, which runs for 2 weeks, usually in mid-April. You can check out the site for last year's festival here: http://www.sfiff.org/fest03/index.html Some of the notable films that were shown at this year's festival included: L'Auberge Espagnole, Bus 174, Cabin Fever, The Dancer Upstairs, Dracula: Pages From a Virgin's Diary, The Eye, Man on a Train, The Man Without a Past, Owning Mahowny, The Secret Lives of Dentists, Together, Whale Rider, and Winged Migration. I plan to spend all 2 weeks there seeing at least two, three movies a day. However, I have never attended a film festival in my entire life, and I was hoping to get some info from those of you who have attended festivals in the past. My major and minor concerns: 1) Like most festivals, passes which allow you to skip lines and directly go inside the theaters are offered for sale. Are they generally worth it? If so, how much time should I give myself before the film starts (for seats)? If I choose to buy individual tickets, again, how much time should I give myself? 2) Should I decide to buy a pass, what is the latest time I could buy, and still have a shot in hell of actually getting in? How fast do passes generally sell out? 3) Since I live 30+ miles away from the festival, I will probably have to spring for a motel/hotel room. In your experience, have nearby hotels given festival discounts? 4) The films at the SFIFF tend to be show multiple times on different days. Is there a general decline in audience attendance on post-premiere showings? I'd like to see a film on opening day, but I really don't want to shove and push to get a decent seat. 5) How did you handle the food situation? Give yourself enough time between showings to sit down and eat, did you use the concession stand and eat in the theater (or is that even allowed at festivals), or did you just simply eat a big meal before going to the festival? 6) How are the audiences in general? What I mean by that is: do they make noise (cell phones, talking, etc.), or do they behave themselves and generally stay quiet? 7) How helpful have you found the festival staff? If I have a question, will they help me out, or am I basically left to my own devices? Should I ask fellow festival-goers instead? 8) Can I expect the streets to be incredibly crowded during festival times? SF is already a busy city, and the addition of more people on the streets isn't going to make my day. 9) Just how much am I expected to spend? This includes passes/tickets, food, lodging, miscellaneous expenditures. Again, I'm trying to get a general consensus here. 10) Finally, is it worth it? While not on the level of Cannes, Sundance or Telluride, the SF Festival does have it share of celebs come through. Robert Altman, Kevin Spacey, Warren Beatty, Sharon Stone, Sean Penn, Francis Coppola, and Dustin Hoffman have appeared in the past, and there are often after-show parties thrown for the big movies. I am not really sure if this has any bearing on attendance levels (and lines!). I guess now would be a good time to tell you that I work as a part-time contractor, which means things like paid sick days and vacations do not exist in my world. My work is about 10 miles away from the festival, so I could in theory take the transit system in the morning, work my hours and get back to the festival. But I don't even want to think about how much work and 3 movies a day will affect me physically. I am aware that any answers given will be different from person to person, but what I'm trying to get is a feel for film festivals, and to form some ideas as to what to expect. The last thing I want to do is go in totally blind, especially with a festival like this. Any answers, stories, experiences, tips, etc. you can give me would be greatly appreciated.


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Fire Consumes Hamilton Heights Apartment BuildingSome 200 firefighters are battling a massive fire in Hamilton Heights. The fire broke out at around 3:14 p.m. in a 7-story building on West 144th Street.
Firefighters Battle Extra-Alarm Blaze In Jersey CityThe flames broke out around 5 p.m. Friday at a two-story building on JFK Boulevard near Fifth Avenue.
Firefighters On Scene Of Building Fire In East HarlemThe fire broke out Monday morning at a store along Madison Avenue.
Exclusive Video: Bronx Apartment Fire Leaves 10 Injured, Families DisplacedSeveral people are recovering from injuries and several families are without a home after a Bronx apartment building went up in flame on Monday.
Fire Strikes Home In New Brunswick, New JerseyThe blaze started shortly before 1 a.m. Wednesday on the first floor before spreading to the second.
Investigators Work To Determine What Sparked Office Fire In Parsippany, N.J.Several people were inside the building when the fire started but all escaped without any injuries.
Father, 14-Year FDNY Veteran Dies After Falling From Roof Of Queens HomeThe FDNY says the fire broke out on the second floor of a multi-family home on Putnam Avenue in Ridgewood on Thursday afternoon.
More Than 100 Homeless After Blaze Rips Through Passaic Apartment BuildingAuthorities say the flames broke out on the 5th floor of the building on Gregory Avenue at around 1 p.m.
Firefighters Battle Quick-Moving Blaze In Paterson, New JerseyAuthorities say the fire broke out at around 2:30 p.m. at a home on Rose Street and spread.
Dozens Displaced After Passaic Warehouse Fire Spreads To Nearby ApartmentsCell phone video of the blaze, which broke out just after 10 p.m. Monday, shows flames and smoke billowing from the warehouse on First Street as it burned for three hours.
Family Jumps From Second-Story Window To Escape Flames In North Brunswick, N.J.Police say a child in the home alerted the rest of the family that the house on Georges Road was on fire.
Blaze Rips Through Storage Facility In The BronxCrews were called to the six-story building on Walton Avenue in Mott Haven just after midnight.


text:
Constellation Brands, Inc. today reported a significant increase in first quarter sales, earnings and cash flow, driven primarily by its growing beer business.
In its first quarter of fiscal year 2015, the international beer, wine and spirits company increased net sales 127 percent, earning $1.5 billion. The growth in consolidated net sales was driven by $868 million of incremental net sales tied to Crown Imports, the rights to which Constellation acquired after Anheuser-Busch InBev divested its interest Grupo Modelo's U.S. business last year.
Net sales for Constellation's beer business grew 14 percent during the quarter.
"We posted a great quarter reflecting outstanding results for our beer business," Constellation president and CEO Rob Sands said in a press release. "Within our beer business, we continue to capitalize on our industry-leading performance and excellent retail execution across our entire Mexican beer portfolio."
Specifically, added Sands, Modelo Especial, Corona Extra, and Modelo Especial Chelda, have enabled the company to thrive in the import category.
"These results are driving a change in our full year beer guidance, as we now expect beer segment net sales growth of approximately 10 percent and beer segment operating income growth in the range of 25 to 30 percent," said Sands.
Free cash flow for the company's first quarter increased dramatically as well, totaling $101 million, up from $19 million in the first quarter of 2014. Again, the increase was "primarily due" to incremental benefits from the company's acquisition of Grupo Modelo's U.S. beer business.
"Our free cash flow generation and planned brewery investments are on track for the year," Constellation CFO Bob Ryder, said in the statement. "We continue to work diligently to finalize our plans for commodity sourcing and longer-term capacity expansion."
With the growth, the company raised its guidance for diluted earnings per share — from $4.10 to $4.25.
Shares of Constellation (NYSE: STZ) rose more than 3 percent, to $91.14, during early trading on Wednesday.
Full release is below.
VICTOR, N.Y. – Constellation Brands, Inc. (NYSE: STZ and STZ.B), a leading beverage alcohol company, reported today its first quarter 2015 results.
"We posted a great quarter reflecting outstanding results for our beer business as well as wine and spirits performance that was generally in-line with our expectations," said Rob Sands, president and chief executive officer, Constellation Brands. "Within our beer business, we continue to capitalize on our industry-leading performance and excellent retail execution across our entire Mexican beer portfolio. These strong results are driving the upward revision to our EPS guidance for fiscal 2015."
Net Sales Commentary
The significant increase in consolidated net sales was driven by $868 million of incremental net sales related to the consolidation of Crown Imports' commercial beer business. For the quarter, net sales for the beer segment increased 14 percent primarily due to volume growth driven by strong consumer demand.
"Our beer business kicked off the summer selling season with strong execution during Cinco de Mayo and Memorial Day with the launch of the '120 Days of Summer' advertising campaign. These activities helped to drive strong marketplace performance during the first quarter as we continue to significantly outperform the industry and the import category, driven by Modelo Especial, Corona Extra and the rollout of Modelo Especial Chelada. These results are driving a change in our full year beer guidance, as we now expect beer segment net sales growth of approximately 10 percent and beer segment operating income growth in the range of 25 to 30 percent," said Sands. (1)
Wine and spirits net sales on a constant currency basis decreased one percent. This reflects lower shipment volume primarily resulting from planned distributor inventory destocking, partially offset by the recognition of an agreed upon "make whole" distributor payment associated with this destocking activity, as well as favorable mix. "While first quarter depletion trends were impacted by some inventory destocking at retail, we gained market share in IRI channels and experienced excellent performance for a number of our focus brands including Mark West, Black Box, Kim Crawford, Ruffino, Rex Goliath, and Woodbridge by Robert Mondavi. Our wine and spirits business remains on track to meet its goals for the year," said Sands.
(1) In fiscal 2014, beer segment operating income totaled $773 million and included 100 percent of the beer commercial business (Crown) operating income for the entire year and brewery profits from the date of the beer business acquisition in June 2013.
Operating Income and Net Income Commentary
The increase in consolidated comparable basis operating income includes an incremental benefit of $288 million from the consolidation of results for Crown and the Mexican brewery as a result of the beer business acquisition. The increase in wine and spirits operating income primarily reflects favorable mix and lower SG&A costs.
Equity in earnings of equity method investees totaled $1 million compared to $67 million for the prior year first quarter. The decrease was due primarily to the timing of the close of the beer business acquisition.
Interest expense totaled $86 million, an increase of 58 percent. The increase was primarily due to higher average borrowings driven by the financing for the beer business acquisition, partially offset by lower average interest rates.
The effective tax rate for first quarter 2015 was 33 percent which reflected the benefits from integrating the beer business as compared to a 36 percent tax rate for the prior year first quarter.
Free Cash Flow Commentary
Free cash flow for first quarter 2015 totaled $101 million as compared to a use of cash of $19 million for the prior year first quarter. The increase was primarily due to incremental benefits from the beer business acquisition, partially offset by higher capital expenditures related primarily to the expansion of the brewery.
"Our free cash flow generation and planned brewery investments are on track for the year. We continue to work diligently to finalize our plans for commodity sourcing and longer-term capacity expansion," said Bob Ryder, chief financial officer, Constellation Brands.
Beer Business Acquisition
The company completed its acquisition of Grupo Modelo's U.S. beer business from Anheuser-Busch InBev on June 7, 2013 for approximately $5.3 billion, including $558 million that was paid as a post-closing purchase price adjustment in June 2014. The transaction includes full ownership of Crown, which provides Constellation with complete, independent control of the U.S. commercial business; a state-of-the-art brewery in Nava, Mexico; and an exclusive perpetual brand license in the U.S. to import, market and sell Corona and the other Modelo brands Crown currently sells in the U.S. market. The perpetual brand license also includes certain brands and brand extensions not currently marketed in the U.S. by Crown and the freedom to develop new brand extensions and innovations.
The table below sets forth management's current diluted EPS expectations for fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014 actual results, both on a reported basis and a comparable basis.
Reported Basis
Comparable Basis
Fiscal Year Ending Feb. 28
$3.90 – $4.05
$4.10 – $4.25
Full-year fiscal 2015 guidance includes the following current assumptions:
Interest expense: approximately $345 – $355 million
Tax rate: approximately 30 percent
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding: approximately 201 million
Free cash flow: approximately $425 – $500 million
Capital expenditures: approximately $575 – $625 million, including $450 – $500 million for the beer business
Conference Call
A conference call to discuss first quarter 2015 results and outlook will be hosted by President and Chief Executive Officer Rob Sands and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Bob Ryder on Wednesday, July 2, 2014 at 10:30 a.m. (eastern). The conference call can be accessed by dialing +973-935-8505 beginning 10 minutes prior to the start of the call. A live listen-only webcast of the conference call, together with a copy of this news release (including the attachments) and other financial information that may be discussed during the call will be available on the Internet at the company's website: www.cbrands.com under "Investors," prior to the call.
Reported basis ("reported") operating income, net income and diluted EPS are as reported under generally accepted accounting principles. Operating income, net income and diluted EPS on a comparable basis ("comparable"), exclude items that affect comparability ("unusual items"). The company's measure of segment profitability excludes unusual items, which is consistent with the measure used by management to evaluate results.
The company discusses additional non-GAAP measures in this news release, including constant currency net sales, organic net sales, comparable basis EBIT, comparable basis effective tax rate and free cash flow.
Supplemental Financial Information
Tables reconciling non-GAAP measures, together with definitions of these measures and the reasons management uses these measures, are attached to and are part of this news release.
(Please see the link below.)
About Constellation Brands
Constellation Brands (NYSE: STZ and STZ.B) is a leading international producer and marketer of beer, wine and spirits with operations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, New Zealand and Italy. In 2013, Constellation was one of the best performing stocks in the S&P 500. Constellation is the number three beer company in the U.S. with high-end, iconic imported brands including Corona Extra, Corona Light, Modelo Especial, Negra Modelo and Pacifico. Constellation is also the world's leader in premium wine selling great brands that people love including Robert Mondavi, Clos du Bois, Kim Crawford, Rex Goliath, Mark West, Franciscan Estate, Ruffino and Jackson-Triggs. The company's premium spirits brands include SVEDKA Vodka and Black Velvet Canadian Whisky.
Based in Victor, N.Y., the company believes that industry leadership involves a commitment to brand-building, our trade partners, the environment, our investors and to consumers around the world who choose our products when celebrating big moments or enjoying quiet ones. Founded in 1945, Constellation has grown to become a significant player in the beverage alcohol industry with more than 100 brands in its portfolio, sales in approximately 100 countries, about 40 facilities and approximately 6,300 talented employees. We express our company vision: to elevate life with every glass raised. To learn more, visit www.cbrands.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
The statements made under the heading Outlook, and all statements other than statements of historical fact set forth in this news release regarding Constellation Brands' business strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, as well as information concerning expected actions of third parties, are forward-looking statements (collectively, the "Projections") that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by the Projections.
During the current quarter, Constellation Brands may reiterate the Projections. Prior to the start of the company's quiet period, which will begin at the close of business Aug. 29, 2014, the public can continue to rely on the Projections as still being Constellation Brands' current expectations on the matters covered, unless the company publishes a notice stating otherwise. During Constellation Brands' "quiet period," the Projections should not be considered to constitute the company's expectations and should be considered historical, speaking as of prior to the quiet period only and not subject to update by the company.
The Projections are based on management's current expectations and, unless otherwise noted, do not take into account the impact of any future acquisition, merger or any other business combination, divestiture, restructuring or other strategic business realignments, financing or share repurchase that may be completed after the date of this release. The Projections should not be construed in any manner as a guarantee that such results will in fact occur.
In addition to the risks and uncertainties of ordinary business operations, the Projections of the company contained in this news release are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including:
brewery expansion activities take place with expected scope, on expected terms and timetable, and with receipt of any necessary regulatory approvals;
accuracy of supply projections, including those relating to brewery expansion;
timeframe and actual costs associated with the brewery expansion may vary from management's current expectations due to market conditions, the company's cash and debt position, and other factors as determined by management;
the impact of and the ability to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, including as a result of difficulty in integrating the businesses of the companies involved;
the exact duration of the share repurchase implementation and the amount and timing of any additional share repurchases;
raw material and water supply, production or shipment difficulties could adversely affect the company's ability to supply its customers;
increased competitive activities in the form of pricing, advertising and promotions could adversely impact consumer demand for the company's products and/or result in lower than expected sales or higher than expected expenses;
general economic, geo-political and regulatory conditions, instability in world financial markets, or unanticipated environmental liabilities and costs;
changes to accounting rules and tax laws, and other factors which could impact the company's reported financial position, results of operations or effective tax rate;
changes in interest rates and the inherent unpredictability of currency fluctuations, commodity prices and raw material costs;
accuracy of the bases for forecasts relating to joint ventures and associated costs, losses, purchase obligations and capital investment requirements; and
other factors and uncertainties disclosed in the company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended Feb. 28, 2014, which could cause actual future performance to differ from current expectations.


text:
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text: The Knodar wiki last edited by Crymsun on 05/06/13 05:42PM View full history Knodar comes from the year 2447 A.D. on the parallel Earth-2. Everyone's needs and whims are met by machines that there is no incentive to steal, therefore no reason to create a crime or criminals. The one person who liked this idea of being a criminal was Knodar. He was inspired from old gangster movies. In his initial try at being a criminal he was caught and placed in a cell for all to see as a social anomaly. His uniform was custom, since no unforms needed to be mass produced, with P's stitched on the uniform to stand for prisoner. He escaped to 1947 and began a crime spree with stolen tech from his time period. He was pursued by a man named Dalmyr and took him back to his time period when Alan Scott defeated him.He would later make two more trops to the 1940's only to be sent back by Alan Scott. He showed up again during the Crisis on Infinite Earths and battled Jonni Thunder and the Star Spangled Kid. It is beleived he was not the last criminal from that time period, since the Reverse Flash hails from that time period. It is also unknown how his history has altered with the new Crisis creating a new Earth. He was seen at the House, Roulette's club for criminals. Powers and AbilitiesKnodar has no superpowers. He's not trained in hand-to-hand combat. He uses future tech in his crimes, specifically the 'metal controller' which he can use to levitate and reshape metal.