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Johnson, Stephen M., Rebecca A. Johnson, and Gordon S. Mitchell. Hypoxia, temperature, and pH/CO2 effects on respiratory discharge from a turtle brain stem preparation. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 649–660, 1998.—An in vitro brain stem preparation from adult turtles (Chrysemys picta) was used to examine the effects of anoxia and increased temperature and pH/CO2on respiration-related motor output. At pH ∼7.45, hypoglossal (XII) nerve roots produced patterns of rhythmic bursts (peaks) of discharge (0.74 ± 0.07 peaks/min, 10.0 ± 0.6 s duration) that were quantitatively similar to literature reports of respiratory activity in conscious, vagotomized turtles. Respiratory discharge was stable for 6 h at 22°C; at 32°C, peak amplitude and frequency progressively and reversibly decreased with time. Two hours of hypoxia had no effect on respiratory discharge. Acutely increasing bath temperature from 22 to 32°C decreased episode and peak duration and increased peak frequency. Changes in pH/CO2increased peak frequency from zero at pH 8.00–8.10 to maxima of 0.81 ± 0.01 and 1.44 ± 0.02 peaks/min at 22°C (pH 7.32) and 32°C (pH 7.46), respectively; pH/CO2 sensitivity was similar at both temperatures. We conclude that1) insensitivity to hypoxia indicates that rhythmic discharge does not reflect gasping behavior,2) increased temperature alters respiratory discharge, and 3) central pH/CO2 sensitivity is unaffected by temperature in this preparation (i.e., Q10 ∼1.0).
- chelonia
- medulla
- breathing
- reptile
- chemosensitivity
in chelonia, respiratory motor output is modulated by sensory feedback from chemoreceptors located in the central nervous system (CNS) (15), the peripheral vasculature (1), and the lungs (25). With increased temperature, turtles (Pseudemys scripta and Chrysemys picta) generally increase their ventilation and have an increased sensitivity to changes in arterial or central pH/CO2 (9-12, 18, 19). Although studies with intact animals provide important information as to how overall ventilation and chemoresponsiveness are changed by temperature, it is difficult to determine how individual components of the respiratory control system are altered.
In this study we used an isolated in vitro brain stem preparation from adult turtles to examine the effects of anoxia and increased temperature on central respiratory neural discharge and central pH/CO2 chemosensitivity. In vitro brain stem preparations are well suited for this purpose, because peripheral chemo- and mechanosensory inputs as well as inputs from more rostral structures of the CNS are eliminated. In addition, the temperature and composition of the fluid bathing the tissue are easily controlled. Turtles are especially suited for in vitro studies, because the turtle brain is remarkably resistant to hypoxia (seediscussion). The in vitro turtle brain stem preparation has been used previously to show that an episodic pattern of respiratory motor output (i.e., periods of bursting activity interrupted by apnea) is intrinsic to brain stem structures; however, preliminary experiments indicated that this preparation exhibited inconsistent responses to alterations in pH/CO2 (5).
The specific objectives of the present study were1) to characterize respiratory motor discharge of the in vitro turtle preparation in greater detail under control conditions (22°C), 2) to examine the stability of respiratory discharge for 6 h at 22 and 32°C to determine the viability and usefulness of the preparation,3) to investigate the effects of bathing the brain stem preparation with hypoxic superfusate to test whether hypoxia modifies respiratory discharge by establishing a pathological respiratory pattern such as gasping,4) to determine how respiratory discharge is altered by acute increases in temperature from 22 to 32°C, 5) to determine whether the preparation exhibits pH/CO2responsiveness, and 6) to determine whether increased temperature changes pH/CO2 responsiveness of this preparation.
Adult turtles (C. picta) were obtained from local suppliers (Kons Scientific, Germantown, WI, and Lemberger, Oshkosh, WI) and kept in a large open tank, where they had access to water for swimming and heat lamps and dry areas for basking. The turtles had carapace lengths of 10–18 cm and weighed 0.45 ± 0.03 kg (range 0.17–0.84 kg).
Turtle Brain Stem Preparation
All surgical procedures and experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Before the induction of anesthesia, pancuronium bromide (0.3–0.5 mg) was injected subcutaneously to paralyze the turtles, allowing an endotracheal tube to be placed without struggling. Shortly after an endotracheal tube was inserted into the trachea, the lungs were ventilated (10–15/min) with a mixture of halothane (4%) in O2 for 5–10 min. In nonparalyzed turtles used in other experiments (n = 15), this procedure eliminated corneal reflexes and the head withdrawal reflex within 1–2 min and reflexive limb withdrawal to foot pinch within 3–4 min. The plastron was rapidly removed with an autopsy saw, and the ascending aorta was perfused with ice-cold oxygenated (95% O2-5% CO2) superfusate (see below) for 2 min. After the animals were decapitated, the bone and muscle covering the brain stem dorsally were rapidly removed and the tissue was submerged in ice-cold oxygenated superfusate solution. After the brain stem was isolated, the tissue was trimmed with scissors, leaving intact the portion of the brain stem caudal to the optic lobes (corresponds roughly to the level 9 section in Fig. 16 of Ref. 3) and rostral to the spinal C1 roots (Fig.1 A). The tissue was pinned down on Sylgard (ventral surface upward) in an in vitro recording chamber (10-ml volume), where it was bathed with oxygenated superfusate (2.0–3.0 ml/min) at room temperature (hereafter referred to as 22°C). The pH of the solution in the chamber was constantly monitored with a calomel glass pH electrode (Digi-Sense, Cole-Parmer Instrument, Vernon Hills, IL). The tissue was allowed to recover and equilibrate for 60–90 min before initiation of a protocol.
To increase the temperature within the chamber, a Teflon-coated nichrome wire was wrapped inside the recording chamber and attached to a temperature controller (model TC-344A, Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT). The reservoir containing the superfusate was also heated to 32°C using a water bath. The composition of the superfusate was as follows (in mM): 100 NaCl, 23 NaHCO3, 10 glucose, 5N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) sodium salt, 5 HEPES-free acid, 3 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, and 2.5 MgCl2 (all chemicals were obtained from Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO). The concentration was based on an analysis of turtle cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (14). HEPES was used in conjunction with to avoid precipitation of divalent cations in alkaline superfusates containing high concentrations. The pH of the superfusate when equilibrated with CO2 was temperature dependent (Table 1).
Nerve Recording and Analysis
To record respiratory activity, glass suction electrodes were attached to hypoglossal (XII) nerve roots (5). The signals were amplified (×10,000) and band-pass filtered (10 Hz–10 kHz) using a differential alternating-current amplifier (model 1700, A-M Systems, Everett, WA) before being recorded onto magnetic tape using a pulse-code modulation analog-to-digital converter (Vetter Instruments, Redersburg, PA). Ten to 12 episodes were analyzed for each condition. For preparations with a very low episode frequency, a minimum of three peaks per 30 min were required before being included in data analysis. After an experiment, signals from the tapes were rectified and integrated (time constant = 200 ms) using a moving averager (model MA-821/RSP, CWE, Ardmore, PA) before being digitized and analyzed using pClamp software (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA).
Episode and peak variables were measured as shown in Fig. 1. Two or more peaks separated by less than the average duration of a peak within that recording were defined as an episode (26). Episode frequency was defined as 1/T epi, whereT epi is the time between the onset time of two sequential episodes. In cases where only single peaks were observed, the peaks were considered individual episodes with one peak per episode, and episode frequency was therefore equal to peak frequency (i.e., the time between the onset time of 2 sequential peaks; Fig. 1 B). Neural minute activity was defined as the integrated discharge (in arbitrary units) per minute. In cases where the discharge pattern was not clearly separated into distinct peaks (e.g., episode discharge in Fig.1 B), a set of criteria was established as follows: 1) a burst of neural activity in the XII nerve root was defined as a peak if its amplitude and area were >50 and >35%, respectively, of that for a typical peak in the same recording;2) within a prolonged set of bursts with multiple potential peaks (i.e., an episode), a burst had to meet the criteria stated above, and the onset and termination of the burst must be within 15% of the baseline before the burst was considered an individual peak; and 3) bursts not meeting the criteria for a peak were considered as extrarespiratory discharge.
Experimental Protocols
Viability experiments.
To test preparation viability and stability over time, respiratory activity was continuously recorded for 6 h immediately after equilibration at 22 or 32°C. The gas bubbling the superfusate was maintained at 5% CO2 for experiments at 22°C and at 7–9% CO2 for experiments at 32°C to roughly match pH (∼7.45) at the two temperatures. Different preparations were tested at 22 or 32°C.
Hypoxia experiments.
Preparations were equilibrated with 5% CO2-95% O2 at 22°C as described above, and control data were recorded. The superfusate bathing the preparation was rapidly switched to a reservoir equilibrated with 5% CO2-95% N2 at the same flow rate. Data were recorded for up to 2 h after the switch to hypoxia superfusate.
Rapid temperature change experiments.
Because it was found that the preparation did not consistently produce stable respiratory discharge for prolonged periods at 32°C, a more rapid temperature change protocol was used to study the effects of increased temperature within the same preparation. For the control period, the preparations were first bathed with superfusate equilibrated with 5% CO2 at 22°C, then the temperature of the solution in the chamber and the reservoir was increased to 32°C within 20–30 min. The preparation was allowed to reach steady state for 12–15 min before data were collected. Because the pH of the superfusate increased at 32°C (Table 1), the superfusate was then equilibrated with 8–9% CO2 at 32°C to match the pH to that during the control period (i.e., 7.39). The preparations were again allowed to reach steady state for 12–15 min, and data were collected. Finally, control conditions were restored (5% CO2, 22°C), and data were collected 12–15 min later.
pH/CO2 sensitivity experiments.
After equilibration of the preparations at 22 or 32°C (5% CO2) as described above, the superfusate was rapidly switched to a reservoir equilibrated with gas of a different percent CO2. Care was taken to ensure that flow rates of the solutions into the chamber remained constant. The percent CO2in the O2-CO2gas mixture used to aerate the reservoirs was determined using a gas-mixing pump (Wösthoff, Calibrated Instruments, Hawthorne, NY) or rotameters analyzed with an infrared CO2 analyzer (model LB-2, Beckman Instruments, Schiller Park, IL). The pH in the chamber was monitored to determine when a new steady state had been reached (usually after 12–15 min). The preparation was allowed to reach a steady state for 12–15 min before data were collected. The sequence of CO2 changes was 1-3-5-7-9% CO2. A few preparations were tested with a reverse sequence, but there were no differences in the results, and thus data were pooled.
By use of separate brain stem preparations, a set of two-point pH/CO2 sensitivity experiments were performed to obtain data before the potential "rundown" of the preparation at 32°C (Figs.2 B,3, and 4). After equilibration at 22°C, the preparations were heated to 32°C with the superfusate equilibrated with 2.2% CO2. Once a new steady-state pH was established, data were collected (20–30 min), and CO2 levels in the superfusate were switched to 5.3% (CO2 levels of 2.2 and 5.3% were chosen, because the pH values fell within the steep portion of the pH/CO2 response curve). After the attainment of a new steady-state pH (15–20 min) and equilibration, data were collected (10–20 min). The total time of the experiment at 32°C was 96 ± 5 min (range 80–114 min).
Statistical Analysis
Values are means ± SE. Statistical inferences were made using one- or two-way analysis of variance with a repeated measures design; Student's t-tests with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used for pairwise comparisons (Sigma Stat, Jandel Scientific Software, San Rafael, CA). Measurements in arbitrary units (e.g., episode integral, neural minute activity, and peak amplitude) were normalized to initial control values for the viability, rapid temperature change, and hypoxia experiments. For the CO2 sensitivity experiments, arbitrary unit measurements were normalized to values at 5% CO2 at 22°C and 7% CO2 at 32°C, because the pH was identical (∼7.45) at these two CO2 values.
Isolated in vitro turtle brain stems produced a rhythmic motor output that consisted of large-amplitude bursts (i.e., peaks) of neural discharge. The peaks of discharge occurred as singlets (single peaks only), doublets (2 peaks together), or episodes (several peaks grouped together; Fig. 1 B). In superfusate equilibrated with 5% CO2 at 22°C, 64% of the brain stem preparations (n = 25) produced singlets with occasional doublets; the other 36% produced doublets or episodic discharge. Peak frequency was 0.74 ± 0.07/min (range 0.24–1.80/min) with an average of 1.7 ± 0.2 peaks/episode (range 1.0–4.5 peaks/episode); peak duration was 10.0 ± 0.6 s (range 5.4–18.1 s). Episode frequency was 0.53 ± 0.05/min (range 0.06–1.25/min), and episode duration was 30.2 ± 3.8 s (range 12.0–94.0 s). In episodic discharge that contained more than one peak, the interval between peaks was 17.0 ± 1.4 s (range 6.8–29.6 s, n = 15). The pattern of discharge within a burst was highly variable, with the most consistent pattern being triangular shaped, with the peak rise time (time from onset of peak to peak maximum 4.6 ± 0.3 s, range 1.7–7.9 s) roughly equal to one-half the peak duration (Fig.1 C).
Viability Experiments: Preparations Stable at 22°C but Not at 32°C
At 22°C, the brain stem preparations (n = 6) produced neural discharge that was relatively stable (Fig. 2 A), with nearly all the episode and peak measurements unchanged for 6 h (Figs. 3 and 4). Episode frequency, episode duration, and episode integral did not change with time (Fig. 3,A–C), whereas the neural minute activity decreased significantly (by 27%), but only after 6 h (Fig.3 D). Likewise, the peak frequency, peaks per episode, rise time for peak amplitude, peak duration, and peak amplitude were not significantly altered for 6 h (Fig. 4). At 32°C, however, the brain stem preparations (n = 6) produced two general types of discharge patterns: the amplitude was maintained with a moderate decrease in episode and peak frequencies (Fig.2 B, n= 3 of 6) or amplitude and frequency slowly decreased, sometimes being abolished by 4 h (Fig. 2 C,n = 3 of 6). The decrease in XII nerve motor output did not mean that the preparation had died, because a return to 22°C always restored respiratory discharge (Fig.2 C, recovery trace). When data from all 32°C experiments were pooled, all variable values declined to varying degrees. At 6 h, episode duration and episode integral decreased gradually with time to 39 and 43% of control values (Fig. 3, B andC), respectively. Episode frequency and neural minute activity decreased relatively rapidly, reaching values significantly below control after only 2–4 h and being nearly abolished at 6 h (Fig. 3, A andD). The number of peaks per episode, rise time for peak amplitude, and peak duration decreased slightly over time to 80–90% of control values (Fig. 4,B–D). Peak frequency decreased relatively rapidly in a manner similar to the decrease in episode frequency, with the decrease reaching statistical significance after 4 h (Fig. 4 A). Peak amplitude decreased by 40% at 6 h, but the large variability prevented this value from reaching statistical significance (Fig.4 E). Two-way analysis of variance of the control curves for 22 and 32°C showed significant time and temperature interactions for the episode frequency, neural minute activity, peak frequency, and peak amplitude data (allP < 0.05). The episode frequency, episode duration, episode integral, and peak amplitude data had significant temperature and time effects (Figs. 3 and 4).
Hypoxia Resistance of Respiratory Discharge
Turtle brain stem preparations (n = 6) continued to produce a robust respiratory motor discharge pattern, even after 2 h of superfusion with superfusate equilibrated with 5% CO2-95% N2 at 22°C (Fig.5). Baseline peak frequency was 0.73 ± 0.22 and 0.71 ± 0.15 peak/min after 2 h of hypoxia. Similarly, neural minute activity and peak amplitude were 1.25 ± 0.33 and 0.97 ± 0.13, respectively, relative to baseline after 2 h of hypoxia. On several occasions, brain stem preparations that were stored in 50 ml of superfusate for 7–14 days at 1–4°C still produced respiratory discharge after being placed in the recording chamber and rewarmed to 22°C (data not shown).
Rapid Temperature Change Experiments
For these experiments (n = 6), increasing the temperature of the superfusate (5% CO2) by 10°C (from 22.2 ± 0.3 to 31.9 ± 0.2°C) caused the pH of the superfusate to increase from 7.39 ± 0.02 to 7.59 ± 0.01 (uncompensated pH). By increasing the percent CO2 in the superfusate to 8–9%, the pH was returned to its original level of 7.39 ± 0.01 (compensated pH). On return to the lower temperature (22.6 ± 0.3°C) and 5% CO2, the pH of the superfusate was 7.35 ± 0.01. During these temperature and pH/CO2 maneuvers, two general types of changes in the respiratory motor discharge pattern were observed that could be attributed to increased temperature at constant pH (Fig. 6). The first change was an increase in episode frequency (53%, althoughP > 0.05) and peak frequency (77%) at high temperature and compensated pH, but not at the uncompensated pH (Fig. 7,A andE). The second change was a 30–40% decrease in episode duration (Fig.7 B) and episode integral (Fig.7 C) that was paralleled by a 30–37% decrease in peak duration and rise time (Table2). The net result was a 37% decrease in neural minute activity at the uncompensated pH followed by a return to baseline levels at the compensated pH (Fig.7 D). Increased temperature did not change the number of peaks per episode (Fig.7 F) or peak amplitude (Table 2).
pH/CO2 Sensitivity Experiments: Does Higher Temperature Increase Sensitivity?
When CO2 levels (and pH; Table 1) of the superfusate were altered sequentially, respiratory discharge was altered in a similar manner at 22°C (n = 7) and 32°C (n = 9). In general, the frequency of episodes and peaks increased with increasing CO2/H+concentration from zero to maximum values at pH 8.00–7.46. For example, at 1.0% CO2 (pH 8.00–8.10), there was no discharge in any of the preparations at 22 or 32°C (Fig. 8). At 3% CO2 and 32°C (pH 7.76 ± 0.01), only two of nine preparations were active; at 22°C (pH 7.60 ± 0.03), all preparations produced a motor output. Within 3–5% CO2 (pH 7.46–7.60), episode and peak frequency increased with increasing CO2 levels. No further increases in episode and peak frequency occurred at CO2 >5% (pH 7.46–7.23).
Of the measured variables, episode frequency, episode integral, neural minute activity, and peak frequency were sensitive to changing pH/CO2. The curves for episode frequency at 22 and 32°C were comparable in shape, with a rapid rise from zero (pH >8.00) to maximal levels of 0.47 ± 0.08 and 0.64 ± 0.12 episodes/min at 22°C (5% CO2) and 32°C (7% CO2), respectively (pH 7.46 for both); episode frequency decreased by up to 25% at pH <7.46 (Figs.9 A and10 A). At 22°C, episode integral increased during hypercapnia to a maximum at 7% CO2, whereas the relationship was relatively flat or decreased with increased CO2 at 32°C, resulting in a significant percent CO2-temperature interaction (Fig.9 C). Neural minute activity increased from zero (pH >8.00) to a plateau at pH <7.46 at both temperatures (Fig. 9 D). Likewise, peak frequency increased from 0.00 (pH >8.00) to 0.81 ± 0.15 and 1.43 ± 0.33 peaks/min at 22°C (7% CO2) and 32°C (5% CO2), respectively (Figs.9 A and10 B). Episode duration, peak duration, and peak rise time were relatively unaffected by changes in pH/CO2 at 22 or 32°C but were decreased at 32°C as previously shown in the rapid temperature change experiments (Fig. 9 B, Table 2). Peak amplitude was not altered by changes in pH/CO2 at either temperature (Table 2).
From the two-point pH/CO2experiments at 32°C (n = 7), only the episode and peak frequency data were analyzed (Fig.10). Episode and peak frequency increased from 0.35 ± 0.09 and 0.47 ± 0.14/min at 2.2% CO2 (pH 7.92 ± 0.02) to 0.88 ± 0.24 and 1.00 ± 0.23/min at 5.3% CO2 (pH 7.61 ± 0.02), respectively. All seven preparations at 32°C produced motor discharge at both CO2 levels. The slopes of the responses from the two-point pH/CO2 experiments at 32°C were calculated and compared with the slopes of the responses at 22°C with 3 and 5% CO2 (pH 7.60 ± 0.03 and 7.46 ± 0.02). The episode frequency slope at 22°C (−1.07 ± 0.53 episodes ⋅ min−1 ⋅ pH unit−1) was not significantly different from that at 32°C (−1.76 ± 0.60 episodes ⋅ min−1 ⋅ pH unit−1; Fig.10 A). Also, the peak frequency slopes were nearly identical at both temperatures, with slopes of −1.81 ± 0.94 and −1.77 ± 0.78 peaks ⋅ min−1 ⋅ pH unit−1 at 22 and 32°C, respectively (Fig. 10 B). Thus temperature had no significant effects on the pH/CO2 sensitivity of respiratory motor output in this preparation.
The goal of this study was to characterize the pattern of respiratory motor output produced by an in vitro turtle brain stem preparation and determine how hypoxia, increased temperature, or changes in pH/CO2 altered that pattern. Turtle brain stem preparations produced a stable respiratory motor pattern for 6 h at 22°C under control (possibly hyperoxic) conditions and for ≥2 h under anoxic conditions, demonstrating the hardiness and viability of the preparation. Increasing the bath temperature to 32°C at constant pH reversibly increased peak frequency and decreased episode duration, peak rise time, and peak duration, demonstrating that the respiratory rhythm and pattern were sensitive to temperature changes. Central pH/CO2 chemosensitivity was intact in turtle brain stem preparations as peak frequency, episode frequency, and episode integral rate increased with decreasing pH within the pH range of 8.10–7.40. Central pH/CO2 chemosensitivity, however, was not sensitive to temperature changes, because the slopes of the peak frequency responses were similar.
Advantages and Limitations of the Turtle Brain Stem Preparation
The advantages and limitations of using reduced in vitro preparations for the study of respiratory neural control are well known (27). Turtle brain stem preparations, however, have the distinct advantages of1) being derived from a fully mature (as opposed to embryonic or neonatal) vertebrate that aspirates air (like mammals), 2) having low metabolic rates at the animal's normal temperature, thereby minimizing tissue , , and pH gradients, and3) being studied within a physiological temperature range (cooling the tissue below the normal body temperature as is commonly done with mammalian tissue is not necessary to preserve viability).
Does the pattern of respiratory discharge produced by turtle brain stem preparations at 22°C resemble that produced in intact turtles at room temperature? In intact turtles, phasic expiratory and inspiratory spinal motoneuron activity can be recorded from the appropriate expiratory and inspiratory motor nerves during each breath (33). Respiratory cranial motor nerve root activity, however, consists of only a single burst of neural discharge for each breath (5); thus one can compare the breaths from intact vagotomized turtles with the "peaks" from turtle brain stem preparations (Table 3) (26). These comparison data indicate that turtle brain stem preparations had episode and peak values that were close to episode and breath frequency values in vivo. The variances of measurements from in vitro and in vivo turtles were also similar. On the other hand, episode and peak durations in vitro were 50–80% larger than episode and breath durations in vivo. The reason for differences in episode and breath (peak) durations may be a lack of descending inputs from higher centers in the CNS or from a complete loss of peripheral sensory afferent inputs. On the whole, there is a reasonable similarity of breathing patterns between the in vitro brain stem preparation and awake resting turtles (26).
XII nerve activity: an index of respiratory motor output?
Although cranial motor outflow and, specifically, XII nerve activity often exhibit respiratory-related, rhythmic activity that is tightly linked with breathing in mammals and turtles (5), the precise function of the XII nerve in turtles is not known. It is possible that XII nerve activity during inspiration prevents the tongue from blocking airflow while turtles are breathing through the nares. Accordingly, peak and episode frequencies and the number of peaks per episode are the only faithfully reflected variables of respiratory activity that can be drawn from XII nerve root activity.
Episodic breathing of more than one breath is not consistently observed in vitro. The isolated in vitro turtle brain stem preparation was previously shown in some cases to produce episodic breathing in a manner similar to that in the intact turtle (5). This earlier study confirmed that episodic breathing in turtles is an intrinsic property of the central respiratory control system and does not require peripheral chemoafferent feedback. In the present study we showed that roughly one-third of the isolated turtle brain stem preparations produced episodic discharge, whereas most preparations produce single bursts. It is hypothesized that all vertebrate respiratory control systems are capable of expressing episodic discharge, depending on the species and physiological conditions (24). The factor(s) that determines whether the respiratory discharge pattern is episodic is not known, although a relationship between respiratory drive and the number of breaths in an episode has been postulated (24). Factors that may play a role in this preparation include vagotomy (which reduces ventilatory responses to CO2), the specific site of the rostral transection, and other uncontrolled factors. Nevertheless, the similar mean values and variances characterizing ventilatory pattern in vivo vs. in vitro suggest that the real pattern differences between these preparations are minor.
Respiratory Neural Discharge In Vitro: Transformed Eupneic Pattern or Gasping?
The present controversy as to whether neonatal rodent in vitro brain stem (spinal cord) preparations are producing eupneic breathing or gasping will remain unresolved until the cellular and network mechanisms underlying eupnea and gasping are fully understood. In mammals, gasping is a last-chance attempt at autorescusitation during severe hypoxia: breathing frequency decreases, phrenic burst amplitude increases, and phrenic discharge patterns within bursts shift from a progressively augmenting-rapidly decrementing pattern to a rapid onset-slowly decrementing pattern (reviewed in Ref. 32). Some investigators hypothesize that neonatal mammalian in vitro brain stem preparations (and other in vitro preparations) are gasping because of the low frequency of respiratory-related neural discharge, the rapid onset-slowly decrementing pattern of inspiratory discharge, and the lack of expiratory phase-related discharge (32). Consistent with this hypothesis, the center of the neonatal rat brain stem preparation is hypoxic with high extracellular concentrations of H+ and K+ (2, 29). Others argue that the isolated in vitro respiratory neural circuit undergoes a transformation due to vagotomy and reduced temperature, such that the pattern of discharge is "gasplike" in some respects, but that the output is still produced by the neural circuitry that produces eupnea under normoxic conditions (2, 8). Consistent with this view, thin medullary slices from neonatal rats have rhythmic discharge patterns similar to those produced by intact brain stems in vitro (31), yet the slices probably are neither hypoxic nor acidic (21).
The turtle brain stem preparation makes an interesting contribution to this debate, because turtles can survive for several hours or days without O2, depending on the temperature [e.g., C. pictasurvives a forced submersion for 2 days at 26°C (28)]. Calculations based on the relatively low metabolic and O2 consumption rates of aquatic ectothermic vertebrates suggest that isolated brain tissue from these animals will not be hypoxic under in vitro conditions. In support of this hypothesis, the center of an in vitro tadpole brain stem preparation was recently found to have a of ∼240 Torr at a depth of 850–900 mm by using superfusate equilibrated with 90% O2 at 23°C (29). The center of an in vitro turtle brain stem is also likely to be hyperoxic, because the diffusion distance to the center of the brain stem is similar (turtle brain stems have a U-shaped geometry that puts the center at ∼1.0 mm from the outer surface). Thus it is unlikely that there is a hypoxic center in the turtle brain stem preparation analogous to that observed in neonatal rat brain stem preparations.
Furthermore, respiratory discharge in the turtle brain stem preparation was not sensitive to severely hypoxic conditions, in which the of the hypoxic superfusate was probably <50 Torr and the tissue may have been anoxic. In similar in vitro experiments using neonatal rat preparations, the of hypoxic superfusate (bubbled with 5% CO2-95% N2) was 5–30 Torr (2, 35). For the in vitro tadpole brain stem preparation, decreases by 60 Torr/100 μm, starting at 200 μm above the surface until 200 μm below the surface, at which point further decreases in are dependent on the position of the electrode tract (29). If one assumes that the in vitro turtle brain stem has a metabolic rate similar to that in the tadpole, it is highly likely that most of the turtle brain stem was anoxic during our hypoxia experiments, yet there were no alterations in respiratory discharge. In contrast, neonatal rat brain stem-spinal cord preparations undergo transient excitation followed by prolonged depression of respiratory discharge within minutes of exposure to hypoxic superfusate (2, 35). The turtle's remarkable resistance to hypoxia is further demonstrated by the fact that intracellular recordings of turtle cortical neurons in vitro show no change in membrane potential, input resistance, or excitability after 180 min of anoxia (4). Taken together, these findings support the idea that the rhythmic motor output produced by the turtle brain stem preparation is respiratory related and not due to the establishment of some other pathological rhythm.
Changes in Breathing With Increased Temperature in Turtles
Early reports concerning the effects of increased temperature on turtle ventilation are controversial perhaps because of the use of different species and experimental approaches (reviewed in Refs. 10 and 12). More recent studies on unanesthetized, freely movingChrysemys, however, are in agreement that ventilation increases with increased temperature. The increased ventilation between 10 and 20°C is due primarily to increased frequency, whereas the increased ventilation between 20 and 30°C is due primarily to increased tidal volume (10, 12). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to examine temperature effects on respiratory motor discharge from the deafferented turtle nervous system, a procedure that eliminates many peripheral afferent inputs that are relevant to breathing. The three major effects of increased temperature on respiratory discharge from the turtle brain stem preparation are discussed below.
Stability of respiratory discharge at 22 and 32°C.
For the turtle brain stem preparation at 22°C, all measured respiratory discharge variables were stable for ≥6 h. After >2 h at 32°C, however, decreases in neural minute activity were observed (due to decreased peak frequency and amplitude). The decreased neural minute activity at 32°C could be due to increased activity of inhibitory neurons or a buildup of inhibitory neurochemicals within the brain stem. It is unlikely that the tissue was deteriorating, because respiratory discharge was rapidly restored on return to 22°C in all cases. Other investigators have studied ventilation in awake, intactP. scripta at 33–35°C without reporting any deleterious effects (9, 18), although the relevance of these findings to in vitro brain stem preparations is uncertain.
Increased peak frequency with increased temperature.
In our rapid temperature alteration and pH/CO2 sensitivity experiments, peak frequency increased by 72–75% (Figs.7 E and9 E). Thus acute exposures to increased temperature increased peak frequency in vitro. In contrast, intact turtles have no change (or a slight decrease) in breath frequency with temperature increases from 20 to 30°C (10,12), as in vagotomized snakes (13). In spontaneously ventilating vagotomized alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), breath frequency increases slightly, but not significantly, from 1.9 breaths/min at 20°C to 2.6 breaths/min at 30°C (6). The reason for the discrepancy with intact turtles is likely due to the absence of peripheral sensory inputs and rostral CNS structures in the turtle brain stem preparation. The lack of an increased breath frequency in vagotomized snakes and alligators, however, may be due to species differences, intact rostral structures, or differences in brain stem pH/CO2 levels (e.g., brain stem CO2 levels may have been higher in the turtle brain stem preparation).
Decreased peak duration with increased temperature.
In this study, peak (and episode) duration decreased with increasing temperature. To our knowledge, only two studies report similar changes in breath duration in reptiles with increased temperature. In restrained, unanesthetized P. scripta, breath duration decreased from 9.1 ± 0.7 to 7.7 ± 0.7 s after a temperature increase from 28 to 33–34°C (9). Similarly, in vagotomized water snakes tested at 15 and 30°C, the inspiratory time decreased from 6.3 to 3.5 s, whereas there was no change in inspiratory time in snakes with intact vagi (13). The decreased peak duration in the turtle brain stem preparation may be due to temperature-induced changes only at the level of XII motoneurons, or changes may additionally be occurring presynaptic to XII motoneurons (e.g., within premotoneurons, respiratory rhythm-generating neurons, or modulatory neurons).
Central pH/CO2 Sensitivity in Turtles
Physiological range of arterial and CSF pH in turtles.
In this study, turtle brain stems were tested in superfusates with pH of 7.21–8.10, although the center of the brain stems probably had a lower pH. For example, the center of the tadpole brain stem was as much as 0.5 pH unit lower than the outer bath (29). Even if the center of turtle brain stems is similarly acidic, most of the neuronal structures within the brain stem would be exposed to pH levels that fall within the range of normal arterial and CSF pH values reported forChrysemys andPseudemys at different temperatures or under different conditions. Arterial pH in these species is 7.85–7.96 at 10°C, 7.74–7.78 at 20°C, and 7.58–7.63 at 30°C (11, 15, 20). The pH of CSF inPseudemys is reported to be relatively more acidic than arterial pH: 7.79 at 10°C, 7.64 at 20°C, and 7.49 at 30°C (15). In addition, arterial pH was measured at 6.809 in Pseudemys after a 2- to 4-h dive (20), demonstrating the enormous range of arterial pH tolerated by these semiaquatic turtles.
Temperature effects on central pH/CO2sensitivity in reptiles.
The increase in ventilation with hypercapnia in turtles and tortoises varies from mild to robust (1, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 25, 26, 30). The increased ventilation is due to an increase in breath frequency and tidal volume along with a decrease in the periods of breath holding. Interestingly, the increase in breath frequency with hypercapnia is severely attenuated with vagotomy in turtles (Chrysemys) (26), tortoises (Testudo) (1), and alligators (6). In the present study the turtle brain stem preparation mildly increased peak frequency with increasing acidification at a rate comparable to the increases obtained in vagotomized turtles and tortoises at room temperature (1, 26). Indeed, it is likely that larger increases in peak frequency at a lower pH would be obtained with stimulation of vagal afferent inputs to the turtle brain stem preparation. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that stimulation of vagal afferents in an in vitro bullfrog preparation augments the increase in respiratory burst frequency to CO2/H+(23).
In the turtle brain stem preparation at 22 and 32°C, episode and peak frequency as well as neural minute activity were pH/CO2 sensitive; all other variables were remarkably insensitive. Data from the pH/CO2 experiments conducted at 32°C must be interpreted cautiously, even though there was no evidence for a consistent time-dependent rundown in peak amplitude and frequency after 3–4 h (as was observed in the viability experiments). It is possible that none of the preparations used in the pH/CO2 experiments at 32°C underwent rundown. Alternatively, the protocol for the pH/CO2 experiments at 32°C may have masked rundown, because the sequential decrease in pH during the pH/CO2 experiments may have increased respiratory "drive." To avoid the problem, rapid two-point pH/CO2 experiments were performed within 90–120 min at 32°C to minimize the effects of rundown. Because the episode and peak frequency vs. pH slopes from the two-point experiments were not larger than those from the five-point experiments, it is unlikely that increased respiratory drive was masked by a decline in respiratory discharge due to time-dependent factors.
Collectively, these data suggest that central chemoreceptors in the turtle brain stem preparation are functional at both temperatures studied and act to regulate the number of peaks (breaths) per minute. The Q10 for pH/CO2 sensitivity in the turtle brain stem preparation was ∼1.0, because neither the episode nor the peak frequency vs. pH slopes were significantly affected by temperature. Although intact turtles and alligators have a Q10 for CO2 sensitivity of ∼2.0 (6, 10), it is striking to note that the Q10 for CO2 sensitivity in vagotomized alligators is also ∼1.0 (6). It has been hypothesized that the Q10 for central CO2 sensitivity (or the central integrator of chemosensory inputs) in reptiles is <1.0 to compensate for the large temperature dependence of vagal CO2-sensitive receptors, which may have Q10 values of ∼3.0 or more (7). How the brain stem (or CNS) modifies the chemosensory input at different temperatures in ectothermic vertebrates is an intriguing problem about which little is known. The development of in vitro preparations such as the turtle brain stem preparation may facilitate a resolution of these issues.
The authors thank Dr. R. Kinkead for helpful comments in the preparation of the manuscript and Dr. K. B. Bach for the drawing in Fig. 1 A.
Address for reprint requests: S. M. Johnson, Dept. of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. West, Madison, WI 53706.
This work was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grants HL-53319 and HL-36780. S. M. Johnson is a Parker B. Francis Fellow in Pulmonary Research.
Preliminary reports of this work have appeared in abstract form (22).
- Copyright © 1998 the American Physiological Society


text: Hey I just joined and am looking for a couple of reliable sources to stay in contact with for an Eris. I experience lag 50% of the time, that being my #1 fustration. I hoped that it would be faster. Overall I like the phone just not the downtime I experience. Any apps that are a must and any other info to help out would be much appericiated! Thanks

subset: commoncrawl


text:
LEASING. Leasing, Factoring and Financing Companies Law Adopted in Turkish Grand National Assembly; The Draft Law, which has been long awaited to be enacted, was adopted in the plenary session of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) dated 11/ 12 /2012. .
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
2. the Law in the Official Gazette are as follows: Sale and leaseback:
Sale and leaseback transactions will be allowed. Companies with working capital necessity will be able to liquidate their balance sheets by selling the building and machinery in their assets to the leasing company and collecting the sales revenue from the leasing company in cash, channeling the funds created as such to their own businesses. Such companies will be able to make the repayments to leasing companies in the form of long-term leasing costs.
3. the Law in the Official Gazette are as follows: Software leasing:
Reproduced copies of computer software can become subject of leasing. Particularly the enterprises dealing with design works are using rather high cost package programs. The existing Law No. 3226 did not allow such programs to benefit from leasing as they are of intangible value.
4. the Law in the Official Gazette are as follows: Complimentary parts:
Each individual good maintaining its original characteristics will become subject to leasing. With the new arrangement in the law, the attachments and integral (complimentary) parts will benefit from leasing. This arrangement will allow large-scale provision of financing to many enterprises in small packages
Factoring and Financing Companies Law also includes innovations simplifying the transaction process and legal process, one of the major ones is:
A "Leasing, Factoring and Financing Companies Union" will be established as the legal representative of the industry. This will contribute to development of leasing industry and increase self-discipline of the sector.
The result is that, under the code, the amount which the lessee repays to the lessor within the course of the agreement term is enough to meet the cost of the goods, the broader amount of financing goods and the profit margin of the lessor.
Movable and immovable property may be the subject of the agreement. With the exception of the replicated copies of the computer software, intellectual and industrial rights, such as patents cannot be subject to this agreement.
Regardless of their integral part or accessory qualifications, any product, which preserves its essential qualities, can be subject to a lease agreement on its own.
The ownership of the leased property belongs to the publics. Under the new law, it is sufficient for agreements to be made in written form and signed by the parties. lessor. However, in the agreement, the parties may decide that the lessee shall be entitled the right to purchase the ownership of the property upon the expiration of the term of the agreement. In other words, a purchasing option may be granted to the lessee, but it is not an essential feature of the contract.
Unless otherwise stated in the agreement, the lessor may not transfer the ownership of the property to a third person. If this authority is granted in the agreement, the transfer may be made only to another lessor. The transferee is obliged to comply with the provisions of the agreement. The effectiveness of the transfer for the lessee depends on whether he is informed or not.


text:
The 21-Day Minimalism Challenge, the first book in the 21-Day Challenge series!
Are you tired of stress and clutter collecting in your life?
Are you ready to take action, get off the beaten path, and learn more about the benefits of minimalism?
By living a more minimalist lifestyle, you invite calm and quiet into your daily life, you become more efficient, and you take action with more conviction than before. You don't fall prey to cheesy advertising, and you make your own goals. You think of money as a tool to reach your goals, and not the goal itself.
Being minimalist in today's world can feel a bit like swimming upstream. This book will be a good starting point, a catalyst, and maybe even a kick in the pants if you've had enough of chaos, mess, and disorganization in your life.
Listening about minimalism is a good start, but minimalism is something to do - it requires action! Therefore, each of the 21 days will have a unique exercise that you can apply in your own life right away. With each new challenge, you will move towards a more organized and simplified life.
The 21-Day Minimalism Challenge will help you to:
Get a deeper understanding of what minimalism really is and how it can improve your life
Let go of belongings that no longer serve you
Recognize the different areas in life that can benefit from decluttering such as relationships, diet, and time commitments
Develop new shopping habits
Find your own minimalist style
And much more inside!
Learn how minimalism can create more calm and focus in your life today! Are you ready to take the challenge?
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Actionable advice and tips to start living a minim
The "21-Day Minimalist Challenge" is a useful book if you're looking for a quick introduction to the philosophy of minimalism. The book provides actionable advice and tips to start living a minimalist lifestyle in 21 days. Each day, the book gives you an exercise to do in order to reach your goal, making the process practical and easy to follow.
I'm moving house this summer and this book gave me some motivation to really get started with decluttering. This will not only save me time in moving all my stuff, but I have to say it also feels refreshing to throw away things you don't really need!
Minimalism, however, is much more than just decluttering alone: it's also a way of life and a new, refreshing perspective on things. In the West, we are so used to treating physical possessions as absolute necessities for our happiness. But are all those possessions truly necessary and aren't we much better off collecting moments instead of things? This book will help you declutter, but by giving an insight into the philosophy of minimalism it also invites you to form a new perspective on what's truly important in life. Very useful book!
- Mike
- Ida Nielsen


text:
Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology
pp 8-14
Acetylcholinesterase and Cognitive Enhancement
- Heather WilkinsAffiliated withClinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine Email author
- , Paul NewhouseAffiliated withClinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are molecules that inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from metabolizing (hydrolyzing) acetylcholine, thus increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Pharmacological Properties
Cholinergic System Effects on Cognitive Functioning
Several decades of research support the critical role of CNS cholinergic systems in cognition in humans, particularly in learning and memory formation and attention. Beginning with studies by Drachman (1977), temporary blockade of muscarinic receptors produced impairments of learning and memory that resembled changes associated with normal aging and was proposed as a model of the cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Such findings were supported by animal studies showing that cognitive performance of younger animals after the administration of scopolamine was similar to older untreated animals ...
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- Title
- Acetylcholinesterase and Cognitive Enhancement
- Reference Work Title
- Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology
- Pages
- pp 8-14
- Copyright
- 2010
- 10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_164
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-540-68698-9
- Online ISBN
- 978-3-540-68706-1
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Copyright Holder
- Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editors
- Ian P. Stolerman (1)
- Editor Affiliations
- 1. Section Behavioural Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London
- Authors
- Heather Wilkins (1)
- Paul Newhouse (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 1 South Prospect Street, 05401, Burlington, VT, USA
Continue reading...
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


text:
Connect with Memories for life photo studio in Keswick, ON
Memories for life photo studio Tags on Party Blast: Welcome to Memories For Life Photo Studio. Our goal is to provide you with unique photographs that you can share with your family and friends for a life time. Let us make your events a memory for life. Tour our Photo Gallery, we guarentee you wont have to look any further. , We specialize in a wide variety of photography, including:, , Family portraits , Weddings , Special Events , Landscape & Nature , Commercial Photography , Head Shots for Business , Anniversary , Baby Showers , Web Photography , Passport & Citizenship Photos , Presently Servicing Clients From, Keswick, Pefferlaw, Newmarket, Aurora, Toronto, Mississauga & Oakville, , Contact ,


text:
Spotters Trailer (2014)
29 September 2014 Drama 10 mins
What happens if someone loses control over his own life and at the same time searches for grip in ascending and descending devices? A winterly story about loss, desire and airplanes.
Watch the official Spotters 2014 trailer in HD below or find more Spotters videos on Vidimovie.


text: The Basel Committee has created a new webpage for accessing the responses received to its consultative review of the credit valuation adjustment (CVA) risk framework (see FReD 3 July). The page includes 22 responses from banks, associations and other interested parties. (Source: Basel Committee New Webpage for CVA Risk Framework Responses)


text:
When I woke up this morning, I started to meditate. I heard the small voice of God speaking. It's amazing how God's presence can change our perspective and change our entire day. Not to get too personal, but as I was preparing breakfast this morning, I felt the visitation of God. It was very strong.
First, God wants us to "COMMAND" our mornings. Take time to pray, meditate, exercise, journal, or self-reflect. These strategies can help "set" the temperament for our entire day. Daily, it's imperative that we honor God by carving out time to converse with Him. When we fail to command our mornings by honoring God, distractions from the enemy can seep into our spirit causing physical and spiritual disruptions. When we pray, we're equipping ourselves to withstand the blows of the enemy. Get rooted in the word when driving to work, while drinking coffee, or while sitting in bed aimlessly. Every moment that we invite God in, we willfully build a spiritual bridge that allows us to tap into God's purpose for our lives. His word daily is food to our souls and nourishment for our bodies.
Next, God doesn't want us to compromise. We must stand strong, and we cannot compromise our well-being in this season. Stay focus; stay mentally healthy; stress-free, and guilt-free. I must be honest; I use to compromise myself for the sake of fitting in with others. But as I continually grow in Christ, God reminds me to stand on His word as a guide for my life as noted in Jeremiah 29:11 (NIV) where it is written that God has a plan for our lives. It's not to harm us, but these plans are to prosper us so that we'll have hope as He guides and directs us into our future. Therefore, we must stop compromising our peace. Remember, God doesn't function in dysfunction. He's a man of order. That's why it's important that we build a relationship with God and that we converse with Him daily as we "Command Our Mornings."
Then, God wants us to trust HIM!!! I believe that God's building our FAITH in this season. He's building our faith with various test and trials. Through these various test and trails, God is causing us to exercise our faith and depend totally on him. For it is written in Proverbs 3:5-6 (NIV), "Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways submit to him, and he will make your paths straight."
Finally, God's working a miracle in our lives. Let's stay strong and not sway from God when situations start to look weary. Remember, God is watching during the test; he's just quiet as He conducts an evaluation of our hearts and reactions to see if we're walking by "faith" or walking by "sight".
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text:
Wednesday's Wall Street Journal reports that states are rationing health care (subscription required) as economic conditions deteriorate.
The rationing debate last played out during the recession in the early '90s, when states settled on managed care to rein in health-care costs. But managed-care cost controls later were eased amid a public backlash. Meanwhile, during the boom times of the later '90s, states added populations and optional services to their Medicaid programs, the federal-state health insurance program for the poor.
The result: State health-care costs are growing at their fastest rate in a decade -- 9% a year, according to the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, a Washington, D.C.-based health-policy institute. At the same time, states are struggling with budget shortfalls totaling an estimated $15 billion. And the Urban Institute, a Washington, D.C., think tank, warns that if the nation's unemployment rate rises to, say, 6.5% (a little more than a percentage point), states may have to absorb nearly two million more people into Medicaid.
Congress is currently debating a plan for economic stimulus - which includes measures for providing displaced workers access to health-care. The shortsighted, reactionary approach would be to welcome them into Medicaid.
In her new paper, Why Congress Should Support Private Health Insurance for Displaced Workers, Heritage's Nina Owcharenko writes:
Congress has a unique opportunity, at a time of immediate need, to change federal tax policy governing health insurance coverage. It can give displaced workers the assistance they need to acquire private health insurance for themselves and their families. It would also change the dynamics of current health care policy and establish patient choice and market competition in the provision of health insurance.
However, had the terrorist attacks of September 11 not happened, Congress would still be wise to address what is a changing world for many Americans.
During the economic boom of the late '90s, unemployment was at 4.2 percent; it's lowest level in 29 years. This boom resulted in strong growth, low unemployment, low inflation, high corporate profits and soaring stock prices.
Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan delivered a speech to the 35th Annual Conference on Bank Structure and Competition in Chicago crediting technology as the impetus for the unprecedented boom.
That rise in technology also accelerated the growth of two classes of workers: the self-employed independent contractor and the temp worker. By mid-1999 they comprised more than 25 million workers. The new, flexible economy shattered the old arrangement of spending an entire career with one company.
In this new economy temp workers, or contract employees are usually not given benefits. Workers are left to purchase health care on the individual market, which is usually very expensive ranging from $500 to $700 a month. Most cannot afford too. The self-employed fare slightly better being able to deduct up to 50 percent of their health care costs.
Establishing patient choice and market competition would be a boon to the health-care industry, the economy, and individual rights.
Other signs of a changing labor market:
Union membership has declined to 13.9 percent of the work force in 1998, from 20.1 percent in 1983.
Technology workers, and temp workers, are forming alliances that mirror the unions of old.
The legal system has at least realized the consequences of such a work force. In May 1999, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a group of temp workers at Microsoft were eligible to participate in the corporate giant's stock plan.
Silicon Valley, despite recent slowdowns, could be a microcosm for the future. Businesses there are outsourcing about 45 percent of their labor force.
Daniel Pink, a former speechwriter for Vice President Gore who now runs FreeAgentNation.com, a hub of information for all types of non-traditional workers, says, "Freedom is a path to security, not a detour from it."
This is a great opportunity. It should not be missed.
For more see two papers by Heritage's Nina Owcharenko:


text:
The Egyptian classic rock band "Rock Rockies" announced for their upcoming single details.
"Bad Girl" is the band upcoming single which will be released on Saturday, December 31, 2016.
(click on image, to watch the drum making at the studio)
James Massi from Rock Rockies said about the song during the recording sessions at the studio; "new sound, new riffs and it's dirty song!"
Also, the band's drummer – Patrick Khalil – said about the song that it's "The dirty good old-school Rock with a modern progressive twist"
"Bad Girl" artwork have been designed by Karim Hamdy. And for guitars and drum lines have been recorded by Taher Saleh at Dream Studio. In addition to the band is going to record the main and back vocal lines by the operating sound engineer "Mena Ezzat" at Sound of Sakia studios. "Bad Girl" have been mixed and mastered by Mohamed Omar.


text: In this section Strategic Insights Annual 2015 Introduction Keep up! Journeys to the west Big data, big value? Beyond gut instinct Global warning Teaching the world A shift in focus Sporting chance March of the middlemen Rapid technological development is driving change in the business world, raising questions about the viability of pretty much everything that incumbents deliver and do. One techdriven theme that comes up persistently in our discussions with clients and investors is disintermediation — the practice of cutting out the middlemen and dealing directly with end customers. But has the 'Last Post' really sounded for the middlemen, or are they just marching to a different tune? Disintermediation hasn't really materialized, at least not in the all-encompassing fashion once asserted Disintermediation attracted a great deal of attention in the early 2000s, both in the business press and in academia. The success of innovators such as Dell triggered predictions — full of hopes and fears — that the days of the intermediary were numbered. Many at the time expected entire industries to go direct, as new technologies enabled manufacturers and service providers alike to bypass traditional wholesalers and other third-party distribution channels, thus 'in-sourcing' their margins. However, disintermediation, in the sense described above hasn't really materialized, at least not in the all-encompassing fashion once asserted. Download Full Article Share this Insight : Previous Insight


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- 73 years old
- Date of birth: Jul 26, 1937
- Place of birth:
Shelton, Washington, United States
- Date of passing: Dec 7, 2010
- Place of passing:
Tacoma, Washington, United States
|Let the memory of Orval be with us forever Let the memory of Orval be with us forever Let the memory of Orval be with us forever Let the memory of Orval be with us forever
This memorial website was created in the memory of our loved one, Orval Laney who was born on July 26, 1937 and passed away on December 7, 2010. We will remember him forever.
Go to this link to see a video of the service held December 18, 2010 --- http://vimeo.com/18008662
"I'm thinking of you today, Chris & Todd. I'm hoping you are healing & celebrating Orv's life.
"Slide Show - http://www.kizoa.com/slideshow-maker/d1336242k1305194o1/orvaldevonlaney"
"I now live in AZ and visit Seattle usually once a year. I would e-mail Orv and tell him that a bunch of us were meeting for breakfast on Sunday. As much of an effort it was for him to get moving, he usually would show up. I am very glad that this past summer, he was able to join us for breakfast and a nice visit. I am sorry for your loss."
"Elizabeth and John Smith, Isle of Wight, England, UK
We are so sad to read your news. We did not no Orval personally but we have known Felicity for a lifetime and it was Orval who gave her joy again. Thank you.
Our most sincere condolences to all Orval's family and friends,
Elizabeth and John"
"I will miss you - but I will keep the best of you with me forever......"
"I only met Orv 2 or 3 times. I know you will miss him and I am sorry for your loss."
"I will remember Orv as always trying to give me fatherly advice most of it in one ear and out the other, except as I was nearing driving age he told me to always assume that everyone else on the road was an idiot and capable of doing anything.I heed that advice to this very day."
"I will always remember him telling me to go play in the street when I was young. I do not know why this is such a memory, but it is. It was nice weather and we were in Moms back yard and we were all laughing. One of my other memories is when Tom and I went to California to stay with Betty and Orv for part of the summer. He took us to Disneyland, Knoxberry Farm and Pismo Beach. We had a great time. I am so sorry for your loss. Always remember the good times."
"Orv certainly was a very handsome guy. Looking at the 1961 photo of him I realized how much Chris looks like Orv. I know that you will miss your dad/brother. It is very hard to lose a part of your family. The last several times I saw Orv he always talked about how proud he was of Todd and Chris. He was a very proud Dad."
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text:
Growing local
There has been a lot of discussion about small homes - compact, sustainable, off grid, interesting design. Quite a few of us seem interested in the idea, if not the reality quite just yet!
I love the idea. I keep telling people I would be happy to live in a tent if I had my garden around it. A well built small home would be better!
We can but dream.
Add away. Post your thoughts, photos and links.
Members: 12
Latest Activity: Sep 29
Started by Lissa. Last reply by Elaine de Saxe Sep 29. 1 Reply 2 Favorites
Unfortunately it looks like they are made in the US only by Arched Cabins.The original …Continue
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Started by Lissa. Last reply by Christa Jul 18. 3 Replies 1 Favorite
TEN FOLDUnfortunately, UK based. But there might be something like this available in Australia. Continue
Tags: homes, houses, granny flats, tiny houses
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JOINT MODULAR unfortunately only in NSW at the moment, but who knows, they may branch out our way in the future.JOINT Modular is an…Continue
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It may not be a tiny home but the balcony is tiny and just a tad inaccessible.…Continue
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Only just saw this Lissa, excellent idea.
If it ever happens (for me) I would have a shed for the working stuff. So perhaps I am just separating my crud!
It is a dream but without dreams we don't have a life. So dream away!
The notion of having less krud appeals to this 'bowerbird' it would be a spiritual freeing.
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text:
Hen Lin
G/F Karrivin Plaza, 2316 Chino Roces Ave. Ext., Chino Roces, Makati, Metro Manila
- 1 Reviews
- 0 Recommend
- 1 Reviewers
Primary Details
- Category:
- Chinese
More Info
Most Recent Reviews
One of the great things about Hen Lin (besides the fact that it's affordable and consistent) is the fact that they seem to pop up in places you would never expect! I work very very near this one and I go there quite a lot - the ladies there already know me lol
Though the food is just like in every other Hen Lin branch, what I really like about this one is the staff! The ladies here are so nice and friendly! I guess that since they mostly get the office crowd from around here, they manage to remember your usual order and even the way you like your siomai (with extra chili and calamansi). They are always always cheerful and that's what I love most about this branch!
Oh, they also have gulaman at this one!! YAY
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text:
Vex Profusion PVC/Carbon Pro - 2017
Product Description
The 2017 Vex Profusion Carbon Pro Series has been dramatically improved in comparison with its predecessor. The Vex is by far our most refined and responsive stand up paddleboard thus far. The new 2017 Vex offers increased turning performance and heightened acceleration, while maintaining stability and wave catching ease. The tail has been significantly refined and pulled into a rounded/squash tail, allowing for even tighter turns. The rails have been refined through the nose for greater speed and drive through rail transitions and bottom turns.
These solid performance stand up paddleboards have taken the Australian market by storm and are comparative to other boards 3 times their price, both in strength and performance. There were more Atlantis stand up paddleboards sold last year in Australia than any other SUP, which cements the fact that these boards are industry leaders and solidifies that their quality is indisputable. The new 2017 Atlantis "Vex profusion" PVC/Carbon SUPs are raising the bar and promise to deliver outstanding performance.
|29 1/4
|4 1/2
|29 1/4
|4 1/2
|4 1/2
|4 5/8
|4 3/4
|EPS foam with PVC stringer / Carbon + PVC + 4oz deck / Carbon + 4oz bottom
|Medium entry
|Single to deep vee
|Skill Level
|Intermediate - Advanced
|Rail Type
|Mid - Low Rails
4+1 Fin Configuration
|Tail Type
|Rounded Square
|Care Instructions
|View a copy of our Product Care Manual
Product Reviews
Showing reviews 1-10 of 11 | Next
Great service and product !
Posted by Jon Brooks on 23rd Aug 2017
Just received my 9'6" Atlantis Vex Carbon SUP and would like to compliment the team at Surfboardwarehouse on excellent professional service. Ordered the board on Sunday night and it arrived at my house in Wollongong on Tuesday.The packaging was bullet proof and board inside perfect. Actually the effort I put into getting the packing off negates me going to the gym tonight
9'6 Vex Profusion
Posted by Roger on 10th Jul 2017
First ride in a 2ft swell and I found it still easy to catch a wave and quite quick and responsive. I had down sized from a 10'6 Naish Nalu which I loved in the smaller swell but this is so light and responsive. I cant wait to get into some decent waves. Love it!
Posted by Steve on 3rd Feb 2017
This is a follow-up review to my original review posted 12th March 2016. I've now been using my 8'6 Carbon Vex Profusion Pro once or twice a week for over 12 months & it has stood up well. I have surfed it in all conditions from small beachies up to some solid 8'+ reef breaks. It has been banged on concrete steps, surfed onto dry sand & dragged across the reef several times with only some minor paint scrapes & a couple of small chips. As per my original review it surfs extraordinarily well (providing you fit some decent fins) & I'd love to add an 8' version of this board to my quiver when funds allow. A light, tough & excellent value SUP that is well finished & surfs great: what more could you ask from a board?
9'/6 vex 2017
Posted by Mark on 12th Jan 2017
living on the far west coast of South Australia, made it hard to decide on up grading my sup as there is not many over here to see in real life.I was stoked with the whole package, and even more stoked now i have had a few sessions.For a board 9/6 its so responsive and powerful of the bottom.Over 40 years of surfing i enjoy it as much now as i ever have. Thanks .
Performance for your buck!
Posted by K2E on 7th Jan 2017
Thank you! I was getting annoyed at all the other brands monopolising at more than twice the price and this Vex out-performs many of them (in my opinion). I'm 5'11" and 86kg. I have the 2017, 8'6" and it hammers. Down the line or drop straight down and straight back up for a top hack. I use a 6in centre and 4.25in side fins in thruster with big base and medium rake for Sydney surf 2-4ft. Light, fast, looks good and makes me surf better!
Better than expected.
Posted by HG on 6th Oct 2016
Was planning on demoing a few boards at Merimbula before getting a new one but the SWH sale started and it was too tempting not to grab one. Arrived no hassles a few days after order and have now had 4 surfs on the board in varying conditions. Have to say pretty happy so far, pretty stable, paddles well and catches waves easily enough. Surfs well and feels pretty positive underfoot. Replacing the stock fins with a quad set is the only change I've made so far and overall impression is good.
Stats are 5'8" and just over 90kgs in wetsuit.
Better again - Another Wave machine
Posted by Sundra on 5th Aug 2016
I have upgraded from the old 2013 Vex profusion 8.8, so already familiar with the excellent surf ability and build quality of these boards. The new 8.6 is lighter and distinctly more manoeuvrable on a wave. I am (60 Kg) riding with the same quad set - Shapers Ruben Rox front with SX Rears ( in fact I found the shapers Spectrum Driver - meduim Set identical). At my weight, this board is the ideal balance for solid stability for those long paddles to the outer breaks and the ability to surf anything from knee to overhead (2 M). Helpful Service, delivery to Sydney , and flexibility to package options, was also excellent.
A board that stands the test of time!
Posted by Dr Gas on 30th Apr 2016
I've been riding the 8' carbon pro for over a year now. i weigh 80kg. It's my go to board whenever the conditions are a bit better than 2-3 foot slop. (I ride the Bam Bam then). In quad set up the carbon pro handles just about anything up to 6' surf. Highly responsive, fast, light and durable. I will be up grading next year when the 2017 model comes out. Can't fault it except you will need to buy some good shapers fins.
Great board, very responsive!
Posted by Rick on 5th Apr 2016
I am 6' and 96-98 kg and intermediate skill on a good day. Its a bit unstable in choppy conditions but comes alive when on a wave, which is the trade off for riding a smaller board. Turns really well off the fins and if you have enough speed you can really dig the rail in. I can't ride a shortboard due to injury at the moment, but this is as close to riding a shortboard as it gets and it goes better than any mal I've been on! Very happy with the purchase! Now I'm wondering if I could get down to the 8'?
Strong Light well balanced Sup
Posted by Stece on 12th Mar 2016
If you're after a strong, light, responsive performance wave board for a great price I thoroughly recommend the Carbon Vex Profusion Pro . I am 68kg & have the 8'6, & find it quite stable except in the most choppy conditions. It drives nicely off the rail, holds speed through drawn out cutbacks & has excellent hold on steep takeoffs & in the bowl. It has a good quality build but I'm not sure of the long term durability of the matt finish paint job over the epoxy, but it has held up to normal everyday use with no problems at all: 3 months of use sees no dents & only some minor paint scratches where it was washed onto dry reef. A great one board quiver!
Showing reviews 1-10 of 11 | Next


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Per provare i componenti aggiuntivi disponibili in questo sito scarica Mozilla Firefox, un modo veloce e gratuito per navigare sul Web.Chiudi
Benvenuto in Firefox Add-ons.
Scegli tra migliaia di funzionalità aggiuntive e stili per rendere Firefox veramente tuo.Chiudi
AMO rinnova il suo look. Vuoi scoprirlo in anteprima?Chiudi
Recensione di Ken Saunders per File and Folder Shortcuts
Very Cool Add-on! Assegnate 5 su 5 stelle
First of all, thanks for the time and work that you put into your Shortcut Toolbar.
I believe that there was a similar one a long time ago but I guess that it was abandoned.
I use a hack that is very similar to what your extension does. I paste the address (from the Address Bar in Windows) of a local folder that I want to display in Firefox into the location bar and then after Firefox opens that folder/directory I then view that page in IE Tab and bookmark that page and so now I can open files and folders inside of Firefox whenever I want to.
That's a lot of work to do but the main advantage is that I can open and run different files right inside of Firefox. The best example is that I can have Firefox open a .txt file right inside of Firefox by dragging the file to the tab bar. I can also edit that file within Firefox by using the Text Formating Toolbar Composer. Another example is I can open and manipulate and edit photos and graphics by opening the graphic inside of Firefox, then I can use add-ons to edit the graphic.
So with all of that being said, I have a request to have folders open up in Firefox and not just launching the folder in Window.
Also, I'd really like to have the ability to remove the text from beside the icons in your extension and replace the text with tooltips.
In any event, this is a highly desirable add-on.
Thanks and good luck.
Per creare una tua raccolta devi avere un account per Mozilla Add-ons.


text:
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The sun is a near-infinite source of energy and a key part of attaining energy self-reliance in the United States. By increasing our capability to create electrical energy from the sun, we can likewise insulate our country from price variations in global energy markets.
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According to The Solar Foundation, the solar industry included tasks at a rate almost 12 times faster than the total U.S. economy in 2015, representing 1.2 percent of all jobs in the nation. This development is expected to continue. Since solar-related jobs have the tendency to be higher paying and can not be contracted out, they are a significant factor to the United States economy.
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Solar is an excellent way to reduce your carbon footprint. Structures are accountable for 38 percent of all carbon emissions in the U.S., and going solar can substantially reduce that number. A typical property photovoltaic panel system will get rid of three to four tons of carbon emissions each year-- the equivalent of planting over 100 trees every year.
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We have many flexible purchasing agreements for customers who would like to install a new home solar system. There are three different payment options, making them a viable choice for customers of all budgets. The payment options include Lease, PPA, and Purchase.
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What happens when the contract for my lease is finished?
We provide our customers with a few different options for when their lease contract is up. Customers can upgrade their equipment to the newest solar technology available, extend the agreement, or have the panels removed at no cost.
What is the warranty?
The Lease and PPA include a 20-year warranty during the lifetime of the system. This warranty exceeds that of most other solar installers' warranties.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does Solar Air Conditioner Operates?
I Am Planning To Install Solar Air Conditioning In My House. But I Really Don'T Have Any Knowledge On It So Can Ant Body Help Me. Is The Solar Air Conditioning Suitable For House Hold Of Only For Office Use? Any Suggestion Would Be Appreciated.
There several things that are referred to as "solar air conditioning" After all anything we do to the air is "air conditioning" and if it is operated by solar energy it might be considered solar air conditioning.
From ancient times a chimney has been built. As the sun heats the chimney air will travel up the chimney cooler air can be drawn into a house the device is sometimes called a solar chimney. This is sometimes part of a passive solar energy powered home. Other parts of such a home may include earth tubes and thermal mass that will bring night time coolness into daytime temperatures.
Most air conditioners run from electricity. Such units not only cool the air but remove humidity. If the electricity is provided by solar panels then it could be considered "solar air conditioning." As Solar panels naturally output DC electricity some air conditioners are made to operate on DC power and are marketed as solar air conditioners.
Solar thermal panels capture the sun's heat rather than produce electricity. Absorption refrigeration uses different referigents than electric air conditioners. They operate on the same principal as a propane or natural gas powered refridgerator When absorption air conditioners are coupled with thermal solar panels it is known as solar air conditioning.
Green/Environmentalist Jobs For Programmer?
I'M Going To Be Graduating With A Bachelors Degree In Computer Science. In Addition To Really Enjoying Technology, I Feel A Strong Passion For The Environment. What Jobs Can I Apply For That Can Meld The Two?
Some technology companies are really incorporating "green" technology into their offices, data centers, and other facilities. One big one that comes to mind is Google, as they have a whole website solely for the purpose of teaching visitors how they are "green", but there are many smaller technology companies who use green energy as well. You may be able to find a job with one of these companies, not necessarily working in the computer science field, but working as a "green activist" to make the company more environmentally friendly.
You could also explore technology companies who actually build things to support the "green" initiative...I am thinking things like companies that product solar panels, car manufacturers who are currently working on all-electric or hybrid vehicles, companies who are creating technology to conserve water, etc. You may be able to work on the world's newest technology, while doing your own part to support the green initiative in the world.
Who Has Seen T Boone Pickens Energy Plan?
He Says &Quot;I'Ve Been An Oil Man All My Life, But This Is One Emergency We Can'T Drill Our Way Out Of. But If We Create A New Renewable Energy Network, We Can Break Our Addiction To Foreign Oil&Quot;.
People have been driving cars and trucks powered by natural gas for almost 50 years now, yet no one is willing to stand up for this fuel except T. Boone.
Granted that Methane (the primary gas in natural gas) is a bit more hard to contain, but we've been lugging tanks of propane around for decades now in the backs of our wagons and trucks.
The technology is in production. We just need to get real about using it. Honda has a natural gas Civic sedan for sale today. Others have them as options. City fleets including buses run off of it.
And as for solar and wind, ever hear of co-generation? You sell the energy created to industries that are always in need of of electricity and they'll use it for their plants.
People have to stop making excuses and do something now. Anything we can do to end our importation of foreign oil is long overdue.
You may hate the messenger, but T.Boone knows the marketplace. If he makes a profit, more power to him. That's more than what Bush and his supporters have done in 8 years!
Which Energy Source Would Be Best!?
Okay..Final Project....Okay The Question Is..Which Energy Source Would You Prefer In Your Neighborhood:Wind,Nuclear.Or Solar..Be Sure And Think About The Costs,Space,Dangers,And The Like!!.....Okay I Would Pick Wind But I Don'T Know What To Put For All The Other Questions..Help!! Oh And I Live In A Small Town Not Very Big And Its In Texas!So Yeah Please Help!
Solar, it has the least risk and is the least invasive. I have a system on my house now, and you can only see it from the back of the yard.
Please Help Quick Science Question?
How Do They Convert The Solar Energy Into Mechanical Energy In The Solar Car? Please Be Detailed
A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun's energy directly into electrical energy. Solar cars are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises.


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Some of the video clips for tvN's upcoming drama 'Introverted Boss' are any indication, it's gonna be full of some awkward fun!
The drama is about a story of employees who work for the most introverted boss ever, played by Yeon Woo Jin. The company then ends up hiring a brand new employee who is the complete opposite of the boss – a super extrovert (played by Park Hye Soo)! How do these two end up getting involved romantically?
The initial teaser shows Park Hye Soo sweating it out in anticipation for the trademark, K-drama romance scene where the guy leans over to help the girl into her seat belt. However, things don't go exactly the way Park Hye Soo imagines… while In the 2nd teaser below, when Park Hye Soo turns to Yeon Woo Jin and tells him that she's cold, he ends up sending her straight home in a taxi!
'Introverted Boss' premieres January 16!


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James Beeson - GE Capital Americas CISO
About James Beeson:
James has over 26 years of experience in information technology in a variety of leadership roles. He has 15 years of direct experience as an information security leader and is currently the Chief Information Security Officer at GE Capital Americas and the Information Security Divestiture Leader for GE Capital.
James has worked for General Electric over 18 Years and currently has accountability for a GE Capital business that generates over $2 Billion dollars of net income on $100 Billion dollars in assets.
He is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control (CRISC), and also Six Sigma Quality certified.
Rank your top three concerns for 2016:
1) Access Control
2) Insider Threats
3) Application Security
Why/how did you get into InfoSec?
Moved from the CTO (Production & Infrastructure support) position in 2000 because I was given the opportunity to build out an information security program from scratch. At that time, GE did not have a formal program and the CIO asked each of the big business units to collaborate and build out a global program.
What do you see as the top three industry issues for 2016?
1) Shortage of trained security resources
2) Industry consolidation - M&A activity driving a lot of variation in technology and process
3) Lack of focus on product security (Internet of Things)
What technology do you think will be hot for 2016?
1) Software Defined Network
2) Video/Picture analytics software
What advice would you give to security startups?
Small steps (MVP approach). Fail fast and cheap. Focus on SMBs rather than engaging with big companies first. They are in desperate need of your help and won't completely takeover your strategy and approach.
Personal interests:
I keep my security job to support my music career :) I have played drums for about 40 years and currently play in local band called "Bad Habit," which is focused on Blues, Southern and Classic Rock. We play local parties, pubs - that type of venue.


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Palawan, Philippines
Palawan, an island province comprising one main island and thousands of
smaller islets and outcrops, is located between Mindoro in the Philippines
and Borneo in Malaysia. It is an area of extraordinary natural beauty, its
sloping white-sand beaches slipping down into still turquoise waters, and
towering forested cliffs jutting dramatically into the ocean.
The main island is long and narrow, and surrounded by coral and limestone
offshore reefs. With over 1,000 miles of coastline here, you are bound to
find your own little piece of paradise.
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Pam is excited about her summer job at the campground, and she's warmly welcomed by the lovely Emily, her boss for the summer. She also can't take her eyes off the handsome and sexy camp worker Wade, though! In fact, a little later, she ends up masturbating in the shower just thinking of him. When she's almost caught without any clothes on, she hides behind a bunk bed, and oh boy, does she see a sight! Emily is not only taking on Wade, but one more guy, too, in a rough and hot double team sex encounter right in the cabin.
Warning: This audiobook contains very explicit descriptions of sexual activity during a voyeur's peeping on a double team sex encounter. It includes masturbation, deep throat, outdoor sex, summer camp sex, voyeurism, forceful throating, rough sex, and semen swallowing. It is intended for mature listeners who will not be offended by graphic depictions of sex acts between consenting adults.
©2012, 2013 Naughty Daydreams Press (P)2013 Lyrical Lip Service, LLC.
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+91-11-45679615Post Your Requirement
Price Per Person
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Description :
Depart from Reykjavik Domestic Airport for a flight to the Arctic village of Ilulissat, situated at the mouth of the 56 kilometre-long Ilulissat Icefjord—a UNESCO World Heritate Site. If it's a sunny day, you can enjoy the wonderful view over the Greenland ice cap from the plane, and on arrival, you will be transferred to your accommodation.
Spend the next three nights in Ilulissat.
Description :
These next two days are free for your own adventures! You can choose from a wide range of exciting optional excursions, such as helicopter rides over icebergs, motorboat tours to the Eqi glacier with its enormous pieces of calved ice, cultural demonstrations and village walks, whale watching safaris or excursions to the small, remote settlements in the area.
Note: We recommend booking the optional activities in advance through your travel consultant at Nordic Visitor, though you may also book activities at your hotel in Ilulissat during your stay.
Description :
Enjoy another day for optional activities in Ilulissat. For a truly incredible experience we recommend an evening boat tour in the Icefjord, in which you will sail among icebergs as big as office buildings under the rosy glow of the midnight sun. And for hiking enthusiasts, the Sermermiut Valley just a few kilometres from town offers spectacular views from a number of marked trails.
Description :
Today it's time to say goodbye to this majestic land, but you still have time to take a walk around the village or do some last-minute souvenir shopping. On the return flight to Reykjavík in the afternoon, enjoy the stunning views once again over the Ilulissat Icefjord and its surrounding landscapes.
Mehboob Shaikh
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"Afraid of Everyone" - The National
"Afraid of Everyone" starts spooky, slowly and surreptitiously picks up a pulse, then a driving beat, but even as it does remains tight and restrained. This juxtaposition of brisk and deliberate adds layers to the eeriness, just as the fear expressed lyrically broadens from interpersonal to existential: what begins with a reference to today's poisonous political environment ends with Matt Berninger singing, semi-imperceptibly, "Your voice has stolen my soul." Notice (this strikes me as important) that the song itself does not change tempo; what happens is that the band finally--first around 1:10 and then more fully at 1:25--picks up on the song's implicit beat, and literally drives home the frightened and frightening message. Repeated listens give this one a palpably deeper and deeper burn.
Originally from Cincinnati, now in Brooklyn, the National has been steadily building a critical and popular following, as expansively discussed in a recent article in the New York Times. Personally, I've been reserved about them in the past, in part because I didn't give Berninger's portentous but limited (and mumbly) baritone enough time to let the intrigue of the music penetrate. Not sure if I'm in the process of full conversion, but I very much look forward to listening to the new album, High Violet, in its entirety (which you can do this week on NPR.) The album comes out officially next week on 4AD. MP3 via Pitchfork.
Tuesday, May 04, 2010
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