text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 18, 2000
|Filing date
|Dec 30, 1996
|Priority date
|Dec 30, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jeffrey M. Wills
|Original Assignee
|Hyundai Electronics America
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (39), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to communication networks and, in particular, to switches in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network.
In a communication network, units of data must be routed between different points of the network through switches. In ATM networks, traffic streams of mixed types of information are carried according to the concept of "bandwidth on demand." The data units, ATM cells, are transferred in accordance with the varying requirements of each ATM cell. Data units which are time critical are given priority in network routing. Data units which are information critical are given priority against cell loss. This ability to handle video, voice, computer data and other information has led to the wide acceptance of ATM as a prospective network standard.
An ATM network switch must route information reliably with minimum delay and loss, but the wide variation in requirements in ATM networks creates heavy demands upon the ATM switch. In particular, previous designs have placed a buffer at each output port of the ATM switch to store cells arriving faster than the output port can transmit to its output channel. The buffers created operational tolerance to differing demands on the ATM switch to avoid losing cells. A variation of this concept has been to place a storage buffer which is commonly used by all the output ports of the ATM switch.
These different designs have various shortcomings, including complexity, high cost, and impediments to configuration changes. Another shortcoming is that the simple buffering at the output port set a limit on the amount of buffering available to the output port. However, the probability of congestion at an output port is directly related to the number of input ports feeding the output port. As more input ports are added to the ATM switch, the probability of overwhelming an output buffer increases. For the design with a common buffer shared by all the output ports, performance is often not better. If enough data arrives at an output port, a large fraction of the common buffer is occupied by the cells destined for the output port and is unavailable to the other output ports. This can cause problems, particularly in networks with multiple servers.
The present invention solves or substantially mitigates these problems with an ATM switch which has buffering distributed for higher performance and which allows for greater modularization of design.
The present invention provides for an ATM switch for transferring ATM cells from a plurality of input channels to a plurality of output channels. The switch has a plurality of input and output ports, each connected to input and output channels respectively, a switch block connected between each one of the input ports and each one of the output ports, and a backpressure signal circuit. Each input port has an input buffer that holds cells which arrive faster from an input channel than the input port can transmit to the switch block, and each output port has an output buffer holding cells when the cells arrive faster from the switch blocks than the output port can transmit. The switch block conveys the cells from the input ports to the output ports. The backpressure signal circuit sends a signal from a congested output buffer to those input port buffers which have transmitted a cell to the output buffer (during congestion) so that the input port buffers cease transmission. The cells destined for the output buffer are then stored in the input port buffers.
The invention may be better understood by reference to the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a representation of the distributed buffering of an ATM switch according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the general organization of an ATM switch according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the switch fabric of the ATM switch of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the elements of a switch routing element of the switch fabric of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 illustrates the mapping of routing tag fields to switch routing elements in the switch fabric of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6A illustrates the cell path of a unicast connection in the switch fabric for exemplary values in the routing tag field; and
FIG. 6B illustrates the cell path of a multicast connection in the switch fabric for exemplary values in the routing tag field; and
FIG. 7 is a representative diagram of the backpressure control block of the switching routing element of FIG. 5.
The general organization of an ATM switch and its distributed buffering system according to one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. Each input channel is connected through an input port 23 with an input buffer 21 and each output channel is connected through an output port 24 with an output buffer 22. The input buffers 21 and output buffers 22 are connected to a switch block 25 by which incoming ATM cells are routed from an input buffer 21 to the proper output buffer 22 (and output port). Cells enter the ATM switch though one of the input ports 23. If the switch block 25 is not congested, cells are transferred through the switch block 25 to one or more output ports 24. If the output port 24 is not already transmitting a cell, then the arriving cell proceeds directly through the output port 24 to the connected output channel. Otherwise, the cell is held in the output buffer 22 until the output port 24 is ready to transmit the cell to the output channel.
Cells from multiple input ports 23 can converge upon the same destination output port 24 to cause its output buffer 22 to become congested and overflow. A backpressure signal circuit (not shown in this drawing) is operative at this point. If an input buffer 21 transmits a cell to a congested output buffer 22, the backpressure signal circuit sends a halt signal to that input buffer 21 so that port 23 stops sending cells. Cells arriving from the input channel of that port 23 are stored in the input buffer 21 of that port 23. When the congested output buffer 22 empties below a predetermined threshold, i.e., the buffer 22 is no longer congested, the backpressure signal circuit removes the halt signal to the input buffers 21 previously halted to resume transmission to the switch block 25.
With this distributed buffering system, the input buffers 21 can jointly store cells destined for a common output port 24 with a congested output buffer 22. This allows the amount of buffering available for each output port 24 to grow with the number of input ports 22, the source of congestion.
The details of a particular embodiment of an ATM switch according to the present invention are illustrated in FIG. 2. The input ports 23 and output ports 24 are integrated into line interface modules 20, each of which is connected to several input and output channels. While a time-division multiplexed bus could also be used for the switch block 25, a switch fabric 10 having multiple switching elements is considered highly suited for the ATM switch described below.
The ATM cells traveling through an ATM network enter through a line interface module 20, route through the switch fabric 10, and exit to the network through another module 20. The switch also has a controller unit 16 which communicates with the modules 20 and switch fabric 10 through a control bus 15. The controller unit 16 configures and monitors the line interface modules 20 and the switch fabric 10.
The controller unit 16 provides all call access control functions, including call setup, maintenance, and teardown, and processes the information measured by the line interface modules 20 to maintain connection and link statistics for network management. Operationally, signaling and management cells are transmitted to and from the controller unit 16. These cells are received by the unit 16 after they pass through the switch fabric 10 to an output module 20. The signaling and management cells are removed from the output module 20 and sent to the controller unit 16 through the control bus 15. The controller unit 16 transmits signaling and management cells to the network by sending these cells to an input module 20 by the bus 15. The cells are routed through the fabric 10 to an output module 20 and transmitted to the network.
By passing such control information for the controller unit 16 through the switch fabric 10 first before the information reaches the controller unit 16, or before the information generated by the controller unit 16 leaves the switch, multiple controller units 16 can each monitor a fixed number of line interface modules 20 with call control and network management messages passed through a central processor when the switch architecture is expanded to a larger number of ports. This modularity in control and network management design permits for ready expansion of the ATM switch. Control and management processing capacity, i.e., the control units 16, is added with more switching capacity, i.e., the line interface modules 20.
The line interface modules 20 support all the by-line and by-connection functions, the physical layer link termination, translation of ATM cell header information into routing tags for use by the fabric 10, traffic policing, cell rate decoupling, including the insertion and deletion of unassigned cells. Each module 20 also measures cell loss, cells tagged, cells passed and the number of cells dropped for each connection. On the other hand, the switch fabric 10, which routes cells received from a module 20 to one or more modules 20, maintains queue-level statistics on congestion by the measurement of the number of cells during which backpressure (described below) is applied, and the amount of cell loss.
Each line interface module 20 form four input ports 23 and four output ports 24 of the ATM switch, with each input buffer 21 connected to a communication line from which ATM cells are received. Each output buffer 22 of an output port 24 is connected to a communication line to which cells are transmitted.
The large amount of buffering capability of the ATM switch is distributed between the line interface modules 20 operating as an input module and output module, and some buffering in the switch fabric 10. As indicated in FIG. 1, each input buffer 21 has the capacity to hold 7,000 cells and each output buffer 22 has the capacity to hold 2,000 cells for the particular ATM switch described. The buffering minimizes cell loss for bursty traffic, while avoiding delay for time-critical data. The switch drops cells on a per-connection basis, rather than on cell priority level. The sender(s) of the congestion-causing data is penalized, rather than the other users of the ATM switch.
Though much smaller than the input and output buffers, the buffering in the switch fabric 10 allows cells to continue to move through the switch fabric 10 when there is contention between cells for the same output port. The large buffering in the modules 20 operate when there is congestion caused by bursts of cells from different connections headed for the same destination (port).
The switch fabric 10 is detailed in FIG. 3. The fabric 10 is a 16-port buffered Benes interconnection network with 4�4 switch routing elements 11. That is, each switch routing element 11 has 4 input ports and 4 output ports. As shown in FIG. 3, the leftmost column of elements 11 are each connected to the input ports of a line interface module 20. The four output ports of each of these elements 11 are, in turn, connected to input ports of the middle column of elements 11. The output ports of the middle column of elements 11 are connected to the input ports of the rightmost column of switch routing elements 11. The output ports of these elements are connected to the output ports of the line interface modules 20.
An element 11 routes each individual ATM cell from one of its input ports to the proper output port(s) by the bits within the routing tag of the cell header. A fabric control bus 17, which is directly connected to the control bus 15, allows the controller unit 16 to program the elements 11 and to read their status. A fabric base clock (FBCLK) signal sets the rate at which the cells are acted upon by the elements 11 for transfer through the switch fabric 10 from element 11 to element 11. This determines the internal link rate of the fabric 10.
The elements of each switch routing element 11, a fully 4�4 non-blocking element, is shown in FIG. 4. Each element 11 has four sync buffers 12, each connected to an output port of a line interface module 20 or of another switch routing element 11. The sync buffers 12 are connected to switch bus 13, which is in turn connected to four output selection blocks 18. Each output selection block 18 is capable of holding 32 cells, while a sync buffer 12 can hold 2 cells. Hence each switch routing element 11 can hold up to 136 cells at a time. To handle congestion problems, the switch routing element 14 has a backpressure control block 14 which can receive backpressure signals from each one of the output selection blocks 18 and pass on the backpressure signals to each one of the sync buffers 12, as described below. A control interface block 19 handles control and signaling functions for the element 11 through a control port which is connected to the control fabric bus 17.
Cells are clocked into a sync buffer 12 at the rate the cells are transmitted into the element 11. The cells from the four sync buffers 12 are multiplexed through the switch bus 13. The output selection blocks 18 read the routing tags for each cell, and route the cells towards their respective output ports. Each output selection block 18 reads either a multicast routing field (`M` field) or unicast routing field (`S` field) in the cell header. The mapping of switch routing element position to the routing tag field is shown in FIG. 5.
The first stage of the switch routing elements 11 in the switch fabric 10 are all programmed to read the S field. These switch routing elements 11 can use the same routing tag field, as the cells which pass through them all come from different sources. Furthermore, the value of the S field uniquely determines to which second stage switch routing elements 11 the cell will go. The cells are routed to the switching element output as described in the table below.
______________________________________S field value Output Port______________________________________0 01 12 23 3______________________________________
A cell with the value `1` in the S field is routed to port 1 by a switch routing element 11 in the first stage. This cell travels to the switch routing element `21`, regardless of which switch routing element routed the cell in that direction.
The second stage of switch routing elements 11 also use the same field. However, these switch routing elements 11 must be capable of routing the cells to multiple switch routing elements 11 in the third stage so that these switch routing elements are programmed to read an M (or multicast) field in the routing tag, i.e., the field M1 in the routing tag illustrated in FIG. 5.
In an M field, a value of `1` in each individual bit of the field indicates to the output selection block 18 that the cell is destined for its output port. The mapping is as shown below: ##STR1## Thus if a cell with the bit pattern, `1011` in the M1 field, arrives at a switching element 11 in the second stage of the fabric 10, the output selection block 18 for ports `0`, `1`, and `3` copy the cell from the switching bus into the buffer within the output selection block 18. The copies of the cell are eventually transmitted through the output ports `0`, `1` and `3` to the switching elements `30`, `31` and `33` in the third, and last, stage of the switch fabric 10.
The switch routing elements 11 in the third stage of the switch fabric 10 route cells directly to the outputs of the switch fabric 10 itself. For multicasting capability, these switching elements 11 are programmed to use the `M` (multicast) fields in the routing tags of the cell headers. Furthermore, it is desirable to be able to route only the cells to any combinations of the output ports. Since each of the last stage switching elements 11 are only connected to four of the switch fabric output ports, each of the third stage switching elements 11 must have a distinct `M` field in the routing stage. Thus the switching elements `30`, `31` `32`, and `33` are programmed to read fields `M2`, `M3`, `M4`, and `M5`, respectively. The operation of these fields is exactly the same as for the `M1` field.
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate the routing path through the switch fabric 10 for a unicast connection, and for a multicast connection, respectively, for exemplary routing tags. The darkened lines between the switch routing elements 11 of the various stages illustrate the routing of the cell.
Cells are lost in transmission if the destination buffer of the cells has overfilled so that it can no longer store more cells. To lessen these occurrences, the buffers in the ATM switch cooperate through a backpressure signal circuit. A backpressure signal, an Overfill signal, is applied by a destination buffer to any source, either a line interface module 20 or a switch routing element 11 which attempts to send a cell to the buffer which has become congested, i.e., filled past a predetermined threshold. FIG. 7 is a representative diagram illustrating the path of an incoming cell from an input channel to an input buffer 23, through the three stages of switch routing elements 11 in the switch fabric 10, and an output buffer 24 connected to an output channel. Parallel to the data connections for transferring cells through the ATM switch, there is a backpressure signal connection for each buffer to send an Overfill signal back to a cell source.
Each output buffer 24 can issue an Overfill signal to the four connected switch routing elements 11 in the third stage of the switch fabric 10. Each of the third stage elements 11 can issue an Overfill signal to the four connected switch routing elements 11 in the second stage, while each second stage element 11 can issue an Overfill signal to the four connected switch routing elements 11 in the first stage. Each first stage element 11 can issue an Overfill signal to the output buffers 23 of the four connected input ports 23. The Overfill signal is directed by the congested destination buffer to the particular source which sent the cell. The Overfill signal disables off the transmission capability of the source; transmission can resume when the destination buffer has transmitted its congested cells and enables the transmission capability of the disabled sources.
In the switch routing elements 11 of the switch fabric 10, the output selection block 18 sends an Overfill signal to the backpressure control block 14 if its buffer of the block 18 fills beyond a threshold. Upon receiving the backpressure signal, the backpressure control block 14 routes the signal to one (or more) sync buffers 12 which attempt to send cells to the congested output selection block 18. The cell is not read from the sync buffer 12 and the cells in the sync buffer 12 remains there until the next time that input port is selected. The status of the buffer of the output selection block 18 is checked again. The process is repeated until the buffer has room for the cell.
Note that while the backpressure signal circuit pressure circuit couples the buffers 22 of the output ports 24 to the buffers 21 of the input ports 23 through the switching fabric 10, one can appreciate a backpressure signal circuit which couples the buffers 22 and 24 directly. This is true when the switch block 25 between the buffers 22 and 24 have no buffering capability, such as a time-division multiplexed bus. Of course, time delays in the travel of a cell between an input buffer 22 and an output buffer 24 are accounted for by the backpressure signal circuit by setting the threshold below the normal rate.
In most applications the ATM switch is effectively output-queued in that if the instantaneous bandwidth of multiple connections en route to the same output port exceeds the output line rate, the output buffer 22 of the line interface module 20 begins to fill. When that buffer 22 has filled, a backpressure signal is sent to the previous switch element 11 in the switch fabric 10. The switching elements 11 propagate the backpressure signal back towards the source if their buffers fill up. Finally, the input buffer 21 of the module 20 receives a backpressure signal so that it begins to fill. The current sizing of the buffers 21 and 22 enables the switch to handle bursts of data up to 5 milliseconds (at 622 Mbps), which is very useful in carrying data traffic between file servers and clients, or between nodes in a distributed computing environment.
While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used. It should be evident that the present invention is equally applicable by making appropriate modifications to the embodiments described above. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 19, 1997
Owner name: HYUNDAI ELECTRONICS AMERICA, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WILLS, JEFFREY M.;REEL/FRAME:008569/0628
Effective date: 19970506
|Sep 29, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 29, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 18, 2008
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 10, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20080418


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15.02 Frequently Asked Questions
What is this all about then?
The 15.02 release of Pulse brings an all-new look and feel that delivers improvements in consistency and usability across a range of devices. The general layout remains the same, with a top menu area, left tool bar with scoreboards, and central work area. However, some items have moved and a lot of work has gone into creating a consistent experience so that you know exactly how to use a page, even if you have never seen it before.
A project of this size has to be done in stages, and we are not done yet. However, the fundamentals are in place and you will continue to see improvements rolling out across all interfaces in the coming weeks and months.
This document serves to introduce you to the most important changes and give you an idea of where we are headed with this project.
What are the general changes I should know about?
Buttons and other controls have colours that relate to their functions. Green is save, blue is do or go to, red is an error or something to be careful with (think void or delete).
Input groups that save space and introduce a modern look replace buttons relating to text boxes.
Help, how do I
Click the logout icon in the top menu bar.
Access the most recently viewed client?
We have moved the current client link to the Recently Viewed left toolbar scoreboard.
Navigate the client menu?
The client menu no longer has a multi-level structure. Simply click the relevant tab, and choose the item you need.
Scroll the front page dashlets horizontally?
Front page dashlets automatically grow to the size of their contents. This can mean that the horizontal scroll bar is not visible, so we have created a Pulse scroller that is always visible when required on the front page.
Collapse the left toolbar?
Click the chevron in the top menu bar.
Edit responses?
Responses now load in a read-only format in order to display more above the fold. If you have security clearance to edit responses, click the Edit icon to enable editing.
Searching for something?
We have moved all the searches to the top menu bar where you are used to seeing the client search. Searching for clients remains the same.
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On September 9 Prince Carl Philip and Princess Sofia of Sweden christened their son, Prince Alexander, in a ceremony filled with all the pomp and circumstance we've come to expect from an event marking a royal milestone.
At a time when it often feels like we are more and more being split up into 'us' and 'them', King Harald of Norway is being hailed for a speech that highlights our commonalities and embraces persity and acceptance.
Buccaneer. Troubadour. Beatnik cowboy. The words that have been used to describe Johnny Depp through the decades make him sound less like an actor and more like a rogue character from a children's book. They also go a long way to explaining the strange mythology that surrounds Depp, who has become one of Hollywood's most bankable and highest paid stars, all while maintaining the persona of an unruly misfit.
Orlando Bloom has become the latest high-profile figure to be placed at the centre of privacy debate after nude photographs of him were published by tabloids and shared across social media.
His name is – now officially – Michael Caine.


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|Reviews for Like Moth to a Flame
| Le.chaton.d'amitie chapter 13 . 11/16/2015
I hope you update this, it is great so far. I am not sure who I want Rose to end up with, but I am definitely leaning towards Adrian. Dimitri was just a jerk to her, but at least he is being nicer.
| russia2774 chapter 13 . 3/31/2014
Keep going great so far
| me chapter 7 . 11/22/2013
come on really? your going to make rose attracted to him this soon...dimitri is the asshole in this story so he should suffer for awhile and not just a fucking chapter...she shouldn't like him at all for at least five chapters...and please tell me why rose would think that he is different then other morio playboys you said that and it makes no sense to me since you have not shown us any different! Hes a whore and a asshole that's all you've shown us so don't be fucking contradicting..shit do you not proof read this bullshit
| me chapter 6 . 11/22/2013
god why make him a whore I just don't get it...no self respecting woman would date a man whore plain and fucking simple...why are you doing this to poor rose? the only thing that made me like dimitris character in the books was that he was a stand up guy...now you;ve ruined him and hes not attractive to me anymore
| me chapter 4 . 11/22/2013
why does he have to be a whore? I mean why cant he just be normal...I mean sleeping with people is fine by whats with the new whore every night bullshit...no man whore deserves rose...plain and fucking simple
| bboops17 chapter 15 . 4/28/2013
poor andra i do feel for him rally i do why did rose run next chap please
| bboops17 chapter 13 . 4/28/2013
wow rose is late as all way love it
| bboops17 chapter 12 . 4/28/2013
wow adrian and dimitri r sariously having this covo it so sad next chap please
| bboops17 chapter 10 . 4/28/2013
wow i lve this chap
| Victoria Marie Dragomir chapter 15 . 4/28/2013
Please update soon!
| RozaRocks chapter 15 . 4/28/2013
Oh wow things are really getting interesting. Everyone wants someone else.
Rose deserves to be happy. Tatiana has to right to interfere! Great chapter :)
| bboops17 chapter 14 . 3/30/2013
is this the last chap if not next chap please
| teresa.like2 chapter 14 . 3/16/2013
Please keep writing
| shadow-kissed angel chapter 14 . 1/23/2013
awww well GREAT STORY! CANT WAIT FOR THE NEXT CHAPTER!
| abster983 chapter 14 . 1/23/2013
im kinda confused i thought rise was human first but now shes a dhampir? also good chapter update soon


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Don't some of these spammers that come on here remind you of the same ones that call your home trying to sell some service or such?
I have not gotten any telemarketing called but I cannot wait until I do because I will do the same thing to random people that call me. They ask if it is bob and I "forget to correct them" and troll them because it is funny.


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H.S. Softball:
Division II State Semi-Final at Firestone Park:
John Glenn (27-4) 4 Poland Seminary (30-1) 5
WP: Erin Gabriel- 7IP, 4H, 4R, 9K
Jenna Shingary (JG) 2B, RBI
Trisha Klass (JG) 2B, RBI
Rachel Townsend (JG) RBI
Lindsay Buchanan (JG) RBI
Grennville (30-4) 4 Lakewood (28-5) 5
WP: Alyssa Patznick- 7IP, 6H, 4R, 4K
Caitlin Houk (Lake) 2B, RBI
Chelsea Brewer (Lake) 3B, RBI
Patznick (Lake) 2B, RBI
Courtney Kidwell (Lake) RBI
-Lakewood advances to third staright State Final Saturday June 5 at 10 am at Firestone Park
H.S. Baseball:
Newark Catholic (15-19) 1 Columbiana (22-11) 0
WP: JImmy Lough- 7IP, 5H, 0R, 4K
Derek Adam (NC) 2B
-Newark Catholic advances to the State Final, Saturday June 5 at 10 am at Huntington Park


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Window Part, spring inside
A contractor from northern virginia says:
August 14, 2015
Hello, I am a contractor in Northern Virginia. I have heard good things about your company. The part I have attached is a spring loaded part that pulls to release the window. There is one on each side of window that must be pulled in together before window can come up. The part in pic is broken, the hook thing actually comes all the way around to make a full loop. and the piece on the other side that hooks into the dide of window is broken off too. I need 4 or 5 of these. Thanks again.
Tom from SWISCO responded:
August 17, 2015
Hello, Charles! Hopefully my service will live up to our reputation. I will try my best to help you.
Now, this tilt latch looks a lot like our 26-333. The general shape appears to be the same, as do the installation tabs. Check it out and let me know what you think. They are sold in pairs.


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UNIVERSAL CITY >> Supporters of U.S. veterans have gone over the edge to get them affordable homes.
Habitat for Humanity of San Fernando/Santa Clarita Valleys on Friday launched a two-day fundraiser to build homes for vets by asking residents to rappel 25 stories off the Hilton Los Angeles/Universal City hotel.
"We're raising a house for our veterans," said Habitat CEO Donna Deutchman, craning her neck as two LAPD SWAT officers led the way by lowering themselves on ropes outside the Universal City building. "We're going over the edge to show our support for our men and women who serve, who put their lives on the line for us.
"Our goal is to raise $100,000 to build affordable homes for veterans."
Two years ago, the Woodland Hills-based nonprofit built a dozen homes in Sylmar for veterans. Last summer, it opened the first of 78 homes for vets in Santa Clarita. Next year, it expects to break ground for 50 more veterans' homes in Palmdale.
• RELATED PHOTOS: Veteran supporters rappel off Hilton hotel to raise affordable housing funds
The homes, financed by the California Department of Veteran Affairs and private donors, are the first Habitat for Humanity housing in the nation built by and for U.S. veterans.
The so-called Enriched Neighborhoods, supported by social services furnished by Homes for Families of Woodland Hills, now serve as a national model for affordable housing and social services. Funds raised by rappelling donations Friday and Saturday will help complete the 78-home development in Santa Clarita.
The homes cost $286,000, for which each veteran will pay a third of his or her income. The average mortgage is $1,560 a month.
Nearly two dozen residents have paid as much as a $1,000 apiece to rappel off the Hilton to help complete the $22.3 million development, which include classes on budgeting, managing credit and home repair for returning vets. For more information, go to www.humanityca.org.
•RELATED STORY: Santa Clarita hails first affordable Habitat for Humanity housing for veterans
"People, this is a spectacular feat of derring-do," said actor and comedian Gary Anthony Williams, broadcasting from a booth by the hotel swimming pool, just after a Los Angeles Police Department helicopter flyover.
"I won't do that," said Hunt Braly, a land-use attorney who serves on the Habitat for Humanity board, watching the bodies emerging over the edge of the flat-topped Hilton. "I'd just be scared to death."
Step by step, a lone Lily Knight grasped a pair of double ropes as she used a braking system to walk backwards down 25 floors — outside the silver and glass windows of rooms inhabited by hotel guests. The descent took her less than five minutes.
"The first step is a little difficult, if you've never done it," said Knight, 52, of Lancaster, a nurse in the Neonatal ICU at Antelope Valley Hospital, who is married to Rep. Steve Knight, R-Lancaster. "They keep telling me, 'Let go.'
"It was the fear of not knowing how to control the rope."
But oh, the view, she said. She could see the entire west San Fernando Valley reflected in the hotel windows in front of her.
Eric Eberth, a former U.S. Army helicopter pilot who suffered a traumatic brain injury while serving in Iraq, rappelled down the Hilton in a suit vest, dress shirt, slacks and tie, his black oxfords tapping along each hotel window.
"Just the traction I needed," said Eberth, a financial advisor for Drexel Hamilton, afterward. "I was waiting for someone to knock on the window, but they never did."


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| Recently found by viaLibri....
A treatise of the divine promises; in five books.
Leigh summarizes his study of God's promises this way: "a general description of their nature, kindes, excellency, right use, properties, and the persons to whom they belong," and the "declaration of the covenant it self [sic], the bundle and body of all the promises, and the special promises likewise, which concern a mans [sic] self or others, both temporal, spiritual, and eternal."This third edition is typographically complex in ye good 17th-century style, with a title-page printed in red and black and liberal variation of type-ornament borders, multiple fonts, and decorative initials; the pages are ruled into multiple divisions for presentation of text and various sorts/levels of notes, with the printer occasionally breaking "form" to enhance compactness or clarity. Braces and brackets appear generously, with these tricky-to-set devices being most strikingly deployed in full-page diagrammatic "Tables" of contents, one at the start of each of the five books and the one of the third being actually a => large fold-out. The first edition appeared in 1633 with two more in 1641. Those three and this 1650 are uncommon in commerce with only three of this apparently held in U.S. libraries (Boston Athenaeum, University of Illinois, and Princeton Theological).Leigh (1602-71), a decided puritan, was described by one contemporary as "a man of fiery disposition" and by another as "a cunning man"; in addition to his religious duties he found time and inclination for politics and was elected to Parliament. Provenance: Tim Hide(?), 18th century, has signed the top margin of the title-page; George B. Engle Junior notes on a fly leaf that he bought the book in Boston, MA, March 1881. Later at the Pacific School of Religion (properly released).
[Bookseller: PRB&M/SessaBks (Philadelphia Rare Books ]
Last Found On: 2016-11-30 Check availability: Direct From Bookseller
Home Wants Manager Library Search 561 Years Links Contact Search Help Terms of Service
Copyright © 2017 viaLibri Limited. All rights reserved.


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In this eighth and final volume in his Pulitzer Prizewinning Children of Crisis series, Coles examines the religious and spiritual lives of children. By using children's own words and pictures, Coles presents their deepest feelings.
With his Children of Crisis series, begun nearly 30 years ago, and later studies about children's moral and political lives, Coles, child psychiatrist, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer and Harvard professor, has taught a generation of adults how to listen to--and learn from--children. In this final volume of his work with children, Coles again relies on psychoanalytic observation, unintrusive questioning and meetings stretching over months and years, as he interviews, among others, Hopi children in the Southwest, Catholic, Protestant and Jewish children in the Boston area, Pakistani children in London and Christian children in Tennessee about what God means to them and how God fits in their lives. Often adding to their words with drawings (16 are reproduced here), the children, most around the age of 10, respond with fervency and depth that confirm Coles's close, respectful attention. There are no answers on these pages; only the children, vividly, eloquently present; Coles himself, who, declaring his own secular inclinations, fills out their responses, along with his to them; and the conclusion that intense considerations about the purpose of life and the nature of God occupy all of us, at every age--perhaps never so directly than as children. Author tour. (Dec.)


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Company History
Felix Storch, Inc. was founded in 1969 and has been a leading supplier of compact, specialty, commercial, and medical refrigerators and freezers ever since. In their first year, they trademarked the SUMMIT brand name to guarantee quality at the highest level. Their products now include a wide range of major appliances sold both nationally and internationally. They proudly deliver to the Northeastern United States using their own SUMMIT trucks. Despite their expansion, they remain a private, family-owned business with no outside investors.
SUMMIT PROFESSIONAL SPW1103 is a slim-fitting washer, fully featured for high performance cleaning and perfectly sized for easy placement.
This front-loading unit saves on energy use and water consumption with advanced UseLogic technology that automatically adjusts to fabric type and load size. Multiple wash and spin cycles provide optimal rinsing for proper cleaning with less projected dry time. The stainless steel tub is specially textured to ensure perfect spin with gentle care for years of quality use.
At just 24" wide, the SPW1103 fits easily in tight spaces and can be matched side-by-side or as a solid stack with the SPDE1113 compact dryer. The wide door opening (33 cm in diameter) makes loading and unloading simple, with the door swing capable of opening to a full 180°. Four adjustable feet are includes for easy leveling.
With its thoughtful design and smart price, the SPW1103 is the ideal choice for compact and high quality laundry in a low noise washing machine. Also available with a 32" ADA compliant height (see the SPW1103ADA).


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Written on: 21/07/2012
I absalutly love it because it is sad in a way but happy in a way. i like it when natasha comes to the school and sings on stage with lisa i could just imagane them singing it on stage, i kept on reading the song over and over again it is so cool.i didnt like it when holly tied gregs laces upClick here to check out all the books available on Amazon
Written on: 10/04/2013
so do i and if you want me to read agian because i read it 2 years ago i will.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Amazing book! I read it from cover to cover in just 2 days I could ... " Read More
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High Definition VGA Cable (Xbox 360)
Shipping Destinations for this item
Sorry, this product is currently unavailable.
•High-definition connection for TVs and monitors with VGA inputs
•DV-15S Standard VGA Connector
•Video outputs settings of 480p or 720p
•Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound output
•8-foot long shielded cable
For more information and our Delivery Policy see here.
For more information and our Returns Policy see here.


text:
McAfee DLP Endpoint
McAfee DLP Endpoint delivers unrivaled protection against theft and accidental disclosure of confidential data. This protection works across networks, through applications, and through removable storage devices.
Data transfer methodology — DLP Endpoint controls how you transfer data over the network, use it in applications, and copy it to removable storage devices.
Data protection regardless of format — Protect data in any format, even if it's modified, copied, pasted, compressed, or encrypted.
Info updated on:


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In a few days the United Progressive Alliance government in India will face a vote of confidence in parliament. Therefore, the support of each member of parliament has become crucial.
No one knows yet who will get the support of Mamata Banerjee, the lone MP of the Trinamool Congress party. Her declared stance is to keep equal distance from both Congress and BJP. She feels that the current break-up between Congress and the Left parties is temporary. They will again make up after next elections.
Gautam Gupta has the details.


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The World Leaders are coming to Fortress Toronto for the G20 Summit this weekend.
With security costing a BILLION DOLLARS, this should be the most secure area on the planet!
Various protesters and activists have vowed to disrupt the event, I'm glad I live at least 40 miles from the epicenter
Should be fun.


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Co-teaching : Necessary Components to Make it Work. Kimberly McDuffie Landrum, Ph.D. Academic and Behavior Response to Intervention (ABRI) University of Louisville [email protected] Objectives. Define co-teaching Discuss the barriers and benefits of co-teaching
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Kimberly McDuffie Landrum, Ph.D.
Academic and Behavior Response to Intervention (ABRI)
University of Louisville
"An educational approach in which two teachers work in a coactive and coordinated fashion to jointly teach academically and behaviorally heterogeneous groups of students in an integrated setting"
(Bauwens, Hourcade, & Friend, 1989, p. 18)
"Co-teaching occurs when two or more professionals jointly deliver substantive instruction to a diverse, or blended, group of students in a single physical space"
(Cook & Friend, 1995, p.1)
"Co-teaching is when two or more educators co-plan, co-instruct, and co-assess a group of students with diverse needs in the same general education classroom"
(Murawski, 2003, p. 10)
Co-teaching must include two educators
GE- specializes in understanding, structuring, & pacing the curriculum.
SE- specializes in identifying unique learning needs and enhancing the curriculum and instruction to meet the special needs of individual students.
Substantive instruction must be delivered where both professionals are actively involved in the instruction of the students.
Class consists of diverse students, which must include students with disabilities.
However, not all students with disabilities should
receive services through co-teaching
Co-teaching occurs primarily in a single classroom.
Co-teachers should always co-plan, co-instruct, co-assess, and co-manage students.
Source: Special Connections; http://www.specialconnections.ku.edu
Benefits for Students
Increased Individual Attention (Zigmond & Matta, 2004)
Reduced Negative Behaviors (Dieker, 2001)
Improved Self Esteem and Social Skills (Walther-Thomas, 1997)
Benefits for Teachers
Increased Professional Development (Weiss & Brigham, 2000)
Shared Accountability and Responsibility (Friend & Cook, 2007)
Reduced Burnout and Improved Morale (Weiss & Brigham, 2000)
Increased use of Instructional Strategies (Murawski & Dieker, 2004)
Lack of Training
Limited Resources
Scheduling issues
Lack of joint planning time
Differences in philosophies
Differences in personalities
Lack of administrative support
Unclear roles of general and special education teachers
(e.g., Dieker & Murawski, 2003; Mastropieri et al., 2005; McDuffie, 2010)
Administrative Support
Class roles
Common planning time
Keeping both teachers in the classroom
Professional development
Purposeful matching of co-teachers (similar philosophies)
Common Planning Time
Sacred time
Use time wisely
Differentiation of instruction
Use of effective instructional strategies
Establishing roles
Avoiding the paraprofessional trap
Class Management
Share pet peeves
Co-create rules and procedures
Create a joint classroom (both names of the door/board)
Desk/Space for each teacher
Both teachers should play an active role in classroom management
Effective Communication
Discuss expectations
SHARE Worksheet (available at http://teachingld.net/pdf/teaching_how-tos/murawski_36-5.pdf
Address conflicts immediately
Similar Philosophies
Willing to negotiate
Varying the types of Co-teaching
Driven by the lesson and accommodations
Voluntary Participation
To co-teach
Your Co-teacher
Time to discuss all of these things prior to school starting!
Murawski & Dieker (2004)


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Daily briefs of the top news stories impacting Christians around the world.
In today's edition:
- Chinese Man Re-Arrested for Publishing Bibles, Literature
- Zimbabwe Church Leaders Say People are being Tortured
- Evangelicals Give Mixed Reactions to Pope's Visit
- Situation Deteriorating for Iraqi Christians
Chinese Man Re-Arrested for Publishing Bibles, Literature
Baptist Press reports that Shi Weihan, a Chinese bookstore owner in Beijing, has been rearrested for publishing Bibles and Christian literature during a time when a shortage of such materials has been reported in China. Shi, a 37-year-old father of two daughters, was taken into custody for a second time March 19 and has been held without family visits, China Aid Association said in a news release April 22. "His wife said she received no word on her husband's condition, and she has been prevented from bringing any food or change of clothing since his rearrest," Daniel Burton, a spokesman for China Aid, told Baptist Press. "She is very concerned about his health due to his diabetes and the deprivation and torture that's often used by Public Security Bureau officials on the arrested." Burton said Shi's second arrest was unexpected. "It comes as a big surprise to us because he was released on insufficient evidence back in January," Burton said.
Zimbabwe Church Leaders Say People are being Tortured
According to the Associated Press, on Tuesday, church leaders in Zimbabwe said people were being tortured, abducted and murdered in a campaign of retribution against opposition supporters following the March 29 election, and urged international intervention. The U.S. State Department has asked the Chinese government not to make further weapons shipments to Zimbabwe until the postelection crisis is resolved.
Evangelicals Give Mixed Reactions to Pope's Visit
The Christian Post reports that evangelical leaders expressed mixed reactions to Pope Benedict XVI's first U.S. visit, which ranged from underscoring similar values to highlighting the divide between Catholics and Protestants. The Rev. Richard Cizik, vice president for governmental affairs of the National Association of Evangelicals, drew attention to similarities between the pope's view on environmentalism and embryonic stem cell research and the view of some within the evangelical community. On the other hand, prominent theologian Dr. R. Albert Mohler, Jr., president of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, reminded people that the pope is a staunch defender of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and that it is not likely that evangelical Christians and the Catholic Church will bridge differences.
Situation Deteriorating for Iraqi Christians
OneNewsNow reports that Christian Solidarity International is calling on government leaders to address ever-increasing religious persecution in Iraq. During the recent Caucus on Religious Minorities in the Middle East, members examined ways the war in Iraq has affected religious minorities. CSI's Dr. Keith Roderick says since the war in Iraq began, more than 40 percent of Christians have fled the country as they have been targeted by militants: "Just last week, an Orthodox priest was murdered. At least 40 churches have been bombed, and there have been dozens of clergy and nuns who have been either kidnapped or murdered; they've been targeted. It's not a matter of being a result of random criminality, but in fact they're targeted for their faith." Roderick hopes the caucus will lead to plans to ease Christian persecution in Iraq.


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Led by Susan Urquhart-Brown, RScP and Christopher Brown, RScP
Susan Urquhart-Brown, yoga and meditation teacher and founder of Anjori Yoga Studio has practised meditation for 25 years and yoga
for 10 years. Her nurturing style combines mindfulness, breath awareness, Hatha yoga, restorative poses and meditation to help bring presence to all aspects of her students' lives.
Christopher is a spiritual teacher who has been on a journey of awakening for 30 years. He is passionate about individual transformation and facilitating others in their awakening process.
The Power of Presence retreats and workshops offer guided inquiry to rediscover the awe and wonder of Life. We practice mindfulness, kindness, and generosity in a space that is open-hearted and playful to foster connection with others. Our retreats are a rare
opportunity to see the extraordinary in the ordinary, explore what is alive and present in every moment, connect deeply with the most tender part of our inner nature and to create community.
Power of Presence Retreat to The Sacred Valley and Machu Picchu
September 9-19, 2017
Early Bird Special until January 15: $2255 ($300 off full price)
This retreat offers a rare opportunity to commune in the pristine stillness of the Andean mountains, and the ancient Incan Ruins including magnificent Machu Picchu. It is the perfect environment to unplug, relax and explore the cherished beliefs and ideas about yourself, others and the world.
In a beautiful mountain yoga retreat center surrounded by hiking trials and a waterfall, enjoy meditation, yoga, mindfulness inquiry workshops, interactive sharing, and fabulous organic food daily as well as the two day trip visiting Incan ruins, and arriving at Machu Picchu before sunrise.
"The Sacred Valley and Machu Picchu is one of those rare places that exceed your expectations!'--Peter V.
For information and to register click here:
Sacred Valley of Peru and Machu Picchu
Our Last 9-Day Retreat, March 2014
"Mystics Journey" Retreat - discovering your true nature surrounded by the tranquil, beautiful, exotic setting of Lake Atitlan, Guatemala
16 of us took a vacation from our minds. inquiring within to discover our true nature and inner wisdom. A gentle, kind, creative, quiet, loving and playful journey in the Now!
Retreat Feedback
"I loved it! It was well organized and had a nice balance between all the activities: sightseeing, yoga, meditation, spiritual exploration and time for socializing. The spiritual work was truly transformative thanks to Chrisopher and Susan's expert and loving guidance. It was a joy to get to know this group of people, dedicated to a spiritual journey like mine. I will be forever grateful to Susan and Christopher for this wonderful experience."
-- Sylvia Hughes, "Mystics Journey,"
Lake Atitlan, Guatemala 2014
"Thank you for the amazing experience at the Power of Presence Retreat in Tulum! I am still riding a wave of joy, peace and gratitude. I find myself walking throughout my day a bit taller, lighter, quieter and closer to myself."
-- Pam, Power of Presence Retreat,
Tulum, Mexico 2013
"The 2012 Power of Presence Retreat to Costa Rica was delightful on many levels. The location was superb, the food amazing, and I will always treasure the relationships that developed. What I learned from Christopher and Susan will remain with me, a part of my daily life."
-- Carol Bade, Power of Presence Retreat,
Costa Rica 2012
"The retreat was a perfect container for a relaxed inner experience, a special opportunity to practice deeper awareness of each "now" moment with a group of like-minded people. We meditated together, did yoga and shared our journey for a week. It was an unforgettable experience. It is now easier for me to simply let my thoughts and feelings out and I am grateful for that freedom."
-- Jim Burneo, Power of Presence Retreat,
Costa Rica 2012


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Joaquin Supports Non-Violence (Off the Big Screen)
Joaquin Supports Non-Violence (Off the Big Screen)
Yesterday, Joaquin attended a press conference to reintroduce the Department of Peace and Nonviolence Bill. Joaquin may be a staunch activist in his free time, but his film choices don't always reflect his peace-loving beliefs. That is, unless his next film, We Own The Night, co-starring Mark Wahlberg about the Mob in NY is somehow violence-free. For some reason we're thinking that's not the case.
For more pics, including an almost unrecognizable Amy Smart, just
Also pictured are Frances Fisher and Jimmy DeMers.
0previous images
-21more images


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Only a few links for today, have been super busy and also playing around with the idea of turning Friday Links into FASHION FRIDAY – let me know what you think and have a good weekend!
Image taken from awesome fashion designer Femke Agema. Check. Out. Her. Site.
OMG! We were chosen as At Home Magazine's top wedding blogs!
One of my new favourite blogs – hello chic LBD and flowery shoulder pad shirts
Wish I lived in Paris so I could go to this exhibition! Top 10 Dreamlands at the Pompidou Centre
This wedding is absolutely beautiful.
This fashion illustrator is FAB.
IKEA wedding? What?!
Love these photos!
Liking Snippet & Ink's new look and this wedding. A lot.
A very pretty palette.
Great Rock N Roll Engagement Sesh.


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An early policeman, sometimes called a Peeler or BobbyImage from Punch, 1845, courtesy of the Harold B. Lee Library on Flickr NKCR
The first General Force Register listing all the officers is in the Essex Record Office 'ERO' under reference J/P 2/1. It covers the period 1840-1881.
Images of the records are available online, but until now the records have not been indexed by name as the records are arranged by rank and collar number. Now History House has indexed them by name with their place of birth and linked them to the image of their individual record at the ERO. There are over 2000 names on the Register. Some names are repeated as they were promoted through the ranks.
Each record gives name, age, date of joining, height, where born, previous trade, marital status and date and reason for leaving the force.
Some records give health details, grading of their conduct, and disciplinary reasons for discharge. Examples include: having got drunk first night on patrol and again next morning (after one days service!); want of bodily strength; leaving his guard in company with a prostitute; drinking on duty; refusing to transfer; and one was discharged because he was conncted with a religious group called the Memonites.
The turnover of staff was quite high in the early years as the force seemed to struggle to find suitable recruits. Many of them were former soldiers born in Scotland and Ireland. This large turnover means that many fall between between census dates and you may be unaware that your ancestor was even in the police force. So it is worth checking the list.
As from 21 January 2016 the Essex Record have changed their system, they now require registration and login to view these records. I suggest that you go through this process first to have their cookie in your browser before clicking on these links. Otherwise they will not work.
For further information on the early years of the force, other resources to research your Essex police ancestors and for records covering 1881 - 1910 see our article Essex Police Records
Alphabetical list of officers' surnames and places of birth 1840-1881.
Essex Standard Newspaper
Newspaper archives are now a very important source of information for researching your family tree.
Try our example search to help you discover if your ancestors are in the British Newspaper Archive.
Help me find my ancestors
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Ebay is a good source of old images of Essex towns and villages. If you're looking for pictures to add to your family tree album, then try one of the auctions, or there are several 'Buy It Now' shops offering postcards which have been touched up and improved - so if you're unsure about bidding, try these. Link already formatted for Essex Postcards. Browse through or type the name of the location in the Ebay search box.


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Survey of London: Volume 21, the Parish of St Pancras Part 3: Tottenham Court Road and Neighbourhood
18461852, Rev. Thomas J. Judkin, (see also No. 49). 18541868, Rev. James ... No. 12 Endsleigh Gardens.) 18531871, Rev. Thomas J. Judkin, (see alsoView result
James 1 - volume 80: April 1615
Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1611-18
of the Arches' Court, in the case of and Burde v. Wm. Judkin, of Everdon, ... Burdes, except in the Ecclesiastical Courts, and citing Judkin to appearView result
Middlesex, St Giles in the Fields, Cock and Pye fields, [White Lion Street] from the Greyhound Tavern
Four Shillings in the Pound Aid 1693/4: the City of London, the City of Westminster, Middlesex
Judkin, John 1.40 7.00 0.00 0.00 Hayes, - (Mr) 0.80 4.00 0.00 0.00 Gason,View result
America and West Indies: December 1656
Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 1, 1574-1660
Barlett. " " " Abigail, widow of Jonat. Judkin, soldier. " " " Katherine,View result
Somers Town
Survey of London: Volume 24, the Parish of St Pancras Part 4: King's Cross Neighbourhood
in 1878. The church was known in its early days as "Mr. Judkin's Chapel." Mr. ... 1828 Thomas James Judkin 1868 Thomas Stevenson 1887 Robert Charles LewinView result
House of Lords Journal Volume 10: 28 September 1648
Journal of the House of Lords: Volume 10, 1648-1649
out of Holland. Judkin, E. of Stamford's Servant, D°. Ordered, That Mr. Edward Judkin, Servant to the Earl of Stamford, shall have a Pass, to goView result
America and West Indies: September 1738
Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 44, 1738
Thomas Smith, Stephen Judkin, Nathaniel Bascome, speaker, John Harvey, ... (of the assembly) Robert Hutcheson, Stephen Judkin, Benjamin Harvey.View result
Cubitt Town: The inland area
Survey of London: Volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs
Company produced a plan to set out Judkin, Roffey and Muggeridge Streets ... were built in Judkin Street, and Muggeridge, Roffey and Aste Streets ... 57 the groups in Chipka and Judkin Streets 58...View result
Declared Accounts: Stamp Duties
Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 31, 1717
0 0 Ezekiel Johnson, James Baldwyn and Peter Judkin 10 0 0 John Mowbray,View result
Euston Road and Hampstead Road
Old and New London: Volume 5
Judkin's Chapel." Whilst here he would ramble, in childish sport and fun,View result


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Valentine's day is only a week away and it's time to start thinking about special decor. Here are a few ideas to help you create the perfect day for your loved one. 😊
DIY Valentine's day gifts
Valentine's day is coming and I have a few ideas for a special surprise. Many skin care can be easily done in less than an hour, so it would be sin not to try them. 😉
DIY Christmas cards
Scrapbooking and other paper crafts are more and more popular in the recent years. Christmas time is perfect for crafting new products, for example, cards that can be sent to friends and family or used as a decoration. Because I know it's difficult to decide what design you can make, here is a list of some cute ideas. In the beginning, you can find photo tutorials or photos for inspiration and in the second part, you can find video tutorials. Especially for beginners, videos are much easier to follow along, so give them a try this holiday season. 🙂
Perfect DIY winter bath bombs
If you're a fan of warm baths, then this post will be perfect for you. Bath bombs are usually made with simple everyday ingredients, especially citrus acid and baking soda. Some recipes also add Epsom salt and other nourishing ingredients. Give them a try. 🙂
Top DIY summer bath bombs
Summer is ending soon, but we can still enjoy the summer vibes in later months. Here are a few ideas for summer inspired bath bombs, but also for some easy bath treats that can be made by (and for) kids. Enjoy!


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General Guide by Lord Drek
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Irelia Build
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Hey all, I am Lord Drek and I love to play champions that are beast at Solo top lane, which will be my main theme in this guide.
I decided to write this guide, as i feel that after about 500 games at solo top lane, i am fairly experianced and so I felt like writing a guide on theme that isn't explained really great on MOBAfire. I mean, there are some guides about lanes, but not many, so you can't compare information and can't take the most out of it.
So, enjoy, solo laners :)
What is Solo top lane?
Well, its a path, road, lane, w/e you wanna call it in 5v5 Summoner's Rift.
Its the lane at north of the map, that is usually cut of anythign that is happening untill like 20 minutes, where teamfights and scrimishes start.
Its home of champions that must farm and then become beast and go 1v3 and win. The main purpose of solo top champions is to farm like 150 cs before coming into fights and have 2-3 levels advantege over thier ad carry, possibly jungler and 3-4 levels advantege oevr support of opposing team.
Atributtes of solo top champion
I will rate how good the atributte is by Green +. More there is, better and mroe important the stat is.
Sustain : ++++++++++(10)
Survivability* : +++++++ (7)
Burst Damage : +++++(5)
Sustained Damage : +++++++(7)
Harass : ++++++++(8)
Mobility : ++++++(6)
Farming : ++++(4) ***
Reach : ++(2)
*: As of how much damage can you take in one load. IT means how
**: Farming depends on skill, so it doesnt matter which champ you have. Some are better than others, however. ( Parrrley by GP is great farming tool.)
As you can see, my opinion is that sustainability is great, and that it is a MUST-NEED for any solo top laners, but there is one way to evade the need of it. It can be executed by few champions. That thing is that your laning is soo strong, that the other chamion cant harass you. Its very tricky to do that, but chamions that excell at early game strenght can do it (eg. Darius, Pantheon)
What is difference between sustained and burst damage? Well, Nidalee has high sustained damage, while Talon excells at burst damage... I think sustained damage is much much more important for top lane, as you litterary cant burst down an bruiser, which 90% of solo top champions are.
Tiers of solo top champions
When you play LoL you may wonder what does it mean when some one tells you that you picked T2 or T3 solo top champion and that its not good. Well, heres the answer on what Tiers mean and what tier is which champion.
Tier isnt something taht Riot created, but is what players think of certain champions. Like, one of best solo toppers is Irelia and is T1 solotop champion, while some really bad champ to solotop with, like Sona is a T3 solo topper, meaning you shouldnt solo top with her unless there are extreme reasons.
So, lets see what champions are T1, what are T2. T3 is for ones that really arent suited for solotp and shouldnt be there.
Tier one - The best ones
--- Shes definatley one of beat solotops if not in best 2 or so.
To be honest, I always loved Irelia and i plaid 400 fo those 500 solotop gaes with her. The thing was i was unmatched a long time untill some rivens and olaf's beated me.(after nerfs tho). Her sustain got almoast halved with the nerfs, which is very bad for her. Her farm and harass ability is immense though.
--- This guy is very tanky and outharasses many other champs. His ultimate usually spells death if you get ganked when he ults, as it means no movement for a long time or use flash. He even has shield so he can deflect harass with ease. He does lack ability to farm and damage tho, so hes one of the worst of the best, if you know what I mean :P
Olaf.. solo laner i presonally hate. He's one bad counter for Irelia and thats why I hate him. He has really nice kit for solotop, however. He has: Nasty range poke and slow, great sustain and 340 true dmg /3 sec. And thats the ability that tears evrey solo laner apart, even though some can heal fast, no one outheals that. He's strong, but he is doomed vs rangers and mages.
Ahh, this is oen of 'super laners' like Irelia meaning he has all he needs. But his nasties habbit is healing while harassing.. Healing alot. He is also almoast ubteatable 1v1.. or should i say 1v2? Maybe even 1v5 but ok xD So, he qualifies for top 3 best solotppers, he's a pain for any other sololaner.
This guy is different. Solotops become beasts if you let them farm. Nasus however, doesn't become beast, he becomes allmighty 1v5solo game winner beast.
Beware all other! You MUST NOT I repeat MUST NOT let him farm up his SS. If he does, just surr at 20, he has 1k dmg on 2 sec cd. You don't want that, that I can guarantee. So, what you must do against him, let your cs go low. You must make him use his SS on you. Or he WILL rip you apart later.
Well, hes good, but hes not one of best 5 i guess. He is evry powerfull at start, btu his power fades later.. THough, he has an 1.5 sec on hit stun taht deals about 400 dmg and is VERY nasty when you're gonna eb ganked, as it stuns you and dmges, leaving his jungler ****load of time to take ur opponent out.
Shen was recently buffed (and nerfed shortly after) and the buff made him a very large threat in solo top lane. His Q is GREAT harass skill and requires practically no cost, as energy recovers extremely fast. He has a nice taunt so if you get ganked near his turret, you're pretty much dead meat. And always note that he can be across map in 3 sec when he is outa sight, so tell your teammates when he goes unvisiable and when he gets his ult.
She's so annoying, but she is very powerfull.. Fast move and knockup, dash and shield, stun and finisher AND no mana.. sounds pretty cool eh? Well, if you are playing againist jer, make sure you buy quite some armour ( Chain Vest reccomended) and try to harass her alot, because she has no sustain. She is VERY dangerous at lvl 6, however, as she gets epic empower and finisher move, the lower your hp is the more it hits...
Ryze is great solotop champion, used in high ELO, as he can kite so well, and can harass like nothing. His trick is he is build tanky but he gets damage.. You can build Frozen Heart and not lose damage (i mean spot waste) but gain ALOT of damage and alot of survivability. He isn't played at low ELO much, though.
This guy is usually a pain in the head for players who don't know how to counter him. Many, inclouding me consider him OP, as his ultimate can deal up to 400-450 true damage ON LEVEL 6! Pretty sick if you ask me, as non-tanky players have about 800 hp by that time... He also has a pull in and 1.2 ad scalining (not sure about this 1) on a AoE move with 3 sec CD. His passive is prectically an Ignite for free.. Only thing he lacks is stun.. but he has a boss slow, so, I think he is considered OP with a great reason.
Tier two - Still good, but not so good
This guy could very well be T1, but his only big flaw is that he is hopeless against and AP guy, as Ryze which will steamroll him down, whitout taking any damage, as Malph can't really do **** against Ap, since he is AD counter. His suatain is low also, but his passive saves him there, making him an VERY hard guy to beat in AD trades.
Whats the difference between T1 and T2 ?
Great solotop champion must have mix of : Damage, survivability, movement, cc and of course, sustain. Great example is Irelia, she has :
- Damage : All her spells, Hiten Style comes to mind.
- Survibaility : She is naturally tanky.
- Movenent : Trought Bladesurge wihich offers pretty extreme mobility (she also ahs 320 base ms)
- CC : Equilibrium Strike is a very powerfull cc, if u know how to use it.
- sustain : You all know this, but Hiten Style and Tredascent Blades.
You can see what is the difference between Irelia and lets say, Talon.
Talon however, has different attributes, lacking the most important one : sustain.
He has great burst damage, but he lacks sustained damage. He has great mobility, yet he lacks survivability, making him T2 instead of T1.


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Get real-time United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) information at your finger tips on your iPhone! Whether you own one horse or own a herd or looking ...
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123 Abbeys Farm Road Yallingup 6282 WA
This 8.66 hectare (21 acre) property is located in a very exclusive, and tightly held pocket of Yallingup. Minutes from some of the best wineries and restaurants, like Wills Domain and Aravina Estate where long lunches are the favourite pastime of the people lucky enough to call the south west home or at least call it their down south escape! Only a short drive from the Dunsborough town centre, and even closer to Caves House and the Yallingup Store, with world renowned surf beaches right on your doorstep.
The very pretty Abbeys Farm Road is one of those magical south west roads with lush native plants, trees and beautiful rural vistas at every turn and bend.
Pair this address with an extensively renovated 4 bedroom, 2 bathroom cottage nestled above a small dam and meandering creek lined with Peppermint trees and native vegetation and you've got an amazing property and opportunity.
Living or even just holidaying here will afford you the lifestyle you've always dreamt of.
Contact David for a detailed Information Brochure.
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Further Advice On Swift Systems For Inversion Chair
, Posted in: Dating, Author: Admin (March 18, 2017)
Are you presently Going through Back Agony And need To recognize The way to Make Your Back again Soreness Go away?
One is amazingly affordable as it only requires the use of inversion boots that hook over the bar letting you to hang the wrong way up. This really is great for people agile kinds which have been acrobatic in mother nature.
The house inversion desk can be a fantastic discovery which aids in becoming suit and healthier. You will need to be wanting to know what on earth is an house inversion table? It is essentially an exercising desk which enables your toes to be put above your head amount. This fashion one's body is the wrong way up and it enables you to restrain from the damaging effects of gravity. Almost all of the physicians and therapist advocate these tables to their people who are suffering from again pains. There are plenty of exercise routines you may do on an residence inversion table that will assist you in strengthening your back muscular tissues in addition to relaxing them.
This is often prompted by re-absorption of fluids in to the center with the spinal discs, coupled using the stretching results explained above. Any time you invert you're reversing the effects of gravity and your spine begins to decompress. It truly is a fact that astronauts in room increase 2 inches because there isn't any gravity in place. Truly, the specific tools created for inversion board price is good online.
The same issue happens whenever we fall asleep for the reason that we've been lying down we have been getting strain of our spines. This is the purpose why we have been pretty much an inch taller in the morning than in the evening.
The golfer's raise is a excellent and infrequently underused way to get gentle objects from the ground though reducing spinal impression. It consists of bending more than in the hip on a person leg to achieve the floor, much like how a golfer picks up a golfing ball. Providing the item is gentle and the natural "S" form with the backbone is preserved, this method benefits in a lot less spinal pressure when compared to the popularly quoted "bend at your knees" adage.
Swelling – Not quite a few men and women comprehend this, but inflammation can in fact trigger a lot of situations of sciatica or back pain. But inflammation isn't really just some thing that outcomes from harm. Inflammation can in fact be brought about by the food items you consume.
Inversion is usually a primarily used method in encouraging those people with again issues, and it's for these same explanations that inversion is usually useful in height gain.
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For those who are not capable to flex in physical exercises or are more mature and possess tricky time doing stretching workout routines the inversion different could possibly be for yourself, whether or not you might be wanting to get taller.
Just before generating elaborate options, I produced a standing desk by stacking cardboard containers on my desk, various amounts for my computer system keep track of and my keyboard. Standing up surely aided my back again. It did not remedy all my troubles, however it was considerably greater than sitting all day long. You'll be able to acquire standing desk arrangements; you'll be able to also get simple directions from the number of sites. But a cardboard box is simply as good as something, in my view!
The blood flow is enhanced and also the muscle tissues within just the belly and again are stretched out. Theyll have additional flexibility. This definitely is so productive in battling while using the all over again irritation that US military has also provided the reasoning inside their actual physical instruction.
Sit-ups get the job done the abdominal muscle mass and flexor muscle tissues. The home inversion table needs to be locked in place through the entire sit-up exercise. Fold the arms throughout the torso and hold chin tucked in direction of the sternum. Then, flex your chest muscular tissues and bend about on the hips and midsection to elevate your body upwards. A sit up is finished once your arms can be found in speak to along with the upper thighs. Execute 3 sets of 10-15 reps.
An inversion table counters the result of gravity. Any time you dangle upside down the burden of the upper overall body separates the vertebra quickly increasing the house concerning them to potentially minimize plenty of strain over the nerve to produce it sense better. Temporarily. The trouble is usually that the sickness stays, the disc is still degenerated.
That is definitely all there is certainly to understand about inversion tables. They have got some very good functional employs but you must always check with a health care provider just before hoping everything new.


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WordPress is no longer a tool only used by bloggers. It now works as one of the best CMS and website management tools available. Many companies have made a move to WordPress because it is a simple and effective way to manage their websites.
The problem is that many free themes available for WordPress are far from being business ready. They just don't look professional enough. Clients don't exactly want to see a Spiderman theme or tons of pictures of your dogs in the header.
So what can you do?
Luckily, there are some really useful themes available for business use. They are professionally designed to look more like a website than a blog. Here are 5 great WordPress themes that you can use for your companies website (or your portfolio):
1. VibrantCMS by WooThemes
This theme is great for a business because it allows you to feature some important information about your company on the homepage. Users can click the next button to learn more about your products and services.
It's also very easy to customize to match your logo and colors. The theme is also widget ready to it's really easy to add plugins and extra features.
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Gog video 2. Fresh Folio by WooThemes
Another great theme designed by WooThemes. This one works well if you are looking to create a portfolio. It makes use of images on the portfolio which makes it really easy on the eyes.
This one is also easy to customize and comes with built in Flick and Twitter widgets to show off your images and tweets. Very cool!
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Looking to create a real estate website? This theme is an awesome looking one and looks very professional. It has a featured properties section on the homepage where you can show off pictures of properties that are currently available.
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StudioPress is my favorite place to find premium WordPress themes. I have utilized them on many blogs and love how easy they are to use. Their Corporate theme is perfect for business use. It's simple, yet still has a professional appearance.
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5. Titanium by ithemes.com
The Titanium theme works well if you are looking to create a company website that looks like a traditional one instead of a blog. For the most part, the theme looks like a complete website and most people would never guess that the site is running off of WordPress.
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As you can see, there are a lot of options for professional WordPress themes. Using WordPress is a great way to create a company website, especially if you want it to be easy to update. Not to mention all of the features WordPress provides such as plugins. I highly recommend using it for your next website.