text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Nov 30, 1971
|Filing date
|Sep 9, 1969
|Priority date
|Sep 9, 1969
|Publication number
|Goldstein Richard M, Horttor Richard L
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (16), Classifications (19)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent 72] Inventors T. 0. Paine ABSTRACT: A radar system is disclosed for obtaining data to Administrator of the National Aeronautics map planets employing and S-band ranging transponder (RT) and Space Administration with respect to that is widely separated from and in motion relative to a staan invention of; tionary transmitter-receiver station (STRS) on earth. The Richard L. Horttor, Pasadena; Richard M. STRS transmits a ranging signal which is biphase modulated Goldstein, La Canada, Calif. by a pseudonoise (PN code. and the RT retransmits the PN- [21] Appl. No. 856,279 modulated signal on a different carrier frequency. The STRS [22] Filed Sept. 9, I969 receives the retransmitted signal as a reflected signal from an [45] Patented Nov. 30, 1971 area of the planet (AP) being mappedv Three time-varying delay times (STRS to RT. RT to AP and AP to STRS) are involved in the round trip communication delay. That round trip METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAPPING delay and a doppler shift of the reflected signal are tracked by PLANETS the STRS for mapping. That is done by recording the received 14 Claims, 5 Drawing 8 signal in phase quadrature at baseband. The technique for ob- 52 us. Cl 343/65 R, mining mapping data Consists of multiplying the "worded 343/5 CM, 343/100 ST signal by a locally generated PN code after synchronizing the 51 rm.c| 601s 9/02, code modulation of the Signal to the local PN coda, and B648 9/00 separating the synchronized PN-code-modulated signal from so 1 Field of Search 343/5 CM, the rest of the r eived signal by a low-pass filter. The 5 R 00 ST separated PN-code-modulated signal corresponds to a narrow strip or contour line at constant range from the RT which is [56] References Cited substantially orthogonal to virtually parallel contours of dop- UNlTED STATES pATENTS pler shift caused by motion of the RT relative to the AP. A 3J9 l l 70 6H9 Lustig et al 343/5 CM filter which matches the doppler shift can thus be employed to resolve individual mapping points for display.
Primary Examiner-T. H. Tubbesing Attorneys-J. H. Warden, Monte F. Mott and G. T. McCoy EARTHBOUND STATION PATENTEU wuvao L9H SHEET 1 0F 2 FIGI \\\\ [iv/LL EARTH BOUND STATION j'r m MOTION PLANET SURFACE 8mm s RTE m TT N 4 MRS E R W m T LG T A 0M1, A IYLPH 4mm n mw u Q L. c T I 2 }---H- (Z -UTc FUNCTION IS PERIODIC FOR CD T' FIG. 5
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAPPING PLANETS ORIGIN OF INVENTION The invention described herein was made in the performance of work under a NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section 305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law 85-568 (72 Stat. 435; 42 USC 2457).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a method and apparatus for mapping planets.
Areas of the earth's surface have been mapped with sidelooking radar consisting of a transmitter and receiver in the same aircraft. The doppler history of an elemental area illuminated as the aircraft flies by can be recreated from independent amplitude and phase measurements of received signals. In a typical side-looking radar system, the transmitter illuminates the area periodically with pulses of electromagnetic energy, and reflections are observed by a receiver having a bandwidth sufficient to allow independent amplitude and phase measurements to be made. The output of the receiver is then synchronously detected. In-phase and quadrature outputs from the detector are stored for each cycle of illumination in such a manner as to permit them to be read out in azimuth and processed by a matched filter to give fine azimuth resolution essential to a final high-resolution map. However, side-looking radar systems which have been known or proposed are not now practical for mapping planetary surfaces because of the mass and complexity of the equipment required to be flown over the planetary area to be mapped.
Present earthbound techniques for mapping planetary surfaces employ electromagnetic waves transmitted with a time code to allow reflected waves to be detected for resolution of constant time delay contours in the form of circles concentric to the point nearest earth. Rotation of the planet about its axis produces constant doppler contours parallel to that axis. The mapping information then consists of signal time delay and doppler shift. However, such doppler and time-delay contours intersect at two points since each constant time-delay contour is a circle. The only exception is the doppler contour tangent to a time-delay contour. Thus, a given set of doppler and timedelay contour data will normally correspond to two planetary surface points. The ambiguity can be resolved only by comparing data from more than one observation time.
Others have obtained limited mapping data using a spacecraft orbiting about a planet as a transmitter. However, an unmodulated continuous (CW) signal was used so that only doppler contour data were obtained from the reflected signal received at an earthbound station. It would be desirable to resolve the reflected signal in two substantially orthogonal dimensions for unambiguous mapping of planetary surface points.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention, a radar signal is transmitted from an earthbound station to a transponder in a spacecraft,
routed through the transponder, and retransmitted on a different carrier frequency. The retransmitted signal is reflected by the planet being mapped to the earthbound station. For range resolution, the transmitted and retransmitted radar signal is modulated by a code word.
The signal received by the earthbound station is stored for later analysis. That analysis consists of range gating the recorded signal. Real time is synchronously recorded with the signal received for proper tracking of the round trip delay, i.e. for establishing the trip delay or slant range contours of particular mapping points. Resolution of the doppler contours is accomplished by a filter which matches the motion-induced phase shift on the signal received and recorded.
The novel features that are considered characteristic of this invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention will best be understood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates a general diagram of a radar mapping system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates in a side view the slant range and beam width of a transmitted radar signal for mapping.
FIG. 3 illustrates in a top view the area illuminated by the transmitted beam of FIG. 2, including range and doppler contours in the area.
FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the general system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 illustrates a timing diagram for the autocorrelation of a ranging code X(t).
Referring to the drawings, a surface-mapping system is disclosed employing an S-band ranging transponder 10 with highgain antenna 11 for receiving signals from an earthbound station 12. The signal received is routed through the transponder l0, and retransmitted through an antenna 13 on a different carrier frequency. The transponder 10 is carried by a spacecraft indicated by a dotted line box 14.
The signal transmitted by the transponder 10 is reflected from the surface of a planetary body 15 and received at the station 12. It should be understood that by using separate carrier frequencies a single antenna 16 may be employed for simultaneously transmitting and receiving radar signals.
This system involves three communication links each with a time-varying delay 7. Thus, in order to keep time and frequency references, the ranging modulation is first transmitted from the station 12 and then retransmitted by the transponder l0. Proper tracking of the round trip delay and doppler shift of the signal received by the station 12 provides the mapping data.
Ranging resolution of point scatterers on the planetary surface is achieved by using a pseudonoise (PN) code biphasemodulated on a carrier at the station 12. The retransmitted signal has the same PN code. Accordingly, when the reflected signal is received by the station 12, it may be identified and synchronized with a locally generated code. The portion of the received signal having a PN code modulation synchronized with the local PN code can be separated from the rest by a low-pass filter. The result is data pertaining to a narrow strip 17 at a constant slant range R from the transponder 10 shown in FIG. 2.
Each point within the strip 17 passes through lines of constant doppler I '(t) caused by motion of the transponder 10 in the direction indicated. Those doppler lines are substantially normal to constant range lines 1-'(t). Thus a filter which matches that motion-induced phase behavior of the signal received by the station 12 can resolve individual point scatters and spatial coordinates which are represented by time delay r'(rd '(r).
The surface resolution is determined by the radar beam incidence angle 41, the PN code bit time, and the bandwidths of the transponder 10, the receiver of the station 12 and the datarecording system. The bit rate for the modulating PN code may be, for example, a A: MHz. clock, allowing a By. sec bit time. The PN code length is preferably just long enough 1,023 bits) to keep the reflected signal and the signal received by the station 12 directly from the transponder l0 unambiguous, because although a longer code would provide better suppression of the direct signal, searching for the surface-reflected signal would become more difficult.
The present invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to a block diagram in FIG. 4 for a preferred embodiment of the earthbound station. The signal flow from the earthbound station to the transponder 10, to the surface of the planet 15, and back to the earthbound station involves three time delays 13(1), r (t) and -r -,(t). The earthbound station tracks these delays and performs operations which culminate in a system response to point reflectors seconds long. The modulating signal is then for x( t) :1 Assuming a modulation index B, the transmitted signal is S,(t) =A 2cos(w t+BX(t)) (2) The signal 8 (1) received by the transponder 10 is then the transmitted signal delayed by the time 1-,(t).
The transponder 10 retransmits the delayed signal on a different carrier frequency The retransmitted signal S (t) is received at the surface of the planet 15 after the additional delay 7;,(1). The signal 8 (1) received at the planet surface also has a time-varying amplitude factor caused by motion of the planet through the illuminating beam of the antenna 13.
The reflected signal S -,(t) received by the antenna 16 at the earthbound station has the additional time delay 1 (1), an attenuated power factor A,, and a white Gaussian planetary background noise n,(!) and 0). Therefore, the signal S -,(t) is given by the following equation.
The antenna 16 also receives an interference signal S ,(t) directly from the antenna 13 with a time delay equal to 7 (1). Accordingly, a maser amplifier 21 translates both signals S (t) and S ,(l) to a mixer 22 where they are mixed with a frequency m from a local oscillator 23 to provide at an input terminal of an IF amplifier 24 a signal 2 (1). The frequency difference (l0 fl) o) is 50 MHz.
A second mixer 25 receives that signal e (t) and a 60 MHz. reference signal from a local oscillator 26 to produce a signal on a MHz. lF carrier as follows.
esu sm+sym mun 5 c s ww e (t)=e (t)2cosw t (5) After mixing, the signal e,(t) is passed through a 10 MHz. IF filter 27 having a 3.3 bandwidth in order to record the signal e,,( I) at baseband on magnetic tape.
The following quadrature components are developed for storage.
e,,(l)=e (t) 2 sin m (6) 1o( s( C05 "10 That is accomplished by mixer 28 which receives a reference frequency of 10 MHz. from a local oscillator 30 directly for the in-phase signal e,(t) and a mixer 29 which receives the reference frequency to through a 90 phase shifter 31 for the quadrature signal (3 (1).
The component signals e,,(t) and e u) are recorded through amplifiers 32 and 33 on tracks of a magnetic tape storage system 34 for playback with a predetermined filter response to provide at output terminals thereof signals e (t) and e for analysis.
The PN code which is phase modulated onto the signals S,(t and transmitted by the transmitter is generated by a commercially available code generator 35 that is synchronized by a CLOCK signal from a generator 36. in its simplest form, the code generator 35 may be an N-stage shift-register with suitable feedback paths to change its operation in such a manner as to cyclically reproduce a pattern of 1,023 random pulses in sequence at intervals (2l )T as shown in FIG. 5. At the end of each cycle, the code generator 35 transmits a suitable code or signal which may be denominated a WORD code signifying that one complete PN code has been generated. The WORD and CLOCK signals are recorded on separate tracks of the magnetic tape storage system 34. along with a digital TIME signal from a timer 37 for use in the analysis of the stored signals e (l) and e u).
When the recorded signals e,,(t) and e, (t) are read out as signals a and e (t) for analysis, range code demodulation is carried out with the recorded WORD and CLOCK signals. That is done by correlating the signals e (t) and e u) with time-shifted, locally generated versions of the PN code used for modulation as follows:
n( iz( U- o) where X(t-T,,) is the PN code generated locally by a range code generator 40 which is identical to the code generator 35 but synchronized by the recorded CLOCK signal and recycled by the recorded WORD signal via a synchronizing trigger pulse generator 41 which receives both the CLOCK and WORD signals. A variable delay element 42 couples the output of the trigger pulse generator 41 to the range code generator 40. A control 43 varies the delay until the range code from the generator 40 is correlated with the PN code modulation of the signals e (t) and ed!) read from the magnetic tape storage system. This autocorrelation is indicated by peaks in signals 2 (1) and e (t) at the output terminals of low-pass filters 44 and 45 connected to mixers 46 and 47 which perform the operations of equations (8) and (9).
It should be noted that although analog mixers and filters are disclosed for producing the signals 2 (1) and e u) from the signals e (t) and e 0), digital multipliers may be provided for the mixers 46 and 47 and digital filters for the filters 44 and 45. In either case, the resulting signals ed!) and e u) are the operating signals for analysis and mapping, It can be shown that those signals are given by the equations The two-dimensional nature of equations (10) and l 1) may be demonstrated by showing how an array of point scatterers appear. Assume the surface of the planet 15 is an array of point reflectors whose complex reflection coefficients are characterized by a and O the amplitude and phase angle, respectively. Furthermore, each resolution strip parallel to the vehicle track is associated with a time delay 1-(t) and a phase variation 0(t). Within a constant range (time delay) strip, points are separated by their time occurrence t The time delay 1"(1) does not vary along a strip limited by antenna beam width. Signals e 0) and e, (t) are then expressed by a double summation over (i,j) as follows: a
l5( l k lk 5( 1:k( l) l) l( r)) C U il lk) 2( o Sin i) lk) 51 i(' 'i NM z(' o'n( (l( ))l+ms( |u(') l k m s( i) i) I r( o i) n +R2( 0 l)) l) lk)]+ 51 I i( '0 I( (l( z( o l('))]+"ia( 1) Several functions in these equations must be identified. The signal envelope caused by the antenna attenuation is A 0). The propagation times are as follows:
-r'(t) -r,(z1-,,,(r))+,,,(z) 'lu( zl( 'a( ))+a( fi( i( i( ))+i( where -r,(t) is the station-to-transponder delay, 7 ,0) is the transponder-to-surface delay and 1 (2) is the surface-to-station delay. Further D 0) is the phase behavior of the direct signal S,,,, while I t) is the overall phase behavior of a point reflector in the jth range slice. The amplitude and phase (a 9 describe the reflection coefficient of the (i, scatterer. Finally, the functions R, and R, are filtered versions of the PN code autocorrelation of function R ,('r), which may be written Ran-r m) =f: p. dpihxpnhwonwe co" B-cos 01F(P1) The functions h (l) and h t!) are the impulse responses of the tape recorder and the 10 MHz. filter 27.
Because of the peaked nature of the autocorrelation R,('r), as shown in FIG. 5, the dominant term in equations l2) and (13) is the one for which T,,='r'(t). For this condition, the -terms may be separated into quadrature signals from the jth surface strip plus interference from the direct signal S From the Fig. 5 it may be seen that R,('r) may be expressed as [R (1') 71+? where [R,(1-) x] is nonzero only in the regions 1=--0 and "(Z -l )T It is important to make)? as small as possible by making the PN code as long as conveniently possible, for a code of length. (Z -l .t C) l where n=0, i (Z -l i 2(2"l T bit period Thus, the autocorrelation function R,(-r) is equal to Y except when r is equal to nT The map of the surface is reproduced by combining signals e, (te (t) through a balanced single-sideband mixer 50 to provide i1(') |5( 110) i6(') 17( where w is a reference frequency from a local oscillator 51 applied directly and through a 90 phase shifter 52 for the sine and cosine functions. The signal e (t) is passed through a filter 54 matched to antenna attenuation function A (t) and the phase behavior I (t) of a point reflector in the jth range slice. Depending upon the detailed nature of '(t), the scatterers for each j-strip are resolved. The process is repeated for each j and the results are mapped (plotted or displayed) through an envelope detector 55 and display device 56, such as a cathode-ray tube display with storage, on a (T t) plane, where T, is a contour equal to H0). Because of the relative motion between station, spacecraft, and planet, 1-(!) is a function of time, and a strip maps generally along a curved line rather than a straight constant range line 1"(1). However, T is the time reference of the PN code generator 49. Upon tracking the variable portion 1''(!), by making T,,==r(I)-l-'r and T,,1"(!)=r'r and the output map is fixed, because the mapping coordinates would be fixed to (1',t).
In order to repeat the process for each j, the local range code generator 40 is recycled at successive time intervals, once for each jth strip, following an initial code generation triggered through the delay element 42 in response to a WORD stored in the magnetic tape system 34. That is accomplished by a !-counter which is reset at the time the code generator 40 is first triggered into operation. A predetermined number of clock pulses are then counted to measure the time difference between reflected signals at successively longer slant ranges. A j-counter 61 is reset at the same time as the counter 60, and is thereafter incremented each time the tcounter recycles the generation of a range code. When the desired number of strips have been mapped, an output of the jcounter corresponding to that number inhibits the operation of the t-counter by closing a gate 62. All mapping through the display device 56 is synchronized by the j-counter and therefore ceases until the next WORD triggers the code generator 40. The process is then repeated for the next segment of the planetary surface to be mapped, at which time the j-counter is reset to the first strip (i=0) to be mapped. Once the last strip (i=n-l) has been mapped and the j-counter incremented, a range code will again be reinitiated, but the mapping data of the next strip (i=n) is ignored in this arrangement.
From the foregoing it may be appreciated that the delay 42 is adjusted to a period equal to the three delay times involved for a reflected signal received at the earthbound station 12 (FIG. 1) from the firstj-strip to be mapped. Thereafter, the counter effectively selects strips at successively greater slant ranges (FIGS. 2 and 3). As the transponder moves in the direction parallel to the j-strips, the code generator 35 regenerates range codes which are recorded by the magnetic tape storage system. Then as the recorded data is read, the mapping process is repeated in the manner described for another segment of the planetary surface. That segment may be on the order of 1 square kilometer.
It should be noted that although the mapping operation described assumes direct display as the recorded data is read from the storage system 34, other arrangements may be provided such as intermediate storage of the signal e,-,(!) from the mixer 50 in digital form for later analysis. The index numbers from the j-counter 61 and the TIME signals would also be stored for use in the mapping operation which would proceed in a manner described. That could be readily accomplished on separate tracks of a second tape storage unit.
It should also be noted that the matched filter may be implemented using digital techniques. The mapping system would then include an analog-to-digital converter at the output of the mixer 50 and the signal e, (t) in digital form would be stored and later processed by a matched filter realized by a stored program in a digital computer. Programming a filter matched to the phase and envelope characteristics of a signal reflected from a point scatterer is straightforward; it simply involves the standard convolution integral. If the filter 54 is represented by h (t), the output of the filter 54 is given by where p, is a dummy integration variable.
IF the noise in the Sign? e, (t) is broadband compared to the desired signal portion ,(t), the filter is matched when h (t) S,-, (t) where indicates an estimate of the signal phase and envelope parameters. If the estimate is accurate, the response of the matched filter 54 is an accurate estimate of the autocorrelation of the point response signal. If S (t) is such that its autocorrelation is highly localized in time, then S 0) will be an accurate representation of a point, which is exactly what is required for mapping purposes. A signal S 0) is highly localized if it is nonzero only in a small region of! about some value 1,. The quality of the estimate S determines the quality of the response S Thus, once an estimate is made, a matched filter is provided that will yield autocorrelation of the range gated signal from the jth range strip S while effectively filtering out noise. The form of A the matched filter is given by /1.(1 =A.(1"1 n-2* co (-wm (-1)) Examining the signal portion 0f g([) yields 151( Jl P-1 4(P4) 17i( P4) (22) Substituting for 11., the value given by equation 21 then yields the desired signal which, following the basic principle of conventional side looking radar, represents individual point scatterers. Thus, once range gating has been provided in accordance with the present invention, the gated signal e, (t) corresponds to a narrow strip at constant range from the spacecraft, and each point within that strip is resolved by the filter 54 which matches the motion-induced phase behavior that provides lines of constant doppler.
lf the filter 54 is implemented in a digital computer, a digital-to-analog converter may be provided to reconvert the data to an analog form for storage on magnetic tape. The restored analog data is later played through the envelope detector 55 onto another magnetic tape. At each step of recording data, the j-index numbers and TIME signals are carried along, preferably in a conventional binary code form, on separate channels for ultimate use in finally assembling the data for display. The detector 55 may be conventional fullwave rectifier. The final magnetic tape is then finally read back into a computer programmed to assemble the data line by line, making sure they are in proper time synchronization for display on a cathode-ray tube. A photograph of the display will provide a permanent record. Alternatively, the computer' may be programmed to plot the data on chart paper.
The different combinations of techniques that may be employed to process and display the range gated data are too numerous to list. Accordingly, the techniques suggested for implementing the matched filter 54. envelope detector 55 and display device 56 are intended to be merely by way of example only. Other techniques which may have been developed for processing conventional side-looking radar data may be employed once range gating has been achieved in accordance with the present invention, provided timing data is carried forward for use in ultimately assembling data for display. Accordingly, inasmuch as it is recognized that modifications and variations falling within the spirit of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art, it is not intended that the scope of the invention be determined by the disclosed exemplary techniques, but rather should be determined by the breadth of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. ln a method of mapping a planetary surface employing side-looking radar techniques, the improvement comprising:
transmitting from an earthbound station range-coded RF signals to a transponder orbiting said planet and recording timing signals indicating the times of transmission, where said range-coded RF signals are produced by modulating an RF signal with a locally generated range code,
retransmitting said range-coded RF signal through a directional antenna toward the surface of said planet at a predetermined incidence angle;
receiving at said earthbound station retransmitted signals reflected from said planetary surface;
correlating a delayed range code locally generated with a range code carried by said retransmitted signals reflected from said planetary surface; and
separating the portion of the received signal whose modulation is thus synchronized with the delayed range code from the rest of the received signal for analysis and mapping.
2. The improvement defined in claim 1 wherein said signals reflected from said planetary surface are recorded together with said timing signals on separate tracks of a magnetic record medium for later analysis.
3. The improvement defined in claim 2 wherein correlating a locally generated and delayed range code with a range code carried by said retransmitted signals received as signals reflected from said planetary surface is accomplished by timing the local generation of a range code with said recorded times of transmission upon reading out timing signals from said record medium through a variable time delay adjusted to account for the round trip delay between the times of transmissions and the times the transmitted signals are received, whereby ranging resolution of point scatters on the planetary surface is achieved.
4. The improvement defined in claim 3 wherein said locally generated range code is recycled at successive equal increments of time, whereby code modulations of successive time delays are separated to provide mapping data of successive range strips.
5. The improvement defined in claim 4 including the step of recording the real times of transmitting range code modulations from said station in order to be able to identify time delay and doppler shift data with particular segments of a planetary surface being mapped.
6. A radar system for obtaining data through an earthbound transmitter-receiver station to map planetary surfaces comprising:
a transponder orbiting a planet for receiving a signal from said station, and retransmitting it for reflection from the surface of said planet to said station;
means for periodically modulating said signal being transmitted by said station to said transponder with a predetermined code; and
means for recording time signals indicating the time of transmitting code-modulated signals and the reflected signals then being received on separate tracks of a record medium for later analysis.
7. A system as defined in claim 6 including apparatus for analyzing said recorded signals comprising:
means for simultaneously reading out said time signals and reflected signals from said record medium;
local generating means responsive to each timing signal read out from said record medium for locally generating said predetermined range code after a delay adjusted for a round trip delay in receiving reflected signals; and
separating means responsive to reflected signals read out from said record medium and successive codes generated by said local generating means for separating code-modulated portions of reflected signals read out from said record medium from the rest for later analysis, each portion bearing doppler mapping data pertaining to a narrow strip at a constant slant range of said transponder to said planetary surface.
8. A system as defined in claim 7 wherein said separating means comprises:
means for correlating the reflected signals read from said record medium with said time-shifted, locally generated codes by providing the product of code-modulated portions of said reflected signals and said locally generated codes; and
means responsive to said correlating means for filtering out of said reflected signals all but the product of codemodulated portion 5 of said reflected signal and locally generated codes, whereby ranging resolution of point scatters on the planetary surface is achieved.
9. A system as defined in claim 8 including a matched filter to which each of said separated portions of reflected signals is transmitted for analysis to resolve individual point scatterers on said planetary surface and thereby provide spatial coordinates represented by doppler shift for a given constant range.
10. A system as defined in claim 9 including means for coordinating the times of said locally generated range codes with said doppler shift spatial coordinates for display.
1 l. in a system for obtaining planetary mapping data using a spacecraft orbiting about a planet which carries a transponder for receiving a radar signal of a given frequency from an earth bound station and retransmitting the received signal on a different frequency, said data comprising doppler contour data obtained from reflected signals received by said station from said planet at said second frequency, the improvement comprising:
means for periodically modulating said given signal transmitted by said station with a range code;
means for noting the time of each range code modulation transmitted;
and means for separating said doppler contour data from each range code modulation retransmitted by said transponder and received by said station.
12. The improvement defined in claim 11 wherein said lastnamed means comprises a code-generating means at said station for producing time-delayed range codes identical to said modulating range codes, means for mixing said time-delayed range codes with range code modulations received by said station, and
means for filtering out all but the product of said mixing means, whereby each range code modulation is separated for doppler shift data analysis.
13. The improvement defined in claim 12 wherein said code-generating means is adjustable for various time delays, each time delay corresponding to a constant slant range between said transponder and the reflecting surface of said planet, whereby each range code modulation provides spatial coordinates represented by a time delay and doppler shifts.
14. The improvement defined in claim 13 including means for recycling said code-generating means at successive equal increments of time, whereby successive code modulations received are separated to provide mapping data of successive range strips.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
East Egg Views
West Egg Views
East Egg (old money)
People in East Egg think they are better/have more class.
At Gatsby's party, Tom Buchanan cannot enjoy himself because of his view about the difference in social class.
They believe that they superior to the people in West Egg
People in West Egg lack sophistication
East Egg? West Egg?
West Egg Views:
Envious of the people in East Egg
Believe that they are better people
Try to equate themselves to the people in East Egg
Twenty miles from New York
A pair of enormous eggs with identical contours
Separated by a courtesy bay
East Egg
West Egg
Jessica Ngsee
Stephen Chan
Allison Barahona
Inherit their money
Symbolizes the decay of American society
Spend their money carelessly and on expensive attire
Use their money for personal means
Daisy marries Tom for his money
Work hard to make their money
Symbolizes the new generation - new money
Spend their money on tasteless things
Spend their money more responsibly
Gatsby makes money for the love of Daisy
Misogynistic society - how Tom treats Daisy and Myrtle
Tom hits Myrtle
Women must cover themselves
Daisy cheating is completely unethical
Tom marries Daisy for the sake of marrying Daisy
Women are viewed as more uptight, greedy and naive
Slightly more equal tomen than East Egg
Women wear more showy outfits
Daisy cheats on Tom with Gatsby, but it is not seen as being as horrible in the West
Gatsby wants Daisy for love and never abuses her
Women are more free to do as they please
Jay Gatsby
Nick Carraway
Tom Buchanan
Daisy Buchanan
Jordan Baker
Thanks for listening! :)
East Egg : Immoral
Tom and Daisy openly cheat on their other halves
Tom breaks Myrtle's nose in public when she mentions Daisy's name
Daisy shows no responsibility as a mother
West Egg : Less Immoral
Gatsby has not shown many examples to prove his immorality
Gatsby actually loves and cares for Daisy
Nick: "Was Daisy driving?"
Gatsby: "Yes," he said after a moment, "but of course I'll say I was." (137)
East Egg : Immoral
Tom blames the death of Myrtle on Gatsby
Buchanan's family simply runs away from their problems
West Egg : Less Immoral
Nick refuses to accept Gatsby's offer to work in his business
Nick: "You're a rotten driver … either you ought to be more careful, or you oughtn't to drive at all." (59)
Nick takes the initiative to hold Gatsby's funeral
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The Great Gatsby
East Egg VS West Egg
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This post will probably make me seem like a travel newbie and maybe even an idiot, but this forum has been very helpful in the past, so I figured it was worth potential mockery if I get some useful advice along with the jokes.
In a nutshell: We want to travel to Europe in 2015, but are having a hard time narrowing down our options and deciding where to go. There aren't many places in Europe we wouldn't like to visit, and we haven't been anywhere besides London, Paris and parts of Italy, so it's like being hungry at a smorgasbord: how do you decide what to eat first?
When contemplating European travel, what are some of the ways you decide where to go? (Besides the obvious self-limiting things like time, budget, etc.)
A little about us:
- We are adventurous, and prefer exploring on our own vs. guided tours.
- We also have a 3-year-old daughter which, although she's a great, well-behaved traveler, will limit us to some degree (at least as far as not staying out late).
- We'll likely have a week to 10 days for traveling, which means we'll probably focus on one or two countries at the most.
- We like to travel inexpensively, and are not into luxury travel; but staying on a shoestring budget is not a requirement.
- While dependent on the country, we'd probably prefer to explore smaller towns vs. big cities (for example, if we go to Spain, Madrid and Barcelona don't necessarily appeal to me—not to say they're not worth visiting, but we feel we might get more authenticity outside of big cities).
We like history (ruins, historical sites), culture (museums, festivals, art) food & beverage (e.g., Scotch tasting in Scotland, beer in Belgium, great food wherever we can find it), activities (hiking, boating, etc.) and many other things. Which again makes it hard to narrow down options.
Even time of year is flexible; we'd prefer to avoid the height of high season (crowds) in summer, but otherwise can go just about anytime (kid is not in school yet). And even bringing the kid along is optional; "Grammy" has volunteered to watch her for a week if we want to go alone.
I know this is an almost obnoxiously fortunate "problem" to have. But please keep the mockery to a minimum; just looking for any advice on ways to narrow down where to go, your thoughts on how you go about choosing, etc. Our main limitation is time, so because we'll only have about a week, we want to choose somewhere special. Here are a few options we're considering, but again, we are open to just about anywhere, so feel free to suggest ideas of places you have enjoyed.
- Scotch-themed tour of Scotland (sans kid)
- Beer-themed tour of Belgium (sans kid)
- Iceland (perhaps in spring; OK time to go?)
- Spain (where in Spain? would have to narrow this down further too)
- Switzerland/Austria (Vienna/Salzburg)
Thank you for your help, and sorry for the long posting!
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How to decide where to go in Europe
This post will probably make me seem like a travel newbie and maybe even an idiot, but this forum has been very helpful in the past, so I figured it was worth potential mockery if I get some useful advice along with the jokes.
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Just time for a quick comment right now.
Any would be good for a week+ . . . But just to let you know, a 'Whisky' themed trip to Scotland doesn't need to be 'sans kid' as you say. Most of the whisky distilleries are in scenic areas just chock-a-block w/ castles and lochs and wildlife and things that are perfect for children.
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<< When contemplating European travel, what are some of the ways you decide where to go? (Besides the obvious self-limiting things like time, budget, etc.) >>
One factor is whether or not I want to rent a car. If I want a trip without a car then I look for good/easy public transportation.
Since you have a young child and want to visit small towns you would need a car.
Second factor - I don't like to spend vacation time getting from one location to another so I like to find cities/towns of interest that are reasonably close to one another, especially with only a week and locations that have enough to do so that I don't have to move every 2 days.
Re: your last option - there's enough to do in the Vienna Salzburg area without adding Switzerland to the itinerary. You could visit Vienna for a few days, take a train to Salzburg, then rent a car to visit the small towns in the surrounding area. Vienna and Salzburg are small enough cities not to overwhelm yet offer enough stimulation for a child. The surrounding area is lovely. You could stay outside Salzburg and take a bus into the city for sightseeing so you have both the small town and city available to you.
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<<Since you have a young child and want to visit small towns you would need a car.>>
Not really true in most of Switzerland and Germany -- busses and trains link most places quickly and easily.
Switzerland has enough diversity to keep you really happily occupied for 10 days -- fly into Zürich and see the mountains (Berner Oberland), the French portion (Montreux), and Luzern. Switzerland is wonderful in October.
Have fun as you plan!
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Re Spain. IMO the larger cities are just as "authentic" as some village or smaller town. They just have more people and sometimes a lot more to see.
If I went to Spain I would want a VERY good and valid reason not to see Madrid or Barcelona or Seville or Granada or Toledo, etc.
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I'd leave the three-year-old at home and take a real vacation - a kid at that age will miss nothing but pose problems with say your wish for night life - you are only going for a short time and Grammy may revel in keeping the kid and the kid may revel staying at Grammy's for a while.
If you do bring the kid (don't get me wrong I say that is fine too) be sure to rent a car and yes just stay in a few bases - if going to big cities only though then take the train as cars are more and more useless in big cities in Europe - but great for driving say thru the Scottish Highlands.
Yes in some places trains may more sense - like Switzerland if going to those Alpine Wonderlands you've been dreaming about all your life - like the fantastic Jungfrau Region - base in a nice mountain town like Grindelwald or Wengen and public transporation goes everywhere - mountain trains, thrilling aerial gondolas - boat rides on either lake bookending Interlaken, etc.
For lots on planning a European rail trip check out these informative sources: www.seat61.com; www.ricksteves.com and www.budgeteuropetravel.com - download the latter's free online European Planning & Rail Guide for lots of rail itineraries in various countries.
If Scotland is your aim you can find no better resource than janisj - a veritable font of info on Scotland IME and Britain in general - many others such as those others posting above are very helpful too so just keep asking questions!
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To me, the typical mistake is using the word 'Europe'. The words we use are important in that they indicate how we think. Anyone who starts with 'visit Europe' has already got it wrong.
In fact you cannot visit 'Europe' in a week anymore than you can visit the USA in a week. You can visit somewhere IN Europe or IN the USA for a week.
You may think that's obvious Raymond but I see it as the basis of your problem. You even call it a smorgasborg, that again indicates you are thinking of it all as one place.
In travel as in many things, less is more. Forget Europe and simply name ONE place IN Europe you would like to visit. It doesn't matter that you COULD name a dozen, name ONE. If you can't name one, that's just called being indecisive. If you MUST name one place which will it be?
The rest will all still be there next year and forget trying to visit 2 places in one week. That just means you will waste time BETWEEN places that could have been spent IN a place. Less is more.
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I also don't like lots of moving about when on holiday. If I visit two countries, I would stay near the border between the two. I usually choose destinations based on my own interests; one of my main interests is history, but I also have destinations, such as Norway, that attract me for reasons I can't quite explain.
If you have only a week at your destination, I would limit the trip to two bases. You could visit any two of Vienna, Salzburg, and Munich, for example. If you can stretch it to ten days on the ground, you could add a third city or town. I agree that a visit to Switzerland could be like a visit to two or three countries, because the German-speaking areas are very different from the French and Italian. However, Switzerland is one of the most expensive countries in Europe. You could combine a few days in Switzerland with a trip to nearby areas of France or Italy if you want to keep the cost contained.
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Do you speak any languages other than English? That would be a factor is my decision making. And you haven't said what you are really interested in - art, architecture, food, the seaside, mountains or something else? Europe is such a general term that it's hard to give advice.
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I agree with Sojourn---using the term Europe is a sure sign of your lack of perspective. Think in terms of one region of one country--such as Andalusia, Tuscany, Bavaria---any of which will consume a week to 10 days. Get a good guide book and do some reading.
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All good with or without the bambino:
If you like the sea, clear blue water, and something better than Capri-go to Dubrovnik and a nearby island(s) Hvar and/or Korcula in Croatia.Great day trips too.
Grindelwald or Wengan in Switzerland are fantastic but $$$.
Two of Salzburg, Munich, Garmish are cheaper than Switzerland.
Belgium great food but you can buy their beer at Costco.
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Raymond did state his interests. Also, he said he was trying to decide on a destination in Europe, and the smorgasbord referred to the many possible destinations to choose from. He never said he wanted to visit "Europe".
Finally, I don't feel as though I'd need to learn Norwegian to visit Norway. I teach an English course in the adult school in my town (in Italy). Eight out of the ten students taking the course are studying English because it is the only language they feel they need to know to travel in Europe.
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Sojourn and Bob: The whole point of my post is that "Europe" is very (too) broad, and I'm seeking advice to help us narrow down our options. And yes, as I stated in my post, we plan to focus on one or *maybe* two places (city or region, depending on final destination). By no means am I suggesting we intend to "do Europe" in a week. That's absurd. I'm trying to figure out which one or two dishes to sample from the smorgasbord.
But it's my fault for writing an overly long post, and it's understandable that some may not read it in its entirety. For what it's worth, while all of the ideas are most welcome, and give us inspiration, I am perhaps more interested in hearing how you go about choosing a single destination out of the countless places you would like to visit. Guidebooks, web forums like this one, travel TV programs, etc. Many of these are obvious, but I'm looking for individual perspectives.
In any case, to Sojourn, Bob and the rest of you, thank you for all the posts! Keep 'em coming.
p.s. To Tarquin, I speak English and Spanish fluently, and Italian is similar enough to Spanish that I was able to get by pretty well when I spent 6 weeks in Italy. But neither of us know a lick of German, and my French is so rusty that it might as well be nonexistent. Hoping not to let language be a barrier, though.
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"just looking for any advice on ways to narrow down where to go, your thoughts on how you go about choosing, etc. Our main limitation is time..."
Time is one of the primary factors I consider when selecting a destination. I know that I will never be able to see all the places I want to see in the world, so I want EVERY moment to count and I want to match my interests to my time frame as well as I can. All else being equal, if the area has more that I know I want to see in the time available, I defer it. If I think it will take less time than I have, I defer it.
I also consider ways to maximize the diversity of my experiences within and across trips and whether I think visiting a specific place / area is likely to get harder / easier in the future (e.g., hiking will get harder the older I get; places known for their snow and glaciers may be quite different as climate change progresses, etc.)
Hope that helps!
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i think that although you are open to taking your offspring with you, whether or not you do so is going to affect the type of trip that you will want to do quite dramatically. IME holidays with little ones are far more successful if they are based in one/two places, so you should pick a place/places that you can use to tour an area without wanting to move around too much. another factor is the size of the base - you don't want too large a place as getting in and out of them every day can be a pain. a small to medium town is a much better option.
but first, you really need to decide what you want to do - your priorities, your interests. I know that sounds obvious, but until you do, there are too many options for us to make any serious suggestions.
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You mentioned an interest in ruins. Sicily has a plethora of ruins and is very interesting to explore. Agrigento is amazing; Syracuse was my favorite city. You would need a car.
It's hard to say why we choose where we visit. We did the "big three" of London, Paris, and Rome on separate trips. Then we have gone back to their countries to see more, both of the cities and the country. My daughter loves ancient ruins, so we went to Greece, and then to Sicily, and then a trip to Prague and Vienna on our own and hooked up with a tour of Croatia, ending in Budapest. For this coming year, we are planning on Spain and Portugal. My favorite is Britain, but I can't really tell you why!
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Well, if you're trying to hold down the budget I wouldn't head for Switz. We love it but my last couple of trips there (in the last year - for work) have shown prices that are absolutely shocking.
With your limitation you might want to consider Andalusia. You can see a lot there in 10 days and it s really unique in euerope due to it's moorish heritage. But definitely go in April - before the worst of the heat sets in.
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I would leave your dd with Grandma. We brought our 1 year old to Italy and I swear we spent most of our time feeding/cleaning/napping/etc. Whose turn for the baby backpack now? You get my drift. She is upset that she was too young to remember anything so we are bringing her to Europe this spring as a 9 year old. Plus it will be cheaper and you will be able to have some real fun. We are doing Paris/Ghent/Amsterdam as part of our trip. I don't think you could go wrong with Benelux as your goal. Also, our trip was determined largely by airfare. We wanted to go everywhere. so we found the cheapest in/out flights and realized we could book a really great trip around it. For us this is 3 week London-Paris-Ghent-Amsterdam-Copenhagen (we have to fly from Amst-Cop) but once we realized that itinerary would save us over 2K in flights (into London and out of Copenhagen) it really helped us decide out trip. If I were you that's what I would do, price out flights and such. I do know that we booked our flights second week of December and they have gone up about $500/ticket since. So maybe you should plan a nice September/low season trip because late spring/summer flights already seem to have gone up a lot.
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Raymond, it's not that I wouldn't go to Germany because I don't speak German, it's that speaking a bit of Italian makes visiting Italy a richer experience for me. And the same probably would be true for you in Spain.
I would focus on one or two things I really want to do or see, then the rest of the trip can fall into place naturally.
Where do you keep the yacht, by the way?
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"Sojourn and Bob: The whole point of my post is that "Europe" is very (too) broad, and I'm seeking advice to help us narrow down our options."
I think you are missing my point Raymond. I suggest you START with thinking about a much smaller area. That is the advice I am trying to give you. Do not think about 'EUROPE' or a 'smorgasborg' at all. Do not come up with a list of several places. Come up with ONE place.
So I will say it again, "If you MUST name one place which will it be?" Answer the question Raymonnd.
You asked for help making YOUR decision. That's what I am giving you. It is YOUR decision and people suggesting 147 places that you might like to visit is not going to help you narrow it down. All you need to do is make a decision, YOU make a decision.
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Sojourn, I'm afraid you may be missing the point. I get what you're saying, but I'm not asking "Where should I go?" Rather, I'm asking "how do YOU decide where to go?"
I think it's fair to say most people who frequent this forum view Europe—and the world—as a smorgasbord to be sampled dish by dish (not all at once). Given unlimited time and resources, we would probably all like to go everywhere. But we all have our individual constraints that force us to prioritize where we'd like to go, and choose one place over many others.
It's that decision-making, that prioritization process, that I'm asking about. Some of it may be personal, and thus not applicable: Jane Doe always dreamed of staying in a Tuscan villa, so Italy is at the top of her list. But for John Smith, no single place rises above the others, so he has to find a way to narrow down to one. In such a situation—if applicable to any of you—how do you pick just one?
(tarquin: my name is a Monty Python reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMqTxHKq1VI)
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I don't think Raymond is missing the point he gave several suggestions.
- Scotch-themed tour of Scotland (sans kid)
- Beer-themed tour of Belgium (sans kid)
- Iceland (perhaps in spring; OK time to go?)
- Spain (where in Spain? would have to narrow this down further too)
- Switzerland/Austria (Vienna/Salzburg
Wow, if Granny would watch the kid then leave without and take her when she will appreciate the trip. I would lean towards the Scotch themed tour of Scotland. I got a little crazy in Belgium, yes you can buy Belgium beer in Costco but nothing like a Delirium Café here and cheap Trappist ale. We had fun one day looking for the Rochefort Brewery so have maps.
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<<I am perhaps more interested in hearing how you go about choosing a single destination out of the countless places you would like to visit. Guidebooks, web forums like this one, travel TV programs, etc. Many of these are obvious, but I'm looking for individual perspectives.>>
Hi Raymond! When I was maybe 18 or 19, I started a "bucket list" of sorts that I've added to and edited over the years. It's a well-worn journal with pages and pages of where I've been and want to go and things I'd like to see some day. I started traveling internationally at 15 and have spent the last 20 years filling passports. I travel on average 60 or 70 days a year, more if I have the time, and while I love the comfort of home, I just get antsy! So you asked for individual perspective on how you choose where to go in the world when there are so many options and places to see.
For me, it varies a little, but I usually start with a budget for airfare (or usually mileage!). Where can I go for $X or X # of miles. Or sometimes there's a great sale and that leads my hand a bit. Or a cruise that I've been eyeing for some time goes on massive sale. I've found that if I'm SO dead-set on one specific place, I miss out on 10 others waiting for the timing to line up. I'd rather see something than nothing, so even if Destination B is higher on my priority list than Destination E, I'm not going to wait 10 years for the former to happen if the latter can happen right now! Anyway, that leads my decisions a lot. Another is time. Like many posters have said, you have to really focus on what you want to accomplish in those 7-10 days. If you want to see parts of more than one country, consider staying near the border of 2 countries so you don't waste a lot of time traveling. There have been many trips through Europe when I've said "THIS is the trip I'm going to see x, y, and z" and I just can't make it happen. You have to just know you can't fit in everything you want to do and still enjoy yourself. It sounds like you have a really good handle on your travel style and the *types* of things you would enjoy...the destinations are just your hiccup. My choices are based off a much larger picture of what I want to see in my life - I don't really care when I see them!
There have been times where I see a very small part of a country because I'm on a cruise that has a single day in a city there - but it makes me ache to go back - so that goes on my list. Or I come to a board and read about someone's incredible journey and that makes me start investigating a new place. So I think your "we want to go to Europe for 10 days" is totally valid and narrowing it down makes sense. Nobody can narrow down your own list for you, but you're right in asking for advice from fellow travelers. You can't learn if you don't ask, right?!
Sometimes process of elimination helps sort things out. Figure out where you can fly into, then see what train schedules work. Things eventually fall into place! I think maybe your first step might be to decide if you're going to take your little with you...that really might narrow down your destination/transportation list quite a bit. And that's not a bad thing! Then from there, have a good honest conversation about what can wait...what can't...what might be more fun when your daughter is older, etc. You'll get there!!!
Best of luck to you! Planning is half the fun!!
PS - I'm a bit with flpab - I did a 10-day Scotland/Ireland/Northern Ireland trip two summers ago that was fab. Easy transportation, great tours, awesome breweries, incredible views. Once you pick your place, there is a lot you can learn and discover!
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Umm, no Raymond you are still missing my point. I'm not aswering "Where should I go?" Rather, I'm answering "how do YOU decide where to go?"
I agree that, "it's fair to say most people who frequent this forum view Europe—and the world—as a smorgasbord to be sampled dish by dish (not all at once)." I disagree with their method of HOW they decide.
I don't think of travel as a smorgasborg. I think of it as ONE place I am interested in going. If you say to me, 'I'm paying, we can go anywhere you want, where do you want to go?', I will give you ONE answer right now. It will be one of many possible answers but it won't take me more than a few seconds to decide on one place.
That may be because I do not think of it as a smorgasborg, I think of one dish to taste at a time. You say, 'sampled dish by dish' but that in fact is not what a smorgasborg is. At a smorgasborg you take a taste of many different dishes at ONE time. That is in fact what most who post about visiting 'Europe' try to do. Visit 6 places in 2 weeks or whatever.
That is what makes it difficult for people to decide because they see 10 things in front of them and want to taste them all. I don't see 10 in front of me, only one. The one I am interested in right now.
It is a fundamental difference in how people think Raymond and I am talking about shifting your paradigm. I don't know how else to explain it, you have to forget all that has gone before and how you think and start from a totally different viewpoint. As long as you continue to think of it as a smorgasborg of choices that you have to choose from, you will have the same problem making a decision every time.
Part of that difference is also that I do not plan beyond A. Regardless of how much time or money I have available, I simply decide to go to A. When I decide I have spent enough time in A and assuming I still have some time and money left, I decide where to go next. I continue that process until either the maximum time available or the maximum funds available are gone, then I go home.
I don't know if there will be a B or if there will, where it will be until the morning I wake up in A and say to myself, 'I'm ready to move on, where should I go now?'
I do not work under the assumption that 'most people who post here' do whether they realize it or not, that there is a 'best' or 'preferable' choice. I can't get it wrong and that is what 'most people who post here' are afraid of. Think about it, that's part of the paradigm shift.
So I'll ask you again Raymond, if you could just drive to the airport and get on a plane today to wherever you want, where would that ONE place be? That is HOW I decide. You asked for help, I've given it. The answer to your question is, JUST DECIDE.
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deciding where to go isn't some logical process where you analyse the pros and cons of each destination - just go where you feel like going - it's as simple as that
in your original post Scotland was the listed first, so go there as that's uppermost in your thoughts, then in a couple of years go somewhere else
or don't go anywhere until one place "calls you"
ask your other half, ask your three year old - it's not a right or wrong decision
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You 'get it' sofarsogood.
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It's like getting married. I chose the one person I was interested in. She said no. I chose the second person I was interested in. She said no. Repeat ad nauseam.
Finally I found someone. When she's ready to move on (soon), I will too. It's really the opposite of a smorgasbord.
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I'd look it by weather and crowds. For instance I wouldn't go to the beach in Italy in early August if you paid me but would love to visit Italy in June or September.
Then I note your dislike of large cities, well Madrid is pretty small so don't ignor.
So avoid the tourist traps in July and August (generally in that period go Germany and north and outside those months go south.
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well, rather than give you a lecture or two about shifting your paradigm [whatever one of those is] I'll try to answer your query, though i think that I did have a go at it upthread.
it seems to me that there are two [possibly 3, but then we're back to monty P again] essential elements that YOU need to decide - are you taking the sprog, and what time of year are you travelling?
when we had small children whether we were taking them, and when we were travelling were the two most important elements which we needed to decide. After that, it was very much ease of getting there, what sort of trip we fancied, any particular interests we wanted to follow up, etc.
Ease of getting somewhere is a big thing with me - if you're going on a relatively short trip [which IMO a week to 10 days is] - you don't want to spend half of it getting to where you want to go. So if you're flying, you want to be able to fly direct, and then have an easy journey to your eventual destination. if you're taking DD, that's even more important.
So assuming you're flying from the US, where in Europe can you fly into easily? do you want to do a round trip or are you up for open-jaw? if so, which two places can you easily combine?
eg - fly into London, Eurostar to Paris, fly home from Paris.
once those parameters are set, you can start to make progress.
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For many who have limited time, with few vacations, a long wish list with lots of interests, and perhaps other travelers to consider, your question is perfectly valid. However, there are so many ways of deciding, it is easy to think people are not trying to be helpful, but it is nearly impossible to give you useful advice.
However, do not know if this will be any help, but in the hope there is some value, here is our approach.
DH and I are always each making wish lists and prioritizing, comparing, discussing, etc. Places are added for consideration. Places are eliminated. We see a movie and say, "Wow! I want to go there." I read about a festival and want to go. I read a novel and want to visit the setting. I read someone's trip report and think, "That sounds fantastic,"
What we want out of the trip is a factor: sight seeing, relaxing, experiencing a new place or culture more in-depth, attending a particular festival or event or activity, how energetic we feel, how much planning we want to do. How much time we have available, cost, what other trips we have done recently, etc.
This shows some of our reasoning:
When we took friends who had never been, we did Venice, Florence, Rome and the AC in Italy.
Because I cried every time we left Venice, we went for a week.
After falling in love with Provence on a short visit, we went and rented a tiny house for a few days, going to markets, cooking, etc. and pretending to live there.
Being a nut about archeological sites, we did a cruise that allowed me to visit some major ones on my wish list.
We braved bitter cold just to go to Basel and surrounding towns for Fasnacht and winter festivals.
Turkey (Istanbul and hot air ballooning in Cappadocia) had been on my dream list forever, but took time to convince DH - best trip ever!
After the movie, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, I want to go to Kefalonia, but we did two Caribbean trips this year and have another in Jan, so an island trip goes off the list for awhile.
I enjoy hot weather and more exotic cultures, so a more extensive tour in Morocco is on my current agenda for Spring.
Doesn't always work out, but we save more Northern areas of Europe for Summer and try to do Southern areas in Spring and Fall, with an eye out for rainy seasons.
In the end, at any given time, one or two places (or events) seem speak to us. Our best trips have had some particular (culture, art, city, event) focus. We go with that and plan the rest of a trip around it. You can see how individual and of the moment the choice is. Is there one city, one country, one thing of intense interest to your or your wife? If so, go with that. Add other things you have time for. It will be wonderful.
The good thing about transportation in Europe is that you can, depending on the places/cities, sometimes settle on two bases and easily visit two quite different areas. You can also choose just one country and see a lot of it. Talk with your wife.
If you leave the little one home, have a lot of practice overnights with Grammy first. The first time away from Mommy can be traumatic, more so for a week or more. I know. I did it years ago without thinking much and it was a big mistake. In retrospect, I would have left my baby with Mom, but definitely taken my 3 year old with me.
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You keep asking how we decide where to travel. We always have a "bucket list" in our minds, Europe, Asia, South America so far. We chhoose one place and expand on it. Another trip, we may return there to places we saw but didn't spend much time in. And then other opportunities arise..a friend asks us to join them on a trip to X. We travel there with them and add more time after they leave.(being retired =time to travel) Last hear we did two of our bucket list, Turkey and Cuba. We would happliy return to both to explore more. We enjoy slow travel, a week in one place at least.
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One other thing. We get more out of visiting places we know more about, have read about, studied, etc. I had studied Impressionism and Renaissance art and Roman architecture, so first trips in Europe were to Paris, Italy and Amsterdam. Before going anyplace, we read and learn as much as we can of the history, culture, etc.
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Thank you again to everyone for the thoughtful replies. Clearly I chose the wrong metaphor with "smorgasbord," The correct food metaphor would be "menu." The former implies trying small samples of a lot of dishes, whereas the latter implies choosing *one* dish from a long list of options, which is what we're contemplating.
In any case, you've all given us plenty to consider, particularly those who focused on the spirit of what I was asking, rather than the accuracy of my metaphor (though sojourn et al., I did ask for all perspectives, so I appreciate yours as well).
I'm sure you'll see more of me here soon as we narrow down on one or two choices and I solicit more ideas and input. It's been a long, dry spell with no stamps in our passports in 5+ years, and another 5+ years of mostly scuba diving trips to the Caribbean before that, so I am very excited to get back to "Europe"!
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Interesting thread!
I'm very visual so I use Google Images a lot. I Google the countries, maybe get more specific such as Castles Scotland, or Castles Germany, or hiking, gardens, big trees, nightlife, historic sites + the Country. It gives me a lot of ideas as to where we might want to go.
When I find too many places, they go into my "Next Trip" file
Once I decide, I read a bunch of travel guides, Google "Top Ten" + the Country. More Images.
Then I ask Fodorites for HELP!!!
If you decide upon Southern Germany and Bavaria, don't worry about language, most in the Hospitality Business speak English. There is a wonderful cable car up Wank Mountain in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. At the top there were wide hiking trails and lots of families with young children if you take your 3yr old.
I would definitely rent an apartment/cottage if you take your 3 year old, many places might have a yard or surrounding grounds for play. Some will take a 5 night booking. I would also limit your trip to 1 Country or area, you don't say (or I didn't read it) if the 7-10 days is inclusive of your flight days, or would you have 7-10 full days not including flight days?
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I love to go to Europe, and where I go and what I do is often determined on what city or country I can get to most cheaply. Last year I flew to Lisbon and later took a cheap flight to Paris. The year before, Dusseldorf was the place to fly into. In 2009 my family got a round trip Newark to Cologne for $260, so we spent a very cheap and very fun 10 days along the Romantic Rhine.
As for where I visit, I like to go where cheap transportation takes me. Last summer I got a $100 r/t from Lisbon to Paris, so I took it. If Paris had been more expensive and Vienna had been available for $100 r/t, then I likely would have done the Central Europe trip I've been wanting to do.
Do you have hotel points you can use? If so, plan around them. Are there any cities with bargain hotel rooms? If so, plan around them. Small towns tend to be cheaper than cities, so take advantage of this fact. And by the way, I'm not saying that I always head to the cheapest destination, but if I see a bargain at a place that sounds interesting, I'm up for it.
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As a Scotsman, I have to input something about Scotland:
It is a great place if you are interested in the outdoors - scenery, hiking, mountain biking,kayaking/sailing etc, particularly if you go to the West coast and the islands. Weather is unceatain but best chance of settled weather would be May/September and the dreaded, "midgie" is less of a problem.
To get the best out of it leave your child at home, they won't remember anything anyway!
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I had another thought of something I do at times. Go to the website of some of the tour sites ( Nat Geo, Viking River Cruises, etc ) and see where they go, Google some of the places. Even though they hit the major spots, there are always less known areas and sights nearby.
I do agree that your 3 yr old won't remember anything, but that choice is yours alone!
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Over years of travel you start to discover certain truths about what makes you happy. For instance my husband and I far prefer to travel off season. We agree we'd prefer to deal with cold weather than crowds. Hence we leave for eleven days in Belgium on Saturday.
We are combining our loves of beer and history by visiting Brugge and Ypres with a bit of Brussels thrown in...We will be spending two days touring WW1 battlefields, but also attend the Brugge Beer festival.
In the same vein, what truths do you know about your family? What are your passions? What area will most tickle your fancy?
As for your three year old, we started taking our son to Europe at about that age and it was a fantastic experience. That being said hubby and I are taking this trip as a couple. We truly enjoy both experiences.
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We have a bucket list of places that is constantly shifting based on a number of variables--timing of vacation, exchange rates, whether our adult children join us, unforeseen opportunities (a business-sponsored cruise), etc.
Since you have a babysitting offer, I would leave the three-year old at home. A three-year old is pretty independent minded and may not want a stroller but also not be able to walk for long periods.
I would look at your short list and decide which would be most enjoyable without a child. Also might factor in the low euro.
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Raymond, I like your analogy comparing the countries Europe to a smorgasbord, or buffet, or what-have-you. My husband and I struggled with your dilemma of narrowing down choices. Ultimately, it came down to a process of elimination, opportunity and price;
Airfare to Iceland(perhaps not strictly Europe)was offered at a very low price, so I grabbed it. of course there are many factors other than price; for example, we live in a cold area, so getting out in the winter months is enticing. I don't want to go to a hot area in the summer or a frigid area in the winter. Some areas I want to visit require a more lengthy stay than we want to commit to or can afford. Like you, we're independent travelers, and prefer low-key.
After eliminating a number of spots in my mind for various reasons for this year, I kept a close eye on travel sites and waited for something appealing to come up, and it did.
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|14 Apr 2013
Windows 7 Ultimate Retail Box (64-bit installed) + Service Pack 1
Dear OP, I'd also disable autorun (autoplay) completely, details here: [starts off with... a lot of malware is spread via autorun, ya think?!? ]
Disable Autorun / Autoplay In Windows 7
Sometimes the USB checker within Windows 7 has been sluggish too, my motherboard came with a specific driver/tool, that could be hosed and mess things up too, although obviously u have malware.
My malware line of defense, is that Malwarebytes product, Spyware Blaster, and Spybot: Search and Destroy, all have a free non-active/non-monitoring component/version you can use.
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
Never mind guys, I brought to a PC repair shop, they reformatted my HDD on my PC, it got tons of problems like BSOD and other things, I gave a reputation to jumanji and cottonball, my PC now can detect my HDD and it has no more shortcut virus. If you don't believe me, here's a pic:
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
Its OK, if that keeps you happy.
I am just interested in seeing how your external HDD looks like now. Just open it in WinRAR and post a screenshot of its contents, just to see whether all the unwanted stuff has been removed.
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
Each person has a 'comfort' level of their own. But, a format of the external HDD does not take care of a virus on the computer.
If it were my machine, would run RogueKiller, just do a Scan, and post the Results.txt.
Would also download: Security Check
Save it to the Desktop.
Right-click SecurityCheck.exe and select: Run as Administrator
Follow the onscreen instructions (on the black screen)
When done, a Notepad document opens automatically: checkup.txt
Please post the contents of checkup.txt in your reply.
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
Hi cottonball,
The PC Repair Shop has only formatted his system HDD and reinstalled Windows.
That was why I was interested in looking into his external HDD. I wanted to see and confirm whether atleast the unnecessary and suspicious files have been removed.
I still want Rain08 to post the screenshot of his external HDD contents in WinRAR. Seems he has missed it.
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
Ah! Got it. The initial comment did not specify which drive.
An HP Pavilion P6640D probably has a Recovery partition, and the system can be brought back to factory defaults.
The RogueKiller report is clean.
I wanted to see and confirm whether at least the unnecessary and suspicious files have been removed.
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
I also missed/misinterpreted quite a few things.
1. His screenshot at post# 32 does show that the HP Recovery partition is still there. So the PC Repair shop most probably restored it to the factory condition using that.
2. He did post the contents of his external HDD in Windows Explorer ( post #35) - not WinRAR
3. He does not seem to have run the RogueKiller with the external HDD connected.
Wouldn't it be better he runs it again with his external HDD connected? (Now he seems to be comfortable with RogueKiller. )
|My System Specs
|17 Apr 2013
Yes, running RogueKiller again with the external HDD connected is a good idea.
Please do so, Rain08.
|My System Specs
|18 Apr 2013
Great, RK just killed "BFP4F.exe", just halfway trough the download and all of a sudden RK stopped it. Need to start again since it doesn't use ".tmp" files . Anyways here's the RK report and my drive with the WinRar, pre-scan and scanning it.
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73-605 Dinah Shore Dr.
#1400N Palm Desert
CA 92211 Call Us: 760-779-8880.
#1400N Palm Desert
CA 92211 Call Us: 760-779-8880.
Have an iPhone? click here to book now. See our open class times and secure your spot using the Highfive Drop-in app.
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Tel: 760-779-8880
Email: email@example.com
73-605 Dinah Shore Dr., #1400N Palm Desert, CA 92211
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Serving Palm Desert California, Cathedral City, Palm Springs, and surrounding communities.


text:
"With UPA passing the confidence vote FICCI is looking forward to a wave of reforms, some of which were held back in the past due to the ideological concerns of the Left," FICCI said immediately after the counting of votes was over in Lok Sabha this evening.
"We expect that in the next three months some major bills, including Pensions Bill and Banking Reforms Bill, pending in Parliament will also be pushed through," FICCI added.
The Indo-US nuclear deal would give a huge technological edge to the Indian industry in the area of nuclear power generation by opening up opportunities for Indian companies, the chamber said.
With the backing of its new allies, the UPA government would push through the disinvestment of PSUs to restore fiscal health, see through the passage of the Insurance and Pension Bills to generate the much-needed resources for infrastructure building, and give a fillip to the private sector engagement in defence activities, FICCI added.
|Quoting BarfBag (Reply 2):
Excellent news that the vote passed! This is a great day for India, from an economic development perspective.
|Quoting AirStairs (Reply 4):
I have not looked at what is specifically in this measure but it seems like things have only room to move upwards in Indian banking at this point.
|Quoting Comorin (Reply 6):
So who exactly are these commies? Mostly ideologues from West Bengal and Kerala?
|Quoting JCS17 (Reply 9):
As the world largest democracy, doesn't it kind of bother you that an ideology that has proved to be essentially worthless and pretty harmful to other peoples of the world has significant traction
|Quoting BarfBag (Reply 8):
|Quoting Nimish (Reply 12):
Clearly people vote for them because they like something about them
|Quoting Nimish (Reply 12):
the commies are strong in the state of West Bengal as they initiated some much needed land reforms
|Quoting Comorin (Reply 13):
I wonder why Marxism has had such a strong hold in Kerala - a gentle folk with such a high literacy rate.
|Quoting BarfBag (Reply 14):
Interestingly, the BJP is gaining popularity in Kerala, and hopefully will cut into the LDF base.
|Quoting Trvyyz (Reply 15):
Aren't the LDF supposed to be atheists?
|Quoting Trvyyz (Reply 15):
I doubt if BJP can ever come to power since the minorities in Kerala make up for half the population.
|Quoting HAWK21M (Reply 11):
strong words by the PM.
|Quoting N867DA (Reply 16):
Ditto for 95% of Tamil Nadu politicians like the current joy of a CM.
|Quoting Trvyyz (Reply 15):
I doubt if BJP can ever come to power since the minorities in Kerala make up for half the population.
|Quoting BarfBag (Reply 20):
Trvyyz: I was referring specifically to something you quoted as your view:
|Quoting BarfBag (Reply 17):
rather narrow view to divide people along such lines
|Quoting BarfBag (Reply 22):
To pick them on the basis of which one panders to your own religious/ethnic affiliation is to just reinforce the divisions.
|Quoting Comorin (Reply 24):
|Quoting TRVYYZ (Reply 26):
Military Aircraft Every type from fighters to helicopters from air forces around the globe
Classic Airliners Props and jets from the good old days
Flight Decks Views from inside the cockpit
Aircraft Cabins Passenger cabin shots showing seat arrangements as well as cargo aircraft interior
Cargo Aircraft Pictures of great freighter aircraft
Government Aircraft Aircraft flying government officials
Helicopters Our large helicopter section. Both military and civil versions
Blimps / Airships Everything from the Goodyear blimp to the Zeppelin
Night Photos Beautiful shots taken while the sun is below the horizon
Accidents Accident, incident and crash related photos
Air to Air Photos taken by airborne photographers of airborne aircraft
Special Paint Schemes Aircraft painted in beautiful and original liveries
Airport Overviews Airport overviews from the air or ground
Tails and Winglets Tail and Winglet closeups with beautiful airline logos


text: I got 11 pages (4309 words) of English content like this: {Great|Excellent|Wonderful|Good|Very good} {article|post} I need it to be translated properly with exactly syntax format to Dutch, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian It may look like this in French ( i used google): {Grande|Excellent|Magnifique|Bonne|Trèsbon} {article|message} Pls dont use something automated. Pls PM me the price. Thanks


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as individual as you are
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by halina145 , January 29, 2010—12:00 AM
Topics: Still Life, flowers, still, tulips
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We are blessed to live in a community where other folks are attempting to grow their own food and live off-grid. It is a blessing in countless ways, one of them being that we are able to walk to our food sources.
I like to call it agrarian grocery shopping.
So, like any other grocery run, we start by rounding up the children. For me that means strapping the baby on my front, putting a back pack on, and saying "Who wants to go pick lettuce?". A little boy chorus of "I do" rings out. I grab my biggest stock pot and we head down the dirt road.
Our first stop is our neighbor's garden, where they very generously allow us to pick as much lettuce, spinach, and kohlrabi greens as we want. The boys and I pack it into the pot while I chat with one of the Bunker's teenage daughters about the garden and their little piglet.
Once the pot is full we head to another neighbor's land to collect beautiful homegrown eggs. She's not home, but she allows us to collect eggs from the chicken coop and pop into her cabin for a dozen that were already collected. Two cartons of eggs go into the backpack.
I should also mention that twice a week we actually subscribe to one of those fancy agrarian grocery services in which one of the children delivers our jars of creamy raw milk.
Once the eggs and greens are collected we head home to make lunch. I put on a pot of rice, chop up the kohlrabi greens (which taste just like collards) and combine them with carrots, green onions and cilantro from our garden, and those homegrown eggs for an egg and vegetable stir fry over rice.
That afternoon I throw the lettuce into my agrarian salad spinner (also known as a clean dish towel) and we make huge salads with potatoes, eggs, more homegrown onions, and chopped tomatoes for supper.
The raw milk is either made into baby formula, drank fresh, or soured for pancakes.
This grocery store may not have a Starbucks at the entrance, but the food is exponentially more nourishing and tasty, the air is fresh, and the vendors are wonderful.


text:
Southern Strokes
Dirty Laundry (Haigan Sense and Tyler Sweet)
Category: Amateur
Pornstars: Haigan Sence,Tyler Sweet
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These two were fucking with each other from the first time they met at the Ranch. They both were there with a few other models hanging out for the weekend. Cocky Tyler wasn't gonna give in to Haigan's smack talk and he started dishing it right back to our resident bad-boy. There is no question in my mind that Tyler struck a nerve and a vein in Haigan's big uncut cock.Read more »
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July 12, 2012 BY John Kim
The World Basketball Festival is set to go down tomorrow in Washington DC and in Paris this weekend followed by a 'finale' event in Barcelona the following weekend. To celebrate this magnificent occasion of international grounds is the Nike Basketball 'WBF' Pack anchored by a punchy 'Fireberry' colorway, consisting of the Nike LeBron 9 Low, Nike Zoom Kobe VII, the all-new Zoom Hyperfuse 2012, and the Lunar Hyperdunk. The entire Pack of releases is scheduled to hit Nike Basketball retailers beginning on August 4th, so check out the entire set below (we'll keep you updated on the Hyperdunk colorway) and let us know which of the bunch you're looking forward to the most.
Nike LeBron 9 Low
Wolf Grey/White-Dynamic Blue-Fireberry
Nike Zoom Kobe VII
Cool Grey/White-Thunder Blue-Fireberry
Nike Zoom Hyperfuse 2012
Wolf Grey/Fireberry-Dynamic Blue
Nike Lunar Hyperdunk
Wolf Grey/Fireberry-Dynamic Blue
Filed under: Basketball Hyperdunk Kobe LeBron Upcoming Sneakers
Tags: Nike LeBron 9 Low Nike Lunar Hyperdunk Nike Zoom Hyperfuse 2012 Nike Zoom Kobe VII


text:
5/547 High Street Road Mount Waverley 3149 VIC
Hidden In The Tranquillity Of A Stunning Enclave Within The MWSC Catchment
In a tranquil world of its own beyond secure auto gate entry, this stunning town residence offers a premium lifestyle package quietly hidden to the rear of an exclusive enclave. A contemporary tone and beautifully spacious layout reveals an open plan living/meals zone and modern stone kitchen with stainless steel appliances, that extends outdoors to a high-hedged landscaped courtyard ideal for entertaining. A preferred ground floor main bedroom with dual vanity ensuite/BIR, is accompanied on the upper level by 2 further robed bedrooms, bright spa bathroom and study nook. Supreme comfort is heightened by a powder room, ducted heating, refrigerated AC, alarm and DLUG, situated in the MWSC catchment, moments to train stations, local shops, buses and leading schools.
*Please Note* Buxton Real Estate may refuse to provide further information about the property should you prefer not to disclose your Full Contact Details including Phone Number. Photo id required upon entering the property.
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Once you've tried the best it is incredibly difficult to go back . . . that's the way I feel about L'Occitane products. Their creams are truly some of the very best!
Right now if you LIKE them on Facebook, you will be able register your details to receive a FREE -- yes FREE Shea Butter Hand Cream. Called "life-changing" and a "hand bag essential" by the millions that have tried it, their hand cream will be your new best friend!