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Superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons in laminae I–II of the spinal cord play an important role in processing noxious stimuli. These neurons represent a heterogeneous population and are divided into various categories according to their action potential (AP) discharge during depolarizing current injection. We recently developed an in vivo mouse preparation to examine functional aspects of nociceptive processing and AP discharge in SDH neurons and to extend investigation of pain mechanisms to the genetic level of analysis. Not surprisingly, some in vivo data obtained at body temperature (37°C) differed from those generated at room temperature (22°C) in spinal cord slices. In the current study we examine how temperature influences SDH neuron properties by making recordings at 22 and 32°C in transverse spinal cord slices prepared from L3–L5 segments of adult mice (C57Bl/6). Patch-clamp recordings (KCH3SO4 internal) were made from visualized SDH neurons. At elevated temperature all SDH neurons had reduced input resistance and smaller, briefer APs. Resting membrane potential and AP afterhyperpolarization amplitude were temperature sensitive only in subsets of the SDH population. Notably, elevated temperature increased the prevalence of neurons that did not discharge APs during current injection. These reluctant firing neurons expressed a rapid A-type potassium current, which is enhanced at higher temperatures and thus restrains AP discharge. When compared with previously published whole cell recordings obtained in vivo (37°C) our results suggest that, on balance, in vitro data collected at elevated temperature more closely resemble data collected under in vivo conditions.
It has been over five decades since Hodgkin and Huxley showed that recording temperature could profoundly influence membrane excitability in the squid giant axon (Hodgkin and Huxley 1952a,b). Despite this, much of the data generated over the past two decades on neuronal excitability in the mammalian nervous system using in vitro preparations have been acquired at room temperature (21–25°C). In cases where in vitro experiments have been repeated at higher temperatures, many phenomena are markedly different (Cao and Oertel 2005; Lee et al. 2005; Micheva and Smith 2005). For example, neurons in the brain stem (Borst and Sakmann 1998; Cao and Oertel 2005), hypothalamus (Griffin and Boulant 1995), hippocampus (Thompson et al. 1985), and cortex (Lee et al. 2005; Volgushev et al. 2000) have altered input resistance, action potential (AP) amplitude, and AP width at elevated temperature (≥32°C). Such differences have important implications for extrapolation of data collected in vitro at room temperature, to the in vivo situation where neurons operate at physiological temperatures (∼37°C). Alternatively, observations made in vivo can be further examined in vitro with the proviso that the influence of factors, such as recording temperature, are fully appreciated (e.g., Margrie et al. 2001).
Temperature considerations are especially relevant when studying heterogeneous neuron populations where differential expression of various temperature-sensitive voltage-gated conductances shapes neuronal discharge (Hille 2001). Superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons in the spinal cord are one such example of a highly heterogeneous neuron population (Melnick et al. 2004a,b; Ruscheweyh and Sandkühler 2002; Ruscheweyh et al. 2004; Yoshimura and Jessell 1989). These central neurons play important roles in processing noxious, thermal, itch, and innocuous tactile stimuli transmitted by Aδ and C-fiber primary afferents (Christensen and Perl 1970; Sugiura et al. 1986; Tuckett and Wei 1987; Vallbo et al. 1999). They can be divided into various categories based on their AP discharge during depolarizing current injection. For example, some SDH neurons discharge APs tonically, others display prominent spike frequency adaptation, and others exhibit delayed AP discharge. Progress has been made toward identifying the ionic mechanisms underlying these discharge categories. Specifically, the relative levels of tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ current and a delayed rectifier K+ current are thought to underlie the tonic and adaptive AP discharge categories (Melnick et al. 2004a,b). The fast activating and inactivating potassium current, termed rapid A-type (IAr), has been shown to delay AP discharge (Ruscheweyh and Sandkühler 2002; Ruscheweyh et al. 2004; Yoshimura and Jessell 1989).
To date, in vitro studies investigating the discharge properties of SDH neurons and their underlying conductances have been carried out at room temperature. No study has comprehensively examined how elevating temperature to more biologically relevant levels affects AP discharge properties in SDH neurons, or how this might affect our understanding of nociceptive processing in the SDH. Therefore we have assessed the in vitro membrane and AP discharge properties of SDH neurons at room temperature (RT, 22°C) and at elevated, near-physiological temperature (PT, 32°C). Comparison of these results with the in vivo behavior of SDH neurons suggests that, on balance, in vitro data collected at elevated temperature more closely resemble data collected under in vivo conditions.
All in vitro and in vivo experimental procedures were approved by the University of Newcastle Animal Care and Ethics Committee. Most data in this study were obtained under in vitro conditions in transverse spinal cord slices at one of two temperatures: RT (22°C) or PT (32°C). Recording temperature was monitored and controlled using an in-line temperature-control unit (Model TC324B; Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT). We chose a 10°C increase in temperature for this study because this better preserved the tissue for recording purposes (vs. 37°C) and also facilitated Q10 comparisons. Elevating in vitro recording temperature to 37°C was not assessed. Selected data recorded under in vivo conditions are also included for comparative purposes. Some aspects of these data have been reported previously (see Graham et al. 2004b).
In vitro spinal cord slice preparation
Mice (C57Bl/6, both sexes: 17–69 days) were anesthetized with ketamine [100 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (ip)] and decapitated. The vertebral column, attached ribs, and soft tissue were surgically isolated and immersed in ice-cold oxygenated sucrose-substituted artificial cerebrospinal fluid (S-ACSF). The S-ACSF contained (in mM): 250 sucrose, 25 NaHCO2, 10 glucose, 2.5 KCl, 1 NaH2PO4, 1 MgCl2, and 2.5 CaCl2, and was continually bubbled with carbogen (95% O2-5% CO2) to achieve a pH of 7.3. Slices were prepared as described previously (Graham et al. 2007a,b). Briefly, the lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord (L3–L5) was dissected free of the vertebrae under a dissecting microscope using a ventral approach. The isolated cord was placed against a Styrofoam support block and glued (rostral end down) to a cutting platform. The block and tissue were placed in a chamber containing oxygenated S-ACSF and transverse slices (300 μm thick) were obtained using a vibrating microtome (VT-1000S, Leica, Heidelberg, Germany). Slices were transferred to a storage chamber containing oxygenated ACSF (118 mM NaCl substituted for sucrose in S-ACSF) and allowed to incubate for 1 h before recording.
In vitro electrophysiology
Spinal cord slices were continually superperfused with oxygenated ACSF in a recording chamber (chamber volume 0.4 ml; exchange rate 4–6 bath volumes/min). Patch-clamp recordings were made using an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). SDH neurons were visualized using infrared differential interference contrast (IR-DIC) optics (Stuart et al. 1993). Under IR-DIC visualization lamina II appears as a translucent band: recordings were restricted to neurons in or dorsal to this region and 20–100 μm below the slice surface. Patch pipettes (2- to 5-MΩ resistance) were filled with a K+-based internal solution containing (in mM): 135 KCH3SO4, 6 NaCl, 2 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 0.1 EGTA, 2 MgATP, and 0.3 NaGTP (pH 7.3 with KOH). The whole cell recording configuration was established in voltage clamp (holding potential −60 mV, series resistance <20 MΩ). Input resistance was calculated according to the average response to a 5-mV hyperpolarizing step (10-ms duration, 30 repetitions). In most experiments a number of protocols were run in voltage clamp before the amplifier was switched to current clamp. The membrane potential observed about 15 s after the switch to current clamp was designated as resting membrane potential (RMP). All reported membrane potentials were corrected for a calculated liquid junction potential of 10 mV (Barry and Lynch 1991). All signals were amplified, filtered at 10 kHz, and digitized at 10 or 20 kHz via an ITC-16 A/D interface (InstruTECH, Port Washington, NY), connected to an Apple Macintosh G4 computer running AxoGraph software (v4.8; Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA).
After electrophysiological characterization the location of each recorded neuron within the SDH was mapped as described previously (Graham et al. 2007b). Briefly, we photographed the dorsal horn while the electrode was still attached to the recorded neuron with a digital camera and Viewfinder Lite software (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Images were imported into Adobe Illustrator and manipulated so the location of each neuron could be plotted on a standardized template of the appropriate segment. Templates of the gray and white matter borders for L3, L4, and L5 segments were generated using Franklin and Paxinos (1997).
In vivo preparation
Details of the in vivo mouse spinal cord preparation have been described previously (Graham et al. 2004a). Briefly, mice (26–42 days, both sexes) were anesthetized with urethane (2.2 g/kg ip). After reaching a deep level of anesthesia, animals were transferred to a customized frame and stabilized with ear and palate bars. A thermal pad placed under the animal maintained body temperature between 34 and 37°C and humidified 100% O2 was continuously blown over the animals' nostrils. The vertebral column was stabilized with custom-made clamps and a laminectomy (at L1) exposed the widest point of the lumbosacral enlargement (∼L4). The dura was reflected and a small incision made in the pia to allow penetration of the underlying dorsal horn with a recording pipette. Throughout the experiment the surface of the spinal cord was irrigated with ACSF (as used for in vitro experiments), maintained at 37°C. At the completion of experiments animals were overdosed with Nembutal (100 mg/kg ip).
In vivo electrophysiology
Recording pipettes (8–12 MΩ) were fabricated from thick-wall (OD 1.5 mm, ID 0.86 mm) borosilicate glass capillaries and filled with the same K+-based internal solution used for in vitro experiments. Patch-clamp recordings were made using an Axoclamp 2B amplifier (Molecular Devices). Pipettes were first advanced through the white matter of the spinal cord to a depth of about 100 μm, while positive pressure (∼0.5 bar) was applied to the pipette tip. The pressure on the pipette was reduced to 0.1 bar and we searched for neurons by advancing a further 250 μm (3-μm steps) into the dorsal horn. After a tight seal (>1 GΩ) was obtained on a SDH neuron the membrane patch was ruptured using gentle suction to establish the whole cell recording configuration (holding potential −60 mV, series resistance <50 MΩ). As with in vitro experiments, when the amplifier was switched to current-clamp mode the membrane potential observed about 15 s after this switch was designated as RMP. In these experiments all protocols were run in current clamp (bridge mode). Data were amplified, filtered, digitized, and stored as for in vitro experiments. All membrane potential values were corrected for a 10-mV calculated liquid junction potential (Barry and Lynch 1991). We note that the different amplifiers used for our in vitro and in vivo experiments have been reported to filter and distort voltage signals differently (Magistretti et al. 1996). The extent of this distortion was quantified using the same model cell (500 MΩ, 16.5-ms time constant, 10-MΩ series resistance) on the Axopatch 200B and Axoclamp 2B amplifiers. The Axoclamp 200B and Axopatch 2B amplifiers reduced theoretically calculated values for peak amplitude and time constant by approximately 4 and 7%, respectively. Thus we may have slightly overestimated spike height and underestimated spike width in our in vitro experiments.
Experimental protocols
All voltage-clamp protocols, run in vitro, were made from a holding potential of −60 mV and used standard P/N leak subtraction protocols to remove capacitive and leakage currents and to isolate whole cell subthreshold ionic currents (Sontheimer and Ransom 2002) (semiautomated procedure, Axograph 4.6 software). The first protocol tested for the presence of a transient, rapidly decaying potassium current (termed IAr) by delivering a hyperpolarizing prepulse to −90 mV (1-s duration), followed by a depolarizing step to −40 mV (200-ms duration). The second protocol assessed steady-state inactivation of IAr by delivering a series of prepulses from −90 to −40 mV in 5-mV increments, followed by a depolarizing voltage step to −40 mV (200-ms duration). The third protocol assessed the voltage-dependent activation of IAr by applying a hyperpolarizing prepulse to −90 mV (1-s duration) followed by voltage steps of increasing amplitude from −85 to −40 mV in 5-mV increments. A common set of current-clamp protocols were run for both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current steps (800-ms duration, 20-pA increments, delivered every 8 s) were injected to determine each neuron's voltage response. During these protocols, sustained membrane deflections were limited to −20 mV during depolarizing steps and −100 mV during hyperpolarizing steps to minimize neuronal damage.
Data analysis
Data analysis was performed off-line using semiautomated procedures within Axograph v4.8 and Igor Pro software v5 (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR). Individual APs elicited by depolarizing current injection were captured using a derivative threshold method (threshold set at dV/dt = 15–20 V/s). The inflection point during spike initiation was defined as AP threshold. Rheobase current was defined as the smallest current step that elicited at least one AP. Individual AP properties for all SDH neurons were measured from the rheobase response. AP amplitude was measured as the difference between AP threshold and its maximum positive peak. AP base width was measured at AP threshold. AP afterhyperpolarisation (AHP) amplitude was measured as the difference between AP threshold and the maximum negative peak following the falling phase of the AP. Several parameters were measured to describe AP discharge during depolarizing current injections. For responses that contained multiple APs, mean frequency was calculated as the average of all instantaneous AP frequencies.
Activation and steady-state inactivation curves for the IAr current were fit with the Boltzmann equation, g/gmax = 1 − {1/[1 + exp (V − V1/2)/κ]}, where g/gmax = normalized conductance, V = membrane potential, V1/2 = voltage at half-maximal activation (or inactivation), and κ is the slope factor. The temperature sensitivity of measured parameters was expressed as Q10 values (the proportionate change for a 10°C change in temperature). Q10 values were calculated using the equation Q10 = (X1/X2)10/t2−t1, where t2 is 32°C and t1 is 22°C and X2 and X1 are the corresponding parameters measured at the two temperatures. Because comparisons are made between 22 and 32°C, a Q10 value close to 1 for a given property indicates little or no temperature dependence. A Q10 value <1 indicates that a property will decrease as temperature is elevated, whereas a Q10 value >1 indicates a property will increase as temperature is elevated.
SPSS v10 software package (SPSS, Chicago, IL) was used for most statistical analyses. One-way ANOVA was used to compare variables between/across discharge categories. Student–Neuman–Keuls post hoc tests were used to determine where data differed. Data that failed Levene's test of homogeneity of variance were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallace test. G-tests, with Williams' correction, were used to determine whether discharge patterns differed at RT and PT recording temperatures (Sokal and Chapman 2003). Separate post hoc Pearson's chi-squared tests were subsequently applied to compare the proportions of each discharge category observed under the two temperature conditions (tonic firing, initial bursting, delayed firing, single spiking, and reluctant firing). All values are presented as means ± SE. All comparisons are described as significant when P < 0.05, unless otherwise stated.
In vitro patch-clamp recordings were obtained from 219 SDH neurons in 49 mice. Of these, 113 were made at RT and 106 were made at PT. A similar recording yield was achieved under both conditions (4.3 vs. 4.6 neurons/animal at RT and PT, respectively). In 16 neurons we were able to maintain stable recording conditions, including series resistance, after bath temperature was ramped between RT and PT. Results from such experiments are reported as "within-cell" temperature effects. During this procedure series resistance often increased substantially (>25%). Efforts to clear the pipette frequently resulted in loss of whole cell recording. Consequently, most comparisons are made using data collected in separate recording sessions at one temperature or the other (RT or PT). Results from these experiments are reported as "between-cell" temperature effects.
Data from 93 SDH neurons, previously collected using an in vivo (IV) mouse spinal cord preparation (Graham et al. 2004a), were compared with data obtained at the two in vitro temperatures (RT and PT). IV results were included to assess how closely elevating temperature in an in vitro preparation reproduces the active and passive properties of SDH neurons recorded in vivo.
Temperature effects on passive and active membrane properties
The locations of recorded neurons across the three spinal segments for the two recording temperatures are summarized in Fig. 1. Neurons were similarly distributed across the rostrocaudal, mediolateral, and dorsoventral extent of the SDH, suggesting any observed differences are not due to a bias in recording location. Temperature influenced most passive and active membrane properties in SDH neurons. For example, input resistance and RMP are altered when recordings are made at the three temperatures. Input resistance was significantly higher at RT compared with PT and IV (510 ± 26 vs. 370 ± 14 and 361 ± 21 MΩ, n = 106, n = 105, n = 93, respectively). RMP at RT was more hyperpolarized than at PT (−69. 4 ± 0.7 vs. −67.1 ± 0.8 mV, n = 113, n = 106, respectively). These in vitro values, however, were almost 10 mV more hyperpolarized than the in vivo values we have previously reported for SDH neurons (−58.1 ± 0.7 mV, n = 93) (Graham et al. 2004a).
AP properties were also sensitive to recording temperature and the differences are shown in Fig. 2. Representative APs from the three recording conditions (RT, PT, and IV) illustrate the temperature sensitivity of AP threshold, AP amplitude, AP base width, and AHP amplitude (Fig. 2A). AP threshold was similar for RT and PT recordings but significantly depolarized in IV recordings (−40.3 ± 0.6 and −38.5 ± 0.5 vs. −32.8 ± 0.6 mV, n = 110, n = 92, and n = 86, respectively). Overshooting APs were observed at all three temperatures, with AP amplitude being significantly larger at RT compared with PT and IV (60.7 ± 1.6 vs. 50.3 ± 1.2 and 52.6 ± 1.4 mV, n = 110, n = 92, and n = 86, respectively). AP base width was significantly broader at RT and briefer at PT and IV (3.20 ± 0.09 vs. 1.8 ± 0.05 and 1.74 ± 0.04 ms, n = 110, n = 92, and n = 86, respectively). Finally, AHP amplitude was similar at RT and PT, but these values were significantly reduced at IV (−29.6 ± 1.8 and −31.1 ± 0.9 vs. −16.0 ± 0.7 mV, n = 110, n = 92, and n = 86, respectively). Thus recording in vitro at 32°C modifies the peak amplitude and base width of APs in SDH neurons to values that approximate those recorded in vivo. In contrast, AP threshold and AHP amplitude are similar at room temperature and physiological temperature, but are markedly different from those obtained in vivo.
Changing recording temperature during a recording allowed study of "within-cell" temperature effects. Data from a representative "within-cell" temperature change experiment (Fig. 2B) illustrate the major differences that were identified on rheobase APs. In this example, input resistance decreased after heating from RT to PT, consequently increasing rheobase current. An expanded view of the evoked AP (Fig. 2B, inset) shows that AP threshold is largely unaltered at elevated temperature. In contrast, AP peak amplitude and base width are substantially reduced, whereas AHP amplitude is increased. In these experiments a small stabilizing bias current (<50 pA) was injected to maintain the RMP observed at the initial temperature during and following temperature changes. This avoided the confounding effect temperature has on membrane potential, which can influence AP discharge in SDH neurons (Prescott and De Koninck 2002; Ruscheweyh and Sandkühler 2002). Within-cell temperature effects were assessed during heating (RT to PT, n = 12) and cooling (PT to RT, n = 13). AP threshold was stable when neurons were heated from RT to PT (−32.7 ± 1.3 vs. −33.0 ± 2.0 mV) or cooled from PT to RT (−30.7 ± 1.4 vs. −32.2 ± 1.3 mV). Heating from RT to PT significantly reduced AP amplitude (79.6 ± 4.7 vs. 54.8 ± 3.7 mV) and AP base width (2.9 ± 0.3 vs. 1.7 ± 0.1 ms). Likewise, cooling from PT to RT significantly increased AP amplitude (57.5 ± 4.1 vs. 78.0 ± 4.0 mV) and AP base width (1.6 ± 0.1 vs. 2.8 ± 0.1 ms). Changing bath temperature had variable effects on AHP amplitude, although the mean differences during heating from RT to PT (−29.8 ± 1.6 vs. −34.8 ± 1.9 mV) and cooling from PT to RT (−35.5 ± 1.4 vs. −32.7 ± 1.2 mV) were not significantly different. Q10 values were used to compare "within-cell" versus "between-cell" temperature effects on membrane and AP properties (Table 1). Similar conclusions are reached irrespective of the way temperature effects are examined. In summary, the effect of temperature on most membrane and AP properties is modest apart from those on AP amplitude and base width, which are highly temperature sensitive.
Temperature affects the prevalence of discharge categories
Neurons in the SDH are a heterogeneous population with several different categories described according to AP discharge patterns during depolarizing current injection (Graham et al. 2007a; Grudt and Perl 2002; Hu and Gereau 2003; Lopez-Garcia and King 1994; Lu et al. 2006; Ruscheweyh and Sandkühler 2002; Thomson et al. 1989; Yoshimura and Jessell 1989). We identified five AP discharge categories in this study under RT, PT, and IV conditions (Fig. 3A). Tonic firing was characterized by persistent AP discharge that lasted for the duration of the current injection. Initial bursting was characterized by AP discharge limited to the beginning of the current injection. These neurons were the most likely to exhibit rebound depolarization, or occasional APs, after release from hyperpolarizing current injection. Delayed firing featured a prominent delay between the onset of the current injection and the initiation of AP discharge. Single spiking was characterized by the discharge of one or two APs at the onset of the current injection. Finally, reluctant firing neurons did not discharge APs despite the delivery of depolarizing current injections that moved membrane potential well above Na+ current activation thresholds. These reluctant firing neurons had input resistance similar to that of neurons in the other categories (372 ± 39 vs. 370 ± 15 MΩ, n = 15, n = 90, respectively in PT recordings); however, their RMPs were more hyperpolarized (−74 ± 2 vs. −66 ± 1 mV, n = 15, n = 91, respectively). Together, these two measurements suggest reluctant firing neurons were neither damaged nor unhealthy and were therefore included in our analysis.
The relative proportions of each discharge category differed significantly under the two in vitro recording conditions (Fig. 3B; G-statistic = 18.68, P < 0.01). Post hoc chi-squared analysis of these proportions for each discharge pattern at RT versus PT indicated that the ratio of tonic firing, initial bursting, and single spiking categories were similar (P = 0.28, 0.08, and 0.56, respectively), whereas the ratio of delayed firing and reluctant firing differed (P = 0.05 and 0.001, respectively). We also examined the location of recorded neurons (as in Fig. 1) with different discharge patterns. No distinct clustering or location bias was detected for any discharge pattern under either temperature condition (Supplemental Fig. S1).1 When compared with the proportion of SDH neuron discharge profiles encountered in vivo (Graham et al. 2004b), both RT and PT proportions showed some similarities. For example, the prevalence of initial bursting neurons at RT is similar to the proportion exhibiting this discharge pattern in vivo. On the other hand, a greater representation of reluctant firing neurons and reduced delayed firing neurons at PT resemble our previous in vivo findings.
Temperature effects between AP discharge categories
We investigated whether the different temperature conditions affected membrane and AP properties (summarized in Fig. 2 and Table 1 for all SDH neurons) within each of the four discharge categories featuring AP discharge (Table 2). At elevated temperature, input resistance was decreased in initial bursting and delayed firing neurons, and RMP was more depolarized in tonic firing and delayed firing neurons. Rheobase current was temperature sensitive only in single spiking neurons. Several AP features within discharge categories also exhibited different temperature sensitivities. For example, elevated temperature significantly depolarized AP threshold for tonic firing neurons only. AP amplitude decreased at elevated temperature in all categories except delayed firing neurons. AP base width was consistently reduced at elevated temperature for all discharge categories, whereas AHP amplitude was temperature sensitive only in single spiking neurons. Thus membrane and AP properties between the four discharge categories exhibit complex temperature sensitivities. This precludes the use of simple extrapolation when comparing data acquired at different temperatures.
We also examined the effects of elevated temperature on AP discharge rates in the two most excitable AP discharge categories (tonic firing and initial bursting). For both tonic firing and initial bursting neurons, AP frequency increased at elevated temperature, indicating that these two discharge categories exhibit increased excitability at elevated temperature (Fig. 4). Although this relationship between excitability and temperature may have been expected, not all SDH neurons behaved in this manner. When the proportion of reluctant firing and delayed firing neurons are considered together, elevated temperature caused an increase in reluctant firing with a concomitant decrease in delayed firing (Fig. 5A). This raises the possibility that some delayed firing neurons become reluctant firing at elevated temperature. Support for this hypothesis comes from the observation that 3/4 neurons classified as delayed firing at RT lost or had a diminished capacity to discharge APs when bath temperature was elevated "within cell" to PT (i.e., the neuron became reluctant firing, Fig. 5B). Thus there is a population of SDH neurons that show diminished excitability at elevated temperature.
The rapid A-current (IAr) has a role in reluctant firing and is temperature sensitive
Since it is well established that IAr underlies delayed firing in SDH neurons (Ruscheweyh and Sandkühler 2002; Ruscheweyh et al. 2004), and because we have demonstrated a relationship between delayed and reluctant firing (Fig. 5), we next investigated the role IAr plays in reluctant firing (Fig. 6). Depolarizing current injections were repeated in reluctant firing neurons while they were held at more depolarized membrane potentials (Fig. 6A). Because IAr is voltage sensitive, we predicted this procedure would diminish the ability of this current to inhibit AP discharge. All reluctant firing neurons subjected to current injections from more depolarized membrane potentials exhibited AP discharge (RT, n = 2; PT, n = 3). It is important to note that our classification of reluctant firing neurons was based on current injections that were well above AP threshold. Thus the initial absence of AP discharge in neurons classified as reluctant firing cannot be explained simply by a failure to reach AP threshold.
In some reluctant firing neurons depolarizing current injections were repeated after bath application of the IAr blocker 4-aminopyridine (5 mM; Fig. 6B). Following pharmacological block of IAr, depolarizing current steps evoked AP discharge in all reluctant firing neurons tested (PT, n = 4). These data suggest a role for IAr in reluctant firing. We therefore carried out a detailed analysis of the temperature sensitivity of IAr. Elevated temperature significantly increased peak IAr amplitude (309 ± 41 vs. 204 ± 28 pA; PT n = 33 and RT n = 19, respectively) and decreased IAr decay-time constant (65 ± 10 vs. 50 ± 6 ms). Interestingly, peak IAr amplitude in reluctant firing neurons at PT was significantly greater than the mean value for all IAr-expressing SDH neurons that expressed IAr (517 ± 9 vs. 309 ± 41 pA; n = 4 and n = 33, respectively). Analysis of the voltage dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation of IAr showed that activation occurred at more negative potentials (i.e., curve shifted to the left; PT n = 12 and RT n = 14).
This study documents the effect of temperature on important electrophysiological properties of SDH neurons. At elevated temperatures, all SDH neurons have reduced input resistances and smaller, briefer APs. Other temperature effects are more selective. For example, a shift in RMP to more depolarized values, and altered AHP amplitude, are observed in subpopulations of SDH neurons only at elevated temperature. Importantly, there is an increase in the proportion of neurons that do not discharge APs during depolarizing current injections. These reluctant firing neurons express IAr, which exercises a greater influence at elevated temperature and leads to reduced AP discharge. Comparison of these in vitro findings with previously published in vivo data indicates that elevating in vitro recording temperature from 22 to 32°C makes data closely resemble those collected under in vivo conditions.
Membrane properties
Reduced input resistance at elevated temperature is a consistent finding in a variety of neuronal types (Cao and Oertel 2005; Griffin and Boulant 1995; Klee et al. 1974; Lee et al. 2005; Thompson et al. 1985; Volgushev et al. 2000). This is also the case for SDH neurons in general (Table 1); however, when neurons were separated by discharge category the reduction in input resistance was not uniform. For example, the effect of elevated temperature on input resistance is greatest in delayed firing neurons (37% reduction) and least in tonic firing neurons (11% reduction). The mechanisms underlying these changes have not been directly assessed in this study, although, in cortical neurons, the greater temperature sensitivity of potassium versus sodium conductances is considered responsible (Lee et al. 2005; Volgushev et al. 2000).
The influence of temperature on RMP is equivocal across studies. In cat motoneurons and rat visual cortex neurons cooling shifts RMP to more depolarized levels (Klee et al. 1974; Volgushev et al. 2000). In contrast, cooling mouse cochlear neurons leads to hyperpolarization and heating leads to depolarization (Cao and Oertel 2005). Finally, studies in hippocampal CA1, hypothalamic, and neocortical pyramidal neurons suggest temperature has little or no effect on RMP (Griffin and Boulant 1995; Lee et al. 2005; Thompson et al. 1985). In mouse SDH neurons we observed a modest depolarization of RMP (∼3 mV) at elevated temperature (Table 1) in population comparisons. Unlike input resistance, however, this effect was not consistent across discharge categories. The RMPs of initial bursting and single spiking neurons were unaffected by elevated temperature (<2-mV shift). Conversely, the RMPs of tonic firing and delayed firing neurons were depolarized by elevated temperature (>5-mV shift). Because RMP is set by several voltage-sensitive conductances, it is not surprising that in a heterogeneous population, like SDH neurons, temperature effects are variable.
AP properties
Elevating temperature caused a marked reduction in AP amplitude and base width in SDH neurons. These findings are strikingly similar to previous temperature-sensitivity studies across several neuronal populations (Cao and Oertel 2005; Hodgkin and Huxley 1952a,b; Joyner 1981; Klee et al. 1974; Lee et al. 2005; Volgushev et al. 2000). In some of these studies the differing temperature sensitivity has been attributed to the two major currents underlying AP generation: voltage-sensitive sodium and potassium currents. Cao and Oertel (2005) suggested slowed activation of the repolarizing potassium current at room temperature allows greater depolarization during sodium current activation. This effect is compounded by slowed sodium current inactivation. Alternatively, Volgushev et al. (2000) attributed an increased activation threshold of the delayed rectifier potassium current (with little effect on sodium current) as the underlying mechanism for enhanced AP amplitude and width at room temperature. From our current data, we are unable to differentiate between these two possible mechanisms in SDH neurons.
There was a trend toward increased AHP amplitude at elevated temperature; however, this was significant only in single spiking neurons. Studies in different neuronal populations have noted that elevated temperature has little effect on AHPs. Lee et al. (2005), however, suggested the onset and kinetics of Ca+-dependent slow AHPs was delayed by cooling in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Little is known about the prevalence of Ca+-dependent AHPs in SDH neurons (Safronov 1999) and it remains to be determined whether a similar mechanism operates in the SDH.
AP discharge properties
The discharge properties of SDH neurons have been examined extensively using in vitro preparations at room temperature (Grudt and Perl 2002; Melnick et al. 2004a,b; Prescott and De Koninck 2002; Ruscheweyh and Sandkühler 2002; Thomson et al. 1989; Yoshimura and Jessell 1989). At RT, injection of depolarizing current steps reveals four major discharge categories: tonic firing, initial bursting, delayed firing, and single spiking. Likewise, at RT we also observed four main discharge patterns, although we also found a small proportion of neurons that do not discharge APs during depolarizing current steps. Such neurons are rarely described in vitro, except for one study where they were classified together with single spiking neurons (Prescott and De Koninck 2002). At elevated temperature the prevalence of these reluctant firing neurons increased dramatically (Fig. 5A). We propose elevated temperature enhances IAr (see Fig. 6C) and "converts" some delayed firing neurons into the reluctant firing state. This notion is supported by five observations: 1) a reduced prevalence of delayed firing neurons at elevated temperature, and a concomitant increase in reluctant firing neurons (Fig. 5A); 2) conversion of delayed firing responses to reluctant firing by elevating temperature in vitro (Fig. 5B); 3) significantly larger IAr amplitude in reluctant firing neurons (Fig. 6C); 4) the capacity of reluctant firing neurons to discharge spikes when IAr is either partially inactivated or pharmacologically blocked (Fig. 6, A and B); and 5) the increased prevalence of reluctant firing SDH neurons in our in vivo recordings (Fig. 3B). It should be noted, however, that the proportion of initial bursting neurons also decreased at elevated temperature (Fig. 3B) and their possible conversion to reluctant firing neurons cannot be discounted.
The role of IAr has been studied extensively throughout the nervous system and its predominant function is to provide shunting inhibition (for recent review see Jerng et al. 2004). At the soma, IAr reduces the effect of injected current, thus larger currents are required to reach AP threshold. In dendrites IAr attenuates backpropagating APs. Numerous studies have shown that during depolarizing current injections the shunting inhibition provided by IAr increases rheobase, delays the onset of AP discharge, and increases interspike interval (Mitterdorfer and Bean 2002; Molineux et al. 2005; Russier et al. 2003; Varga et al. 2004; Vydyanathan et al. 2005). Our data suggest an additional role for IAr, where the shunting inhibition actually prevents AP discharge in reluctant firing neurons altogether. This particular role becomes significant at elevated in vitro and in vivo temperatures because of the temperature sensitivity of this potassium current. Thus the presence or absence of IAr has functional relevance for signal processing in the SDH in vivo.
In terms of AP discharge rates, both tonic firing and initial bursting neurons fired at significantly increased frequency at PT (Fig. 4). This is in stark contrast to many delayed firing neurons, which were silenced when temperature was raised (Fig. 5). Thus elevating temperature in slices has differing effects on AP discharge in the various SDH neuron subpopulations. The excitability of some neurons is enhanced (tonic firing and initial bursting), whereas in others excitability is reduced (delayed firing). Consequently, models of SDH neuron circuitry and function, developed using data collected at room temperature, will necessarily behave differently at physiological temperature.
Comparison of in vitro and in vivo AP discharge
The question of how well any experimental preparation reflects the in vivo state is of great importance. A unique feature of this study is that a single laboratory has made comparable recordings from SDH neurons at two in vitro temperatures and at body temperature (in vivo). Comparison of data collected at the two in vitro temperatures (RT and PT) with our in vivo experiments provides a new perspective on the behavior of SDH neurons. In particular, mean values for input resistance, AP amplitude, and AP base width are almost identical at elevated temperature and in vivo, although they differ significantly from values obtained at room temperature.
The impact of larger, broader APs at room temperature has been shown to enhance Ca2+ entry during AP discharge in a number of studies (Borst and Sakmann 1998; Lee et al. 2005; Markram et al. 1995). In SDH neurons this could influence Ca2+-dependent mechanisms such as neurotransmitter release and long-term potentiation, which have so far been studied only at room temperature in the SDH (Ikeda et al. 2003; Liu and Sandkühler 1995, 1997). The effects of lowered temperature, however, may be countered by the slowing of biochemical reactions and intracellular processes that follow Ca2+ influx. For example, electrogenic pumps (e.g., Na+/K+-ATPase) are highly temperature sensitive (Q10 >2), and show reduced activity as temperature decreases (Thompson et al. 1985). Future studies, at elevated temperatures, are required to fully understand the net result of altered Ca2+ entry, electrogenic pump activity, and the downstream effects, in vivo.
We expected all SDH neuron properties assessed at elevated in vitro temperature to approach those in vivo values we have previously reported. RMP, AP threshold, and AHP amplitude, however, did not respond as predicted. This result highlights that, although in vitro temperature was elevated to near physiological levels, other important differences still exist between the in vitro tissue slice and an intact "living" nervous system. One major difference is the reduced connectivity in a 300-μm-thick spinal slice where many neurons are disconnected from primary afferent and descending inputs. This would remove tonic facilitatory and/or inhibitory drive to the SDH (Mason 2005). The tissue slicing procedure could also truncate the dendrites of recorded neurons. This will influence net synaptic connectivity and membrane properties of neurons in vitro. These factors might be expected to alter the level of spontaneous synaptic activity between preparations and may contribute to differences in RMP and AP threshold. The effect of such disconnection and truncation on SDH neuronal membrane and AP properties in slices is unclear at this stage.
Our in vivo recordings were all made under urethane anesthesia and the actions of this drug are not fully understood. Studies using recombinant expression of the major fast excitatory and inhibitory ligand-gated ion channels suggest its action is broad, influencing all receptors studied (Hara and Harris 2002). More recently, the effect of urethane on cortical neurons was studied in brain slices. This study suggested urethane had little effect on receptors underlying synaptic transmission, but instead activated a potassium leak conductance that diminished neuronal excitability and AP discharge (Sceniak and MacIver 2006). Thus although its actions are still under debate, we cannot exclude a contribution of urethane anesthesia to our in vivo data.
In summary, the results from this study indicate that in vitro experiments completed at elevated temperature, on balance, more accurately reflect SDH neuron properties recorded in vivo than experiments carried out at room temperature. Extrapolating in vivo functions from data collected at room temperature has proved problematic not only for neuronal excitability (Cao and Oertel 2005; Griffin and Boulant 1995; Lee et al. 2005; Thomson et al. 1989; Volgushev et al. 2000), but also for processes underlying synaptic transmission (Micheva and Smith 2005; Thomson et al. 1989; Volgushev et al. 2000). Our findings therefore provide a basis for comparing room-temperature recordings with those made at elevated temperature or in vivo. Moreover, they argue that future in vitro experiments investigating SDH neuron function be undertaken at more physiologically relevant temperatures, whenever possible.
This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Grants 276403 and 401244, The Hunter Medical Research Institute, and the University of Newcastle, Australia.
↵1 The online version of this article contains supplemental data.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2008 by the American Physiological Society


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Contest University Finland 2017 is celebrating the centenary of Finland's independence. The 2nd CTU Finland will be organized in conjunction with the SRAL Summer Camp at Mustiala Manor on Friday 7.7.2017 klo 09:00 … 17:00 local time.
Please join us to listen interesting, internationally acknowledged, lecturers about various topics around contesting. Both new and experienced contesters will find something new for them.
Chris Kovarik 9A5K, creator of DXLog and master of the latest operating techiques. You will learn how high scores are achieved e.g. at K1LZ, E7DX, 9A1A ja JT5DX super stations.
Jouko Häyrynen OH1RX, will give the latest news of the WRTC 2018 just only 364 days to go.
Pekka Ketonen OH1TV, a true specialist in antenna design and technology will reveal secrets of the low band receive antenna systems.
Kari Hirvonen OH2BP, Mr. RTTY will tell us about the increasingly popular contest mode ABC and D.
Ranko Boca 4O3A, founder of a super station and a tech company to bring his innovations to commercial products to enable modern operating techniques to be applied.

subset: commoncrawl


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|Narragansett Del's Shandy
|Rivertown Roebling Porter
|Lagunitas Born Again Yesterday
Travlr (3057) Charlotte , North Carolina | November 18, 2012
Large grocery still, half a dozen or so taps for growlers fills. Bottle selection is very small, bit there was a large cooler. Of course it wad locked, because to shop for beer at noon on a Sunday violates some religious principle that I have yet to discover or understand.
theisti (899) Kansas | February 20, 2014| Updated September 8, 2014
Visited just before dinner on a Wednesday. Thrift store looking place from the front, though fairly normally laid out grocery store once you enter. The beer selection is in the back corner, selection is located in an open cooler featuring singles, a warm rack, and a walk in beer cooler with the remainder of the selection. Selection is below the other stores I have visited in Louisville, though still way above average compared with most grocery stores. Import selection in particular was solid. Certainly worth checking out, just not at the top of my list for Louisville bottle shops.
70 = ★★½ (Locals should check it out, visitors with extended time)
I only use the total score, not the component parts.
chibuck (588) Chicago, Illinois | August 31, 2013
Grocery store with a pretty big beer selection. Walk in cooler with mostly main stays, some local West Sixth and New Albanian ticks. Singles selection which is nice to tick but not a ton of local stuff. The reason to come here is the growler station. 12 taps that are awesome and cheap as can be. $9-$12 including glassware for great stuff like Maharaja, Gumballhead, etc. Worth a stop.
weihenweizen (459) Charleston Area, West Virginia | July 31, 2012
This is a grocery, nobody around to ask questions about their selection at the time. Most of the beer is in the back, in their beer cave. There are a few end caps near the beer cave that have some american cases and six-packs. There are some good Belgian singles, a few Germans, some American bombers, but the singles of american brew was lacking. Even in the middle of the summer the beer cave was freezing. I saw a bottle of Abbaye des Rocs Blanche des Honnelles which had a best by date of March 2011 (only 16 months too late). I picked up a couple bottles, but expected a little more based on the other ratings.
shrubber85 (372) Greenville, Indiana | April 25, 2012| Updated February 18, 2017
Grocery store with a nice walk-in cooler and growler fill. Good selection of beer for a regular grocery store but nothing you won't find in the more convenient stores. Not really worth going out of your way for but a quick stop between Holy Grale and Cumberland/Great Flood.
b3shine (337) Indiana | January 6, 2013
Stopped in while in town with my wife. They have a good bottle selection with a growler station to boot. The grocery section was solid too, as was the value. Worth a stop if you're in the area; I'd just avoid IPAs, as I'm not sure how quickly their stock turns over.
savnac (284) Anchorage, Alaska | November 7, 2012
Nice grocery store with a decent beer selection. Walk-in cooler with lots of bottles and 6 packs, ect. Had a few things not seen elsewhere in Kentucky and the prices were good. Worth checking out. Grocery store looked nice too.
Ernest (228) Boulder, Colorado | February 21, 2015
Surprisingly large beer selection for a grocery store with such a plain exterior/interior...you'd never guess by its appearance. Make sure you go back inside the beer room, too, there's more than just what's out on the back wall. Stacks and stacks of the new batch of Hopslam when I visited. Sadly most beer is near or beyond their best-by dates (some are literally years old). So, avoid the imports for the most part (unless you like stale beer) and be weary even with midwest micros. Some taps here for growler fills as well. Certainly worth checking out, but yeah...beware the dust-covered old stuff.
Chudwick (204) Taylor Mill, Kentucky | August 1, 2014
how have I never rated this place? went in with low expectations and that made it better. good to great selection with taps for growlers if I remember correctly. probably the most unassuming place to buy beer in Louisville.
ContemplateBeer (153) Louisville, Kentucky | December 22, 2015
Overview: I've been coming to Valumarket on Bardstown Rd. since I moved to Louisville, and it's had a really good beer selection for as long as I can remember. Pretty much any beer ticker in town probably cut their teeth here. It's a grocer, and the beer is located near the back right of the store. There's a "beer cave" section, along with a few end caps full of beer. There's a singles cooler outside the beer cave, and they've expanded the amount of discount beer they offer- some of it on a single end cap across from the singles cooler, and some in a cylindrical wire rack very close to the singles rack. In terms of selection for a grocer, only Whole Foods competes with it locally, but it's far away enough to have it's own turf. A good amount of beer from the classic cultures (mostly in the beer cave), but American beer and modern craft get the most visible shelf space. Growler station features about 8-10 taps, much of it local/regional.
Service has a classic case of the "Highlands Disease" (I'm too self-important to do my job) and asking for any help from anyone will be a chore. Selection has already been mentioned above, but it should be mentioned that their previous problems with old shelfies has been improved (though not snuffed out) by putting most in discount racks. Anyone reading this likely checks dates before buying anyway. An above average grocer in regards to food selection, though some of their fresh made stuff looks less than stellar. Beer value is pretty great, considering the competitive prices of new bottles/cans combined with discount beer.
PROS: Huge selection; competitive pricing. CONS: Service needs an attitude overhaul; too much old beer to be considered a top tier place. OVERALL: A place I used to frequent, and one I will continue to pop into from time to time... but not a place I'd recommend any longer as a beer destination. Still, if you have time to kill, you might find a few pleasant surprises. Located in a shopping center (Mid-City Mall) so there's parking on site.


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Uh-oh, Five Guys ( http://www.fiveguys.com/ ) is opening a place on Rt. 1 in Middlesex, NJ, which isn't too far from where I live. I travel down to Maryland alot, and usually end up getting a burger and fries from their locations in Laurel or Glen Burnie. This stuff is totally addictive.
The burgers are grilled on a flat-top, with a nice char and great flavor, not unlike the west coast's In-n-Out burgers (these are better IMO). The fries are fresh-cut and done in peanut oil to order, and are crisp and amazing. (Although I've heard complaints that some locations don't do them to order and end up getting soggy).
We central NJ residents are in for a treat.
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Portland, Oregon 97201
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Commercial, 2) Casualty, 3) Employment, 4) General Business Litigation and 5) all Courts
|Portland State University (B.S., 1970)
|Most recent firm
|Lindsay Hart Neil & Weigler, LLP
A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Ms. Fitzgerald represents employers in a wide range of industries, including the entertainment, financial services, hospitality, manufacturing, retail, and transportation industries.


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obscene finger gestures
By admin on May 1, 2010
so, while i would say i am absolutely a coffee snob, i also realize that it is the necessary oil that gets, my motor going in the morning. this is the down side of the french press. it's not big enough. for two people. ours is the biggest i could find and it only makes […]
Posted in someone is always looking | 8 Responses
she's funny but she's crazy
By admin on April 30, 2010
so there's something you should know before we go any further. i know, it's a lot like telling you i'm married or gay when you've already fallen in love but….here goes. i have trouble with balance. what i mean to say is, i have no idea what balance looks like. i joke that i have […]
Posted in things you might not want to know | 6 Responses
what I learned Monday
By admin on April 25, 2010
1) i was a lot happier before the bug learned how to work the dvr 2) when you realize that your beloved child stopped recording a soccer game you were hoping to see, it'd be better if it was the last 24 minutes of the game that was recorded rather than the first. lucky for […]
Posted in episode five | 7 Responses
a wedding and a funeral
By admin on April 24, 2010
so, the two biggest events in a person's life are their wedding and their funeral. today i am celebrating both a person's life and another person's love. if you have lived life well the people who love you will share both events with you. funerals are for the people that are left. as mrs. […]
Posted in the biggest days | 7 Responses
it's little dark in here
By admin on April 24, 2010
hallow halls with crimson walls and air that's thick as cotton have you seen the trip to the very bottom? a consequence of living in my head and in my bed cursing those around me do you know the way to santa fe? where i can warm my buns as the suns rays heat the […]
Posted in Uncategorized | 1 Response
open letter
By admin on April 23, 2010
dear agent of change (roxanne), i know i know it's awful the green and the white. the saddest thing is i spent hours crafts the ugliness that you see before you. before i changed to a white it was black. do you think that would be better until my magician makes it fabulous? for you, […]
Posted in the agent of change | 4 Responses
fact or fiction friday
By admin on April 23, 2010
welcome to fact or fiction friday. you decide: at subway they call their breakfast sandwiches egg mc-whatever. some have said i move to the beat of my own drummer. the goose has her own soundtrack. if you listen closely you can hear it. it's totally normal for an 11 year old girl […]
Posted in episode two | Leave a response
we've reached the middle place
By admin on April 22, 2010
so, my dear friends A & M lost their mother yesterday. A is married to M, but they have known each other since they were in grade school. M's mom became a second mother to A. mrs. R fought a long hard battle with cancer. the last couple of months were the most difficult. she […]
Posted in another chapter | 4 Responses
open letter
By admin on April 21, 2010
dearest sir, it has been brought to my attention that you have a handful of concerns about this forum that i have created. i would like to use this opportunity to allay you fears and concerns. i know my blog is ugly and difficult to read, but because i am an f-tard, i am […]
Posted in the agent | 3 Responses
5 questions and one to grow on
By admin on April 21, 2010
welcome to Wednesday's 5 questions and one to grown on. this week's victim is the bug, my 9 year old boy. as always if you would like to play, just answer the first 5 questions with three words and the 6th with one. 1) what are you called? i'm the bug 2) who are you […]
Posted in the bug's turn | 2 Responses


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Things have been a little quiet here as we were enjoying a little family vacation to Austin. We had such a great time being able to relax a bit and spend time together as a family. I thought I would give a little snapshot of our little trip with a few instagram highlights from the trip.
We had such a great time on our little trip, we really tried to focus on just relaxing and having fun together instead of rushing around from activity to activity. That being said a lot of our time was spent watching Food Network in our hotel room.
We put a shout out on Facebook asking for some restaurant recommendations and we were blown away with how many places were recommended to us. We wish we would have had time to try all of the places recommend to us. Some of our favorites that we did try were: P Terry's, Kerbey Lane Cafe (We went twice for breakfast!), Amy's Ice cream, and Gourdoughs (yes that is a picture of a donut…we have never had anything like it!)
We spent some time in the hotel pool, but one of our favorite things was going to Barton Springs to swim. Barton Springs is a three acre pool fed by natural underground springs. It was chilly since the average temperature year round is 68 degrees! It took us a few minutes to get in, but we had such a great time with Stella. She loved it, and was much braver about the chilly water!
It was our first time in Austin and we hope to go back again soon!


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Aloft Montreal Airport
Aloft Montreal Airport Hotel is a fine accommodation option in Montreal. Operating in Montreal since 2008, this hotel features French architecture and modern comforts.
This hotel is situated 5.6 km away from Montreal Holocaust Memorial Centre, Maison Historique George-Etienne Cartier and McCord Museum.
This unique hotel is placed within proximity to parks.
Aloft Montreal Airport Hotel offers 136 rooms on 5 floors that come with coffee/tea makers, a private safe, satellite TV, individual climate control and free Wi-Fi as well as large bathrooms with a hairdryer, a shower and toiletries. The guestrooms offer a fresh interior and carpet floor.
Guests will enjoy healthy meals in the gourmet restaurant serving international cuisine. The hotel invites guests to the W Xyzsm bar to relax with a drink. Le Biftheque and Restaurant Focaccio are situated in an entertainment area, about 250 meters from the venue.
It lies only 300 meters away from Dorval train station. The hotel is located within 5 km distance of Montrйal-pierre Elliott Trudeau International airport.
Aloft Montreal Airport Hotel provides computer rental, a meeting room and a business center along with evening reception, shuttle service and airport transfer.
The hotel offers a playroom, cots and a mini club for guests with children. Active travelers will appreciate fitness center and a gym available on site.


text: FCA has issued a fine and statement of misconduct in relation to 11 sale and rent back (SRB) transactions with customers which were deemed to have been either inappropriate, unaffordable or both. It fined Quick Purchase Limited £26,600 for failing to ensure the appropriateness of the transactions which led to significant consumer detriment, with customers potentially foregoing 29-38% of the equity in their homes. As the only controlled function holder during the relevant period, Director Steven Martin had a statement of misconduct issued for the same reasons. (Source: FCA Issues Final Notices Over SRB Transactions)


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A photo posted by a guy named Dante Pascual Jr., inspired thousand of netizens online. On the photo, huge changes we're clearly seen. From a chubby into a more petite man.
Mr. Pascual is a basketball coach at Naga City Montessori School. From kid to a teenager, he's been fat his whole life. And an incident makes him convinced to change, his blood pressure shot up to 180/140 and his blood sugar reached 300, which is really dangerous for him.
From 147 kilos to 76 kilos in just a year. He lost almost half of his body volume. This will never be successful without the support from his family and friends.
"Many people are asking me what my secret was in losing weight. There is no secret, it's just discipline and commitment." - Dante Pascual Jr.
See full story below.


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This family friendly city hotel is ideal for business travellers and holidaymakers alike and comprises a total of 146 rooms. Facilities on offer to guests at this air-conditioned establishment include a lobby area with a 24-hour reception and check-out service, hotel safe, a currency exchange facility, a cloakroom and lift access. It offers a hairdressing salon, a TV lounge, a café, a bar and a restaurant. Business travellers will appreciate the conference facilities and WLAN Internet access and guests can take advantage of the laundry service and 24-hour room service. There is a car park and covered garage parking for those arriving by car.
Cra 100 B 11 A 99 ,Cali,Colombia


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The food was delicious. We had the nachos which had fresh ahi and a kick of jalapeno. Their onion soup was delicious as well. Their trio dessert plate was delicious with a combo of a blueberry tart, creme brulle, and apple crisp. We have a...More
1 - 10 of 250 reviews
The food was delicious. We had the nachos which had fresh ahi and a kick of jalapeno. Their onion soup was delicious as well. Their trio dessert plate was delicious with a combo of a blueberry tart, creme brulle, and apple crisp. We have a...More
My wife were looking for a good place to watch our NFL home teams on Sunday while we were vacationing in Newport Beach. The Yard House was the best option with ~100 TVs. We sat at the bar and the server kindly changed the TV...More
I have eaten at the Yard House multiple times - most recently July of 2017. Frequently eat here before a movie - the food is good, but not anything that I would go out of the way for. Yesterday I had the Chipotle taco and...More
Nice view of the John A. Robling Bridge. The staff were exceptional - helpful, efficient . Service with a smile. The food was also very good. I had a chicken salad, it was fresh and tasty.
My family was at Newport Beach for a conference. We just got to the Marriott after a long plane ride and were hungry. We checked Trip Advisor and the menu looked great so we went. It hit the spot. Great food and alcohol!
We have always had good food at Yard House Restaurants and this restaurant in the Fashion Island mall did not disappoint. I had a blue cheese burger and my husband had pasta. Both were excellent and the service was great.
We were staying at the Island Hotel across the road and were looking for somewhere to eat on our first night. We came arias the yardhouse which was crazy busy because the basketball was on. We decided to sit outside where it was a bit...More
Cool chain in Fashion Island shopping area. Lots of beers on tap and food was very good. Street tacos were Korean BBQ and tried a grilled swordfish taco. Spicy with great flavor ! Loved the swordfish taco. Reasonable prices as well as good variety of...More
Had wonderful fish and chips with a Moose Drool beer. The twist was that the tartar sauce was made with jalapeños. Mmmm. I will be making my annual trip to Scotland for my fish and chip fix, but this definitely will be my place to...More
My husband and I ate dinner at the Yardhouse The service was good and the food improved The onion rings were some of the best we have had and the Chicken Acacado sandwich was great The piece of chicken was impressive so go and enjoy


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Star Trek fans are "Spocking" their money to honor Leonard Nimoy. The phenomenon of "spocking fives", which involves etching the beloved Vulcan's profile over Canada's seventh prime minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier on the five-dollar banknote, has existed in Canada for years, but Nimoy's passing has made it even more popular.
According to the Bank of Canada it's not illegal to do this but:
"…However, there are important reasons why it should not be done. Writing on a bank note may interfere with the security features and reduces its lifespan. Markings on a note may also prevent it from being accepted in a transaction. Furthermore, the Bank of Canada feels that writing and markings on bank notes are inappropriate as they are a symbol of our country and a source of national pride."


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The Los Angeles PAREXEL® Early Phase Unit, located at the Glendale Adventist Medical Center in Glendale, CA is currently seeking healthy female volunteers to participate in a clinical research trial that requires taking an investigational drug or placebo. This study involves two screening visits, one in-house stay of 5 days and 4 nights, and one follow-up visit 1 week after. As compensation for your time and travel, you may receive up to $2,050.
Be healthy
Be female
Be between 18 and 59 years of age
Be unable to become pregnant (permanently sterile or postmenopausal)
Be a non-smoker
View Clinic Profile
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ClinicalConnection.com is a resource that provides information on clinical trials conducted worldwide.
ClinicalConnection.com does not conduct or endorse clinical trials. Please consult your physician before participating.
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Overview Incidence Risk Factors Symptoms Evaluation Treatment questions for doctor specialist Home Care diarrhea in adults diarrhea in children pain and fever adults pain and fever children vomiting in adults vomiting in children warning signs Prevention Outlook Complications Underlying Cause Transmission Anatomy
Bacterial Gastroenteritis Salmonella Questions For Doctor
The following are some important questions to ask before and after the treatment of salmonella infection.
Questions to ask before treatment:
- What are my treatment options?
- What are the risks associated with treatment?
- Do I need to stay in the hospital?
- How long will I be in the hospital?
- Am I contagious?
- For how long?
- What are the complications I should watch for?
- How do I avoid passing the infection to others?
- How long will I be on medication?
- What are the potential side effects of my medication?
- Does my medication interact with nonprescription medicines or supplements?
- Should I take my medication with food?
Questions to ask after treatment:
- Do I need to change my diet?
- Are there any medications or supplements I should avoid?
- When can I resume my normal activities?
- When can I return to work?
- What else can I do to reduce my risk for having a salmonella infection again?
- How often will I need to see my doctor for checkups?
- What local support and other resources are available?
Continue to Bacterial Gastroenteritis Salmonella Specialist
Last Updated: Jul 8, 2009 References
Authors: Stephen J. Schueler, MD; John H. Beckett, MD; D. Scott Gettings, MD
Copyright DSHI Systems, Inc. Powered by: FreeMD - Your Virtual Doctor
PubMed Bacterial Gastroenteritis Salmonella References
- Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15;32(2):263-9. [11170916]
- Rabsch W, Tschape H, Baumler AJ. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis: emerging problems. Microbes Infect. 2001 Mar;3(3):237-47. [11358718]
- Trevejo RT, Courtney JG, Starr M, Vugia DJ. Epidemiology of salmonellosis in California, 1990-1999: morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Jan 1;157(1):48-57. [12505890]


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While in Vientienne, Laos, a fellow traveller recommended visiting a small museum called COPE. It ended up being an educational and emotional experience.
I learned how Laos is the most bombed country in history, due to the fact that the U.S. dropped bombs over Laos during the Vietnam war, either to cripple strategic routes of supplies into Vietnam or simply because the planes had to drop unused bombs so they could land safely.
Many of these bombs were faulty, and did not explode on impact. So of the 270 million bombs that were dropped, 30% did not explode. There are 80 million unexploded bombs (UXO for short) throughout Laos. As a result, Laotian people may come into contact with these bombs during their daily activities (like farming) and suffer injury or death. However, sometimes Laotians seek out these bombs purposely to sell the scrap metal, a form of income (it is illegal).
COPE helps the injured by creating low cost prosthetics, as well as rehabilitation. This organization plays a vital role to those being injured by UXOs to this day, decades after the Vietnam war. I cannot imagine the suffering of losing a limb or other permanent injuries. I'm also saddened that during the war, the USA would pour millions of dollars every day to drop bombs; but when it comes to recovery, they don't donate a few million dollars per year to an organization like COPE that is dealing with the aftermath of the Vietnam war. Perhaps it is silly of me to think of compassion as a part of war; if such compassion was a part of the process of war, then that society probably wouldn't go to war on the first place!
Below is an art piece made out of scrap metal from bombs.
A visual exhibit displaying how one big bomb houses many tiny cluster bombs.
People helped by COPE.
Low cost prosthetics.
For my UCSD Cognitive Science nerds: below is Ramachandran's mirror box! What this simple box does is it allows the patient to interact with the "phantom limb". When a limb is suddenly lost, the brain may still register sensations for a limb that doesn't exist (e.g. one may feel an itch on his left arm even though he doesn't have one). The box below has a mirror, and it fools the brain to thinking that the left arm is there, allowing one to get the relief of scratching the invisible itch. It was great to see this invention being used at COPE to help patients.
A few weeks later, I happen to visit a similar organization in Cambodia, Land Mine Relief Fund. The man who started this organization, Aki Ra, is seen as hero. He took it upon himself after the war to begin the dangerous task of de-mining UXOs. He started this center to aid de-mining efforts on a larger scale, as well as adopt orphans who have been victims of UXO.
As I walked around the museum, it was uplifting to read stories written by the children on how they are grateful to be at this center, being given an education and a future. The children live in an area adjacent to the museum.
In front of the Cambodia Landmine Museum.
Below is self-explanatory.
After traveling through Vietnam, and then Laos and Cambodia, I kept learning about how the U.S. has caused so much suffering across these countries, and it's left up to the people of these countries to recover from the devastation. Today, many countries have signed a treaty promising not to use cluster bombs – the U.S. has not signed this treaty. It makes me wonder about what we will learn about the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan – but surely, there will be suffering.
There are no clean wars, many innocent lives are always affected. From the optimistic perspective, I can hope that there are less wars, and less lives lost. But to the individuals that are affected, who are injured and permanently handicapped, or those who lose their lives – it's an injustice. If all of humanity could sincerely be sensitive to this injustice, there would no longer be wars.
Let us begin by sincerely wishing happiness for all people.


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Two bodies found in hotel room in South Austin
The Austin Police Department ins investigating after two bodies were found in a South Austin hotel room.
The circumstances surrounding their death are unknown at this time.
"It's always sad to hear something like that. You don't wish that on anybody," said Maria Cantu who lives nearby the La Quinta.
Austin police said management at La Quinta on Oltorf and I-35 called them around 1p.m. Thursday. The manager said two guests at the hotel never checked out. When officers got to the scene, they found two adults dead inside the room.
"Homicide is investigating these two deaths due to unknown circumstances," said Austin Police officer Destiny Winston.
People who live nearby said although they don't know what happened, there is a lot of crime in the area.
"There's a bunch of buddies that hang out in corners or little secluded areas around here just drinking or doing whatever and sometimes it can be pretty risky," Cantu said.
Winston said detectives are still investigating the cause of death and cannot release any identifying information at this time.
"There's a lot of moving pieces when it comes to a homicide investigation. They have to interview witnesses, those who made the 911 call, anyone that might have heard or seen anything, it's basically putting the pieces of the puzzle together," said Winston.
Anyone with information regarding this incident is asked to call the homicide unit at 512-477-3588.


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Bill Belichick would prefer NFL draft to be in April, just like the rest of you
Bill Belichick and the fans are in lockstep. Over this one issue, anyway.
Based on the social-media outcry for the 2014 NFL draft — which was pushed back two weeks — happening too late for their tastes, the NFL is investigating moving it back to a more traditionally timed part of the calendar again. According to reports, we might not know where the 2015 draft will take place, but the weekends of April 23-26 and April 30-May 3 are the ones the league are more closely considering.
The New England Patriots coach said he's all for having it sooner rather than later.
"Yeah, of course," Belichick said, per the Boston Herald. "I mean, the sooner you have your players, the easier it is to start, not only getting them integrated into your team but also building your team. There are certain things you get in the draft, then you have to fill other areas of the team with veteran players or college free agents or whatever. When that process is going on, you can see every day you pick up the transactions, every team has got — not every team — but there's probably 5-15 transactions on a daily basis. Of course, if you had the draft, you can move that whole process up. Whatever it is, it is. It's not my decision, but I would go for an earlier draft, absolutely."
Belichick and the league don't often see eye to eye — and neither do Belichick and the fans, for that matter — but this is one the NFL might relent on.
Of course, here's a kicker ... see those dates we included above? Count 'em up. That's four-day cycles, not three. The draft expanded from two days to three for the 2010 event, and few have made a big stink about it.
But four days? Would the NFL consider spreading it out an additional 24 hours? Anything for the TV revenue, we get that, but there isn't a Michael Sam story to carry the seventh round, like, ever.
No one asked Belichick's opinion on a four-day draft. But there's always Wednesday, when he's due to speak again at Patriots minicamp.
- - - - - - -
Eric Edholm is a writer for Shutdown Corner on Yahoo Sports. Have a tip? Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow him on Twitter! Follow @Eric_Edholm


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Sinulla ei vaikuta olevan aktiivista projektia tällä hetkellä. Miksi et ilmoittaisi projektia nyt? Se on ilmaista!Ilmoita projekti
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I am a Director of P.O.P & store fixture design firm with extensive experience – at all levels of the industry –consulting, freelance, retail and corporate management. My firm is available for a position that would involve managing both the strategy and implementation of manufacturing and retail merchandising programs. Along with that, thirteen years experience encompasses a full range of activities from initial concept through project completions, including budget, resource management and management leadership. My experience runs to all aspects of the industry. I have significant permanent design experience in beverage, eye wear, luxury cosmetic displays, floor stands, counter units, store environments as well as individual fixtures. In detail some of the highlights are as follows; Planning the visuals for new rollout units, supervising production, creating detailed instruction for customer, field engineering, set-ups and openings, along with extensive tradeshow exhibit work has allowed me to execute many new product launches through out the industry. I am an organized professional, a team player, successful leader and I am able to effectively work in multitask. My goal is to be an integral part of a design & new idea driven company. I want to utilize my planning, creativity and leadership skills to enhance and help build your ideas. If any of this piques your interest please contact me at your earliest convenience so I can learn of your specific requirement & your needs and how best I may be able to address those tasks. De Design (212) 987 7764 Phone NY (301) 534 9075 Phone MD (212) 534 9075 fax
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RevoStock Server Code 662083
\ After Effects Commercials \ Intros \ 3D Software PreRenders \ High Tech \ Flythroughs
After Effects Project - Server Code 662083 by wavebreakmediamicro @ RevoStock
\ After Effects Commercials \ Intros \ 3D Software PreRenders \ High Tech \ Flythroughs
Music: Not Included; SoundFX: Not Included; Stock Video: Not Included; Replaceable Text Spots: 6; Replaceable Logo Spots: 0; Replaceable Video Spots: 6; Loopable: no; Downloads: 2; Length: 00:30; Model Release: no.
Project includes 6 media and 6 text. Edit the colours of the server lights, code, media holders main colour and the edges. The Maya File used to create Server room and camera animation is not included in this project. 3D elements(Server Room) have been fully pre-rendered for this project. Video/image files featured in preview not included.
This product is an Adobe After Effects project file. It requires Adobe After Effects version CS4 or higher as well as any plug-ins listed fellow: Required After Effects Plugins: No Plug-Ins required.
Keywords: 3D, server, code, data, files, network, computer, connection, concept, comunication, presentation, animation, business, corperate, composition, social, objects, camera, advanced, digital, media, screen, text, after-effects, images, pan, commercial, graphic, panels, windows.
Create RevoStock Server Code 662083 style with After Effect, Cinema 4D, 3DS Max, Apple Motion or Flash. Audio or music for RevoStock Server Code 662083. Full details of RevoStock Server Code 662083 for digital design and education. RevoStock Server Code 662083 desigen style information or anything related.


text: SO excited to have my stove installed on the 18th. I know it's a little late, but better late than never! Now my question to you fine folks... what pellets should I buy? The best prices I found are from a dealer near me. What would you go with? I'm new to the game and I plan to buy NOW at Spring prices so I can have a nice stockpile for next winter! American Wood - $214/ton Great American - $214/ton O'Malley - $224/ton Turman - $224/ton Hamer - $231/ton Thanks!


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Möchtest du als deine Standardwährung festlegen oder nur für diese Sitzung behalten?
Official Hotel by XXIX Olympic Games Committee. Beijing Hua Du Hotel is located by northeast third ring road. where is the business and embassy center. only 10km to the railway station and 20km to the airport. The hotels construction stylizes the traditional Chinese garden and is equipped with modern service facilities. which enables the qualified service to the guests. It has 500 guestrooms ranging from single/standard rooms to suites. All the rooms have air-conditioning. internet access ports. satellite TV. IDD and mini bar. For business travelers there is a business center offering fax. photocopy and basic secretarial services. as well as conference rooms with audio visual facilities. Restaurant serves multi flavor cuisines including Cantonese cuisine. Shanghai and Zhejiang dishes and western style foods. guests may also enjoy the cultural performances during dinner like Russian dance and popular Chinese wind music. For recreation. Hua Du hotel offers sauna. beauty salon and massage center.


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Minimalism plus the flowing greenery of plants and flowers may not seem like a cohesive look. Thankfully, a "rules are meant to be broken" mentality is named as one of 2016's top interior design trends by Vogue Magazine, as designer Jonathan Adler says the most important home design rule is to display aesthetics you love. Since plants can improve quality of life in a variety of ways, adding them to any type of home décor makes sense. The Journal of Environmental Psychology reported in a study that plants elevate attention capacity, making them a perfect feature in a home office. University of Nevada Cooperative Extension researchers found maintaining houseplants delivers short-term increases on happiness and makes a positive impact on long-term health.
An overwhelming mish-mash of elements without some thoughtful placement can cause spaces to look cluttered and overly complicated, though. Here are five ways for strategically infusing the Zen-like quality of living and breathing plants and flowers into minimalist design and still look cohesive.
Place a Plant on a Glass Table
Since glass reflects sky and clouds from nature, the shapes perfectly bathe seasonal flower and plant offerings from a provider such as FTD. Making the plant the star of a glass base allows it to stand out while keeping other design elements simple. Succulents or cacti, with basic geometric forms, add to minimalism.
Grow a Vertical Garden
A "green wall" vertical garden seamlessly fits with the rest of your house and becomes a subtle piece of living art. Since it only takes up a small amount of space on the wall without jutting multiple directions, a vertical garden allows you to improve the air quality of your house, reduce energy costs, and install something beautiful to look at without invading a space.
Strive for Balance
Let the shapes in a room dictate the shapes of the plants or flowers you're thinking about adding. For a unified look, spaces with long, rectangular-shaped furniture would match well with orchids, for example, while circular tables play well off of rounded flowers like roses. You could also work to complement shapes by incorporating their opposites. Maintain a sleek and modern look by making sure all plants or flowers in a room look great together before spreading them throughout a room. Using different sizes or different colors of the same type of plant allows for some variety while also maintaining minimalism.
House Plants Terrarium-Style
Glass terrariums allow you to spotlight the greenery without distracting with patterned pots that seem bulky. Terrariums can hold small plants and allow them to thrive with little effort, allowing you to add dainty plant touches to any corner you want. You can also hang terrariums, making them a flexible option for adding plants to only the most perfect spaces in your minimalist interior.
Maximize Greenery with Mirrors
Mirrors take up little space but magnify floral elements in their reflections. Place flowers and plants near mirrors to create the illusion of extra life in a space, above mirrored tabletops or near mirrors on dressers to take full advantage. Keep colors in a room with mirrors neutral, and let plants and flowers be the color that stands out in the room.


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|Named Person:
|Robert L Benedetti; Jane Brody; Tony Randall; George Schaefer; Dore Schary; Robert L Benedetti; Jane Brody; Tony Randall; George Schaefer; Dore Schary
|Document Type:
|Archival Material
|All Authors / Contributors:
Robert L Benedetti; Jane Brody; Tony Randall; George Schaefer; Dore Schary; Thomas Hahn Arthur; Indiana University, Bloomington. Center for the Study of History and Memory.
|OCLC Number:
|Interviews conducted 1978-1980 by Thomas H. Arthur for the History: Modern Theatre Oral History Project.
|Transcripts: 5 volumes sound recordings: 5 audiotape reels (approximately 60 min. each)
|Other Titles:
|History: Modern Theatre Oral History Project,
|More information:
Interviewees discuss their life histories and directing and acting techniques and training.
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Related Subjects:(20)
- Benedetti, Robert L. -- Interviews.
- Brody, Jane -- Interviews.
- Randall, Tony -- Interviews.
- Schaefer, George, -- 1920-1997 -- Interviews.
- Schary, Dore -- Interviews.
- Acting -- Study and teaching -- United States -- History -- Sources.
- Motion picture producers and directors -- United States -- Interviews.
- Actors -- Biography.
- Actors -- United States -- Interviews.
- Drama -- 20th century.
- Benedetti, Robert L.
- Brody, Jane.
- Randall, Tony.
- Schaefer, George, -- 1920-1997.
- Schary, Dore.
- Acting -- Study and teaching.
- Actors.
- Drama.
- Motion picture producers and directors.
- United States.


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$ 1,449,900
1008 6th 1/2 Street
Houston , TX , 77009-7328
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Houston , TX , 77009-7171
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I've been thinking about the question of influence and imitation, in writing and in other forms of art-making as well, about what it means to be conscious of your influences, to at times consciously attempt to replicate aspects of work by those you admire. I've been thinking about the line between interesting and clunky (purely derivative) imitation, about the ways that influence bleeds in even when you don't mean it to. Sometimes, I think, the bits in our work that feel most "stolen" from another source are totally not identifiable as such by the average listener/reader/viewer—I always felt like I was throwing other bands' riffs into Erase Errata songs, but in the midst of everything else that was going on in the song, and due to my admitted lack of actual technical virtuosity, I have a feeling these stolen riffs entered the world much transposed. In writing, you may not have bandmates' cacophony to hide behind, but you still have the cacophony of your own brain-processes, your own contexts. Jason was recently telling me how transparently he felt that he'd ripped off a Sebald scene and thrown it in his novel, but the way he told it to me it seemed a) more a tribute than a theft and b) like probably no one would be able to tell. I think too about an anecdote I heard years ago about Stereolab, how they listed their songs on their set-list after the titles of songs they felt they'd ripped off to create them ("Percolator" = "Take Five", etc.). Sure it makes sense when you think about it, but, usually, only then. When we feel the shine of influence so strongly, we think it must be blinding for everyone else.
But I'm also wondering about more insidious, less conscious forms of influence. What about when you love, say, an author's work, but your work is kind of nothing like theirs? Does that influence still show up without your realizing it? For example, I am such a huge fan of Jane Bowles—recently re-obsessed via this amazing volume that Four Corners Press put out, featuring two stories each by Bowles and Denton Welch, another of my faves, with beautiful drawings by Colter Jacobsen. What I love about Bowles's writing is the matter-of-factness with which her characters inhabit contradictions, the characters' simultaneous absolute sense of self-awareness and absolute inability (or lack of desire) to adapt that sense of self in order to fit into regularly functioning human society. In Bowles's work, indecision is everywhere, but ambivalence is nowhere. My writing, on the other hand, is often fueled by a sense of ambivalence. Where Bowles's fiction is quick and amazingly on-the-surface, mine is frequently slow, lyrical, and very focused on the interior. So does my work still bare the mark of her influence? Is it there, in however transposed a fashion, in the way that all our experiences and contexts somehow come across as a trace (in the literal or Derridian sense) on the page? Should we deliberately push our art to echo the art we admire? For those of us who get obsessed with the art we love, I think we often want to join it, to get close to it, by paying testament somehow. But is it better if we don't attempt to get close to all of our heroes, but leave some out that we can continue to admire, appreciate, from a fan's safe distance?
20 May 2010
Sincerest form etc.
Posted by Sara Jaffe at 1:57 PM
Labels: Imitation, Influence, Jane Bowles, Stereolab
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Lately, we have decided to stay local on the weekends. We are trying various restaurants along the North Shore. Well, so many people have talked about Teresa's we decided to go there. During the week, my husband called and made a reservation for 2 people.
Well, last time we walked into the restaurant, up to the podium and he said we had a reservation for two. No you don't we only take reservations for 6 or more. He pointed to his name in the reservation book seeing that it had been crossed out. No one told him when he made this reservation there were restrictions. There was a 45 minute wait unless we wanted to eat in the bar which didn't look too inviting. Needless to say we left...never to return with that attitude. To quote Seinfeld "You know how to take the reservation, but don't know how to hold the reservation." Maybe I'm wrong, but I feel it was more their error than ours and they could have seated us and explained their policy for the next time. Anyway, it doesn't matter because there won't be a next time.
Maybe we are missing out on terrific food...I don't know. But I don't need attitude when I walk into a place. Bye, bye Teresa's.


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Surrounded by over 3 million acres of national forest and wilderness areas, you'll find yourself in the center of nature's playground in Pagosa Springs. With the San Juan Mountains and a variety of outdoor activities at your doorstep, along with hot springs, charming shops, historic sites, and an assortment of artisans, you'll find plenty to do in Pagosa.
The Pagosa Springs area is home to a variety of art galleries, live theatres, museums, and cultural activities. You can explore ancient civilizations, our Western heritage and deep history, and amazing artisans throughout the year.
Pagosa Springs continues to grow as an art community. We have our own repertory theatre at Pagosa Springs Center for the Arts, and Creede's is an hour away. Additionally, our local Curtains Up Pagosa organization puts on plays in town throughout the year.
Susan Martin-Serra, owner/artist
123-b North 15th Street
Pagosa Springs, CO 81147
view website
Phone: 970-799-2559 (Friday and Saturday)
Phone: 970-264-0642 (Monday through Thursday)
Studio & Gallery open by appointment only
163-D Goldmine Dr.
(970) 264-0890
Tattoo studio, fine art gallery, vintage fashion boutique.
136 E Pagosa Street #7
Pagosa Springs, CO 81147
Open by appointment only
124 E. Pagosa St. Pagosa Springs, CO 81147
(970) 264-6446
Artisan Boutique in the River Center. Features 20+ local artists, classes, Gifts, fabulous handmade Souvenirs. Take a piece of the Rockies home with you!
136 E Pagosa St,
Pagosa Springs
www.facebook.com/Pagosacoop - see our events here
A full-service photography studio and gallery located in downtown Pagosa Springs. Much of the photography seen on this website has been provided by Jeff Laydon, owner of Pagosa Photography.
View website
An exciting ever changing gallery show that presents local fine art as well as inspiring pieces from across the world. Enjoy music and a glass of wine as you explore.
View website
Wonderful art and wildlife gallery.
4821 S. Hwy 84
(970) 264-4515
456 Pagosa St. Pagosa Springs, CO 81147
With a "Fresh Eye on Mountain Living" they offer an eclectic mix of fine art, furniture, jewelry and gift items. Their pieces come from near and far, drawing from craftsman and artists with both homespun and international influences You will find Two Old Crows to be always unique and always inspiring!
483 Lewis Street


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Stand Up For ChilOut Announces Lineup For Comedy Charity Gig
Some of Melbourne's finest and funniest comedians will be getting together for a stand up spectacular in support of ChilOut, an organisation fighting on behalf of children seeking asylum, who have become detained within Australia and Nauru.
Alongside yet to be announced secret guests, the bill includes Tripod, Anne Edmonds, Greg Fleet, Josh Earl, Dave O'Neil, Tom Gleeson, Geraldine Hickey, Lawrence Mooney, Luke McGregor, Denise Scott, Cal Wilson and Harley Breen.
ChilOut is a non-profit community organisation acting through education, advocacy and lobbying to raise public awareness of child detainees held by the Australian government.


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Stephanie H.
Rohnert Park, CA, 94928
Joined on March, 2013
Gender: Female
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Up to 10 minutes away for no additional charge
EducationFreshman Criminal Justice major at Sonoma State University.
ExperienceACT score: 28
I've taken Math classes up to Pre-Calculus. In high school I took 4 years of Spanish.
HobbiesI love sports. I have played sports for most of my life. I have alway loved going to class and learning about new things.
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GraphicRiver Pixel s 3320249
Photoshop \ Stock Graphic \ Illustrations \ Objects
Models \ Designer \ Contains \ Elements \ Second \ Layers \ Editing \ Emotions
Stock Graphic - Pixel s 3320249 by MatArt @ GraphicRiver
Photoshop \ Stock Graphic \ Illustrations \ Objects
Pixel's is a pixel art style city designer. With the help of this city designer you can create any city you prefer that will look great on any website, banner ad, illustrations or flyer. The designer set contains all sorts of different models.
The archive contains 2 psd files for work.
All the models in first file have layers (for editing).
All the models in second file have one layer (for placement).
Emotions: 7
Home: 23
Elements of the city: 31
Cars: 13
Nature: 5
Peoples: 14
High Resolution: No; Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Isometric Orange House; Church ЁC MyCityCreator; Addition for pixel creator; eAnimals ЁC Pixel Art Tileset; eClassic games tileset; eFruits; eModels Sprite for Game.
Keywords: art, business, city, creator, design, elements, pixel, pixel art.


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Dr. Michael Haenick is board certified by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and the American Board of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine (EMG). For over 18 years, Dr. Haenick has been providing general physiology care, with an emphasis on musculoskeletal medicine and the spine. Services offered include electromyography (EMGs) for those suffering from back pain during pregnancy.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Electrodiagnostic Medicine (EMG)
Medical Education
Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Mich., 1992-1996
William Beaumont Hospital Internship, 1996-1997
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Residency, DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital, Detroit, Mich., 1997-2000
Board Certification
American Board of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine (EMG), 2003
American Board of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2001


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An Ikeja High Court on Wednesday granted accelerated hearing to the suit filed by some commercial motorcycle operators against the Lagos State Government over its restriction of their activities.
Justice Aishat Opesanwo, however, dismissed an interlocutory application filed by the claimants, which had prayed the court to restrain the government from implementing the new Lagos State Traffic Law.
The judge fixed November 16 to hear the substantive suit which is challenging the ban on the claimants from plying 475 roads in the state.
The suit was filed by the commercial motorcycle operators under the aegis of the All Nigerian Autobike Commercial Owners and workers Association.
The defendants in the suit are the Lagos State Government, the Lagos State House of Assembly and the Attorney-General of Lagos State, Mr. Ade Ipaye.
When the matter came up for mention on Wednesday, counsel to the claimants, Mr. Bamidele Aturu, informed the court that they were withdrawing their interlocutory application.
Aturu said, "There is a need for us to withdraw our interlocutory application, so that the court can hear the substantive suit in an accelerated manner.
"We believe that there is a need for the court to urgently deal with this matter because it is in the interest of the generality of the populace.
"Many of them have been suffering from this draconian action of the government, restricting the motorcyclists from operating on federal highways.
"We are, therefore, asking the court to strike out the application and grant us an accelerated hearing of the substantive suit," he said.
However, Ipaye, who is the third defendant and counsel to Lagos State government, informed the court that the law was already being enforced in the state.
Ipaye said, "My Lord, take judicial notice that the law came into effect on Aug. 2.
"It was in reaction to its enforcement that the claimants herein only on Monday (October 22) went on rampage."
The attorney-general also noted that the law enforcement agencies were not joined as defendants in the suit.
"They are not parties to this action and we cannot tell this honourable court that they will not do their duty in enforcing the law," he said.
Counsel to the Lagos State House of Assembly, Prof. Yemi Osinbajo (SAN), said the reliefs being sought by the claimants in the interlocutory application were similar to the ones in the substantive suit.
The claimants had argued in the substantive suit that some of the restricted roads were federal roads listed under the Federal Highways Act, Cap F13, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004.
They had prayed the court to declare Section 3(1) of the law, which prohibits the riding, driving or propelling of a cart, wheel barrow, motorcycle or tricycle on the major highways in Lagos, as unconstitutional.
The commercial motorcycle operators had further asked for a declaration that the defendants have no power whatsoever, to make any law to regulate traffic on any of the federal trunks or highways.
The claimants said restricting their operations on the said roads would violate their rights to freedom of movement, guaranteed by Section 41(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 as amended.
Source: Naija.ng