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The unpredictable nature of the potentially devastating impact of 2009 pH1N1 influenza pandemic highlights the need for pandemic preparedness planning, where modeling studies could be most useful for simulations of possible future scenarios.
A compartmental model with pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic influenza infections is proposed which incorporates age groups as well as intervention measures such as age-specific vaccination, in order to study spread of influenza in a community.
We derive the basic reproduction number and other effective reproduction numbers under various intervention measures. For illustration, we make use of the Pneumonia and Influenza (P&I) mortality data and vaccination data of the very young (age 0-2) and the very old (age >64) during 2004-2005 Taiwan winter influenza season to fit our model and to compute the relevant reproduction numbers. The reproduction number for this winter flu season is estimated to be slightly above one (~1.0001).
Comparatively large errors in fitting the P&I mortality data of the elderly (>64) were observed shortly after winter school closings in January, which may indicate the impact of younger, more active age groups transmitting influenza to other age groups outside of the school settings; in particular, to the elderly in the households. Pre-symptomatic infections seemed to have little effect on the model fit, while asymptomatic infection by asymptomatic infectives has a more pronounced impact on the model fit for the elderly mortality, perhaps indicating a larger role in disease transmission by asymptomatic infection. Simulations indicate that the impact of vaccination on the disease incidence might not be fully revealed in the change (or the lack thereof) in the effective reproduction number with interventions, but could still be substantial. The estimated per contact transmission probability for susceptible elderly is significantly higher than that of any other age group, perhaps highlighting the vulnerability of the elderly due to close contacts with their caretakers from other age groups. The relative impact of targeting the very young and the very old for vaccination was weakened by their relative inactivity, thus giving evidence of the lack of impact of vaccinating these two groups on the overall transmissibility of the disease in the community. This further underscores the need for morbidity-based strategy to prevent elderly mortality.
In the spring of 2009, the novel H1N1 influenza virus first emerged in Mexico and later spread widely throughout the world within just a few months. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced on June 11 the start of 2009 influenza pandemic [1], and further issued an advisory on August 28 for countries in the northern hemisphere to prepare for a second wave of pandemic spread in the coming fall/winter [2]. As of November 8, more than 206 countries and overseas territories or communities worldwide have reported laboratory confirmed cases of the pandemic pH1N1 virus, including over 6250 deaths [3].
To lessen the severity of this pandemic, developing an effective flu vaccine and a global vaccination strategy is considered to be among the most important medical interventions [4]. However, to have the greatest impact, pandemic vaccines need to be available quickly and in large quantities, and to be delivered to the population optimally. Moreover, vaccines against a novel pandemic strain might take up to six months to manufacture and deliver, even in developed countries [5]. Given the potential threat of drug-resistance resulting from widespread use of antiviral treatment against pandemic flu, vaccine appears to be our primary weapon to prevent and to mitigate a pandemic. However, in addition to the need to consider the logistics of implementing large-scale vaccination, distinctly different age-specific mortalities had also been observed during some past flu pandemics (e.g., in 1918 [6]), which require different priorities when large-scale vaccination is to be implemented.
Moreover, vaccine for influenza is known to have different efficacy (i.e., reduction in the number of infectives) and effectiveness (i.e., reduction in symptomatic case number) for different age groups, see e.g., [7-9]. Setting priority for vaccination by targeting age groups most vulnerable (the elderly, infants, etc.) to prevent mortalities is commonly employed in most countries. However, when vaccinating those at greatest risk of mortality becomes impractical (if, e.g., medical care is relatively inaccessible) or inefficient (if, e.g., immune response is deficient), targeting those most likely to expose them to infection might be more preferable [10]. In this way, the very young and the old might be better protected by vaccinating those who are most likely to be in contact with them (thereby reducing their risk of exposure), rather than by being vaccinated. Comparison of influenza mortality among elderly Japanese during time periods when schoolchildren were and were not vaccinated suggests that the infected children pose a risk to others [11], including the elderly. Moreover, several past US experiences (as summarized in [12]) also are consistent with this conclusion. Nonetheless, influenza policymakers have typically advocated protecting those individuals of ages 6-24 months and >65 years directly.
Bansal et al. [13] recently carried out a comparative analysis of two classes of suggested vaccination strategies, namely, the mortality-based strategies that target the high-risk populations and the morbidity-based strategies that target the high-prevalence populations, by applying the methods of contact network epidemiology to a model of disease transmission in a large urban population. Using a range of mortality rates reported previously for past influenza epidemics and pandemics, they concluded that the optimal strategy depends critically on the viral transmission level (or reproduction number) of the virus. That is, the morbidity-based strategies outperform the mortality-based strategies for moderately transmissible strains, while the reverse is true for highly transmissible strains. However, they also cautioned that when information pertaining to viral transmission rate of a particular disease and the frequency of new introductions into the community prior to an outbreak is unreliable or not available, a mortality-based vaccination priority is recommended. This further demonstrates the importance of targeting and, moreover, the uncertainty surrounding this issue.
To further the uncertainties regarding influenza pandemic preparedness planning, it is widely believed that asymptomatic cases (i.e., individuals who had been infected but showed little or no symptoms) and asymptomatic infection of influenza (i.e., infection caused by an asymptomatic case) do indeed occur regularly (e.g., [14-17]).
Model with only asymptomatic infections, by either asymptomatic or subclinical infectives, during their infectivity period had been recently studied in [14]. In this current study, we will consider a traditional compartmental model which incorporates both pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, in order to explore the role which they could play in the overall spread of disease, if any. Moreover, the age-group structure of the model, by dividing the population into seven groups of the very young, preschool children, younger and older schoolchildren, young adults, adults, and the elderly, allows us to study targeted public health policies (e.g., immunization) aimed at different age groups. Our model also allows for inclusion of immunity and other age-dependent intervention measures such as quarantine and voluntary home withdrawal (see e.g., [15,16]). A full model will be proposed to take into account of the above-mentioned factors that may be important in determining the best vaccine strategy.
Our model is an age-dependent compartmental model. The model flowchart is given in Fig. Fig.1,1, where the subscript i denotes the ith age group. The model variables are described as follows, with the time unit t in days:
Si(t): number of susceptible individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Vi(t): number of vaccinated individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Ei(t): number of exposed (infected) individuals of the ith age group at time t;
: number of exposed (infected) vaccinated individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Qi(t): number of quarantined infected individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Ii(t): number of infective individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Iiv(t): number of vaccinated infective individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Ai(t): number of asymptomatic (subclinical) infective individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Hi(t): number of hospitalized (treated) individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Zi(t): number of recovered and immune individuals of the ith age group at time t;
Di(t): cumulative number of influenza deaths of the ith age group at time t;
cij: contact rate of an individual of ith group with an individual of jth group;
βij: per contact transmission probability of a susceptible individual of ith group by an infective of jth group.
πi: age-specific vaccine efficacy for age group i.
λi(t) and : disease incidence rates for the susceptible and vaccinated individuals of age group i. See [Additional file 1] for detailed formulae.
The rest of the model parameters are listed in Tables Tables11--2,2, with the age-specific parameters given in Table Table2.2. The detailed description of the model is given in [Additional file 1]. Our main model assumptions are as follows:
(1) Exposed individuals are infective during the incubation period. It is commonly known (e.g., [18]) that the pre-symptomatic (exposed) individuals cannot transmit the disease in the noninfectious latent period, during which the viral titres gradually increase to detectable and transmissible levels when they became infective for only a short period (0.25 days in [19]) before the onset of symptoms. To avoid adding an extra compartment to account for the (short) period of infectivity after the end of the latent period and before the end of incubation period (see e.g., [20]), we assume that the individuals are infective during the incubation period with the infectivity averaged out over the whole incubation period. This simplification is reasonable since the incubation period for influenza is typically very short, e.g., 1.48 days in [21].
(2) Influenza vaccine is efficacious in preventing influenza infection and effective against influenza-like illness, albeit at different levels of efficacy and effectiveness for different age groups [8,9]. Moreover, the vaccinated individuals are less infectious, once they become infected, when compared to those who had not been vaccinated.
(3) The quarantined individuals will be hospitalized directly following the onset of symptoms (see [22,23] for modeling of quarantine for 2003 SARS outbreak).
(4) A fraction of the infectives has no symptoms or only subclinical symptoms, and is classified as asymptomatic infectives with reduced infectivity [14].
(5) A hospitalized person is removed from isolation either by death or discharged due to recovery from illness.
(6) Homogeneous mixing within subpopulations is assumed.
(7) Negligible births and deaths (excluding disease deaths) during the course of the disease outbreak are assumed.
The basic reproduction number R0, the average number of infections by an infective in an immunologically naive population (see, e.g., Diekmann et al. [24] or van den Driessche and Watmough [25]), is an important epidemiological quantity which gives indication to the potential severity of an epidemic. More precisely, the epidemic cannot be eradicated without interventions if R0 exceeds unity. Denoting S0i = Si(0), we have
where R11, the average number of infections in group j caused by an infective from group i in an immunologically naive population, is given by
For illustration, the case n = 2 is described graphically in Fig. Fig.2,2, where
The two blue arrows denotes within-group infections (R11 and R22) and the black arrows denote inter-group infection cycle (R12R21). The term R11R22 subtracted in (3) accounts for the redundancy that resulted when adding R11 and R22. Similar results for the basic reproduction number of a multi-group model were also obtained in [26,27].
Moreover, we have the following effective reproduction numbers due to interventions:
(i) The effective reproduction number with interventions excluding vaccination RE is
i, j = 1, 2, ..., n.
(ii) The effective reproduction number with vaccination only over a time period of immunization [0, T], RV, is:
i, j = 1, 2, ..., n, is the average vaccine coverage of age group i over the time period [0, T], and
(iii) The effective reproduction number with interventions including vaccination RVE over the time period [0, T], is
Detailed derivations of the reproduction numbers are also given in [Additional file 1]. Model fit using 2005-2006 Taiwan winter seasonal influenza data and age-specific vaccination data as it was implemented during that flu season, as well as simulation studies of hypothetical scenarios, will be carried out.
With the issue of morbidity-based vs. mortality-based vaccine strategy for pandemic influenza still open to debate, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (TCDC) launched a new program of free flu vaccination for 1st and 2nd grades elementary school students (age 6-7) prior to the 2007-2008 winter flu season which was expanded further to include grades 1-4 in the fall of 2008. The aim of this vaccine program is hopefully to lower the seasonal influenza incidence across all age groups of the population. In anticipation of future investigation on public health impact of this program, we carry out model simulations by dividing the Taiwan population into 7 age groups (see Table Table2),2), and by making use of the weekly Taiwan influenza vaccination data for young children of age 2 or less (age group 1, with free flu vaccination since 2004) and the elderly of 65 or older (age group 7, with free flu vaccination since 2001) during the 2004-2005 winter flu season. The average vaccine coverages of age groups 1 and 7 during the 2004-2005 winter season in Taiwan are 63.4% and 58.2%, respectively.
There were no other nonpharmaceutical intervention measures during this winter flu season. That is, all parameters pertaining to quarantine and home withdrawal in the model are set to be 0 in Table Table1.1. Moreover, for the sake of simplicity, we assume no noticeable level of migration and no waning of immunity during the flu season. The rest of the parameter values used are given in Tables Tables11--2.2. We also assume a conservative 20% pre-epidemic immunity in our simulation based on a recent sero-epidemiological survey conducted during 2005-2006 winter flu season in Taiwan [28].
For the contact rates between different age groups, we make use of the age-specific contact matrix obtained by Wallinga et al. [29] for Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1986. We adjust for the discrepancy in the population age distributions of Taiwan in 2005 and the Netherlands in 1986, by considering the ratios of demographic age structures of Netherlands in 1987 (Appendix Table Table11 in [29]) and of Taiwan in 2005 [Additional file 1: Table A1]. The resulting contact matrix, of the average daily number of contacts for each individual in a certain age group with individuals in another age group, is given in [Additional file 1: Table A2].
The age-dependent hospitalization rates and per contact transmission probability in the last four rows (in bold) in Table Table22 were obtained by least-squared curve-fitting with the 2004-2005 Taiwan winter P&I (Pneumonia and Influenza) mortality data from October 9, 2004 to March 5, 2005 for age groups 6 (age 22-64) and 7 (>64) using MATLAB software. ν7(τ) and ν1(τ) are piecewise linear (by week) approximations of the respective weekly vaccination data for elderly (>64) and young children in Taiwan during this time period. To simply our data fitting, we first fitted the data by assuming the per contact transmission probability of the infectees in ith group are averaged, i.e., βij βi (see next to the last row in bold in Table Table22).
The result of data fit is given in Fig. Fig.3.3. The reason for using only groups 6 and 7 for data fit is that the P&I mortality data during that winter season consists mostly of older people. More precisely, 5038 (88.5%) of the 5694 individuals who died of P&I are of age 65 or older (age group 7), 607 (10.7%) are between age 22-64 (age group 6), followed by 17 between age 0-2 (age group 1) and 14 between age 15-21 (age group 5). Each of other age groups has only a handful of cases. Therefore, to avoid large errors due to fitting data with small data size, we only use the data from the two largest groups for our model fit.
We also fitted the data by assuming the per contact transmission probability of the infectors in ith group are averaged, i.e., βij βj (see the last row in bold in Table Table22 and Fig. Fig.4).4). We will compare these results to ascertain the difference in age groups on per contact transmission probabilities to and from particular age groups. To give more insight to the data used and the goodness of fit, we also provide the daily observed and predicated mortality corresponding to the case βij βj in [Additional file 1: Figs. S1-S2].
By fitting only the hospitalization rates and the per contact transmission probabilities to the 2004-2005 Taiwan winter season P&I mortality for age groups 6 (age 22-64) and 7 (>64), we are able to obtain satisfactory model fit (see Fig. Fig.3),3), although we note that fitting P&I deaths might conceivably lead to an overestimate of hospitalizations rates. However, simulation studies showed that the model fit is less sensitive to the hospitalization rates than to the transmission probabilities, and intuitively, most sensitive to changes in these rates for the elderly group.
It is interesting to note that comparatively significant errors in both theoretical curves occur in late January roughly after day 110. We note that day 105 was January 22, 2005, when all schools in Taiwan closed for the winter vacation which lasted until after the traditional lunar New Year holiday, in mid-February of that year. The school closure, and subsequent shutdown of all non-essential venues during the week-long New Year holiday, surely had a significant impact on the contact rates which was not reflected in our constant contact matrix that implicitly assumes that inter-age group contact patterns remain the same during the whole season. More precisely, the P&I deaths for the elderly exhibits a slight increase for about 3 weeks after the closing of schools (shortly after the New Year) when compared to the model predicted values, while the P&I deaths for the adults of age 22-64 dropped substantially below the theoretical curve. These results indicate that the school closure and the subsequent New Year holiday led to more frequent contacts by the elderly in the households with family members who spent more time at home during the holidays At the same time, there were less contacts for the adults at the workplace (especially for those working in the educational facilities who had longer holidays) during this time period. Since most individuals in the elder group (and the very young) are not directly affected by the school closings and the holidays, one may speculate that the difference in the actual mortality and the theoretical mortality of the elderly, as averaged over the whole time period, is due at least in parts to the impact of interaction between the elderly and younger children with the school-age children and adults, when the activity levels (in terms of frequency as well as whom to make contact with) of the latter groups were significantly changed by the holidays.
Furthermore, the elderly had a higher per contact transmission probability (Table (Table2)2) but lower contact frequency [Additional file 1: Table A2]. This study showed that, with the combination of these two factors, morbidity-based vaccination strategy still could be effective for the prevention of elderly mortality. Although a recent study to quantify the effect of school closures during the 2008 winter influenza season in Hong Kong did not find the school closures as having a substantial effect on the community transmission [30], our results indicate the need for further studies on this topic. We also note that, normally, one would like to use averaged excess winter season P&I mortality data over other seasons for the data fitting of seasonal influenza. However, Taiwan often experiences summer influenza epidemics which would offset any attempt to obtain a reasonable "excess" P&I mortality for the winter season.
Using Equations (2-3) we obtain R0 = 1.0001, just above unity. However, we note that it is more appropriately the reproduction number R of the winter flu epidemic, given the effect of pre-epidemic immunity that must exist. Chowell et al. [31] used several weekly seasonal flu mortality data, derived from P&I excess deaths and influenza-specific deaths from US, France, and Australia during 1972-1997 (1972-2002 for US), to estimate the (mean) reproduction number Rp over 3 decades of seasonal flu. They found that the mean of Rp to be around 1.3, with year-to-year variability of 0.9-2.1. Our estimate is lower, but within their range.
It is also interesting to note that for our set of parameter values used in Figs. Figs.4,4, ,5,5, the effective reproduction number with vaccine only (see Equations 5-6) has almost the same value as R0, to the fourth decimal digit. One explanation for this apparent lack of impact of vaccination during the 2004-2005 flu season, as indicated by the value of RV, is that the vaccination data we used is only for groups 1 (age 0-2) and 7 (age >64). In the formula for RV, or more precisely for in Equation (7), cij2 is the daily contact frequency between groups i and j. The contact frequencies of groups 1 and 7 [Additional file 1: Table A2] are substantially smaller than the contact frequencies of the other groups, with the exception of within-group contacts and contact between groups 1 and 2 (age 3-5) in daycare facilities. Therefore, the relative impact of targeting these two groups for vaccination was weakened by their relative inactivity, thus giving further evidence of the lack of impact of vaccinating the very young and the very old on the overall transmissibility of the disease in the community. However, simulation with the same parameter values as in Fig. Fig.33 except assuming no vaccination in the young children and elderly age groups, i.e., υ1(t) = υ7(t) = 0, and everything else the same produces Fig. Fig.5,5, where the result indicates that the impact of no vaccination (red curves) would still be significant, resulting in nearly 4-fold increase in mortality of elderly and 2-fold increase in mortality of adults. Therefore, the impact of vaccination on the disease incidence sometimes might not be fully revealed in the change (or the lack thereof) in the effective reproduction number with intervention but could still be substantial, since it is a simple mathematical property that distinctly different (next generation) matrices may have similar eigenvalues.
Furthermore, in our simulations we had assumed vaccine efficacy (proportion of infection prevented) of 40% for elderly and 70% for young children, to be in line with current literature [8,9]. However, efficacy depends very much on matching of the circulating strains with vaccine strains each year, where mismatch often causes low efficacy and might have affected our resulting data fit. We also assumed vaccine effectiveness (proportion of reduction in symptomatic cases) to be 60% for elderly and 40% for young children (also see [8,9]).
The per contact transmission probability for the susceptible elderly (>64) infectees (see next to the last row in Table Table2)2) is estimated to be 0.155, more than three-fold of any other age group (with the young children of 0-2 being the next highest), which may be due to the common need for very close contact while the elderly (or younger children of age <3) are being cared for, typically by individuals from adults of ages 22-64 in age group 6, even though the frequency of contact might be less than that of with other age groups. This further highlights the high vulnerability of the elderly (or the younger children) to exposure from other age groups, and demonstrates the need for morbidity-based strategy to prevent the elderly (or younger children) influenza mortality. On the other hand, the estimated per contact transmission probabilities for the younger (<3) and the elderly (>64) infectors are also both higher than those of the other groups (see the last row in Table Table2),2), but not significantly so except when compared with those between ages 8-14. The higher transmission probabilities of young children and elderly infectives could reflect, again, the fact that contacts with these individuals are usually of a more intimate nature, although these probabilities are not as drastically different as their vulnerability to be infected. The less likelihood of schoolchildren of 8-14 to infect others might also be attributable to signs of their less intimate contacts with others as they grow into adolescence.
To further explore this situation, we note that from Equation (6), the partial derivatives of with respect to νiπi are:
We know from Equations (2) and (7). We also know that κ [0, 1] and νiπi for all i, j. Subsequently, is a nonincreasing function of νiπi for all i, j. However, since RV = (-1)n+1 det RV + 1, where is the matrix with its ijth element, the effective reproduction number with vaccination only, RV, does not necessarily decrease as the effective vaccination rate νiπi increases. In other words, vaccination is not always beneficial in reducing incidence and the design of an effective vaccination program in multi-group model is highly nontrivial, unlike in simple epidemic models where there is a simple formula for the critical vaccination coverage level necessary for eradication (pc) [20]. In fact, it has been shown mathematically by Hadeler and Castillo-Chavez [32], using a model with a core group, that partially effective vaccination program may actually increase the total number of cases. Explicit quantification of an optimal vaccination policy ([33]) in a multi-group population scenario remains to be a challenge for mathematical modelers and is beyond the scope of this work. Moreover, the model fit was carried out with vaccination (of the elderly and small children of age 2 or less) as the only intervention since vaccination was the only intervention that was implemented during the flu seasonal for which the fitted P&I data was collected. Further simulations with quarantine and home withdrawal also can be easily carried out.
A related issue is that of pre-epidemic immunity. Further sensitivity analysis using pre-immunity in the range of 10%-30% has shown that the results of curve-fittings are not sensitive to small changes in the pre-epidemic immunity. One would expect that pre-epidemic immunity does impact the outbreak, but nonetheless it is not reflected, at least not in the reproduction numbers.
Pre-symptomatic infection and asymptomatic infection by asymptomatic infectives were incorporated into the proposed model. To gauge the roles these two features of influenza might play in a seasonal influenza epidemic, we performed the following simulations. Again using Fig. Fig.33 as a benchmark, we first assume no pre-symptomatic infection (τ = 0) with all other parameter values unchanged (Fig. (Fig.6).6). Next we assume no asymptomatic infection by asymptomatic infectives (αi = αiV = 0) (Fig. (Fig.7).7). The results indicate that pre-symptomatic infection seemed to have little effect on the model fits and the fitted parameters; while asymptomatic infection by asymptomatic infectives has a more pronounced impact on the model fit for the elderly, perhaps indicating the comparatively larger role asymptomatic infection plays in disease transmission.
Finally, as the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) recently made its recommendations for priorities in vaccination for the H1N1 pandemic in terms of the social groups (e.g., healthcare workers those with chronic medical conditions), health groups (pregnant women), and age groups [34], the model also can be used to divide population into social/health groups. For example, to study vaccine policy for the elderly, we could divide the elderly into those living in households and those living in old age homes, since they mix differently in these two distinct settings. The model is also useful for simulations of the cost-effectiveness of vaccine and other intervention measures, such as prophylaxis treatment, perhaps in future work.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
Electronic Supplementary Material. SVEQIAHR Model Details and Supplementary Data.
YHH was supported by Taiwan CDC Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Research and Development Program (DOH95-DC-1407), National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 97-2118-M-039-004), and China Medical University (CMU 97 323). The author is grateful to Leng Leng Lim and Yun-Shih Wang for their help with the numerical simulations, and to Jen-Hsiang Chuang for providing Taiwan age-specific P&I mortality data. The author is grateful to two reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments which significantly improved this paper.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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The Moonstone II. Narratology. The scientific or formalistic study of narratives Mikhail Bakhtin , Roland Barthes, Gerard Genette. Story / Discourse. Story = the actual chronology of events in a narrative ;
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"Mr. Thornton did not speak, and she went on looking for some paper on which were written down the proposals for security; for she was most anxious to have it all looked upon in the light of a mere business arrangement, in which the principle advantage would be on her side. While she sought for this paper, her very heart pulse was arrested by the tone in which Mr. Thornton spoke. His voice was hoarse, and trembling with tender passion, as he said: --
Waverly dreams of his dead Scottish friends:
"These reveries he was permitted to enjoy… and it was in many a winter walk by the shores of Ullswater, that he acquired a more complete mastery of a spirit tamed by adversity than his former experience had given him; and that he felt himself entitled to say firmly, though perhaps with a sigh, that the romance of his life was ended, and that its real history had now commenced." (415)
Waverly's Journey
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Item description for Because I Love You by Max Lucado...Overview
Shaddai, a wise and loving man, builds a wonderful village for his children, but when one of them chooses to go out into the dangerous wilderness, Shaddai does not abandon him
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A long time ago a wise man named Shaddai built a wonderful village for children to live in. He talked to them and sang for them and told them stories. He gave them everything they needed. And with his own hands Shaddai built a protective wall around their village, rock by rock.
He did all of this for just one reason--because he loved them.
One day Paladin, the village's most curious child, discovers something troubling about the wall. Something that makes him wonder about Shaddai's love. Could there be a mistake?
Young Paladin is about to discover the answer. And when he does, he will come to understand just how deeply he is loved.
And so will you.
Everything God does for your children, He does because of love. He protects them. He listens to their prayers. He provides for their needs. He even gives warnings and sets boundaries--for no other reason than love.
As an adult you already know this. Now your children can know it too through this captivating tale, which was first published in the award-winning children's bestseller Tell Me the Story.
Let this timeless story of a curious boy's choice and a caring man's sacrificial response help you make the infinite love of their Heavenly Father as real to your kids as your own love. Because they need to understand about Him what you have already learned--that everything God does throughout our lives, He does for one reason only, and for the best reason of all: "Because I Love You."
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text: "A gem of a book. LeBlanc brings the women she studies to life, leading us down the side streets and back alleys of Tokyo suburbia, trundling along on a clunker bicycle, and exploring how homemakers get involved in the grassroots level of politics."Glenda Roberts, author of Staying on the Line


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Insomnia & Special Needs Kids
A school boy with ADHD is having an extra hard time falling asleep recently and its causing lots of stress on the family. This is not an uncommon problem amongst special need school-aged kids. Amalah has some advice.
A school boy with ADHD is having an extra hard time falling asleep recently and its causing lots of stress on the family. This is not an uncommon problem amongst special need school-aged kids. Amalah has some advice.
While trying to balance helping my autistic son's potential and limitations, I don't always get it right. The good news is, he does, in spite of me.
A mom needs advice on how to help her sensory-seeking child handle disappointment on the sports field as it's now starting to affect his relationships at school and with family and friends.
My high school senior is more ready for college than I'd imagined, except for this one little issue that could turn into a giant issue. I have to trust her.
Have a little one who gets a little scared during Halloween? Or has other fears and anxieties. Amalah has written a beautifully illustrated and customizable book that explains that fear is a normal emotion and helps children understand it's OK if they don't feel brave all the time.
Micromanagement is my middle name, but as my kids approach adulthood I'm actively scaling back so they can shine in spite of me.
Having an invisible disability is hard; having an invisible disability as a high school student and being scoffed at by a teacher is worse. Don't be that teacher.
Figuring out how to balance my teens' natural aversion to leaving their comfort zones and honoring their awareness of themselves is tricky business.
It's often said that girls on the autism spectrum "present differently," but what exactly does that mean? Today we're looking at both generalities and a few hallmark specifics of how autistic girls are unlike their male counterparts.
Power struggles with your teen may feel inevitable, but when you add homework issues to the mix, is there any hope for peace and productivity? I say yes.
Transitioning to middle school is a scary time for any kid, but when it's an ADHD child, how should you best proceed? I've been there. Don't panic!
It can be sometimes be hard for our family to do "fun" things the way other families do. We threw caution (and cleanliness) to the wind and had a blast.
Teaching my teen to drive continues to be challenging, but perhaps less because of the driving itself and more because I'm still learning how to help her.
As we near the end of my autistic son's first full-time year back in public school, the stress is wearing him down, but really, he's doing great.
To disclose or not to disclose: that's the question when you're dealing with special needs and increasing independence. My teens are figuring it out.
Now that I'm older and (hopefully) wiser, I'd rather make some rules for helping myself in times of crisis than point out stuff other people did "wrong."
Is normal a real thing? Should I be wishing my special-needs kids were normal? I'm not even sure it's real, and if it is, well, it's not for us.
Birthdays with teenagers can feel a lot like a timer ticking down, but sometimes they feel like victory, too. For my late bloomer, this birthday feels huge.
I know very little about wine pairings, but I do know what you should bake for your next meeting at school.
The longer I parent, the more I realize how much I don't know. It's all a puzzle, and thankfully, I like puzzles.


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Lahore, March 11: It was a warm-up for both Team India and the agencies providing an unprecedented security cover. By evening, officers of the Police Service of Pakistan were thumping each others back, while Sourav Ganguly was left with a headache not many hours from the first ODI.
The Indians, to quote coach John Wright, suffered a jolt when Pakistan A finished on 336 for four and handed out a six-wicket humiliation at the Gaddafi. The police officers on duty, though, were fully satisfied that their security operation went off without a hitch.
It was a full deployment, of 2,500 officers and constables.
It was a trial run for us, in the tour-opener, and the exercise went off perfectly, one of the SPs involved with the deployment told The Telegraph. He wished to remain anonymous as, officially, he shouldnt have said anything.
Of course, as Team Indias chief security liaison officer, IG Yashovardhan Azad, put it: The efficacy will truly be tested when the stadium is packed.
Indeed, despite considerable local enthusiasm, no more than around 3,000 spectators turned up. Apparently, nobody marketed the game well enough.
Whatever, the Taufeeq Umar-led lads certainly marketed themselves superbly and mighty pleased must be chief selector Wasim Bari now he has smart ODI options in Umar himself (who captained from the front with an excellent 104) and Imran Nazir, hailed as a potential great not many years ago.
The day, mind you, began well for India as the A bowlers were taken to the cleaners by Rahul Dravid (92 not out), Sachin Tendulkar (76) and Virender Sehwag (75). The match, it appeared, was over at the break itself as nobody expected Umar and the rest to surpass 335 for six.
However, with Nazir treating Zaheer Khan and Lakshmipathy Balaji as bowlers in a mohalla game, the unbelievable began to take shape: runs came quicker than the fastest Hondas on the Lahore-Islamabad motorway and the Indians were quickly on the defensive.
Zaheer went for 31 in his first three overs, while Balaji conceded 39 in as many. As for Irfan Pathan, who had dream figures in an U-19 match here not many months ago, his first over cost 24! The 100 came in under eight overs and by the end of the 15th, Pakistan A had creamed off as many as 179 for the loss of Nazir only.
On any wicket, a total of 335 should be defended.... The bowlers bowled a poor line
. If we had any illusions over how tough this tour would be, what lies ahead has been laid bare, observed a visibly disappointed Wright.
Sourav, though, chose not to take a despondent line. He said: We never seem to begin well.... Even in the last World Cup, we lost to a Natal selection just days before the start of our campaign.... In any case, we must remember that Zaheer is coming off a long layoff. Personally, I never read much into the opening game as theres lots of cricket left.
Incidentally, Sourav got out to one which took off (from Umar Gul) and his dismissal would have whetted the appetite of the Shoaib Akhtars. Its up to him, now, to not concede even one more point in the psychological battle.
Team India leaves for Karachi tomorrow morning and, if anything, security is going to be tighter. On the cards is protection from the sky as well, via helicopters. However, one hopes the personnel wont be as tense as they appear to be in Lahore.


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The Red Witch Seven Sisters Lily Boost Pedal is revolutionary and brings you tone for days! It has a rechargeable lithium ion cell and built in charging circuit, you can get a couple weeks' worth of gigs out of a single charge. And no more ground loop hum from daisy chained AC power supplies. The Red Witch Seven Sisters Lily Boost Pedal gives you that unmistakable Red Witch tone at a very attractive price. You've been on the holy grail tone quest for years. You're almost there; the right guitar, the right pickups, the right amp- you're SO close. You just need to drive the front end of your amp a little harder without wrecking the tone you've worked so hard to get. The solution? The Seven Sisters Lily Boost pedal. It stays true to your original sound, but gives it a little extra boost in output to really drive your amp's preamp for maximum tone. Pre and post gain controls help you dial in exactly how much boost you need. It's your tone- only better!
The Red Witch Seven Sisters Lily Boost Pedal Features
What started as a simple string and pedal sales catalog has grown exponentially over the past thirty years. The early days were a time where catalogs didn't have much of a presence in the industry, but what began as a college dorm room operation grew rapidly. In 1986 we moved to a full product offering and 64-page catalog, which over the years has grown to 162 pages. Join the AMS family and get your free catalog now!
Copyright © 1996-2017 American Musical Supply, Inc. All rights reserved. American Musical Supply reserves the right to correct pricing and/or product specifications in the event of typographical errors found in our print catalog or on our website. If a product is listed at an incorrect price due to such errors or because of inaccurate information received from a supplier, American Musical Supply shall have the right to refuse or cancel any orders placed, whether or not the order has been confirmed and your credit card charged. If your credit card has already been charged for the purchase and your order is canceled, American Musical Supply will issue a credit to your credit card account in the amount of the charge.


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Pipe Railings and handrail are a popular application for Kee Klamp and Kee Lite pipe fittings. Whether you are building a small residential handrail or a large industrial pipe railing to meet OSHA or ADA specifications, we have the parts and solutions to provide you with the best handrail for your situation.
Pipe Railing - The Basics
Learn the basics of how to build aluminum and galvanized steel pipe railing.
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Simple Rail handrail kits are great for small residential and commercial railing projects. Easy to install and simple to configure.
ADA Handrails
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A weldless solution for handrails and guardrails that is cost effective and simple to install.
Pipe Railing Fittings
Steel and aluminum pipe railing fittings that can be used to construct pipe railings and handrails in a simple and cost effective manner.
Handicap Accessible Handrails
Build handicap accessible handrails with our smooth, interlocking pipe fittings.


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Minster FM News
Saving a dying art in North Yorkshire
12:01am 10th June 2012
Musician's in York are being encouraged to take up a dying instrument.
The Organ is best known for it's rousing church music - but less people are learning to play it.
Now, Daniel Moult 's running courses to teach the organ at York St John's University.
So. are you a pianist who has been persuaded to play the organ for church services? Or a more experienced player who would like to brush up their skills and find some new repertoire?
There's an opportunity this June for church organists of all levels to spend a few days in the north of England improving their playing. The course for church organists organised by the Royal School of Church Music (RSCM) takes place this year from 11th - 14th June in York, and places are still available.
The residential course is based at York St John University, and features a wide range of tutorials, given in small groups, suitable for those who have just begun playing as well as for those with more experience. Tuition includes the use of stops and pedals, playing for services, new repertoire and improvisation. Participants will have the opportunity to play a variety of instruments including the organ in York Minster, and the programme will include seminars and recitals.
The course is directed Daniel Moult, who is a busy concert organist and an enthusiastic and inspiring teacher. He is a Senior Tutor for the RSCM's Church Music Skills programme, of which this course in York is a part. He is also editor of The Complete Church Organist series of organ tutors published by the RSCM - Level Two of the series has recently been published. Daniel will be joined by a team of experienced tutors, who will lead the students in small groups so that everyone has a chance to 'have a go'.
Previous participants have been enthusiastic about RSCM organ courses. One clearly benefited from meeting others who are like-minded: "The best thing was to feel part of the community of organists". Another said, "I did not feel pressured, but was encouraged, which does wonders for self-esteem".
Further information can be found at here.


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I've browsed the Outer Boroughs board and found a lot of good recommendations, thanks.
One thing I'm wondering is if many bagel places will be closed Saturday for the Sabbath?
In particular, I'll be in the Midwood area on Saturday, and was interested to go check out Kosher Bagel Hole on Ave J, or B&H Bagel Hole on Coney Island Ave, but figured they might be closed.
Any tips? Will Midwood be pretty dead, business-wise, on a Saturday?


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A Preliminary Environmental Assessment for the Preservation and Restoration of Fujian Hakka Tulou Complexes
In 2007 and 2009, research trips were taken, mainly in the Fujian province of China, to investigate the construction materials, methods, structures and floor plans of Hakka Tulou. Researchers lived in several Tulou, interviewed residents and experienced traditional Hakka lifestyle. Typically, Tulou are located in remote regions at relatively high elevations in climatic conditions characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and with high incidents of typhoons and earthquakes. The extent of damage and level of preservation were examined with respect to the age of many of these structures, the relatively harsh environment, and changing demographics in the region. The majority of occupants are now elderly. They maintain a traditional and efficient lifestyle utilizing minimum electricity, water, and energy. This study discusses the findings from these two field trips and assesses environmental load and sustainability within the context of current environmental standards using the Japanese Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE) from data collected at Cheng Qi Lou. The goal was: firstly to undertake a preliminary environmental assessment to determine sustainable elements of Hakka Tulou construction methods; secondly, to identify potential sustainable solutions to preserve existing structure; and finally, to identify appropriate sustainable solutions to repair and retrofit damaged and underutilized structures to modern living standards, while retaining traditional building techniques and lifestyle.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Volume (Year): 4 (2012)
Issue (Month): 11 (October)
Pages: 1-15
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Mayweather Settee
The Mayweather Settee features the same abstracted pattern as its larger companion piece. Down-wrapped seat cushions provide a level of comfort that belies the strong architectural form. Shown with Nickel legs and Linen Velvet fabric. Last image shown with Silicon Bronze legs. COM
W 72" x D 36" x H 32" arm H 22" seat H 17 ½" (183cm x 91cm x 81cm arm 56cm seat 44cm)


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Perth, Perthshire, Scotland. Colonel Sir Alan Gomme Duncan, born 5 July 1893, died 13 December 1963, was a British Army officer who served in both World Wars; he was recalled to the army at the age of 45 in advance of Second World War. In a brief break in his career he was Inspector of Prisons for Scotland. After the liberation of Europe he went into politics and served for fourteen years as a Conservative Member of Parliament in Scotland, becoming known for humorous remarks combined with a lively partisanship. Duncan was the only son of Alfred Edward Duncan, and was sent to Merchant Taylors' School. At the outbreak of the First World War, Duncan joined the London Scottish, serving in France and Belgium. At the beginning of January 1917, while holding the rank of Lieutenant, and temporary Captain, he was awarded the Military Cross. He was later transferred to the Black Watch for whom he served in Germany after the armistice and into 1919. During the war, Duncan was twice Mentioned in Despatches, and was also wounded in action. He ended the war with the substantive rank of Captain. He married Mary Bourne on 2 April 1919 at Leavesden, Hertfordshire, England. For the 1945 general election, Gomme-Duncan was chosen as Conservative candidate for Perth, which included his home at Bridge of Earn, and where the sitting Member was retiring. Gomme-Duncan easily won election to the House of Commons, obtaining a majority of 10,867. Gomme-Duncan held several positions of honour, including membership of the Royal Company of Archers, the Sovereign's Bodyguard in Scotland; he was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Gomme-Duncan was President of the Perthshire Musical Festival Association and Vice-President of Perthshire Agricultural Society and of the Boy Scouts in Perth District.
All photographs are copyright of Sandy Stevenson, Tour Scotland, and may not be used without permission.
View the most recent Tour Scotland photographs.


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If Georgia baseball coach Robert Sapp could, he would bite the injury bug right back. It would serve the critter right.
Tuesday's loss of starting catcher Doc Brooks to a sprained medial collateral ligament in his left knee put the Diamond Dogs in an obvious bind. But Wednesday, the news got a little worse when third baseman Mark Thornhill's aching knees forced him to sit out Georgia's 15-3 win over Samford. The sophomore is questionable for this weekend's huge Southeastern Conference series at Tennessee.
With three weeks left in the regular-season, the Diamond Dogs (24-21, 8-13) trail second-place Florida (27-18, 9-12) in the Eastern Division standings by just one-half game. The top two teams in each division earn automatic berths into the SEC tournament set for May 19-23 in Birmingham.
''This is definitely not the time of year you want to see this kind of thing happen, but that's part of baseball,'' said Sapp. ''Hopefully, some of these other guys are going to step up.''
One such player is sophomore David Lamberth, who will take over for Josh Hudson at second base. Hudson is replacing Brooks behind the plate.
If Thornhill is unable to go, junior college transfer Josh Dorminy will get the call. Dorminy started at third for Thornhill Wednesday, before spelling Hudson at catcher for the final three innings.
''The good thing about Wednesday game was it gave us an opportunity to work on a few things, and that's something you don't always get something to do this late in the year,'' Sapp said. ''Josh hadn't caught in two years, so we obviously needed to get him in there, just in case something happened to Josh.''
If Georgia hopes to make the SEC tournament for the first time since 1995, it had better not.
South Carolina (30-15, 12-9) appears to have the Eastern Division pretty well locked up, leaving the five remaining teams to battle for second place.
Even sixth-place Tennessee is still alive, despite its disappointing league record of 5-16.
''Basically, whichever team plays well these last three weekends is going to make the tournament,'' Sapp said. ''Tennessee's still in the running too. They're a pretty good hitting team, they just don't have much pitching depth. But who does? It's just like I've said all year, we can't worry about what other teams are doing. If we can just take care of ourselves as far as these SEC games are concerned, everything will work out just fine.''
SEC Standings
Eastern Division
SEC Pct. GB All Pct.
South Carolina 12-9 .571 -- 31-15 .674
Florida 9-12 .429 3.0 27-18 .600
Georgia 8-12 .400 3.5 25-21 .543
Kentucky 8-13 .381 4.0 18-25 .419
Vanderbilt -15 .28 6.0 19-26 .422
Tennessee 5-16 .238 7.0 22-24 .478
Western Division
SEC Pct. GB All Pct.
Alabama 14-7 .667 -- 35-12 .745
Arkansas 14-7 .667 -- 29-18 .617
Auburn 13-8 .619 1.0 36-10 .783
Ole Miss 13-8 .619 1.0 28-19 .596
Miss. St. 12-8 .600 1.5 35-11 .761
This weekend's games
Georgia at Tennessee
Kentucky at South Carolina
Florida at Vanderbilt
Mississippi St. at Arkansas
Auburn at LSU
Alabama at Ole Miss
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Pineapple Ice-cream
Name: Pineapple
Originally from: Tropical America
Seasonality: November to March
Main features: The Pineapple is a fruit from the pineapple tree. It can be cultivated anywhere hot in the world. It is a great welcome either natural or industrialized, because of the beauty, is known as the King fruits.
Utilization (benefits for human): The Pineapple pulp and shell can be utilized to produce juices. It is a great fruit to eat at summer time, because it is 86% of water and hydrating your body. It has bromelain that helps to decompose protein, and destroy some kinds of worms. It also has Rison which is called vermifuge, helps in digestion and helps to soften the meat. This enzyme is destroyed when cooked, so to get the benefits it is necessary to eat it raw. It can be consumed as a fruit, wine, candied or jelly.
Flavor: Pineapple is acidic and most of the time sweet.


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I have been using the API for a while and now I notice that some internal rules seem to have changed.
I am used to perform Subscribers.GetIsSubscribed to find out, wether an e-mail address is subscribed in a certain list. When the address existst, but is still unconfirmed, I get "False" back. I remember that it has been "True" some weeks/months ago. Did that change or am I wrong?
In general, is there any possibility to get informed about any changes in the API? A mailinglist or blog or something?
Thomas Puppe
Hi Thomas,
It's possible you're mistaken with regard to Subscribers.GetIsSubscribed. It returns true only if a subscriber is in the active state (ie, would receive a campaign sent to that list), and unconfirmed subscribers are definitely inactive. That behaviour should not have changed.
In general, if we do make changes to the API they would be publicised on the campaign monitor blog, but we make sure to maintain backwards compatibility. Old code would continue to work without any changes.
From Australia to Zimbabwe, and everywhere in between, companies count on Campaign Monitor for email campaigns that boost the bottom line.Get started for free


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First Tutors enables you to find a home citizenship tutor in Llanbedr and anywhere in the UK. Home citizenship tuition is an excellent way to improve confidence while increasing grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to search for Llanbedr citizenship tutors and select which best fits your needs.
First Tutors is the only place to find the top Llanbedr citizenship tutors for your needs, enabling you to find a local Llanbedr citizenship teacher for any subject, for example, GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Biology. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn Spanish, take a Greek course or prepare yourself for Italian life, we can help - and all in Llanbedr! Our search will order citizenship Llanbedr tutors in your area according to their citizenship tuition charges and distance from you.
If you are a Llanbedr citizenship tutor wishing to offer your local citizenship tuition services in Llanbedr or the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we do here. Home citizenship tuition is a fantastic way to re-affirm your citizenship knowledge while helping someone else, all in the Llanbedr area!


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There are two ways to go about on-site document destruction. You can do it yourself. Conversely, you may hire a professional, mobile document shredding service to do the job for you.
The only potential advantage of a DIY strategy is saving money. However, in-house shredding is not nearly as reliable as hiring a service.
You should properly shred or dispose of hard copies containing sensitive data. If you don't, it could lead to theft and data breach, from both internal and external threats.
This, in turn, will come with untold costs. They may include penalties, reparations, loss of business, loss of reputation, and even lawsuits.
In other words, spend a little up and hire a reliable Florida document shredding business that offers expert services. Here are a few advantages you'll gain in the process.
Free Up Space
Document shredding, in and of itself, can help your business to go paperless. It can get rid of bulky filing cabinets and free up space for other types of storage or even personnel.
Along these lines, a document shredding service can scan old records to digital. They will dispose of your hard copies afterward.
However, in-house shredding also means keeping expensive and possibly bulky shredders in the office. Even commercial shredders can't compete with the quality of shredding offered by an on-site service. Why waste money and space on shredders in your office?
Free Up Workers
Who is going to shred documents in your office? Will you assign this task to a single worker or group? Maybe will you require every employee to manage their own shredding. Thus, you're trusting them to understand your shredding policies and comply with applicable privacy laws.
Who will cart the remains to the nearest recycling center? You don't want to throw them in the trash and hope that dumpster divers don't steal them for reassembly.
Your valued employees shouldn't waste their time in this manner. An on-site shredding service makes the entire process easier and more effective.
Comply with Privacy Laws
This is important. Every business must comply with federal, state, and local privacy laws. Certain industries also impose even stricter confidentiality regulations. One example is HIPAA standards for those in medical fields.
A good document shredding service will be familiar with all applicable privacy laws. That includes common industry regulations. They take the responsibility for compliance on your behalf.
Avoid Data Breaches
Is there any better reason to use on-site document shredding? The right service will provide your office with secure bins for confidential documents.
They will pick up the bins and shred your documents while you watch. Then, they'll take remains to a secure recycling facility. These measures are all designed to protect your company and ensure the safety of confidential data.


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London, United Kingdom (PressExposure) December 15, 2009 -- Providing solutions to all complicated sound design problems with past credits that include Vauxhall, PG Tips, Chiltern Railways radio campaign and animation sound tracks for Ardman Animation and Hannahs Helpline.
With equipment that includes pro Tools, Sadie and Pyramix digital work station and soundtracs mixing consoles as well as Neumann, Sound Deluxe and SE Microphones with full ISDN capabilities.
Alchemyâs spacious studio and control rooms can now offer the highest standard whilst being one of the most cost effective.
Alchemyâs mastering facilities past credits include Razorlight, Snow Patrol, REM, Led Zeppelin and Oasis, can also add that âSpecialâ magic to your commercial to make it stand out from the others and you just might meet some of the stars.
Over the past 13 years Alchemy has been involved in the production of many hit records including those for Corinne Bailey-Rae, Razorlight, Snow Patrol, Ting Tings, Led Zeppelin, REM, Beautiful South, Paul Weller and Duffy. The new facility solves all mastering problems with even more advanced technology and more efficient Mastering facilities in one of the most soundproofed buildings available in the world.


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Pato Banton & The Now Generation Band, sponsored by Jarriots
What: The Joint is hosting an exclusive listening party for Gwarn's international launch and live concert with Pato Banton and "The Now Generation" who are making their way across the country spreading the Good News and uplifting the masses with a warm message of love and positivity that Pato has been known for bringing to his audiences around the world. "The Now Generation" is made up of the area's finest musicians such as: Tony Saenz (Drummer), Mikey Ortiz (Bass Guitarist), Antoinette Hall aka "Rootsdawtah" (Keyboard, Vocals), Daniel "D-Lop" Lopilato (Guitarist), and three piece horn section, the mighty JAH! Horns which feature Beeken the "Saxmachine," Trumpet Bryan and Eddie Farmer on trombone.
Be sure to catch this all new high energy showcase and become a part of The Now Generation!
Tickets available for sale at http://www.eventbrite.com/event/1795816335/efblike.
When: Friday, July 1st 2011
Where: The Joint
8771 W. Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90038
Monday, June 27, 2011
Pato Banton & the Now Generation Band in LA July 1
Labels: catch 'em live
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United Way of Southwest Minnesota manages several internal programs that are aimed at ensuring children enter school developmentally on track in literacy skills, as well as in social, emotional and cognitive skills. We also want to ensure students, K-12, have the tools needed to succeed and thrive. Several of the programs administered by United Way of Southwest Minnesota are highlighted below.
The following school readiness and literacy programs are available to young children and their families in Lyon, Lincoln, Murray, Yellow Medicine and portions of Cottonwood, Lac qui Parle, Nobles and Redwood counties. Each program is available free of charge because the cost of each of these programs is covered by donations to United Way of Southwest Minnesota, through partnerships with other organizations and/or grant funding.
- Sponsorship of the Dolly Parton Imagination Library Program - Imagination Library book program is for children (ages birth – 5 years of age) who live in our service area. Every child who is enrolled receives an age and developmentally appropriate book in the mail each month. Children are able to gain valuable school readiness skills each time an adult in their life takes time to read books to them. Since we began sponsoring the program in 2005, more than 5,000 local children have graduated from the program, and more than 315,000 books have been delivered to homes throughout our service area. At this time, more than 2,750 local children receive a book delivered to their home on a monthly basis.
- Stuff the Bus - In 2016, we provided more than 55,000 school supplies to approximately 4,100 students attending 25 area schools. We engaged dozens of volunteers to collect, sort, pack and distribute supplies and backpacks to elementary, middle and high school students throughout our service area. Because of this effort, more children were able to enter school with the basic tools needed to learn and be successful, thereby allowing them to focus on their academic goals.
- Wild About Kindergarten School Readiness Kits are distributed to encourage children and their parents/guardians to work on school readiness skills over the spring and summer in preparation for kindergarten in the fall. Bags are provided to every child who attends Kindergarten Round-Up in all schools in our service area. Each kit includes a book, activity booklet, whiteboard and marker, crayons, scissor, glue stick, notepad, modeling clay, toothbrush, practice worksheets for children and parent/guardian resources.
- Little Red Bookshelf is an early literacy effort that places red bookshelves at key locations where children and families often visit. Take. Read. Share. Children can enjoy the books where they are and/or take a book home to use. The program aims to foster a love of reading and provide access to books for all children throughout our service area. We currently sponsor 35 shelves throughout southwest Minnesota.
Student Emergency Fund Grants totaling over $9,000 will be distributed in August 2017 to twenty-one local schools that applied for funds. These funds are to be used at the districts' discretion to support their neediest students. During the 2016-17 school year funds were used for items such as: activity/field trip/band fees, preschool tuition for homeless students, lice kits, bus tokens, space heater for family, underwear, clothing, socks & shoes, lunch assistance, hygiene items, emergency food support, eyeglasses and vision exams, winter apparel, specialized school supplies, etc., etc.
Summer Wild About Reading is a 45 minute reading and active learning program held at area parks in June and July each summers. Sixteen sessions are scheduled for summer 2017. The events feature learning activities, music and literacy skill building. In 2016, over 360 children and/or daycares participated in Wild About Reading.
Jumpstart's Read for the Record® is an annual reading celebration that highlights the need for quality early education in America by mobilizing adults and children to set a record for the largest shared reading experience. In October, 2016, we organized 160 volunteers for this one day literacy event to be read the book "The Bear Ate Your Sandwich" in over 35 locations (including schools, childcare centers and libraries) throughout our service area. A copy of the book was donated to each classroom for continued use.
1000 Books Before Kindergarten – We work in partnership with all 15 libraries in our service area to offer this program to local families. This effort encourages parents to read aloud at least 1,000 books with their child(ren) before they enter kindergarten in order to help build early literacy/vocabulary skills. Each library offers incentives along the way and a graduation celebration upon completion.
Born Learning Trails - Born Learning Trails are designed to help parents, caregivers and communities support early learning by helping boost children's language and literacy skills – and encouraging families to get active. They are a great way to elevate awareness of early childhood education, encourage outdoor play and promote active learning in nature. Born Learning Trails include 10 fun, activity-based learning stations. We have installed permanent trails in Cottonwood, Currie, Fulda, Granite Falls, Hendricks and Lake Wilson, with plans to install additional trails in Balaton and Walnut Grove this summer. We also have a portable version of the Trail which can be used at both indoor and outdoor events throughout the year.


text: Looking for younger guys here in the Netherlands or the UK aged between 25 and 40. Sick of time wasters and wannabe's, so looking for genuine guys who would like to have fun with an older female. Hopefully guys willing to travel, but only after we both confirm we are who we say we are. You must be clean and reasonably presentable and I offer the same in return Mail contact first to see if we are compatible, then by whattsapp to chat live, then calling, after that we meet for real. I have a few pictures on here so you can see for yourself what I look like. The reasons for these steps is to see if you will put the effort in and to weed out the many and various time wasters on here. You won't be disappointed as I love pleasing a guy and love being pleased in return. Trust and honesty is a must as I am not looking for a one off meeting but a regular guy who wants no strings fun for as long as we both want. Please do not send me a cock picture as opening gambit as I just delete and go onto the next guy, a simple nice picture is enough, dressed and clear, if you would rather not show your face on the first picture then please say when you reply but it will be required there after if we chat further. I hope this doesn't come across a a series of demands but as I stated before I am so sick and tired of time wasters and wannabe's. You never know you might be the guy who appears on the verification picture I want to submit.


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Price: $79.95
Shop Fox G7315Z - Super Heavy-Duty Mobile Base
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Sales of this outlet item are limited to quantity on hand.
Need it by
Just order by 2:00 PM PST today and choose expedited shipping during checkout.
Free shipping within the Contiguous United States.
Act Fast!
Sales of this outlet item are limited to quantity on hand.
Please Note: If you are purchasing the D2058A Mobile Base for use on the G1079 16" Drum Sander or the G1066 24" Drum Sander, you must also purchase the D2246A Extension Bars for the Mobile Base.
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54 Customer Reviews (4.8 out of 5 stars): Sign in to write a review
They are excellent for moving big items in the shop. Good quality and workmanship.
Weight rating seems to be a little exaggerated. The G0544 planer weighs just over 1,000 lbs and fits on this nicely. I just feel like the four corner plates could be beefed up a little. Assembly was easy.
After buying this base for my radial arm saw, I purchased another for my newly acquired table saw. The steel wheels make a big difference in rolling resistance. I will be ordering another for my drill press.
I am using this base on a 1,000+ Lb milling machine. It does not seem to be strained by the weight at all and is relatively easy to move.
It took me a few days to pull it out of The box. Once I did it was easy to assemble and fits my homemade wooden lathe stand perfectly. Rolls on the shop floor easily. I will be ordering a few more of these for other machines in my shop.
I purchased this mobile base for use with a new Grizzly GO690 Table Saw. After a few modifications for a perfect fit, with my chain fall, I lowered the saw onto the base. I quickly realized that the wheel brackets were too wide and would not pass through the doorway leading to the staging area where I would complete the assembly and put the saw to use. I was able to put a piece of plywood down and slide the saw through on the smooth surface. Bottom line? This device needs 4 swivels caster! Not 2. I don't think it would be too difficult to replace the stationary caster with ones that swivel. If left as is, careful consideration must be given to wheel orientation......before lowering your device onto this base.
Still....a very good product.....at a very good price!
I have reordered these after putting two in service. They are versatile and made well.
Four purchase. Prior ones were decades ago. No issues, heavy duty, very strong.
Bought one a while ago for a 450 lb shaper, liked it enough to buy one for the 600+ lb table saw.
I used this to put a 900 lb. gun safe on. Worked great. I did have to buy the extension bars and everything fit with no issues. I would absolutely buy this again.
This thing is the greatest with the extension kit. Now I can roll that 500lb saw with the extension table attached any where in my shop that I need! I'm a 60 year old smaller guy and this setup makes it a piece of cake. Thanks again Guys.
Works great to move heavy equipment around. Needed to shim to make real solid when putting unit into use as it will rock a little bit, just not like having it on the floor with no movement at all. Otherwise, great.
The base is very strong. The magnetic rod brake needs some redesign. Overall. Am pleased.
I am very happy with this product. I can now move my bandsaw around as needed!
Defiantly a must if you have a piece of heavy equipment that needs to be moved around the shop
Excellent, very strong build, work perfectly!!!!!!!!
This product is very good it could be built a little stronger to account for the weight.
Outstanding product, works great. Takes a few minutes to put together but well worth it. Thanks
These bases take a lot of patience to install, especially mounting the wheels onto the base. The band saws owner manual recommended lifting the entire saw by the eye bolt installed on top of the saw and setting it on the mobile base. Fortunately the mobile base instruction included a method for installing the mobile base on the saw by using a lever and blocks which worked well..
I purchased the HD Mobile Base for a different purpose other than for a large machine. I acquired a long table that I wanted to be mobile in my garage. Wth the maximum load rating of 1300 pounds the mobile base was ideal. I felt that the design of my salvaged table did not permit the addition of separate wheels to it so a mobile base seemed to be my only option.
I had to modify the modify the mobile base for the longer table dimensions since the base, and the optional long base legs did not meet my purpose. For the extended length that I need I was able to obtain some 10 gauge steel rectangular tube and cut it to length (done at the supplier). The original rectangular stock was not a standard size according to the steel supplier. The heavier gauge rectangular tube seemed to be the best option for the extended distance and what I would consider beefing up its design. The four wheel mounting plates were reinforced with 4"X4" 3/16" steel plates. I replaced the two fixed wheels with swivel wheels (available from Grizzly) and drilled the wheel mounting plates to accept them. (Note: The straight wheel mounting plates meant having 4 additional holes drilled in them. There was no need to modify the swivel wheel mounting plates.) The 4"x4" plates were pre-cut at the steel supplier.
I replaced the stock metric nuts and bolts with 5/16" 2" bolts (it was more cost effective than buying metric nuts and bolts at the local Home Depot plus they were easily available). Drilling the plates to match the hole pattern was more difficult than I anticipated. I also used a 3/4" nylon flat stock between the wheels and mounting plate to give added floor clearance. Because of this the built-in floor locks/stops do not function. I tried substituting some steel 3-1/2" wheels from the standard 3" wheels but they simply would not fit in the space provided in the wheel mounting area. There was not enough room for the wheels to swivel. I plan on locating some Floor Locks/Stops and attaching them to the work table so that it will be stationary when needed.
Time will tell how my project turned out. My only disappointment with the mobile base was that 1 of the plates that you would place the machine on was bent out of shape which required some straightening. Also I would have liked to see that plate made of a thicker gauge material. However it most likely met the requirements of the manufacturer to list themobile base at a 1300 pound load limit.
I bought this roller frame for a heavy, roughly 400 lb. Powermatic jointer. I figured that if I bought something enough over-sized in terms of weight capacity it would be strong enough and durable. The frame is good but I'd say they could do a lot better on the casters which are a little undersized and maybe the material they are made of is too hard even for my fairly smooth, hard concrete shop floor. The castor performance is good enough that I can't say I'm thinking about going out and replacing them but they'd be better if they turned more easily and were a little less hard. Keep in mind this this is rated for I forget, something like 1300 lb.? and I am using it on a 400 lb. machine so I'd guess that the castor performance would be poor at the higher end of the weight scale... hence the rating of three stars and not more but hey, the price is fair for the quality... if I had wanted to pay two and a half times as much I could've always ordered a Powermatic roller so should I complain? no, I shouldn't but I don't have to rave about it either. Its Grizzly doing their thing, giving us tools we can survive with very well and for a good price... its a fair deal and if I were to do it over I'd buy the same thing.
I bought the Super Havry-Guty Mobile Base for my Grizzly 22" spirel planer because it is no heavy, the new base is great and moves the planer very nice.
I have no idea why I waited to get this. In a smallish size shop, tools need to be mobile. This is a great mobile base
Good for some items, a little lite duty for the table saw G1023RLW I had to beef up the corner plates where the saw sits. I'm glad I didn't buy the lite duty one.
I bought this heavy duty base to carry a Boyer-Schultz 612 surface grinder which weighs about 600 lbs. The base handles the weight without sagging but it takes a lot of effort to move the surface grinder around my small workshop.
well constructed and heavy duty. Definitely a must for a 19" band saw.
Needed ability to move saw on occasion so I purchased the heavy duty ShopFox base that was recommend for this model. The bolts on the base prevent the door of my 19" bandsaw from opening so I had to cut and rethread 4 bolts to get the door open. Otherwise the base does what it is supposed to.
Bought this as base for stacked washer/dryer that must occasionally be moved. Exceeded my expectations: met my needs perfectly
I bought this base to support a very heavy 16" planer, and I am happy with it. It went together easily and adjusted to exactly fit the planer legs. I have had the plastic/composite wheels on other mobile bases crack and fall apart, but these steel wheels will no doubt last. Great purchase.
Great product definitely would recommend this product to anyone who needs mobile machinery in their shop work's very well on heavy machines such a a planer
I have been needing to be able to move equipment easily and this base really did the trick. Great mobile base!!! I highly recommend it for any equipment.
I got this thing a couple of months ago. Took a bit to get it together, but works great. the saw probably weighs over 300 pounds and this makes it easy to move out of the way. Also this particular model was not listed on the website as it's discontinued. but when I called and explained what I was looking for the lady on the phone was VERY helpful. it arrived on time and I thought the price was reasonable.


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This page contains the relevant forms and guidance documents required from grant application to final report stages of a project.
Please note that applications to CSO should be costed using the principles of AcoRD and that CSO meets part B research costs in its grants.
- Equal Opportunities Monitoring Form – must be completed by all applicants and submitted with all application forms
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Have you got great ideas for combatting cyber crime? The organisers of the 3rd annual eCrime Symposium in Canberra are seeking keynote speakers and subject experts for a panel discussion.
The title for this year's symposium is "Ctrl, Alt, Del: Resetting the Agenda", and is being organised by former Australian Federal Police officer, Nigel Phair, who spent four years leading investigations at the Australian High Tech Crime Centre.
The event will take place on the 8 and 9 November 2011 at Ann Harding Conference Centre, University of Canberra.
If you're interested in speaking at the symposium, follow the link here.


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To find out how long a flying suit will keep an aviator from freezing, human models often have to sit hour after hour in a cold chamber at 60° below zero. Candidates for this sort of work are naturally somewhat hard to find. And, because human models vary in resistance to cold, they are not very satisfactory anyway.
Last week, at a Manhattan show, General Electric showed how to supply the demand: a ''Copper Man" so cunningly contrived that it gets hot & cold just like a human being. This copperplated robot has a network of electric wires which, like a human being's blood system, keeps its skin at body temperature. Its life-size frame, painted black, radiates the equivalent of body heat, and the temperature of various parts of its body can be regulated to duplicate any human condition; e.g., cold feet.
At Wright Field, where one model is already at work, the robot sits in a cold chamber wearing test garments. Researchers, in a warm adjoining room, read its reactions by means of instruments. With the Copper Man as a guinea pig, they have developed lightweight, electrically warmed suits in which a human being can be comfortable at temperatures ranging from 60° below zero to 60° above.


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The other night I decided to experiment with trying to make a ginger snap cocktail, but what I made was not reminiscent of ginger snap cookies. For a bit I had a hard time placing my finger on it because the flavor was very familiar, and then I remembered these tiny gummy Ricola breath fresheners that I had forever ago.
Now that might sound disturbing, but I remembered the flavor so well because they were delicious. I think I ate the whole box! They were herbal and effervescent and sweet. Just like this cocktail.
If you're still concerned, the ingredients are black strap rum, wedding cake vodka, spiced rum, and ginger ale – nothing crazy at all.
This work is copyrighted – do NOT publish/repost/use it without my permission.
In a Collins glass filled with crushed ice, pour 1 oz black strap rum, ½ oz wedding cake vodka (or Tuaca), and ½ oz spiced rum.
Top with ginger ale.
Garnish with a maraschino cherry and serve with a straw.
If you're new to this blog (as I'm sure you are), please click around for more cocktails, and follow me on Pinterest for all the latest!
I'm going to need all the encouragement (and sippy cups) I can get!
Click just below here to leave a comment!
The little + balloon with a tail!


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@Dan: First of all, thank you for reading my article and taking the time to express your point of view in response to the article. As I see it, and according to the research I did for this article, the NRA initiated the recall movement, sponsored the petition drive and funded the campaign to recall Mr. Morse. Yes, as you say, citizens are the ones who are distributing the petitions for signatures. However, the effort to recall the Senator is being sponsored and funded by the NRA. In so far as the true motivation behind the recall drive is concerned, I did mention the fifteen round limit in my article. It's just that the main impetus of the Senator's bill is the background check piece and this single piece of legislation is the one entity that preempted the recall drive from the start. Dan, we live in a republic, not a direct democracy. We elect our officials to represent us for a specified term of office. If they don't do the job, we vote them out at the next election. Attempts to micromanage every single thing a legislator does while in office is going to seriously impair the legislator's effectiveness and cause the legislator to be hamstrung and afraid to do anything in office for fear of offending someone and being recalled. If a direct democracy is what you want as opposed to a republic, I would recommend that you look into writing and sponsoring a Constitutional amendment to that effect and bring it to all fifty state legislatures for ratification. In the meantime, I would encourage you to live within the parameters of our representative democracy and work vigorously to get the candidates you want elected during the next election cycle. Once again, thank you for reading and responding to my article. I welcome the interactive process and relish the fact that I am able to interact with my readers.
Please take a quick look at my article in which I point out how ridiculous the NRA's logic is in initiating this recall against Senator Morse. Please take a look at all five lists (photos) and read the texts for each one to get the full impact of how ill-informed the NRA is in its arguments. Thank you! -Kevin McClarty, Examiner.com commentator.


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Date of arrival: January 16. So much for the recent progress with DHL.
Packaging: Pink bubble wrap mailer and a somewhat cute blue bag. The bag STINKS this month...I thought ipsy fixed the weird smelling bag problem long ago but it's baaaaaaaaaaaack. So gross. I forgot to take a picture of the card but the theme this month is 19 Reasons...it's sort of a new year related theme. Lots of skincare and stuff to combat dry winter skin this month instead of makeup.
Contents and mini reviews: I got the Malin + Goetz mojito lip balm, skiin Smoothing & Soothing Eye Cream, healthysexyhair Soy Tri-Wheat Leave In Conditioner, Elizabeth Mott Smooth Shadow in penny, and Absolute! Make-Up Cleansing Tissues.
I haven't tried the makeup wipes yet, but I love getting these little sample sized ones to throw in my purse or my travel makeup bag. I assume it will be similar to the Yes to Cucumbers ones, since they have cucumber extract.
I have been wanting to try the healthy sexy hair for months, but I always end up getting one of the bigsexyhair options instead. Which is fine by me, as I haven't met one I don't like. This isn't my favorite leave in conditioner in the world, which is disappointing. The fragrance is pleasant but also slightly weird, I think due to the citronellol. I keep smelling it because it smells EXACTLY LIKE SOMETHING but I can't figure out what. I'll use it though. B
I was excited for another Malin + Goetz product; I LOVE the bergamot body wash I sampled from Birchbox. The mojito lip balm is a really weird consistency for a squeezy tube, and it's not the kind with the applicator you can put right on your lips so it's really messy. I'm definitely going to have to keep this one at home. The scent is nice but doesn't last for more than 3 seconds. It does feel nice on the lips though, not too sticky and it lasts decently long. B
I haven't used the skiin eye cream yet because I have waaaaaaaay too many eye creams I'm trying to use up at the moment. I have never heard of this brand before, and it seems a bit questionable due to 1) the use of papyrus font (sorry, hubby!!!)(Justin has 3 tattoos in this font); 2) the 75% off sale on the website; 3) the fact that they have recently partnered with 4 beauty subs; 4) the fact that the web site only sells clarisonics and 4 actual products. I guess questionable is probably unfair; it's likely just a new company and they are trying to get some traction via beauty subs. Don't mind me, I'm an asshole sometimes. But I do get annoyed when companies overprice their products and then they are constantly "on sale" and this smacks of that tactic. We aren't stupid.
The last product is the Elizabeth Mott eye pencil. I wanted the pearl one for my waterline, but this one is nice enough. When you shine it in the light you can actually see that it has pink and gold and green microglitter in it; not just copper. This shit DOES NOT BUDGE; I swatched it last night and it made it through a shower and 2 handwashings before coming off. Nice! A-
Side note on Elizabeth Mott - she also makes the Lash Cards and the it's SO BIG mascara we received in past bags.
Value: $39.72, but it feels like it's worth less. I blame the overpriced skiin product. B+
You can get the Absolute! wipes in a 30 pack for $4.50, so this is worth $1.50
The 8.5 oz healthysexyhair is going for $11.32 on amazon, so this is worth $2.26
Malin + Goetz lip balm is $14
skiin eye cream is $29.95, so this half size one is (allegedly) worth $14.98
Elizabeth Mott eye pencil is $14.99, so this half size one is worth $6.98
Overall impression of the bag: Well, I will actually use all of it, so that's nice. I was excited about two products (the lip balm and conditioning spray), was okay with getting the wipes because I'll use them, and was kinda meh about the eye pencil and eye cream but either one of them still has the potential to be amazing. There were only two repeat brands this month, so that is exciting. I'd say this bag is a solid B
Overall impression of the service: As I mentioned up above, I am kind of tiring of ipsy. I just can't get excited when every bag feels so "ehh, been there done that". I don't know if it's an ipsy problem or a me problem though. Are you guys still excited about your bags? I'll keep them at A- because it's probably just me and my sample overload.


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Mar 18, 2010
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About Me
Hi! My name is Nicole Corbett and I am based just outside of Chicago, IL. I love doing photo re-touching. I have done it professionally for architects retouching photos of buildings for about seven years and have just started doing beauty and fashion shots.
Please visit my website www.nlcretouching.webs.com to see more examples of my work.
Need a Retoucher?
I offer competitive rates, quick turn-around and will work with you to get the look you are after!
Please email your photos to [email protected] with notes of anything specific you want done. If you don't give me notes, I will do basic retouching as I see fit.
After receiving your and reviewing your images, I will email you back with a price quote. When we have agreed upon a price, I will begin retouching.
Once I have retouched your photo(s), I will send you a low-resolution version with a watermark for your approval. If you want minor revisions, I will do them at no additional charge. Once you have approved the photos, full payment is due. I currently only accept payment via paypal. Once I have received payment, I will release the high-resolution photos without the watermark.
Privacy Policy
As a paying customer, you can rest assured that I will not use your before and after shots in my portfolio or share them with anyone else. The only images I use in my porfolio are TF.
TF Work
I am not currently accepting TF work. When the mood strikes me to update my portfolio, I peruse the forum for samples to work on.
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