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thenicestthings's review of MAC Studio Fix Fluid SPF 15
2919 reviews
58% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.3
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.3
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSACTIVE INGREDIENT: Octinoxate 2.50% Other: Water/Aqua/Eau, Cyclopentasiloxane, PEG-10 Dimethicone, Butylene Glycol, Trimethylsiloxysilicate, Dimethicone, Magnesium Sulfate, Silica, Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer, Laminaria Saccharina Extract, Algae Extract, Tocopheryl Acetate, Sodium Hyaluronate, Lecithin, Hydrogenated Lecithin, Xanthan Gum, Sorbitan Sesquioleate, Methoxy Amodimethicone/Silsesquioxane Copolymer, Laureth-7, PEG/PPG-18/18 Dimethicone, Disteardimonium Hectorite, Dimethicone Crosspolymer, Triethoxycaprylylsilane, Propylene Carbonate, BHT, Chloroxylenol, Phenoxyethanol [ /- Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891), Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499), Chromium Oxide Greens (CI 77288)
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
after seeing everyone saying MAC foundation was the best, i saved up for their foundation & brush.
i'm one of their paler shades NC15. i use this as an every day foundation because i need the coverage.
i'm still not sure what i think of the coverage, looks kind of tacky & doesn't cover the red blotches on my cheeks.
its definately not the matt coverage i asked the assistant for.
still excellent compared to my old dream matt mousse crap. i feel like its a waste of money.
Read all 2919 reviews of Studio Fix Fluid SPF 15
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Welcome to our Latest Product – WP Social Explosion!
Question: In the video above, you talk about signals for the posts you want to "target". Does that mean we have a choice of which posts to send social signals to?
Answer: No. If you purchase the 200 signal package, WP Social Explosion will start a "campaign" for every post that you "publish" in WordPress, until you run out of signals. If you run out of signals within your chosen package, WP Social Explosion will start sending you traffic again after your re-billing period starts again. .
- One time setup fee allows you to add an unlimited number of sites into the social exchange program.
- No need to add accounts
- No need to setup campaigns or do extra writing
- Real eyes on your posts
- AND our plugin gives you the option to specify the category of your blog – so your social signals will be posted with other thematically related posts
- This plugin is a front end to a web application – meaning all of the heavy lifting is done on our server and not in your blog
Note: Additional subscriptions are required for the Social Signal Exchange – subscriptions start at $10 – see more here
Currently we have over 3000 accounts in our social exchange program.


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Eco-farming combines modern science and innovation with respect for nature and biodiversity. It ensures healthy farming and healthy food. It protects the soil, the water and the climate. It does not contaminate the environment with chemical inputs or use genetically engineered crops. And it places people and farmers – consumers and producers, rather than the corporations who control our food now – at its very heart.
It is a vision of sustainability and food sovereignty in which food is grown with health and safety first and where control over food and farming rests with local communities, rather than transnational corporations.
Food sovereignty – Producers and consumers, not corporations, should control the food chain and determine how food is produced.
Rewarding rural livelihoods – Eco-agriculture is instrumental in rural development, food security and fighting poverty.
Smarter food production and yields – Eco-agriculture can create higher yields to help feed the world.
Biodiversity – Promoting diversity in crops, instead of monocultures like corn and soy, is essential to protecting nature.
Sustainable soil – Soil fertility can improve using eco-farming methods and refraining from chemical fertilizers and inputs.
Ecological pest protection – Farmers can control pest damage and weeds effectively through natural means instead of chemical pesticides.
Food Resilience – Diverse and resilient agriculture, not monoculture crops, is the best way to protect communities from shocks from climate and food prices.
Jump-start an eco-food revolution by sharing this page. Then click to see What You Can Do now.
To read more on Greenpeace's 7 Principles on Ecological Farming, click here.
Do you remember TTIP , the proposed trade deal between the US and the EU? Its negotiations were stopped by the hundreds of thousands of people who took to the streets in the capitals of Europe. 3.3 million signatures were collected...
In case you missed the news this week, here's what we know so far: during the first week in August, the Dutch food safety authority (NWMA) announced that they discovered tens of thousands of eggs contaminated with fipronil - a toxic...
"Pesticides, which have been aggressively promoted, are a global human rights concern, and their use can have very detrimental consequences on the enjoyment of the right to food."
This is the catchy introduction of the new report ...
Food scandals like this happen more often than you think and may affect you more than you know — even if you don't live in Brazil.
Have you heard about the shocking rotten meat scandal that's shaking the Brazilian society...
We are fed up. You, me and a lot of our farmers. In Berlin, Germany, some 18,000 people just took to the streets to protest against industrial agriculture. It is clear we no longer want a food system that is dependent on pesticides,...
1 - 5 of 280 results.


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Residents want 1.4-mile rail line project along Denton Drive overhauled; councilwoman calls probability unlikely, promises to address concerns
A group of residents who live near Love Field want the newly elected City Council to derail the Dallas Area Rapid Transit's plans to construct a transfer station on the southwest side of Denton Drive between Burbank and Wyman streets, according to a group representative.
Representatives of the Love Field West Neighborhood DART Committee plan to speak against a specific use permit application for the transfer station at a public hearing when the council members meet for the first session of their new terms on June 27, said Rick Gonzales, who lives on the east side of Love Field.
"We're obviously trying to establish a relationship with the new City Council," Gonzales said. "What we're trying to accomplish on this particular zoning issue is to have this station denied."
The City Plan Commission has recommended that the City Council approve the application. The previous City Council was scheduled to review the application last month, but the residents succeeded in getting the agenda item postponed until this month when the new council meets.
Gonzales said the effort to stop the construction of the transfer station is the first step in the group's goal of forcing a redesign of the Northwest Light Rail Line's path along a 1.4 mile stretch of Denton Drive. The group hopes federal officials can be persuaded to demand the project be "rethought and replanned with the community in mind," he said.
Known as the Green Line, the rail line will stretch from Southeast Dallas by Fair Park through Deep Ellum by Love Field and on to Farmers Branch and Carrollton. The proposed station on Denton Drive would be known as the Brookhollow Station, where there would be canopies to cover waiting passengers, a drop-off area for buses and a small number of parking spaces for "kiss-and-ride" drop-off for passengers. There would be no day parking allowed.
"There's a group of us planning on going back to Washington," said Gonzales, who noted congressional leaders and federal transportation officials have indicated to him in previous discussions that the group needs the support of city officials to accomplish the goal. "What we're trying to do on this lap is to take the strength of the City Council back to Washington so we can show them this has not been thought out."
Gonzales said the current alignment of the rail line along Denton Drive would harm the neighborhood's quality of life. The plan calls for the closing of four streets that now intersect Denton Drive. With trains traveling 64 mph expected to pass along the rail line every 2.5 minutes during two three-hour rush periods per day, the neighborhood's 6,000 residents will have difficulty leaving and re-entering the area, he said.
The City Council has already approved the closing of the streets.
Gonzales said that although he does not live in the immediate area to be affected by the rail line, he is opposed to it from a neighborhood standpoint.
"What you have is Northwest Dallas coming together as a whole," Gonzales said. "If any of us can support each other, that's what we're going to do."
If the transfer station is built on the 2.47-acre site, it will accommodate up to 22 buses per hour and cause even more traffic congestion, Gonzales said. The neighborhood is home to two elementary schools, and those students would be at greater risk from the increased traffic, he said.
"We're adamantly opposed to it," said Gonzales, who contends that the overall project will diminish property values and retard economic growth.
Gonzales said that he is concerned that residents had little input into the planning of the rail line, but DART officials claim he is incorrect.
Kay Shelton, project manager for DART, said the agency began planning for the rail line and holding meetings in 2001. The meetings continued through 2002, and several residents attended the meetings about street closing, she said.
Shelton said an alternative plan for a tunnel alignment was proposed so planning meetings were stopped until a decision was made on it. The alternative plan was eventually abandoned, and the final plan was presented to the community in late 2005, she said.
"There were several years between our planning and when we started our design that we weren't out there too much," Shelton said. "I think a lot of people forgot about the project, couldn't remember how many streets were being closed and how it was ultimately resolved."
Shelton said a few of the residents participated on the art and design committee in 2005 and 2006.
Michael Miles, senior manager for DART, noted the City Plan Commission had conducted a "long, protracted process" before recommending approval of the transfer station. It began reviewing the plans in October 2006, and tabled the item for nine times before finally approving in on April 12.
Miles said the benefit of the overall project outweighs any of the inconveniences to the neighborhood, and he is confident the City Council will keep the project moving forward. A people mover project is under study that would link the transfer station to Love Field, he said.
"Obviously, there is a lot of interest at the council level at making that happen and having a station to tie into it," Miles said.
Miles said he believes the project will enhance the neighborhood by bringing improvements to streets and installing signal lights where none exist now.
Morgan Lyons, DART spokesman, noted construction has been underway in the area for six months on the project. It is expected to continue for two years, he said.
Both Gonzales and DART officials claimed to have the support of District 2 Councilwoman Pauline Medrano when the issue comes up for a vote before the City Council.
Medrano said she has met with the residents and DART officials and thought an agreement had been reached to address all of the neighborhood concerns to everyone's satisfaction.
Medrano said she suspects any attempt by the neighborhood to stop the construction of the transfer station or force a redesign will fail. All previous attempts have failed, she noted.
"It will be interesting to see what happens," Medrano said.
But the councilwoman said she will strive to satisfy the residents' concerns.
"I think DART will address any safety or traffic concerns," Medrano said. "I will make sure they are addressed and get back to the community."
E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
This article appeared in the Dallas Voice print edition, June 22, 2007.


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An offer was made to Tuck prior to the opening of the "legal tampering" window on Saturday afternoon, a person with knowledge of the situation confirmed to NJ.com. It is believed to have been made at some point in the past week, but no deal was struck between the two sides.
The Giants' offer shows that, at the very least, they would like to keep the veteran who helped them win two Super Bowls. But they would like to keep him at their desired price.
Tuck finished with 11 sacks, two forced fumbles and an interception last season. He is a two-time All-Pro and was an integral piece on two championship teams.
Just how much Tuck, who turns 31 later this month, will command on the open market will dictate if he remains with the Giants. He is one of the top defensive ends available, especially with Carolina's Greg Hardy being franchised last week.
Tuck likely won't come cheap. His agent said last month that he is "by far the most complete d-end in this [free-agent] class."
Tuck is one of 26 Giants players set to become free agents on Tuesday. Their agents can negotiate with team until then.


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In what seems like a bizarre twist on "Scared Straight," Terrell Owens tweeted about visiting fellow former NFL wide receiver Chad Johnson in jail on Saturday.
Johnson is currently residing in Broward County jail, serving a 30-day sentence for a probation violation revolving around an altercation involving his ex-wife, Evelyn Lozada. Johnson was originally going to get off without a jail term, but after patting his attorney on the backside during a court hearing, a judge basically gave him the jail stint for insubordination.
As of Sunday, Johnson still has 24 days to go on his sentence, but at least Owens stopped by to say hello. Who knows what they talked about, but the pair are both former star wide receivers in the NFL who are still not yet retired, and both hoping for (very unlikely) comebacks.
The overlooked story in all of this? The deplorable conditions for inmates' hair while in custody. Check out Owens' tweets about his visit with Johnson below.
Just visited the homie @ochocinco. He's in good spirits, he needs a haircut already tho. Lol. He sends his best regards to everyone.—
Terrell Owens (@terrellowens) June 15, 2013
That was the 1st time ever visiting someone in jail & hopefully the last. That's not a place anyone wants to be regardless of how many days.—
Terrell Owens (@terrellowens) June 15, 2013
I really didn't know what to expect but to see the homie locked up is a very humbling experience, to talk to him via vid conference let me—
Terrell Owens (@terrellowens) June 15, 2013
know that's not where anyone wants to be. I know he's only in the county jail but to someone that has never been locked up...Jail is Jail!—
Terrell Owens (@terrellowens) June 15, 2013
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The only problem I have left with my install is:
When I plug my earphones into the port the sound still comes through on the speakers, I have a Realtek HD Audio card, If i turn off the main speakers I can still get sound through the earphones, but even at full the volume is so low it sounds like whispers!
Any hints?
Audio Out
Questions about codecs, DVD playback, web plugins...
Forum rules
Before you post please read how to get help
Before you post please read how to get help
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
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- Posts: 28
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- Location: Dublin, Ireland
- Contact:
Re: Audio Out
I've seen this several times....
Solutions may vary
Even if you say Realtek it may be something else
and post the result
Solutions may vary
Even if you say Realtek it may be something else
Code: Select all
lspci | grep audio
and post the result
Don't fix it if it ain't broken, don't break it if you can't fix it
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
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text:
Sea vegetables are broadly grouped into three main types: brown, red, and green. However, scores of sea vegetables exist, and each is unique, having a distinct shape, taste, and texture. Many types are not ingested, the following are some of the most popular types:
- Brown Seaweeds:
- Arame (Eisenia arborea) is a lacy, wiry sea vegetable that is sweeter and milder in taste than many others.
- Hijiki (Hizikia fusiformis) has a green to brown color when found in the wild. Once it is collected, it is boiled and dried, making it look like small strands of black wiry pasta. It has a strong flavor.
- Kelp (Laminaria spp.) is light brown to dark green in color and is often available in the flake form.
- Kombu (Laminaria japonica) is a specific species of kelp that is very dark in color and generally sold in strips or sheets. It is often used as a flavoring for soups and beans.
- Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) is similar to kombu and is most commonly used to make Japanese miso soup.
- Red Seaweeds:
- Nori is a Japanese term used to refer to edible varieties of seaweed in the various species of the red alga Porphyra, including most notably P. yezoensis and P. tenera. Nori also refers to food products created from sea vegetables. Finished products are made by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles paper making. The dried sheets are dark purple-black in color and turn phosphorescent green when toasted. Nori is famous for its use in making sushi rolls.
- Dulse (Palmaria palmate) has a soft, chewy texture and a reddish brown color. It is available as large dried pieces or ground into flakes, which can be sprinkled on food.
Find out more about this book:Encyclopedia of Healing Foods
Buy book


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A 59-year-old man accused of making threats to plant bombs at the finish line of the Salt lake City Marathon less than a week after the Boston Marathon bombing was ordered Tuesday to stand trial.
George Hodgson Zinn faces one count of making terrorist threats a second-degree felony punishable by up to 15 years in state prison.
Zinn, who is accused of sending an email on April 19 to SLC Marathon Marketing group "requesting to help place bombs" at the marathon's finish line, declined Tuesday to hear the evidence against him at a preliminary hearing.


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It was a successful opening night for the Stillwater girls' swimming and diving team in the Section 4AA prelims at SJHS.
The Ponies placed four entries into the championship finals in six of eight individual swimming events and featured three of the top eight qualifiers in the other two (the 50 freestyle and 100 butterfly). The diving competition is slated for Friday evening while the swimming finals are set for Saturday starting at 1:30 p.m.
Stillwater also qualified first in the 200 medley (1:53.81) and 400 freestyle (3:45.80) relays and ranks second behind Centennial going into the finals in the 200 free relay.
Kristin Erf (58.85) in the 100 butterfly and 100 breastroke (1:07.25) and Claire Rutscher (54.71) in the 100 freestyle and 100 backstroke (1:00.53) each qualified first in two events for the Ponies. Sophia Bisch also posted the fastest preliminary time in the 200 individual medley (2:10.51).


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Sora, Province of Frosinone, Lazio Region, Italy
Sora was declared a royal city by the king of Naples, Charles I Anjou in the 14th century; in the following centuries its lords were the Tomaselli, Cantelmi, Della Rovere and Boncompagni families. In 1798 Sora was a center of resistance against the French, under the leadership of brigands as Gaetano Mammone and Michele Pezza, called "Fra' Diavolo".
The town was greatly damaged by the 1915 earthquake. Sora was also the birthplace or film director Vittorio De Sica (Sora 7th July 1901- Neuilly France 1974).
What to see
- Among the most important monuments is the cathedral of Santa Restituta, for whom there is a special worship. A folk-legend says that in the early Christian era, under emperor Aurelianus, young Maria Restituta arrived in Sora from Rome with Cirillus and two other followers, to evangelize the population but she was killed by order of proconsul Agatius along the banks of the Fibreno river, near the area called Carnello, where the stone on which she was beheaded can still be seen. The cathedral rose in the 11th century on the ruins of a temple dedicated to the Sun, dating back to the 3rd century BC. On the spot the executioners of the saint, converted to Christianity, also suffered martyrdom. In the following centuries the ceiling in gilded engraved wood was added, and beautiful paintings such as "Santa Caterina, San Bernardo e San Domenico", in the left nave, probably by Giuseppe Cesari, the oil tryptich "Madonna col Bambino" by Norwegian painter Cristiano Mayer Ross from Bergen, who lived in Sora in the late 19th century.
- The castle of Sorella, built on the rocky height above the town, was in the Middle Ages a stronghold of importance.
- On the steep rock above the town (1768 ft) which guards the Liri's valley and the entrance to Abruzzo, are remains of polygonal walls the place probably of the original Volsci settlers.
More Resources
The Cuisine: The cooking traditions of the area have roots in the ancient pastoral society. Among the most typical dishes are tagliatelle with tomato sauce, meat and chili pepper; the "tagliolini in bianco" with beans ("sagne e faciure") served in a "scifa" (a wooden plate), the tasty vegetable soups and to the polenta ("brebba"). Among the second courses grilled lamb or salsicce, trout of the Liri and Fibreno; beans cooked in a terracotta pot; the "tanni" (a local vegetable) fried with chili pepper and garlic. And finally the desserts: the "pigna" with sultanas and anise; the "cecamarine" (fried cookies), the "cecerchiata" (small dough balls fried and then formed together as a big cake with honey), the "susamieglie" (cookies with flour, honey, orange peel, almonds and hazelnuts). And along with the good local wines there is a special traditional liquor called visciole.


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Sagnol takes charge at the Stade Chaban Delmas following a spell at the helm of France's Under-21 side.
The 37-year-old has signed a three-year contract that will keep him with the six-time French champions until 2017.
The appointment comes after Gillot, who had previously spent three years as head coach, announced that he would not be extending his deal with Bordeaux.
Bordeaux won the Coupe de France in 2012-13 under Gillot's leadership and have not finished outside of the top half since 2005.
However, a seventh-placed finish this term was not enough to secure UEFA Europa League football for the third straight season and Sagnol will likely be tasked with returning Bordeaux to continental competition as he takes his first foray into club coaching.
For more sports news visit allSports.com.gh
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Police are investigating a report that a young boy was followed by a group of men in a car.
The 12-year old boy was walking home from the nearby Casbah convenience store in Horsham Road, after buying some sweets at about 6.30pm on May 26, police revealed today (June 6).
A car, described as a red Nissan Almera, of mid-1990's 'M' registration, with an EU symbol on the number plates, and containing three men, drove up and one of them offered the boy a lift.
A police spokesman said: "He refused and walked on, but the car followed him as walked home and on several occasions it blocked his path forcing him to move to one side. Eventually he hid for a short while in a block of flats and the car disappeared. He went home and police were informed.
"At no time did the occupants of the car attempt to attack or snatch the boy."
The men in the car were described as black. The driver wore a red shirt and had a diamond earring.
The front seat passenger wore a white nylon Adidas jacket with black stripes.
The rear seat passenger may have been wearing dark clothes.
Detective Constable Natalie Freeman said; "Reports like this are very rare and the motives of the men are not clear at this stage. We are still looking into this incident in order to establish the full circumstances, and anyone who saw anything suspicious, or who can help us identify the car or the men, is asked to call us on 101 or email firstname.lastname@example.com quoting serial 1209 of 26/5."


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THURSDAY: Neighborhood's "An Evening With AleSmith" begins at 6 p.m., and will star $15 flights of Speedway Stout variations, bourbon barrel aged Old Numbskull and Wee Heavy, 2012 Decadence, plus pints of Grand Cru, Robust Porter, AleSmith IPA, Horny Devil and AleSmith ESB.
Neighborhood: 777 G St., San Diego; (619) 446-0002; neighborhoodsd.com
THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY: Unfamiliar with Belching Beaver? O'Brien's will tap the new brewery's IPA on Thursday, then add more of the Vista outfit's brews on Friday and Saturday: red ale, double IPA, milk stout, honey wheat, imperial stout and wine barrel-aged saison.
O'Brien's: 4646 Convoy St., San Diego; (858) 715-1745; obrienspub.net
FRIDAY: This being the first day of March, Slater's 50/50 wants you to eat your Guinness. The burger of the month is a choice 7-ounce New York strip steak infused with a Guinness and molasses marinade. Also: Arugula and Roma tomatoes roasted in Jameson Irish Whiskey, melted Provolone cheese, roasted red peppers, thick cut bacon and a Guinness and Blue Cheese dressing, served on a ciabatta loaf.
Slater's 50/50: 2750 Dewey Road, San Diego; (619) 398-2600;
SATURDAY: For its 10th anniversary, Churchill's is selling bottles of Churchill's Finest Hour from Lost Abbey, but hurry -- you'll need a ticket to buy a bottle or two (the limit) and tickets will be passed out starting at 8 a.m. The pub also has many brews on tap: Almanac Bourbon Barrel Aged Noir, Anchorage Wine Barrel Aged Galaxy, Avery Dihos Dactylion, Ballast Point Bourbon Barrel Aged Victory at Sea on Nitro, Bear Republic Churchill X 10th Anni IPA & TarTare, Coronado Brandy Barrel Aged Barleywine, De Molen Cease & Desist 2011, Pliny the Younger and more.
Churchill's: 887 W. San Marcos Blvd., San Marcos; (760) 471-8773; churchillspub.us
SUNDAY: Fathom Bistro Bait & Tackle is closed Mondays, so this is the ideal time to check out Shelter Island's latest spot for craft beer. Dennis Borlek, the proprietor and former familiar at Hamilton's, Small Bar and other Scot Blair enterprises, also brags about the food, including a new pork sausage stuffed with drunken cranberries, orange zest, etc. Recent tap list included brews from Coronado, Societe, Russian River and others.
Fathom: 1776 Shelter Island Drive, San Diego; (619) 222-5835


text:
Total Projects from SPARK: 16
SPARK is an award-winning international architectural and design consultancy with proven expertise in architecture, urban design, landscape architecture and interior design.
SPARK creates distinctive projects across Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Boasting a dynamic team of over 100 employees spanning 16 nationalities and 3 continents, SPARK combines the best experience of international and local talent. Driven by a philosophical approach to create architecture that is pragmatic, social and convivial, SPARK works closely with clients to create sustainable architecture that is underpinned by financial viability and the desire to improve the quality of life for all. With a presence in Beijing, London, Shanghai and Singapore, SPARK's award winning projects include the rejuvenated Clarke Quay in Singapore, the Shanghai International Cruise Terminal, Starhill Gallery Kuala Lumpur and the Raffles City projects in Ningbo and Beijing. Spark was founded by Jan Clostermann, John Curran, Stephen Pimbley and Sven Steiner.
Jan is a Founding Director and Chairman of SPARK.
Jan graduated from the Architectural Association in 2001. His diploma formulated spatial strategies for vertical neighbourhoods in London, rejecting the conventional paradigm that successful communities are a factor of low-rise and small scale developments.
This on-going enquiry into high-density public space consequently led Jan to move his base to Asia in 2003.
He has since conceptualised and delivered over 800,000 sqm of built mixed-use and retail projects and continues to drive SPARK's research into emerging typologies.
He directed the teams responsible for some of SPARK's most pioneering works including Raffles City Beijing and Raffles City Ningbo, Vanke Jiugong, Thaihot Fuzhou and One Mont Kiara, and he was Project Architect for Clarke Quay.
Prior to SPARK Jan worked at Alsop Architects' London, Rotterdam, Singapore and Shanghai offices before establishing the Beijing office.
Stephen is a Founding Director of SPARK; he graduated from the Royal College of Art London in 1984 where he was a Gulbenkian scholar. Stephen started his professional career at the London offices of Richard Rogers and Partners subsequently joining Troughton McAslan before he became project Director of Alsop's award-winning Hôtel du Département des Bouches du Rhône in Marseille. In 2000 Stephen led the rejuvenation of Clarke Quay in Singapore for CapitaLand, a project that has won many awards and achieved much public acclaim; it was also the springboard for his move from Europe to Asia and the eventual Founding of SPARK.
Stephen's notable projects in addition to Clarke Quay include Raffles City Beijing, Rihan Heights in Abu Dhabi, Raffles City in Ningbo, Starhill Gallery in Kuala Lumpur, Paragon City in Central Java, Fai-Fah in Bangkok, Bukit Gambir in Penang and the Shekou Financial Centre Shenzhen.
Stephen has lectured extensively in Asia has been an invited speaker at many events including Datum 2009 in KL and the Holcim Foundation's prestigious sustainability conference in Jakarta. Stephen has also taught at universities in the UK, Germany, France, China, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
Stephen is a chartered architect in the UK and a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
Max joined SPARK to set up the London studio in September 2011. Max worked closely with the other SPARK Directors for many years prior to rejoining the group to re-establish a European footing.
As a Director in his previous firm, he was responsible for much of the practice's work in Urban Design, including the major Vision for Croydon 2020, the mixed use Waterfront development in Walsall and significant new river-side developments in Karlsbad (Czech Republic) and Abu Dhabi.
In parallel he oversaw the London-focused residential, commercial and mixed use development of the practice and has recently been running teams on a variety of mixed use schemes both in London, the wider UK, Europe and the Middle East.
His work involves leading the design and planning process and engaging with key stakeholders in securing the public support and commercial viability necessary for the long term deliverability of complex urban schemes.
Max is a strong advocate of SPARK's highly creative and collaborative approach to architecture and urban design and believes firmly that placemaking begins with a bold but sustainable vision.
He is committed to meeting the changing needs of the UK development community, bringing innovation and intelligent solutions to help unlock the current commercial challenges.
He is a Graduate of the Bartlett School of Architecture at UCL and received Post-Graduate and professional qualifications from the Bartlett and LSBU respectively.
website: www.sparkarchitects.com
Featured projects
- Project Name: Clarke Quay
- Construction year: 2006
- Architect(s): SPARK
- Project Category:
- Project Name: Clarke Quay
- Construction year: 2006
- Architect(s): SPARK
- Project Category:
- Project Name: Forte Nanshan
- Construction year: 2011
- Architect(s): SPARK
- Project Category:
- Website: www.sparkarchitects.com
- Project Name: Forte Nanshan
- Construction year: 2011
- Architect(s): SPARK
- Project Category:
- Website: www.sparkarchitects.com
- Project Name: Jing Mian Xin Cheng
- Construction year: 2014
- Architect(s): SPARK
- Project Category:
- Website: www.bjoic.com
SPARK's Beach Hut Wins Future Experimental Award at WAF 201618/11/2016
SPARK Wins Award For Innovation In Commercial Architecture18/10/2016
Prince's Building in Shekou Nears Completion08/06/2016
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Konan House by ALTS DESIGN OFFICE04/09/2017
PETRA The Stone Atelier by Fran Silvestre Arquitectos31/08/2017
Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects announces first US project30/08/2017


text:
In a Nutshell
- Recliner with ergonomically designed backrest
- Six vibration massagers
- Footrest stool with vibration massage feature
- Nine different massage patterns with three levels of intensity
- Faux-leather finish
- Choice of black, cream, or brown
Product Details
This reclining armchair has an ergonomically designed backrest for comfort, along with six built-in vibration massagers, offering nine different massage patterns and three levels of intensity. A footstool accompanies the chair and features two massagers to soothe away tiredness in tootsies. Finished in faux-leather, the chairs come in a choice of black, cream, or brown to suit any colour scheme.
Today's Groupon offers Aston reclining chair and footstool with massage function for £159.
The Dimensions
- Chair: (W)81cm x (H)91cm x (D)77cm
- Seat height: 48cm.
- Footstool: (H)42cm x (W)57cm x (D)40cm
See here for Groupon Goods Global GmbH's returns information
The Fine Print
Purchase: Limit 1 per person.
Your order: At checkout you will be prompted to enter a delivery address. Delivery address cannot be amended after order is placed. Orders made from older versions of the mobile app will be dispatched to billing address.
Further information: Products sold by Groupon Goods Global GmbH.
Original value: Checked on 26/11/2013.
Delivery: Free. Allow up to 5 working days. UK mainland only, excluding highlands. Orders placed after 16 Dec may not arrive until after 3 Jan.
For more on Groupon Goods Global GmbH, see the FAQ.


text:
Night Owl NOPEN-4GB-B 4GB Executive Camera Pen-Audio, USB, PC and Mac Compatible, Record Up To 2Hrs, 4GB Internal Memory, 640 x 480 Resolution, AVI Format, 30 FPS-NOPEN-4GB-BItem#: N247-1094 | Model#: NOPEN-4GB-B
Currently Out Of Stock!
Additional Resources
Night Owl 4GB Spy Camera Pen Product Details
Additional Resources: Product Manuals
Manufactured by: Night Owl Security
Warranty provided by: Night Owl Security
UPC No: 841808011221
Mfg Part No: NOPEN-4GB-B
Box Size:
( Length:10, Width:8, Depth:2)
Shipping Weight: 0.5000 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Night Owl Security logos are registered trademarks of Night Owl Security. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


text:
LOUISVILLE, Ky. -- Rick Pitino can stop wondering if his surprising team is legit. At least for now.
Preston Knowles scored all 20 of his points in the second half and No. 24 Louisville remained unbeaten with a 77-69 win over No. 20 UNLV on Saturday in the Billy Minardi Classic.
The victory gave the Cardinals (8-0) their first marquee win of the season. Louisville spent the early portion of its schedule overwhelming largely overmatched teams. Pitino pointed to the Rebels as an important test.
The Cardinals passed behind the play of Knowles, who shook off a miserable first half to play perhaps his best basketball of the year.
"We [proved] we can play with great competition," Knowles said. "UNLV is a great team. We don't want to hang our hat on this victory, but it was a great one."
Tre'Von Willis led the Rebels with 17 points and Oscar Bellfield added 16, but the Rebels saw their best start to a season in 20 years come to an end during a lifeless second half.
UNLV (9-1) appeared to be in command when a 3-pointer by Bellfield gave the Rebels a 45-36 lead with 16:51 to play. Things slowly unraveled, however, as the Rebels started missing shots and making turnovers. UNLV entered the game shooting 54 percent from the field, but shot just 9 of 21 (42 percent) after the break and turned it over 10 times in the second half.
"We missed a shot, started standing a little bit, turned it over a time or two and they got on a good roll and we weren't able to withstand that as well as we need to," said UNLV coach Lon Kruger.
Kyle Kuric started a game-turning 21-6 run with a 3-pointer before Knowles got going. He struggled in the first half, missing both of his shots in eight foul-troubled minutes. His confidence, however, was hardly shaken.
"My thing was getting the lead back and putting my team in a position to win," he said.
Knowles hit a pull-up jumper in the lane and a couple of free throws before blowing past Derrick Jasper, a former player at rival Kentucky, for a layup to tie the game at 49.
The Rebels went back in front on a jumper by Justin Hawkins, but Knowles hit a 3-pointer at the top of the key to put Louisville up 52-51. The senior added a runner in the lane and another 3-pointer to push the lead to 57-51.
UNLV had no response even after Louisville starting point guard Peyton Siva went to the bench with four fouls and 8:52 to go. The Cardinals didn't miss a beat when freshman Elisha Justice stepped in, slowly extending the lead behind solid defense that harassed one of the nation's top shooting teams.
"We didn't do the things we have to do to win," Kruger said. "We'll learn from this and pay more attention to details and get back and get better."
Smith knocked down a 3-pointer to push Louisville's lead to nine and Justice finished a break with a difficult layup to make it 68-57 with 4:48 remaining as the Cardinals silenced some of their doubters.
Pitino called the Rebels "legit" based on their solid start, which included wins over Wisconsin, Virginia Tech and Nevada, while he remained unsure about his team even as it dominated a soft schedule. He's called this a "bridge" season, saying it would lay the foundation for the program for years to come.
He softened his stance after the Cardinals beat the Rebels, whom he had called before the game the second-best team in the country behind No. 1 Duke.
"The future can be this year," he allowed.
Particularly if Louisville continues to get production from surprising places. Kuric and Chris Smith both scored 17 points off the bench to overcome a shaky performance by starters Rakeem Buckles, Terrence Jennings and Mike Marra.
Kuric entered the game with 17 points all season and had missed the last two games after sustaining a concussion in a win over Florida International. Smith, a transfer from Manhattan College, spent most of Louisville's first seven games playing with the second unit.
Yet both helped steady the Cardinals after an early onslaught by the Rebels. Louisville missed its first eight shots and appeared on its way to being blown out before Kuric and Smith got going.
Smith, the younger brother of Denver Nuggets guard J.R. Smith, hit a 3-pointer and a runner in the lane to snap Louisville out of its early game funk and breathe some life into the Cardinals.
"It was a really big game for me," Smith said. "When I woke up this morning I had a mean face on like 'We have to win this game.' I was ready."
Still, UNLV ended the half on an 8-1 surge behind selfless passing. Bellfield and Jasper both knocked down 3-pointers after teammates passed up open shots to give the Rebels momentum heading into the break up 38-33.
It wouldn't last, as Knowles and company responded to keep Louisville unbeaten through eight games for the first time in Pitino's tenure.
"It's a big game because they are UNLV, they beat us two years in a row and they were ranked," Siva said. "We're just going out there with a tournament mindset."


text:
Predicting failure in the commercial banking industry
The ability to predict bank failure has become much more important since the mortgage foreclosure crisis began in 2007. The model proposed in this study uses proxies for the regulatory standards embodied in the so-called CAMELS rating system, as well as several local or national economic variables to produce a model that is robust enough to forecast bank failure for the entire commercial bank industry in the United States. This model is able to predict failure (survival) accurately for commercial banks during both the Savings and Loan crisis and the mortgage foreclosure crisis. Other important results include the insignificance of several factors proposed in the literature, including total assets, real price of energy, currency ratio and the interest rate spread.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|Date of creation:
|05 Aug 2011
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Ludwigstraße 33, D-80539 Munich, Germany
Phone: +49-(0)89-2180-2459
Fax: +49-(0)89-2180-992459
Web page: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Cole, Rebel A. & Gunther, Jeffery W., 1995.
"Separating the likelihood and timing of bank failure,"
Journal of Banking & Finance,
Elsevier, vol. 19(6), pages 1073-1089, September.
- Rebel A. Cole & Jeffery W. Gunther, 1993. "Separating the likelihood and timing of bank failure," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 93-20, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Rebel A. Cole & Jeffery W. Gunther, 1993. "Separating the likelihood and timing of bank failure," Financial Industry Studies Working Paper 93-2, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
- Hans Degryse & Luc Laeven & Steven Ongena, 2009. "The Impact of Organizational Structure and Lending Technology on Banking Competition," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 13(2), pages 225-259.
- Degryse, H.A. & Laeven, L. & Ongena, S., 2006. "The Impact of Organizational Structure and Lending Technology on Banking Competition," Discussion Paper 2006-67, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Degryse, Hans & Laeven, Luc & Ongena, Steven, 2007. "The Impact of Organizational Structure and Lending Technology on Banking Competition," CEPR Discussion Papers 6412, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Degryse, H.A. & Laeven, L. & Ongena, S., 2007. "The Impact of Organizational Structure and Lending Technology on Banking Competition," Discussion Paper 2007-019, Tilburg University, Tilburg Law and Economic Center.
- Haslem, John A. & Scheraga, Carl A. & Bedingfield, James P., 1999. "DEA efficiency profiles of U.S. banks operating internationally," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 8(2), pages 165-182, June.
- Pierluigi Bologna, 2011. "Is there a Role for Funding in Explaining Recent U.S. Banks' Failures?," IMF Working Papers 11/180, International Monetary Fund.
- Pierluigi Bologna, 2011. "Is there a role for funding in explaining recent US bank failures?," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 103, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
- Gerald A. Hanweck, 1977. "Predicting bank failure," Research Papers in Banking and Financial Economics 19, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Demyanyk, Yuliya & Hasan, Iftekhar, 2010. "Financial crises and bank failures: A review of prediction methods," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pages 315-324, October.
- Yuliya Demyanyk & Iftekhar Hasan, 2009. "Financial crises and bank failures: a review of prediction methods," Working Paper 0904, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
- Demyanyk, Yuliya & Hasan, Iftekhar, 2009. "Financial crises and bank failures : a review of prediction methods," Research Discussion Papers 35/2009, Bank of Finland.
- repec:bla:joares:v:18:y:1980:i:1:p:109-131 is not listed on IDEAS
- Kao, Chiang & Liu, Shiang-Tai, 2004. "Predicting bank performance with financial forecasts: A case of Taiwan commercial banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(10), pages 2353-2368, October.
- Dimmock, Stephen G. & Gerken, William C., 2012. "Predicting fraud by investment managers," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(1), pages 153-173.
- Wil liam C. Gerken & Stephen G. Dimmock, 2011. "Predicting Fraud by Investment Managers," NFI Working Papers 2011-WP-09, Indiana State University, Scott College of Business, Networks Financial Institute.
- Kolari, James & Glennon, Dennis & Shin, Hwan & Caputo, Michele, 2002. "Predicting large US commercial bank failures," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(4), pages 361-387.
- Berger, Allen N. & Black, Lamont K., 2011. "Bank size, lending technologies, and small business finance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 724-735, March.
- Olmeda, Ignacio & Fernandez, Eugenio, 1997. "Hybrid Classifiers for Financial Multicriteria Decision Making: The Case of Bankruptcy Prediction," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 10(4), pages 317-335, November.
- Gary Whalen, 1991. "A proportional hazards model of bank failure: an examination of its usefulness as an early warning tool," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, issue Q I, pages 21-31.
- Cole, Rebel A., 1998. "The importance of relationships to the availability of credit," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(6-8), pages 959-977, August.
- Canbas, Serpil & Cabuk, Altan & Kilic, Suleyman Bilgin, 2005. "Prediction of commercial bank failure via multivariate statistical analysis of financial structures: The Turkish case," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 166(2), pages 528-546, October. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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text:
SF Giants Rumors, Jim Callis Shares His Thoughts On Giants First Two Picks In The Draft
- By admin
- 14 June, 2011
- 2 Comments
Jim Callis of Baseball America tells SF Giants Rumors his thoughts on the San Francisco Giants first two draft picks (Joe Panik and Kyle Crick) in the 2011 MLB Draft.
"Panik was a little bit of a surprise where the Giants took him, but he was a top-two-round guy and some people have compared him favorably to Levi Michael, who was a first-rounder for everyone. Panik is an offensive-minded guy, good bat, makes the routine plays at shortstop but probably moves to second base in the long run."
"Crick is the kind of raw arm the Giants have had a lot of success developing. He was mostly a first baseman a year ago, but now he's throwing in the low 90's and touching 97 with late life on his fastball. He'll flash a plus curveball and slider, but still has a lot to learn and is in the perfect organization to do it. He's committed to TCU, but I believe he's signable where they took him."
The Giants have announced in a press release that they have signed first pick Joseph Panik.
~King of Cali
2 Comments
if Panik is to be shifted to secondbase he and crawford should give us a good DP combo for awhile.
I don't know much about these two prospects but I will say what I have herd is nothing but good things. We have a SS that they said is very similar to Aurilla and we have a pitcher from texas who seems strong. Now what I hate about Draft picks is there like the lottery you don't know who will be good and who won't your taking a chance. So I can't call these picks great yet but on paper they look really good.


text:
That's what I think is true.
I am in Being ("in Beijing" = adverb phrase = predicate adverb)
He is a student (predicate noun)
You were with them ("with them" = adverb phrase = predicate adverb)
He is somebody (predicate pronoun) that I know.
That's what I think is true.
But not a subject complement, right? Because those are nominal, and which leads to this question: why can't next be a preposition here, Who is next? (aside from what's obvious: it doesn't have an object, but particle prepositions can occur without an object in phrasal verbs, right? They're often called adverbial in that position, though, to account for it.)
That is, non-linking forms of the verb BE take adverbs in the predicate, but the form and function of those adverbs aren't always the same. For example,
She's in the house.Form: prepositional phrase <nominal>Function: adverbial <tells us where>So, given that adverbs give off this kind of duality, why couldn't next in Who's next? be a preposition in form, that is, be nominal and thereby privy to the category "subject complement"? Why is it called a predicate adverb?
In short, why does the verb BE have to be split into linking and non-linking kinds?
What's the difference in meaning here?
Adverb: The person is next => Adjective: the next person
Adjective: the next person => Adverb: The person is next.
Me, too, Justin. Me, too.
I don't sell Reader's Digest but the dictionary is worth the fairly stiff price, though it does contain very few errors (but many less well-researched or authored dictionaries do contain not a small number of sometimes even fundamental errors, including website dictionaries).
I've never heard of a predicate adverb, I'm afraid. All I know about the verb be is as follows:
be [linking (copular) verb]
My boss is always late. - the predicate adjective (late) modifying the subject (my boss)
be [intransitive verb taking an adverbial]
The leaves are everywhere. - everywhere doesn't modify the subject (the leaves) since it is an adverb here, and it's only adverbs, as far as I know, that can modify verbs, not adjectives
The point is that there are two different verbs of be, and you mixed them up, I guess.
By usage (or function), there are:
(a) Noun phrases (including appositives and complements);
(b) Adjective phrases;
(c) Adverb phrases.
By construction (or form), there are:
(a) Absolute phrases, consisting of nouns only (one or more), and their modifiers (adjectives modifying nouns, and adverbs modifying adjectives) if any;
(b) Phrases headed by a Preposition;
(c) Phrases starting with an Infinitive preceded by to (often also preceded by a pronoun or adverb, such as what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, how, why);
(d) Phrases starting with a Continuous Participle or Perfect Participle (sometimes preceded by a noun, pronoun, or adverb)
This shop sells branded labels (noun phrase)
Birds of a feather flock together (adjective phrase)
Don't let it get under your skin (adverb phrase)
Branded labels are sold here (absolute phrase)
Falling leaves drift by the window (absolute phrase, falling = adjective)
Birds of a feather flock together (preposition phrase)
He rushed to go to the movies (infinitive phrase)
Doing nothing can be very boring (participle phrase)
Shoes made in China are fairly good (participle phrase)
Combining usage + construction:
A broken window invites thieves (subject = noun/absolute phrase)
We consider her the best student (complement = noun/absolute phrase, NOT adjective)
He reminded us of our duty (complement = noun/preposition phrase)
I'm thinking about whom to call (complement = noun/preposition phrase)
He wants to start a business (object = noun/infinitive phrase)
When to begin is the question (subject = noun/infinitive phrase)
Teach them how to do this (object = noun/infinitive phrase)
Tell me what to cook (object = noun/infinitive phrase)
Lazing about has its merits (subject = noun/participle phrase)
Always sleeping well keeps you fit (subject = noun/participle phrase)
They'd like having a try at this (object = noun/participle phrase)
Haier, a Chinese brand, sells well (adjective/absolute phrase)
A careful person, she spends little (adjective/absolute phrase)
Birds with singing voices cost a lot (adjective/preposition phrase)
The boy in the loud shirt is crying (adjective/preposition phrase)
Beer from Qingdao is good (adjective/preposition phrase)
His support for our cause is steadfast (adjective/preposition phrase)
The girls at our school are snooty (adjective/preposition phrase)
The law to fight waste was passed (adjective/infinitive phrase)
His call to close ranks went unheeded (adjective/infinitive phrase)
Taken aback, the thief ran off (adjective/participle phrase)
Looking pleased, he sat down (adjective/participle phrase)
He likes his steak well done (adjective/participle phrase)
Plants tended with care grow well (adjective/participle phrase)
They returned on the last flight (adverb/preposition phrase)
She went to the grocers nearby (adverb/preposition phrase)
She's good at doing housework (adverb/preposition phrase)
He was loaded with tons of work (adverb/preposition phrase)
We are going for a stroll (adverb/preposition phrase)
I went to meet him for lunch (adverb/infinitive phrase)
He's lucky to have rich parents (adverb/infinitive phrase)


text:
Designing in high-performance, low headloss stormwater treatment is now simpler and quicker for drainage design consultants with the launch of an online sizing tool for the Downstream Defender from Hydro International.
The Downstream Defender Sizing Calculator empowers designers to select and specify the most appropriate Downstream Defender model size needed with the option to generate product drawings, save project designs and submit projects for design reviews and price estimates.
The Downstream Defender is a high-efficiency manhole-based hydrodynamic vortex separator that offers particulate stormwater pollutant removal in a small footprint with minimal headlosses. Engineers can size Downstream Defender models in the software according to many various city and state regulatory agency requirements.
"Before the launch, we trailed the online tool with more than 200 users and consulting engineers and received a very positive response," comments Lisa Lemont, Hydro Business Development Manager. "They really liked being able to easily and rapidly test sizing options as well as getting all-important guidance on whether online or offline configurations would be best on any given project.
"While Hydro provides design consultants with a full technical support service for the Downstream Defender, we recognize that they may want to explore several variations before referring a project for Hydro to size and price up. Designers can also save their projects for reference and further editing."
The Downstream Defender Sizing Calculator takes the user step-by-step through the selection and sizing process with options to size by Regulatory Agency, target particulate pollution by particle size, or simply by the required Downstream Defender model, if known. The software also makes suggestions for the suitability of either continuous online or offline drainage layout options. The designer can then generate detail drawings with standard or site-specific elevations and a written specification for ease of use in project proposals.
A simple log-in procedure for the Downstream Defender Sizing Calculator on the website sets up a secure account resource unique to each engineer, allowing the build-up of a library of design iterations to be stored for past and current projects. It is easy to customize the inlet and/or outlet pipe size, the elevations of the inlet and outlet pipes and the manhole cover based on site-specific topography.
Editing is rapid, so that project details can be added and amended as a stormwater site design progresses. Once a design is complete, users may opt to submit their design for a free review and price estimate by Hydro's Technical Support Team.
The Downstream Defender is proven to be more efficient than other structural treatment devices in as little as half the footprint. Headloss is very low making it ideal for use on drainage lines with shallow grades. The Downstream Defender is in service both nationally and internationally for protecting drainage and watercourses from sediment and pollution loads.
About Hydro International
Hydro International provides cost‑effective solutions for controlling the quantity and improving the quality of water with minimal maintenance. Developed over more than 30 years of research and development, many of Hydro's award-winning solutions in the water, wastewater and stormwater sectors are based on sustainable vortex technologies. Hydro Americas' Stormwater division is headquartered in Portland, Maine, USA. For more information, visit www.hydro-int.com.
SOURCE: Hydro International


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 16, 1992
|Filing date
|Apr 15, 1991
|Priority date
|Apr 15, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Elio Eusebi, Robert T. Foister
|Original Assignee
|General Motors Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (10), Classifications (46), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The following patent applications may be of interest: application Ser. Nos. 07/684,748, 07/684,147, 07/684,749 and 07/684,750 all entitled "Electrorheological Fluids and Method of Making and Using the Same". The above patent applications were all filed on Apr. 15, 1991 by one or more of the same coinventors. The differences between the applications will become apparent by reviewing the Summary of the Invention section and claims of each application and by reviewing comments concerning specific embodiments in the Detailed Description of the Invention section of this application.
The present invention relates to fluid compositions which demonstrate significant changes in their fluid properties in the presence of an electrical field.
Electrorheological response is a phenomenon in which the rheology of a fluid is modified by the imposition of an electrical field. Fluids which exhibit significant changes in their properties of flow in the presence of an electrical field have been known for several decades. The phenomena of electrorheology was reported by W. M. Winslow, U.S. Pat. No. 2,417,850, in 194 Winslow demonstrated that certain suspensions of solids in liquids show large, reversible electrorheological effects. In the absence of electrical field, electrorheological fluids generally exhibit Newtonian behavior. That is, the applied force per unit area, known as shear stress, is directly proportional to the shear rate, i.e., relative velocity per unit thickness. When an electrical field is applied, a yield stress phenomena appears and no shearing takes place until the shear stress exceeds a yield value which generally rises with increasing electrical field strength. This phenomenon can appear as an increase in apparent viscosity of several, and often many orders of magnitude. The response time to electrical fields is frequently in the order of milliseconds. This rapid response characteristics of electrorheological fluids makes them attractive to use as elements in mechanical devices.
A complete understanding of the mechanisms through which electrorheological fluids exhibit their particular behavior has eluded workers in the art. Many have speculated on the mechanisms giving rise to the behavior characteristics of electrorheological fluids. A first theory is that the applied electrical field restricts the freedom of particles to rotate, thus changing their bulk behavior. A second theory describes a change in properties to the formation of filament-like aggregates which form along the lines of the applied electrical field. One theory proposes that this "induced fibrillation" results from small, lateral migrations of particles to regions of high field intensity between gaps of incomplete chains of particles, followed by mutual attraction of these particles.
A third theory refers to an "electric double layer" in which the effect is explained by hypothesizing that the application of electrical field causes a layer of materials adsorbed upon the discrete phase particles to move, relative to the particles, in the direction along the field toward the electrode having a charge opposite that of the mobile ions in the adsorbed layer.
Yet another theory proposes that the electrical field drives water to the surface of discrete phase particles through a process of electro-osmosis. The resulting water film on the particles then acts as a glue which holds particles together.
Criticism of a simple fibrillation theory has been made on the grounds that the effect is much too rapid for such intensive structure formation to occur. Workers in the art have observed a time scale for fibrillation of approximately 20 seconds, which is vastly in excess of the time scale for rheological response of electrorheological fluids. Some workers suggest the sequence of events as a possible mechanism include: ionic migration, subsequent electro-osmosis of moisture to one pole of the particle (presumably the cationic region) and in consequence, surface supply of water sufficient for bridging. This moisture bridge mechanism is not the lone process by which electrorheological effects occur. The advent of anhydrous electrorheological fluid means that water-bridging is not an essential mechanism and may indeed not be operative at all.
Despite the numerous theories and speculations, it is generally agreed that the initial step in development of electrorheological behavior involves polarization under the influence of an electrical field. This then induces some form of interaction between particles or between particles and the impressed electric or shear fields which results in the rheological manifestations of the effect. See Carlson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,407 Block et al "Electro-Rheology", IEEE Symposium, London, 1985. Despite this one generally accepted mechanism, the development of suitable electrorheological fluids and methods of improving the same remains largely unpredictable.
The potential usefulness of electrorheological fluids in automotive applications, such as vibration damping, shock absorbers, or torque transfer, stems from their ability to increase, by orders of magnitude, their apparent viscosity upon application of electrical field. This increase can be achieved with very fast (on the order of milliseconds) response times and with minimal power requirements. Although ER-fluids have been formulated and investigated since the early 1940's, basic limitations have prevented their utilization in practical devices. The most severely restrictive of these limitations are (1) that the suspensions be stable, i.e., should be readily redispersible upon standing, even if settlementation occurs and (2) they not suffer from the limitation imposed by the presence of water so that at extended temperatures, i.e., outside of 0-100 degrees C., service and durability can be achieved. This latter requirement is particularly restrictive in that most fluid compositions require water as an ER "activator" so that in completely dry systems the ER-effect is entirely absent or so small that it is not effectively useful.
An object of this invention is to formulate a stable, substantially water free, or non-aqueous ER-fluid with improved properties. In other words, one goal of this invention to remove the water without compromising the electrorheological effect.
This invention includes a method of changing the frequency of an applied field at a given operating temperature to enhance or attenuate the ER-effect or to activate (i.e., turn on) or deactivate (i.e., turn off) the ER-effect between on and off.
These and other objects, features and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, appended drawings and claims.
FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration of the effect on viscosity of an ester additive to an electrorheological fluid.
FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration of the effect on viscosity of treating the solid phase of an electrorheological fluid with an amine salt.
FIG. 3 is a graphic illustration of the effect on viscosity of changing the frequency of an applied field and the temperature of an electrorheological fluid.
FIG. 4 is a graphic illustration of the effect of varying the temperature of an electrorheological fluid and varying the frequency of an applied field to maintain constant viscosity.
FIG. 5 is a graphic illustration of the effect on viscosity of adsorbing propylene carbonate on the solid phase of an electrorheological fluid.
FIG. 6 is a graphic illustration of the effect on viscosity of absorbing propylene carbonate on the solid phase and of an ester additive to an electrorheological fluid.
Vermiculite is a gold-colored mineral having the formula 3MgO(FeAl)2 O3,3SiI2, Chemically defoliated vermiculite, in a plate-like Al-Mg sheet silicate form, is commercially available from W. R. Grace, Inc., under the trade name MICROLITE 903™. The term "plate-like Al-Mg sheet silicate form" means that the particles are made up of multiple layered planes ("sheets") consisting of extensive Si-O linkages (silicate). The planes are ionically bonded via cations such as Al3+ and Mg2+. In this commercial form, the vermiculite is hydrophilic which makes it a) difficult to disperse in typical base electrorheological fluid phases such as silicon oils and hydrocarbons and b) is not likely to stay dispersed. If the vermiculite does not stay dispersed, it settles and forms a cake material. This is undesirable because considerable mechanical energy must be expended to continually re-disperse the solid in order for the material to function as an electrorheological fluid. The present invention provides a method of treating this vermiculite to achieve advantageous results.
In one embodiment of this invention, chemically delaminated vermiculite plates are surface treated with an organic amine salt. An ionic bond is formed between the vermiculite and amine salt. The amine salt serves two purposes. First, the amine salt allows the vermiculite, after proper drying, to form a very stable dispersion with silicon oil or other non-aqueous liquids such as hydrocarbon liquid phase materials. Second, the amine salt allows the individual plate-like vermiculite particles to be polarized in an electrical field without the presence of water, the polarization of the particles is a necessary requirement for a system to demonstrate an ER behavior. The geometry of the plate-like vermiculite particles produce a greater polarization in an electric field than other shapes. Preferably, the plate-like vermiculite has an average face diameter range from about 1 to about 30 micrometers, and a particle thickness of about 60 to about 100 Angstroms. The vermiculite may be present in an amount range from about 5 to about 50, and preferably about 10 to about 30 percent by weight of the composition. Aspects of this embodiment are claimed in the U.S. patent application 07/684,748 entitled "Electrorheological Fluids and Methods of Making and Using the Same", filed on Apr. 15, 1991 by one or more of the same coinventors.
The chemically defoliated vermiculite is surface treated by exchanging lithium on the surface of an amine cation. The amine cation may be primary, secondary, tertiary and preferably is a quaternary ammonium salt. Suitable treating materials are amines salts including at least one selected from the group consisting of alkyl ammonium halides, preferably with an alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbons, and most preferably 12 carbons or dodecylamine salt. Suitable amine salts, and particularly quaternary ammonium salts, contemplated including listed in Bosso et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,839,252 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
A quaternary ammonium salt is a type of organic nitrogen compound in which the molecular structure includes a central nitrogen atom joined to four groups (the cation) and an anion, the structure as indicated as: ##STR1## wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are alkyl or aromatic groups or hydrogen, and wherein at least one of the R-groups having from 2 to 18 carbons and the other R-groups having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms.
Particularly suitable quaternary ammonium salts include at least one selected from the group consisting of octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexamethonium chloride, and lauryl pyridinium chloride.
Typically, the vermiculite is placed in a solution of amine salts comprising the amine salt and deionized water as a solvent. The equivalent of amine in solution to vermiculite may range from to 1, preferably 2 to 1 and most preferably 1 to 1. The time period for which the vermiculite is treated may range, depending on temperature, from 3 to 24 hours, preferably 3 to 12 hours and most preferably 6 to 12 hours at room temperature. Higher temperature require less time to treat the particle. The attached hydrocarbon chain on the treated material will render it substantially hydrophobic, thereby increasing its inherent dispersity as well as its stability towards coagulation.
Next, excess amine is removed from the treated material by washing with ethanol. The solid is filtered and dried under house vacuum at a temperature ranging from 60� C. to 110� C,, preferably 75� C. to 110� C. and most preferably 100 degrees C., which is less than that which will cause change in the surface treatment but high enough to promote removal of residual water in a reasonably short time period. The dried treated vermiculite is substantially free of water. The term "substantially free of water" means less than 1% by weight water adhering to the vermiculite. Preferably, the amount of water adhering to the vermiculite is less than that required (approximately 6-10% by weight) for the water to be an "activator" of ER response. That is, the amount of water adhering to the vermiculite is not sufficient to create water bridges between particles in the influence of an electrical field. This drying is preferably carried out under vacuum to a constant pressure ranging from about 100 to 500 mTorr, preferably 100 to 250 and most preferably at least 150 mTorr.
The resultant, treated and dried materials are then dispersed in a base fluid composition by ball milling for 22 hours. The ball milling substantially reduces the average face diameter to the range of from about 5 to 25 mm, preferably 1-5 mm, more preferably about 1 mm to about 3 mm, and most preferably less than 1 micrometer which also promotes suspension stability and dispersibility. The ball milling base fluid may comprise any suitable fluid known in the art, and is preferably 75% silicon oils/25% butyl benzoate. Other suitable ball milling fluids include mineral oils or a material that is to be used as the liquid phase of the ER fluid.
Suitable liquid phase materials are disclosed in Block et al, "Electro-Rheology", IEEE Symposium, London, 1985, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A suitable silicone oil is commercially available from Dow Corning Corporation under the trade name Dow Corning 200 Fluid (20cS)™,
The following example illustrates one embodiment of the present invention:
A defoliated vermiculate suspension is prepared by adding about 7 to about 15 grams of chemically defoliated vermiculite to about 1 to about 100 ml of deionized water. A suitable chemically defoliated vermiculite is MICROLITE 903™. The aqueous defoliated vermiculite suspension is added drop-wise to an aqueous solution of excess amine hydrochloride solution, mechanically agitated for six hours, and then filtered. The amine hydrochloride solution may be 6.2% by weight of octylamine or 3.0% of dodecylamine in an aqueous solution. The solid is redispersed and filtered twice with ethanol to remove any excess amine hydrochloride. The solid is then dried in a vacuum at 100 degrees C. until at least a 150 millitorr vacuum is reached. The amine-treated vermiculite is ball milled with a base fluid (e.g., 75% silicon oil/25% butyl benzoate) for 24 hours.
The above procedure was used to prepare a vermiculite treated with octylamine or dodecylamine hydrochloride. Carbon analysis showing the efficiency of surface treatment is listed in Table I. "Efficiency of surface treatment" indicates the percentage of cation exchange.
TABLE I______________________________________CARBON ANALYSIS*Material Theoretical Experimental______________________________________Octylamine treated 9.67% 5.6%Dodecylamine treated 13.73% 13.0%Untreated vermiculite -- 0.41%______________________________________ *Analysis performed on LECO Corp. Model CS444 Carbon/Sulfur Analyzer
For solid phases which require water to achieve polarization under electrical fields, the electrorheological effect decreases when the water is remove. This effect may be restored, and in particular formulations greatly enhanced, by blending into the fluid phase of the electrorheological composition an additional fluid such as a high boiling ester. Suitable esters include at least one selected from the group comprising benzoates, preferably alkyl or adipates. The alkyl group may range from C1 to C18 and preferably is n-butyl benzoate. Preferred adipates include diisononyl and adipate and dioctyl adipate, and preferably n-butyl benzoate. The amount of additional liquid may comprise from about 5 to about 75%, preferably 5 to about 50%, and most preferably about 5-25% by volume of the electrorheological fluid. The additional fluid adds to the inherent stability and dispersibility of the treated solid phase as well as acting to lower quite substantially the base fluid viscosity and hence, the zero-field viscosity of the suspension. Aspects of this embodiment are claimed in the U.S. patent application 07/684,750 entitled "Electrorheological Fluids and Methods of Making and Using the Same", filed on Apr. 15, 1991 this application by one or more of the same coinventors.
The primary basis for the utility of electrorheological effect is the change in shear stress (i.e., increase in apparent viscosity) with applied electric field. At zero-field, an electrorheological fluid composition comprising 10% vermiculite treated with dodecylamine, 75% silicon oils/25% butyl benzoate prepared in a manner described above has a viscosity at a shear rate of 400/seconds (which will be standard conditions for the purposes of illustration) of 28 mPa sec (cP). At a field strength of 3.45 kV/mm (AC, 60Hz), the fluid has an apparent viscosity of 1198 mPa sec which is 43 times the zero-field value. This increase in apparent viscosity is greatly magnified as the shear rate decreases. The ratio of viscosity at 3.45 kV/mm to viscosity at zero field as a function of shear rate, is shown in FIG. 1. Also shown for comparison in FIG. 1 is the same plot for the same composition but without butyl benzoate. A comparison of these two plots emphasizes (1) the significant enhancement of electrorheological effects which is achieved by the addition of butyl benzoate and (2) the minimal electrorheological effect exhibited by the nonaqueous system without n-butyl benzoate.
FIG. 2 is a plot of the viscosity ratio as a function of shear rate (3.45kV/mm to zero-field). Here the above-described electrorheological composition (illustrated by FIG. 1) is compared to the same composition but with vermiculite particles not treated with an amine as the dispersed phase. Although the electrorheological effect for these two systems is comparable, the vermiculite particles not treated with an amine is basically unstable to the extent that upon repeated application of electric field, large particle aggregates form and precipitate out of the suspension. With time, the fluid will separate into two phases and must be subjected to ball milling to redisperse the solid. This is not the case with the treated vermiculite. After sitting for as long as six months, the solid is readily redispersed by shaking.
Another embodiment of this invention includes a method of changing the frequency of an alternating current electric field applied to an electrorheological fluid and temperature of the fluid to adjust the apparent viscosity of the fluid. The term "apparent viscosity" is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. An electrorheological fluid comprising 10% solids prepared as described above and a mixture of 25% n-butyl benzoate/75% polydimethylsiloxane fluid was evaluated for change in viscosity as a function of temperature and varying frequencies as shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, in the field off case (lower curve designated 0 kV, 0 Hz), the normal exponential decrease in viscosity (measured at a shear rate of 400/sec) expected for a particulate suspension is observed. The other curve shows significant increases/or decreases of viscosity with temperature depending on the frequency and temperature range. The invention is best illustrated by considering the vertical line at a temperature of 50 degrees C. By continuously changing the frequency, at constant applied potential, from 50Hz to 5000Hz and preferably 60Hz to 1000Hz, any desired viscosity in the range shown can be achieved without changing the applied potential. This method may be adopted to the operation of a device such as a shock absorber, engine mount which requires that the viscosity be varied continuously from the field off value to some maximum value at a given temperature. Further, the frequency may be varied at any given operation temperature to produce a desired viscosity. Analog systems or "look-up tables" may be utilized in this regard.
Another embodiment of this invention includes a method of changing the frequency of an alternating current electric field applied to an electrorheological fluid to maintain a constant viscosity over varying temperatures. This embodiment can be best illustrated by FIG. 4 in which it can be seen that to achieve a constant viscosity of 300cP (measured at shear rate of 400/sec) the frequency can be adjusted from 60 Hz to 1000 Hz to compensate for variation in temperatures ranging from 10 degrees C. to approximately 85 degrees C. The data illustrated in FIG. 4 is for an electrorheological fluid prepared as described for the embodiment illustrated by FIG. 3. Aspects of this embodiment are claimed in the U.S. patent application 07/684,747 entitled "Electrorheological Fluids and Methods of Making and Using the Same", filed on Apr. 15, 1991 by one or more of the same coinventors.
Another embodiment of this invention includes a method of activating (i.e., turning on or producing a desired electrorheological effect) or deactivating (i.e., turning off or eliminating an electrorheological effect) an electrorheological response of a fluid under the influence of a substantially constant alternating current electric field comprising varying the frequency of the field to achieve the desired result. The method may be accomplished without substantially varying the temperature of the field.
Another embodiment of this invention may be characterized as a method of producing a predetermined change in the viscosity of an electrorheological fluid including the steps of applying, for a predetermined period, a substantially constant alternating current electric field to the electrorheological fluid and changing the frequency of the electric field from a first level, corresponding to a first viscosity, to a second level, corresponding to a second viscosity at a given shear rate. The difference between the first and second viscosities would be equivalent or equal to the predetermined change in viscosity desired.
Another embodiment of this invention includes improvements in performance of the electrorheological fluid achieved by absorption of an activator, preferably propylene carbonate, directly onto the surface of a solid phase. The solid phase of electrorheological fluid is prepared in the manner described above with the additional step of adsorbing an activator directly onto the surface of the solid. Propylene carbonate, which is insoluble in silicon oils, such as polydimethylsiloxane, is adsorbed onto the solid in specific amounts by weight. For example, pre-weighed amounts of a solid such as vermiculite of about 10 to about 50 percent by weight is immersed in ethanol solution containing about 1 to about 25 percent by weight of propylene carbonate. After thorough mixing, ethanol is removed from the solid by heating at about 100 degrees C. under house vacuum for 24 hours. These conditions were chosen to maximize removal of ethanol, leaving maximum amount of propylene carbonate adsorbed onto the solid. The specific amount of adsorbed propylene carbonate was determined by weighing the treated solid. In this fashion, solids were prepared in amounts of adsorbed propylene carbonate ranging from 1.4 to 16% by weight. Preferably the amount of adsorbed propylene carbonate for enhanced electrorheological response ranges from about 9% to about 16%, and preferably about 9 to about 12% by weight. As shown in FIG. 5, little enhancement of the electrorheological effect (measured as a difference in field on [2.07 kV/mm, 60Hz AC] to field off shear stress divided by the field off value) is observed in total amount of propylene carbonate greater than 9% by weight is adsorbed onto the solid. With amounts of 9% by weight or greater adsorbed onto the solid, an increase in effect is registered over the entire shear rate range. The use of an activator adsorbed on the solid phase does not compromise the non-aqueous nature of the fluid. Aspects of this embodiment are claimed in the U.S. patent application 07/684,749 entitled "Electrorheological Fluids and Methods of Making and Using the Same", filed on Apr. 15, 1991 of by one or more of the same coinventors.
It has been surprisingly found that the combination of using an adipate such as dioctyladipate (DOA) in the liquid phase and absorbing propylene carbonate on the surface of the solid phase produces more than an additive effect. Electrorheological fluids where prepared having a solid content of about 10% by weight. A first fluid was prepared containing amine treated vermiculite having 6% by weight propylene carbonate adsorbed on the vermiculite and dispersed in silicone oil. The ER response is represented by a curve of FIG. 6. A second material was prepared with amine treated vermiculite in a liquid phase containing 65% by volume DOA and 35% by volume silicone oil. This ER response of the second fluid is represented by a curve of FIG. 6. A third fluid was prepared having amine treated vermiculite having 6% propylene carbonate adsorbed on the vermiculite and a liquid phase containing 65% by volume DOA and 35% by volume silicone oil. The ER response of the third fluid is represented by a curve of FIG. 6. The three fluids were subjected to an electric field strength of 2.07 kV/mm. The ER response of the fluids is plotted as shear stress ratio (that is, the ratio of excess shear stress under field to that same fluid at zero field) versus shear rate. As can be seen, the third fluid has a greater ER response at 50/sec shear rate than the first and second fluids added together. Aspects of this embodiment are claimed in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/684,750 filed on Apr. 15, 1991.
The various embodiments may be combined and varied in a manner within the ordinary skill of persons in the art to practice the invention and to achieve various results as desired.
Where particular aspects of the present invention is defined herein in terms of ranges, it is intended that the invention includes the entire range so defined, and any sub-range or multiple sub-ranges within the broad range. By way of example, where the invention is described as comprising about 1 to about 100% by weight of component A, it is intended to convey the invention as including about 5 to about 25% by weight of component A, and about 50 to about 75% by weight of component A. Likewise, where the present invention has been described herein as including Al1-100 B1-50, it is intended to convey the invention as A1-60 B1-20, A60-100 B25-50 and A43 B37.
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|U.S. Classification
|252/75, 252/572, 252/73, 252/74
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 15, 1991
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text:
The Atlas of True Names reveals the etymological roots, or original meanings,
of the familiar terms on today's maps of the World, Europe, the British Isles and the United States.
For instance, where you would normally expect to see the Sahara indicated,
the Atlas gives you "The Tawny One", derived from Arab. es-sahra "the fawn coloured, desert".
Seth Dixon's insight:
This is a fun set of maps that forces us to reexamine the historical linguistic roots of place names. Many toponyms have a complicated histories so the actual root of the name is not always a single straightforward translation as shown in these maps. As you explore these maps, most readers will find something the they would dispute, correct, or want to see contextualized more but all in all, it is a fun set of maps.
Via Seth Dixon, Aulde de Barbuat


text:
– Jim Ross noted on Twitter that the promoters of his upcoming UK tour may be adding another event in Scotland. Ross told fans to stay tuned for more details.
– WWEDVDNews.com reports that the new title for WWE's MSG DVD that comes out on August 27th is, "The Best of WWE at Madison Square Garden."
– It looks like Rosa Mendes will be returning to the road for WWE before late July. She's being advertised for an appearance with Mark Henry at Fry's Electronics in Austin, Texas on July 22nd at 11am.
Busty New Pics of Rosa's Curves, Possible Spoiler on Daniel Bryan, More…