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Integrated Disability and Retirement Systems in Chile
Policy Reports | International | Social Security | Welfare
No. 302
Saturday, September 01, 2007
by Estelle James and Augusto Iglesias
Table of Contents
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Basic Structure of Disability Insurance in Chile
- How Costs Are Controlled in the Assessment Procedure
- How Adverse Selection Is Reduced
- The Chilean System versus PAYGO
- Comparisons between Chile and other Countries
- Lessons for Other Countries
- Conclusion
- Notes
- Appendix
- About the Authors
Countries around the world are faced with rising costs of old age security programs. In many countries, such as the United States, disability expenditures have been rising even faster than old age expenditures. The experience of Chile suggests that these costs can be contained in the long run by prefunding, by private participation in the assessment procedure and, possibly, by processes that mimic private participation. Further research is needed to determine whether more accurate evaluations are made by this approach and whether Chile has chosen the right balance between benefits and costs. In the meantime, countries that already consider their costs excessive should seriously consider how these economies and incentives can be incorporated into their systems.
NOTE: Nothing written here should be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of the National Center for Policy Analysis or as an attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any bill before Congress.


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Business aircraft operators concerned about exposure to security or political risk associated with their country of registration my be encouraged by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Cayman Islands, which is here at EBACE 2006 promoting its aircraft registry (Booth 1273). The registry already includes about 110 private aircraft.
A recent Cranfield University report for Air Safety Support International (a subsidiary of the UK Civil Aviation Authority) concluded that it is no coincidence that the majority of international general aviation aircraft registered among UK overseas territories are in the Cayman Islands and Bermuda. Typically, the benefits of such arrangements may include: limited local bureaucracy, low or no taxes on local companies or overseas shareholders, a low-profile, politically neutral registration mark and no requirement for aircraft to be based locally.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Research Topics
Affiliation: University of Tennessee
Country: USA
Research Grants
Detail Information
- Analog peptides of type II collagen can suppress arthritis in HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0401) transgenic miceYoshihiko Sakurai
Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
Arthritis Res Ther 8:R150. 2006..These experiments represent the first description of an analog peptide of CII recognized by T cells in the context of HLA-DR4 that can suppress autoimmune arthritis...
- HLA-DR1 (DRB1*0101) and DR4 (DRB1*0401) use the same anchor residues for binding an immunodominant peptide derived from human type II collagenEdward F Rosloniec
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
J Immunol 168:253-9. 2002....
- Second-generation peptidomimetic inhibitors of antigen presentation effectively treat autoimmune diseases in HLA-DR-transgenic mouse modelsEdward F Rosloniec
Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
J Autoimmun 27:182-95. 2006..Selected compounds of this series are shown to inhibit antigen presentation in vivo, as well as effectively treat collagen induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in HLA-DR transgenic mouse models...
- Paradoxical roles of IFN-gamma in models of Th1-mediated autoimmunityEdward F Rosloniec
VA Medical Center, Research Service 151, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
Arthritis Res 4:333-6. 2002....
- Collagen-induced arthritis mediated by HLA-DR1 (*0101) and HLA-DR4 (*0401)Edward F Rosloniec
Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA
Am J Med Sci 327:169-79. 2004..In all, these studies demonstrate that DR1 and DR4 are capable of binding peptides derived from human type II collagen (hCII) and support the hypothesis that autoimmune responses to hCII play a role in the pathogenesis of RA...
- Ex vivo characterization of the autoimmune T cell response in the HLA-DR1 mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis reveals long-term activation of type II collagen-specific cells and their presence in arthritic jointsKary A Latham
Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
J Immunol 174:3978-85. 2005....
- Molecular characterization of an arthritogenic collagen peptide interacting with I-ArYoshihiko Sakurai
Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
Immunology 117:136-42. 2006..Identification of the molecular interactions involved in T-cell recognition of CII should lead to antigen-specific means of inhibiting autoimmune arthritis...
- Peptide-induced suppression of collagen-induced arthritis in HLA-DR1 transgenic miceLinda K Myers
University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA
Arthritis Rheum 46:3369-77. 2002..To identify peptides capable of altering the immune response to type II collagen (CII) in the context of HLA-DR...
- Estradiol treatment redirects the isotype of the autoantibody response and prevents the development of autoimmune arthritisKary A Latham
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
J Immunol 171:5820-7. 2003....
- Immunopathogenesis of collagen arthritisDavid D Brand
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, 130 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
Springer Semin Immunopathol 25:3-18. 2003..In recent years, the pathogenesis of this model has been studied extensively and the CIA model is proving to be a valuable asset for the design of new immunotherapeutics for the potential treatment of RA and other autoimmune diseases...
- An autoantigen-specific, highly restricted T cell repertoire infiltrates the arthritic joints of mice in an HLA-DR1 humanized mouse model of autoimmune arthritisZhaohui Qian
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
J Immunol 185:110-8. 2010..In addition, this model may be very useful for studying the function in situ and the mechanism by which autoimmune T cells are recruited to the site of inflammation...
- T cell immunity to type II collagen in the biobreeding rat: the identification and characterization of RT1u-restricted T cell epitopes on alpha 1(II)Michael A Cremer
Research Service of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
J Immunol 173:1795-801. 2004..This motif is similar to one recognized by collagen-induced arthritis-susceptible HLA-DR1- and HLA-DR4-transgenic mice...
- MHC class II derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands protect DBA/1LacJ mice from collagen-induced arthritisJianya Huan
Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland 97201, USA
J Immunol 180:1249-57. 2008..This is the first report demonstrating effective prevention of joint inflammation and clinical signs of CIA with an I-Aq-derived RTL, thus supporting the possible clinical use of this approach for treating rheumatoid arthritis in humans...
- Collagen-induced arthritisDavid D Brand
Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA
Nat Protoc 2:1269-75. 2007..The total time for the preparation of reagents and the immunization of ten mice is about 1.5 h...
- Detection of early changes in autoimmune T cell phenotype and function following intravenous administration of type II collagen in a TCR-transgenic modelDavid D Brand
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
J Immunol 168:490-8. 2002....
- The mouse model of collagen-induced arthritisDavid D Brand
Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, USA
Methods Mol Med 102:295-312. 2004....
- Crystallographic structure of a rheumatoid arthritis MHC susceptibility allele, HLA-DR1 (DRB1*0101), complexed with the immunodominant determinant of human type II collagenEdward F Rosloniec
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
J Immunol 177:3884-92. 2006..Comparison of the DR1-CII structure to a DR1-hemagglutinin peptide structure revealed that the binding of these two peptides generates significantly different interfaces for the interaction with their respective Ag-specific TCRs...
- An analog peptide that suppresses collagen-induced arthritisLinda K Myers
Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Tennessee, and from the Research Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
Am J Med Sci 327:212-6. 2004..An analog peptide of CII recognized by T cells in the context of a human major histocompatibility complex molecule should have therapeutic significance for autoimmune arthritis...
- T cell receptors recognizing type II collagen in HLA-DR-transgenic mice characterized by highly restricted V beta usageXiaowen He
Research Service, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of Tennessee, 38104, USA
Arthritis Rheum 50:1996-2004. 2004..To determine the T cell receptor (TCR) structure recognizing type II collagen (CII) in HLA-DR-transgenic mice, and to examine the role of T cells with certain V(beta)-chains in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)...
- Collagen-induced arthritisEdward F Rosloniec
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
Curr Protoc Immunol . 2010....
- Class II major histocompatibility complex-peptide tetramer staining in relation to functional avidity and T cell receptor diversity in the mouse CD4(+) T cell response to a rheumatoid arthritis-associated antigenMichael T Falta
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, and National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
Arthritis Rheum 52:1885-96. 2005..We undertook this study to better understand the parameters for specific binding of this tetramer...
- A single-chain class II MHC-IgG3 fusion protein inhibits autoimmune arthritis by induction of antigen-specific hyporesponsivenessLi Zuo
Division of Rheumatology, Children s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
J Immunol 168:2554-9. 2002..Such fusion proteins may be useful to study novel therapeutic approaches for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases...
Research Grants1
- MECHANISMS OF AUTOIMMUNE ARTHRITISEDWARD ROSLONIEC; Fiscal Year: 2001..These recombinant DR molecules will be tested for their ability to alter T-cell responses to hCII in vitro, and prevent the development of autoimmune arthritis in the DR transgenic mice. ..


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Mariah Carey To Tour With Mary J Blige
Will Mariah tour with Mary J. Blige this summer? Probably not. Mary J. Blige visited MTV's TRL and chatted with VJ Damien about her album, "The Breakthrough," and the details of her upcoming tour.
Damien: "So, I've been hearing about, the rumors are, that, you know, you'll go out on tour. I've heard some names thrown around: Mariah Carey, Jamie Foxx. What's the deal with this tour here?"
Mary J. Blige: "You know, I don't, all I know is that I'm goin' out on tour, but we haven't gotten a package together totally. So, as of now, it's just Mary J. Blige. But, there will be someone else added onto the tour."
D: "If you could get anyone that you could add, anyone in the world to this tour, who would you wanna team up with?"
MJB: "I would, I would love to team up with Mariah, really. Like, I think that'd be…"
(audience cheering)
D: "Yeah, yeah."
MJB: "You know what I'm sayin'? What more can you ask for?"
D: "Right, well, you're a vocalist, and you've got a great voice, and she does too."
MJB: "She's an incredible voice, an incredible performer, and person. And, you know, so am I."
D: "Yeah, of course."
MJB: "So, I think, what else can you ask for?"
D: "Exactly."
What? Um, okay. And yes Mary, you are a great vocalist too. Self validation is very important.
More photos of Mariah Carey and guests from her "Say Something" video shoot, after the jump.
(Images via justmariah.com, Interview via Mariah Daily)


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CMO.com aggregated predictions from 32 leading marketers on their outlook for digital marketing in 2012. 6 of the 32 responses directly mentioned content marketing and recommendations as something to look for more of in the coming year. Here is a sample of their responses:
Content Marketing, Refined
"Content marketing… is now the most-used marketing strategy and has paved the way for growth in practices such as content curation–the process of finding, organizing, and sharing information online. In the upcoming year, we will see the strategies that marketers utilize to create and distribute their own, as well as third party, content become more concentrated. Marketers will become more focused as they harness the emerging technologies that are now available in the field… As always, the most relevant, timely and fresh content will always have the greatest impact."
– Pawan Deshpande, CEO, HiveFire
Brand Journalism
"…brand journalism and content creation will continue to be important ways to connect with consumers and build trust and loyalty. Quality of audience and how brands maintain a conversation also will matter more than simply number of hits. It seems that anyone (or any cat) can now get 1,000,000 views on You Tube. As an ROI measure, volume in isolation of engagement will become increasingly irrelevant."
– Simon Sproule, CVP, Global Marketing Communications, Nissan Motor Co.
Content Recommendations
"I anticipate some innovations around content recommendation for business customers. A lot of brand equity is built around trust, and one way to build trust is to share information that isn't necessarily self-serving. So, for example, I would expect to see better methods of content discovery for professionals similar to the recommendation engines we've all experienced with Amazon, Apple, Netflix, Pandora, and others."
– Jim Kelly, U.S. Brand Leader, PwC
May We Recommend…
"In 2012, we'll see content recommendation become an important supplement to paid advertising and SEO. With smarter algorithms able to automatically read, categorize, tag, and organize articles and browser history, more and more people will be seeing "we also recommend" on their favorite Web sites. This will allow more personalized content discovery at a cheaper cost."
– Jim Nichols, Vice President–Digital, Stern + Associates


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So it would still be possible to byass this check by cloning a database into SQL_ASCII and then cloning it into the desired encoding? Doesn't sound like it really accomplishes much. I do seem to recall some discussion about this way back. I don't recall the conclusion but I remember some talk about detecting an empty template database and the ned to reindex. -- Greg On 23 Apr 2009, at 19:46, Bill Moran <wmoran(at)potentialtech(dot)com> wrote: > In response to Tom Lane <tgl(at)sss(dot)pgh(dot)pa(dot)us>: > >> If I have locale set to C, I can do this: >> >> regression=# create database u8 encoding 'utf8'; >> CREATE DATABASE >> regression=# create database l1 encoding 'latin1' template u8; >> CREATE DATABASE >> >> Had I had any actual utf8 data in u8, l1 would now contain >> encoding-corrupt information. Given that we've tried to >> clamp down on encoding violations in recent releases, I wonder >> why this case is still allowed. >> >> (In non-C locales, this will typically fail because the two >> different encodings can't both match the locale. But I don't >> believe it's our policy to enforce encoding validity only for >> non-C locales.) >> >> We should presumably let the encoding be changed when cloning >> from template0, and probably it's reasonable to trust the user >> if either source or destination DB encoding is SQL_ASCII. >> In other cases I'm thinking it should fail. > > On a pedantic level, doesn't this remove the ability to have > databases on a single cluster that are different encodings? I mean, > if template1 is utf8, and I can't change that using CREATE > DATABASE, then I'm stuck with utf8 for all databases on that > cluster ... unless I'm missing something. > > Granted, there's the potential for special cases with databases used > only for templates, but as I see it, this should be allowed, it should > just fail if any data in the template can't be converted to the > desired encoding. I mean, I can always alter template1 by inserting > non-utf8 data, and then try to use it to create a utf8 encoded > database ... > > -- > Bill Moran > http://www.potentialtech.com > http://people.collaborativefusion.com/~wmoran/ > > -- > Sent via pgsql-hackers mailing list (pgsql-hackers(at)postgresql(dot)org) > To make changes to your subscription: > http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackers
Next: From: Tom Lane Date: 2009-04-23 19:00:25 Subject: Re: Why do we let CREATE DATABASE reassign encoding? Previous: From: Heikki Linnakangas Date: 2009-04-23 18:54:20 Subject: Re: Why do we let CREATE DATABASE reassign encoding?


text:
Smiths Aerospace is supplying its new generation cockpit voice and data recorder (VADR) systems for the MH-47 Chinook and MH-60 Black Hawk helicopters operated by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Regiment and the U.S. Coast Guard's HH-60 Jayhawk and HH-65 Dolphin. Manufactured at Smiths' facilities in Michigan, the VADR is claimed to be the most capable and reliable solid-state recorder on the market today. The combined value of the contracts is more than $4 million.
Another U.S. Army contract worth $5 million covers the installation and demonstration of a health and usage monitoring system (HUMS) on UH-60L Black Hawk helicopters. HUMS acquires, stores and processes aircraft structural, engine, drive train, electrical and voice data. Benefits include reduced operations and support costs, enhanced force protection, accelerated flow of accurate information and improved maintainability.


text:
In order to convict the accused during trial for tax evasion, the United States Attorney must prove beyond a reasonable doubt each and every one of the elements of the offense. Failure to prove any element beyond a reasonable doubt must result in an acquittal.
The crime of tax evasion is found at Title 26, United States Code, Section 7201. The statute provides the elements of tax evasion are the following:
- A tax deficiency.
- An affirmative act of evasion or attempted evasion of tax.
- Willfulness by the defendant.
The burden of proof is on the government, the defendant is presumed innocent, and the defendant need not prove his innocence.
The offense of tax evasion is a felony, not a misdemeanor. The fact that the amount owed in taxes is small does not make the crime any less serious.
Tax evasion can be punished by 5 years in prison and fines. The fines increase relevant to the amount that is owed, but this is determined by the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. The statute provides that the maximum fine is $100,000. If the defendant is a corporation rather than a person, the maximum fine is $500,000.
In addition to fines, the offender will be required to pay restitution (eg, the tax that was owed).
Some federal judges have required that the government must prove that the tax deficiency, or amount owed, is substantial. However, the statute does not have a requirement of a substantial amount owed in taxes.
That being said, the Department of Justice is typically not interested in cases where the amount owed is small. Some lawyers have estimated the US Attorney is only interested in cases where the deficiency is at least $70,000.
The fact that a person has unpaid taxes does not necessarily constitute tax evasion. The statute provides that a person with a tax deficiency is guilty of tax evasion only where that person committed some affirmative act to evade paying taxes. Moreover, the affirmative act must have been willful.
Federal courts have said that almost anything can constitute an affirmative act to evade taxes. For instance, keeping a double set of books, making false entries in records, altering records, generating false invoices or receipts, concealing assets or sources of income, or handling business in a way to avoid any records may all constitute an affirmative, willful act of evasion. And last, filing a false tax return can also constitute tax evasion.


text:
|02 Jun 2011
Move Program FIles to SSD - Leave Users files Behind
Greetings Again,
My file and storage system is set up like this:
C:\ Drive - 120 GB SSD This is my Win 7 64-Bit Ultimate Boot drive. It has my most important Microsoft programs on it. Out of the 111GB available, I've used 42GB, leaving me 69GB free space. I want to keep this area open.
My next drive is a 1TB WD Caviar Black segmented into 3 partitions.
E:\ Drive = Program FIles This has the majority and rest of my programs. It also includes USERs Files. I've use 96GB out of 150GB. Out of that 96GB, 64GB are in USERS files.
F:\ Drive = Data Files. This stores all of my data except for media. I've used 91GB out of 350. I want to leave this be.
G:| Drive = Medsia FIles This stores all Media = Vids, Music, Graphics, Pictures. I've used 80 GB out of 500GB
I also have a 64GB ~ 55GB actual storage SSD drive that is partitioned but has no data on it or assigned drive letter.
Here is what I want to accomplish.
I want to move my actual Program FIles to the 64GB SSD, assign it a drive letter, and keep the USERS files where they now reside on the F:\ dirve
My main concern is that in moving all these files around and splitting the USERS files from the Program Files that I'll mees up my Registry. Will someone please suggest some links I might read that will best help me acheive these moves.
|My System Specs
|08 Jul 2011
Windows10 Pro - 64Bit vs.10547
that sounds a bit messy - I'm a bit wary of the users folders..
all those links might be broken - or at least, be put at risk..
are you sure you want to go this route, might there not be a better solution..??
|My System Specs
|08 Jul 2011
Leave User Files Behind
Thanks for responding.
I decided not to go that route for the reasons you've presented.
|My System Specs
|09 Jul 2011
Linux CENTOS 7 / various Windows OS'es and servers
don't give up just yet.
There's no reason why you can'y move program files to the SSD - I assume these are INSTALLED applications like Office, Photoshop etc.
All you have to do is just re-install to the new SSD drive.
A better idea IMO is to install the programs to the same drive you have the OS on (so if you re-install the OS you don't have to install the applications again), keep your data partitions as is and use the other SSD as a paging / scratch disk drive.
Your system should FLY if you do this --even if it's an older machine.
Splitting installed applications away from the OS makes re-installation inevitable if you have to re-install windows for whatever reason so like most people on these forums I'd keep your USER data (media, documents etc etc) AWAY from the OS and keep OS + applications on the OS drive.
The only execption to this are "Portable apps" -- those you can run directly for example from a usb stick without having to install them on the host machine.
Even a large W7 installation with Photoshop, Office etc shouldn't take more than 70 GB so you could even have a second paging area / scatch area on the ist SSD too.
|My System Specs
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Installing OS to SSD, moving users and program files to HDD?
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|Hardware & Devices
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Program to automatically move files as created by Fraps
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Unattend .xml answer file worked great on 2600K build, updates are smooth, machine stable for 8 x 8 folding at 100% all cores, and as much varied work as I could throw at it all the while. I have read about the idea of moving Program Files too, but don't know if the risk is worth it. I like...
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How can I move my user&program files to a different hard drive?
Hey Basically I bought an SSD to put Windows 7 on along with some of my most used applications. However, I want to some how put my users folder and program files folder onto my 500GB HD. Ive tried multiple times to mess with the registry settings but it doesnt seem to work..? Ive also tried an...
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Pendleton County, West Virginia - Assessor's Office
The Pendleton County Assessor is responsible for appraising real estate and assessing a property tax on properties located in Pendleton County, West Virginia. You can contact the Pendleton County Assessor for:
- Information on your property's tax assessment
- Checking the Pendleton County property tax due date
- Your property tax bill
- Appealing your property tax appraisal
- Paying your property tax
- Reporting upgrades or improvements
The Pendleton County Assessor's Office is located in Franklin, West Virginia.
Pendleton County Assessor Contact Information
Pendleton County Assessor Address
Pendleton County Assessor
100 South Main Street
Franklin, WV 26807
Pendleton County Assessor Phone Number
(304) 358-2563
Pendleton County Assessor's Website
Pendleton County Assessor's Office Services
There are three major roles involved in administering property taxes - Tax Assessor, Property Appraiser, and Tax Collector. Note that in some counties, one or more of these roles may be held by the same individual or office. For example, the Pendleton County Tax Assessor may also serve as the Pendleton County Tax Appraiser.
- The Pendleton County Tax Assessor is responsible for setting property tax rates and collecting owed property tax on real estate located in Pendleton County.
- The Pendleton County Property Appraiser is responsible for determining the taxable value of each piece of real estate, which the Tax Assessor will use to determine the owed property tax.
- The Pendleton County Tax Collector is responsible for collecting property tax from property owners. They issue yearly tax bills to all property owners in Pendleton County, and work with the sheriff's office to foreclose on properties with delinquent taxes.
When contacting Pendleton County about your property taxes, make sure that you are contacting the correct office. You can call the Pendleton County Tax Assessor's Office for assistance at 304-358-2563. Remember to have your property's Tax ID Number or Parcel Number available when you call!
If you have documents to send, you can fax them to the Pendleton County assessor's office at 304-358-2473. Please call the assessor's office in Franklin before you send documents or if you need to schedule a meeting.
Learn More
Find the tax assessor for a different West Virginia county
Find property records for Pendleton County
The median property tax in Pendleton County, West Virginia is $387.00


text:
PRZOOM - /newswire/ -
Chicago, IL, United States, 2008/01/26 - Success of deregulation in Texas and New York sees industry shake-up continue, with Ambit Energy at the forefront.
How much was your last energy bill? More expensive than ever, despite using less than normal? Then its time to change over to one of the fastest growing retail energy providers in the country - Ambit Energy. Already a huge success in New York and Texas, Ambit is now bringing their expertise and cost-effective energy to Illinois. Better still, theyre inviting you to join in their success.
Everyone is already saving huge amounts of money thanks to deregulation, says Trevor Heck of Ambit Energy. People are tired of being forced to use a single energy provider, and having to pay over the odds because of it. Now they have the opportunity to choose the provider whos best for them, and not the other way round. The icing on the cake is that you can earn while you save.
This opportunity to earn money even as you save it is one of the things that set Ambit Energy apart from its competitors. Yet as much as this is a welcome bonus, the real benefits that the company offers are the savings on your energy bill. In fact, by changing to Ambit, you could save as much as 20% on your usual costs. And the good news is that it doesnt cost you a penny to change indeed, you probably wont even notice any difference. At least, until your new bill comes in!
Deregulation isnt a new idea the telecommunication industry has been deregulated for years. Yet the difference with the energy companies is that there is so much more at stake after all, we can find other ways to communicate other than by telephone. Yet it isnt quite as easy to provide heat and power for your homes, and this is why energy deregulation has been such a big hit in the states that pioneered it, Texas and New York.
Now this success comes to Illinois, and Ambit Energy is right at the forefront. With the experience of being part of the Texas and New York deregulation industry, Ambit can offer you savings of literally hundreds of dollars a year on your energy bill. With the money you save, you can treat yourself to that holiday you wanted, or the new basement makeover youve been putting off.
Better still, why not use it to become part of Ambit Energys success? By becoming an independent consultant with them, Ambit gives you the potential to unlimited earnings. Its a process thats been a huge success for them so far, with the company responsible for all five boroughs of New York City and Westchester County, and has seen the consultants there on six-figure salaries. Take the jump today join Ambit Energy and save your way to success.
About Ambit Energy
With the vision to be the finest and most respected energy provider in the US, Ambit Energy is built on high standards of integrity and excellence. By always keeping costs low, the customers are always the winner, and its this approach that has seen the company become one of the fastest growing retail energy providers in the country today.
Agency / Source: Ambit Energy
Availability: All Metropolitan Area
Traffic Booster: [/] Quick PRZOOM - Press & Newswire Visibility Checker
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text:
Outdoor Round Vinyl Extension Cord, 12/3 AWG, 25ft, OrangeItem#: YYAZ-WOO528 | Model#: 860-528
Currently Out Of Stock!
Woods® Outdoor Round Vinyl Extension Cor Product Details
SpecificationsCORD,25' OUTDOOR EXT
Global Product Type: Extension Cords-Outdoor Commercial-Grade
Application: Indoor; Outdoor
Application: Indoor; Outdoor
Cable Length: 25 ft
Number of Outlets: 1
Current: 15 A
Color(s): Orange
Manufactured by: Orsnsc
Warranty provided by: Orsnsc
UPC No: 078693005282
Mfg Part No: 860-528
Box Size:
( Length:0, Width:0, Depth:0)
Shipping Weight: 4.3400 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Orsnsc logos are registered trademarks of Orsnsc. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


text:
Referred to on p. 93.
The names of the proprietors of the township of Westminster on the 11th of June, 1760, when the time for fulfilling the conditions of the charter was extended, were:
John Hulburt, John Hunt,
Josiah Willard, John Taylor,
William Willard, John Peirce,
Valentine Butler, Anthony Peirce,
Joseph Alexander, Andrew Gardner, Jr.,
Nathan Willard, James Jewel,
Susannah Gilson, Manassah Divel,
Oliver Willard, Simon Hunt,
John Arms, William Wilson,
Wilder Willard, John Arms, Jur.,
John Moor, Solomon Willard,
John Moor, Jr., Ebenezer Fields,
Daniel Whitmore, Samuel Allen,
William Willard, Jr., Billey Willard,
Prentice Willard, Caleb How,
Ephraim Dean, Jonathan Hubbard,
Elijah Cady, James Hills,
Asa Douglass, Josiah Willard, Jur.,
Samuel Ashley, Benjamin Farwell,
John Alexander, Samuel Cummings,
Samuel Greely, Josiah Brown,
Jethro Wheeler, Peter Powers,
Jonathan Thare, Robert Fletcher, Jr.,
Joshua Wells, Timothy Latherbee,
Submit Foster, Minister,
Nathan Willard, Jr., Henry Sherburn,
Joseph Hubbard, Samuel Smith,
Joseph Ashley, John Downing,
Nathaniel Mattoon, Samson Sheaff,
Jonathan Willard.
Besides these fifty-nine shares, there were also fourteen others located at the north end of the town, of which two were held by His Excellency Benning Wentworth, and one each by John Wentworth, Robert Usher, John Chamberlain, Jonathan Cummings, John Usher, Jonathan Cummings, Jr., David Stearns, Byfield Lloyd, Richard Wibird, and Theodore Atkinson. One share was appropriated for a Glebe for the Church of England, as by law established, and another for the benefit of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.


text:
Anime Boston!
Anime Boston got underway Friday, and we have the photos to prove it. The three-day affair is the Northeast's largest anime convention and draws fans from around the country.
OHMYGOD. This guy wins at cosplay forever. #animeboston #initiald pic.twitter.com/vK8lIZ4HGT— Russ Chizek (@russ_chizek) May 25, 2013
A meeting of historic proportions. #animeboston pic.twitter.com/hun7JtVb87— Shinmaru (@Shinmaru) May 25, 2013
Hmmmm....Why am I suddenly craving Pocky?.... #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/rZdu3qQ2UF— Kari Wahlgren (@KariWahlgren) May 24, 2013
The casts of #AvatarTheLastAirbender and #LegendOfKorra @AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/0cE8DiqpXn— Convention Scene (@conventionscene) March 23, 2014
Probably one of the coolest Saya cosplays I've ever seen! #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/9L287zbFuo— Kari Wahlgren (@KariWahlgren) May 24, 2013
Jean from Attack on Titan @j_horseface #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/X1IsqaPfeN— Mo McDonnell (@MoNewsMoNow) March 20, 2014
#AnimeBoston sighting @shopsatprucntr pic.twitter.com/I5p2QLmOPI— Only In Boston (@OnlyInBOS) May 27, 2013
I stopped by #AnimeBoston to look at the costumes. It was fun. http://t.co/nTSsqKp9TK pic.twitter.com/OfQhrAxLsI— Steve Annear (@steveannear) March 21, 2014
Have you seen people in costumes all around #Boston? It's the annual #AnimeBoston convention! http://t.co/k8pLa5zVQh pic.twitter.com/2rEjjKx6dY— bostonmagazine.com (@BostonMagazine) March 21, 2014
Some A-game #KillLaKill cosplay at #animeboston pic.twitter.com/71p2zuj2rj— Mike Toole (@MichaelToole) March 21, 2014
Gin-san. Or maybe it's Shinpachi cosplaying as Gin-san... #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/ZlLnQGu6Jy— ritz (@aritzen) March 23, 2014
Among the many #AttackOnTitan cosplayers, I really liked this Sasha with an actual potato. #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/UwkyO7XuDU— Rose Cullen (@composerose) March 21, 2014
Space Runaway Makodeon mk II #KillLaKill #animeboston pic.twitter.com/KdIkvM7oi5— Mike Toole (@MichaelToole) March 23, 2014
It's 10 am and Batman has punched out Bane. What's on your to do list today? #animeboston @pmcyran pic.twitter.com/z0rcXLMTqX— Katie O'Donnell (@Kate_the_Geek) March 22, 2014
This 3D printing cosplay panel makes me want to get into cosplay. #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/1IBbFkOtej— Lauren Orsini (@laureninspace) March 22, 2014
Me and @Shannon92692 with Mario #animeboston #mk120 pic.twitter.com/PQ3fTsK9Zk— Sara (@JustSMorgan) March 21, 2014
Riots have broken out requiring force to subdue anime fans. #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/q6wiZXYalG— The Lotuscast (@thelotuscast) March 22, 2014
IM AT ANIME BOSTON LOOK AT THESE CUTIES pic.twitter.com/T73r8nAtwu— sam urmom (@AIICHIRONlTORI) March 22, 2014
Already found the best cosplayer of the weekend. #Animeboston pic.twitter.com/OgSasDIZOS— Patz (@PatzPrime) March 21, 2014
This guy's face sums up all my feels as a commuter this morning with Anime Boston in town. @universalhub pic.twitter.com/hBPRi9XfY0— Matt Karolian (@mkarolian) March 21, 2014
Just got yelled at by an #animeboston attendee for this pic #worthit pic.twitter.com/Td3YNi5f54— Morgan (@soule_sister) March 22, 2014
Did you see Mini Tuxedo Mask?? He's here at @AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/34TU9XWVIO— Zidane (@bart415) March 22, 2014
Astrohair+ astropuppet = quality #astrobomb @AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/DEB2DoOH6r— Company One (@company_one) March 22, 2014
Bruce Wayne and Batman in the same room?? #animeboston pic.twitter.com/hDjBX0Fy2J— TobElliot Nwaobi (@TobElliot) March 22, 2014
HE LIVES! #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/4rZbCdJhgW— Rootsofjustice (@rootsofjustice) March 21, 2014
I just, um, what? #pru #animeboston pic.twitter.com/kspFJEofD2— Adam Gaffin (@universalhub) March 22, 2014
Naturo #cosplay at #animeboston! pic.twitter.com/4lVG94Bo22— Anime Amino (@AnimeAmino) March 22, 2014
Some A-game #KillLaKill cosplay at #animeboston pic.twitter.com/71p2zuj2rj— Mike Toole (@MichaelToole) March 21, 2014
@Amanda4Pandas's favorite game ever. This is for you! #animeboston pic.twitter.com/ORtic0QXtO— Katie O'Donnell (@Kate_the_Geek) March 22, 2014
Animal Crossing #AnimeBoston pic.twitter.com/MjeE5lsZer— Mo McDonnell (@MoNewsMoNow) March 20, 2014
11 of the best costumes from the first day of the Anime Boston convention: http://t.co/T9v6GRdnyy pic.twitter.com/fsyggWlBnL— BostInno (@BostInno) March 21, 2014
I just, um, what? #pru #animeboston pic.twitter.com/kspFJEofD2— Adam Gaffin (@universalhub) March 22, 2014


text:
Bangladesh: Eradicate violence and harassment against women
Source:Ain o Salish Kendro (ASK)
Simi Banu, a young and talented artist of Narayangonj Fine Arts Institute, committed suicide at her residence in Khilgaon thana, Dhaka on December 23.
Simi left a hand written note in which she blamed some young men of her area and Khilgaon thana sub-inspector Bashar for sexual harassment which led to her committing suicide. Women's and student organisations have organised several protests and demonstrations demanding the proper filing of cases and arrest of the young men accused of sexual harassment.
Submitted on Tue, 01/29/2002 - 01:00
Related News
- 'We will break every bone': Islamist leaders threaten Bangladeshi lawyer, WLUML Networker
- 'Islamic' Chair Cover Gets Iranian Activist In Trouble
- Iraq: Women Suffer Under ISIS: For Sunnis, Lives Curtailed; for Yezidis, New Accounts of Brutal Rapes
- The case of Saba Qaiser and the film-maker determined to put an end to 'honour' killings
- #February6th: The International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation (#FGM): Celebrating Victories
Relevant Resources
- Forced Gynecological Exams As Sexual Harassment and Human Rights Violation
- The Relationship between Feminism and State Policies for the Elimination of Violence against Women: The National Strategy for the Elimination of Violence against Women as an Example
- Recommendations for action against gender-related killing of women and girls
- Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
- Addendum to the Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences


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Milestone Systems 3YR CARE PREMIUM M50 ADVANCED 20 IP (MCPR-Y3HM50A-20)Item#: 40229565 | Model#: MCPR-Y3HM50A-20
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text:
Thanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Aidez-nous : ces acteurs/actrices porno apparaissent-ils/elles dans cette vidéo ?
Pornstar Name:
What a great show you two put on loved every minute of it. What would have made it better would have been a little 69 action. As they say that would have been the cherry on the top. Keep up the good work hope to see you two together soon.
Smoldering Sluts Hot for Clit and Tits. Listen to their moans of pleasure. Smell their cunts. Feast on their spooge. Pure Whore.
im soooo wet right now because of them...
Those 2 were hot for pussy! Get in to it !
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text:
Sunglasses, peripheral vision, just good at not getting caught.
It is a refined art.It doesn't necessarily help when the lady is wearing a bra a few sizes too small and has those puppies squeezed together and popping out,lol.
Simple remember to look at her eyes when she is talking.
Wear sunglasses
Well I mean, think of a guy you know. You probably know what his chest looks like. doesn't mean you were really staring at it. I don't generally stare at boobs but I know which of my friends are like double d and which are more like a b...then again that could just be from working at Victoria's Secret too long...yeah probably. lmao
A girl with boobs and a guy with honest intentions.
do you hear yourself?
Lol...well just because I look at a girl's boobs (even a lot...), it doesn't mean I'm just interested in her body. Doesn't mean anything really 9/10.
For me that is....idk gl lol
Wear shades...
We dont
Lots of practice.
Related Questions
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Men u crazy sometime - eyes r there to watch the beauty, see and feel happy but don't stare boobs crazily.!pinkworlds 26-30, F 6 Answers 0 Nov 20, 2015 in Dating & Relationships
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text:
Web Content, Digital Assets, Form Builder, SEO Tools, Decision Support
Multisite Management, Multilingual Support, Site Synchronization, Deployment Options, Security, Scalability
Personalization, Email Marketing, Mobile, Social Media, Analytics
Integration Platform, Connector for Salesforce, Connector for Microsoft Dynamics CRM, Connector for Marketo, Connector for SharePoint
Product Catalogs, Multiple Storefronts, Targeted Offers, Payment Processing, Order Management
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Behaviour Tracking, Data Integration, 360° Customer Profile
Audience Segmentation, Predictive Analytics, Campaign Recommendations, Campaign Tracking
Marketing Attribution, Conversion Tracking, Persona Profiling, Lead Scoring
Predictive Personalization, Persona-Based Targeting
Have you tried the solution from the referred forum thread and create a new project from which to copy the /Sitefinity/Services/DynamicModules directory and its contents to your project? If not please do so and let us know if it fixed the issue.
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text:
Detroit Tigers pitching legend makes Grand Strand appearance
Mon, 20 Aug 2012 04:47:27 GMT —
Major League Baseball great Denny McLain paid a visit to TicketReturn.com Field in Myrtle Beach for a book signing. His fourth book, "I Told You I Wasn't Perfect," was first published in 2007.
McLain won two Cy Young Awards with the Detroit Tigers in 1968 and 1969. In '68, he won the American League MVP. He played for the Tigers, Washington Senators, Oakland A's and Atlanta Braves from 1963-1972. McLain was a three-time all-star and helped the Tigers win the 1968 World Series.
After his baseball career, he was involved in organized crime, bumping elbows with the likes of John Gotti, Jr., and was sent to prison for embezzlement, drug trafficking and racketeering. An appeals court later threw out all those convictions and McLain was released from a federal prison in Talladega, Alabama after serving 30 months.
McLain, 68, had many heartbreaking experiences in his life. He has served time in prison, filed for bankruptcy three times and was suspended from baseball for gambling. Following an investigation, Major League Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn said that McLain's actions did not have any affect on baseball games. McLain was suspended two other times. Once, for dumping ice water on reporters and again for carrying a gun on a team flight.
His oldest daughter, Kristin, lost her life in a car accident caused by a drunk driver in 1992. McLain said, "Unless you experience the loss of a child, and it's the worst thing anyone could ever experience, it's really difficult to understand how significant it is in the grand scheme of things. Nothing else matters if you lose a child."
McLain's best year in baseball was in 1968 when he compiled a pitching record of 31-6. He is the last pitcher to win 30 or more games in the Majors. McLain said he wants to be remembered for more than his baseball accomplishments. He said, "I want to be remembered for being a great father and a great grandfather."


text:
300-barrel saltwater spill reported near Grenora
GRENORA, N.D. — A saltwater spill has been reported about 13 miles southeast of Grenora in Williams County.
The North Dakota Department of Health says about 300 barrels of brine water were released on a well site there. Approximately 200 barrels have already been recovered and the rest of it is being cleaned up.
The department says the spill is contained to the well site.


text:
Lawrence Taylor Articles
It's rare that a first-year player comes into the NFL and has an immediate impact on the game. But it does happen. Athlon Sports looks back at the best rookie players in NFL history, or at least since Gale Sayers took the field in 1965. 1...
Nathan Rush
4 years ago
By RALPH VACCHIANO There was magic back in 2007 when the Giants made the run to Super Bowl XLII, just like there was something special happening when the 1990 Giants won Super Bowl XXV. Those are moments that Giants fans will cherish forever...
Athlon Sports
5 years ago
Ndamukong Suh is pretty good at football (in case you haven't noticed). And his reputation as a brutal defensive lineman is reminiscent of the Giants' Lawrence Taylor. Suh has been fined a few times a few times in his young career (something...
Athlon Sports
5 years ago


text:
After a long career in journalism, I decided to abandon fact for fiction. I introduced my two-book Legacy series with a short perma-free prologue, Lust and Honor, followed by two contemporary romantic suspense novels, Legacy of the Highlands and A Legacy of Revenge. They've both received wonderful reviews and reader reactions that have made this writer very happy!
Legacy of the Highlands (Legacy Series Book One) was featured in the daily newsletter.
A Legacy of Revenge (Legacy Series Book 2) was featured in the daily newsletter.


text:
This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
AutomationElement.TryGetClickablePoint Method
Visual Studio 2010
Namespace: System.Windows.Automation
Retrieves a point within the element that can be clicked.
Assembly: UIAutomationClient (in UIAutomationClient.dll)
- pt
- Type: System.Windows.Point%
When this method returns, contains the physical screen coordinates of a clickable point.
Return ValueType: System.Boolean
true if there is a point that is clickable; otherwise false.
An AutomationElement is not clickable if it is completely obscured by another window.
The following example attempts to retrieve a clickable point on an AutomationElement.
- Full trust for the immediate caller. This member cannot be used by partially trusted code. For more information, see Using Libraries from Partially Trusted Code.
Windows 7, Windows Vista SP1 or later, Windows XP SP3, Windows Server 2008 (Server Core not supported), Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core supported with SP1 or later), Windows Server 2003 SP2
The .NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see .NET Framework System Requirements.


text:
- 6 total posts
- 6 comments
Recent comments from Nonnie.Downtown
Marista, I am so happy that you are happy with the result. I am still afraid and I guess I will have to have at least a two week stay at home without seeing anyone until the swelling goes down. Guess I will have to plan a two week... READ COMMENT
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I will be waiting for your updates. I am 64 and thinking about taking the plunge, but I'm scared. I have a thin face and don't want it to look plump. My chin and lines by my mouth need work. I didn't think it would take ten days to... READ COMMENT
I think you look great. Let us know how you are doing after one month. I want to get the juvederm, but I'm scared. Plus the upkeep and expense. I am 64 years old and figure if I don't do it now when will I ever get it done. READ COMMENT
Thank you for your great review. I just started using Latisse a week ago. Of course I haven't seen results, but I know it takes at least one month to show results. My lids and eyes are itchy, but I'm hoping will build up a tolerance... READ COMMENT


text: Yea I do also thnk dat they would be bettr dan jay-z n beyoncè n that would be a very dominate couple in n da game wit nas being a legend a least dats what I consider him n nicki jus being who she is with al of us barbs n kenz supportn her yeeeeeess dat would be da shitt:-))!! But also n dat right by my side video nicki n Chris lookd so cute whn they were al hugd up i dont know!!?!! Cause my girl is always cute I guess she would jus look cute wit anybdy


text:
On September 26, at 8 pm, acclaimed Czech theatrical actress Miřenka Cechova will present a demonstration of her work Antiwords, inspired by Vaclav Havel's Audience, at Fort Fringe – The Shop. During the demonstration, she will decode the language she is employing, present sequences of her work with commentary, as well as perform a major part of Antiwords. A select showcase of photographs by Jan Kaspar, a family friend, reveals theme parties at Havel's cottage in Hradecek. For tickets to the event, please visit www.capitalfringe.org/fort-fringe.
Event begins at 8:00PM
Presented by: Embassy of the Czech Republic
Featured Artist(s): Czech physical theater actress and director Mirenka Cechova


text:
Temporal range: Early–Late Cretaceous, 112–93.5 Ma
|Reconstructed Spinosaurus skeleton in swimming posture
|Scientific classification
Stromer, 1915
|Type species
|Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
Stromer, 1915
Spinosaurus (meaning "spine lizard") is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in what now is North Africa, during the upper Albian to upper Turonian stages of the Cretaceous period, about 112 to 93.5 million years ago. This genus was known first from Egyptian remains discovered in 1912 and described by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. The original remains were destroyed in World War II, but additional material has come to light in recent years. It is unclear whether one or two species are represented in the fossils reported in the scientific literature. The best known species is S. aegyptiacus from Egypt, although a potential second species, S. maroccanus, has been recovered from Morocco.
Spinosaurus was among the largest of all known carnivorous dinosaurs, nearly as large or even larger than Tyrannosaurus, Giganotosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus. Estimates published in 2005, 2007, and 2008 suggested that it was between 12.6–18 metres (41–59 ft) in length and 7 to 20.9 tonnes (7.7 to 23.0 short tons) in weight.[1][2][3] A new estimate published in 2014 and based on a more complete specimen, supported the earlier research, finding that Spinosaurus could reach lengths of over 15 m (49 ft).[4] The skull of Spinosaurus was long and narrow, similar to that of a modern crocodilian. Spinosaurus is known to have eaten fish, and most scientists believe that it hunted both terrestrial and aquatic prey; evidence suggests that it lived both on land and in water as a modern crocodilian does. The distinctive spines of Spinosaurus, which were long extensions of the vertebrae, grew to at least 1.65 meters (5.4 ft) long and were likely to have had skin connecting them, forming a sail-like structure, although some authors[by whom?] have suggested that the spines were covered in fat and formed a hump. Multiple functions have been put forward for this structure, including thermoregulation and display.
Since its discovery, Spinosaurus has been a contender for the longest and largest theropod dinosaur.[5] Both Friedrich von Huene in 1926[6] and Donald F. Glut in 1982 listed it as among the most massive theropods in their surveys, at 15 meters (49 ft) in length and upwards of 6 t (5.9 long tons; 6.6 short tons) in weight.[7] In 1988, Gregory Paul also listed it as the longest theropod at 15 meters (49 ft), but gave a lower mass estimate of 4 tonnes (3.9 long tons; 4.4 short tons).[8]
Dal Sasso et al. (2005) assumed that Spinosaurus and Suchomimus had the same body proportions in relation to their skull lengths, and thereby calculated that Spinosaurus was 16 to 18 meters (52 to 59 ft) in length and 7 to 9 tonnes (6.9 to 8.9 long tons; 7.7 to 9.9 short tons) in weight.[3] The Dal Sasso et al. estimates were criticized because the skull length estimate was uncertain, and (assuming that body mass increases as the cube of body length) scaling Suchomimus which was 11 meters (36 ft) long and 3.8 tonnes (4.2 short tons) in mass to the range of estimated lengths of Spinosaurus would produce an estimated body mass of 11.7 to 16.7 tonnes (12.9 to 18.4 short tons).[2]
François Therrien and Donald Henderson, in a 2007 paper using scaling based on skull length, challenged previous estimates of the size of Spinosaurus, finding the length too great and the weight too small.[2] Based on estimated skull lengths of 1.5 to 1.75 meters (4.9 to 5.7 ft), their estimates include a body length of 12.6 to 14.3 meters (41 to 47 ft) and a body mass of 12 to 20.9 tonnes (11.8 to 20.6 long tons; 13.2 to 23.0 short tons).[2] The lower estimates for Spinosaurus would imply that the animal was shorter and lighter than Carcharodontosaurus and Giganotosaurus.[2] The Therrien and Henderson study has been criticized for the choice of theropods used for comparison (e.g., most of the theropods used to set the initial equations were tyrannosaurids and carnosaurs, which have a different build than spinosaurids), and for the assumption that the Spinosaurus skull could be as little as 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in length.[9][10] Improvement of the precision of size estimates for Spinosaurus requires the discovery of more complete remains as available for some other dinosaurs,[11] especially the limb bones of Spinosaurus which are "hitherto unknown".[3]
Neural spines
Very tall neural spines growing on the back vertebrae of Spinosaurus formed the basis of what is usually called the animal's "sail". The lengths of the neural spines reached over 10 times the diameters of the vertebral bodies from which they extended.[12] The neural spines were slightly longer front to back at the base than higher up, and were unlike the thin rods seen in the pelycosaur finbacks Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon, contrasting also with the thicker spines in the iguanodontian Ouranosaurus.[12]
Spinosaurus sails were unusual, although other dinosaurs, namely the ornithopod Ouranosaurus, which lived a few million years earlier in the same general region as Spinosaurus, and the South American sauropod Amargasaurus, might have developed similar structural adaptations of their vertebrae. The sail may be an analog of the sail of the Permian synapsid Dimetrodon, which lived before the dinosaurs even appeared, produced by convergent evolution.[12]
The structure may also have been more hump-like than sail-like, as noted by Stromer in 1915 ("one might rather think of the existence of a large hump of fat [German: Fettbuckel], to which the [neural spines] gave internal support")[13] and by Jack Bowman Bailey in 1997.[12] In support of his "buffalo-back" hypothesis, Bailey argued that in Spinosaurus, Ouranosaurus, and other dinosaurs with long neural spines, the spines were relatively shorter and thicker than the spines of pelycosaurs (which were known to have sails); instead, the dinosaurs' neural spines were similar to the neural spines of extinct hump-backed mammals such as Megacerops and Bison latifrons.[12]
The skull had a narrow snout filled with straight conical teeth that lacked serrations. There were six or seven teeth on each side of the very front of the upper jaw, in the premaxillae, and another twelve in both maxillae behind them. The second and third teeth on each side were noticeably larger than the rest of the teeth in the premaxilla, creating a space between them and the large teeth in the anterior maxilla; large teeth in the lower jaw faced this space. The very tip of the snout holding those few large anterior teeth was expanded, and a small crest was present in front of the eyes.[3] Using the dimensions of three specimens known as MSNM V4047, UCPC-2, and BSP 1912 VIII 19, and assuming that the postorbital part of the skull of MSNM V4047 had a shape similar to the postorbital part of the skull of Irritator, Dal Sasso et al. (2005) estimated that the skull of Spinosaurus was 1.75 meters (5.7 ft) long.[3] The Dal Sasso et al. skull length estimate was questioned because skull shapes can vary across spinosaurid species.[2]
A 2013 made study performed by scientists Andrew R. Cuff and Emily Rayfield showed that Spinosaurids like Spinosaurus had relatively poor resistance in their skulls for torsion compared to other members of this group (Baryonyx) and modern alligators, thus showing Spinosaurus preyed more regularly on fish than it did on land animals, although considered predators of the former too.[14]
Discovery and naming
Naming of species
Two species of Spinosaurus have been named: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (meaning "Egyptian spine lizard") and Spinosaurus maroccanus (meaning "Moroccan spine lizard").[15][16][17]
The first described remains of Spinosaurus were found and described in the early 20th century. In 1912, Richard Markgraf discovered a partial skeleton of a dinosaur in the Bahariya Formation of western Egypt. In 1915, German paleontologist Ernst Stromer published an article assigning the specimen to a new genus and species Spinosaurus aegyptiacus.[13][15]
Fragmentary additional remains from Bahariya, including vertebrae and hindlimb bones, were designated by Stromer as "Spinosaurus B" in 1934.[18] Stromer considered them different enough to belong to another species, and this has been borne out. With the advantage of more expeditions and material, it appears that they pertain either to Carcharodontosaurus[19] or to Sigilmassasaurus.[16]
S. maroccanus was originally described by Dale Russell in 1996 as a new species based on the length of its neck vertebrae.[16] Specifically, Russell claimed that the ratio of the length of the centrum (body of vertebra) to the height of the posterior articular facet was 1.1 in S. aegyptiacus and 1.5 in S. maroccanus.[16] Later authors have been split on this topic. Some authors note that the length of the vertebrae can vary from individual to individual, that the holotype specimen was destroyed and thus cannot be compared directly with the S. maroccanus specimen, and that it is unknown which cervical vertebrae the S. maroccanus specimens represent. Therefore, though some have retained the species as valid without much comment,[20][21][22] most researchers regard S. maroccanus as a nomen dubium[3][23][24] or as a junior synonym of S. aegyptiacus.[19]
Six main partial specimens of Spinosaurus have been described.
BSP 1912 VIII 19, described by Stromer in 1915 from the Bahariya Formation, was the holotype.[13][15] The material consisted of the following items, most of which were incomplete: right and left dentaries and splenials from the lower jaw measuring 75 centimeters (30 in) long; a straight piece of the left maxilla that was described but not drawn; 20 teeth; 2 cervical vertebrae; 7 dorsal (trunk) vertebrae; 3 sacral vertebrae; 1 caudal vertebra; 4 thoracic ribs; and gastralia.[13] Of the nine neural spines whose heights are given, the longest ("i," associated with a dorsal vertebra) was 1.65 meters (5.4 ft) in length.[13] Stromer claimed that the specimen was from the early Cenomanian, about 97 million years ago.[13][15]
This specimen was destroyed in World War II, specifically "during the night of 24/25 April 1944 in a British bombing raid of Munich" that severely damaged the building housing the Paläontologisches Museum München (Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology).[15] However, detailed drawings and descriptions of the specimen remain. Stromer's son donated Stromer's archives to the Paläontologische Staatssammlung München in 1995, and Smith et al. analyzed two photographs of the Spinosaurus holotype specimen BSP 1912 VIII 19 discovered in the archives in 2000.[15] On the basis of a photograph of the lower jaw and a photograph of the entire specimen as mounted, Smith concluded that Stromer's original 1915 drawings were slightly inaccurate.[15] In 2003, Oliver Rauhut suggested that Stromer's Spinosaurus holotype was a chimera, composed of vertebrae and neural spines from a carcharodontosaurid similar to Acrocanthosaurus and a dentary from Baryonyx or Suchomimus.[24] This analysis was rejected in at least one subsequent paper.[3]
NMC 50791, held by the Canadian Museum of Nature, is a mid-cervical vertebra which is 19.5 centimeters (7.7 in) long from the Kem Kem Beds of Morocco.[16] It is the holotype of Spinosaurus maroccanus as described by Russell in 1996.[16] Other specimens referred to S. maroccanus in the same paper were two other mid-cervical vertebrae (NMC 41768 and NMC 50790), an anterior dentary fragment (NMC 50832), a mid-dentary fragment (NMC 50833), and an anterior dorsal neural arch (NMC 50813).[16] Russell stated that "only general locality information could be provided" for the specimen, and therefore it could be dated only "possibly" to the Albian.[16]
MNHN SAM 124, housed at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, is a snout (consisting of partial premaxillae, partial maxillae, vomers, and a dentary fragment).[25] Described by Taquet and Russell in 1998, the specimen is 13.4 to 13.6 centimeters (5.3–5.4 in) in width; no length was stated.[25] The specimen was located in Algeria, and "is of Albian age."[25] Taquet and Russell believed that this specimen along with a premaxilla fragment (SAM 125), two cervical vertebrae (SAM 126-127), and a dorsal neural arch (SAM 128), belonged to S. maroccanus.[25]
BM231 (in the collection of the Office National des Mines, Tunis) was described by Buffetaut and Ouaja in 2002.[23] It consists of a partial anterior dentary 11.5 centimetres (4.53 in) in length from an early Albian stratum of the Chenini Formation of Tunisia.[23] The dentary fragment, which included four alveoli and two partial teeth, was "extremely similar" to existing material of S. aegyptiacus.[23]
UCPC-2 in the University of Chicago Paleontological Collection consists mainly of two narrow connected nasals with a "fluted crest" from the region between the eyes.[3] The specimen, which is 18.0 centimetres (7.09 in) long, was located in an early Cenomanian part of the Moroccan Kem Kem Beds in 1996 and described in the scientific literature in 2005 by Cristiano Dal Sasso of the Civic Natural History Museum in Milan and colleagues.[3]
MSNM V4047 (in the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano), described by Dal Sasso et al. in 2005, consists of a snout (premaxillae, partial maxillae, and partial nasals) 98.8 centimetres (38.9 in) long from the Kem Kem Beds.[3] Like UCPC-2, it is thought to have come from the early Cenomanian.
FSAC-KK 11888 is a partial subadult skeleton recovered from the Kem Kem beds of North Africa. Described by Ibrahim et al. (2014) and designated as the neotype specimen (although Evers et al. 2015 reject the neotype designation for FSAC-KK-11888).[26] It includes cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, neural spines, a complete sacrum, femora, tibiae, pedal phalanges, caudal vertebra, several dorsal ribs, and fragments of the skull.[27] The body proportions of this specimen have been debated as the hind limbs are disproportionately shorter in the specimen than in previous reconstructions. However, it has been demonstrated by multiple paleontologists that the specimen is not a chimaera, and is indeed a specimen of Spinosaurus that suggests that the animal had much smaller hind limbs than previously thought [28][29][30] Other known specimens consist mainly of very fragmentary remains and scattered teeth. These include:
- A 1986 paper described prismatic structures in tooth enamel from two Spinosaurus teeth from Tunisia.[31]
- Buffetaut (1989, 1992) referred three specimens from the Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie of the University of Göttingen in Germany to Spinosaurus: a right maxilla fragment IMGP 969-1, a jaw fragment IMGP 969-2, and a tooth IMGP 969-3.[32][33] These had been found in a Lower Cenomanian or Upper Albian deposit in southeastern Morocco in 1971.[32]
- Kellner and Mader (1997) described two unserrated spinosaurid teeth from Morocco (LINHM 001 and 002) that were "highly similar" to the teeth of the S. aegyptiacus holotype.[34]
- Teeth from the Chenini Formation in Tunisia which are "narrow, somewhat rounded in cross-section, and lack the anterior and posterior serrated edges characteristic of theropods and basal archosaurs" were assigned to Spinosaurus in 2000.[35]
- Teeth from the Echkar Formation of Niger were "tentatively" referred to Spinosaurus in 2007.[36]
- A partial tooth 8 cm long purchased at a fossil trade show, reportedly from the Kem Kem Bed of Morocco and attributed to Spinosaurus maroccanus, showed 1–5 mm wide longitudinal striations and micro-structures (irregular ridges) among the striations in a 2010 paper.[22]
MHNM.KK374 to.KK378 are five isolated quadrates (skull bones) of different sizes were collected by locals and acquired commercially in the Kem Kem region of southeastern Morocco, provided by François Escuillié and are deposited in the collections of the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle of Marrakech. The quadrates show two different morphologies suggesting the existence of two spinosaurines in Morocco.[37]
Possible specimens
Possible material belonging to Spinosaurus has been reported from the Turkana Grits of Kenya.[38]
Some scientists have considered the genus Sigilmassasaurus a junior synonym of Spinosaurus. In Ibrahim et al. (2014), the specimens of Sigilmassasaurus was referred to Spinosaurus aegyptiacus together with "Spinosaurus B" as the neotype and Spinosaurus maroccanus was considered as a nomen dubium following the conclusions of the other papers.[3][4][19] A 2015 re-description of Sigilmassasaurus disputed these conclusions, and considered the genus valid.[26]
Spinosaurus gives its name to the Spinosauridae family of dinosaurs, which includes two subfamilies: Baryonychinae and Spinosaurinae. The Baryonychinae include Baryonyx from southern England and Suchomimus from Niger in central Africa. The Spinosaurinae include Spinosaurus, Irritator from Brazil, and Angaturama (which is probably synonymous with Irritator) from Brazil.[3] The Spinosaurinae share unserrated straight teeth that are widely spaced (e.g., 12 on one side of the maxilla), as opposed to the Baryonychinae which have serrated curved teeth that are numerous (e.g., 30 on one side of the maxilla).[3][20]
The following cladogram shows an analysis of Tetanurae simplified to show only Spinosauridae from Allain et al. (2012):[39]
Function of neural spines
The function of the dinosaur's sail or hump is uncertain; scientists have proposed several hypotheses including heat regulation and display. In addition, such a prominent feature on its back could make it appear even larger than it was, intimidating other animals.[12]
The structure may have been used for thermoregulation. If the structure contained abundant blood vessels, the animal could have used the sail's large surface area to absorb heat. This would imply that the animal was only partly warm-blooded at best and lived in climates where nighttime temperatures were cool or low and the sky usually not cloudy. It is also possible that the structure was used to radiate excess heat from the body, rather than to collect it. Large animals, due to the relatively small ratio of surface area of their body compared to the overall volume (Haldane's principle), face far greater problems of dissipating excess heat at higher temperatures than gaining it at lower. Sails of large dinosaurs added considerably to the skin area of their bodies, with minimum increase of volume. Furthermore, if the sail was turned away from the sun, or positioned at a 90 degree angle towards a cooling wind, the animal would quite effectively cool itself in the warm climate of Cretaceous Africa.[40] However, Bailey (1997) was of the opinion that a sail could have absorbed more heat than it radiated.[12] Bailey proposed instead that Spinosaurus and other dinosaurs with long neural spines had fatty humps on their backs for energy storage, insulation, and shielding from heat.[12]
Elaborate body structures of many modern-day animals usually serve to attract members of the opposite sex during mating. It is quite possible that the sails or humps of these dinosaurs were used for courtship, in a way similar to a peacock's tail. Stromer speculated that males and females may have differed in the size of the neural spine.[13]
Gimsa et al. (2015) suggest that the dorsal sail of Spinosaurus was homologous to the dorsal fins of sailfish and served a hydrodynamic purpose.[41] Gimsa and others point out that more basal, long-legged spinosaurids have otherwise round or crescent-shaped dorsal sails, whereas in Spinosaurus, the dorsal neural spines form a shape that is roughly rectangular and similar in shape to the dorsal fins of sailfish. They therefore argue that Spinosaurus used its dorsal neural sail in the same manner as sailfish, and that it also employed its long narrow tail to stun prey like a modern thresher shark. Sailfish employ their dorsal fins for herding schools of fish into a "bait hall" where they cooperate to trap the fish into a certain area where the sailfish can snatch the fish with their bills. The sail could have possibly reduced yaw rotation by counteracting the lateral force in the direction opposite to the slash as suggested by Gimsa et al., (2015). Gimsa and colleagues specifically wrote :
Spinosaurus anatomy exhibits another feature that may have a modern homology: its long tail resembled that of the thresher shark, employed to slap the water to herd and stun shoals of fish before devouring them (Oliver et al., 2013). The strategies that sailfish and thresher sharks employ against shoaling fish are more effective when the shoal is first concentrated into a 'bait ball' (Helfman, Collette & Facey, 1997; Oliver et al., 2013; Domenici et al., 2014). Since this is difficult for individual predators to achieve, they cooperate in this effort. When herding a shoal of fish or squid, sailfish also raise their sails to make themselves appear larger. When they slash or wipe their bills through shoaling fish by turning their heads, their dorsal sail and fins are outstretched to stabilize their bodies hydrodynamically (Lauder & Drucker, 2004). Domenici et al. (2014) postulate that these fin extensions enhance the accuracy of tapping and slashing. The sail can reduce yaw rotation by counteracting the lateral force in the direction opposite to the slash. This means that prey is less likely to recognize the massive trunk as being part of an approaching predator (Marras et al., 2015; Webb & Weihs 2015). Film footage available online impressively demonstrates the hunting strategies of sailfish and thresher sharks.
Interestingly, Spinosaurus exhibited the anatomical features required to combine all three hunting strategies: a sail for herding prey more efficiently, as well as flexible tail and neck to slap the water for stunning, injuring or killing prey. The submerged dorsal sail would have provided a strong centreboard-like counterforce for powerful sidewards movements of the strong neck and long tail, as performed by sailfish (Domenici et al., 2014) or thresher sharks (Oliver et al., 2013). While smaller dorsal sails or fins make the dorsal water volume better accessible for slashing, it can be speculated that their smaller stabilization effect makes lateral slashing less efficient (e.g. for thresher sharks). Forming a hydrodynamic fulcrum and hydrodynamically stabilizing the trunk along the dorsoventral axis, Spinosaurus' sail would also have compensated for the inertia of the lateral neck by tail movements and vice versa not only for predation but also for accelerated swimming. This behaviour might also have been one reason for Spinosaurus' muscular chest and neck reported by Ibrahim et al. (2014). " Finally, it is quite possible that the sail or hump combined these functions, acting normally as a heat regulator, becoming a courting aid during the mating season, being used to cool itself and, on occasions, turning into an intimidating device when an animal was feeling threatened.[12]
It is unclear whether Spinosaurus was primarily a terrestrial predator or a piscivore, as indicated by its elongated jaws, conical teeth and raised nostrils. The hypothesis of spinosaurs as specialized fish eaters has been suggested before by A. J. Charig and A. C. Milner for Baryonyx. They base this on the anatomical similarity with crocodilians and the presence of digestive acid-etched fish scales in the rib cage of the type specimen.[42] Large fish are known from the faunas containing other spinosaurids, including the Mawsonia, in the mid-Cretaceous of northern Africa and Brazil. Direct evidence for spinosaur diet comes from related European and South American taxa. Baryonyx was found with fish scales and bones from juvenile Iguanodon in its stomach, while a tooth embedded in a South American pterosaur bone suggests that spinosaurs occasionally preyed on pterosaurs,[43] but Spinosaurus was likely to have been a generalized and opportunistic predator, possibly a Cretaceous equivalent of large grizzly bears, being biased toward fishing, though it undoubtedly scavenged and took many kinds of small or medium-sized prey.[8] A study by Cuff and Rayfield (2013) concluded that bio-mechanical data suggests that Spinosaurus was not an obligate piscivore and that its diet was more closely associated with each individual's size.[14] The characteristic rostral morphology of Spinosaurus allowed its jaws to resist bending in the vertical direction, however its jaws were poorly adapted with respect to resisting lateral bending.[14]
In 2009, Dal Sasso et al.. reported the results of X-ray computed tomography of the MSNM V4047 snout.[44] As the foramina on the outside all communicated with a space on the inside of the snout, the authors speculated that Spinosaurus had pressure receptors inside the space that allowed it to hold its snout at the surface of the water to detect swimming prey species without seeing them.[44]
A 2010 isotope analysis by Romain Amiot and colleagues found that oxygen isotope ratios of spinosaurid teeth, including teeth of Spinosaurus, indicate semiaquatic lifestyles.[45] Isotope ratios from tooth enamel and from other parts of Spinosaurus (found in Morocco and Tunisia) and of other predators from the same area such as Carcharodontosaurus were compared with isotopic compositions from contemporaneous theropods, turtles, and crocodilians.[45] The study found that Spinosaurus teeth from five of six sampled localities had oxygen isotope ratios closer to those of turtles and crocodilians when compared with other theropod teeth from the same localities.[45] The authors postulated that Spinosaurus switched between terrestrial and aquatic habitats to compete for food with large crocodilians and other large theropods respectively.[45]
Although traditionally depicted as a biped, it has been suggested since the mid-1970s that Spinosaurus was at least an occasional quadruped.[7][40] This has been bolstered by the discovery of Baryonyx, a relative with robust arms.[46] Because of the mass of the hypothesized fatty dorsal humps of Spinosaurus, Bailey (1997) was open to the possibility of a quadrupedal posture,[12] leading to new restorations of it as such.[46] The hypothesis that Spinosaurus had a typical quadrupedal gait has fallen out of favor, though spinosaurids may have crouched in a quadrupedal posture.[42]
Theropods, including spinosaurids, could not pronate their hands (rotate the forearm so the palm faced the ground),[47] but a resting position on the side of the hand was possible, as shown by fossil prints from an Early Jurassic theropod.[48] A 2014 paper describing new material of Spinosaurus, proposed that its legs were too short for it to move effectively on land. The reconstruction used in the study was an extrapolation based on different sized individuals, scaled to what was assumed to be the correct proportions.[49] Palaeontologist John Hutchinson of the Royal Veterinary College of the University of London has expressed scepticism to the new reconstruction, and cautioned that using different specimens can result in inaccurate chimaeras.[50] Scott Hartman also expressed criticism because he believes the legs and the pelvis were inaccurately scaled (27% too short) and don't match the published lengths.[51] However, responses from Ibrahim et al. to Mark Witton have been positively received as reliable.[52] The 2015 re-description of Sigilmassasaurus[26] Evers et al. 2015 doubted whether the material assigned to Spinosaurus by Ibrahim et. al. belonged to it.[26]
The environment inhabited by Spinosaurus is only partially understood, and covers a great deal of what is now northern Africa. The region of Africa Spinosaurus is preserved in dates from 112 to 93.5 million years ago.[53][15][1] A 1996 study concluded from Moroccan fossils that Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Deltadromeus "ranged across north Africa during the late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)."[54] Those Spinosaurus that lived in the Bahariya Formation of what is now Egypt may have contended with shoreline conditions on tidal flats and channels, living in mangrove forests alongside similarly large dinosaurian predators Bahariasaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, the titanosaur sauropods Paralititan and Aegyptosaurus, crocodylomorphs, bony and cartilaginous fish, turtles, lizards, and plesiosaurs.[55] In the dry season it might have resorted to preying on pterosaurs.[56] This situation resembles that in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America, which boasts up to five theropod genera over one tonne in weight, as well as several smaller genera (Henderson, 1998; Holtz et al., 2004). Differences in head shape and body size among the large North African theropods may have been enough to allow niche partitioning as seen among the many different predator species found today in the African savanna (Farlow & Pianka, 2002).
In popular culture
Spinosaurus appeared in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, replacing Tyrannosaurus as the main antagonist.[57] The film's consulting paleontologist John R. Horner was quoted as saying: "If we base the ferocious factor on the length of the animal, there was nothing that ever lived on this planet that could match this creature [Spinosaurus]. Also my hypothesis is that T-rex was actually a scavenger rather than a killer. Spinosaurus was really the predatory animal."[58] (He has since retracted the statement about T. Rex being a scavenger.) In the film, Spinosaurus was portrayed as larger and more powerful than Tyrannosaurus: in a scene depicting a battle between the two resurrected predators, Spinosaurus emerges victorious by biting the tyrannosaur's neck.[59] In the fourth film Jurassic World, there is a nod to this fight where the T-Rex smashes through the skeleton of a Spinosaurus in the climatic fight near the end of the film.[60]
Spinosaurus has long been depicted in popular books about dinosaurs, although only recently has there been enough information about spinosaurids for an accurate depiction. After an influential 1955 skeletal reconstruction by Lapparent and Lavocat[61] based on a 1936 diagram by Stromer,[62] it has been treated as a generalized upright theropod, with a skull similar to that of other large theropods and a sail on its back, even having four-fingered hands.[46]
In addition to films, action figures, video games, and books, Spinosaurus has been depicted on postage stamps such as ones from Angola, The Gambia, and Tanzania.[63][64]
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Further reading
- Glut, D.F. "In search of Spinosaurus." In: Jurassic classics: a collection of saurian essays and Mesozoic musings, pp. 77–85. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001. ISBN 0-7864-0961-4.
- Nothdurft, W.; and Smith, J. The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt. New York: Random House, 2002. ISBN 0-375-50795-7.
- A Tribute to Ernst Stromer: Hundred Years of the Discovery of Spinosaurus aegypticus: Saubhik Ghosh
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinosaurus.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Spinosaurus
|Wikispecies has information related to: Spinosaurus
- Hartman, Scott. Spinosaur Comparison. SkeletalDrawing.com, 2006.
- Lloyd, Robin. The Biggest Carnivore: Dinosaur History Rewritten. LiveScience, 1 March 2006.
- Mortimer, Mickey. Spinosaurus Stromer, 1915. (List of specimens from The Theropod Database.)
- Natural History Museum. Dino Directory: Spinosaurus.
- Prendergast, John. Dinosaurs Lost and Found. The Pennsylvania Gazette, the Alumni Magazine of the University of Pennsylvania, July/Aug 2001.
- The Top 8 Paleontology Stories of 2006: 40 New Dinosaur King Rears Its Head. Discover Magazine, 29 December 2006.


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Saint James state baseball champs honored in Columbia
Tue, 24 Jan 2012 22:11:16 GMT —
The Saint James Sharks 2011 state championship baseball team was honored in Columbia by the South Carolina State House. Returning players from last year's team and head coach Robbie Centracchio traveled to the Midlands where they were hosted by SC Senator Ray Cleary, Senator Luke Rankin, and SC Representative Nelson Hardwick. The team also paid a visit to the University of South Carolina's baseball facility, where they saw former teammate and Gamecocks freshman outfielder Tanner English.
Saint James beat Union 4-3 in Sumter to win the 3A state championship on May 21st.
WPDE Sports 2011 coverage of Saint James state baseball championship season