text:
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Learn more about how search engines work
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I will cover two questions which will allow you to better decide if this course is right for you. You will learn what makes this course different from others and who this course is designed for
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I will cover the three major studies which I used as a north star to develop this course. I want to take a brief moment to introduce to you these studies, who they are by, and what makes them significant
A brief introduction into the major concepts within SEO. By the end of the lecture, we will have an understanding of search algorithms, paid vs. organic SEO, and website vs. webpages.
Taking a look into your current SEO performance, so we know where you are starting. By the end of this lecture, you will know your first SEO score.
Setting up online analytical software so you can monitor your results as they happen. By the end of this lecture, you will have set up Google webmaster tools, Google Analytics, and Bing webmaster tools
Why site speed matters… a lot!
Back-up website and get first site speed score
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The three major categories that all keywords are grouped into
Get set up with what is in my opinion the most exciting and the most powerful keyword research tool on the planet. Quickly brief you on some of the outstanding capabilities of this tool
We will be looking at ways you can brainstorm keyword ideas using only the knowledge you already have. Tell which of the keywords in your head are most popular
Find as many different ways of saying the same thing and then run them through Google keyword planner to see which terms and phrases are most searched
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Introduce you to some powerful websites which will leave you swimming in quality keywords. Depending on how thoroughly you decide to do the exercise, you could end up with 000's of keywords
In this lecture, I am going to show you places where you can find out what type of information, topics, and themes are most prominent in your niche. If you do the exercise right, you will end up with a rich list of conversational terms
I am going to show you exactly how you can figure out what your competitor's keyword strategy is. It allows you to take a quick look at what is already working in your niche
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Intro + what's Website vs. Webpage
Explore Yoast SEO basics (title, perma, meta)
Explore duplicate , 404, index, no follow
Addressing two major questions around backlinks: "do backlinks still matter?" and "how do I get quality backlinks quickly?"
We discuss what backlinks are and some of the major concepts that you need to know around backlinks. By the end of this lecture, you will be familiarized with why backlinks exist, their purpose and their structure.
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We will begin by introducing some key concepts like follow vs. nofollow and PageRank
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I will be discuss the three ways to judge any website's authority. You will learn how using the past, present, and future measure of authority will help you filter out which backlinks actually matter now and going forward
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The most important factor that goes into the valuation of a backlink, which trumps all other measures we have discussed thus far!
We will be discussing backlink profiles.
By the end of this lecture you will know how to use link indexers to view your own backlink profile, what metrics are the most important to track, and what it means to have a natural looking backlink profile
I will now run through quickly how you can collect all the information using Majestic.com
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text:
Details of the company's input will become clearer as the big night draws near, but MCV can confirm that it involves women, drinking and smoking. Pretty much all members of the media seem likely to approve.
Koch's PR manager Stefano Petrullo commented on the new deal: "We fully appreciate and understand the massive importance of the work done by the press and we strongly believe that this form of media needs to see more recognition for their efforts.
"I was a games journalist for eight years and I see a lot of professionals in the UK press who deserve to be properly recognised by the whole industry," he added.
The deal with Koch comes just a week after Sony, Microsoft, Nintendo, Electronic Arts, Take 2 and Vivendi Games were announced as Gold Sponsors of the Games Media Awards, a brand new event which will recognise the achievements of the games media in specialist and mainstream outlets, in both print and online.
Further Silver Sponsorship packages are available now. For further information, please contact Dave Roberts on 01992 535646 or email firstname.lastname@example.com

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Foreign Direct Investment and China¡¯s Regional Income Inequality
This article uses multivariate regression and decomposition analyses to assess household income mobility determinants and their contributions to income mobility in rural China from 1989 to 2006 using panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database. The findings indicate that households with low initial income level, high share of wage income, high educational level of household members, high number of non-agricultural employed household members, and younger heads are more mobile. Moreover, besides initial income, change in the share of wage income, change in the share of non-agricultural employed household members, and change in average year of education of household members are the most important factors that account for income mobility. These findings necessitate more emphasis on policies that promote non-agricultural employment and education to enhance household income mobility in rural China.
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|16 pages
|Date of creation:
|Jan 2010
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: No.17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Haidian, Beijing 10083
Phone: (010)62893123
Web page: http://www.cau.edu.cn/cem/
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Patent application title: SECURING CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROCESS KEYS USING INTERNAL STRUCTURES
Augustin J. Farrugia (Cupertino, CA, US)
Benoit Chevallier-Mames (Paris, FR)
Mathieu Ciet (Paris, FR)
Apple Inc.
IPC8 Class: AG06F1214FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Electrical computers and digital processing systems: support data processing protection using cryptography by stored data protection
Publication date: 2012-07-12
Patent application number: 20120179920
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In the field of cryptography, such as for a computer enabled block
cipher, a cipher or other cryptographic process is hardened against an
attack by protecting the cipher key or subkeys by using a masking process
for these keys. The subkeys are thereby protected by applying to them a
mask or set of masks to hide their contents. This is especially
advantageous in a "White Box" computing environment where an attacker has
full access to the cipher algorithm, including the algorithm's internal
state during execution. Further, this method and the associated apparatus
are useful where the key is derived through a process and so is unknown
when the software code embodying the cipher is compiled. This is
typically the case where there are many users of the cipher and each has
his own key or where each user session has its own key.
1. A method of performing a cryptographic process having a plurality of
cryptographic operations and using at least one key on a message,
comprising the acts of: receiving the message at a port; storing the
received message in a first computer readable storage coupled to the
port; storing the key in a second computer readable storage; providing
mask values; storing in a third computer readable memory a first table of
a logical or mathematical combination of a first mask value with a
plurality of key values; at a processor coupled to the second and third
computer readable memories, looking up the logical or mathematical
combination of the stored key and the first mask value in the table,
thereby to mask the key; storing in a fourth computer readable memory a
second table of a logical or mathematical combination of a second mask
value with a first of the cryptographic operations; at the processor
looking up the logical or mathematical combination of the second mask
value with the first of the cryptographic operations applied to the
message, thereby to provide a masked cryptographic operation result;
applying, at the processor, the second cryptographic operation to the
masked key and the masked cryptographic operation result, thereby to
provide a masked result; and storing the masked result in a fifth
computer readable storage coupled to the processor.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the message is plaintext or ciphertext, and the cryptographic process is respectively encryption or decryption.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first table is a non-linear table.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first table defines a subbyte operation.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second table defines an add round key operation.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cryptographic process includes a plurality of rounds, each round having an associated subkey, and wherein the stored key is a subkey of the first round.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the stored key is a selected portion of the subkey.
8. The method of claim 6, further comprising repeating the masking for a second selected portion of the subkey.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cryptographic process is encryption or decryption using a block cipher.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein each round includes applying a predetermined set of cryptographic operations, each operation being one of an exclusive OR, a byte move, or a table lookup.
11. The method of claim 6, further comprising the act of: generating the subkeys from a cipher key.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mask values are random or pseudo-random numbers.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing the mask values in software code which carries out the method or generating the mask values as a function of the key or the message.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second mask values are the same.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein only a selected portion of the message is masked.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein a plurality of selected portions of the message are masked, and the same mask value is used to mask at least two of the selected portions.
17. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing additional tables in the fourth computer readable memory and selecting one of the tables in the fourth computer readable memory in the act of providing the masked key.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein each table is a function of the associated logical or mathematical combination.
19. A computer readable medium storing computer code for carrying out the method of claim 1.
20. A computing apparatus programmed to carry out the method of claim 1.
21. An apparatus adapted to perform a cryptographic process having a plurality of cryptographic processes and using at least one key on a message, comprising: a port adapted to receive the message; a first computer readable storage coupled to the port and adapted to store the received message; a second computer readable storage adapted to store the key; a third computer readable memory adapted to store a first table of a logical or mathematical combination of a first mask value with a plurality of key values; a processor coupled to the second and third computer readable memories, and which looks up the logical combination of the stored key and the first mask value in the first table, thereby to mask the key; a fourth computer readable memory adapted to store a second table of a logical or mathematical combination of a second mask value with a first of the cryptographic operations; wherein the processor looks up the logical or mathematical combination of the second mask value with the first of the cryptographic operations applied to the message, thereby to provide a masked cryptographic operation result; the processor applying the second cryptographic operation to the masked key and the masked cryptographic operation result, thereby to provide a masked result; and a fourth computer readable storage coupled to the processor and adapted to store the masked result.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the message is plaintext or ciphertext, and the cryptographic process is respectively encryption or decryption.
23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first table is a non-linear table.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the first table defines a subbyte operation.
25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second table defines an add round key operation.
26. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the cryptographic process includes a plurality of rounds, each round having an associated subkey, and wherein the stored key is a subkey of the first round.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the stored key is a selected portion of the subkey.
28. The apparatus of claim 26, further comprising the processor repeating the masking for a second selected portion of the subkey.
29. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the cryptographic process is encryption or decryption using a block cipher.
30. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein each round includes applying a predetermined set of cryptographic operations, each operation being one of an exclusive OR, a byte move, or a table lookup.
31. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the processor generates the subkeys from a cipher key.
32. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the mask values are random or pseudo-random number.
33. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the mask values are specified in software code executed by the processor or are generated as a function of the key or the message.
34. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first and second mask values are the same.
35. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein only a selected portion of the message is masked.
36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein a plurality of selected portions of the message are masked, and the same mask value is used to mask at least two of the selected portions.
37. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising additional tables stored in the fourth computer readable memory, wherein the processor selects one of the tables in the fourth computer readable memory for providing the masked key.
38. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein each table is a function of the associated logical or mathematical combination.
[0001] This invention relates to data security and cryptography and more generally to improving the security of computer enabled cryptographic processes.
[0002] In the field of data security, there is a need for fast and secure encryption. This is why the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cipher has been designed and standardized. Cryptographic algorithms are widely used for encryption and decryption of messages, authentication, digital signatures and identification. AES is a well known symmetric block cipher. Block ciphers operate on blocks of plaintext and ciphertext, usually of 64 or 128 bits length but sometimes longer. Stream ciphers are the other main type of cipher and operate on streams of plain text and cipher text 1 bit or byte (sometimes one word) at a time. With a block cipher, a particular plain text block will always be encrypted to the same cipher text block using the same key. However, to the contrary with a stream cipher, the same plain text bit or byte will be encrypted to a different bit or byte each time it is encrypted. Hence in the ECB (electronic code book) mode for block ciphers, each plain text block is encrypted independently. In other modes, encryption is a function of the previous blocks.
[0003] AES is approved as an encryption standard by the U.S. Government. Unlike its predecessor DES (Data Encryption Standard), it is a substitution permutation network (SPN). AES is fast to execute in both computer software and hardware implementation, relatively easy to implement, and requires little memory. AES has a fixed block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. Due to the fixed block size of 128 bits, AES operates on a 4×4 array of bytes. It uses key expansion and like most block ciphers a set of encryption and decryption rounds (iterations). Each round involves the same processes. Use of multiple rounds enhances security. Block ciphers of this type use in each round a substitution box (s-box). This operation provides non-linearity in the cipher and significantly enhances security.
[0004] Note that these block ciphers are symmetric ciphers, meaning the same algorithm and key are used for encryption and decryption, except usually for minor differences in the key schedule. As is typical in most modern ciphers, security rests with the (secret) key rather than the algorithm. The s-boxes or substitution boxes accept an n bit input and provide an m bit output. The values of m and n vary with the cipher and the s-box itself. The input bits specify an entry in the s-box in a particular manner well known in the field.
[0005] Many encryption algorithms are primarily concerned with producing encrypted data that is resistant to decoding by an attacker who can interact with the encryption algorithm only as a "Black Box" (input-output) model, and cannot observe internal workings of the algorithm or memory contents, etc due to lack of system access. The Black Box model is appropriate for applications where trusted parties control the computing systems for both encoding and decoding ciphered materials.
[0006] However, many applications of encryption do not allow for the assumption that an attacker cannot access internal workings of the algorithm. For example, encrypted digital media often needs to be decrypted on computing systems that are completely controlled by an adversary (attacker). There are many degrees to which the Black Box model can be relaxed. An extreme relaxation is called the "White Box" model. In a White Box model, it is presumed that an attacker has total access to the system performing an encryption, including being able to observe directly a state of memory, program execution, modifying an execution, etc. In such a model, an encryption key can be observed in or extracted from memory, and so ways to conceal operations indicative of a secret key are important.
[0007] Software implementations of cryptographic building blocks are insecure in the White Box threat model where the attacker controls the execution process. The attacker can easily lift the secret key from memory by just observing the operations acting on the secret key. For example, the attacker can learn the secret key of an AES software implementation by observing the execution of the Key Schedule algorithm.
[0008] Hence there are two basic principles in the implementation of secure computer applications (software). The Black Box model implicitly supposes that the user does not have access to the computer code nor any cryptographic keys themselves. The computer code security is based on the tampering resistance over which the application is running, as this is typically the case with SmartCards. For the White Box model, it is assumed the (hostile) user has partially or fully access to the implemented code algorithms; including the cryptographic keys themselves. It is assumed the user can also become an attacker and can try to modify or duplicate the code since he has full access to it in a binary (object code) form. The White Box implementations are widely used (in particular) in content protection applications to protect e.g. audio and video content.
[0009] Software implementation of cryptographic building blocks are insecure in the White Box threat model where the attacker controls the computer execution process. The attacker can easily extract the (secret) key from the memory by just observing the operations acting on the secret key. For instance, the attacker can learn the secret key of an AES cipher software implementation by passively monitoring the execution of the key schedule algorithm. Also, the attacker could be able to retrieve partial cryptographic result and use it in another context (using in a standalone code, or injecting it in another program, as an example).
[0010] Content protection applications are one instance where it is desired to keep the attacker from finding the secret key even though the attacker has complete control of the execution process. The publication "White-Box Cryptography in an AES implementation" Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 2595, Revised Papers from the 9th Annual International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography pp. 250-270 (2002) by Chow et al. discloses implementations of AES that obscure the operations performed during AES by using table lookups (also referred to as TLUs) to obscure the secret key within the table lookups, and obscure intermediate state information that would otherwise be available in arithmetic implementations of AES. In the computer field, a table lookup table is an operation using a data structure (the table) to replace a computation with an array indexing operation.
[0011] Chow et al. (for his White Box implementation where the key is known at the computer code compilation time) uses 160 separate tables to implement the 11 AddRoundKey operations and 10 SubByte Operations (10 rounds, with 16 tables per round, where each table is for 1 byte of the 16 byte long--128 bit--AES block). These 160 tables embed a particular AES key, such that output from lookups involving these tables embeds data that would normally result from the AddRoundKey and SubByte operations of the AES algorithm, except that this data includes input/output permutations that make it more difficult to determine what parts of these tables represent round key information derived from the AES key. Chow et al. provide a construction of the AES algorithm for such White Box model. The security of this construction resides in the use of table lookups and masked data. The input and output mask applied to this data is never removed along the process. In this solution, there is a need for knowing the key value at the compilation time, or at least to be able to derive the tables from the original key in a secure environment.
[0012] The conventional implementation of a block cipher in the White Box model is carried out by creating a set of table lookups. Given a dedicated cipher key, the goal is to store in a table the results for all the possible input messages. This principle is applied for each basic operation of the block cipher. In the case of the AES cipher, these are the shiftRow, the add RoundKey, the subByte and the mixColumns operations.
[0013] However, Chow et al. do not solve all the security needs for block cipher encryption in a White Box environment. Indeed, the case where the cipher key is derived through a given process and so is unknown at the code compilation time is not included in Chow et al.
[0014] A typical situation not addressed by Chow et al. is when a software based cryptographic process is distributed over several users and each user has his own cipher key. It is then, from a practical point of view, impossible to disseminate different software code to each user. Another situation is when generating session keys (which by definition are different for each user session) through a given process. Of course, in this case the key is unknown at the software code compilation time. A last case is when it is necessary to store a very large number of keys. It is not reasonable to consider storing about 700 kB of data for each such key.
[0015] This disclosure addresses these problems with a powerful, efficient and new solution to harden the extraction of an AES (or other cryptographic) key in a White Box environment by masking the keys or subkeys. Further, the present method may be used in a more general case of other cryptographic processes. The present disclosure therefore is directed to hiding the key in a better way. The present method is a powerful, efficient solution to protection of a cryptographic key in a White Box environment. This includes the situation where the key is not always the same, which is believed to be new, and which is important in real world situations.
[0016] The present system and method address those cases when the cipher key is unknown at the software code compilation time or when the code size is limited, and there is a need to harden "dynamically" the process and hide the key to protect against an attacker. This aspect of the present disclosure can be combined with prior existing solutions. The most simple and known existing solution to combine it with is data transforms on the cipher key, which are done to avoid visible removable during the execution of the cryptographic process.
[0017] FIG. 1 shows in the prior art AES encryption.
[0018] FIG. 2 shows a computing system in accordance with the invention.
[0019] FIG. 3 shows a computing system as known in the art and used in accordance with the invention.
AES Description
[0020] See the NIST AES standard for a more detailed description of the AES cipher (Specification for the ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES), NIST, http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf). The following is a summary of the well known AES cipher. The AES cipher uses a 16 byte cipher long key, and has 10 rounds (final plus 9 others). The entire AES algorithm has the following operations as depicted graphically in FIG. 1 and showing round zero of the 9 rounds: [0021] 11 AddRoundKey Operations [0022] 10 SubByte Operations [0023] 10 ShiftRow Operations [0024] 9 MixColumn Operations
[0025] AES is computed using a 16-byte buffer (computer memory) referred to as the AES "state" in this disclosure and shown in prior art FIG. 1.
[0026] To summarize how these operations operate on the state, [0027] (i) AddRoundKeys (ARK) are a logical XOR (Boolean exclusive OR operation) with some subkey bytes. [0028] (ii) ShiftRows (SR) are a move from one byte location to another. [0029] (iii) MixColumns (MC) are a linear table-look up (TLU). [0030] (iv) SubBytes (SB) are a non-linear TLU.
[0031] Preliminarily to the decryption itself, in the initial round in FIG. 1, the original 16-byte cipher key is expanded to 11 subkeys designated K0, . . . , K10, so there is a subkey for each round during what is called the key-schedule. Each subkey, like the original key, is 16-byte long.
[0032] The following explains the AES encryption process round by round. For the corresponding decryption process, one performs the inverse of each operation, in the inverse order. The inverse operation of ARK is ARK itself, the inverse operation of SB is the inverse subbyte (ISB) which is basically another TLU, the inverse operation of MC is the inverse mix column (IMC) which is basically another TLU, and the inverse operation of SR is the inverse shift row (ISR) which is another move from one byte location to another.
[0033] Expressed schematically, the AES decryption process is as follows: [0034] ARK (K10) [0035] ISR [0036] ISB [0037] ARK (K9) [0038] IMC [0039] ISR [0040] ISB [0041] ARK (K8) [0042] IMC [0043] ISR [0044] ISB [0045] ARK (K7) [0046] IMC [0047] ISR [0048] ISB [0049] ARK (K6) [0050] IMC [0051] ISR [0052] ISB [0053] ARK (K5) [0054] IMC [0055] ISR [0056] ISB [0057] ARK (K4) [0058] IMC [0059] ISR [0060] ISB [0061] ARK (K3) [0062] IMC [0063] ISR [0064] ISB [0065] ARK (K2) [0066] IMC [0067] ISR [0068] ISB [0069] ARK (K1) [0070] IMC [0071] ISR [0072] ISB [0073] ARK (K0)
[0074] Without lack of generality, the description below of the present method is for the case of decryption, but it is evident that the method in accordance with the invention can be used also for encryption or other cryptographic processes. The method in accordance with the invention also can easily be applied to other variants of AES with more rounds (the 192 and 256-bit key length versions) as well as to other block ciphers and more generally to non-block ciphers and other key based cryptographic processes.
Present Method
[0075] The AES cipher as described above uses 11 sub-keys numbered 0 to 10. In the White Box environment described here, it is not practical to store all the table look-ups as in the case of a fixed White Box implementation (see Chow et. al.). In accordance with the invention, the key instead is stored in a complex way to include masks applied to it. In this technical field, a mask is a digital set of bits logically or mathematically combined with another value so as to alter the another value in a systematic fashion, thereby providing security. More generally, the complex way is an invertible operation such as a permutation. Invertible means that given some information, the original value can be recovered.
[0076] The key is stored in a generic memory array called here a "blob". "Blob" in the field generally refers to a collection of binary bits.
[0077] In the AES cipher for most implementations, most of the operations, except the add round key operation, are carried out through table look-ups. In this disclosure "a-bit*b-bit table" refers to an array of 2a entries, where each entry is b-bits long. So, the 8-bit*8-bit tables each have size 256 bytes, whereas the 8-bit*32-bit tables each have size 1 Kbyte long.
[0078] ISB operations are conventionally performed as: [0079] compute value u=IS[x], where IS is an 8-bit*8-bit table, and where x is a byte of the AES state.
[0080] Then the ISB operation is conventionally followed by the ARK operation so: [0081] compute value v=u XOR k, where k is a selected byte of the subkey.
[0082] A principle described here is how to hide the subkey byte k. Instead of using directly operation IS and subkey k, the present method is as follows: [0083] generate a mask k' (these masks are each a random or pseudo-random number) [0084] store in memory a table designated ISN [x]=IS[x] XOR k', which is a 256-byte array. [0085] replace the subkey byte k in the key blob by computing:
[0085] k''=k XOR k'
[0086] Then the ISB and the ARK operations are performed as: [0087] compute u=ISN[x] [0088] compute v=u XOR k''
[0089] Doing this "hides" a part of the subkey (round key) in the table defining operation ISN, making an attack more complicated. To simplify the above explanation, it is in terms of only one subkey byte k and one mask k'. In more complex embodiments, the mask protection is applied to several or all of the subkey bytes, using one or several masks k'. (A subkey is typically more than one byte in length. Indeed, in the AES cipher a subkey is always 16-byte long.) The goal is to introduce a link between the software code embodying the cipher code and the tables generated stored in the key blob. Then re-construction by an attacker of the original key requires reverse engineering of the code and understanding and use of the generated blob.
[0090] Practically, for each new mask k' the code to carry out the cryptographic process requires another table for look-ups. So this gives more protection, but also requires more memory, which is a tradeoff.
[0091] Another tradeoff is available: making the masks dynamic, i.e., dependent on the key (i.e., the masks change for each key) and/or on the decryption execution (i.e., change the mask each time one decrypts a new ciphertext block or encrypts a new plaintext block). Other masks may be static in the code, i.e., are hardcoded.
[0092] Static (constant or hardcoded) tables are advantageous for the following reasons: [0093] corresponding ISN tables are computed securely during the code compilation time, so there is better hiding of the masks and keys [0094] the tables can be stored in ROM (Read Only Memory), instead of RAM (Random Access Memory), where ROM is inherently more secure and may be less expensive.
[0095] Dynamic tables have the security advantage that they change, so they make the attacker's work and comprehension much more complicated.
[0096] In another embodiment, static and dynamic tables are both used--some of the tables being of each type.
[0097] Assume there are u1 dynamic key tables, u2 dynamic execution tables, and u3 constant tables. This method requires in terms of storage: [0098] u2 256-byte dynamic tables stored in RAM (since they are computed at execution time) [0099] u3 256-byte static constant tables which are hardcoded in the code (since they are computed at compilation time)
[0100] For the dynamic key tables, it is the software developer's choice: either these tables are stored in the key blob (making the key blob larger by a factor of u1 256-byte tables), or these tables are computed at execution time (as the u2 tables), or a combination of the two solutions.
[0101] Consider cases where the data being processed (ciphertext or plaintext--the message) are masked, i.e., the message x is not in clear, but with a known mask designated m_x applied. Then, to share a table IS between rounds and bytes of the state, the corresponding mask m_x should be the same.
[0102] In the worst case where every mask is different and one protects all data by the method, this requires 16 tables per round, so 160 tables in total, which is 40 Kbytes of memory. A more practical variation protects fewer bytes per round (e.g., protects between 4 and 8 bytes), and/or makes some of the masks equal (e.g., by groups of 4). For example, if one protects 6 bytes per round and groups the masks into groups of 4, one needs only 15 tables, which is less than 4 Kbytes of memory.
[0103] The following is a protection analysis of this method. The tables stored in the code (those designated as u3) are present only to make the process more complex and make an attack harder. But with a legacy version of AES (i.e., certain keys are known to the attacker), an attacker may try to learn the corresponding masks k', and reapply his preceding attacks.
[0104] On the contrary, the tables stored in the key blob or those computed at execution time as explained above (corresponding to u1 and u2) are more powerful: even using the legacy attack, the attacker has no power against these tables, since they are linked to the key. So, recovering k' for a previously broken key does not help the attacker recover a new key.
FOURTH EMBODIMENT--USING u2 TABLES
[0105] Another improvement is to provide a large number of tables in the code (e.g., hundreds of tables), and to use only a few tables for each key. Indexes define which table is used with which key. The keys are identified by keeping these indexes in the key blob. Thus, it would be necessary to break many of the keys to know each and every mask k'. A disadvantage of this embodiment is that the hundreds of tables would require dozens of Kbytes of memory to store the tables.
[0106] A further variant is when, contrary to the previous embodiment, an ARK operation is followed by an ISB operation (the previous embodiment was when an ISB is followed by an ARK) This is typically the case for the protection of K10 (the first AES subkey that is used during decryption), which was not possible with the previous embodiment.
[0107] Normally, one would: [0108] compute u=x XOR k, where k is a selected subkey byte, and x is a selected state byte [0109] compute v=IS[u], where IS is an 8-bit*8-bit table
[0110] Instead of directly using IS and k, here one does as follows: [0111] generate masks k' (these masks are random numbers) [0112] store in memory ISO [x]=IS[x XOR k'], which is a 256-byte array. [0113] replace the subkey byte k in the key blob by k''=k XOR k'
[0114] Then the ISB and the ARK operations are performed as: [0115] compute u=x XOR k'' [0116] compute v=ISO[u]
[0117] This embodiment is applicable to the K10 subkey. But it may be possible to apply it to other subkeys if one inverts the order of AES operations (and so changes the subkeys). As above, one may use dynamic and/or static tables.
[0118] FIG. 2 shows in a block diagram relevant portions of a computing device (system) 160 in accordance with the invention which carries out the cryptographic process as described above. This is, e.g., a server platform, computer, mobile telephone, personal digital assistant or similar device, or part of such a device and includes conventional hardware components executing in one embodiment software (computer code) which carries out the above examples. This code may be, e.g., in the C or C++ computer language or its functionality may be expressed in the form of firmware or hardware logic; writing such code or designing such logic would be routine in light of the above examples and logical expressions. Of course, the above examples are not limiting. Only relevant portions of this apparatus are shown for simplicity. Essentially a similar apparatus encrypts the message, and may indeed be part of the same platform.
[0119] The computer code is conventionally stored in code memory (computer readable storage medium) 140 (as object code or source code) associated with conventional processor 138 for execution by processor 138. The incoming ciphertext (or plaintext) message (in digital form) is received at port 132 and stored in computer readable storage (memory 136 where it is coupled to processor 138. Processor 138 conventionally then partitions the message into suitable sized blocks at partitioning module 142. Another software (code) module in processor 138 is the decryption module 146 which carries out the key masking and decryption (or encryption) functions set forth above, with its associated computer readable storage (memory) 152.
[0120] Also coupled to processor 138 is a computer readable storage (memory) 158 for the resulting decrypted plaintext message. Storage locations 136, 140, 152, 158 may be in one or several conventional physical memory devices (such as semiconductor RAM or its variants or a hard disk drive). Electric signals conventionally are carried between the various elements of FIG. 2. Not shown in FIG. 2 is any subsequent conventional use of the resulting plaintext or ciphertext stored in storage 145.
[0121] FIG. 3 illustrates detail of a typical and conventional embodiment of computing system 160 that may be employed to implement processing functionality in embodiments of the invention as indicated in FIG. 2 and includes corresponding elements. Computing systems of this type may be used in a computer server or user (client) computer or other computing device, for example. Those skilled in the relevant art will also recognize how to implement embodiments of the invention using other computer systems or architectures. Computing system 160 may represent, for example, a desktop, laptop or notebook computer, hand-held computing device (personal digital assistant (PDA), cell phone, palmtop, etc.), mainframe, server, client, or any other type of special or general purpose computing device as may be desirable or appropriate for a given application or environment. Computing system 160 can include one or more processors, such as a processor 164 (equivalent to processor 138 in FIG. 2). Processor 164 can be implemented using a general or special purpose processing engine such as, for example, a microprocessor, microcontroller or other control logic. In this example, processor 164 is connected to a bus 162 or other communications medium.
[0122] Computing system 160 can also include a main memory 168 (equivalent of memories 136, 140, 152, and 158), such as random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic memory, for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 164. Main memory 168 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 164. Computing system 160 may likewise include a read only memory (ROM) or other static storage device coupled to bus 162 for storing static information and instructions for processor 164.
[0123] Computing system 160 may also include information storage system 170, which may include, for example, a media drive 162 and a removable storage interface 180. The media drive 172 may include a drive or other mechanism to support fixed or removable storage media, such as flash memory, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD) drive (R or RW), or other removable or fixed media drive. Storage media 178 may include, for example, a hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, CD or DVD, or other fixed or removable medium that is read by and written to by media drive 72. As these examples illustrate, the storage media 178 may include a computer-readable storage medium having stored therein particular computer software or data.
[0124] In alternative embodiments, information storage system 170 may include other similar components for allowing computer programs or other instructions or data to be loaded into computing system 160. Such components may include, for example, a removable storage unit 182 and an interface 180, such as a program cartridge and cartridge interface, a removable memory (for example, a flash memory or other removable memory module) and memory slot, and other removable storage units 182 and interfaces 180 that allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit 178 to computing system 160.
[0125] Computing system 160 can also include a communications interface 184 (equivalent to part 132 in FIG. 2). Communications interface 184 can be used to allow software and data to be transferred between computing system 160 and external devices. Examples of communications interface 184 can include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet or other network interface card (NIC)), a communications port (such as for example, a USB port), a PCMCIA slot and card, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface 184 are in the form of signals which can be electronic, electromagnetic, optical or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 184. These signals are provided to communications interface 184 via a channel 188. This channel 188 may carry signals and may be implemented using a wireless medium, wire or cable, fiber optics, or other communications medium. Some examples of a channel include a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, a network interface, a local or wide area network, and other communications channels.
[0126] In this disclosure, the terms "computer program product," "computer-readable medium" and the like may be used generally to refer to media such as, for example, memory 168, storage device 178, or storage unit 182. These and other forms of computer-readable media may store one or more instructions for use by processor 164, to cause the processor to perform specified operations. Such instructions, generally referred to as "computer program code" (which may be grouped in the form of computer programs or other groupings), when executed, enable the computing system 160 to perform functions of embodiments of the invention. Note that the code may directly cause the processor to perform specified operations, be compiled to do so, and/or be combined with other software, hardware, and/or firmware elements (e.g., libraries for performing standard functions) to do so.
[0127] In an embodiment where the elements are implemented using software, the software may be stored in a computer-readable medium and loaded into computing system 160 using, for example, removable storage drive 174, drive 172 or communications interface 184. The control logic (in this example, software instructions or computer program code), when executed by the processor 164, causes the processor 164 to perform the functions of embodiments of the invention as described herein.
[0128] This disclosure is illustrative and not limiting. Further modifications will be apparent to these skilled in the art in light of this disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Patent applications by Augustin J. Farrugia, Cupertino, CA US
Patent applications by Benoit Chevallier-Mames, Paris FR
Patent applications by Mathieu Ciet, Paris FR
Patent applications by Apple Inc.
Patent applications in class By stored data protection
Patent applications in all subclasses By stored data protection
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text:
Now we all know Jason Momoa as Khal Drogo on Game of Thrones. When he was cast as Conan the Barbarian, he was relatively unknown, just like that bodybuilder guy was the last time they cast Conan. While Momoa was promoting the film, we got a chance to throw a few questions his way and hear his deep voiced Hyborian answers, just in time for the home release of Conan the Barbarian on November, 22.
Crave Online: One of the things about the past films is that Conan speaks more with his actions and there's very little dialogue. Do you get to play a little more with that?
Jason Momoa: Yes and no, but that's one of the great things about Conan. He doesn't need to be babbling on about bullsh*t. He's like Clint Eastwood. He just says what needs to be said and just does what needs to be done. And we do have some nice moments where you get the sense of the origin story. You see what he's made of, how he was raised, how he was born on the battlefield, watching his father die in front of him, and that revenge tale. It also helps having a beautiful woman. It softens him a little bit. He's got that underbelly. You want to see a little bit of that but at the same time, he's Conan. He doesn't need to say too much.
Crave Online: That means the lines you do have are likely to be quoted a lot. What do you think will be the big catchphrase?
Jason Momoa: "I live, I love, I slay and I'm content."
Crave Online: Do you get to do the big "To crush your enemies, see them driven before you…" line?
Jason Momoa: No, I don't get to do that one. That's actually Milius' line. He would be pissed if we took that. That wasn't a Robert E. Howard quote. This one is.
Crave Online: Are you also in the Walter Hill movie Bullet to the Head?
Jason Momoa: Yes, I'm doing a thing with Stallone right now and Stallone got to see it. I was watching Rocky when I was doing Conan. Rocky, for me, that's my Conan. I love it. I'd watch Rocky IV and get amped up.
Full disclosure: This article was sponsored by Lionsgate


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An Interactive Boutique Shopping Experience
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text:
Most of these Houston marriages are believed to involve members of General Sam Houston Lineage. See:Register. Houstons in Old Augusta for a thumbnail outline of early members of this family. There appear to be two separate sources mixed into this data. Evidence for this is the fact that some of the marriages appear twice. For example, a "J A Houston" is shown as marrying a "Mary J Mcreynolds" on 16 Sep 1856, but on the same date there is a nearly identical entry for "J A Houston" marrying "M I Mcreynolds". Clearly these are duplicate entries, albeit with some degree of typographical error with regard to the name of the wife. Perhaps these differences come from different records: e.g., a ministers returns, and a list of marriage licenses. Since the original microfilm apparently does not identify the specific source of the information for each record, we are left largely to our own devices.
*Link is to most likely person on WeRelate


text:
89-year-old former Jayhawk scores in Kansas alumni football game
Kansas Jayhawks football team held a flag football game for alumni letterman on Saturday as part of the team's spring game festivities, and one former two-way player showed he still has what it takes with a touchdown catch on the final play.
89-year-old Bryan Sperry scored on the game's final play thanks to some excellent blocking from his teammates and a few sharp cuts.
Sperry played for the team from 1946-48 after serving in World War II and even played in the 1948 Orange Bowl, according to Yahoo Sports.
The alumni game star told KUsports.com that he had to talk his way onto the field, but had a blast once he got out there.
• Racing mascots nearly trample Cubs players
- Brendan Maloy


text:
Tata Power, India's largest integrated power utility, has always been at the forefront of propagating energy efficiency and conservation in the country. Tata Power has been regularly undertaking pioneering steps to meet the ever-growing power needs of Mumbai and facilitating the city to retain its premium status of being commercial capital of the country. In line with this commitment, the Company today announced the launch of India's first 'Thermal Energy Storage Incentive Programme' based on 'Thermal Energy Storage Technology' under Demand Side Management (DSM) Initiative'. Under its "My Mumbai Green Mumbai" programme Tata Power has launched Refrigerator exchange program and re opened AC program to allow consumers to exchange their inefficient electrical appliances for energy efficient appliances.
In the first phase of this initiative, Tata Power has enrolled a Thermal Storage capacity of over 15,000 TRH which has achieved load shift of more than 3.6 Million units of energy from peak to off peak hours. Through the'Thermal Energy Storage Incentive Programme' Tata Power promotes energy efficiency by shifting load from peak hours to off-peak hours by using practical, financially viable and proven technologies. With the use of 'Thermal Energy Storage Technology' the central AC plants run in the night and converts water in the form of ice. During day-time, the AC plants are switched off and building is cooled by the energy stored in the form ice. Thus, air-conditioning is provided during the day-time without actually running the large AC plants.
Speaking on the occasion, Mr. Padmanabhan - Executive Director, Operations, Tata Power, said, "Today, with the increase in number of commercial buildings in Mumbai, there is already a huge difference between peak load and off peak load. Our 'Thermal Energy Storage Incentive Programme' will not only support our consumers to bring down the peak power requirements but will offer monetary benefit on each unit of electricity shifted from peak hour to off-peak hour as an incentive. This programmes will not only help the consumers with additional incentive but also help the overall power system to bring down the peak power requirements. We at Tata Power have always endeavored to provide world class services to our customers. We have received an overwhelming response for the programme and will continue to sensitise our consumers with the benefits of managing their demand."
Tata Power consumers participating in the programme include Hotel Meluha, Supreme IT Park, GCC Club etc. have effectively installed this technology at their premises and have optimized their electricity bills on account of reduced Demand Charges, judicious use of Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff and improvement in load factor without any compromise on the comfort of air conditioning. Tata Power provides online metering system for the consumer's chiller plants and preciously measures the load shift achieved by the consumer using Thermal Storage Technology.
Under its "My Mumbai Green Mumbai" programme Tata Power encourages consumers to be energy conscious and allows them to exchange their inefficient electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances. After successful implementation of ceiling fan exchange program, Tata Power has now opened AC and Refrigerator programs. The customers can now avail a brand new energy efficient refrigerator and split air-conditioner at a discounted price ranging up to 40% on MRP in exchange of their old product. 2000 ACs will be sold through this program on first come first serve basis. In less than three months, 1000 refrigerators have been booked for replacement. The schemes are customer friendly. Interested consumers can put their request online to get the refrigerator and AC exchanges at their doorstep. The offer is available for both single and double door refrigerators. Also for 5 star energy efficient split AC, various models of 1 Ton and 1.5 Ton are made available. The products of reputed manufacturers are offered with long warrantees. The old inefficient appliances removed from customer premises, will not be resold but will be scrapped in an environment friendly manner. Tata Power has been proactively supporting its consumers in Mumbai to take these important steps towards energy efficiency.
SOURCE: Tata Power


text:
Physical Fitness is a MUST!
View Single Post
October 21, 2011, 09:28 AM
8MM Mauser
Senior Member
Join Date: October 16, 2011
Location: Grand Rapids, Michigan
Posts: 647
Big Shrek:
"The only reason the FBI had to downgrade the 10mm to the .40 Short & Wimpy is because of WEAKLINGS!!
If liberals hadn't made 'em take wimps & weaklings into gov't service, they'd still be using 10mm.
Hello! Its Law Enforcement! If you gotta hire someone to carry a gun & whooparse, get the strongest humans you can find!!
Mr. 5'9 with a 125# max benchpress ain't gonna cut it!! Go get Ms. Amazon 6'3 who can benchpress half a VW bug!"
I agree with the rest of your post. But I gotta chime in to say that I would really, really prefer if FBI agents were the best possible investigators, and not just the biggest guy who applies. .40 S&W will do the job just fine if it comes to shooting. Though I still struggle to understand why more law enforcement agencies don't use .45 ACP.
Also, I am 5'8 and I benchpress 325 lbs. Am I still too short for the FBI? Or does my relative strength make up for it? I handle a .357 mag recoil well, so I guess 10MM would probably not be so bad either...
Short does not entail wimpy. In fact, one of the toughest guys I know is my height and weighs about 125. He isn't "strong" in the same sense as me, but he's got an iron will and I'm sure that he would be able to take anything that came his way.
I agree with your general point though. It really amazes me how comfortable some people can be with being fat lazy slobs. It's disgusting really. In fact, in a job which demands you use your body it's downright irresponsible. At my college there is a cop who looks like he weighs about 350 Lbs and I can't help but wonder how he plans to catch some 20 year old punk who stole someone's textbook... Or even draw his weapon fast enough to respond to a situation which dictated it. Folks like that make me mad. Hit the gym! Do your job...!
As to the OP's original point, personally Physical fitness is one of my top priorities in life in general. I'm never going to eat great... but I burn it all off running my *** off and lifting weights. I Usually lift & run 3 times a week. Every other week I spend an hour on the punching bag, and about once a month I go shooting. I would really like to shoot more, but time constraints make it impossible.
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text:
School me on...LAND
Anyone with insight on owning large tracts of land?...I'm looking, but can't narrow down.
What should I know, look for. Any advice on states.
Taxes?... mineral rights.... things like that. Anyone knowing or owning a large amount of land, lets talk...
I'm looking at around 100 acres, preferably wooded, or surrounded by woods.
What staye your looking in might also help people help you mosin-im just throwing that into maybe help you mon ami
I'm free to any RED state...
In Eastern states you usually buy the whole thing (except in coal and gas areas, mineral rights may already have been sold) Western states, water, mineral, riparian rights are frequently seperate.
You want to look at how land is classified, and what the taxes on the land have been. Agricultural is usually taxed MUCH lower than business/ residential. Look at cost of utilities (assuming you will want to do something with utilities)
See what easements there are- where someone or something has a right to cross the land (driveways, powerlines, pipelines).
What access do you have TO the land? Is there a clear title? What can you use the land for? May look pretty, but if the land will not pass a perc test, you are not building anything that requires a septic tank on it. Any environmental hazards from prior occupancies there?
Step 1. Find a real estate agent you like doing business with. Never sign a contract for more than 90 days- shorter can be better.
Step 2. When you buy it, get title insurance that protects YOU. Most protects a lender. It is cheap.
Thanks for the insights so far guys. I've been frequenting landwatch.com, looking for deals...
I guess I should start with my personal goals.
I'd like to build a home, on a large tract of land (which will obviously need septic, electrical and gas), have good hunting, privacy etc....
Some land borders National Forests, what does that mean, as a land owner? Is this a bad thing?
What's the water situation out west? Say I wanted to farm a small tract for myself or enough to classify the land as agriculture use....
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North Sea Oil Rig Evacuated Over Fear of Explosion
By Steve Kinsman, 27th Mar 2012 | Follow this author
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Posted in WikinutNewsEnvironment
A North Sea oil and gas platform has been evacuated amid fears of a catastrophic explosion.
Are the times not trying to teach us something?
One hundred fifty miles off the coast of Aberdeen, Scotland, in the North Sea, an oil and gas platform owned by the French oil conglomerate Total has been completely evacuated and a wide "exclusion Zone" has been established around its perimeter. The Maritime and Coastguard Agency of the UK has ordered ships to stay at least two miles away from the platform as fears of a catastrophic "blow out" increase. The company, of course, contends "the situation is stable" even though they do not know the source of the leak causing the problem.
Environmental groups have warned about the inherent dangers of off shore oil and gas drilling in the North Sea. The Norwegian NGO Bellona has been monitoring the well in danger and its president and spokesman, Frederic Hauge, reported that "This is a gas blowout that is out of control and is going to be so for a long time.
This is a critical situation that is out of control."
Jake Malloy, a spokesman for the RMT Union which represents the interests of off-shore workers, agrees that this incident is the most serious since the 1988 Piper Alpha oil rig disaster which resulted in the deaths of 167 men.
Personally, I believe that the breaking down and disintegration of the old order is upon us as we see more and more evidence in the form of these types of events, and that we must completely reverse our course, which has us continuing to rape the planet from east to west and pole to pole. We simply cannot get away with it any longer. Might it be so that our Mother has begun to strike back, perhaps sending out her anti-bodies to heal herself, and if a few billion humans happen to be standing in the way of her healing...?
Preview photo from commondreams.org


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text: Albert G. Prewitt, a pioneer citizen of Greenwood, was born near Danville, Mercer, now Boyle, County, Ky., January 5, 1815, and was the son of Joseph and Jane (Little) Prewitt, both of whom were natives of Kentucky. He was reared on a farm in his native county. In 1838, he came to this county, and for a couple of years he worked at the carpenter's trade. He was married in White River Township, October 16, 1841, to Mrs. Julia F. McBride. She was born in Henry County, Ky., September 21, 1811, and was the daughter of William and Jane (Gillespie) Eddy, both of whom were natives of Virginia. When she was sixteen years old, or in 1827, her parents came to this county and located in White River Township. She was married July 29, 1828, to Charles McBride. He was born in Virginia, and was the son of William and Henrietta (Piles) McBride. He died on the 9th day of July, 1833. Mr. and Mrs. Prewitt began their married life on a farm in White River Township. They removed to Greenwood in 1852. The chief occupation of Mr. Prewitt after this was the buying and selling of grain and dealing in hogs. For the past twelve years he has lived a retired life. The first marriage of Mrs. Prewitt resulted in the birth of three children: Malinda C., Harriet A. and Henrietta J., of whom the last two are deceased. Her marriage to Mr. Prewitt also resulted in the birth of three children: Joseph W., Thomas A., and Julia F., of whom Thomas A. is deceased. Mrs. Prewitt was a lady who was esteemed and loved by all, and was a devoted member of the Baptist Church. She died March 17, 1888. Besides a comfortable home in Greenwood, he owns a farm of eighty-two acres in White River Township.


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2013-2014 Master's scholarships for International Students at Tilburg University in Netherlands
About Scholarship: For the academic year 2013-2014 Tilburg University has 40 scholarships available for excellent international students who are admitted to a Master's program at Tilburg University (MA, MSc or LLM).Tilburg University Scholarships for Academic Excellence are awarded for one academic year. Candidates applying for one of the Research Master programs will have to apply for the scholarship again for their second year of their Research Master program*.
Study: Courses offered by the University
Course Level: Master's degree
Scholarship By: Tilburg University
Location: Netherlands
Number of awards: 40
Duration: Tilburg University Scholarships for Academic Excellence are awarded for one academic year. Candidates applying for one of the Research Master programs will have to apply for the scholarship again for their second year of their Research Master program*.
Value: The Tilburg University Scholarship for Academic Excellence includes:
-A scholarship of € 5000 for living expenses;
-A partial tuition waiver of up to € 8,406 which means students will only pay a tuition fee of € 2,454
-Candidates must have been (unconditionally) admitted to one of the graduate programs at Tilburg University for the academic year 2013-2014*
-Candidates must have achieved excellent study results in their relevant (under) graduate program. As an indication, the student must have graduated with an average result of at least 8 (out of 10) or must be among the top 10% of their class
-Candidates must hold a non-EU/EEA passport
-Candidates should fill in the Scholarship Application Form
-Candidates must be newly enrolled at Tilburg University
Scholarship Open for International Students: Yes
Selection criteria: On the basis of the following selection criteria, the selection committee of each school will select the recipients of the Tilburg University Scholarship for Academic Excellence:
-The academic results in the relevant (under)graduate program
-The quality and content of the Scholarship Application Form
-The language test score
Tilburg University strives for a balanced participation in terms of nationality.
Notification: The School will notify these students as soon as possible – but not later than 1 August 2013
Apply: By post
Deadline: 1 April 2013
Further Information: http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/education/masters-programmes/scholarships/TUSPscholarships/


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If you want to emulate Paula Radcliffe, be prepared for a huge amount of hard graft.
She's one of the finest ever long distance runners, winning golds at the Commonwealths and European Champs and she has run the three quickest marathons ever for women.
Paula has a huge team behind her - physios, dieticians, weights instructors and Gary Lough - her husband and manager.
And then there's her coach Alex Stanton, who has been putting her through her paces since she was a fresh-faced 12-year-old and how you can follow in her footsteps.
I started coaching Paula when she was 12. But it was my wife Rosemary who first spotted her talent.
I was already working with three very good girls and I needed a fourth.
Rosemary saw something special. I'm not very good at picking out these sort of things!
She saw a gleam in Paula's eyes. And she came across as being someone who just loved running, both track and cross country.
Paula was asked to do an extra night's training and it started from there really.
But I don't think she was winning everything from the word go! Far from it.
She was just one of the girls in the team. She wasn't even the best in the group. Her progress was slow but it would come.
Success certainly did not happen overnight for Paula. She didn't win a major race until her late teens.
But she was always a very organised girl. Her whole life was organised.
And that really helped her in her preparation for progressing up to the top.
She never got behind on anything. And that included everything like her homework at school.
She knew exactly where she was going. And she just worked incredibly hard.
She first won the world cross-country championships in 1992 in her last year at school. It was at Boston in America.
That race is now six kilometres but back then it was four. So it was a little bit easier for Paula!
Our preparation was thorough. We knew what times the opponents would be running.
And all we had to do was make sure that Paula could run faster than anybody else!
Paula had just won the English Schools and we knew she had a great chance of winning.
She did exactly that, which was the beginning of it all. All her training just gradually built up slowly over the years after that.
If you want to be a good athlete you are going to have put in a huge amount of work.
But as Paula has shown, it can be all worth it. The main thing to remember is, whatever you do, you've just got to enjoy it.
If you want to take up running then find a club. Get on the UK Athletics website and find your nearest one from there in the "getting involved" section.
Try not to set your mind on "I'm going to be a good runner".
That's OK but it's so important to try other things at the same time. Some of the runners at Bedford will go to a meeting and do their own event.
But they will also do things like the shot put or jumping.
Some long distance runners end up sprinting or throwing, some go the other way round and do the longer distances with me. It just depends on what you enjoy.
It's also crucial to take things very gradually. Paula's strength and speed has been developed over a number of years.
So try not to over-train. All your development will all add up in the end.
If you really push yourself too hard too early you'll burn out, you will not have the energy when you get older and you might even injure yourself.
So just take your time.
Paula is now a superstar famous across the world, but she hasn't changed one little bit since all her success.
She's the sort of person you would still want as a friend.
Whether she ran or not she's just a lovely person. But obviously she's a completely different person when she races.
Most athletes will focus solely on the race and that's what they've got to do. But as soon as the race is over they go back to what they were like before.
As I mentioned, she's a great organiser and she's a great one for preparing.
All doubts about anything will have been sorted days ahead of a race. Be it injuries, personal problems or whatever.
When she gets down to that start line, she'll have two or three race plans sorted in her head.
Mind you, she won't always run to them!
Most runners don't take the pace up in a race and Paula is one of those who likes to get on with the job from the front.
But if someone else jumped in and took the lead, Paula would have another plan up her sleeve to deal with that.
Being mentally tough is important and Paula's never had any problems with this.
Some of you might think it can get a bit boring running round a track a few times but if you can set goals like breaking personal bests it can be great fun.
And there are always plenty of friends to help you through the good and not so good times.
Paula's had a phenomenal couple of years but she deserves everything she's got.
She trains so hard, she gives up so much. She shuts herself away at her home in the mountains in France and just train.
Nothing else matters to her and her husband. It's not a glamorous lifestyle up there. All you do is get up, train and then go to bed again!
She's got a great team working with her though. Physios, fitness instructors, people who sort her food.
And if you get it all clicking together you are suddenly in a position where you are going to make great times.
Everything has to be dead right to make the right times. And although Paula's done these great times and won all these races, she's as hungry as ever.
But she would pack it all in if she wasn't enjoying her running. She will not go into a race knowing she's not dead right.
You are not always going to win but she'll never run half-hearted.
Many people ask if Paula can run even faster. Well, if it's the right course, with the right weather and in the right company, then Paula can go faster.
Enjoy your athletics everybody! Perhaps one day you can be running like Paula.


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The second deadly Chapter One problem that was mentioned in the article that started me off on this series was "The action is weak or meaningless."
This is obviously a problem, but simply saying "Make it strong and meaningful instead" doesn't tell you much about how to fix it. It also encourages people to think that there is some specific kind of action that is automatically and always "strong and meaningful."
So let's begin by considering why Chapter One action so often seems weak or meaningless.
Take a typical action-adventure/thriller novel that opens in Chapter One with Our Hero in a shootout with some flunkies in a drug cartel. Surely this is strong and meaningful – it is in line with the kind of story (I did say it was an action-adventure/thriller), and it lets Our Hero show off his skills as he beats the gang, foreshadowing what he's going to do to the terrorists he gets to fight later.
And right there is the problem: what we have here is characterization, not plot. It looks like plot, but it isn't actually plot-related at all. It's there to be action, to show that this is a certain kind of book and that the reader can expect lots of adventure and fights and maybe some explosions; it's there to show that Our Hero is just the kind of guy you'd want fighting off drug smugglers and terrorists – he's cool and witty under pressure, smart, athletic, a crack shot, and a martial artist. The scene may even hint at a dark secret in his past that will certainly cause trouble later. But nothing in it has anything to do with the plot of this story.
There are quite a few reasons why a writer might want to do this, and it can work very well if the characterization and backstory parts of the Chapter are the things that are dragging the reader into the story and keeping him/her reading. In most cases, though, the action in Chapter One is supposed to pull the readers on into the plot. Getting the reader interested in what is going to happen in the rest of the book is the plot-job of Chapter One, just as getting the reader to care about (or at least be interested in) the main character is the characterization-job of Chapter One.
Anyone who has been reading this blog for a while knows that the action in Chapter One needs to fit the story. It rarely, if ever, works to begin a quiet family drama with a shootout, or an action-adventure with a tea party (unless the tea is interrupted by ninjas or gangsters or some such). In the example above, though, the opening action does fit the story, but it is still flawed because it's not actually tied to anything in this particular story's plot.
On the other hand, even in an action-adventure novel, the writer doesn't necessarily want to unveil the entire plot up front. It's often more fun for both reader and writer to unfold it slowly, a little at a time. But gradual unfolding has to start somewhere, and usually the sooner, the better.
Sometimes, the thing to look for here is the place where the plot does begin. In the above example, let's say that Our Hero gets back from the shootout with the cartel to discover his boss waiting with a Mysterious Powerful Person who has just had Our Hero assigned to this new case.Or he come home to find a letter in the mail from his ex-wife, begging for help (which the writer knows is the first step on the way to the confrontation with the terrorists). That is where the first plot thread starts. The question is, should that be where the novel starts?
Quite often, the answer is "yes," which means that whatever events are in front of it are scaffolding and will have to be cut. Sometimes, though, the answer is "No," in which case one needs to take another look at the action in Chapter One to see if there are any places where the writer can put in something that does link the shootout with the cartel to the terrorist plot. Maybe there is a note in the papers that doesn't seem to mean anything now, but that will be a clue (and a tie-in) to the terrorists later. Maybe one of the thugs escapes and turns up later with the terrorists. Maybe it isn't really a drug cartel, but actually the terrorists selling drugs to finance their nefarious plot.
As a general rule of thumb, the smaller and less important the link, the sooner it has to become clear that it is a link and that it has done its job. A minor drug thug escaping in Chapter One and showing up as a minor terrorist flunky in the final battle does not do the trick; having him show up as a minor terrorist flunky in Chapter Three might work very well. Rene Belloq showing up at the end of the first scene in Raiders of the Lost Ark works very well, because he is one of the major villains of the movie (though we don't find that out for a while). Bilbo's retirement party would likewise be irrelevant to the plot of the story, except for the brief appearances of Gandalf and the One Ring, though the party provides lots of characterization and backstory.
Basically, whatever else the plot stuff in Chapter One does, it needs to be a trail of breadcrumbs leading to the main story plot in order to be "strong and meaningful." Chronology is not sufficient; that is, the fact that Our Hero had an exciting shootout with drug smugglers in the morning and got hired to find and stop a terrorist plot in the afternoon is not enough connection to make the drug smugglers plot-relevant.
I should also note that it is not necessary to open an action-adventure with a shootout or a romance with a tea party; the necessity is that the action be relevant to the eventual plot. Chapter One may begin with Our Hero getting that letter from his ex-wife, instead of with the shootout, and it can still promise the reader action and adventure. The romance can start with ninjas or a bank robbery and still make clear that it is going to be a romance. It's all a matter of what the writer focuses on when describing the action.
If the story is a romance, but has to start with a ninja attack for some reason, then the writer had better focus on the emotions and reactions of the main viewpoint character, rather than the cool martial arts fighting going on. And, of course, it has to link really solidly to the main plot (which, in a romance, is the emotional one, not the action).
In most cases, the farther the Chapter One action is from what the reader might expect from "this type of book," the stronger and clearer you want the plot-link to be. The One Ring is at the center of The Lord of the Rings; Gandalf isn't far behind; Frodo, Merry, and Pippin are major characters in the rest of the story, and Bilbo himself reappears in Rivendell. Introducing the main villain or the McGuffin is frequently a good way to link Chapter One action to the main plot, even if we don't know that Rene Belloq or Bilbo's ring will be particularly important until later in the story.


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Changes in Aortic Diameter During Laparoscopic Surgery
Recruitment status was: Not yet recruiting
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|Abdominal Aortic Diameter During Laparoscopic Surgery
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Cohort
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:
|Ultrasonic Assessment of Changes in Aortic Diameter During Laparoscopic Surgery
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|August 2010
Purpose and design:This study aims to measure the aortic diameter at preset times during surgery using ultrasound to discover if the diameter remains the same, and hence if the assumptions made by the oesophageal monitor are reliable. Assessing the aortic diameter involves a noninvasive ultrasound measurement taken in patients electively having laparoscopic procedures at the Royal Surrey County Hospital.
Recruitment: Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic procedures at the Royal Surrey County Hospital. Recruitment done by Dr M Dickinson or Dr M Scott (COnsultant Anaesthetists). No therapeutic promises are to be made as this is purely an observational study.
Inclusion / exclusion: Patient refusal, Surgical refusal, Conversion to an open procedure.
Consent: Informed consent will be gained from each participant.
Risks, burdens and benefits: This is an observational study using a non invasive technique in patients undergoing elective surgery. There is very little in the way of risks, burdens and benefits to the patient.
Confidentiality: Caldicott principles will be adhered to.
Conflict of interest: None.
Use of tissue samples in future research: None.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
|Sampling Method:
|Non-Probability Sample
Inclusion Criteria:
- All adult patients undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery at the Royal Surrey County Hospital
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patient refusal
- Surgical refusal
- Conversion to an open procedure
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01137500
|Contact: Matthew C Dickinson, MB BS
|Contact: Mike Scott, MB BS
|United Kingdom
|Royal Surrey County Hospital
|Not yet recruiting
|Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom, GU27xx
|Contact: Mike Scott, MB BS +441483464116 firstname.lastname@example.com
|Sub-Investigator: Fred van Damme, MB ChB
|Principal Investigator:
|Matthew C Dickinson, MB BS
|Royal Surrey County Hospital
|Study Director:
|Mike Scott, MB BS
|Royal Surrey County Hospital
|Responsible Party:
|Dr Mike Scott, Royal Surrey County Hospital
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01137500 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|June 3, 2010
|Last Updated:
|June 3, 2010
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017


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