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Comparison + Acne Scars Treatment Q&A
What's the Best One Treatment Option for Acne Scars?
Is one treatment of Deep FX or Fraxel Repair enough for acne scarring? I'm 21 and have about 6 weeks off, and am looking for the best treatment option. READ MORE
Fraxel Repair Vs Pearl Laser for Acne Scars?
Which is better for acne scars, Fraxel Re:pair fractional CO2, or the new Pearl fractional laser? READ MORE
Remove Acne Scars with Dermabrasion or Laser?
I went to a Plastic Surgeon to inquire about having Dermabrasion for acne scars. The surgery was all set for March. After a month, the docter's office... READ MORE
How Can I Remove Mild Acne Scars?
I have great skin besides a few mild scars. why in the hell after spending thousands on microdermabrasion, chemical peels, derma peels, etc, i still... READ MORE
Best Treatment for Moderate Acne Scars? (photo)
My scars arent very deep and are really only noticed up close or when the light hits my face a certain way. Which works best for moderate acne... READ MORE
Fraxel Laser Vs Sciton Laser for Acne Scars?
I've had 6 treatments of Fraxel Re:store in the past year. After the treatments, I have noticed a slight impovement of my acne scars, but I'm looking... READ MORE
Fraxel Vs. Palomar Fractional Skin Resurfacing for Acne Scars?
Can someone please help me make my decision? I am 34 and have acne scarring only on cheeks...two ice pick scars on one cheek and the other about 5 not... READ MORE
Can Any Dermatologist Do Subcision of Rolling Acne Scars?
Or only 'cosmetic dermatologists' or plastic surgeons? READ MORE
In Terms of Acne Scars, What Are the Major Differences Between Peels and Laser Resurfacing?
Because of the huge cost difference, I'm just curious if a chemical peel would be a cheaper alternative to helping with my acne scars? I have paid... READ MORE
What Treatment Would Be Best for Cystic Acne Scars - Laser or Chemical Peel?
I am a 63 year old female have scars from cystic acne, large pores and thin pinkish Irish skin I would like to address the scars before doing somethng... READ MORE
Severe Acne Scars - Best option? (photo)
I have had severe scarring since i was 16. I went through 5 fraxels in 2008 from a well reputed doctor, did'nt help much. Certain options are:... READ MORE
Comparing Acne Scar Laser Treatments
Please compare Fraxel CO2 with Fraxel restore (erbium resurfacing) and laserbrasion (dermabrasion and CO2 resurfacing combo) for acne scars. If... READ MORE
Should I Have a Laser Treatment or Scar Excision for Acne Scars?
I have some acne scars that arent very deep. Most are icepick but i also have one icepick and one boxcar scar on my cheeks. Would a scar excision... READ MORE
How can I remove my acne marks?
I had acne in april 2014 and slowly it went away with a cleanser i used which had 10% benzoyl peroxide. I had a personal microdermabrasion at home... READ MORE
I would like to know more details about the punch excision or the subcision. What is the difference?
I have acne scars for almost 6 years now. i have applied many medications, tried the e-metrix , microderma. it improved a little but still the... READ MORE
Acne Scar Treatment: Fraxel Repair vs. Acupulse vs. Active Fx. What is the Difference?
For acne acars, which is the best? READ MORE
Are Fraxel, Cool Touch, Plasma, Radio Frequency Equally Effective for Ance Scars?
I took 3 fractional co2 laser, but there are some small "holes" left on my face. Is it normal to see the holes on my face for 2 months? If... READ MORE
Fractional CO2 V/s Dermabrasion for Acne Scars?
I wanted to know if the results acheieved by Fractional C02 laser for treating Deep Acne scars (Rolling & Box) are the same, equally good, at par... READ MORE
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My friend had a large mole removed from her cheek. The results were excellent. Instead of a mole there is now just a thin white line. The mole was... READ MORE
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I am considering Co2 laser resurfacing. The laser that I'm considering is called Sharplan Silktouch or Feathertouch. I have done a test spot... READ MORE


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Simon Plant
Simon Plant is an award-winning photographer & retoucher with over two decades of experience in the production of people & location photography. Whatever the subject his images share the same unique style and attention to detail from start to finish.These serene moments are created with his personal utilization of colour, light and rich tonal values, together with a personal interaction with his subject. His aim to offer clients creative solutions on time and on budget. Constantly exploring new imaging technologies and developing new techniques, he was one of the first photographers shooting HDR imaging for Automotive CGI Rendering in the U.K and is as experienced behind the computer in post production as he is behind the camera shooting. Shooting for nationally, and internationally known clients, his work is reproduced worldwide. Simon spends his time between home with his wife and three children & on location wherever that may be. When not creating imagery he can be found watching Yeovil Town F.C or his 10yr old son terrorising defenders for Yeovil Town U11′s Team.. !
Develop Your Style and Retouch for It
Creating a Stunning WWII Composition: Part 2
Creating a Stunning WWII Composition: Part 1
Exposure Blending in Photoshop & Photomatix: Part 2
Exposure Blending in Photoshop & Photomatix: Part 1
Shooting & Stitching a Panoramic Photo From Start to Finish
Resolution Stitching for Super-High-Res Photos
Boosting Color Using Photoshop's LAB Mode
Post-Processing Masterclass: Editing the Shaldon Lighthouse
Airlight: Photographing the Edge of Darkness
Digital Archiving Workflow for Beginners
Video Introduction to Digital Photography Part 3: Essential Settings

subset: commoncrawl


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Sins commited on Antique Firearms.
A few odd months ago I completed a Gunsmith course (yea me!) and after spending over 20 years working with modern weapons I have decided that I want to focus my attentions antique firearms. There is nothing better than restoring an antique weapon.
Now, do not get me wrong. When I restore them (and I have done quite a few) I only bring them back to the point of their time period. Anything above that and they loose value.
The reason for this thread is because I accidentally (along with another) hijacked another thread briefly. The person posted a thread about a Krag Jorgensen that was "sporterized" and that got me started.
So, if you are like me and you cannot stand it when someone abuses an antique firearms, post your rant here and let us all have fun with the discussion.
Sporterizing a real POS is not a crime. I had a 1942 Husqvarna M38 sportered for my son. It was a missmatched rifle that although it shot well was worth nothing and I wanted to give it new life.
Hacking a true German WWII K98k is wrong, Hacking a classic Model 70 is wrong. It does not have to be an antique. I was horrorfied when they hacked a .30-40 Krag on American gun. It use to be pretty common to sporter perfect old war rifles, some folks still do. That is up to them. You can yell, scream, type anything you want, but it does not change the fact that it is their property, not yours. I agree w/ you to a point, but I'm not starting a flame war. Let it go.. JMHO.
I have mixed feelings on military guns. Millions were made of some, hundreds of thousands made of many models. If some are hacked to make the owners happy so be it. Commercial guns were most often less than 100,000 and not uncommonly less than 10,000. Many commercial guns have been hacked. If hacked 50 years or more ago I can maybe understand but if done recently it is a tragedy.
The problem is, what is a POS today is a valuable collector's rifle tomorrow. The K98s that were mentioned sold for about $20.00 in barrels in department stores in 1969. (I know, I bought one) A heck of a lot of these guns were "customized" and are now only good for salvagable parts. Once the hacksaw or sandpaper hits a firearm it is a POS from then on.
To me, there is a very fine line between a "restoration" and a "customization" and a lot of people can't make the distinction.
It depends on the gun. Modifying/sporterizing a Mosin, or an SKS is one thing, but if you do that to a Krag, M1 Garand, M1 Carbine, 1903 Springfield, ect, that is just wrong.
I have worked with antique guns and knives for over 4 decades. I cant count the number of guns and knives I have seen that was ruined ( in my opinion ) by well meaning people who thought were doing something worth while. It would be interesting to hear what the OP considers restoration. The greatest true story I heard was from a young gunsmith that completely reblued and refinished the stock of a run down Winchester model 1866. Seems he took a before and after pic. Years later he saw the very rifle he rebuilt in an old photo. Holding the rifle was a very famous indian chief. That well meaning but trajically misquided individual totally destroyed a piece of American history.
i have to agree for the most part, that many fine old firearms should never be restored, sporterized or even refinished as it usually degrades the value quite a bit. but also once someone buys a firearm, it's theirs to do what they want whether we agree or disagree with their choice. if asked for an opinion, for the most part, leave it be.
I say sporterize old guns as long as it is not a rare gun or rare variant and has no historic value. Meaning a gun like my 1943 round receiver Izhevsk, although I wont do any permanent modifications to mine.
Im the same way. I bought a mosin about a month ago for $100. Its a great shooter but i cant stand more than 50 rounds in one sitting because of the stock. So im planning on buying a synthetic stock for it to make it more of a shooter. But i have an old Gew88 that i will never change anything on it ever. Its to important to me to change. It was my grandfathers and has to much history to change. But if i wanted a mosin to keep all original i would take $100 and buy another.
I sporterized 3 or 4 relics in my youthly ignorance. I now regret each o them. It does however make the still origional guns just a little more valuable in the long run. so go ahead and make my historic remnants worth more.
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Article by: Sadardin Bukhari
Dear readers ,
Many of my friends have different hobbies.
For instance,
collecting stamps,watches,ties and so on.
They show me their collections and ask, "how did u find it" expecting appreciation and I do all the time.Today I will try to give you all the highlights from my collection of "Thoughts" without expecting any appreciation from you but a serious consideration.
It doesn't matter if you are never meant to be together but just to know there is someone, who loves you without fail all the time without care for what you are, with all of your strengths and weaknesses does matter, in fact it matters a lot.
To love and to be loved is heavenly beautiful relationship, which keeps you moving and rolling the dice on board even when your luck is sitting opposite right in front of you playing on the other side of the table and you are losing,when you are in the depths of hopelessness, trust me there is no other hope and attraction towards life than to be loved by someone, knowing someone's existence, moral support, a life line, a one fine solid reason not to give up no matter what. It gives you the strength,courage and resistance against all odds to fight and survive for the one you love.
Today , do we find an opportunity to give it a thought ?
Do we try to find out that reason which keeps us away from satisfaction even at times after availing all the maximum resources and opportunities in life ? It's like something missing, strange feelings of stress for no obvious reason, rebellious to everything and everyone around and then doing things we don't like or never planned or without any purpose. Why is that so ? What is missing ? I leave this answer blank for you.
What is that?
Do we have any, a sincere one?
Our phone books are full of friends,relatives and relationships,
do we have one phone number saved in our mobiles, to make call in the middle of the night, wake him up and say " nothing yaar, was upset for no apperant reason and am coming to you for little gup,shup for a while over a strong cup of tea" what do u expect ?
" are u crazy? Common, we will talk about it tomorrow, go to sleep" or " yaar, aa ja but Subah ni aa jata"
Today's relationships are based on status knowing the fact it's for the time being. Why do we respect or deal people according to their status, cars, house etc, relationships with phony emotions,artificial attitudes full of formalities and flaunt of resources, isn't it suffocating? To me it is.
Aankhoon dekha Haal
One of my friend once called me and said " yaar Aik urgent Kam hay, meray mammon ka land cruiser un ka beta lay Gaya hay, land cruiser arrange Karni hay, for his pick and drop" for a marriage ceremony. I did that,and as I was invited rather participating in managing different stuff of that ceremony, later that evening he at the end of the event again asked me to arrange rikshaw,
for ? When I asked, he replied " yaar Abu ki cousin hay an old lady" I said " yaar why don't we drop her in your car as she is old enough not to travel in this cold evening, that's free at the moment, right? He " oh Naheen yaar, Woh rikshaw per he aayi thi"
That's how we weigh people.
Golden time
it's not long ago, when we used to go to our nana, nani for spending summer vacations, those pretty days with long sittings, all night gup,shup oblivious of the fact of being realized by cousins about expensive mobiles, brands,cars etc.
Playing pithu garam, maar kutai with rubber ball, kokla chupaati jumay raat aayi hay ya intaakshiri. Waiting for nana nani to go to sleep and then planning for the long drive.warm participation of khala, mamoon in games, where did that time go?
Why can't my kids enjoy that sincere and simple time with their khala mamoon?
Are we happy and satisfied with what's going on ?
I am not to be candid...................
Indian media
Where does media stand in our lives?
Indian media entered in life gradually and took away the sharm o Haya from us,in such a beautiful and innocent way that we couldn't even realize the difference when we used to feel awkward if hero is holding heroine's hand,and now when we feel awkward to switch channel when there are bold scenes not to miss the dialogues in presence of our kids and family members.
It's sign of modernism and broad mindedness to use American slangs, starts with F.without realizing the actuall meanings.We know deep inside it's wrong but we justify to our own self that it's ok everyone does, it happening everywhere and who doesn't know today all this crap, what does that mean. Silly ,isn't it?
Professional Molvi and zakirs have complicated Islam to the extent by dividing everyone into sects for their own benefits that we don even bother following it anymore with justification saying" Allah jaanay kon bashar hay, Samajh he Naheen aati bunda kis ko follow karay". These so called representatives exploit Our religion and people of our society with the name of Islam.
Mom and Dad
How can a healthy relationship and family bonding be developed between parents and kid when day care centers have started working,when there is school accepting kids at the age of only 3 months,and when sleeping with kids, infants in the same room is against the norms of the society? How would a mom know about her kids more than a maid does, because she spends more time than mother. How can a mom and dad expect that bonding and respect without being mom and dad?
And that's the root cause for the old homes have started working in Pakistan.
Dear all !
These are the highlights from my collection of thoughts.
Please find an hour, sit aside in a dark corner of your house and look at your family system, just imagine yourself once ending up in some old home, I am sure you would hate it but are you trying to make any effort to avoid it ?
Sadardin Bukhari
© Copyright 2017 Sadardin Bukhari. All rights reserved.
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aging grandmas
Slutty granny Mandy cramming her saggy crotch with a thick fuckstick by humping on top live Watch the preview episodes now
Mom Fuck with Aicha
MILF grandmas
Cougar gal Aicha does turn you on as she gives her impressive chap the ride of his life together with her mellow pussy Watch the preview movie scenes currently
Angelique DuBois – The principal is supposed to be your fuck pal
MOTHER I'D LIKE TO FUCK grandmas
Even in this era of tattoos and piercings gone wild, we don't see greater amount 60somethings with pierced nipples. And that is just one of the things which makes Angelique DuBois, a 61-year-old divorcee, cougar and grandmother, therefore specific.
Some other thing is her hooters. They are big. They are DD-cups.
Some other thing is which she is pleasingly BBW.
And in addition some other factor is that there's something excited and perverted about her. Maybe that is cuz she's gracious and slutty!
"I like long sex sessions where I feel like I have been well-used," told Angelique, who was born in South Africa and lives in California. "I love to dress impressive. I always wear constricted tops that show off my scoops and super-high heels."
We call 'em fuck shoes.
During this video, her second at 60PlusMILFs.com, Angelique is a school principal who reprimands one of her teachers. This chab is using non-traditional methods. That man insists that he's teaching his students. This babe craves to see his lesson plans. This babe ends up seeing his penis. And engulfing it. And fucking it. And taking his load all over her gorgeous, concupiscent, perverted face.
We knew we had her right.
Angelique DuBois – Facially yours
Angelique DuBois just turned 60 the other day, and now this babe is creating her 60PlusMILFs.com debut engulfing the boner of a 24-year-old and fucking him, too. Taking his cum blast on her face.
Angelique was born in South Africa and now lives in California, where she's a divorced mother of THREE and a grandmother. This babe is, here, fulfilling her aged fantasies.
"I have a indeed totally various image in public, thus people would be truly surprised and shocked to see me here," Angelique told. "Of course, my kids are at no time going to realize out, thus it is attending to be my little secret!"
A secret which we and all 60PlusMILFs.com members intend to aid her keep…after we've done for enjoying her images and movie scene, certainly.
"I have tried swinging and was a part of a group which was fun," Angelique said. "We would go to a house and spend the day interacting with the one and the other selection." Interacting? "Having sex. It was an all-day and all-night sex fuckfest. All types of scenarios."
And Angelique was involved with such lots o them.
By the way, the fellow that babe is fucking here is rarely her youngest.
"I dated a 19-year-old one time," she said. "He wore me out with all-night sex, and that i had to go to work tomorrow."
Receive joy from Angelique. Her First time, just for you.


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Tuesday, September 26, 2017
Alzheimer's Disease
Relatively Early Onset Alzheimer`s Disease
To Whom It May Concern: My wife has relatively early onset Alzheimer`s disease indicated by a suggestive PET Scan and deteriorating performance on serial neuropsychologic testing. My wife will be 62 years old 12/25/2010. PET Scan was done in 2007. My wife`s mother had apparent Alzheimer`s Disease, also probably manifest in her 60s. Two of my wife`s mother`s sisters did not have manifest early onset Alzheimer`s Disease. Should my wife have genetic testing? My three children are concerned about developing the disorder. Can the children be tested for the various genetic variations that are associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer`s Disease? Who should I contact to do the genetic testing?
Alzheimer's disease often runs in families. However, there are only a very few genetic mutations that cause Alzheimer's disease that we know about and can test for. The mutations that are known almost always cause disease at a very young age from late 30s to early 50s. Therefore if your wife did not start getting the sings of the disease until her late 50s, most likely she does not have any of the known mutations that can be measured. The children are at increased risk just based on the fact that their mother has the disease. The genetic tests, if they are done are not covered by insurance as a general rule. Genetic testing would probably not be that useful for the children since it is unlikely that they have any of the know mutations due to the age of onset of her mother and other family members. Also if they had one of the known mutations, there is little they can do about it as we have no preventative treatment at this time. If they wish to be tested anyway, I would suggest first visiting a genetic counselor so that they can discuss what a test result might mean. Keep in mind that if the tests were negative, that by no means indicates that they will not get Alzheimer's disease.
Douglas W Scharre, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Neurology
Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry
College of Medicine
The Ohio State University


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Artist description:
i don't rlly speak tagalog though :) O.0 wierd huh? i know only some words isa, dalawa, tatlo, apat, lima! i know more than that though i just spell them inccorectly
Flash Draw Created Feb 06, 2010 470 x 338px Unless noted Copyright 2010 learnixie.
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Filipino ka? lol I don't know much either
ehe , im filippino too, except i was born in canada n never ever step foot in the philippines :D


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The Basics
Philadelphia Union (5-11-6, 21 points, seventh in Eastern Conference) vs Chicago Fire (6-7-8, 26 points, fifth in East) at PPL Park in Chester, Pa.
Chicago won the teams' first-ever meeting in June, 2-1.
TV Info
6:00pm ET, Fox Soccer Channel, Fox Sports en Español
Game Intro
With the stretch run upon us, this match between two Eastern Conference foes could do a lot to help shake out the playoff picture. If the Union have any intentions of reaching the postseason, a victory here is vital, while the Fire could distance themselves from the cellar by taking three big road points.
Philadelphia Union
Philadelphia come into the match following another disappointing result: a 1-1 draw with the Kansas City Wizards last weekend.
Dominant for much of the match, the Union were undone by a goalkeeping error and their inability to finish chances when they presented themselves.
Playing against his old team will be midfielder Justin Mapp, who was traded to the Union earlier in the season to make room for some of the Fire's big acquisitions. Mapp enjoyed his time in Chicago but realizes that getting three points in this match is what matters.
"I want to win the game first," Mapp said. "We need the three points. I think after it's over, I'll have a chance to catch up with some of the guys. They were great teammates."
Chicago Fire
The Fire have a quick turnaround from their 0-0 draw against Toronto FC on Wednesday. Starting for Chicago was their Designated Player, Nery Castillo, who hasn't found the net since joining Carlos de los Cobos' club in July. The Mexican international will likely start against Philadelphia as he continues to gain fitness as the MLS playoffs near.
"He had a good game," de los Cobos said of Castillo after his team's 0-0 draw on Wednesday. "I'm very happy for him. Little by little he is playing with the level that he used to have. He's [getting fitter], too, and that's going to help him."
Heroes & Villains
Justin Mapp vs. Freddie Ljungberg: Going up against the man who replaced him, Mapp will have his hands full with the veteran Ljungberg. Both players like to drift around the pitch and their creative tendencies coupled with a keen eye for a good through ball will provide the majority of the chances in the match. If the pair can provide quality for their respective teams, it could spell trouble for the opposing defenses.
Stat that makes you go "Hmm"
Philadelphia's Sebastien Le Toux leads the league in shots on goal, while the Fire don't have a player in the top 12 of that category.


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At 04:50 PM 9/29/01 -0400, Tom Lane wrote: >Bruce Momjian <pgman(at)candle(dot)pha(dot)pa(dot)us> writes: >>> On some operating systems, only one child at a time can accept() on the >>> socket. On these, you have to lock around the call to accept(). > >> But how do you know the client wants the database you have forked? They >> could want a different one. > >This approach would only work as far as saving the fork() call itself, >not the backend setup time. Not sure it's worth the trouble. I doubt >that the fork itself is a huge component of our start time; it's setting >up all the catalog caches and so forth that's expensive. I don't think there's much benefit as well. For most cases where preforking would help, you could just simply not disconnect. Get the app to connect to the correct DB on startup and then just wait, do stuff then don't disconnect either rollback or commit. Or have a DB connection pool. What would be good is a DB that can handle lots of connections well. That would help almost any case. Preforking is good for web servers but for DB servers it doesn't seem as useful. Cheerio, Link.
Next: From: sean-pgsql-hackers Date: 2001-09-30 02:28:01 Subject: Re: Pre-forking backend Previous: From: Peter Eisentraut Date: 2001-09-29 22:55:24 Subject: Re: doc build error


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You can still purchase single-game tickets to the Russell Athletic Bowl and/or Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl for just $40 each.
The Bigtime Bundle is a great new option to get into the bigtime games happening at Camping World Stadium, whether you are new to Florida Citrus Sports or an existing member looking for additional seats.
Two Games: $80
Lower bowl seating for the Russell Athletic Bowl (Dec. 28) and Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl (Dec.31) for just $80.
Three Games: $125
Add the 2017 Pro Bowl (Jan. 29) to your bundle along with the bowl games for just an additional $45!
Seating areas for each game are denoted in the map, subject to availability.
If you are interested in seating areas beyond those noted on the map, consider a Florida Citrus Sports membership ticket package.
Price listed does not include $10 fee per transaction. 3-game package including the 2017 Pro Bowl is limited to 8 per customer. 2-game package is limited to 12 per customer. While supplies last.


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Vogt places in national championship
Widseth Smith Nolting's Kyle Vogt finished in fifth place in the National SkillsUSA Championship in Architectural Drafting, hosted in Kansas City June 23—27.
As the Minnesota State Architectural Drafting Champion, Vogt was among more than 6,000 accomplished technical education students to compete in more than 100 different trade, technical and leadership fields.
Vogt competed with 18 other college/postsecondary participants in the architectural drafting category. The event took place at the Kansas City Convention Center. Here, the state champions took tests and completed a variety of technical tasks to prove their expertise in different occupations - computer-aided drafting, electronics, precision machining, and more.
For the competition, participants had to develop a site plan; first, second, and third floor plan views; a building section facing east and in a specific location; an east and south elevation view; and door and window finish schedules. This all had to be completed in eight hours.
As a final twist, competitors were told midway into the competition they had to redesign the first and third floor plans to meet new accommodations. All this and more would eventually be judged by specific standards, even down to whether or not each competitor was wearing the correct, official SkillsUSA competition attire.
According to its website (www.skillsusa.org), SkillsUSA is "a partnership of students, teachers and industry working together to ensure America has a skilled workforce." Its mission is "to empower its members to become world-class workers, leaders and responsible American citizens."


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- Latest
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… current and potential customers more effectively. What do you think? Have you used the LinkedIn Data Export tool yet? How did you use the information you found? Leave your experiences and questions in the comments section below. Tweet Tags: download linkedin data, download linkedin report, export linkedin data, export linkedin report, linkedin…


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FamilyMeans seeks volunteers for the AmeriCorps Legacy Corps to begin on Oct. 1.
Primary activities for AmeriCorps volunteers include visiting individuals of all ages who have disabilities and chronic illnesses. All visits are in Washington County.
"We are most in need of volunteers who can commit to some evening or weekend hours as well as individuals who are interested in working with children," said Margaret Irwin, volunteer coordinator at FamilyMeans. "This volunteer opportunity is a great way to help in the community while meeting new people and developing some new skills."
Volunteers receive a $200 monthly stipend and a $1,468 education award after 450 hours of service are completed at the end of the service year, which runs from Oct. 1, 2012 to Sept. 30, 2013. Twenty percent of the hours may be obtained through training, either through monthly meetings or self-directed study on topics relating to wellness, disabilities and chronic health issues.
For more information or to apply, contact Irwin at 651-789-4012 or email@example.com.


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A vain venue for solipsistic sophists, verbal voyeurs, lubricious logorrheics, and serial-comma lovers.
Friday, October 24, 2014
the faster the slower
During the NLCS of 2014, a reporter asked Buster Posey to explain his, or even perhaps, the team's success. "Just slow it down" was the gist of Buster's answer. I heard that sentiment more than once in the playoffs. Slow it down. It reminded me of hearing John Wooden, the famed UCLA basketball coach, say in an interview: "the faster the slower." At first glance, it doesn't make sense. But it does upon reflection. Don't move too fast, or else you will get ahead of yourself. You'll be out of the zone. You also hear athletes say, stay within yourself. I'm not an athlete. I never was the athlete I fantasized I would be or could be. In these early-latter days, I am content with that. However, I can relate to these maxims as metaphors. Zen teachers such as Thich Nhat Hanh speak or write about the value of "stopping." I suspect it's a similar concept, or notion, as slowing it down. It means being here, being now. Sounds simple but it takes me practice and discipline. After his win in game 1 of the 2014 world Series, Madison Bumgarner was asked about the excitement of being in the World Series, the biggest stage of practicing his art and craft. MadBum's answer went something like this, "You can't really enjoy it like that. It's a great thrill being here and all, but I just need to make good pitches." There you are. So if I say these are metaphors, what does that mean for me? Slowing it down, stopping, the faster the slower — for me they mean: restraint of tongue and pen, don't react, find solidity, breathe, HALT, pause. All that stuff. I'm really not very good at any of those things, not even after all these years. That's why it is so easy to preach about it.
Monday, October 20, 2014
vulnerable adult
I saw a sign. Upon entering the highway, Route 690 West, an electronic sign alerted motorists to a VULNERABLE ADULT, and gave a description of a vehicle, possibly accompanied a plate number. No respect or insensitivity whatsoever intended for that person or the person's loved ones (the ones whose concerns elicited the alert), but it gave me pause. Vulnerable Adult. vulnerable adult. (With or without the initial caps, with or without the proprietary nomenclature.) Are you a vulnerable adult? Am I? Yes, we are all sometimes vulnerable adults. Some of us, all the time. And we are vulnerable to the slings of time, the arrows of circumstance or history. We are at risk to fame and fortune, or at peril to poverty and perdition. And when we find ourselves vulnerable as adults, either individually or collectively, who is there to shield or save us? Should they? How? Or should our vulnerability merely introduce us to the icons of impermanence, the faceless faces of Nirvana?
I kept driving.
I kept driving.
expanded polystyrene civil degradation (EPCD)
The burly, dark man opened the driver's door of a new silver Audi in the Wegmans parking lot. I heard a plop. Citizen Utter Disregard (CUD) had deposited a large expanded polystyrene food container on the ground, by his driver's door. CUD closed the door. I walked up to the car. I picked up the expanded polystyrene container. I did not open it. I deliberately made eye contact with CUD as he breezily drove off. My heart beat faster, realizing that my minor act of civil obedience might be deemed provocative by CUD. I deposited the expanded polystyrene food container in a trash basket in front of Wegmans.
My head swirled with rage and sadness and befuddlement, with a thousand questions as to what moves CUD, or anyone for that matter, to such insouciant disgust toward his or her own surroundings. What permits people to exercise such expanded polystyrene civil degradation (EPCD)?
(Before writing this, I was all set to describe the piece of litter as STYROFOAM [TM]. It wasn't, and never is when it comes to food containers. Thank you, Washington Post for the education.)
My head swirled with rage and sadness and befuddlement, with a thousand questions as to what moves CUD, or anyone for that matter, to such insouciant disgust toward his or her own surroundings. What permits people to exercise such expanded polystyrene civil degradation (EPCD)?
(Before writing this, I was all set to describe the piece of litter as STYROFOAM [TM]. It wasn't, and never is when it comes to food containers. Thank you, Washington Post for the education.)
Tuesday, October 14, 2014
be leaf
After having some blood drawn and a urine donation (the stuff that folks do; these monitors; these reminders of zen impermanence; yes, I am fine, relax), I go to my car and see one bright yellow leaf, with a few greenish spots, sitting on my seat, the driver's side. I almost say, audibly, "Hi, how are you, so nice of you to be here; thank you for this visit, this mindful alert." But I don't. Or maybe I do mumble words to that effect. I think them, some variation of them. And mean it. I am grateful for this yellow leaf, striated, labial, thin, light, just under 2 inches long, about 3/4 inch wide at its widest. I just measured it. Yes, I brought it home. In the car, just after the leaf hit on me, just after out intro, the wind blew the leaf to the dirty floor mat on the passenger side. I picked up the leaf and put it on the seat. We've struck up a relationship. There I go again: it's mine, my leaf. Maybe when I go outside, I will just take my leaf with me and cast it to today's warm, robust wind.
But I won't.
But I won't.
Friday, October 10, 2014
imagine this
Maybe I should not be so verbocentric here. It's a visual world, is it not? Not that words don't sail or float or sink or swim in this image-laden universe. Maybe I need more images for your imagining. Enjoy your flight.
white noise
white noise
without the noise
white space
in living
Thursday, October 09, 2014
the silence of the iambs
I just finished a novel by Haruki Murakami imbued with silence. It was as if silence were a character in the novel (in the text; academics like to say text). "Silence descended over them," or words to that effect, appeared on the page many times. As a reader, I felt those silences. They were like white spaces on the layout of a page, or white scenery on a stage, or deep pauses in a conversation, as in a Harold Pinter play. Sometimes the silences were comfortable, reflective; other times, they were painful, anxious. Isn't that a strange thing about humans: that a silence can be rewarding or agonizing? Have silence scientists figured out a way to measure it, gauge its import, its flavor? I suspect they have. And I would not at all be shocked to learn that our bodies give off a smell to provide a clue (or a cue, for that matter) as to what sort of silence is descending, a salubrious silence or a malevolent one. Ours is not a time of silence. Our culture does not care to abide silences. There is little silence of the lambs or of iambs. (Couldn't resist that bit of English-major snobbery.) Silence of the child at the mother's breast, the purring of a cat, the cough in the cathedral pew, the silence of the beads being told. All silences punctuated my minor sounds. Or silence of the phone not ringing, the voice that is no more, the word unkenneled, the interval between lightning and thunder. And so much more. So much less.
taking my digital temperature
I tend to be obsessed with taking my digital temperature. I often take it many times a day. And I can't seem to stop myself. No amount of willpower can prevent it once I yield to that fixation. It's not what you think. It's not a solipsistic medical obsession. It goes deeper than that. Taking my digital temp goes right to my soul. You think I am afraid of fever or variations in body temperature? No, that's not it at all. I told you, it's deeper than that. This solipsistic obsession is very modern, au courant. I go to CreateSpace, the self-publishing arm of Amazon, and check daily sales figures of my four self-published books. I allow myself to feel glum if nothing shows up or to feel cheerful, even elated, if I find a few hits, a few sales. I check similar data at KDP, Kindle Direct Publishing. I check sales of these same books in electronic versions, from around the globe. If I told you the highs and lows of these daily, even hourly numbers, you might find yourself rolling on the floor laughing. Or crying. (Don't we have Internet acronyms for these emotional outbursts?) But what of my own emotional outbursts, no, inbursts? What possesses me? What is this hunger? It cannot possibly be about money. The amount are laughably or cryably or pitiably minuscule. Is it approval or validation? What is this craving? What drives it? What emptiness am I trying to fill? What would constitute enough? And why would I want more after that? U2 sang, "I still haven't found what I'm looking for." I have to ponder the question before the question: why am I even looking?
Wednesday, October 08, 2014
if you can read this . . .
. . . thank your genes and lucky stars, your neural pathways, your sense of sound and sight, your phonemic awareness and phonetic phrasings and particular parsings. And don't forget gratitude for the mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and friends who read to you before words were friends, before the printed page sang hymns and lullabies to you. Sing praises, too, to teachers, librarians, and the kindness of strangers who coaxed, nurtured, cajoled, and fostered you so one day you could call yourself a reader, and be proud of that triumphant title. If you can read this with pride and pleasure, thank the heavens and the earth and the people therein. Do not take it for granted. Share the wealth and spread the word, one word at a time, one page at a time, one child at a time. Together we are readers.
Saturday, October 04, 2014
let the rain come
and today the rain, off and on, no two drops the same, no two downpours or showers ever the same, bestowing sound and sense and nurture and nowness, bountifully; would that I could share it with my farmer friends in parched California
Friday, October 03, 2014
monarchy; the royal oui
I am walking the dog. Is it my dog? She was. Or is. (Can anyone lay claim to owning a pet? How could this lovely, loyal friend be deemed a possession?) We are walking in Burnet Park, Syracuse, where we have walked dozens, probably hundreds, of times. It is daytime. We now walk this route less frequently in the Time of Estrangement. October sunlight. An ample, warm breeze. We are walking up the driveway, an incline, toward the golf course clubhouse, toward O'Leary Drive, where, soon, in December, the jangling bells and clipclop hooves of steaming horses will carry Christmas-celebrating families. Riding on the wind, I am arrested. (Not the dog; she keeps going, only halted by squirrels, who are busy and in abundance.) I am gasped by the sight of one monarch butterfly riding the wind, I see it glide and loop for maybe less than 3 seconds. Then gone. Not seen. A vision in broad daylight. Monarch. From the Greek, one who rules alone. Ruling the field of vision, ruling my heart and its beats. A sacramental sign. A sign of what, you ask? Of is-ness. That. Suchness. Yes.
Wednesday, October 01, 2014
the vacant roof
Today no rooftop workers, neither Amish nor Mennonite nor Sicilian nor Catalonian. Where'd they go?
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Analog Synths news
- 05/19/16Hot news
Moogfest: Moog to bring back Minimoog Model D
While Moogfest 2016 is currently (May 19-22) being held in Durham, NC, Moog is bringing back Minimoog Model D through a pop-up factory.
- 01/22/16Hot news
[NAMM] [VIDEO] Arturia introduces the MatrixBrute
Arturia presents their all-new MatrixBrute, a massive-sounding analog synthesizer.
- 01/22/16Hot news
[NAMM] [VIDEO] Vermona 14 analog monophonic synth
Germany's Vermona is demonstrating their "14" analog monophonic synthesizer at the NAMM's booth 5014.
- 01/22/16Hot news
[NAMM] [VIDEO] Dave Smith Instruments OB-6
At the NAMM, Dave Smith and Tom Oberheim present the OB-6.
- 01/22/16Hot news
[NAMM] Dave Smith Instruments OB-6
Dave Smith Instruments presents the OB-6, a 6-voice synthesizer with all-analog signal path, discrete VCOs and filters developed with Tom Oberheim.
- 10/01/15Hot news
End of the road for the Minimoog Voyager
Moog Music announces that after 13 years and 14,000 units sold, the final 600 units are about to be built.
- 08/17/15Special price
Elektron releases Overbridge 1.0 with a promo
Elektron announced that the Overbridge plug-in is now available in v1.0 for Ableton Live and launched a special sale on their Analog Machines.
- 07/17/15
New public beta version for the Overbridge
Elektron released v0.9.5 public beta for the Overbridge software, which is available for the Analog Four, Analog Keys and Analog Rytm instruments.
- 06/05/15
The sounds of the Prophet 5 into the Prophet 6
A few days after announcing that he started shipping his Prophet 6, Dave Smith says that the synth will include sounds from the previous version.
- 06/02/15Hot newsFreeware
Elektron releases the Overbridge public beta
Elektron has launched the public beta version of their Overbridge utility plug-in, which has been expected since Musikmesse 2014.


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Source Naturals was created in 1982 by C.E.O Ira Goldberg to support each individuals potential to enjoy optimal health. At that time, the kind of nutritional formulations he envisioned for the maintenance of well-being and the enhancement of life simply didnt exist. The idea of combining many nutrients, herbs and nutraceuticals in one formulation, though common today, was then a rarity. Source Naturals pioneered the concept with Wellness Formula®, now the industrys #1 immune support product.
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To investigate shadows, using literature-based discussion as well as experiences with manipulating shadows.
This lesson is part of a four-lesson series in which students observe the daytime and nighttime sky regularly to identify sequences of changes and to look for patterns in these changes. At the K-2 level, learning about objects in the sky should be entirely observational and qualitative. The priority is to get students noticing and describing what objects in the sky look like at different times. (Benchmarks for Science Literacy, p. 62.)
The sun, moon, stars, clouds, birds, and airplanes all have properties, locations, and movements that can be observed and described. Ideally, students should engage in direct observation of both the daytime and nighttime sky throughout this lesson series. However, the recommended Internet resources can be helpful to enhance student experiences, or if opportunities for direct observation are limited. This investigation requires that observations be ongoing, so that students can look for patterns over time. As children become more familiar with objects in the sky, they can be guided to observe changes, such as night and day and the seasons.
In Sky 1: Objects in the Sky, students investigated objects in the daytime and nighttime sky.
In Sky 2: Shadows, students explore making shadows and tracking the movement of an object over the course of a day to look for patterns. It is best to couple this shadow activity with reading the book, Bear Shadow, and making a map of Bear's neighborhood when the sun is relatively high in the sky, either near the beginning or the end of the school year. You'll want to measure sun shadows at least twice and perhaps three or four times during the year to see how they vary with the time of year.
In Sky 3: Modeling Shadows, students construct models to demonstrate their understanding of shadows.
Sky 4: The Moon has students drawing the moon's shape for each evening on a calendar and then determining the pattern in the shapes over several weeks.
Ideas in this lesson are also related to concepts found in these Common Core State Standards:
- CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.1 Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, andhow to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.
- CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.6 Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe.
- CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.7 Explain how specific images (e.g., a diagram showing how a machine works) contribute to and clarify a text.
- CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.8 Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.
Planning Ahead
This lesson uses the book Bear Shadow by Frank Asch.
Either individually or as a participatory exercise, you and the students should read Bear Shadow by Frank Asch and discuss. In this story, a bear attempts to escape a shadow that seems to be chasing him. If this will be the introduction to a study of shadows, with particular emphasis on those caused by the sun, spend time finding out what students already know about shadows. You might guide this discussion by asking questions such as:
- What do you know about shadows that makes the book funny?
- Why did Bear's shadow disappear when he hid behind a tree?
- Why did the shadow disappear when he buried it?
- What makes a sun shadow fall one direction at one time and another direction earlier or later in the day?
- What other questions do you have about shadows?
Use the responses to help the children shape activities through which they will discover the answers to their questions.
If you have already begun the study of shadows and have measured sun shadows at least once, your discussion of Bear Shadow can be more pointed. In addition to the kinds of questions above, you can, for example, discuss the time of day when the various events occur and the direction Bear's shadow will fall at these times.
Investigating Shadows
Eyes on the Sky, Feet on the Ground: Hands on Astronomy Activities for Kids, offers various astronomy topics and activities. Under The Earth's Rotation, read Activity 1-1: Making Shadows, and complete the suggested activities with students. Here, students use different objects and angles to create, trace, and manipulate shadows. This activity includes a thorough list of discussion questions, as well as ideas for extending a study of shadows. In addition to the questions included in the lesson, ask students:
- How can you "make" a shadow?
- What is the light source?
- How is the shadow similar to the object you used to make it? How is it different?
- How can you change the size of your shadow?
- How can you change the shape of your shadow?
- How can you change the position of your shadow?
In Activity 1-2: Tracking Sun Shadows, also found on The Earth's Rotation page, students use a yardstick and coffee can full of stones to create a shadowstick. Students visit the shadowstick throughout the day, taking periodic measurements by tracing the line of the shadow and marking the time of day. Encourage students to begin making predictions about where the shadow might fall next. This activity can also be conducted as an indoor activity for small groups, using a drinking straw and clay. Full instructions and list of materials for both activities can be found at the site.
Follow the activities given at the site, but instead of just marking a point at the end of each shadow, draw the full line from the center of the posterboard to the end of the shadow. (These lines will be helpful when students are later asked to measure the shadows.) Each time students visit the shadowstick in the course of the day, ask them to compare the new shadow line to those drawn previously: Has it changed? How has it changed?
At the end of the day, bring the posterboard inside. Have student volunteers measure the distance from the center of the board (where the lines cross) to the end of each shadow line using cubes. Use the cubes to create a bar graph that represents the length of the shadows at the various times observed.
Ask students:
- What does the graph look like?
- When is the shadow shortest?
- When is it longest?
- What do you notice about the lines? Does the pattern of the lines remind you of anything?
Reread Bear Shadow. As a class, identify those aspects of the story that are purely fictional and those that "could happen," paying particular attention to how shadows change during the day. Compare the shadows in Bear Shadow to those students made and tracked in the Development activities. You could revisit the discussion questions listed in the Motivation, especially focusing on the last one, "What other questions do you have about shadows?" You could spend time answering the students' questions, as well as generating ones to be answered in the other lessons of this series.
As a class, create a nonfiction version of the story in Frank Asch's Bear Shadow.


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JERUSALEM (Apr. 23)
Shabbat in Jerusalem is a time for reflection and a chance to seal some of the gaps that can weaken the foundation of a person's Jewish identity. Young American Jews participating in the American Zionist Youth Foundation's summer program try to fill these voids with insight by spending one Shabbat sampling the spiritual aspect of being a Jew.
"The ideas of the Shabbat program is to try and give the Jewish kids an opportunity to discover and experience a Shabbat in Jerusalem and Shabbat as Shabbat, and at the same time to use that program to increase their awareness about their own Judaism and Jewish identity," said Charles Silverstein, a madrich (counselor) for the Shabbat program. Silverstein, 25, is in his second year of conducting Shabbat programs.
Over the course of two days, the group of about 30 participants in the program savors a traditional religious Shabbat that incorporates both rituals and thought-provoking games.
Led by male and female counselors, the program begins Friday morning when the group tours the ultra-Orthodox Mea Shearim quarter of Jerusalem and the Jewish market. In the market, comprising dozens of stalls and eager vendors, the group has an opportunity to buy challahs, wine, candles, and cookies, while the counselors have a chance to get acquainted with the group.
The Shabbat schedule resumes after the Friday morning initiation, about an hour-and-a-half before sundown. A tour of the Old City is combined with an introductory program on Shabbat and the historical background of Jerusalem. Silverstein emphasizes the teaching of songs as crucial to a meaningful Shabbat. "We believe singing elevates the soul," he said. "It gives one a taste of what it is to feel Shabbat and an idea of what Shabbat is all about."
Prayer is also important and there are two different approaches to exposing the group to Friday night services. If the participants can read Hebrew and have been to synagogue, they conduct a full service, Silverstein explained. For groups that are less knowledgeable in Hebrew, only parts of the service are performed and these sections are interpreted. "The idea is to get them to appreciate those aspects of Judaism they usually never see," he said.
Saturday morning prayer services are voluntary, according to Silverstein, as is participation in all facets of the Shabbat program. After the services, the entire group of program participants has Kiddush together and then the identity program begins.
The remainder of the Shabbat program is devoted to heightening the individual's Jewish awareness by means of various games. "We hope the games will inspire them to continue to discover more about the ideas we help to develop or reawaken," Silverstein said.
In "value clarification" games, Silverstein said he poses questions that start the participants thinking about the ethics of Judaism and their Jewish identity. "We, in a nice way, get them to think about subjects related to Judaism and Jewish identity like assimilation, like God, like Jewish history, like the Holocaust, intermarriage, tradition, and the like," Silverstein said.
One identity game personalizes their experiences as Jews. Silverstein requests that they discuss a time when they felt proud to be Jewish. "I get innumerable stories," he said. "People actually start thinking about when they were proud to be a Jew or when they fought against anti-Semitism, or when they did a good deed."
During the "survival" game, people must choose from a group of 30, five priorities they think are critical to the survival of the Jewish people. Then they find people with similar lists and form "political parties." The aim is for the participants to prepare a platform representing their ideas and ultimately to argue and debate their reasons for choosing the various priorities.
In "situation" games, which Silverstein calls social dramas, people are chosen to act out certain roles in a given predicament.
For example, a girl introduces her gentile boy friend to her parents and announces that they are getting married. The father may be told to react violently while the mother does not object. "After the scene, we have a debate about the pros and cons of intermarriage." Silverstein said. "We try to get people to realize it's not one of those factors that's going to ensure the survival of the Jewish people."
These and a host of other Jewish identity games are capped by a Shabbat-ending Havdalah service. Everyone sits in a circle with the lights out except for the Havdalah candle. "Each kid in the group has a chance to personally express what Shabbat meant for him or her." Silverstein explained.
"The invariable result is that they had an amazing experience both from a spiritual and a group dynamic point of view. There was an awareness of another dimension within their being and of increasing spiritual bonds within the group," he said.
While the program is a religious observance of Shabbat, Silverstein, who is Orthodox, emphasized that he and the other counselors extend Judaism as a sense of tradition. "We are definitely not a missionary organization," he said.
"The Shabbat madrichim (counselors) do not aim to try and convert anybody to become religious. Rather, we would like to get the people to think about their own Judaism and inspire them to think about all different aspects of what their Judaism means in the hope that they will be motivated to discover on their own more about it and to go in the direction of becoming stronger Jews."
The counselors also hope the participants will "resolve to belong to the Jewish nation; that they will feel part of the Jewish nation and that they're proud to be Jews; and that they recognize the history is thousands of years old and they feel it; and what better place than in Israel and what better time than on Shabbat?"


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Shirer Family Genealogy Project
Person Page 13995
Main Page - Master Index - Surname Index - Master Place Index - Historical Sources - Photo Albums - Grave Restoration - Scheurer DNA Project - John Shirer of Somerset Co., PA
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|Talmage A. Graybill1 b. 7 August 1917, d. 9 March 2002
|Virginia P. Unknown
|Pop-up Pedigree
|28 April 1954
|Roanoke, Roanoke Co., VA1
|25 December 1992
|Roanoke, Roanoke Co., VA1,2
|27 December 1992
GRAYBILL, Talmage A., ("T.A."), 38, of Roanoke, died Friday, December 25, 1992, in a local hospital. Surviving are his parents, Talmage and Virginia Graybill, Roanoke; three sisters and brothers-in-law, Ruth Ann and Dale Craighead, Hardy, Janice M. Chittum, Roanoke, Jinney L. Graybill and Larry Clinton, Silver Springs, Md. Also surviving are numerous aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews, cousins, and his special friends and staff at the VA Adult Day Care Center in Salem. Services will be 11:30 a.m. Monday at Oakey's North Chapel with the Rev. Paris E. Bain, Pastor Harold S. Moyer officiating. Interment will follow in Blue Ridge Memorial Gardens. Friends may call at Oakey's North Chapel.
|28 December 1992
|Blue Ridge Memorial Gardens, Roanoke Co., VA2
|Last Edited
|9 Dec 2005
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Main Page - Master Index - Surname Index - Master Place Index - Historical Sources - Photo Albums - Grave Restoration - Scheurer DNA Project - John Shirer of Somerset Co., PA
Compiled by: Denny Shirer, Canton, Ohio
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text:
The case of an Ithaca, New York firefighter is in the news as one of four employment discrimination cases the city is battling.
Mark Hassan was terminated by the Ithaca Fire Department in April, 2011. He claims the termination was retaliation for a complaint he filed with the New York State Division of Human Rights in December 2010. That complaint alleged Hassan was being systematically harassed and discriminated against because of his Middle Eastern ancestry.
The suit was originally filed in state court on July 1, 2011 against the fire department, IAFF Local 737, and several named chiefs and officers. It includes a list of derogatory comments that superiors and fellow firefighters allegedly made to Hassan, including calling him a "towel head", "dune coon", and "Hassan Chop" (after a Middle Eastern cartoon character).
Hassan alleges that supervisors alternatively took part in the harassment and failed to prevent other subordinates from engaging in it, while the union breached its duty of fair representation to him. He also claims he was unfairly portrayed as being prone to violence, to the point that in 2009 he was ordered to undergo a "psychological examination without cause or basis".
The complaint alleges that the various indignities "served as a distraction", "interfered with his ability to do his job", and cause him to "suffer harm, including, but not limited to, anxiety, embarrassment, physical distress, humiliation, degradation, loss of pay, loss of benefits, harm to reputation and good name, anger, fear, nervousness, and loss of enjoyment of life."
The city has denied Hassan's claims calling them "old, unwarranted allegations". In October, the city removed the case to Federal Court, a commonly used defense tactic that increases the costs and difficulty of bringing these kinds of cases.
Here is a copy of the original complaint. Hassan v Ithaca


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SH3PX1 [SNX9 (sorting nexin 9)] is a member of SNX super-family that is recognized by sharing a PX (phox homology) domain. We have previously shown that SH3PX1, phosphorylated by ACK2 (activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase 2), regulates the degradation of EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor. In mapping the tyrosine phosphorylation region, we found that the C-terminus of SH3PX1 is required for its tyrosine phosphorylation. Further analysis indicates that this region, known as the coiled-coil domain or the BAR (Bin–amphiphysin–Rvs homology) domain, is the dimerization domain of SH3PX1. Truncation of as little as 13 amino acid residues at the very C-terminus in the coiled-coil/BAR domain of SH3PX1 resulted in no dimerization, no ACK2-catalysed and EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and no interaction with ACK2. The intracellular localization of SH3PX1 became dysfunctional upon truncation in the BAR domain. Taken together, our results indicate that the dimerization, which is mediated by the BAR domain, is essential for the intracellular function of SH3PX1.
- Bin–amphiphysin–Rvs homology domain (BAR domain)
- dimerization
- epidermal growth factor (EGF)
- sorting nexin 9 (SNX9)
- tyrosine phosphorylation
Sorting nexins (SNXs) constitute more than 30 members that contain a PX (phox homology) domain [1]. The PX domain has been recently identified as an inositol phospholipid-binding module [2–4]. This feature connects the function of SNXs to interaction with membrane vesicles and regulation of intracellular vesicle trafficking. Previous studies have indicated that SNX1, SNX2, SNX9 and SNX16 participate in regulation of EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] degradation [5–8]. SNX6 and SNX27 may regulate TGF-β receptor or α-HT receptor trafficking [9,10]. Many other SNXs have been shown to interact with endosomal vesicles and may regulate various steps of vesicle transport [11–14]. Although many studies have been pursued, the exact function of SNXs in vesicle trafficking is still not clear.
SH3PX1 (SNX9) was initially identified as an interactive protein of the metalloprotease disintegrins MDC9 (metalloprotease, disintegrin, cysteine-rich protein 9) and MDC15 [15]. In Drosophila, SH3PX1 may function in connection of the cytoskeletal structure to the receptor-like molecule Dscam trafficking [16]. Biochemically, SH3PX1 interacts with the clathrin-coated vesicle adaptor protein AP-2, clathrin and, recently, dynamin-2 [17,18], suggesting that SH3PX1 may be directly involved in clathrin-coated vesicle endocytosis. Nevertheless, the role of SH3PX1 in clathrin-coated vesicle endocytosis or receptor trafficking has not been defined.
Our previous studies have shown that SH3PX1 was tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to EGF signalling [7]. ACK2 (activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase 2) is the tyrosine kinase that catalyses the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 [7]. Furthermore, co-expression of SH3PX1 with ACK2 but not SH3PX1 alone in COS7 cells facilitated EGFR degradation, suggesting a role for the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 in regulation of EGFR degradation. In the present study, we show that the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 catalysed by ACK2 or stimulated by EGF signalling is controlled by dimerization of SH3PX1. Dimerization is also required for the interaction of SH3PX1 with ACK2 and the localization of SH3PX1 in cells.
Cell culture, transfection and preparation of cell lysates
COS7 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium plus 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum. All cells were maintained at 37 °C in 5% CO2. For transfection, cells were cultured overnight to 90% confluence. DNA was transfected into cells using either Lipofectamine™ (Invitrogen) or Cytopure (Q-biogene) transfection reagents according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 36 h, cells requiring EGF stimulation were starved with serum-free media followed by continued incubation for 12 h. Cells were then stimulated with EGF at indicated time points before lysis. Cells not requiring EGF stimulation were incubated for 48 h after transfection. Cells were lysed using chilled mammalian cell lysis buffer (40 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 25 mM glycerol phosphate, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM EDTA, 10 μg/ml aprotinin and 10 μg/ml leupeptin) on rocking plates at 4 °C for 30 min. Cell lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 14000 g in a microcentrifuge for 5 min at 4 °C before use.
Construction of the C-terminus truncation mutants of SH3PX1
The C-terminus truncation mutants ΔC1, ΔC1-3, ΔC2 and ΔC3 were made by PCR using pcDNA3-HA-SH3PX1 as a template. The truncation mutants were directly cloned into BamHI/EcoRI sites of pcDNA3 vector and tagged with an HA (haemagglutinin) tag at the N-terminus. The mutations were confirmed by DNA sequencing. For GST (glutathione S-transferase) fusion proteins, SH3PX1 was directly cloned from pCDNA3-SH3PX1 using BamHI/EcoRI into the GST-fusion protein vector pGEX-4T3. The C-terminus portion construct C400–595 (amino acid residues 400–595) was made by using PCR and digesting the fragments with BamHI/EcoRI and cloned into pGEX-4T3. Constructs were transformed into Escherichia coli (JM109).
GST protein affinity binding assays
GST-fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli (JM109) and affinity-purified with glutathione–agarose beads as described previously [19]. The GST–SH3PX1, the SH3 (Src homology 3) domain or the C-terminus portion (C400–595), bound to glutathione-conjugated agarose beads, was incubated with precleared lysates from COS7 cells that overexpressed Myc-tagged ACK2, at 4 °C for 3–4 h with rotation. The beads were washed three times with lysis buffer. The bound proteins were then resolved by SDS/PAGE. Co-precipitated ACK2 was then detected by immunoblotting with an anti-Myc antibody.
Immunoprecipitation and immunoblots
For immunoprecipitation, the precleared cell lysates were incubated with primary antibody for 30 min on ice. Protein A beads were added and the mixture was incubated at 4 °C for 3 h with rotation. After incubation, the lysates were removed and the beads were washed with lysis buffer three times. The immunoprecipitation products were directly dissolved in SDS/PAGE sample buffer (63 mM Tris/HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 0.0025% Bromophenol Blue, 5% 2-mercaptoethanol and 10% glycerol) and resolved with SDS/PAGE. The immunoblots were performed as outlined in the Western Lightning immunoblot kit (PerkinElmer LifeSciences).
Myc-tagged SH3PX1-WT or Myc-tagged ΔC1-3 was co-transfected with GFP–ACK2 (where GFP is green fluorescent protein) into COS7 cells. After 24 h of incubation, cells were moved to glass bottom microwell dishes (MatTek Corp.) in preparation for immunostaining. Cells were incubated for another 24 h. For EGF stimulation, the cells were serum starved for 12 h before treating with EGF. The cells were washed three times with PBS, then fixed with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 min, followed by permeabilization with 0.02% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min. Immunostaining was performed by incubating the cells with primary antibody (anti-Myc) at 22 °C for 1 h followed by incubation with Texas Red-conjugated anti-mouse IgG at 22 °C for 1 h. The fluorescent staining of SH3PX1 and ΔC1-3 and green fluorescence of GFP–ACK2 were visualized under a Zeiss fluorescent microscope.
Deletion of the C-terminus diminished the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 by ACK2
Our previous studies have shown that SH3PX1 is phosphorylated by ACK2 [7]. To map the tyrosine phosphorylation sites, we made a series of HA-tagged C-terminus truncation mutants of SH3PX1, as indicated in Figure 1(A). After co-transfection with ACK2 into COS7 cells, the mutants were immunoprecipitated by anti-HA antibody. The tyrosine phosphorylation of the mutants was detected by immunoblotting with anti-PY (phosphotyrosine) antibody. As shown in Figures 1(B) and 1(C), the truncation of the C-terminus eliminated both ACK2-catalysed (Figure 1B) and EGF-stimulated (Figure 1C) tyrosine phosphorylation in all truncation mutants, suggesting that the C-terminus is required for tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1.
One possible cause for elimination of tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 by truncation of the C-terminus is that the phosphorylation sites are located at the C-terminus. To examine this possibility, we made another C-terminus truncation mutant ΔC1-3, in which the last 13 amino acid residues at the C-terminus were deleted. No tyrosine residue is in the deleted portion. If deletion of the phosphorylation sites is the cause for elimination of the tyrosine phosphorylation in the C-terminus truncation mutants ΔC1, ΔC2 and ΔC3, the tyrosine phosphorylation of ΔC1-3 should be the same as full-length SH3PX1. To test this possibility, we co-transfected ΔC1-3 with ACK2 into COS7 cells and detected the tyrosine phosphorylation of ΔC1-3 by immunoblotting with anti-PY antibody. Surprisingly, ΔC1-3, just like other C-terminus truncation mutants, was not phosphorylated by ACK2 (Figure 2A). Furthermore, deletion of the last 13 C-terminus amino acid residues eliminated the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 by EGF stimulation (Figure 2B). These results indicate that the elimination of the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 by truncation of the C-terminus is not due to missing the phosphorylation sites, but rather, may be caused by structural changes.
The C-terminus truncation mutants are dimerization-defective
Analysis of SH3PX1 molecular structure by the program Coils [20] indicates that amino acids 571–592 at the very C-terminus form a coiled-coil domain. This domain of Drosophila SH3PX1 has been shown to be critical for dimerization [16]. Structural analysis suggests that the coiled-coil domain of SH3PX1 is similar to the BAR (Bin–amphiphysin–Rvs homology) domain in amphiphysin, a known domain for dimerization in endocytic proteins [21]. To examine the function of the C-terminus coiled-coil domain in dimerization, we analysed the in vitro and in vivo dimerization capacity of both full-length and C-terminus-truncated SH3PX1. In in vitro assays, we attempted to determine the dimerization or oligomerization of purified bacterially expressed GST–SH3PX1 and GST–SH3PX1ΔC1-3 using the chemical cross-linking method. However, we failed to distinguish the difference in dimerization between GST–SH3PX1 and GST–SH3PX1ΔC1-3 and observed a high degree of oligomerization in all the samples, probably due to non-specific cross-linking. In in vivo assays, we co-transfected Myc-tagged SH3PX1 with HA-tagged full-length or C-terminus-truncated SH3PX1 into COS7 cells. The HA-tagged full-length or the truncation mutants of SH3PX1 were immunoprecipitated by anti-HA antibody; the co-immunoprecipitated Myc-tagged SH3PX1 was detected by immunoblotting with anti-Myc antibody. As shown in Figure 3, while wild-type SH3PX1 had dimerization capacity (Figure 3A, lane 3; Figure 3B, lane 1), the C-terminus truncation mutants ΔC1, ΔC2 and ΔC1-3 were not able to dimerize with full-length SH3PX1 (Figure 3A, lanes 1 and 2; Figure 3B, lane 4), nor ΔC1-3 with ΔC1-3 (Figure 3B, lane 3). These results indicate that the last 13 amino acid residues at the C-terminus are required for SH3PX1 dimerization. Taken together, the C-terminus truncation mutants are both tyrosine phosphorylation-defective and dimerization-defective. The next question is whether dimerization determines the tyrosine phosphorylation or the tyrosine phosphorylation determines the dimerization in SH3PX1.
The dimerization of SH3PX1 is independent of EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation
To further determine the relationship between tyrosine phosphorylation and dimerization of SH3PX1, we performed the dimerization assay under EGF stimulation. Our studies have shown that EGF stimulation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 (Figures 1C and 2B). We co-transfected Myc-tagged full-length SH3PX1 with HA-tagged full-length SH3PX1 or the truncation mutant ΔC1-3 into COS7 cells, then stimulated the cells with EGF to generate the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1, and determined the dimerization of SH3PX1 by co-immunoprecipitation assays. As shown in Figure 4, the dimerization of the full-length SH3PX1 or the truncation mutant ΔC1-3 was not affected by EGF stimulation, suggesting that EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 does not regulate the dimerization.
The dimerization of SH3PX1 is independent of ACK2
To address the relationship between the dimerization and the binding to ACK2, we utilized an SH3 domain deletion mutant ΔSH3, which is ACK2-binding-defective (Figure 5A), to perform the dimerization assay. Wild-type SH3PX1 was tyrosine-phosphorylated when co-transfected with ACK2 (Figure 5B, lane 1), while ΔSH3 was not tyrosine-phosphorylated by ACK2 (Figure 5B, lane 2), indicating that ΔSH3 is ACK2-phosphorylation-defective. However, both wild-type SH3PX1 and ΔSH3 have equal capacity of dimerization (Figure 5C), indicating that the dimerization of SH3PX1 is not regulated by interaction with ACK2. In summary, the dimerization of SH3PX1 is independent of EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and the interaction with ACK2, suggesting that dimerization is an upstream process to the tyrosine phosphorylation and the interaction with ACK2. Considering that ΔC1-3, the dimerization-defective mutant that has the same tyrosine residues as full-length SH3PX1, is tyrosine phosphorylation-defective (Figures 2A and 2B), we conclude that the dimerization of SH3PX1 is required for its tyrosine phosphorylation, including ACK2-catalysed and EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation.
Dimerization is required for SH3PX1 to interact with ACK2
Next question is the mechanism underlying the effect of dimerization on the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1. We notice that the interaction of SH3PX1 with ACK2 is necessary for ACK2-catalysed tyrosine phosphorylation (Figure 5). Therefore we suspect that the dimerization of SH3PX1 may be involved in the interaction with ACK2. We co-transfected the HA-tagged full-length SH3PX1 or C-terminus truncation mutants ΔC1 and ΔC1-3 with Myc-tagged ACK2 and determined the interaction of SH3PX1 or the mutants with ACK2 by co-immunoprecipitation assays. As shown in Figure 6(A), while wild-type SH3PX1 was co-immunoprecipitated with ACK2 (lane 3), the C-terminus truncation mutant ΔC1 or ΔC1-3 did not interact with ACK2 (lanes 1 and 2). This result indicates that the C-terminus is required for the interaction of SH3PX1 with ACK2. The incapability of interaction with ACK2 may be the mechanism underlying the diminishment of tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 by the C-terminus truncation.
To determine whether defect in the dimerization or loss of the binding site to ACK2 in the C-terminus truncation mutant ΔC1 or ΔC1-3 eliminates the binding to ACK2, we made a series of GST-fusion proteins that contain the SH3 domain (GST–SH3), the C-terminus portion (amino acid residues 400–595, GST–C400–595) or the full-length SH3PX1, and performed ACK2-pulldown assay with these GST-fusion proteins. As shown in Figure 6(B), the full-length SH3PX1 or the SH3 domain was able to pull down ACK2 from ACK2-transfected COS7 cell lysates (lanes 2 and 4), while the C-terminus portion (amino acid residues 400–595) was not (lane 3). These results suggest that the SH3 domain is the ACK2-interactive domain, as we have shown previously [7], and the C-terminus of SH3PX1 does not interact with ACK2. Therefore the defect in interaction with ACK2 in the C-terminus truncation mutants ΔC1 and ΔC1-3 is caused by losing the capacity of dimerization, not the ACK2-binding sites.
Dimerization is required for intracellular localization of SH3PX1
To determine effects of the dimerization on intracellular localization of SH3PX1 and the interaction of SH3PX1 with ACK2 in cells, we co-transfected Myc-tagged wild-type SH3PX1 and the dimerization-defective mutant ΔC1-3 with GFP–ACK2 into COS7 cells, and immunostained SH3PX1 and ΔC1-3 with anti-Myc antibody. As shown in Figure 7(A), while wild-type SH3PX1 was co-localized with ACK2 on punctate structures (Figure 7A, panels a and b), the dimerization-defective mutant ΔC1-3 was not localized with ACK2 (Figure 7A, panels c and d). These results suggest that dimerization is required for its intracellular localization or its co-localization with ACK.
To determine effects of the dimerization on intracellular localization of SH3PX1 in response to EGF signalling, we cotransfected Myc-tagged SH3PX1 and the dimerization-defective mutant ΔC1-3 with GFP–ACK2 into COS7 cells. After 36 h transfection, the cells were serum starved for 12 h and then stimulated with EGF (100 ng/ml) for 30 min. The intracellular localization of SH3PX1 and ΔC1-3 was determined by immunostaining with anti-Myc antibody. The localization of ACK2 was visualized by GFP fluorescence. As shown in Figure 7(B), wild-type SH3PX1 was co-localized with ACK2 on vesicular and punctate structures upon EGF stimulation (Figure 7B, panels e and f). In addition, co-localization of wild-type SH3PX1 with ACK2 also occurred in the presence of fetal bovine serum (Figure 7A, panels a and b) and this co-localization was eliminated by serum starvation (Figure 7B, panels a and b). However, the intracellular localization of ΔC1-3 was not responsive to EGF signalling (Figure 7B, panels c and g). No co-localization of ΔC1-3 with ACK2 was detected (Figure 7B, panel h). These results further confirm that dimerization is essential for co-localization of SH3PX1 with ACK2 and suggest that dimerization is required for EGF-stimulated translocation of SH3PX1.
SH3PX1 is a phosphorylation substrate of the ACK tyrosine kinase family [7]. The tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 is in response to EGF signal. We have shown that tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1 by ACK2 is critical for the function of SH3PX1 in regulation of EGFR degradation [7]. However, very little is known about the regulation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of SH3PX1.
In the present study, we report that the dimerization of SH3PX1 is required for the tyrosine phosphorylation and interaction with ACK2. Our studies indicate that deletion of the C-terminus coiled-coil/BAR domain of SH3PX1, which is the domain for dimerization, eliminates the interaction of SH3PX1 with ACK2. However, the dimerization domain does not contain ACK-binding sites (Figure 6B). Therefore dimerization is the essential structure for SH3PX1 to interact with ACK2. Given that the SH3 domain is the ACK-interactive domain [7] (Figure 6B), how does dimerization affect the binding of SH3PX1 to ACK2? Our hypothesis is that the SH3 domain of monomeric SH3PX1 is inhibited by either an intramolecular or an intermolecular component. Dimerization releases the SH3 domain by disrupting the interaction of the inhibitory component with the SH3 domain. We notice that a putative SH3 domain-binding motif (amino acid residues 306–311) resides in the PX domain of SH3PX1. The interaction of this putative SH3 domain-binding motif with the SH3 domain might affect binding of the SH3 domain to ACK and the PX domain to inositol phospholipids. It would be intriguing to test the interaction of this putative SH3 domain-binding motif with the SH3 domain in future experiments.
Dimerization is a molecular characteristic of SNXs. Many SNXs possess a coiled-coil/BAR domain at the C-terminus [21]. The interaction between the coiled-coil domains produces not only homodimers but also heterodimers of SNXs. Dimerization in SNXs was observed 7 years ago [22]. However, the function of dimerization in SNXs is still not clear. Recently, the dimerization domain of SNX1 has been found to regulate the binding affinity of the PX domain for inositol phospholipids [23], suggesting that dimerization affects the structure of other domains in SNX1. Our studies in the present paper suggest that the dimerization through the C-terminus of SH3PX1 regulates the function of its SH3 domain at the N-terminus. From these results, we propose that the dimerization determines the structural co-ordinations in SNXs that yield a favourable conformation to interact with inositol phospholipids or binding partners. To further understand the function of dimerization of SNXs, we need to look into the regulatory mechanisms of the structural co-ordinations.
Our previous studies suggest a role of SH3PX1 in regulation of EGFR degradation [7]. In the present study, we show that the translocation of SH3PX1 to vesicular and punctate structures was in response to EGF signalling (Figure 7B), further supporting the role of SH3PX1 in EGFR degradation. Dimerization seems essential for this function of SH3PX1 because the intracellular localization of the dimerization-defective mutant ΔC1-3 did not respond to EGF signalling. However, we still do not know how dimerization of SH3PX1 regulates EGFR degradation. Many other SNXs, such as SNX1, SNX2 and SNX16, also regulate EGFR endocytosis and degradation [5,6,8]. The C-terminus coiled-coil/BAR domain of SNX1 and SNX2 is highly conserved with that of SH3PX1. It is possible that SH3PX1, SNX1 and SNX2 form heterodimers through their coiled-coil/BAR domain and co-regulate EGFR degradation. In addition, SNX18 and a novel SNX in the Mammalian Gene Collection of the National Institutes of Health (MGC:32065) are highly homologous with SH3PX1 and contain the same domain structure as SH3PX1. These uncharacterized SNXs may also form heterodimers with SH3PX1 in cells and exert a similar function as SH3PX1. Taken together, dimerization through the coiled-coil/BAR domain may play an essential role in the function of SNXs. Further characterization of the dimerization will help us to understand the cellular function of SNXs.
We thank Lisa M. Stutzman of Lycoming College (Williamsport, PA, U.S.A.) for her excellent technical assistance.
Abbreviations: ACK, activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase; BAR, domain, Bin–amphiphysin–Rvs homology domain; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, EGF receptor; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HA, haemagglutinin; PX, domain, phox homology domain; PY, phosphotyrosine; SH3, domain, Src homology 3 domain; SNX, sorting nexin
- The Biochemical Society, London


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Hyderabad: Telangana BJP President G. Kishan Reddy said that the party would focus on strengthening its base in rural areas of Telangana.
Addressing a press conference at BJP Headquarters at Nampally here on Monday, Kishan Reddy said that as part of national campaign, the Telangana State unit would organise different awareness programmes in rural areas on 22nd, 23rd and 24th of April. He said district level meetings would be held on 6th, 7th and 8th April while mandal-level meetings would be organised on 10th, 11th and 12th April. He said that the campaign would end on April 25th with the live coverage of meeting to be held in a village of Jamshedpur which will be addressed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Kishan Reddy said that the BJP would strengthen its base to emerge as an alternate to TRS in Telangana State in 2019 elections. He alleged that while Congress was a family-controlled party, TRS Government too was being run by KCR and Owaisi families. He claimed that the BJP was the only democratic party in the country and it would grow stronger in Telangana State. (INN)


text: Ice Melt For decades, cities have spread rock salt to keep motorists from slipping on icy highways. But a campaign to find substitutes is gaining traction. (See related article.) Updated Feb. 25, 2008 12:01 a.m. ET Updated Feb. 25, 2008 12:01 a.m. ET Article Not Supported We're sorry but this article contains media that is not currently supported in this app. You will be redirected to the article on wsj.com in 5 seconds. If you are not redirected automatically, click this link.... To Read the Full Story Subscribe Sign In Most Popular Videos iOS 11: The Best Hidden Tricks for Your iPhone Apple Watch Series 3 Review: No iPhone, No Problem? Why China Is Rushing to Collect Genes Panic, Collapsed Buildings Following Mexico Quake Janet Yellen News Conference Most Popular Articles Opinion: Did Obama Know about Comey's Surveillance? Apple Acknowledges Cellular Connectivity Problem in New Watch Apple Watch Series 3 Review: Untethered… and Unreliable Opinion: All Mr. Comey's Wiretaps Opinion: Trump Shock at Turtle Bay


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To help ease stomach pain or cramps, lay down flat and lay a warm towel over your stomach! Don't eat any spicy foods, try eating a little chicken broth! Hope you feel better soon! Any Suggestions here?
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To help ease stomach pain or cramps, lay down flat and lay a warm towel over your stomach. Don't eat any spicy foods, try eating a little chicken broth. Hope you feel better soon.
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Often clenching one's jaw is helpful for reducing pain. I'm not sure, but it might have something to do with the mind shifting focus or sending too many signals at once. Sometimes simply letting the pain wash over one is ok. Once you stop f… More:http://www.ehow.com/how_5581651_control-pain-medicine.html
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I am feeling sick to my just general pain in the stomach.What is the best way to ache with no medicine at get rid of a stomach home? It switches between nausea and middle of t
lay on your side with a pillow against your tummy and bring your knees up to your chest the pain shoul gradually fade x
When I have bad cramps, I drink a cup of hot water with PLENTY OF BROWN one, they are only about $15 at your drug store) and have someone rub your stomach. How can you get rid of period cramps in school without taking medicine?
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