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I took a pg_dump -Fc from a Pg 8.0.1 installation on (Solaris / Sun) with Slony installed and attempted to restore to 8.0.2 on Linux / x86 without Slony installed. pg_restore skipped all of the Slony related items, but then it immediately jumped up to 700MB of memory usage and 99% CPU, but the DB connection was idle. Two hours later, memory usage had gradually dropped to 500MB, but CPU was still going full still with an idle database connection. I eventually clued in and made a TOC and removed all of the Slony items, but I'm still curious to know what exactly pg_restore had been doing for the last hour or so. --
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Jimmy Atkinson
Chapter Three Summary
For women, marital investment is a large and important characteristic when choosing a potential mate. When it comes down to it, women are looking for men who are willing to invest in themselves and their children. And of this investment, material far outweighs emotional. Women look for important clues to a man's ability to provide and to the likelihood that he would make a great investment in her and her offspring. These clues include his status, ambition, wealth, and success.
An experiment conducted by six psychologists to tell whether or not women placed the same weight of importance on attractiveness as men do, and if not how they differ. "College students saw pictures of the opposite sex and of various levels of physical attractiveness in different costumes. They then reported on how willingly they would be to enter different types of relationships with people like the one in the picture-from coffee and conversation though dating, sexual relations, and marriage. The high-status costume consisted of a white dress shirt with a designer paisley tie, a navy blazer thrown over the left shoulder, and a Rolex wristwatch. Female models a white silk blouse, a navy blazer thrown over the left shoulder, and a women's Rolex. To depict medium status, models wore an off-white shirt and khaki slacks. For low social status the models wore the uniform of a well-known fast food chain: a baseball cap and a polo shirt with the company logo showing. Male and female models were matched for physical attractiveness" (Townsend 63). Men generally agreed that they would date the attractive model, no matter what she was wearing. However, women only wanted to date those men that they saw as equals or above their own status.
The six psychologists therefore concluded that women require more proof of stability and investment in their rating on attractiveness, where as men only seemed to require attractiveness. Where men must see fertility and youth, women must see proof of status and accomplishment. But, women also need to see that the man that she has been considering as a mate is chased after and admired by other women. Positive information made the man more attractive where negative information excluded him from consideration. Since the women put more into reproducing, everything from gamete size to length of nurturing for her offspring, social information about her potential mate is important. And when considering the factors of male abuse and the high risk of flight, obtaining this information is crucial to choosing a mate. Men, on the other hand, while they seem to look for a partner they can keep, they basically judge the woman they are dating on physical characteristics.
Being a social world, there is a natural hierarchy, one that is based on status and success. Every person in society has a place in this hierarchy. To women, this is one of the ways to determine attractiveness. Based on her position on the hierarchy, a woman compares potential mates based on her own standing. She will be looking for a man with a status higher than her own. So men that are just starting out in the world will have little to no status due to their lack of influence and power. For example, men that are well established in a good career have no problem dating women that are not as established or powerful as they are. But because women are growing exceedingly more powerful in the workplace, when the competition is finally equal between the two sexes, others believe that women will take on that male characteristic of looking for physical characteristics in a mate. So far, however, the more education, prestige, and status a women receives, the standards for her partners also increase.
In a survey at a medical school, students were asked about important criteria for a partner. Men considered attractiveness significantly more important than women did. On the other hand, men also stated that they preferred to have a spouse that made less than what he did, where women wanted husbands with a higher paycheck. This clause came with a catch though; Women wanted this only if men did not try to pull status rank on them. "Many of the women found men's willingness to date and marry 'down' in terms of income and occupational prestige incomprehensible and frustrating" (Townsend 65). According to these medical students, what women really want are men "who are a challenge, one they could admire and respect" (Townsend 65). These women also wanted protection and security, even though they stated that they really never expected a man to protect them from any real physical danger.
Karla and Zelda are medical school students who were asked what they were looking for in a man. Both women said that they would be bothered if their spouse made less money than they did, or had less status or success as they did. "Evolutionary psychologists argue that women are attracted to signs of status and success because mates who had these qualities were able to invest more in them and their offspring" (Townsend 66). Women will not pursue a relationship with a man who has a lower status or seems weak or unintelligent. She does this to protect the future of her unborn offspring.
Women are very contradictory in their selection of a mate. They want a man who is successful and able to compete and survive in the world we live in today, but they also want a man that will think about the woman's feelings by making her feel wanted, safe and secure. If a man is weak or cannot survive successfully, women are less attracted, if at all attracted to them. Debbie is a student at a medical school where she graduated and obtained a job as a medical specialist. She talks about a boyfriend of hers that was going through medical school when she was and failed out. Debbie states that she noticed that her boyfriend wasn't to her standard because "He's not as bright as I am or as capable. I get honors in some of my classes, but he's having a hard time even repeating his first year" (Townsend 66). Debbie states that it is the issue of respect that she is having a hard time dealing with more than anything else. She says that although money is important, as well, if a woman cannot respect her boyfriend or spouse, there will be a problem.
After the study on the medical students was conducted, 160 law school students were interviewed the same way, with the same visual experiment used on the medical students. The results were the same. The women agreed to date any of the men as long as they were told beforehand that these men held successful positions. The men would only date the most attractive of the set of models, no matter what they were wearing. Based on these results one can assume that "Men often refuse to date women whose physical features do not meet their standards, regardless of how ambitious and successful the women are in their careers. In their part, women are rarely willing to date or have sexual relations with men who have lower socioeconomic status than they do, despite the men's looks and physiques" (Townsend 67).
Men are basically in competition with other men to see who can obtain the most success and the highest status. This is how they receive their attractiveness to women. And as they move up in status, he moves into a new circle of people with the same or slightly higher success. The man must then adjust his achievements to meet the standards of his new circle. When this happens, he is immediately more attractive to women. Ted talks about his experience with this. He states how as a young man, when he received attention from women, he noticed it stopped very quickly when they found out that he was only a graduate student. But now that he is older and holds a more prestigious position, Ted notices that he attracts more women. Ted goes on to say that it is like this at all ages of life. In his high school days, Ted noticed that they men that were notice were the ones that played a sport. So Ted tells how he played one too, until he realized that he wouldn't make it that way, and then he changed his major to one where he could gain success. Tod, a medical student, states "That's when I figured it out: the more your status goes up, the more attractive you are to women" (Townsend 70).
In towns that contain a University, these female students will rarely hang out at places where the local townspeople hang out. This is due to the lowered status that the "townie" men had. An experiment was conducted to see if this was a truthful statement. Subjects viewed pictures of models dressed like preppies, a crunchy environmentalist, and a townie. "The Preppy costumes consisted of a v-neck sweater over an Oxford pin-striped shirt and khaki pants. The Crunchy types wore faded, torn jeans, a headband, a tie-dyed t-shirt, and a single strand of beads. Male Townies wore a silk shirt with the top buttons open, a gold medallion, and black slacks. Female Townies wore a black body suit, a black leather mini-skirt, and ratted, sprayed hair" (Townsend 71). Scenarios and identities were given to each of the models in each costume. Men said that they thought that the prettiest models were acceptable, while the women thought that a townie, even if it was the best looking model, was unacceptable to date. Both sexes later say how townies were unacceptable for dating and marriage.
Another experiment was conducted then using the same models and costumes but changed identities. Experimenters attempted to see if it was the levels of education and ambition that were the deciding factor. In the end, men still choose the most attractive model, where the women would not accept dating anyone with lower ambition or status than they possessed. "These two experiments suggest that for middle-class men, high physical attractiveness can render women desirable for dating, sexual relationships, and even marriage regardless of their occupation, income, and education-provided that they do not exhibit the obvious trappings of a lower-class status and lifestyle" (Townsend 74).
Women were shown pictures of men and asked to rate them. They couldn't because they were not swayed toward one group or another in terms of style and the women could not see their whole bodies. To observe whether or not looks are important to women, half of these models were dressed in preppy or townie costumes, while the other half of the models were dressed in bathing suits. When the models were shown to the women, the ones in bathing suits were given a status rank and an ambition level. Even though all the models were professionals and physically attractive, women tended to favor those models that were given the higher status and ambition levels and would not consider dating, having sexual relations with, or marrying those that received the lower status and ambition label.
Men and women were then shown told to rank celebrities in order of their attractiveness. Since most people are aware of celebrities through the media, there was no additional information given about them to the participants. Women ranked the celebrities due to the roles that they most often played. If a celebrity portrayed "muscle-bound, working-class, or macho violent" type, then women were more likely to rank them lower in attractiveness (Townsend 75). Men ranked all the celebrities based on their looks and had a larger variability on between those they thought to be attractive than others.
When asked why attractive men are considered unattractive because they have lower status, undergraduate women are unsure of the answer. They stated that it must not be due to age, because "few undergraduate women are interested in dating adult men downtown, even though those men have status in the 'real' world in the form of occupations and earning potential" (Townsend 77). Some women said that social status and power were important to them, even though they are not fully aware of it. Mostly because in today's world women are supposed to be independent with careers and success of their own. Women also look for men that are willing to make a commitment and be in a monogamous relationship. This is because "those who stress physical attributes in their choice of partners, and who wants to coast in sexual relationships or otherwise minimize their investments are often considered emotionally immature, or sexist, or incapable of true commitment" (Townsend 77).
Many women also consider intelligence to be important to be considered attractive. A study found that women of all economic levels thought his important. But, all the levels defined education differently. Those with lower status said that men should have a high school education and some prospect of moving up, where as women in medical school wanted men that were highly educated and had lots of opportunities to succeed. These women based this on the fact that they wanted to have more in common with their mates and that intelligence was evidence of a man's abilities and future. However, the men that these medical students date tend to be narrowly educated and not the cultured men that they expected them to be. Some women say it isn't based on status because they themselves would sound snotty or superficial. This often happens when women move up enormously with their status due to marriage. Many women of a mid to lower socioeconomic status believe this to be untrue and highly elitist. Mary is a medical student who comes from an immigrant family with a working-class background. She says, "I really don't like the phrase 'marrying down'" (Townsend 79). Even though she says this, Mary has only really been involved with medical students. When she moved up in social status, her expectations moved up as well.
Women's expectations of what is attractive and acceptable in a mate grow, change and move along with there own personal growth and advancement. However, these same women have to deal with the fact that they do not have a universal definition of what attractiveness is. What is attractive to one woman can be repulsive to another. Where men seem to emphasize attractiveness, women seem to emphasize how much success and status a man possesses. Based on her analysis of these qualities, the woman then decides on how attractive each man is to her. For example, as a man gains influence and power, he wants a more attractive woman to be his mate. Women, on the other hand, want men that compliment or exceed their own status and ambition.
These expectations change rapidly depending on how much success and power a woman is receiving. However, these requirements are all based on the situation that the female is in at the time, taking into consideration age, lifestyle, emotional support, her monetary status, and what she can acquire by herself.
Chapter Seven Summary
"Sigmund Freud was confident of his ability to unravel the deepest secrets of the unconscious mind and to explain the fundamental processes of psychological development and gender identity. Yet in his often- quoted statement, he admitted he was at a loss when it came to understanding what women want. Freud is not alone: a great many men are perplexed by women's behavior" (Townsend, 145). Men tend to be confused because of their failure to recognize the distinction between emotional and material investment, frustrated, and find women's words and actions often contradicting. Basically women want men to be sensitive and loving yet at other times passionate, strong, and powerful. Women can often alternate without warning between all of these varying desires, needs, and emotions, expecting men to know how to fulfill them.
Once a relationship becomes more serious most women want to see signs of investment. These investments can include anything from material, to financial, to his seriousness in committing to the relationship. "...like his ability to support a family at the level she has attained or aspires to, or emotional, like remembering her birthday with flowers or a sentimental gift... As one woman told me, it is not necessarily the value of the card or gift the man offers that is so important, but rather the evidence that he was thinking about her, he cared enough about her and her feelings to remember, and to take the time..." (Townsend, 146).
But some women who focus more upon the material aspects a man can offer her, often end up in relationships with men who treat them badly. It is not that the women are attracted to this abusive behavior but instead that, "...they are attracted to men whose status makes them attractive to many women and this allows the men to indulge their desires for partner variety and low- investment sex. Such men offer high risk and high potential. If a women can secure a reliable commitment from such a man, she has garnered a top- quality man, but the risks of his philandering and eventually deserting her are high" (Townsend, 146).
While there are other women who are more cautious and look for a variety of characteristics in a man, such as a "...reliability of investment: the good steady provider who will be a good husband and father" (Townsend, 146). Overall women's main objective in mate selection is to secure the maximum investment possible. They may weigh all of the factors and all of their options, involving "potential for investment versus reliability and risk" (Townsend, 146).
Gloria, a businesswoman, did research on men's polygynous tendencies after she broke up with her husband. She has trouble getting men she finds attractive to invest in her, so she has tried dating men in lower socioeconomic levels. "One thing I learned was that if you want a monogamous relationship with an aggressive, goal oriented man, just forget it... while these guys need the secure, little happy home, they want to screw around too... I am dating a couple of working- class guys now and it's different. I'm in control. I know that i am playing with these men in a way, but I am trying to find out where I do not play games, where is that level that satisfies my needs....I sort of push them away if they want to be in love with me, because I don't want to be in love with them. I could never marry any of these men" (Townsend, 147).
Chelsea is 21, and felt used and abused by the men she found the most attractive, so she decided to always date down, below her social class, in order to increase her power and to control the amount of emotional investment she received. "... college guys are not interested- at least not the best-looking, most popular guys, which was what I was trying to date... It was a conscious decision to date down. I could call the shots and have as much adulation as I wanted, as long as I was careful in choosing... The disadvantages of this arrangement are that I get bored because this guy is so manageable, and it's not real" (Townsend, 148-9).
"What is romance?" is a typical question. One clear example can be found in all romantic fiction, where women wish to get a high status man to love, adore, and invest in her too. In all romantic fiction stories, whether they are set in the past or the present one can find a heroine struggling to achieve her goals (mostly personal), a high class/ status man (the hero), and another sensitive, devoted, loyal man hanging around, waiting. The market for romantic fiction is huge, international, and mostly female. While on the other hand the market for men are adventure stories and pornography. "As gender expert John Money stated, romantic fiction is the true pornography of women. Some women consider romantic fiction trite and inane. But whether they know it or not, their selection and rejection of partners, and their goals and dissatisfactions in relationships, exhibit the same basic tendencies and themes that make up the core of romantic fiction" (Townsend, 149-50).
Various studies have been done on whether or not women like dominant men. "Many social scientists have predicted that... once independent women no longer have to acquire status and resources through men, these female preferences will become less prevalent, both in fact and in fiction. Yet this is not happening" (150). Over and over again women with more resources and status tend to raise their socioeconomic standards for partners any ways.
The women want a man that is a challenge, someone they can admire, and respect. Some of the women also want a man who they feel can protect them because it makes them feel secure. Yet when men were asked what they most desired in a woman, no man gave answers similar to what the women did.
Carol is a second- year medical student, who prefers a man who is a bit ahead of her. She believes that men like this are a challenge because he has greater knowledge and achievements in certain areas. This advantage makes him worthy of her respect, admiration, more attractive to her. " I want a man I can be proud of. I need someone to challenge me... You don't want to be pushed around, but you want a man that you can respect" (Townsend, 151).
While women might like their men to be dominant at times, they have also figured out subtle ways to in a sense test their men. Quite frequently, women's standards for mates will increase with their own success and their discovery of possible alternatives. And they will consciously or unconsciously test, compare, and then evaluate the quality of their partners' investments. Some of the ways that women will test the quality of their partner's investment will be through: evoking jealousy, provoking competition with other men, or in (domestic) arguments. The majority of women were trying to see how much their partners cared about them, to increase their partners' interest and willingness to invest, and to test their man's limits. But most women are not even conscious of their main purpose when they are testing their mates. Pat says, "I think that there's a thin line between a guy being sensitive and being a wimp. I want a man who loves me and is considerate, but if he can't stand up to me, I can't respect him and it won't work" (Townsend, 154-5). "Debbie's boyfriend failed his first year in medical school and was having to repeat it. For her this was the major dissatisfaction with the relationship. She felt he was draining her, and she did not want to have to take care of him through marriage. She decided she wanted to look around" (Townsend, 155). Debbie: "I get bored with a man who isn't a challenge- who is to willing to please.
Psychologist Edward Sadalla and colleagues conducted a series of experiments looking at dominance and sexual attractiveness. In the first experiment subjects saw videos of simulated job interviews. Half of the male subjects saw an actress who acted in non-verbal dominant ways. She acted confidently, made direct eye contact, and sat up straight. While the other half of the men saw the exact same actress acting insecure and subservient, she acted nervous, jumpy, and slumped in her chair. The procedure was identical for female subjects except that they saw a video of a male being interviewed. Women found the actor a lot more sexually attractive and desirable as a date when he acted dominant. But men were unaffected in their ratings of the actresses' attractiveness whether she acted dominant or not.
Then the experimenters then had various college students rate the attractiveness of people based upon descriptions that were given to them. The people were described in ways that made them seem focused, competitive, and successful or confused, uncompetitive, and less successful. In all of the experiments women's ratings of the men's attractiveness and desirability as dates were strongly affected by the descriptions they read. While the men's ratings of women's attractiveness were not affected.
"Evolutionary psychologists argue that men and women have evolved different reproductive strategies, and because of this, dominance has different meanings for men and women" (Townsend, 157). Women who mate with a dominant man will positively gain many things. In a short- term relationship she will have a greater access to resources, which will give herself and her offspring advantages over the mates and offspring of less dominant males. While in a long- term relationship the woman may pass along to her offspring traits that designate advantages in competition for status and resources.
"In a study by psychologists David Buss and David Schmitt, women rated high and immediate investment as more important in short- term than in long-term relationships" (Townsend, 159). This is because in long-term relationships investment is more certain and constantly adding up. While in short- term relationships there are hardly any expectations of this kind so women demand investment right away.
It has also been asked "whether or not men test women?". "About half of the men we interviewed said that they tested for jealousy and how much their partners cared for them, but this was only with someone they were really interested in- in other words, someone in whom they might be willing to invest" (Townsend, 160). The majority of men also said that they wanted their mate to be a challenge, sensible, and to have a backbone. Basically men wanted almost a mirror image of what women wanted, that someone who did not demand investment, would not get respect or the investment either.
Practically all women at one time or another have experienced rejection in relationships, in a way showing them where their limits may be. As shown before most women (and men) like someone who is a challenge, someone who is confident, attractive, and secure enough not to rush into things with just anyone who will accept them. Women are attracted to men who have a lot to offer and are difficult to catch because it is a challenge, exciting, and it can show that the man values himself and is worthy. When most women find men like this they then must convince him that she is special and worthy of his commitments and investments. It is during all of this that she is in a sense testing herself and her limits, seeing how far she is willing to go, and can with or without being rejected.
How women form their standards. "In choosing partners for serious relationships, a woman will measure potential mates against her own achievements. Women want to marry men in levels that are equal to or higher than the levels they have attained themselves..." (Townsend, 161). In addition to this women are also affected by their own social class. For example if a woman comes from an upper- middle- class family, she will generally prefer to marry a man who can provide a very similar or even better lifestyle.
While men and women share various characteristics, and more and more women are successfully competing with men in almost every aspect, they continue to differ the most in their sexual psychology. "The different reproductive strategies of men and women have been a central feature of our evolution, and our sexual behavior and reproduction are mediated by our sexual psychology- the emotions, desires, fears, and aversions that motivate and channel our sexual behavior" (Townsend, 163-4). Women continue to find men more sexually attractive due mostly to the level of their dominance.Today women also refer to men like this as a "challenge." Women are still following old patterns, unconsciously, in hopes of getting a dominant man, who is respected, ambitious, and successful to invest in her and her children. But for men dominance makes no huge difference in their choice of women. "Dominance may make a women more interesting as a person, but it has little effect on her sexual attractiveness" (Townsend, 164).
Chapter Three
Women's Desire for Material Investment
Emotional investment is meaningless if the man has nothing material to offer.
The signs of emotional investment are important to women, but not sufficient.
In this chapter, we will explore how status, ambition, wealth, and success – the signs that a partner is able to invest – interact with physical traits to determine sexual attractiveness.
I. Status Cues
A. Women's assessments of sexual attractiveness are more influenced by signs of status than men's are.
B. The Costume Experiment
1. Men rate women's attractiveness independent of how they are dressed.
2. Women rate men's attractiveness depending on how they are dressed.
C. Peer Opinion
1. Men rate women's attractiveness independent of peer opinion.
2. Women's ratings of men's attractiveness are strongly affected by what other women say about the man.
a. Evolutionary Explanation: Ignoring information about potential mates could be risky.
b. Evolutionary Explanation: Sexy son hypothesis.
D. Social Status, Competitive Arenas, and Attractiveness
1. Social status is a relative characteristic.
a. Status is determined by a person's rank and standing within a particular hierarchy.
2. A woman's perception of a man's status and attractiveness is influenced by her own status within the hierarchy.
a. Women prefer men with more status than their own.
b. In a study, no woman preferred a spouse with income inferior to hers, but about half of the men expressed this preference.
3. Women are attracted to signs of status and success because the men with these qualities are able to invest more in them and their offspring.
a. Dual requirements: A man must be competitive and tough in the outside world, yet must also demonstrate his willingness to invest in her by being considerate, affectionate, and nurturing.
II. Status Hierarchies
A. There are numerous different hierarchies in society and a man's status is always relative to that of other men in his arena.
1. A man's attractiveness therefore changes dramatically as he moves between different circles.
2. There are many different circles, and subcultures, each with its own status hierarchies.
B. Status Barriers
1. Women prefer not to "date down."
a. In a study, women university students did not frequent bars where men from local community colleges hung out, nor did they date these men.
C. The Preppy-Crunchy-Townie Experiment
1. Participants saw photographs and descriptions of models of the opposite sex who were dressed in the costumes of a preppy, a crunchy, and a townie.
2. Preppy Description
a. V-neck sweater over an oxford pinstriped shirt and khaki pants.
b. University student, ambitious, motivated.
3. Crunchy Description
a. Faded, torn jeans, a headband, a tie-dyed t-shirt, single strand of beads
b. Environmentalist, university student, laid back, enjoys outdoors, hiking.
4. Townie Description
a. Male: silk shirt (top three buttons open), gold medallion, black slacks.
b. Community college or no college attendance at all, "cruises for chicks with his boys," likes LL Cool J.
5. Results of Experiment
a. Even with the best-looking model, women said they were unwilling to have sexual relations when he was dressed and described as a Townie.
b. Men found the prettiest models acceptable for sexual relations regardless of their costumes or descriptions.
c. Men and women were equally willing to date and marry the Preppy and equally unwilling to date and marry the Townie.
d. Women were more willing to have sex with the Crunchy than to marry him. Women expect a more financially secure marriage lifestyle.
D. Attractiveness, Educational Achievement, and Social Class
1. Men found the prettiest models desirable for dating and sexual relations, and even marriage, regardless of their costumes, educational achievement, occupations, and incomes, provided they are not really low-class.
2. Women were negative about any type of relationship with low-achieving men. Men's income, occupation, and education are often major keys in determining acceptability as dates, sexual partners, or spouses.
III. Rating Attractiveness
A. The Bathing Suit Experiment
1. Participants saw photos of models in bathing suits and were asked to rate their attractiveness. All the models were professional and very physically attractive.
2. When descriptions of either high or low status of the models were added to the photos, women's ratings varied far more than men's.
Chapter Seven
I. Women's Quest for Investment
A. Women seek men who offer both emotional and material investment.
1. Women want men who are tender and loving with them, but are successful winners in the real world.
2. Material investment can include being able to provide for a family.
3. Emotional investment can include remembering her birthday and giving gifts.
4. The central goal in women's selections of mates is to secure the maximum investment possible.
a. Weighing factors such as investment potential vs. reliability and risk.
5. Women dichotomize the world of men into wimps, geeks, and nerds on one side, and bastards and pricks on the other side.
a. The former side is willing to invest, but do not measure up to women's standards.
b. The latter side measures up to women's standards, but is unwilling to invest and is a risky venture for women.
B. What Is Romance?
1. Female Problem: How does a woman get a highly attractive, high-status man to invest his resources exclusively to her and her future offspring?
a. Romance novels highlight this problem that the heroine faces.
2. Men must be successful or they will not get the woman in the end.
C. Do Women Like Dominant Men?
1. In general, women prefer men who earn more income and are higher status than they are.
2. Women with more resources, success, education, and ambition tend to raise their socioeconomic standards for men.
3. When asked what they most desired in a man, over half the female medical students stated they wanted a man who was a challenge.
4. One-third said they wanted a man who made them feel protected.
a. They were vague in describing what they needed protection from.
5. Women like men who are "hard to get" but not impossible. When guys are too easy to get, women are likely to get bored because there is no fun in the chase.
6. Even avid feminists prefer dominant men who are above them professionally and financially, provided that the men do not use these advantages to hinder the careers of the women.
D. Do Women Test Men?
1. Some women test the quality of their partners' investments by provoking them into competition with other men.
a. Some women flirt with other men and provoke jealousy to see how much their partners care about them and to increase their partners' interest and willingness to invest.
b. Some women test their boyfriends to see how far they could push them before they drew the line.
2. Sometimes, women test men by provoking arguments to see how capable they are of expressing intense emotions, just to get a rise out of them.
3. Most women who test men are not conscious of their purpose in doing so.
II. Dominance, Attractiveness, and Polygyny
A. Dominance and Sexual Attractiveness
1. Women find dominant men more sexually attractive and desirable than insecure or subordinate men.
a. Dominance, prowess and success are essential traits in men when women rate their attractiveness.
2. Men's ratings of women's attractiveness are unaffected by whether or not the woman is dominant.
a. More dominant women are no less attractive than more traditional, passive women.
b. Men are not necessarily turned off by women's confidence and success.
c. When men rate women's sexual attractiveness, such traits are negligible.
3. Evolutionary Explanation for Why Women Prefer Dominant Men
a. In the long term, the woman may pass on favorable traits (advantages in competition for resources) to her offspring.
b. In the short term, the woman will gain access to resources for her and her offspring.
B. Status and Attractiveness
1. Status within a particular hierarchy, rather than physical appearance, determines men's attractiveness.
2. Each hierarchy has its own distinct set of "groupies," or group of women who hang out and "hook up" with members of the particular hierarchy.
a. Football groupies are not interested in punk bands, etc.
C. How Women Form Their Standards
1. In choosing men for serious relationships, women measure potential mates against her own achievements.
2. Women want to marry men in levels that are equal to or higher than their own.
3. For women, an essential component is dominance.
a. Dominance indicates that a man can protect and provide for a woman and her offspring.
b. If a woman can gain a dominant man's investment, she will benefit herself and her future offspring.
A. Three Interesting Points
1. How women's ratings of men's attractiveness varies more than men's ratings of women's attractiveness.
2. How women rate men's attractiveness based not only on physical attributes, but also status, clothes, education, etc. Costume experiment. Attractiveness is based on what men are able to offer.
3. Social scientists predicted that as women acquired more of their own status and wealth, female preferences for dominant males would become less prevalent; yet this is not happening. Why? Due to evolution, women are genetically programmed to desire dominant males.
B. Weak/Confusing Cases
1. Too narrow of a focus. Focused only on high status, upper class medical and law students. Missed the lower class perspective.
2. He never actually explained what romance was, despite the fact that the title of chapter seven is "Romance, Male Dominance, and the Quest for Investment."
3. Preppy-Crunchy-Townie does not represent everybody. Too stereotypical.
C. Needed to Explain Further / We Had Questions About
1. More explanation on emotional investment and romance. He went into great detail about material investment and status, but did not touch upon enough the importance of emotional investment and romance.
2. The section "Do men test women?" was very brief and needed further explanation.
3. He covered the proximate perspective quite well, explaining everything about how women want men to be, but he did not go into enough detail regarding the evolutionary perspective. He needed to further explain why, from an evolutionary standpoint, are women the way they are in terms of their mate preferences.

subset: commoncrawl


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eVGA e-GeForce 6800 GT Video Card Review
Painkiller (DirectX)
Painkiller is a new game based on the Pain-engine, so it provides a unique look at graphics card performance that we haven't seen before; that also means there have been fewer changes the driver engineers at each graphics house have made to tweak specifically for this engine.
We did a manual run through of this game, specifically on Chapter 03, Area 03 where you are running through the open ends of a cargo jet and fighting off tanks and zombies. Now, because you must kill each zombie before you are allowed to advance to the next section, each run through was slightly different as the zombie deaths were not always in the same order, etc. By enabling god mode and infinite ammo, however, I was able to get the three individual runs on each card very consistent, and I am confident in the results we are presenting.
For our testing, we set everything to as high as it would go in the video options, as seen in the screenshots below.
We left the game-based multisampling on "None" and used the ATI and NVIDIA control panels to enable the AA and AF instead.
Let's see what the benchmarks have to say.
At 1024x768, with or without AA and AF enabled, we see the three cards are basically on equal footing. At this point, we can basically assume that the processor is the limiting factor in our benchmarks.
With AA/AF turned on, the three cards are about even with each other with a small advantage going to the eVGA 6800 GT due to its higher minimum FPS. However, once the the 4xAA and 8xAF were enabled, the X800 Pro from ATI has a better (higher) minimum FPS and slightly higher average frame rate. If you look at the line graph, however, you'll see the 6800 GT cards are following the same pattern of performance and only two or so areas that the frame rate drops very slightly below the X800 Pro.
Without AA/AF turned on the eVGA 6800 GT has a slight edge over the X800 Pro but when the eye candy is enabled, the tides switch and the X800 Pro has the edge. Note that though the X800 Pro has a significantly higher maximum frame rate the average frame rates are very comparable and very playable on all three cards.
Check out some prices on Painkiller!
The ensemble drama about young adults growing up in Beverly Hills is a blend of romantic drama and subject matter that crosses all cultural boundaries. The storyline has followed the Walsh family as they moved from a middle-class Midwestern neighborhood to wealthy and glamorous Beverly Hills, maturing from high school to college students, facing new challenges as they continue to grow and discover more about themselves and their personal ambitions. As their worlds evolve, old friendships will be tested as new relationships develop, but no matter how complicated their worlds become, they will always share in their strengths and experiences.
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text: Beautiful gently used Zuiko glass, complete with case and both front and rear caps. Perfect glass and mechanics. No disappointments. For use with your Olympus OM cameras or full frame Canon digital cameras with the proper adapter. $1700 including postage within the USA. Add $25 for overseas shipment. Photos available. This is about 20% lower than the lowest price currently on eBay for this lens. 3% to Apug.USD Price : 1700.00


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An online tool is available to help dairy farmers make insurance coverage decisions under the new Dairy Margin Protection Program (DMPP).
Read Dairy Margin Protection Program enrollment begins Sept. 2 and NMPF pleased with Dairy Margin Protection Program provisions
USDA's Farm Service Agency, the National Coalition for Producer Education (NCPE) and the National Program on Dairy Markets and Policy (DMaP) partnered to develop the web-based decision support tool for DMPP, as well as the Livestock Gross Margin-Dairy (LGM-Dairy) insurance program.
Access to the MPP Decision Tool and other educational material is available at the following websites:
• • http://www.farmdoc.illinois.edu/farmbilltoolbox
A brochure identifying the features of the MPP Decision Tool is available here: brochure.
The MPP Decision Tool was designed to be easy to use and is optimized to run on all electronic devices, including home PC, smart phones, and tablets using Windows, iOS, and Android operating systems. Additionally, only one data point – the dairy operation's production history – is need from the dairy producer to use the decision tool for the MPP decision.
Dairy farmers can use the MPP Decision Tool in as few as 4 clicks of the mouse:
Click 1: What is Your Production History? The dairy operation's production history is defined as the maximum calendar year milk production during 2011, 2012 and 2013. This is the only data point needed in order to generate unique MPP Decision Tool results with respect to MPP. The decision tool includes a downloadable form to help determine production history.
Click 2: Evaluate MPP Margin Forecast. Each day price forecasts of the dairy production margin are generated using CME Group futures market data. This information is used to forecast the probability of MPP payments for all 126 coverage options for the coverage year.
Click 3: Select a Coverage Level Threshold and Coverage Level Percentage. Different coverage options reflect a producer's ability to generate different margin levels (from $4 to $8 per hundredweight) and different coverage percentages (from 25% to 90%).
Click 4: Print Registration Forms. Tool users can elect a coverage level and coverage percentage and then print their farm-specific USDA FSA registration forms directly from the MPP Decision Tool. Alternatively, users on a mobile device can generate a PDF file displaying their coverage options selected from within the MPP Decision Tool.
After this four-step process, dairy farm operators can easily view and print for all 126 coverage options: (i) the total premium costs and administrative fee; (ii) forecast MPP payments to be made during the coverage year; and (iii) net MPP benefits (defined as the MPP payment minus the premium and administrative fee).
To highlight the risk management approach that needs to occur during the registration and coverage modification process, dairy farmers using the MPP Decision Tool have the ability to analyze historical U.S. milk and feed prices. This feature is for research purposes only, but provides the opportunity for dairy farmers to go back in time to determine how MPP would have worked as a risk management instrument had it been in place during prior years.
For dairy operators who seek to use their own expectations of milk, feed and margin price risk, the MPP Decision Tool will soon include an Advanced interface that will allow dairy operations to self-select all 48 milk and feed prices to determine how MPP may function to smooth dairy production margins.
With respect to LGM-Dairy, the MPP Decision Tool makes moving between MPP and LGM-Dairy a one-click solution. MPP Decision Tool users simply click the "MPP" or "LGM" option to toggle between the two web interfaces. The MPP Decision Tool incorporates the award winning LGM-Dairy Analyzer ©. LGM-Dairy Analyzer © is the sole software system available that allows dairy farm operators and insurance providers to examine forthcoming insurance contract offerings and anticipated premium costs. LGM-Dairy Analyzer © is used extensively by insurance providers and dairy farm operators across the U.S.
'Train the Trainer' materials and events
To complement this effort, DMaP will host five "Train-the-Trainer" workshops across the U.S. beginning Sept. 9, 2014 (see Train the Trainer). Additionally, members of the DMaP team and other educators and trainers will conduct meetings geared to dairy farmers to help them learn to use this exciting new tool (see State Meetings).
As part of the educational effort DMaP will soon release a series of online materials including web videos, PowerPoints, printed materials, and links to other online 2014 Farm Bill decision tools. This material will provide farmers with MPP specific information such as: (i) learning how to calculate their own dairy production margin; (ii) learning how MPP dairy can be integrated into the existing suite of risk management options; and (iii) evaluating unexpected risks in milk and feed markets.
These DMaP educational materials are designed to be flexible to the schedule of the dairy operator or educator. Producers and educators can access the educational materials on their own schedule and needs; additionally, farmers and educators can refer back to these materials as a reference. Links to the supplementary educational material and Train the Trainer Event registration can be found online at: www.dairymarkets.org/MPP.
Margin forecasting
The MPP Decision Tool uses innovative and new peer-reviewed price forecasting techniques to provide dairy farmers with timely market information on milk and feed price probabilities to help with the MPP and LGM-Dairy decisions (Bozic, Newton, Thraen, and Gould 2014).
The MPP Decision Tool provides dairy farmers the opportunity to use farm specific milk production variables in conjunction with daily futures prices on milk and feed as part of the consideration for coverage-level choices under MPP and LGM-Dairy. The MPP Decision Tool calculates USDA commodity price estimates and then uses historical correlations among milk and feed prices in a simulation to estimate the financial returns from MPP for farmer-selected coverage options.
With respect to LGM-Dairy, the MPP Decision Tool includes the LGM-Dairy Analyzer © software. LGM-Dairy Analyzer © incorporates the insurance program structure and data obtained from futures markets to provide a farm-level evaluation of the risk management capabilities of the LGM-Dairy program.


text:
ENTERTAINMENT PREVIEW: Pioneer Place on Fifth Offers Music and More
ST. CLOUD – We continue on with our area snapshot of local holiday entertainment, and today, we're looking at the extensive calendar for Pioneer Place on Fifth Theatre.
And, by the look of it, they have quite a few shows to check out this season.
The annual "Laughing All The Way" performance will kick off on Friday, November 30th. Described as a variety show in the "old television style," the production involves music, comedy, sketches and storytelling, all around the theme of the holiday season. The show has many dates and times running all the way through December 23rd.
Next up is a very quirky Pioneer Place tradition called "A Tuba Christmas" on Friday, December 15th. If you or someone you know has, and can play, the tuba, you're invited to jump onstage and play Christmas tunes along with others in an all-tuba band. The show is free to the public and $5 to register. You can sign up at 4p.m., practice at 4:30 and then perform at 5.
Lastly, you can catch perennial favorite Mick Sterling and his band playing holiday music on Wednesday, December 19th during their "At Christmas" show. He's joined by members of Minneapolis comedy club "Brave New Workshop" for a show combining music and storytelling, geared toward Christmas. The show starts at 7:30 p.m.
This isn't everything on the Pioneer Place calendar. For all show dates, times and ticket information, visit the Pioneer Place's website.


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(CBS/AP) "Oh my God. If this has not been done, how can I agree to this?"
That's what cancer patient Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene said after learning that the windpipe transplant that could save his life would be the first of its kind.
But last week's operation was a success, and the 36-year-old Eritrean man now has a lab-made windpipe grown from his own stem cells.
PICTURES - First lab-grown windpipe saves cancer patient
After almost refusing the lifesaving operation, Beyene talked to his Icelandic doctor and to his family - including his wife and two children in Eritrea - and agreed to the revolutionary transplant. "Then I just prayed and accepted it," he said.
Beyene had been diagnosed with advanced cancer while studying at a university in Iceland, and had developed a tumor that almost completely blocked his windpipe. His Icelandic doctor referred Beyene to Dr. Paolo Macchiarini, a surgeon at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute who has done windpipe transplants in the past. Macchiarini suggested replacing Beyene's damaged windpipe with one made in a laboratory.
Beyene's new windpipe was made using a spongy, plastic polymer to speed cell growth - a device that's been used before in tear ducts and blood vessels. Once the windpipe was constructed in a lab, Beyene's stem cells were used to create millions of other cells to line and coat the windpipe, so Beyene's body wouldn't reject the new organ.
Other windpipe transplants have been performed using donor windpipes and the patient's own stem cells to cover the new trachea, but Beyene's case is the first to use an entirely man-made organ.
He recently arrived back in Reykjavik and is now recovering at the national hospital. His doctors will run scans on his new windpipe every six months for at least the next five years to check for possible complications.
Beyene isn't sure when he will be released from the hospital but hopes to return to Eritrea to see his family soon. "I am very eager to see them and they are very eager to see me."


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Monday's Co. Commission meeting --
It was a busy night Monday for the Wilson County Commission.
A proposal to reinstate the $2 per animal "pet tax" was referred back to committee by a 13-9 vote; a plan to videotape commission committee meetings failed due to a tied vote; and selling $14-million-plus in bonds to remodel the old Lebanon High School was approved by a 17-5 vote, although financing the rest of the Wilson County Schools' building plans for 2015-16 has been deferred until August.
The county's former $2 pet tax that went to New Leash on Life may get a new lease on life, itself.
From five have come seven --
The redistricting of Wilson County School Board seats has been accomplished with the County Commission's unanimous approval Monday night of the new districts that were recommended to the commission by the Education Committee chaired by District 20 Commissioner Annette Stafford.
In looking at the financial disclosure statements filed with the Wilson County Election Commission six of the 11 remaining contested races for the County Commission filed paperwork for a campaign treasurer.
Former Wilson County Sheriff's Deputy Greg Lasater appeared in court on Tuesday and his case will be continued, said Sheriff Robert Bryan.
Kristi Dunn, an administrator of the Parents of Wilson County Schools Facebook page, is just one of the many parents with questions regarding the school system's reading list.
Here are the resumes of the 17 candidates for the Wilson County Director of Schools position.
I am a proud yet concerned citizen living in a wonderful growing suburb of Nashville, Tennessee, in Wilson County.
Ever since breaking the story for The Wilson Post about former Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund's answers to questions about having a drink and then driving his Board of Education-issued vehicle on Jan. 16, I've been asked in a myriad of ways, "What do you think about the situation?"
Well, Saturday, it was done. Dr. Setterlund signed a release and settlement agreement, received a nice severance package and waived his right to ever sue the BOE or the County Commission over his employment or resignation.
Now, I can voice my opinion.
Board returns from executive session at 11:30 mark of video.
The seven-month reign of Dr. Timothy Setterlund as Wilson County Schools director has ended.
The past nine days have been very trying for those in our school system, and we commend Dr. Setterlund for making the right decision.
It took less than 40 minutes Saturday morning for the Wilson County Board of Education to unanimously vote to let former Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund out of his contract.
Following this morning's meeting of the Wilson County Board of Education, who unanimously voted to terminate the contract as Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund, who had been on the job for only seven months, The Wilson Post attempted to contact all five of the board members to ask them the following question: "What take away lesson, if any, did you learn from the entire situation concerning Dr. Setterlund as you prepare to move forward in your search for a new director?"
Additionally, The Post talked to the chairs of the Wilson County Commission Budget and Education Committees for their reactions to today's meeting, and with whose comments we begin our reporting of "In Their Own Words."
The purpose of tomorrow's Wilson County Board of Education meeting has changed. According to a notice sent out via email at 5:06 p.m., the special called session will be to accept Dr. Tim Setterlund's official notice of retirement.
Wilson County Board of Education will meet Saturday to determine the future of Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund, who took over the reins of the school system less than seven months ago.
This article first appeared in the Wednesday, Jan. 22, print edition of The Wilson Post. Because The Wilson Post realized the issues that seem to concern several county commissioners, as well as some principals, teachers, parents and students with Setterlund, go much further back in time than last Thursday, we are publishing online with links to the original stories and/or sources of information as possible.
I am the Junior Class President at Lebanon High School. I am writing this letter to voice my concerns on the future of our school system under the leadership of our current director, Dr. Tim Setterlund.
The Wilson Post has had several inquiries from the general public about Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund's employment contract with the Wilson County Board of Education.
Therefore, we have published it as .pdf file, as it a public record and available for review by the public.
Jasmine Carlisle, a 15-year-old Mt. Juliet High School sophomore, has followed closely the recent situation involving Wilson County Schools Director Dr. Tim Setterlund. She has written a letter to the Board of Education about the situation and with her mother's written permission, The Wilson Post is printing it online Monday night and will print it in Wednesday's print edition.
The Wilson County Board of Education has basically three options under consideration regarding the recent events surrounding Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund, according to the board chairman.
While interviewing Wilson County Board of Education Chair Don Weathers, The Wilson Post asked him about the removal of the county sticker from the director of school's board-issued Ford Expedition.
Following a two-plus hour, closed meeting of the Wilson County Board of Education and its attorney Sunday afternoon regarding recent information about Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund, the next step is for the five school board members to digest the information they received and possibly hold a special meeting later this week.
The Wilson County Board of Education will be meeting in private with the School Board Attorney on Sunday, January 19, 2014 at 1:00 p.m.
The Wilson Post calls for Setterlund's resignation
Wilson County Schools Director Dr. Tim Setterlund must resign.
His Thursday night admission to drinking a beer and getting behind the wheel of his county-issued SUV has created a firestorm within the educational community.
Editor's note: In light of Sunday's scheduled, private meeting of the Wilson County Board of Education's regarding recent events involving Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund, The Wilson Post thought it would be beneficial to remind everyone – members of the public and board members – what the law says about what can and cannot be done at this meeting and about giving notice of such meetings. The story is long but we urge everyone to it.
The next step regarding the future of Director of Schools Dr. Tim Setterlund lies with the Wilson County Board of Education.
Wilson County Schools Director admitted in an open meeting Thursday to having consumed alcohol at a local establishment and then driving his county-assigned vehicle.
Bill Moss, a 31-year veteran of the Wilson County School System whose position was eliminated by the director of schools in September, has filed a lawsuit in Wilson County Chancery Court against Dr. Tim Setterlund and the Wilson County Board of Education alleging wrongful termination.
A motion to amend Wilson County Schools' punishment policy failed on Monday evening with a 3-2 vote from the school board.
Some things never seem to change in local government, specifically the annual struggle to strike a balance between the county commission and the Wilson County school system when it comes to adequate funding levels.
The new director of schools, Dr. Tim Setterlund, has publicly stated he hopes to improve things in this area by building trust through open communications with the commission and the public. I applaud him for taking this position and for recognizing that trust between the two parties is critical going forward.
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text: Hi, I have an 1997 A4 which keeps stalling/cutting out when taking off if the aircon is on. It is ok when driving along normally but if reversing out of a parking space or pulling out from a junction it somtimes stalls or goes really slow like you are trying to pull of in 3rd gear! It began happening only when the aircon was on high, now it does it when the aircon is on low too! Any ideas what is causing it/will fix it? Thanks jo


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Rowdy sheeters participate in Swachh Bharat - Tv9
Tue, May 26, 2015, 12:26 PM
Hyderabad's rowdy sheeters, who have promised to help the state capital in its development and cleanliness drive, have come forward joining into the Swatchh Bharat and Swachh Hyderabad programme. Under the direction of South Zone DCP, the rowdy sheeters have begun Swachh Hyderabad programme cleaning the area at Paigah tomb of Santosh Nagar in Old city. Watch what DCP of South Zone has to say in this regard.


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Are Hydrogel Injections Safe for the Buttocks?
Is hydrogel injections in the buttocks as dangerous as the silicone injections? I would like to get cosmetic surgery to make my buttocks fuller and... READ MORE
What is the Best Technique a Surgeon Uses to Get a Round Booty Projection?
I would like a round and more defined buttocks my doctor told me that fat was not like clay but I have sice great results from other woman I read that... READ MORE
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|Marcel de Riedmatten <mdr@xxxxxxxxxxx>
|Re: unable to mount filesystem
|Tim Shimmin <tes@xxxxxxx>
|Mon, 6 Oct 2003 16:54:23 +1000
|Linux xfs list <linux-xfs@xxxxxxxxxxx>
|<1065286302.20458.44.camel@galadriel>; from mdr@xxxxxxxxxxx on Sat, Oct 04, 2003 at 06:51:42PM +0200
Hi Marcel, On Sat, Oct 04, 2003 at 06:51:42PM +0200, Marcel de Riedmatten wrote: > > I was making write tests on a 1.5TB xfs filesystem and after unmounting > it i can't mount it again. It looks like a log corruption or something. > This is what i found in syslog: i try to mount multiple times > > > > Oct 4 17:15:35 grobelix kernel: XFS mounting filesystem sd(8,1) > Oct 4 17:15:36 grobelix kernel: Starting XFS recovery on filesystem: > sd(8,1) (dev: 8/1) > Oct 4 17:15:36 grobelix kernel: XFS: log mount/recovery failed > Oct 4 17:15:36 grobelix kernel: XFS: log mount failed > Oct 4 17:15:50 grobelix kernel: XFS mounting filesystem sd(8,1) > Oct 4 17:15:50 grobelix kernel: Filesystem "sd(8,1)": XFS internal > error > xlog_clear_stale_blocks(2) at line 1253 of file xfs_log_recover.c. > Caller ... > (0xe8539c54)) > Oct 4 17:15:50 grobelix kernel: [<f898e900>] xlog_find_tail [xfs] 0x3c0 > (0xe8539c5c)) ... > This is xfs-1.3 whith Axel Thimm smp i686 package at > http://atrpms.physik.fu-berlin.de/dist/rh73/kernel/ > > > Hardware is supermicro dual xeon board (x5dp8-g2) with 2 GB of ram and a > 3ware 8506-8 with 7 disks raid5. > > > Then try xfs_logprint (without -t ) but it segfault: > xfs_logprint without -t prior to xfsprogs-2.5.10 couldn't handle v2 logs. From xfsprogs/doc/CHANGES: xfsprogs-2.5.10 (30 September 2003) - Fix up xfs_logprint to handle version 2 logs for its operation output (previously core dumped on it). > # xfs_info data > meta-data=/exports/data isize=256 agcount=351, > agsize=1048576 blks > = sectsz=512 > data = bsize=4096 blocks=367671614, > imaxpct=25 > = sunit=16 swidth=96 blks, > unwritten=1 > naming =version 2 bsize=4096 > log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=32736, version=2 > = sectsz=512 sunit=48 blks > realtime =none extsz=65536 blocks=0, rtextents=0 > I noticed that you are using version 2 logs with a striped size of 48 4K-blocks or 8*48=384 BBs (512 byte blocks). I believe there is a bug in the code for log sunit which is not a power of 2 in BBs. xfs_log.c: log->l_stripemask = 1 << xfs_highbit32(mp->m_sb.sb_logsunit >> BBSHIFT); I have a fix in my own code but it is mixed with some other v2 log changes. I'm currently writing v2 log QA to test this stuff out. I'll let you know when I check this stuff in. > xlog_clear_stale_blocks(2) at line 1253 of file xfs_log_recover.c. This error happens (great msg I think not:) if the tail of the log is greater than the head. By greater I mean in terms of <block#, cycle#>. (So if the cycle #s of the head/tail are the same then the tail blk < head blk otherwise the tail cycle# should be one less than the head cycle# since the tail must be on the previous cycle. And the tail should never be greater than the head. > xfs_logprint: > data device: 0x801 > log device: 0x801 daddr: 1468006656 length: 261888 > > log tail: 60416 head: 65279 state: <DIRTY> > > > LOG REC AT LSN cycle 7 block 60416 (0x7, 0xec00) > ============================================================================ > TRANS: tid:0xc45c87bc type:DIOSTRAT #items:5 trans:0x0 q:0x808cf70 > It looks like the tail blk# (60416) is less than the head blk# (65279). In which case it is likely that the cycle numbers are not the same like they should be. --Tim
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text:
Polite golf clap for the USGA and R&A for doing something that so few governing bodies are willing to do these days – govern.
Golf's rules makers opened themselves up to all sorts of complaints and the slim potential for litigation by finally tackling the issue of anchored clubs in a decisive way. In a joint news conferences filled with more use of the word "whilst" since the King James Bible, USGA chief Mike Davis and his R&A counterpart Peter Dawson proposed a ban on anchoring clubs against the body.
They stopped short of banning the long and belly putters that guys like Keegan Bradley, Webb Simpson and Ernie Els used to win majors in the past two years, but they've prevented using them as crutches to avoid the yips that are an essential element of the game.
In short, they defined the concept of a legal swing that is the core of golf.
"This is all about the future of the game," Davis said. "It's about us defining the game, defining a stroke, clarifying a very controversial and divisive situation. And ultimately, golf gets back to holding the club with two hands and swinging it freely."
This ruling will anger a lot of people whose argument is that it's simply too late to put the genie back in the bottle. That's an ongoing issue in the game as the leaders have failed to deal in any meaningful way with the technology advances that threaten to make the game's iconic venues obsolete.
At least this matter was easily correctable – better late than never. Both Davis and Dawson admitted that their associations dragged their collective feet for 30 years since anchoring clubs first became a new concept in the fertile minds of golfers seeking a fix for whatever ails them.
But it was the past two years that brought clarity and action for the sake of the game as we knew it. And it wasn't Bradley's or Simpson's major triumphs that raised the ire and brought down the curtain on the anchoring era (effective Jan. 1, 2016, once it finally passes), though the timing certainly seems reactionary.
It's the impact those victories had on the building trend that could eventually make the traditional stroke obsolete. Long and belly putters were moving from an object of last resort to a first resort.
Once reserved for desperate golfers with uncontrollable yips or debilitating back issues, the method was growing in popularity with young players and newcomers to the game. It went from a couple percent of PGA Tour golfers in the late '90s to 6 percent in 2006, 11 percent in 2011 and 15 percent in 2012.
"Our conclusion is that anchored strokes threaten to supplant traditional strokes, which with all their frailties are integral to the long standing character of our sport," Dawson said. "Our objective is to preserve the skill and challenge, which is such a key element of the game of golf. ... This proposed rule change is not directly performance related. This is about defining the game and defining what is a stroke in golf."
Exactly. If golf has made strides to ban beta blockers or other drugs that might help control nerves, banning a technique that acts as a crutch was a logical progression.
Anchoring proponents like Adam Scott, whose conversion to the long putter resurrected his game two years ago, argue that there is no conclusive data to illustrate that anchored putting is an advantage. In fact, none of the top 20 players on tour in the putting stats use one.
Why would they? They're already great in the art of putting with no motivation to change what works. If players like Scott or Els weren't converting to them to alleviate flaws in their own games, would they not do it if it didn't help?
"As long as it's legal, I'll keep cheating like the rest of them," said Els, revealing his true feelings about the technique and what it did to put him back in the major winner's circle.
"In terms of comparing players that are using anchored strokes with players who are using conventional strokes, there is no compelling data to say one is better than the other," Dawson said. "It's an individual thing for individual players."
Augusta tour pro Charles Howell started using a belly putter last season and switched back to a conventional short putter in September.
"I've used both of them," Howell said. "I don't think there's any magic fairy dust to a long or anchored putter. You still have to read the putt. You have to hit the putt the right speed. You have to have the nerves to pull that off. There's so much more that goes into putting than anchoring the club and swinging. I still say if it were that big an advantage, everyone on the tour would be using one."
Golf's governing bodies were afraid that's where it was eventually heading as more and more juniors were being taught to go straight to anchoring. And it was bleeding into the chipping game as well.
This is where some of the critics against the anchoring rule change – folks like short-game guru Dave Pelz who wrote an 11th-hour open letter pleading for the status quo – make their most absurd leap. They argue that eliminating putting aids will drive golfers away and damage efforts to grow the game.
The USGA's and R&A's failures to govern technology has made the game easier to play for more than a decade, yet still its growth remains stagnant at best. Missing 4-foot putts isn't making anyone quit, but 5½-hour rounds and triple-digit greens fees will do it in a heartbeat.
Davis rightly pointed out that "cost of the game, the time the game takes to play, the accessibility of the game" are the primary factors in growth.
"Skill and challenge are such an important part of golf for so many golfers, that's what brings them back to the game. That's why they play the game," he said. "Difficulty is way down the list, and anchoring would only be a very, very small part of that. So ultimately, we don't think quitting the game or not playing the game is really an option when this comes to this anchored stroke."
Golf's leaders have acted in a responsible way to address a divisive issue.
It won't please everyone, but it keeps with the long-standing traditions of the game.
Creativity will conjure up new ways for curing the yips, just as greats like Sam Snead and Tom Watson had to deal with it in the past. But it will all happen within the confines of a legitimate swing with no crutches.
Now if they could just rein in the golf ball and treat out of bounds like lateral hazards, golf's leaders would indeed be working for the good of the game.


text:
[[caption-width-right:330:[[AwesomeButImpractical It is even more dangerous without the knife.]]]]
->''"While I fly, follow me in the shadow of my wings."''
-->-- '''Jatayu''', ''[[Literature/{{Ramayana}} The Ramayana]]''
Few animals radiate the strength and majesty of birds of prey. They're fast, powerful and look intense, netting them a spot right at the top of both the food chain and the minds of people worldwide. From Roman symbols through medieval heraldry right to the forefront of [[{{Eagleland}} American cultural symbols]], they have almost always had a proud and noble reputation. Whether a character in their own right or a symbol of the strength of another, raptors are not to be sneered at.
Though always considered powerful and usually majestic, certain birds have their own special attributes as well. Eagles, for instance, are associated with power, royalty and empire while hawks represent aggression even in [[WarHawk the English language itself.]] Of course, being symbols of pride and power is not always a positive thing: They can also be portrayed as cruel or merciless.
If they appear in a {{Funny Animal}}s setting you can expect them to be among the most badass members of the cast and with a fearsome reputation. In a world with only humans, they may appear with the real world usage of heraldry or perhaps utilized by a WarriorPrince.
See FeatheredFiend for more atrocious avians and GiantFlyer for enormous birds.
%% When adding examples, keep in mind that this trope is not "bird plus badass" "big birds" or any general depiction of birds.
[[folder:Anime & Manga]]
* ''Anime/ScienceNinjaTeamGatchaman''. All 5 members of the team represent a different type of bird.
* In ''Manga/{{Yaiba}}'', Kotaro Fuuma's [[OneWingedAngel true form]] is that of a Hawk-Man. Yaiba is almost killed by him.
* Hawkmon from ''{{Anime/Digimon Adventure 02}}'' qualifies as this, being a heroic, well-mannered hawk Digimon who is one of the protagonists.
* Generally, all Bird-type ''{{Anime/Pokemon}}'' Ash and his companions manage to capture. Pidgeotto is a obvious case. It introduced itself trying to eat Caterpie (as expected from a hungry bird), though as soon as it was captured, it became a loyal battler and friend for Ash's group.
[[folder:Comic Books]]
* There is an [[AmazonBrigade exclusively female]] superhero group in the DCU named the ComicBook/BirdsOfPrey
* ''ComicBook/JudgeDredd'': Judges have a massive eagle for [[FashionableAsymmetry one shoulder pad]], and eagles are a prominent symbol in all parts of the Judge System. Carlos Ezquerra says he chose the eagle because it was heavily associated with both American freedom and fascist Spain and Nazi Germany; thus, it serves as a reminder of how something good can be perverted into evil by good intentions.
[[folder:Fairy Tales]]
* In ''Literature/TheFeatherOfFinistTheFalcon'', the handsome prince Finist turns into a falcon.
[[folder:Fan Works]]
* ''Fanfic/TheUrthbloodSaga'': Urthblood, the warlord and titular character, employs several of these as personal fighters, spies and messengers.
* Parvarotti, [[Series/{{Glee}} Blain'se]] [[WesternAnimation/AvatarTheLastAirbender Dragon Hawk]] in ''Fanfic/SolarWinds'' instills fear in all who dare come near--except for Blaine, who treats him like one of his best friends. Parvarotti is a messenger hawk and is fiercely protective of Blaine.
* In ''Fanfic/TheLionKingAdventures'', the [[HermitGuru Hermit of Hekima]] is a ''giant golden eagle'' with telepathic abilities and insight into the future. He acts as a guide for Simba, Nala and Haiba in Series Five.
* In ''FanFic/AGrowingAffection'', Iruka has a hawk summoning contract. And his familiars are all named after fighter jets.
[[folder:Films -- Animation]]
* ''WesternAnimation/SpiritStallionOfTheCimarron'' has a bald eagle; he symbolises the title character's freedom and homeland.
* ''Disney/TheRescuersDownUnder'' has a wedge-tailed eagle that's [[GiantFlyer big enough for a small boy to ride on]]. Wedge-tails are among the largest flying birds in the world, but real ones still aren't ''that'' big.
* ''WesternAnimation/QuestForCamelot'': Has Ayden, a falcon with silver wings who typically acts as Garret's "seeing-eye bird". It's strongly implied that he's a familiar for Merlin.
[[folder:Films -- Live-Action]]
* ''Film/TheNativityStory'' uses a hawk to symbolize the Holy Spirit. Quite a step up from the usual dove.
* In ''Film/OurManFlint'', the Galaxy organization has an anti-American eagle guarding its headquarters: it's trained to detect and attack Americans. After Flint destroys the IslandBase, the last scene in the movie is the eagle soaring over it.
* In ''Film/TheMummyReturns'', Ardeth Bey has a [[InstantMessengerPigeon messenger-falcon]] named ''[[Myth/EgyptianMythology Horus]]''.
* In ''Film/AfterEarth'', there is an eagle. A [[GiantFlyer gigantic eagle.]] It is large enough to [[KidnappingBirdOfPrey carry off a teenage boy,]] and is [[MamaBear incredibly protective of its offspring]].
* In ''Film/{{Ladyhawke}}'', the [[Creator/MichellePfeiffer heroine]] is in the shape of a hawk from dawn to dusk, resulting in many shots of a majestic redtailed hawk riding on Creator/RutgerHauer's glove.
* The ''Literature/{{Animorphs}}'' use these morphs as their primary means of travel. Then of course there is Tobias who is now a red-tailed hawk in his [[ShapeshifterModeLock natural form]].
** Further played with in the David Trilogy, when new SixthRanger David chooses a golden eagle as his first morph, a bird easily larger and more dangerous than any other the kids have morphed so far.
* Creator/MercedesLackey is very fond of birds in general, but particularly raptors. In her ''Literature/HeraldsOfValdemar'' novels she has a whole culture of people with avian BondCreatures called the Hawkbrothers, although some of them have [[CleverCrows corvids]] or something more exotic.
* In the ''Literature/{{Discworld}}'' novel ''Discworld/LordsAndLadies'', Lady Jane the goshawk takes down one of TheFairFolk. The elf in question had ordered her to kill Hodgesaargh, the falconer, without realizing just how vicious and how prone to attacking the closest person available -- including her would-be falconer -- she was. She immediately went for the elf's throat.
-->'''Hodgesaargh:''' She's done that to me too. Sorry about that. She's very intelligent...
* ''Literature/TheProphecyOfTheStones'' has a group of them that guard Oonagh's cave, and in addition to being big scary birds they [[EmotionEater feed on fear]].
* In ''Literature/HarryPotter'', Rowena Ravenclaw is one of the four founders of Hogwarts and valued wisdom above all things. Her signature animal is an eagle.
* ''Ice Falcon'' by Rita Ritchie, about a falconer's apprentice who travels to Iceland to capture a white gyrfalcon and ransom his father with it.
* The blue hawk in Creator/PeterDickinson's novel ''The Blue Hawk''. The the novel describes the process of taming and training a large bird of prey with realism.
* In ''Literature/ASongOfIceAndFire'', the falcon is the sigil of the House of Arryn (whose words are "As High As Honor"), founded by Ser Artys Arryn, the Falcon Knight, who led the Andal invasion of the Vale. In-universe, Ser Artys is often conflated with the Winged Knight, a legendary figure who the supposedly rode a huge falcon and had armies of eagles at this command, despite the fact that the Winged Knight would have lived thousands of years before Ser Artys.
* In Franchise/TolkiensLegendarium, the eagles are the messengers of Manwe. Being possibly Maiar would make them immortal, and at least one of them (Gwaihir) was listed as being alive in both the First and Third Ages, thousands of years apart. In their appearance in ''Literature/TheHobbit'', they apparently take great pleasure in messing with Goblins' and Worgs' evil plans and later join the Dwarves, Men and Elves in fighting them at the Battle of the Five Armies. At the end, the Lord of the Eagles (who may or may not be Gwaihir) was described as becoming the King of All Birds and being given a share of Smaug's treasure, including a crown.
* Creator/HenrikWergeland Inverted this in his poem ''follow the call'', as the eagle also is the symbol of a poet:
-->Royal Eagle, chained and bound
-->by the leg, with broken wing,
-->who, for over twenty years -
-->since the shot that crippled him
-->has served as fettered guard
-->in a poor smallholder`s yard.
-->Despite his wounded limb he has
-->less of sadness than the poet
-->Born into a wilderness
-->unheeding as this dreary land...
* Ythrians in ''Literature/TechnicHistory'' are not raptors biologically and are not even avian. But they are intelligent predators capable of flight and they have the [[WarriorPoet personality]] attributed to raptors and a culture appropriate to it.
* Birds of prey in ''{{Literature/Redwall}}'' are always on the side of good, though being predators they tend towards CreepyAwesome.
* ''Literature/TheToughGuideToFantasyland'': The Eyrie Clans who live in Fantasyland's mountains are stated to raise hawks and eagles that live and fight alongside them, and which are apparently bred to be telepathic.
[[folder:Live-Action TV]]
* Quite a few seasons of ''Franchise/SuperSentai'' and ''Franchise/PowerRangers'' have bird-themed Rangers or at least AnimalMecha. Notably ''Series/ChoujinSentaiJetman'' uses birds as its entire theme, in tribute to ''Anime/ScienceNinjaTeamGatchaman''.
** In any SuperSentai team with AnimalMotifs, [[TheLeader the red ranger]] will always be either a bird of prey or a big cat.
* ''Franchise/StarTrek'' : Both the Romulans and [[ProudWarriorRace Klingons]] in have warships referred to as Birds of Prey. The Klingon one is pretty small but the Romulan one is massive. The Romulans are also associated with eagles, likely due to the parallels with the Roman Empire.
* In an episode of ''Series/TheTudors'', Anne Boleyn and her father handle a Harris's hawk. As the Harris's hawk is native to the Americas, it's MisplacedWildlife, but [[RuleOfCool it looks cool.]]
* ''Series/TheBorgias'' also has a misplaced Harris hawk, being carried by Caterina Sforza, a LadyOfWar.
* In ''Series/TheTenthKingdom'', the [[ImplacableMan Huntsman tracking the protagonists]] sports a magical crossbow with a falcon's head that issues corresponding calls when "ready to go" and shoots ''homing''' arrows.
* In ''Series/TheAquabatsSuperShow'', Eaglebones Falconhawk gains the power to summon a magical invisible hawk named The Dude.
* Eluveitie, a folk metal band, has lots of songs about the historic struggles between the Gauls and the Roman empire. Eagles are sometimes used to represent the Roman enemy.
[[folder:Myths & Religion]]
* The ''Literature/{{Ramayana}}'' has two ''vultures'' that otherwise fit this role.
* The eagle was Zeus' sacred bird in GreekMythology. Although the best-known example wasn't exactly noble, being sent to devour the captive Prometheus' liver everyday until Heracles put a stop to it.
* Earlier releases of Creator/SternPinball's ''Pinball/HarleyDavidson'' games feature numerous eagles on the backglass and playfield. The "3rd Edition" replaces them all with a single gold eagle right above the flippers.
[[folder:Tabletop Games]]
* Birds of prey are usually aligned with White mana in ''TabletopGame/MagicTheGathering'', the color of magic more often associated with light and morality. However, as [[LightIsNotGood White is not always good]], they do get to also be major villains (Lieutenant Kirtar) or mindless predators, including [[BodyHorror phyrexian]] [[http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=213758 var]][[http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=217994 iants]].
* High Elves and Wood Elves in ''TabletopGame/{{Warhammer}}'' have access to Giant Eagles, both as their own unit and as mounts for their Lords and Heroes. They later get an upgrade to flying chariot pulled by a giant eagle. The Eagles themselves are proud, noble birds that nest in the high peaks of Ulthuan and the Old World and are stalwarts foes of Chaos and the Greenskins, in addition to appearing immune to Chaos corruption. There are also War Hawks, lesser but still great birds that nest in the mountains near Athel Loren as allies of the Wood Elves, sometimes consenting to carry Elven soldiers on their backs into battle.
* The double-headed eagle is the symbol of the Imperium Of Man from ''TabletopGame/Warhammer40000''. Whenever praying to the Emperor, worshippers and devotees are said to "make the sign of the Aquila" (Aquila meaning "eagle" in Latin/High Gothic).
* ''TabletopGame/BattleTech'' has Clan Jade Falcon, one of the most aggressive Clans in the Inner Sphere, they later have bird themed mechs like the Jade Hawk.
* The Greek play ''Theatre/{{Agamemnon}}'' makes use of quite a bit of bird symbolism.
* In the National Theater musical ''Theatre/TheLightPrincess'', Prince Digby's falcon Zephyrus is among the more important characters in the show, and is often praised for his beauty
[[folder:Video Games]]
* ''VideoGame/CommandAndConquer'': There's a ''reason'' why the Global Defense Initiative uses a swooping hawk as their emblem: power, authority, majesty.
* ''VideoGame/WorldOfWarcraft''
** Hunters can tame eagles as pets. They come with the racial ability Snatch, which damages and disarms targets for six seconds, very handy for fighting humanoids and other weapon-wielding foes, and even some raid bosses.
** Druids have the ability to turn into Storm Crows (except Trolls, who turn into bats instead).
* In ''VideoGame/DragonAgeII'', birds of prey are a prevalent feature of Kirkwall architecture and many nobles favour them in their coat of arms. For instance, the Viscount uses a Falcon as his symbol, while the Amell family crest is adorned with two Eagles, later adopted by their scion, Hawke.
* ''VideoGame/FireEmblemTellius:'' The [[LittleBitBeastly laguz]] include a Hawk tribe who [[{{Animorphism}} shapeshift]] between birds of prey and {{Winged Humanoid}}s.
* The Turians of ''VideoGame/MassEffect'' are [[http://xbox360media.ign.com/xbox360/image/article/122/1221597/Turianfin_1332788897.jpg meant to evoke this image]], although in a subtle way, being "realistic" aliens in a hard sci-fi setting. They are also a ProudWarriorRace of SpaceRomans, and their homeworld is in the Aquila (Eagle) Nebula.
* The [[RocketsMissilesAndGrenadeLaunchers rocket-wielding]] Benedict from ''VideoGame/{{Battleborn}}'' who's [[BirdPeople a Hawk alien]].
* The only bird of prey in ''VideoGame/AviaryAttorney'', Jayjay Falcon, can be extremely noble, or not, depending on the choices the player has. As a predatory species he's expected to have a degree of ambition and bloodlust, as well as keen foresight.
* ''Franchise/{{Pokemon}}'':
** Most of the final evolutions of the [[ComMons common regional birds]], such as Pidgeot and Swellow, gain raptorial traits, as well as mentions in the Pokédex of their hunting prowess, majesty and flying abilities. Staraptor is the one that takes to this the most, with a great deal of emphasis being put on its fierce nature, strength and courage, and how it never stops fighting even if injured.
** The Fire/Flying-type Talonflame, based off of a hawk, is also an evolution of one of the early game birds, and its entries tend to focus on how passionate of a hunter and fighter it is.
** Braviary, an eagle Pokémon with feathers in the color of the American flag, takes to this trope more than any other Pokémon. Its referred to as the hero of the sky, fights for its friends without any thought of its own safety, and the more scars it has, the more respect it gets from its peers.
* ''Franchise/TheElderScrolls''
** Auri-El is the [[OurElvesAreBetter Aldmeri (Elven)]] aspect of Akatosh, the [[DragonsAreDivine draconic]] God of Time and [[TopGod chief deity]] of the [[OurGodsAreDifferent Aedric Divine]] pantheon. As Auri-El, he takes the form of a majestic golden eagle and is referred to as the "King of Gods". As such, the eagle is the AnimalMotif of the [[AntiHumanAlliance Aldmeri Dominion]], showing up in everything from their sigils and banners to their very weapons and armor.
** Similarly, Kyne, the old [[HornyVikings Nordic]] aspect of Kynareth, the Aedric Divine Goddess of the Air and Heavens, is associated with and often represented by a hawk.
[[folder:Web Comics]]
* ''Webcomic/NahastLandsOfStrife'' contains the Hawk's Talon fighting style, the Hawk Maidens fighting order [[FunnyAnimal and the hawkfolk, a.k.a the Skrii'qek.]] The hawk is also the sacred animal of Zuze'en, the goddess of the dawn.
[[folder:Web Original]]
* ''WebVideo/EpicRapBattlesOfHistory'': The match between UsefulNotes/BarackObama and UsefulNotes/MittRomney features a massive bald eagle, the symbol of the United States Of America. Is it on Obama's side? Romney's? [[spoiler:Nope! It's airlifting UsefulNotes/AbrahamLincoln, looking like he's fresh out of his match with Chuck Norris in Season One, dropping in to give both competitors a TheReasonYouSuckSpeech.]]
-->[[spoiler:'''Lincoln:''' [[LargeHam By the power invested in me by this giant bald bird!]] ]]
* Stanley from ''Roleplay/RainQuest'', a bald eagle who Joel and Nina meet horribly injured. They heal him, and he befriends them, acting as transportation for them, and helping them fight off some other, meaner birds.
[[folder:Western Animation]]
* ''WesternAnimation/AvatarTheLastAirbender'': The Fire Nation uses hawks as messenger birds. Sokka buys one because he thinks it makes him look impressive.
* In ''Disney/BrotherBear'', Sitka's totem is the Eagle of Guidance. He later takes the form of a bald eagle as a spirit guide.
* A few {{Transformers}} have bird of prey alt modes. It's more prevalent in ''WesternAnimation/BeastWars'', [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin for obvious reasons]]. Silverbolt stands out as being equal parts eagle and [[NobleWolf wolf]].
* In the ''WesternAnimation/ThunderCats2011'' episode "The Forest of Magi Oar" GiantFlyer Viragor is atypically depicted as an ignoble, territorial monster, haunting the [[TheLostWoods titular forest]], antagonizing travellers and the forest's protectors the Wood Forgers. [[spoiler:Later it's revealed that ''he'' is the forests' ancient protector, while the wood forgers are opportunistic industrialists.]]
* In ''WesternAnimation/MyLittlePonyFriendshipIsMagic'', Rainbow Dash is looking for the coolest pet, i.e. the best, most majestic, most awesome, etc. She is presented with the possibility of having a falcon or an eagle as her pet, and indeed both make it to the final competition -- a race through Ghastly Gorge. [[spoiler:The falcon wins the race, but Rainbow's ExactWords dictated that whichever one crossed the finish line WITH HER would become her pet. Since Tank the tortoise was the only one to stop and help her after she was trapped by an avalanche, the falcon rather gracefully concedes defeat, even shaking Tank's hand.]]
* An episode of ''WesternAnimation/IvanhoeTheKingsKnight'' features the imprisoned Richard proving himself alive by sending the royal medallion to England via a big, badass eagle!
[[folder:Real Life]]
* The oldest archaeological artifact of the double-headed eagle is Sumerian, circa 20th century BC. The double-headed eagle was a symbol of the Byzantine Empire, with one head looking East (Constantinople) and one West (Rome). As symbol for the Holy Roman Empire, it represented Church and State. The Emperor of Mankind (see Tabletop Games) is known to be from central Anatolia (currently Turkey).
* The eagle was also famously used as a national symbol by Rome, countries that claimed to be the "Third Rome" (Russia, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, Fascist Italy), countries which inherited the symbolism from them in turn (Austria, Prussia, Germany), and even countries which have sought to emulate Rome's ''republic'' era (the United States). Italy's claim of being the heir of Imperial Rome is better than most, by virtue of being Rome's heartland. However, the symbol is not used anymore due the abuse made by the [[UsefulNotes/FascistItaly Fascist regime]], and so Italy associates itself with the [[NobleWolf wolf]] instead (based on the story of Romulus and Remus being suckled by a she-wolf).
* This was why the bald eagle was selected to be the national bird of the United States of America; people believed that the eagle's fierce expression was a representation of power and nobility. If Benjamin Franklin had his way, America would have averted the trope by adopting the turkey instead.
* Played with by Hungary, every country that's invaded or otherwise subjugated them have used eagles as their symbol; in response Hungary uses a falcon.
* Mexico's eagle is of Aztec origin, hence it's preying on a snake over a cactus. It had a rather Romanesque pose during the time of the II Empire (1864-1867) and Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship (1881-1917).
* The art of falconry is all about using trained birds of prey for hunting. Falconry is almost OlderThanDirt, with evidence of falconry found in both Chinese and Assyrian records dating back to 7th~6th century BC.
** In Mongolia, there's a tradition of hunting with trained golden eagles.
** Falconry was once the favorite sport of European nobility.
** In medieval England, there was a hierarchy of "socially appropriate" birds one could use depending on their station, as described in manuscripts such as ''Booke of Hawkyng after Prince Edwarde Kyng of Englande''. Birds such as eagles were considered appropriate for emperors only, while kestrels were considered appropriate for common servants -- thereby combining this trope with AsskickingEqualsAuthority.
* A lot of CoolPlane models are themselves named after this trope, fighters in particular.
** Hawker Aircraft made a number of [[CoolPlane Cool Planes]] during UsefulNotes/WorldWarII including the Hurricane which was the Royal Air Force's meat and potatoes and the Typhoon which was terrifying at [[DeathFromAbove close support and interdiction]].
** Rolls-Royce, who had been making piston aircraft engines since World War I, named all of their engine types after birds of prey by custom. The engine powering the Hurricane was the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin Merlin]] (not the wizard, but [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_%28bird%29 a type of falcon]]).
** The [=McDonnell=] Douglas F-15 Eagle is famous for its worldwide service record of 104 kills to 0 losses in air-to-air combat (as of 2015). It's certainly done its namesake proud.
** The F-15's intended replacement, the F-22 Raptor, is even more impressive. Like its predecessor, the Raptor has an impressive service record with no combat losses. With stealth, maneuverability, and supercruise advantages, the Raptor has become the ultimate bird of prey.
* Several sports teams such as the Atlanta Hawks (basketball), the Philadelphia Eagles, the Atlanta Falcons, the Seattle Seahawks (all football), and the Atlanta Thrashers (now known as the Winnipeg Jets) (hockey).


text:
-14.2.A.1.136 (clean stock)
-Walkman version 8.1.A.0.3
Got a strange problem with Bluetooth streaming in the car . The Walkman player suddenly jumping on pause (every 2-3min).
So I need again manually push "play ' button on the phone to restore music play.
My Stamina mode is OFF. (restarting the phone not helps)
Any ideas whats going on ?