text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 27, 2009
|Filing date
|Mar 8, 2006
|Priority date
|Mar 8, 2006
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Herman Schmit, Andrew Caldwell, Steven Teig
|Original Assignee
|Tabula, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (100), Non-Patent Citations (99), Referenced by (23), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This Application is related to the following applications with the same filing date: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,214, filed Mar. 8, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,191, filed Mar. 8, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,194, filed Mar. 8, 2006; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,352, filed Mar. 8, 2006.
The present invention is directed towards configurable integrated circuits with memory ports and offset connections.
Integrated circuits ("ICs", often called "chips") are typically grown on and etched into semiconductor substrates. The transistors that make up the majority of their circuitry are generally confined to a two dimensional plane on the surface of the substrate. Almost any integrated circuit design requires connections from transistors on one part of the substrate to transistors on other parts of the substrate. These transistors are connected by tiny metal wires. The wires are not free wires, but are rather laid down in rigid layers (wiring planes) over the transistors. Unlike the transistors, the wired connections can use three dimensions, moving among different wiring planes by use of "vias". Vias are implements at which connections can pass from one layer to another.
The confinement of transistors to a single, two-dimensional plane means that connections through transistors alone cannot go over each other, but must instead go around. The freedom of wired connectors to change layers means that one wire can go over another wire, rather than going around it.
Configurable ICs are ICs that can be "programmed" to provide different integrated circuit configurations. Configurable ICs can be thought of as general purpose chips. The logical blocks within them can be re-assigned to different tasks as needed. For instance, acting as a logical "AND" gate in one set up and as a logical "OR" gate in another setup. The importance of the difference between transistor connections and wire connections to configurable ICs will be explained below.
The use of configurable ICs (e.g. field programmable gate arrays, "FPGAs") has dramatically increased in recent years. Configurable ICs usually have logic circuits, interconnect circuits, and input/output (I/O) circuits. The logic circuits (also called logic blocks) are typically arranged as an internal array of circuits. These logic circuits are connected together through numerous interconnect circuits (also called interconnects). The logic and interconnect circuits are typically surrounded by the I/O circuits.
The arrangement of interconnect circuits illustrated in
One reason that multiple logic circuits must be connected is that ICs commonly need to deal with multiple bit "words", not just single bits. For example, a user might want to invert a 4-bit number, and then perform another operation on the resulting 4-bit number. Each logic circuit in the configurable IC can perform an operation on one bit, and then pass the result on to another logic circuit to perform the next operation.
Such a set of operations results in a "data path" that, in this example, is 4 bits wide. Each logic circuit does an operation on one data bit, so a 4-bit set of operations requires 4 logic circuits in a row. In order to perform a series of operations on a particular 4-bit set of data, all 4 bits must be sent to another row of 4 logic circuits. The simplest way of doing this is to send all 4 bits to the next row down.
Another way of doing this is shown in
The problem of blocked circuits gets worse if a user wants to shift a data path over, as shown in
Other configurable ICs of the prior art attempted to solve this problem by making direct connections between interconnect circuits in distant rows or columns. Here, a direct connection is one which does not pass through any routing circuitry other than that associated with the individual logic circuits it connects.
Having distant interconnects in the same row or column is only a partial solution. Often a user may want a long sequence of operations performed on a multi-bit set, each operation taking one logic circuit per bit. Vertical and horizontal direct connections still confine wide data paths to stay within one set of columns or rows, and if a large number of operations needs to be performed, there may not be enough available space in a set of columns to allow for individual rows to be skipped by long direct connections.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a configurable IC that has a wiring architecture that increases the interconnectivity between its configurable circuits.
NNOCs can be used to implement several useful embodiments, including user design multiplexers. Some embodiments provide a configurable integrated circuit with a tile. The tile has a first input multiplexer (IMUX), a second IMUX, and a look up table (LUT). The first IMUX is configured as a two-input multiplexer. The second IMUX is also configured as a two-input multiplexer. The LUT is also configured as a third two-input multiplexer. An output of the first IMUX is connected to the first input of the LUT, an output of the second IMUX is connected to the second input of the LUT. A third input of the LUT accepts a selection bit.
Other embodiments of user design multiplexers might not be limited to being implemented on a configurable IC. Some embodiments provide a four-to-one user design multiplexer with a first input multiplexer (IMUX), a second IMUX, and a look up table (LUT). The first IMUX is configured as a two-input multiplexer. The second IMUX is also configured as a two-input multiplexer. The LUT is also configured as a two-input multiplexer. An output of the first IMUX is connected to the first input of the LUT. An output of the second IMUX is connected to the second input of the LUT. The third input of the LUT accepts a selection bit.
Whether implemented on a configurable IC or not, some embodiments provide a computer readable medium containing instructions for configuring a first input multiplexer (IMUX), a second IMUX, and a look up table (LUT). The instructions include instructions for configuring the first IMUX as a first two-input multiplexer. The instructions include instructions for configuring the second IMUX as a second two-input multiplexer. The instructions include instructions for configuring the LUT as a third two-input multiplexer. An output of the first IMUX is connected to a first input of the LUT, an output of the second IMUX is connected to a second input of the LUT, and a third input of the LUT accepts a first selection bit.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth for the purpose of explanation. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the invention may be practiced without the use of these specific details. For instance, not all embodiments of the invention need to be practiced with the specific number of bits and/or specific devices (e.g. multiplexers) referred to below. In other instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to not obscure the description of the invention with unnecessary detail.
I. Overview
A. Brief Overview
Some embodiments provide novel wiring architectures for configurable integrated circuits (ICs). In some embodiments, the configurable resources of the IC include configurable logic circuitry and configurable interconnect circuitry. In some embodiments such configurable circuitry can be conceptually grouped into tiles that are arranged in some arrangement such as an array with a number of rows and columns of tiles. The configurable IC includes a first tile and a second tile that is offset from the first tile by at least one row and at least two columns or by at least one column and at least two rows. The configurable IC also includes a non-neighboring offset connection (NNOC) that directly connects an output of the first tile to an input of the second tile. Some embodiments use multiple parallel NNOCs to directly connect a first set of tiles to a second set of tiles that are offset from the first set of tiles in a similar manner to the one described above for individual tiles.
Some embodiments use NNOCs to implement a variety of useful circuit designs. For example, NNOCs, along with other connections and circuits, can be used to implement barrel shifters which shift data words by specified numbers of bits. In some embodiments, barrel shifters that shift by increments of one bit (which allow precise shifts) are placed before or after barrel shifters that shift by increments of multiple bits (which allow long shifts). These embodiments allow shifts that are both long and precise, with the multi-bit increment shifters providing long shifts and the one-bit increment shifters providing precise shifts.
In some embodiments, the logic circuitry of the configurable ICs mentioned above may include look up tables (LUTs) and input-select multiplexers (IMUXs) that select the inputs of the LUTs. These LUTs can themselves be configured to act as multiplexers. Such LUTs can be used along with the IMUXs to implement multiplexers with larger numbers of inputs. For example, a 3-input LUT can be configured as a two-input multiplexer with the first two inputs of the LUT receiving data bits a third input of the LUT receiving the selection bit. The IMUXs connected to the first two inputs can be configured as two-input multiplexers. The combination of these elements would act as a 4×1 multiplexer. Such LUT and IMUX multiplexers can be used to implement barrel shifters like the ones mentioned above.
Barrel shifters are used in some embodiments to present digital memories as being narrower and deeper than they are. Some embodiments provide novel techniques for accessing memory multiple times per user cycle. These embodiments may map virtual ports onto the multiple accesses. A more detailed-overview of some features starts below.
B. Detailed Overview
Some embodiments of the invention provide architectures for configurable IC's that have configurable computational units (e.g., configurable logic circuits) and configurable routing circuits for configurably routing signals between the configurable computational units. For instance, some embodiments provide a configurable IC that can be thought of as having numerous configurable computational tiles (e.g., hundreds, thousands, hundreds of thousands, etc. of tiles) that are laid out on the IC according to a particular arrangement. These tiles are an abstraction used to represent sections of the IC rather than any sort of physical object. In some embodiments, the configurable computational tiles include configurable logic circuits and configurable interconnect circuits. In other embodiments, the only configurable circuits in the configurable computational tiles are configurable logic circuits or configurable interconnect circuits.
The computational tiles in some embodiments are arranged in numerous rows and columns that form a tile array. Also, the tile arrangement in some embodiments results in one or more sets of the configurable circuits (e.g., the configurable logic circuits and/or configurable interconnect circuits) being arranged in an array with several aligned rows and columns. Alternatively, some embodiments might organize the configurable circuits in an arrangement that is not an array.
For simplicity of explanation, the embodiments below are generally described and illustrated as being in arrays. However, some arrangements may have configurable circuits or tiles arranged in one or more arrays, while other arrangements may not have the configurable circuits or tiles arranged in an array. In the tile or circuit arrangement, some embodiments intersperse several other circuits, such as memory blocks, processors, macro blocks, IP blocks, SERDES controllers, clock management units, etc. Alternatively, some embodiments arrange some of these other circuits (e.g., memory blocks) within the tile structure.
In some embodiments, each routing interconnect circuit can receive several input signals and distribute output signals to several different types of circuits, such as routing or input select interconnect(s) of the same tile, or routing and input-select interconnects of other tiles. Also, routing interconnects can have a fan out greater than one in some embodiments
In some embodiments, sets of multiple parallel connections directly connect sets of tiles with other sets of tiles. As further described below, a direct connection between two circuits is an electrical connection between the two circuits that is achieved by (1) a set of wire segments that traverse through a set of the wiring layers of the IC, and (2) a set of vias when two or more wiring layers are involved. In some embodiments, a direct connection between two circuits might also include a set of buffer circuits.
A particular computational tile's input select interconnect(s) can receive input signals from circuits outside or inside of the particular tile, and pass a set of these received signals to a logic circuit in the particular computational tile. In some of these embodiments, the particular computational tile's input select interconnects have direct connections with circuits in tiles that are several tiles away from the particular tile. In some of these embodiments, one or more of these other tiles are not vertically or horizontally aligned with the particular computational tile in the tile arrangement. In other words, some embodiments have several long direct offset connections for connecting the inputs of some input select interconnects with circuits that are in computational tiles that are offset from the particular computational tile by at least two rows and at least one column or by at least two columns and at least one row.
Some embodiments also have several offset connections between interconnects in different computational tiles. For instance, in some embodiments, the output of a routing interconnect in a particular computational tile can be supplied through an offset connection to the input of the routing interconnect of another computational tile. Such an offset connect can also be used to provide the output of a routing interconnect in one computational tile to the input select interconnect in another computational tile. Some embodiments use long offset connections to connect two interconnects that are neither in neighboring computational tiles nor in vertically or horizontally aligned computational tiles. Some embodiments also use long offset connections to provide the output of logic circuits to circuits that are in computational tiles that do not neighbor the computational tiles' of the logic circuits.
The use of direct offset connections in the configurable IC of some embodiments increases the interconnectivity between the circuits of the configurable IC. In addition to computational tiles, some embodiments include other types of tiles (e.g., tiles that embed memory arrays) that do not include some or all of the circuits of a computational tile. In some embodiments, these other tiles connect to each other and/or to computational tiles in the same manner as was described above for connections between computational tiles. The configurable IC of some embodiments is a reconfigurable IC. In some of these embodiments, the reconfigurable IC is a sub-cycle reconfigurable IC.
Some embodiments use sets of non-neighboring offset connections to establish wide paths for data. In some such sets, the connectors are topologically parallel to one another, that is, parallel on a topological representation of the tiles and/or connectors. More detailed descriptions of such embodiments can be found below.
Some embodiments implement a user design that includes the tiles configured as four-to-one multiplexers. These embodiments allow the user's design to select which input of the four-to-one multiplexer is active. One type of device that may use such multiplexers is a barrel shifter. A barrel shifter is a device that can shift a data word by some number of bits. Some embodiments use barrel shifters to present the physical memory of the configurable IC as being narrower and deeper than it really is.
Some embodiments use a configurable IC that operates on a sub-cycle time scale. The configurable IC of such embodiments implements a user design that is treated as being run on a user design clock cycle (sometimes called "user cycle") time scale. Multiple sub-cycles occur for each user design clock cycle. In some embodiments, the configurable IC can be re-configured once per sub-cycle, thus more than once per user cycle. Some such embodiments use the ability to access memory multiple times per user cycle to present the memory to the user design as having more logical memory ports than there are physical memory ports. More detailed descriptions of such embodiments can be found below.
II. Terms and Concepts
A configurable IC is an IC that has configurable circuits. In addition to configurable circuits, a configurable IC also typically includes non-configurable circuits (e.g., non-configurable logic circuits, interconnect circuits, memories, etc.).
A configurable circuit is a circuit that can "configurably" perform a set of operations. Specifically, a configurable circuit receives "configuration data" that selects an operation that the configurable circuit will perform out of a set of operations that it can perform.
In some embodiments, configuration data is generated outside of the configurable IC. In some embodiments, a set of software tools converts a high-level IC design (e.g., a circuit representation or a hardware description language design) into a set of configuration data that can configure the configurable IC (or more accurately, the configurable IC's configurable circuits) to implement the IC design.
Configurable circuits may include logic circuits and interconnect circuits. A logic circuit is a circuit that can perform a function (e.g. AND, OR, or XOR) on a set of input data that it receives. A configurable logic circuit is a logic circuit that can be configured to perform different functions on its input data set (see
One type of logic circuit is a look-up table (LUT) circuit. A LUT accepts a set of one or more input bits, and provides a set of one or more output bits. The output bits corresponding to a particular set of input bits are set before the input bits are received. A LUT performs the function its name indicates. It acts like a table with the input bits identifying the desired "row" in the table and the output bits being the entries in the output "column(s)" that intersect with the desired "row". A configurable LUT allows the output "column(s)" to be set to whatever values are needed for the function the configurable IC is performing at the time. Unless otherwise specified, all LUTs in the embodiments described in this specification are configurable LUTs. However, other embodiments may use non-configurable LUTs.
A configurable interconnect circuit is a circuit that can configurably connect an input set to an output set in a variety of manners. One example of a configurable interconnect circuit is described in relation to
A multiplexer ("MUX") is a circuit that accepts a set of data inputs (sometimes called "data bits" or simply "inputs") and a set of selection inputs (sometimes called "selection bits"). The multiplexer passes a subset of the data inputs to a set of data outputs. The particular subset that the multiplexer passes on is determined by the selection inputs. Different embodiments of multiplexers may implement this passing through of data in different ways. The passing through might be by establishing an electrical path between the selected input set and the output set of the multiplexer. The passing through could also be by indirectly passing the value of the data at the input set to the output set. Any means of providing the same values at the output set as at the selected input set would be within the definition of passing through used herein.
An input-select multiplexer (IMUX) is a multiplexer that supplies one input signal of the LUTs described in the embodiments below. In other words, an IMUX receives several input signals and passes one of these input signals to its LUT.
A routing multiplexer (RMUX) is an interconnect circuit that can receive signals from and supply signals to interconnect and logic circuits in its own or other tiles in the arrangement. Unlike an IMUX that only provides its output to a single logic circuit (i.e., that only has a fan out of 1), a routing multiplexer in some embodiments, either provides its output to several logic and/or interconnect circuits (i.e., has a fan out greater than 1), or provides its output to one other interconnect or logic circuit.
A user-design signal within a configurable IC is a signal that is generated by a circuit (e.g., logic circuit) of the configurable IC, or in some cases is received by a circuit in the configurable IC from input lines coming into the IC from outside. The word "user" in the term "user-design signal" connotes that the signal is a signal that the configurable IC generates (or receives from the outside) for a particular application that a particular user has configured the IC to perform. User-design signal is abbreviated to user signal in some of the discussion below.
In some embodiments, a user signal is not a configuration or clock signal that is generated by or supplied to the configurable IC. In some embodiments, a user signal is a signal that is a function of at least a portion of the configuration data received by the configurable IC and at least a portion of the inputs to the configurable IC. In these embodiments, the user signal can also be dependent on (i.e., can also be a function of) the state of the configurable IC. The initial state of a configurable IC is a function of the configuration data received by the configurable IC and the inputs to the configurable IC. Subsequent states of the configurable IC are functions of the configuration data received by the configurable IC, the inputs to the configurable IC, and the prior states of the configurable IC.
Some embodiments have "UMUXs". A UMUX is a multiplexer that receives user-design signals for at least one of its data inputs and one of its selection inputs. A UMUX might receive a user-design signal directly from a configurable logic circuit or indirectly through one or more intermediate configurable interconnect circuits. Some UMUXs are "hybrid" UMUXs. A hybrid UMUX is one which can be set by the configuration data either to receive all its selection inputs from the configuration data or to receive one or more selection bit from user signals and the rest (if any) from the configuration data.
A direct connection is an electrical connection between two nodes that is achieved by (1) a set of wire segments that traverse through a set of the wiring layers of the IC, and (2) a set of vias when two or more wiring layers are involved.
In some embodiments, a direct connection might also include a set of buffer circuits in some cases. In other words, two nodes are directly connected in some embodiments by a set of wire segments that possibly traverse through a set of buffer circuits and a set of vias. Buffer circuits are not logic or interconnect circuits. In some embodiments, buffer circuits are part of some or all direct connections. Buffer circuits might be used to achieve one or more objectives (e.g., maintain the signal strength, reduce noise, delay signal, etc.) along the wire segments that establish the direct connections. Inverting buffer circuits also allow an IC design to reconfigure logic circuits less frequently and/or use fewer types of logic circuits. In some embodiments, buffer circuits are formed by one or more inverters (e.g., two or more inverters that are connected in series). A via is an opening in the insulation between wiring layers that allows wires on different wiring layers to form an electrical connection.
In the embodiments described below, most of the interconnect circuits are multiplexers, each with eight inputs and one output. Multiplexers in other embodiments may have other numbers of inputs and/or outputs. Also in the embodiments described below, most of the logic circuits are LUTs, each with three inputs and one output. One of ordinary skill in the art will realize that other embodiments may have different types of interconnect or logic circuits, and that other embodiments can have interconnect or logic circuits with different numbers of inputs. It will also be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that the configurable ICs may extend considerably farther than the regions shown, and that the tiles on the edge of the illustrated regions may not be on the edges of the configurable ICs.
A non-neighboring offset connection (NNOC) is a direct connection that connects two tiles that are not in the same column or row as each other and are either at least two rows or at least two columns apart.
A virtual memory port (sometimes referred to as a "logical memory port") is a port in a user design that the user design treats as though it is a physical port, but that is not a physical port. In some embodiments a virtual memory port may be associated with a specific physical port, but accesses to the memory using the virtual port would be limited to specific fractions of the available time of the physical memory port. In other embodiments a virtual port may be assigned to various physical ports using some assignment plan.
III. Configurable Integrated Circuit Architecture
A. Example of a Tile
Some embodiments of the invention are implemented in configurable ICs. The configurable ICs have configurable interconnect and logic circuits. These interconnect and logic circuits can be conceptually grouped in configurable "tiles". Such tiles may be arranged in arrays of rows and columns or in other groupings. The tiles themselves are not physical objects, but are a way of describing sections of the array or grouping of circuits.
In some embodiments, multiple tiles may each have circuits identical to each other. Two input loci, one on each tile that occupy the same position relative to their tiles can be referred to as "corresponding inputs". For example, the leftmost input of the middle IMUX on one tile is the corresponding input to the leftmost input of the middle IMUX on another tile. Selecting an input locus for a set of tiles means that the input at that locus on each tile in the set becomes an active input.
In some embodiments, each RMUX, IMUX, and LUT has a single output. However, for RMUXs and LUTs, this output may fan out to directly connect to several other inputs. That is, one output value can be sent to many input loci. A direct connection is not itself configurable, but if the input is one of the inputs of a multiplexer, then the multiplexer can be used to select which of several direct connections to receive data from and which ones to ignore. This type of selection is accomplished by making the appropriate input active.
The outputs (not shown) of the RMUXs 810 may connect to inputs on IMUXs 820 or other RMUXs 810 on the same tile, or to IMUXs or other RMUXs on other tiles (not shown). The output of the look-up table 805 may connect to inputs on IMUXs 820 or RMUXs 810 on the same tile, or to IMUXs or RMUXs on other tiles (not shown). In several of the figures, some of these features may be omitted for clarity, but those skilled in the art will realize that they may be present in some embodiments. In particular, several figures have some or all of the RMUXs not shown in order to reduce confusion.
B. Connections Between Tiles
Connections between tiles in a configurable IC affect the function of the configurable IC. These connections will be illustrated in some of the following figures using an array of squares, such as that shown in
C. Non-Neighboring Offset Connections
Some embodiments include direct connections between tiles not in the same row or column and not neighboring each other. These connections can be called non-neighboring offset connections ("NNOC"). NNOCs can be further characterized by providing two integers indicating the amount of offset along each direction, in the format NNOC (m,n). One example is that an NNOC (1,2) is a direct connection between an output of a first tile and an input of a second tile one column to the left and two rows down from the first. For NNOCs connecting from an output of a first tile to an input of a tile above or to the right of the first circuit, negative numbers are used. One example is NNOC (−3,−1) is a direct connection between an output of a first tile and the input of a second tile three columns to the right of it and one row above it. The use of these two integers is a shorthand for this specification and leaves out information about which output locus, in the first tile, and which input locus, in the second tile, the NNOC connects. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that this means of characterizing the connections is a way of explaining some embodiments and other embodiments also lie within the scope of the invention.
An illustration of an NNOC is found in
D. Parallel Non-Neighboring Offset Connections
Some embodiments include multiple parallel NNOCs. These are NNOCs that connect outputs of a set of successive tiles to inputs of another set of successive tiles. Parallel NNOCs are illustrated in
As described above, a tile of a configurable IC often has multiple inputs. In some embodiments, each tile in the configurable IC has inputs that are identical to the inputs of other tiles. In a set of parallel NNOCs, each NNOC connects to an input on its destination tile that corresponds to inputs on the destination tiles of the other NNOCs in that set of parallel NNOCs.
It will be clear to those skilled in the art that in some embodiments, the correspondence is topological rather than physical. Thus, in some embodiments, the corresponding input may be on a different part of the tile. In such embodiments, correspondence means that the input the NNOC connects to serves an identical function to the inputs other parallel NNOCs connect to, including its logical relationships to the other inputs. The corresponding input is not necessarily physically in the same place on the IC.
E. Data Paths and Data Words
Some embodiments allow for chains of logical operations, one after another. Some such embodiments allow for multiple bit "words" to be used, in which all bits in the word are subject to similar or identical operations. In some embodiments, a tile can only perform logical operations on one bit of that word at a time. So in order to perform an operation on a multi-bit word, multiple tiles must be used. When several operations need to be performed on a multi-bit word, this occupies whole sets of tiles, generally with a width equal to the number of bits in the word, and length equal to the number of operations to be performed (not counting skipped rows or columns in the length or width). Such sets of used tiles can be called a "data path". In some embodiments, data paths can be oriented horizontally or vertically. A horizontal data path is one in which the multi-bit words are oriented horizontally, such that an operation on the word takes place in one row of tiles. A vertically oriented data path is one in which the multi-bit word is oriented vertically, such that an operation on the word takes place in one column of tiles.
1. Data Path Shifting
Multiple NNOCs, parallel to each other, can be used to shift later parts of a data path to a different set of columns. An embodiment is illustrated in
The output of each look up table (not shown) in tile set 1230 is directly connected to an input of an IMUX (not shown) in tile set 1240 through an NNOC (2,3). Tile 1205 a is connected to tile 1215 a through NNOC (2,3) 1210 a. Tile 1205 b is connected to tile 1215 b through NNOC (2,3) 1210 b, and so forth. Each of the parallel NNOCs (2,3) has the effect of moving the data path of one bit two columns to the left. The combined effect of all 8 NNOCs (2,3) is to move the 8-bit data path two columns to the left.
2. Example of Using NNOCs
One example of a specific application accomplished with the use of NNOCs is an adding operation followed by a logical AND operation. In
A more detailed picture of such an arrangement can be found in
The combined result of the tiles and connections produces the same result as using a single 8-bit adder and eight logical AND-gates. A single 8-bit adder and eight logical and gates are represented in conceptual form in
F. Layouts
1. Actual Wire Paths
The NNOCs previously shown are topological representations of connections, rather than actual wire paths. In some embodiments, actual wire paths for topologically identical connections are themselves identical, such as those shown in
2. Topological Sequence of Tiles
In addition to the illustrated connections being topological, rather than physical paths of wires, the arrangement of successive tiles may also be topological rather than physical. For example, the array shown in
G. Variations of NNOCs
There are several variations on parallel NNOCs illustrated in the following figures. Parallel NNOCs can be long, such as the ones shown in
When tiles in several successive rows have parallel NNOCs, a word in the data path can be oriented and shifted vertically.
Some embodiments allow for both vertically and horizontally oriented data paths. Some embodiments use non-parallel connections to re-orient data paths from horizontal orientation to vertical orientation.
Some embodiments allow a word to be constructed from every other bit of two other words, with alternating bits.
Some embodiments allow parallel offsets that bring together successive bits of a word, in operations such as adding, or other operations that have two input bits and one output bit.
Some embodiments allow multiple direct connections to leave one tile.
Some embodiments use multiple sets of parallel NNOCs that go from one or more output loci on a set of tiles to more than one input loci on another tile.
H. Parallel Intra-Tile Connections
Some embodiments include intra-tile connections, for example, a connection from the output of an RMUX to one of the inputs of an IMUX in the same tile or to another RMUX in the same tile. Such parallel intra-tile connections are illustrated in
I. Four-Input Multiplexer
Some embodiments include tiles that can be configured in the user design as four input multiplexers. An example of such embodiments is illustrated in
The two selection bits 3211-3212 provided by the configuration data for IMUX 3210 narrow down the set of potential active inputs of that IMUX from eight inputs to two inputs. The third selection bit 3213 is provided by a user signal. This selection bit 3213 determines which of the two remaining inputs is the active one. From the perspective of the user, the eight-input IMUX 3210 acts as a two-input multiplexer controlled by the user signal. IMUX 3220 and its inputs are set up in a similar fashion.
The three selection bits for IMUX 3230 select one input. The bit coming in on that selected input is provided by a user signal, effectively turning IMUX 3230 into a pass-through for a bit provided by the user signal. The effective components defined by this configuration are illustrated in
The LUT 805 can also be configured as a two-input multiplexer.
For example, a selection bit with a value "0" sent to IMUXs 3210 and 3220 activates input 3314 of IMUX 3210 and input 3324 of IMUX 3220. A second selection bit with a value of "0" is sent to look-up table 805, activating input 3406. The net result of these two selection bits is that data coming in to input 3314 is passed through to output 3450.
J. Barrel Shifting
One application of parallel NNOCs allows a section of a configurable IC to be configured as a barrel shifter. A barrel shifter is a device that can shift a data word by some number of bits. Some barrel shifters allow shifts of amounts ranging from zero to one less than the length of the word. For example, a four-bit barrel shifter can take as its input a four-bit word, "ABCD" (each letter representing one bit) and shift it to the left by zero, one, two, or three positions, resulting in (respectively) "ABCD", "BCD0", "CD00", or "D000". A four-bit barrel shifter that shifts bits to the right by zero, one, two, or three positions would result in (respectively) "ABCD", "0ABC", "00AB", or "000A". In each case, bits that are shifted outside the range of the word (left of the leftmost, or right of the rightmost) are lost. In the preceding example, positions that don't have a corresponding bit before the shift are filled in with zeros, however It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that those bits could be filled in with ones, or with random bits, or with the bits they started with, or with inversions of the bits they started with, or by any other method of determining which values to fill the vacated positions.
1. 4-Bit Barrel Shifter
Barrel shifters are known to those skilled in the art, though applying NNOCs in a configurable IC to create a barrel shifter is not. Some embodiments create a barrel shifter with NNOCs and multiplexers such as the four input multiplexer described above.
NNOCs 3511 b, 3512 b, and 3513 b each connect an output on one tile to an input of a tile three rows below and one column to the left of the starting tile. As a result of these NNOCs, selecting in tandem the inputs 3500 b, 3501 b, 3502 b, and 3503 b shifts the data bits originally in tiles 3528-3531 by one position to the left. If the original data word, in tiles 3528-3531 was "ABCD" the resulting word in tiles 3500-3503 would be "BCD0".
NNOCs 3512 c and 3513 c each connect an output on one tile to an input of a tile three rows below and two columns to the left of the starting tile. As a result of these NNOCs, selecting in tandem, the inputs 3500 c, 3501 c, 3502 c, and 3503 c shifts the data bits originally in tiles 3528-3531 by two positions to the left. If the original data word, in tiles 3528-3531 was ABCD the resulting word in tiles 3500-3503 would be "CD00".
NNOC 3513 d connects an output on one tile to an input of a tile three rows below and three columns to the left of the starting tile. As a result of this NNOC, selecting in tandem, the inputs 3500 d, 3501 d, 3502 d, and 3503 d shifts the data bits originally in tiles 3527-3531 by three positions to the left. If the original data word, in tiles 3527-3531 was ABCD the resulting word in tiles 3500-3503 would be "D000".
In some embodiments, the barrel shifter might be characterized as including the top row of tiles. In other embodiments, it might be characterized as only including the lower row (or rows in multi-layer barrel shifters) of tiles and the connections between the upper row and the lower row(s). In such embodiments the tiles in the upper row could be replaced with a block of memory with outputs where the outputs of the logic circuits are in
2. Multi Layer Barrel Shifter
In some embodiments, each multiplexer in a barrel shifter can select one out of n signals, where n is the number of selectable inputs of the multiplexer. A barrel shifter implemented with that type of multiplexer can choose n different shift amounts, each shift amount corresponding to one input of the multiplexers. Appropriate wiring would allow each of the specific n shift amounts allowed by a barrel shifter to be any arbitrary number of bits. For example, a one level barrel shifter could be implemented (with four bit multiplexers and words of more than forty bits) that would allow shifts of five, twelve, thirteen and forty bits, but would not allow shifts of any other number of bits.
Some barrel shifters allow shifts from zero to some set number of bits (in increments of one bit). Some embodiments implement barrel shifters allowing shifts from zero to more than n−1 bits (in increments of one bit). Some such embodiments use two or more layers. One layer shifts the word by zero, one, two, . . . , or n−1 bits. The second layer would shift the word by zero, n, 2n, . . . , or n(n−1) bits. Each layer of such an implementation is itself a barrel shifter. Each layer chooses from n possible shift amounts, and by using various combinations of shift amounts, a total shift of any amount between zero and n2−1 can be chosen. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that still larger barrel shifter can be implemented by increasing the number of layers, or by using multiplexers with larger numbers of inputs in one or more layers.
3. 16-Bit Barrel Shifter
In the figures below, the multiplexers have four inputs. The two layered barrel shifters implemented with such multiplexers allow shifts from zero to fifteen bits. Even a topological diagram of such an arrangement is complicated, so the next few figures provide subsets of the wiring required for an entire 16-bit barrel shifter. The barrel shifter diagrams also omit the intermediate tiles, this is for clarity of drawing, and not because these tiles are missing from the embodiment. Also for clarity, the relevant tiles in the next several diagrams will be numbered, but not drawn in thick lines like the thick lined tiles drawn in some previous figures.
A data bit starts out as an output of tile 40. This output of tile 40 fans out through connection 3620 and NNOCs, 3624, 3628, and 3632 to multiplexer inputs (not shown) on tiles 20, 24, 28, and 32. Each of the connections 3620-3632 leads to a different input locus on their respective destination tiles, in the same manner as the connections in the 4-bit barrel shifter in
Some embodiments use NNOCs, non-NNOC connections, and tiles set up as four-input multiplexers to select one bit out of a 16-bit word, effectively creating a 16-input multiplexer. This is illustrated in
Some embodiments use NNOCs to create 16-bit barrel shifters, such as the one illustrated in
Examples of the connections selected to implement various word-shifts are illustrated in
Tiles 40-55:
Tiles 20-35:
Tiles 0-15:
The zero in the bit streams indicated above indicates a position that has no original bit to shift into it. The zeros in the bit streams indicated below are there for the same reason. As stated above, other fill in methods besides putting in zeros are also within the scope of the present invention.
Tiles 40-55:
Tiles 20-35:
Tiles 0-15:
Tiles 40-55:
Tiles 20-35:
Tiles 0-15:
Tiles 40-55:
Tiles 20-35:
Tiles 0-15:
By combining appropriate selections of inputs in tiles 20-35 and 0-15 the 16-bit word on tiles 40-55 can be shifted by any number of bits from zero to 16. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that by adding additional layers of multiplexers and parallel connections, that barrel shifting can be performed on still longer words. For example, a 64-bit wide barrel shifter can be implemented by taking four, side by side 16 bit barrel shifters, and adding another layer with connections offset by zero, sixteen, thirty-two, and forty-eight columns. The added layer could be added above, below or between the already described layers of the 16-bit barrel shifter.
The barrel shifter shown in the preceding figures is capable of providing shifts to the left (or a shift of zero), but it will be clear to those skilled in the art that similar barrel shifters can be created that provide shifts to the right, and barrel shifters that optionally provide shifts in either direction. One example of a barrel shifter that optionally provides shifts in either direction is illustrated in
4. Alternate Embodiments of Barrel Shifters
The figures illustrating the previously described embodiments of barrel shifters showed the set of tiles containing the shifted word as being directly beneath the set of tiles containing the original word. The tile corresponding to the most significant bit in the shifted word was directly below the tile corresponding to the most significant bit in the original word, and so on. However, in other embodiments the set of tiles containing the shifted word may itself be offset by one or more columns, such that the tile corresponding to the most significant bit of the shifted word is no longer directly beneath the tile corresponding to the most significant bit of the original word, and so on. Thus, in some embodiments, a shift of a word within a data path may coincide with a shift of the data path itself.
The figures indicated above also showed the larger shift first, followed by a smaller shift. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments may have the smaller shift first followed by the larger shift.
The figures illustrating the previously described embodiments also showed (among others) parallel NNOCs (12,4) that directly connected distant tiles. In some other embodiments, distant tiles may be connected by combinations of shorter sets of NNOCs, such as those shown in
Most of the delay in passing a signal from one tile to another comes from the logic and routing circuits rather than the direct connections. Therefore adding an extra multiplexer to one data path (as shown in
K. Memory Ports
Reconfigurable IC's are one type of configurable IC's. Specifically, reconfigurable IC's are configurable IC's that can reconfigure during runtime.
One possible operation during a sub-cycle is accessing memory on the IC. Typically, electronic memory is stored in memory circuits as binary data. Data is put into the memory circuits as "words" of data of a set length, dependent on the design of the memory circuits. The length of the words is referred to as the "width" of the memory. An example of a memory width is 16-bits. Each word of data is stored at a particular memory address. A memory address is an n-bit binary number. The total number of memory addresses in a piece of memory is 2n. The number of memory addresses in a piece of memory is referred to as the "depth" of the memory. Accordingly, such memory is 2n-bits "deep".
Typically, memory is much deeper than it is wide. For example, a block of memory could have words 16-bits long and 1024 memory locations (210) to store the words in. Such a memory would be 16-bits wide and 1024-bits deep.
Memory is accessed by use of memory ports. A memory port for a block of memory allows memory words to be written to or read from the memory, once per time unit. Some memory ports are read/write memory ports that handle both read and write operations.
1. Multiple Logical Memory Ports
In some embodiments, memory can be accessed every sub-cycle. Because this can be done in a sub-cycle, the memory can be accessed as many times per user cycle as there are sub-cycles per user cycle. For example, an embodiment with 4 sub-cycles per user cycle can access the memory 4 times per user cycle.
In some embodiments, multiple accesses per user cycle are presented to the user as multiple logical memory ports. Though the memory may have only one physical port, the repeated accesses manifest as independent logical memory ports, all accessing the same memory address in the same user cycle. Each logical port corresponds to a single physical port, plus a sub-cycle time slot.
It should be noted that in some embodiments, the user might perceive each logical memory port of a memory of the reconfigurable IC as an actual physical memory port of a memory in the user design. Irrespective of whether the user perceives multiple logical memory ports or multiple physical memory ports, the user specifies a design that includes a memory that has multiple memory ports. The software tool provided by some embodiments takes the user's design and maps accesses to a user-design memory through multiple ports during one user design cycle to multiple sub-cycle accesses to a memory in sub-cycle reconfigurable IC.
2. Narrowing Memory
In some cases, the user's requirements for the way the IC memory is arranged may be different from the physical memory arrangement on the IC. Some embodiments use a barrel shifter to present the memory on the configurable IC to the user as being narrower and deeper than it actually is. In the example illustrated in
In this example, the configurable IC receives from the user a read command for a 2-bit word with 8-address bits. This includes 5-bits that tell the configurable IC what the actual memory location is, and 3-bits that tell the configurable IC which part of the 16-bit word at that memory location is required. Memory 5010 includes a 16-bit word 5030 at binary memory location "00000". If the user's design wants to read a 2-bit word such as the one at memory location 5040 it would provide the binary address "00000 100" (note, that the space is for clarity, not a required part of these embodiments) to the configurable IC.
The number of bits that the word is shifted by is equal to the product of the width of the word the user's design seeks, times the value of the last 3-bits of the user provided address. In binary, "100" means "4", and the width of the word the user seeks is 2-bits, so the word 5030 is shifted 8-bits to the right. In 5140 the configurable IC passes only the final two bits A9A8 on to the user's design. As seen in
The barrel shifter takes as its input the word selected by the first five bits of the 8-bit memory address. In this example, the 8-bit address was "00000100" (as indicated in
The barrel shifter 5210 shifts the word by the required number of bits. The size of the required shift depends on the width of the narrowed memory and the number indicated by the last part of the address. The number of bits in the last part of the address is dependent on the ratio of the width of the words in the physical memory to the width of the words in the narrowed memory. In this example, the width of the physical memory is sixteen bits and the width of the narrowed memory is two bits, so the ratio is eight-to-one. Each 16-bit word in the physical memory contains eight 2-bit words. Therefore to specify any particular 2 bit word within a particular 16-bit word requires a number between zero and seven. When shifting to get to the specified 2-bit word, the shifts must be in multiples of two. A shift of zero provides the first narrow word, a shift of two (2=2*1) provides the second narrow word, a shift of four (4=2*2) provides the third narrow word, and so on.
Expressing numbers from zero to seven in binary requires three bits. In this example, the 3-bit binary number is "100". In binary, "100" means four. Thus the shift here must be eight (8=2*4). In this illustration, the shift is eight bits to the right. The barrel shifter then passes the two least significant bits out of outputs 5220 to another set of tiles 5230. The amount of the shift, here, by 8 bits determines what bits show up at the set of tiles 5230.
In some embodiments, as mentioned previously the top tiles shown in the barrel shifter may be replaced with the physical memory itself, with the outputs of the memory taking the place of the outputs of the tiles. This would reduce the number of connections necessary to perform such memory shifts. In some embodiments (with or without such reduced connection sets) memory narrowing may be performed in a single user cycle.
While the invention has been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claims.
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text:
Chapter 7: Early 20th C. American Lit
Conrad Aiken
© Paul P. Reuben
April 17, 2017
Page Links: | Primary Works | Selected Bibliography 1980-Present | MLA Style Citation of this Web Page |
Source: Georgia Writers Hall of Fame: CA
Primary Works
The divine pilgrim. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1949. PS3501.I5 D5
Ushant. An essay. NY: Little, Brown & Co. 1952. PS3501.I5 Z53
Mr. Arcularis. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1957. PS3501.I5 M5
Sheepfold Hill, fifteen poems. NY: Sagamore Press, 1958. PS3501 .I5 S45
A reviewer's ABC; collected criticism of Conrad Aiken from 1916 to the present. Introduced by Rufus A. Blanshard. NY: Meridian Books, 1958. PR99 .A46
Selected poems. NY: Oxford UP, 1961. PS3501 .I5 A6
Twentieth-century American poetry. edited, and with a pref., by Conrad Aiken. NY: Modern Library, 1963. PS614 .A5
Collected novels: Blue voyage, Great circle, King Coffin, A heart for the gods of Mexico and Conversation. Introd. by R. P. Blackmur. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. PS3501.I5 A15
Cats and bats and things with wings; poems. Drawings by Milton Glaser. NY: Atheneum, 1965. Juv / 811 AIK
Scepticisms; notes on contemporary poetry. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1967. PN1271 .A4
Collected poems. NY: Oxford UP, 1970. PS3501.I5 A17
Earth triumphant and other tales in verse. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1975. PS3501.I5 E2
Selected Bibliography 1980-Present
Bonnell, Florence W., and Fraser C. Bonnell. Conrad Aiken, a bibliography (1902-1978). San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1982. Z8020.19 .B66
Butscher, Edward. Conrad Aiken: Poet of White Horse Vale. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1988.
Lorenz, Clarissa M. Lorelei Two: My Life with Conrad Aiken. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1983.
Marten, Harry. The Art of Knowing: The Poetry and Prose of Conrad Aiken. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1988.
Seigel, Catharine F. The Fictive World of Conrad Aiken: A Celebration of Consciousness. DeKalb: Northern Illinois UP, 1992.
Spivey, Ted R. Time's Stop in Savannah: Conrad Aiken's Inner Journey. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1997.
Spivey, Ted R., and Arthur Waterman. eds. Conrad Aiken: A Priest of Consciousness. NY: AMS, 1989.
Warren, Robert P. The Collected Short Stories of Conrad Aiken. NY: Schocken, 1982.
MLA Style Citation of this Web Page
Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 7: Conrad Aiken." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. URL: http://www.paulreuben.website/pal/chap7/aiken.html (provide page date or date of your login).
| Top |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ron did not record the self titled album. Before sign with Nemesis, there was another drummer that record Blackball and I'll be waiting with "Manic...
Type: Posts; User: pol_spain
All of you are wrong!!!!!! Fucking no fans!
Ron did not record the self titled album. Before sign with Nemesis, there was another drummer that record Blackball and I'll be waiting with "Manic...
if you guys plays guitar or something you will know that in that bridge with the bass solo, it's the bass solo that mas be. they can change the rythm of the song! the bass do this chords in the whole...
i don't understand the video, not the whole. the kids aren't allright is a good video, but this.......don't know
it issssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss nowwwwwwwwwww
i do not see anything
maybe the last song rise and fall. Maybe they could choosen a different ending for the album. Anyway, we all are agree saying it's one of the best albums
i was in your opinion.
but i felt. i've heard. i will not tell you anymore, that the quality is pretty good in imeem. i will buy it. and your patient will be refound
the songs you say are posted some pages ago. search it. it was on a zip in rapidhsare
fuck!!!!!!!!!!!! i found it!!!!!!
i'm in orgasm!!!! ohhhhhhh
where do you hear a lot like me? i want to hear these since the preview!
what the fuck!!!!!!!!!! i'm in imeem.com
I personally like this song, i think it could be very very good becouse of Dexter voice. and the drums were great. it begins slow but it could end much powerfull, and Dexter sings as high as he can....
I think "You're gonna go far, kid" it's the new "pretty fly" too. I think it's clear for everybody.
Don't you think the same?
here SelfSteem:
Self Esteem:
Come Out And Play:
All I Want:
here SelfSteem:
Self Esteem:
Come Out And Play:
All I Want:
where have you heard trust in you?
here SelfSteem:
Self Esteem:
All I Want:
thanks for the vids
here SelfSteem:
the played:
bad habit (first song)
gotta get away
keep em separated
self steem (last one)
waht happened to you
gone away
all i want
have you ever
staring at the sun
my videos hasn't good quality. i do not hear anything!
please post here your photos and videos from the show!!!
also your opinion!
they player yesterdey hammerhead and another new song.
they were great, but the sound was cut during the show in 2 times
ahi voy de canteo!
lo del cd no creo, pero despues de splinter que fue en 2003, ya puede ser la releche con tanto tiempo!. sobre el set list, coge el greatest hits, y ponle alguna mas de ixnay, the...
i hope the new album will be larger than splinter. splinter duration is about 35 minutes! i know it's about quality and not quantity, but if you remember, splinter have when you're in prision and...
yeha some new rock, with worked songs, same fucking good lyrics, and the same changes of rythm,but maybe some longer songs. Try to find new rock sound(not fucking electronic) rock us in the new album...


text:
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Recombinant fragment: FIWNHGITLP LKNVRKRRFR KTAKKKYIES PDVEKEVKRL LSTDAEAVST RWEIIAEDET KEAENQGLDI SSPGMSGHRQ GHDSLEHDEL REIFN, corresponding to amino acids 130-224 of Human TAF7
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab57494 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
|Use a concentration of 1 - 5 µg/ml. Predicted molecular weight: 40 kDa.
|Use a concentration of 1 µg/ml.
|Flow Cyt
|Use 1µg for 106 cells. ab170191-Mouse monoclonal IgG2a, is suitable for use as an isotype control with this antibody.
Image kindly supplied by Dr Karin Birkenkamp-Demtroeder through AbreviewLane 1: All Blue Biorad.Gel run under denaturing conditions with a 4-12% gradient.Blocking step performed using 5% milk for one hour at room temperature.Primary antibody incubated for 16 hours.
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"


text:
New York, NY, US
Born in Venice, Italy, I have been working in several different countries since 2003. I am an international architect, specializing in Touristic Developments (Master Plan), Golf Course Design, Residential and Commercial Projects.
I have overseen these types of projects from the concept design, to the construction, through the site analysis and the local real estate market, to developing a working budget and a business plan, and, of course, all the executive designs and construction specifications.
A complete passion for my job motivates me to take a multidisciplinary approach, because knowing every single aspect of the process guarantees a result of the highest quality.
The understanding of the developers' objectives is the first goal; the knowledge of the site characteristics and the knowledge of an artistic, creative and rational design, developed in a working team, these are the ingredients to create something unique, like every project has to be.
Being environmentally sensitive and contributing sustainable design is the responsibility of every architect. This is reflected in my background.
I have lived and worked in many different countries: Italy (Venice, Milan, and Amalfi Coast), Spain (Madrid and Seville), United Arab Emirates (Dubai), Cape Verde and Caribbean. I have also travelled to several other countries where I have found new inspirations; I learnt different traditions, colors and tastes.
Constantly and always interested in new challenges, I welcome the opportunity to share with you my professional and personal experience, with the hope that I will make, in the near future, a significant difference and contribution to your firm.
Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid (ETSAM), MArch, Architecture and Urban Planning
Master in Environmental and Bioclimatic Architecture
Università IUAV di Venezia, BArch, Architecture and Urban Planning


text:
College Advice?! Please..?
View Single Post
Captain Kittens
Join Date: Jan 2008
Posts: 5,126
Originally Posted by
Jia Jem
The best advice I would give to 18-year-old Jia would be to tell my parents to STFU and that it's my life and no, they are not going to bully me into going into college right away. I wish I had taken a shit job, lived in an apartment, dicked around for a year or two, and then when that became boring and I had more time to think about it, I would be more serious about school, what I wanted and have more direction in my life.
I think parents of a certain generation are brainwashed into believing that college is 100% THE ANSWER and that by getting a 4-year or more degree degree is THE WAY (and only way) to achieve any sort of decent life. It is complete bullshit, and people here have already discussed why. It also sucks trying to convince parents of this, when they can easily threaten to cut you off or kick you out if you don't do what
want you to do with
It took me 6 years to get my 4 year degree precisely because I was waffly for the first 2 years, not knowing exactly what I wanted, changing degrees, and just "going with the flow".
Not to say I didn't have fun in the meantime, but looking back I think rushing myself because my parents were pressuring me was a waste of my time and ultimately their precious money.
Of course, the flip side will be watching your friends go off to college while you stay behind to carve a different path - or not, you could always go apply for a dream internship right away, you don't need to go through a school official to do that! I think I was programmed to think that college = success, and no college = failure, but I wish I could go back in time and open my eyes to other opportunities that neither my highschool nor parents considered viable options. (And therefore, I didn't think about.)
My parents pressured me into getting a degree.... when I really did not know what I was doing. I now have an honours degree in Communications. Then they thought I should be a teacher - HINT: Ontario has WAY too many people wanting to get into that career.... so yeah, bad idea.
I later realized I wanted to help people with disabilities... and well, the Communications degree did help roll me that way - I will admit that much. They pressured me again and I started at University in Psychology. Now i'm heading to college for Developmental Support worker.... which will later translate into an honours in disability studies.
Now, it isn't a total waste of tons of money. The classes from my Comm. degree will fill in holes for a degree in disability studies - as will my classes in Psych. Having an honours in Disability studies means later on I can go for my Masters and later on a doctorate... which I would like to do after I have money coming in.
I did not know what to do with myself until i was 27. Sometimes it just rolls that way.
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text:
Services on Demand
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Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
On-line version ISSN 1680-5348Print version ISSN 1020-4989
CAMARA, Maria Clara Coelho; MARINHO, Carmem Luisa Cabral; GUILAM, Maria Cristina and BRAGA, Ana Maria Cheble Bahia. Academic production on food labeling in Brazil. Rev Panam Salud Publica [online]. 2008, vol.23, n.1, pp.52-58. ISSN 1680-5348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892008000100007.
OBJECTIVE: To review and discuss academic production (theses and dissertations) on the topic of labeling of prepackaged foods in Brazil. METHOD: A search of the database maintained by the Coordination for the Development of Higher Education Professionals (CAPES), one of the two Brazilian government research funding and support agencies, was conducted on the following keywords: "rotulagem" (labeling), "rotulagem nutricional" (food labeling) and "rótulo de alimentos" (food labels). The search covered the years 1987 (earliest year available) to 2004. RESULTS: We identified 49 studies on this topic. Content analysis identified three major themes: the extent to which food labels meet specific legal requirements (57.2%); the degree to which consumers understand the information on labels (22.4%); and the labeling of transgenic or genetically-modified foods (20.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Food labeling is a frequent topic and is adequately covered by the Brazilian academic production. In most of the studies, ineffective law enforcement appears to be the main factor in the lack of compliance with and disrespect for the food labeling rules and regulations in Brazil.
Keywords : Food labeling; consumer product safety; Brazil.


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Paris - Authorities in France tightened security and appealed for calm on Monday ahead of a World Cup match between Germany and Algeria following riots after the last two Algerian fixtures.
Algeria's historic qualification for the second round of the football World Cup on Thursday turned violent in some French cities, leading to the arrests of more than 70 people for rioting and looting.
That was more than double the 30-odd arrested on June 22 after Algeria's win over South Korea.
The rioting prompted far-right leader Marine Le Pen to call for dual nationality to be revoked in France on the ground that France's immigration policies had failed.
Algerians make up France's largest immigrant group, with close to two million people, and many hold dual citizenship.
"We are asking everyone to stay calm while celebrating a victory," said Harlem Desir, the French Secretary of State of European Affairs, on Monday.
"We must not let unruliness spoil what should be a party," he told LCI private television channel, adding that adequate security measures had been put in place to pre-empt a repetition of the past violence.
Desir slammed Le Pen's comments as an "attempt to play one off against the other," and said the trouble-makers were a minority and not representative of the community.
"I would like to see that we do not mix up little groups and the majority who conduct themselves in a peaceful manner," he said.
More than 500 police will be deployed in the eastern city of Lyon ahead of the Algeria-Germany match on Monday evening, the head of security for the region, Albert Doutre, said.
Germany lost their two previous matches against Algeria - 2-1 at the 1982 World Cup and 2-0 in a 1964 friendly. The winner of Monday's game will play France or Nigeria in the quarter-finals in Rio de Janeiro on Friday.
Lyon and Marseille have witnessed violence after Algerian World Cup games. Algerian fans also took over a part of Paris's emblematic Champs-Elysees avenue and briefly clashed with police.
Le Pen, the head of France's anti-immigration National Front party, on Sunday said the recent unrest was a good reason to review immigration policies.
"Now we must put a stop to dual nationality," she told a talkshow broadcast on French television and radio.
"There is not another country in the world that would accept what we go through on our territory," she said.
Since becoming leader of the National Front in 2011, Le Pen has been trying to clean up the image of the party as a racist and anti-Semitic group.
She led her party to first place in May European elections with 25 percent of the vote in France and the National Front also did better than expected in local polls in March.
Le Pen has spoken out against dual citizenship laws before. In 2010, she called for reform on the grounds that it "undermines" republican values.
French group SOS Racisme said it was "as dangerous as it is concerning" for Le Pen to use a few isolated incidents to support the National Front's agenda.
Former Prime Minister Francois Fillon of the centre-right UMP also said Le Pen's proposal "would change nothing," adding that it was "not a legal problem."
"It is a failure of integration policies, and now we have a generation that is not proud to be French," he said.