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In elderly subjects, heart rate responses to postural change are attenuated, whereas their vascular responses are augmented. Altered strategy in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis during upright position may result from various cardiovascular changes, including age-related cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. This exploratory study was conducted to evaluate impact of age on cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt (HUT) in healthy subjects covering a wide age range. The study population consisted of 63 healthy, normal-weight, nonsmoking subjects aged 23–77 yr. Five-minute electrocardiogram and finger blood pressure recordings were performed in the supine position and in the upright position 5 min after 70° HUT. Stroke volume was assessed from noninvasive blood pressure signals by the arterial pulse contour method. Heart rate variability (HRV) and systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) were analyzed by using spectral analysis, and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was assessed by using sequence and cross-spectral methods. Cardiovascular autonomic activation during HUT consisted of decreases in HRV and BRS and an increase in SBPV. These changes became attenuated with aging. Age correlated significantly with amplitude of HUT-stimulated response of the high-frequency component (r = -0.61, P < 0.001) and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV (r = -0.31, P < 0.05) and indexes of BRS (local BRS: r = -0.62, P < 0.001; cross-spectral baroreflex sensitivity in the low-frequency range: r = -0.38, P < 0.01). Blood pressure in the upright position was maintained well irrespective of age. However, the HUT-induced increase in heart rate was more pronounced in the younger subjects, whereas the increase in peripheral resistance was predominantly observed in the older subjects. Thus it is likely that whereas the dynamic capacity of cardiac autonomic regulation decreases, vascular responses related to vasoactive mechanisms and vascular sympathetic regulation become augmented with increasing age.
- autonomic nervous system
- baroreflex sensitivity
- blood pressure variability
- heart rate variability
circulatory lability and orthostatic hypotension are common in elderly subjects (15, 26, 29, 47). In particular, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in elderly people is likely to contribute to the hemodynamic impairment in the upright position.
The impact of age on the autonomic neuraxis occurs at multiple levels and in a heterogeneous manner (2, 9, 28). With increasing age, indexes related to sympathetic activity, such as muscle sympathetic nerve activity (20, 22, 35) and norepinephrine spillover (14, 22), increase, whereas the indexes related to parasympathetic activity, such as heart rate variability (HRV) (4, 6, 11, 23, 58) and cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) (10, 23, 44, 51), decrease with aging. So far, most of the reports about aging and cardiovascular autonomic regulation have referred to the recordings at rest, whereas the knowledge on the age dependency of integrative cardiovascular autonomic responses to different stimuli is less well characterized. Head-up tilt (HUT) test is a standardized, physiological, and clinically relevant stimulus that challenges the cardiovascular regulation. By the performance of HUT, it is possible to assess the dynamic capacity of the regulatory systems.
In elderly subjects, heart rate responses to postural change are attenuated, whereas, in contrast, their vascular responses are augmented (50, 53, 54). Altered strategy in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis during the upright position may result from age-related cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Previously, our laboratory has reported that in elderly men, plasma norepinephrine concentration at rest was increased and norepinephrine response to HUT was augmented, whereas blood pressure responses to HUT were comparable to those of younger subjects (16). Our laboratory has also shown that decreased BRS in elderly people is associated with increased blood pressure variability, bringing additional evidence of cardiovascular autonomic impairment with aging (24). In the present study, we investigated the effect of aging on the functional capacity of the cardiovascular autonomic regulatory systems during HUT in the same population of healthy subjects.
Subjects. Originally, 109 subjects were studied according to a HUT protocol. Forty-six subjects experienced presyncopal symptoms related to cardioneurogenic reflex mechanism and had to be returned to the supine position before the end of scheduled HUT. The population of this study consisted of 63 healthy subjects, 29 men and 34 women, who tolerated HUT without cardioneurogenic reflex syncope. They were divided according to age into three age groups representing young (23–39 yr, n = 20), middle-aged (40–59 yr, n = 18), and elderly (60–77 yr, n = 25) subjects. The subjects were evaluated with a detailed history, physical examination, routine laboratory tests, and clinical exercise test. All subjects were free of hypertension and other systemic diseases. None was taking any cardiovascular medication or smoked. All subjects were requested to abstain from beverages including caffeine for 12 h before the experiment. The subjects came to the laboratory between 7:30 and 9:00 AM, 45 min after ingestion of a light breakfast. Subjects gave a fully informed consent, and the Ethics Committee of Kuopio University Hospital approved the study protocol.
Assessment of exercise capacity. Maximal exercise testing was performed with an electrically braked bicycle ergometer (model 380, Siemens Elema, Solna, Sweden) in sitting position until exhaustion. The initial workload was 20 W with subsequent increments of 20 W/min. During the test, perceived exertion, subjective symptoms and blood pressure were recorded. In addition, heart rate, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and working time were recorded continuously with a computerized system (Marquette Centra, Milwaukee, WI). Maximum oxygen uptake was measured as previously described (34).
Recordings. Electrodes were placed for ECG recording. Continuous blood pressure recording was performed from the middle finger of the right hand with a Finapres digital plethysmograph (Ohmeda, Englewood, CO). The Finapres device's self-adjustment was performed just before the recordings, and it was disconnected during the recordings. ECG and blood pressure signals were recorded for period of 5 min after 3 h of bed rest in the supine position and for another 5 min on the tilt table in the upright position 5 min after the 70° HUT. During the recordings, the subjects were asked to breathe according to a metronome at 0.2-Hz frequency with their normal tidal volume. Note that, during the first 5 min in the upright position, the subjects were breathing spontaneously, but the actual recordings were performed during the subsequent 5 min when the subjects were breathing according to the metronome. Recorded signals were analog-to-digital converted with temporal resolution of 200 Hz/channel and amplitude resolution of 12 bits (56). We were not able to get reliable blood pressure signal in two cases in the supine position and in one case in the upright position. Data acquisition was performed with an IBM/PC-compatible microcomputer with CAFTS software (Medikro, Kuopio, Finland).
Study protocol. The subjects lay down on a pneumatically driven tilt table (Läätek, Kaarina, Finland) and were maintained in the horizontal position for 3 h in the supine position. Thereafter, the tilt table was inclined within 5 s to 70° head-up for 13 min, and then it was returned back to the horizontal position.
Analyses. Data analyses were performed with an IBM/PC-compatible microcomputer with WINCPRS software (Absolute Aliens Oy, Turku, Finland). All analyses were performed from stationary regions with the duration between 2.5 and 5 min and free of ectopic beats and technical artifacts.
Assessment of hemodynamics. Stroke volume was assessed from the noninvasive blood pressure signal by using the arterial pulse contour method, which is modified from the model flow method (60). Cardiac output was calculated from the equation cardiac output = heart rate · stroke volume, and peripheral resistance was calculated as total peripheral resistance = mean arterial pressure/cardiac output. Vascular compliance was calculated from the equation vascular compliance = stroke volume/pulse pressure.
Assessment of HRV and blood pressure variability. Fast Fourier transform method was used to obtain power spectral estimates of HRV and systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV). Original time series were unevenly resampled at a rate of 5 Hz. Spectrums were computed up to 0.50 Hz. The computed Fast Fourier transform spectrum was smoothed by using triangular averaging functions. Total power (TP) in the frequency range from 0 to 0.40 Hz was divided into low-frequency (LF; 0.04–0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF; 0.15–0.40 Hz) bands. Signal powers of each band were calculated as integrals under the respective power spectral density functions and expressed in absolute units (ms2 or mmHg2). In addition, the ratio between LF power and HF power (LF/HF ratio) of HRV and SBPV were calculated without any normalization.
Assessment of BRS. We also characterized spontaneous vagal cardiac baroreflex gain in two ways. Recordings were scanned for concordant systolic pressure and R-R-interval sequences (19, 46). We defined a spontaneous sequence as a ramp of three or more consecutive cardiac cycles with increasing systolic pressures of at least 1 mmHg/heartbeat. Each systolic pressure was correlated with the R-R interval of the next heartbeat. Data were pooled, and averaged data were used as up-up sequences to calculate local BRS. A criterion for valid up-up sequence was correlation at minimum level of 0.9. Second, we estimated vagal-cardiac baroreflex gain with a method based on the modulus of cross-spectral analysis of systolic pressures and R-R intervals (12, 45, 46). We estimated baroreflex gain as αLF with the square root of ratios of systolic pressure and R-R interval powers in the LF (0.04–0.15 Hz) band, over ranges with coherence 0.50.
Statistical analyses. Because of skewed distribution, HRV and SBPV were analyzed after logarithmic transformation and their changes during HUT after rank transformation. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's test was used to test the significance of differences between the age groups. The ANOVA test with age as a covariate was used to test the significance of difference between genders. Univariate correlations were calculated by using Pearson's correlation analysis. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All values are presented as means ± SE. Statistical analyses were performed by using a statistical program, SPSS for Windows (version 10.1.3; SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Clinical characteristics. Table 1 shows the clinical characteristics of the study population in relation to age. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest increased and maximum oxygen uptake decreased with aging (P < 0.001 for all).
Hemodynamics and HUT. Circulatory responses to HUT are shown in Fig. 1. At rest, all hemodynamic measures were comparable between the age groups. However, in the upright position, there were marked differences between the groups; for example, cardiac output was lower in the elderly and the middle-aged subjects than in the young subjects (P < 0.001 vs. elderly and P < 0.05 vs. middle-aged subjects), and total peripheral resistance was higher in the elderly subjects compared with the young subjects (P < 0.001). In response to HUT, elderly subjects had a smaller increase in heart rate (P < 0.05), a larger decrease in cardiac output (P < 0.05), and a larger increase in total peripheral resistance (P < 0.001) compared with young subjects. Despite the differences in other circulatory responses, the increase in mean blood pressure was comparable in all groups. Vascular compliance in the supine position tended to become decreased with increasing age (group I: 1.16 ± 0.08, group II: 1.13 ± 0.08, group III: 0.94 ± 0.06 ml/mmHg; P = 0.051) and in the upright position it was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the elderly subjects than in the young subjects (group I: 0.83 ± 0.06, group II: 0.74 ± 0.05, group III: 0.61 ± 0.04 ml/mmHg; P < 0.01).
HRV and HUT. HRV responses to HUT are shown in Fig. 2. Compared with the young subjects, the middle-aged and the elderly subjects had significantly lower TP (P < 0.001 vs. elderly and P < 0.01 vs. middle-aged subjects), LF power (P < 0.001 vs. elderly and P < 0.05 vs. middle-aged subjects) and HF power of HRV (P < 0.001 for both) in the supine position. On the contrary, LF/HF ratio of HRV was higher in the group of the middle-aged subjects compared with the young subjects (P < 0.01). During HUT also, compared with the young subjects, the elderly and the middle-aged subjects had significantly lower TP (P < 0.001 vs. elderly and P < 0.05 vs. middle-aged subjects), LF (P < 0.001 for both), and HF power (P < 0.001 vs. elderly and P < 0.01 vs. middle-aged subjects). Furthermore, the elderly subjects had the lowest LF/HF ratio in the upright position, and the difference between the elderly and young subjects reached statistical significance (P < 0.05). In response to HUT, the decrease in HF power and the increase in LF/HF ratio were significantly smaller in the elderly subjects compared with the young subjects (P < 0.01 for both).
SBPV and HUT. SBPV responses to HUT are shown in Fig. 3. With the subjects at rest in the supine position, TP of SBPV was slightly higher in the elderly subjects compared with the young and middle-aged subjects, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.22). However, we found that HF power of SBPV was higher (P < 0.001) and LF/HF ratio of SBPV was lower (P < 0.05) in the elderly subjects than in the young subjects. SBPV in the upright position and its responses to HUT between the age groups did not differ from each other. The increase in LF power of SBPV was the smallest (although not significant) in the elderly subjects.
BRS and HUT. BRS responses to HUT are shown in Fig. 4. Compared with the young subjects, the middle-aged and the elderly subjects had significantly lower local BRS (P < 0.001 for both) and αLF (P < 0.001 vs. elderly and P < 0.05 vs. middle-aged subjects) in the supine position. In the upright position also, the elderly subjects had lower local BRS (P < 0.01) and αLF (P < 0.01), compared with the young subjects. However, the decrease in local BRS in response to HUT was smaller in the elderly and the middle-aged subjects than in the young subjects (P < 0.001 for both), and the decrease in αLF was significantly smaller in the elderly subjects compared with young subject (P < 0.05).
Age dependency of cardiovascular autonomic responses to HUT. Univariate correlations between age and cardiovascular autonomic responses to HUT are presented in Table 2. Statistically significant age dependency was seen in all HUT-induced responses of HRV, SBPV, and BRS responses except for LF power of HRV and HF power of SBPV.
Gender dependency of blood pressure and cardiovascular autonomic responses to HUT. Women had lower mean arterial blood pressure in the supine position than men (83 ± 3 vs. 96 ± 3 mmHg; P < 0.01). Moreover, in response to HUT, they had a little higher increase in mean arterial pressure compared with men (12 ± 2 vs. 5 ± 3 mmHg; P < 0.05). There was also age-gender interaction in the mean arterial pressure (P < 0.05). In women, the increase in the mean arterial pressure in response to HUT tended to become augmented in the oldest group (23–39 yr: 11 ± 2 mmHg; 40–59 yr: 9 ± 3 mmHg; 60–77 yr: 15 ± 4 mmHg). In contrast, in men, the mean arterial increased in response to HUT only in the two younger groups, and such a response was not seen in the oldest group (23–39 yr: 9 ± 2 mmHg; 40–59 yr: 10 ± 3 mmHg; 60–77 yr: 0 ± 5 mmHg). Gender-related differences were also found in some hemodynamic parameters, which were associated with body size and vascular compliance such as stroke volume, cardiac output, vascular resistance, and compliance (data not shown).
Except for the higher LF/HF ratio of SBPV in the supine position (P < 0.01) and smaller response in αLF during HUT (P < 0.05) in women than in men, all parameters reflecting cardiovascular variability and regulatory responses to HUT were comparable in men and women (Table 3).
Aging is associated with changes in the cardiovascular autonomic regulation both under resting and stimulated conditions. At rest, elderly subjects show increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity as well as impaired arterial baroreflex function (4, 6, 10, 11, 14, 20, 22, 23, 35, 44, 51, 58). In response to postural changes, young subjects rely essentially on cardiac adaptations, i.e., a marked increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility whereby cardiac output and mean arterial pressure are maintained. In contrast, elderly subjects maintain their blood pressure in the upright position essentially through increased peripheral resistance, whereas they increase their heart rate less than the young, showing a lesser ability to withdraw from vagal influence and/or decreased arterial baroreflex responses (50, 53, 54). In this context, the main finding of the present study is that aging has a significant impact on several measures of cardiovascular variability and BRS not only at rest but also during 70° HUT, indicating that cardiovascular autonomic responses to an orthostatic challenge are markedly age dependent. Influence of gender on these age-related changes in cardiovascular autonomic responses to HUT is minor.
Under an unstimulated condition, i.e., at rest, we confirm the occurrence of the following with aging. 1) There was a decrease in HRV (4, 6, 11, 40, 58), linked to an age-related decline in parasympathetic regulation (39). 2) An increase in SBPV occurred. The few studies that investigated the age dependency of short-term SBPV under resting condition (24, 38, 59) suggested a slight increase of baseline SBPV with aging, especially in the HF range, which is in agreement with the present study. SBPV is closely associated with LF/HF ratio of HRV, and therefore it may reflect changes in sympathovagal balance (24). 3) There was a decrease in BRS. Because baroreflex constitutes the main buffer mechanism against the changes in blood pressure, decreased BRS with aging may account for the increased SBPV and also the risk of orthostatic hypotension in the elderly.
Under a stimulated condition, i.e., in response to an orthostatic challenge, the typical response linked to parasympathetic deactivation at the cardiac level and a general increase in sympathetic activity is characterized by a decrease in HRV (1, 5, 8, 11, 18, 32, 33, 42), an increase in SBPV (5, 8, 18, 33, 59), as well as a decrease in cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (8, 17, 21, 25, 41, 55, 57).
These autonomic responses to HUT were clearly characterized by an age-related attenuation. Consistent with previous findings, we found a marked decrease in HF power of HRV in response to HUT in the young subjects (3, 48, 61). This suggests that parasympathetic deactivation of cardiac control during HUT is a very important adaptive mechanism in the young subjects. In contrast, in the elderly subjects, HF power of HRV was markedly depressed already at rest in the supine position and the additional reduction in HF power of HRV related to HUT was only modest, indicating that parasympathetic regulatory reserve becomes limited with aging. Especially in the young subjects, an increase in LF/HF ratio of HRV in response to HUT was associated predominantly with a marked decrease in HF power of HRV. This suggests that an increase in LF/HF ratio of HRV in this context probably depends largely on parasympathetic deactivation, and thus LF/HF ratio of HRV as a complex parameter is not a plain sympathetic index.
The former studies, which have addressed the influence of aging on short-term SBPV during an orthostatic stress, have shown upright posture to induce a significant increase in the LF band of SBPV in all age groups but a lesser increase in the older subjects (3, 59). Our data are consistent with these findings, even though the lesser increase in LF power of SBPV in our older subjects did not reach statistical significance. As suggested by Barnett and coworkers (3), this decrease in LF power of SBPV [which is believed to represent the baroreflexmediated sympathetic outflow to the vasculature (37)] that they observed both with healthy aging and in the female gender (from data adjusted for gender and age, respectively) in response to orthostasis, appears to be due to different mechanisms in the two cases (3). Our laboratory's previous data are in line with theirs, because our laboratory has shown in the same subjects as those dealt with in the present study that 1) older women (>50 yr old), in addition to having lower baseline plasma norepinephrine concentration than men, had also lower norepinephrine response to HUT than their male counterparts and 2) aging had a significant effect on plasma norepinephrine only in men, because aging men (>50 yr old) had higher plasma norepinephrine at baseline as well as in the upright posture than all women and, moreover, than younger men (16). However, in this study, we could not confirm observation of gender differences in the LF power of SBPV.
There may exist an important link connecting age-related vascular and regulatory changes. Monahan and coworkers (31) have shown that age-associated changes in vascular compliance of arteries in which baroreceptors are located are closely related with a decrease in cardiovagal baroreflex (31). We found that vascular compliance decreased with increasing age, and it is possible that, in the elderly subjects, decreased vascular compliance may lead up to secondary changes in cardiovascular regulation; in particular, it may result in a decrease in BRS. In the young subjects, the BRS response was pronounced, which was clearly linked to their high BRS at rest. Because it is well known that baroreflex control of heart rate is under strong parasympathetic modulation (13), this response was expected and is in line with the HRV responses indicating marked parasympathetic deactivation in the young subjects. Although also sympathetic activation is known to play an important role in a decrease in BRS (21, 55), we found that the elderly subjects with augmented sympathetic response to HUT had an attenuated BRS response.
The maintaining of blood pressure at an appropriate level during HUT was achieved by markedly divergent patterns of cardiovascular regulation in different age groups. In the elderly subjects, peripheral resistance was increased, especially in the upright position. It is possible that augmented vascular response in the elderly subjects may be appropriate response to maintain blood pressure homeostasis in the upright position, but such vascular changes may also have some other detrimental influences, especially if they lead to permanent increase in vascular compliance. Changes in cardiac autonomic responses to HUT were attenuated with advancing age, reflecting lower regulatory reserve in elderly subjects. Therefore, the altered cardiovascular autonomic regulation in the elderly subjects may be more vulnerable to the influences of orthostatic stress factors, and this may contribute to high prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in elderly people.
An interesting observation in this study was that older female subjects demonstrated greater increase in mean arterial pressure than older male subjects, although they have been previously shown to have smaller plasma norepinephrine response to HUT and lower plasma norepinephrine levels in the upright position (16). In addition, we did not find age dependency in peripheral vascular resistance in the supine position, although our laboratory has shown that plasma norepinephrine becomes increased with increasing age, at least in men (16). These findings may indicate that norepinephrine action is impaired in elderly men.
It is uncertain whether circulatory lability commonly seen in elderly subjects is due to aging per se or rather due to age-associated concomitant disorders. Clinically significant orthostatic hypotension may develop postprandially (27), after bed rest for more than a few days (7), or because of use of drugs with vasoactive properties (30). It is noteworthy that the elderly subjects of our study were healthy and had no drug therapies. Thus it is not surprising that they did not have orthostatic hypotension and that the differences in blood pressure responses during HUT between the age groups were not statistically significant. On the other hand, in 46 excluded cases of 109 originally studied subjects, the HUT was prematurely interrupted because of signs and symptoms of cardioneurogenic reflex syncope. Relatively high frequency of cardioneurogenic syncope was likely to be explained by the fact that upright posture was produced by using a tilt table after 3-h recumbency, and, in addition, the subjects performed a controlled breathing test while standing. It is possible that postural hypocapnia was an important mechanism responsible for the occurrence of orthostatic intolerance (49). There is evidence to suggest that mild alterations in arterial CO2 modulate HRV (43) as well as sympathetic postural response and peripheral vascular resistance (52). Furthermore, arterial hypocapnia has been linked to orthostatic intolerance (36). A limitation in our study is that end-tidal or arterial CO2 was not measured, and thus we are not able to assess the possible effects of hypocapnia induced by postural change and fixed-pace breathing.
In conclusion, in healthy subjects blood pressure was well maintained during acute orthostasis irrespective of age. Analysis of cardiovascular variability brought additional evidence to the known differences in the mechanisms of blood pressure adjustment during orthostasis between the young, who rely essentially on an increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility, and the elderly, who rely more on an increase in peripheral resistance, and contributed to the view that whereas the dynamic capacity of cardiac autonomic regulation decreases, the vascular responses related to vasoactive mechanisms and vascular sympathetic regulation become more important with increasing age.
This work was financially supported by Helena Vuorenmies Foundation, Uulo Arhio Foundation, and Kuopio University Hospital (EVO 403010).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2004 the American Physiological Society


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|By Philip Hersh and Jared S. Hopkins, Chicago Tribune
|McClatchy-Tribune Information Services
"Almost two decades ago I displayed poor judgment in a brief, inappropriate relationship with a female teammate," Gabel told the Tribune. "It did not include sex, however I know what happened was wrong, and I make no excuses for my behavior. I apologize to her, and I am sorry for bringing negative attention to the sport that I love."
Meanwhile, the head of the
"In sport, as in life, we have a duty to do everything we can to protect our children from abuse at the hands of adults," USOC chief executive
US Speedskating released a statement that it had begun investigating the allegations from the 31-year-old Farrell -- first made public Thursday on
"Our current understanding is that it was not reported to anyone at US Speedskating or the authorities at that time," the
Gabel, who grew up in the
Messages sent to the ISU seeking comment Friday and Saturday were not returned.
Farrell told the radio station and, subsequently, other media outlets that Gabel engaged in improper sexual contact with her multiple times in
"I couldn't talk about it at the time," she said. "If you look at the players involved, I'm a kid and he's a god in speedskating. My purpose is to change the culture of sport."
No charges have been filed and allegations were not reported in the '90s to US Speedskating or the
In his statement to the Tribune, Blackmun directed people to the USOC program safesport.org as a resource.
Farrell told the radio station that as a young girl she was in awe of Gabel, who helped her with equipment and allowed her to drive his car. But she said she knew the relationship was inappropriate because he urged her to keep the contact secret. She told the station she suffered through depression and eating disorders in the years following the relationship.
She said on the air that Gabel was a trusted friend of her family. When asked by the Tribune to elaborate on the relationship, she described it as inappropriate and physical.
She also said: "I was not raped. We did not have sex."
She added she didn't tell her family about the relationship until 2009.
Farrell began skating as a child in
The accusations are the latest controversy in speedskating.
Last year, the U.S. short-track national team coach resigned after skaters accused him of physical and verbal abuse. A law firm US Speedskating hired later cleared him of the charges.
On Sunday, the Tribune published an investigation that showed for years the federation has been plagued by financial and organizational problems, spinning the sport into chaos as skaters' performance has declined.
Twitter @olyphil
Twitter @jaredshopkins
(c)2013 the Chicago Tribune
Visit the Chicago Tribune at www.chicagotribune.com
Distributed by MCT Information Services
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Does anyone know anything about Apidra? Apparently my insurance company (and the one of my parents as well) is now only going to cover Apidra. I've been using Novolog via my pump for a couple years now and was using Humalog before that - in fact, I had to switch to Novolog because the insurance stopped covering Humalog!
I'm not so concerned about myself right now, as I'm going to die anyway because the insurance also has stopped covering my thyroid medication, but I'm wondering how it (the Apidra) will effect my father. He's type 1, but doesn't check his blood sugar before he takes insulin and can't feel when he starts to go low. I guess I'm concerned that this Apidra (which I have no experience with other than what I've Googled and read about in my Mosby's) will work too fast and leave him low quite quickly.
Is there a big difference between Novolog and Apidra? This is very discouraging and frustrating for me, because all three of us (myself, my mom, and my dad) are diabetics on insulin who have incredibly limited incomes.
I have taken Apidra for almost as long as it has been out. I like it a lot. It is a fast acting insulin that has a rapid expel time. It very seldom leaves me low. My endo tells me that one will use slightly less insulin with Apidra, but other than that, it should work quite well. I have taken it through MDI and now, by pump.
As all insulins, Apidra is expensive. I am surprised that it becomes the preferred insulin of your insurance company. I thought Novolog had the lock on that.
Why are you being denied your thyroid medication? Can you not appeal to the insurance company or go anywhere else for help? Maureen
I switch between Apidra, Novolog, and Humolog pretty frequently, depending on what kind of promotions/prices I can find. I really don't notice a difference between any of the three.
Hi Cara. My insurance company now covers Novolog and Lantus rather than the two insulins I really need: Apidra and Levemir. My insurance company notified me that they would no longer cover the Apidra and Levemir, but that I could "request an exception". The first step would be to contact my prescribing physician to then contact them, to write them why I need the exception. I've started that process and I sure hope it works because neither Novolog nor Apidra works for me.
To your discussion, yes Apidra works more faster with a shorter tail. Perhaps your father could contact his doctor for an exception?
About the thyroid medication, maybe they're covering a different thyroid medication from the one you are now taking? If not, I would suggest that you contact your doctor immediately!
I have used Apidra since I got a sample from my endo in December. Prior to that I was using humalog before meals but I was finding that the really long tail on humalog could lead to lows several hours after a meal. The apidra has a pretty short tail, max about 2 1/2 hours and then it is out of your system and so far I have really liked it and rarely get low from it.
Oops, what I meant was that neither Novolog nor LANTUS works for me; Apidra and Levemir do work.
Thanks everyone for your comments. I'm also surprised about the switch to Apidra by the insurance company, but evidently that seems to be what's happening. I'm gonna have more problems than just the insulin and the thyroid medication I think, but one step at a time I suppose. I definitely can't live without either of those anyway, but going without Crestor is gonna have some consequences too. I just hope that when the time comes to get my other Rxs refilled that there won't be problems - going without atenolol and effexor won't be pleasant either I'm afraid, plus the few other scripts I'm not even thinking of at the moment.
Not to seem whiny, but why can't I just be normal for awhile and NOT have to worry about a dozen prescriptions and ways to pay for them? It gets old, just like me.
Sorry Cara, but yes you're right, it does get old and no you are NOT old. Right now if you have insurance you can get the Apidra without any co-pay. https://www.apidra.com/register/default.aspx just copy the link and register with Sanofi. The program is good through Dec.31, 2013. I am currently getting lipitor free of charge from Wegman's supermarket pharmacy - but unfortunately that is only in the northeast, I don't think they are in Minnesota. My best advice is check online for coupons or specials on the medicines you are taking. Some pharma companies run special deals. And some have patient assistance programs as well if you need the medication but can't afford it.
I was on Apidra ever since I was on insulin. I use the pen. I was told Apidra no longer made the pen so I was switched to Humalog. I had no trouble with Apidra. I hope you can get your other medication straightened out. I am noticing doctors who always said see you in 3 months are now saying 6 months. It is going to be a battle.
Yes I use the Apidra pens and pay no co-pay because of the coupon.
You may find a difference between Apidra and other analogs. But it won't be earth shattering. The only drawback I found was that in hot weather (quite rare where I live!) it can get weak on day #3 in a pump. Just keep it cool as much as possible.
It is the hot-rod of rapid insulins. Faster off the line, with a stronger peak, but with a shorter duration. Use a dual wave bolus to compensate for this.


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Hawaiian Haystacks (or Chinese Sundaes)
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with a set of values defining Triangles I need to know weather a point is in or out of the triangle. Also, for any point that is in the triangle, the code must check if it is in the edge or not.
The following strategy seams to make some sence for the Point in triangle edge situation, however it may not work properly due to float to int roundings.
* Get the two points that define the edge * Use the y = m x + b and m = y2 - y1 / x2 - x1 to find 'b' and 'm' * With the coordinates for the PointNew see if it's in the line and between the other two points. If so, PointNew is in the edge.
And this algorithm would be applied after the coordinates are transformed into perspective projection.
Do you think this will give good (or at least decent) results?
Any other proven techniques?
BTW: Working based only on software rendering, not using DX or Opengl.
Thanks for your comments. m .
Google returns: http://www.blackpawn.com/texts/pointinpoly/default.html
I'm not sure what you mean by asking whether a point is "in the edge". Because of floating point roundoff error a point will almost never lie precisely on an edge unless it is equal to a vertex. However, you can employ some epsilons for determining if a point is close to being on an edge. Just replace the test of the dot product's sign with a test for it being greater than epsilon (in), less than -epsilon (out), or neither (edge).
The purpose of doing the "poin in edge" verification is to know if a given pixel is to appear in the wireframe with invisible line removal.
For Example
Using z-buffer algoritm,
For each triangle
For each point in the triangle
If point.z is the closest so far
z[point.x][point.y] = point.z
color[point,x][point.y] = white if point in edge, black otherwise
Then use color array to do pixel plotting.
The initial model didn't have triangles, just points and a topology matrix. To achive the invisible line removal The z-buffering algorithm requeries that pixels are compared so "faces" are necessary. However the points within the face are not to get painted if they are not the "edge" or "border" of the polygon.
Since the calculations are exact, it may look strange and end up with some weird wireframe.
Other ways to do this?
Note: no Dx or OpenGL.
Well, the trouble is that if you use a test like this to determine if a pixel's on the edge, you're going to get popping and holes and other weird artifacts. In order to draw a line you should really just draw a line, not draw a triangle and try to identify edge pixels. What if, for each face, you just draw a black triangle and then draw the lines with a slight z-offset, to ensure that the lines come out in front of the triangle despite roundoff error?
What do you mean by "draw the lines with a slight z-offset"?
Make the depth value generated for each pixel of the line slightly smaller than it ought to be. That will ensure the depth values generated for the line will be smaller than the depth values generated for the triangle. Otherwise you will have z-fighting, as some pixels of the line will be in front and some will be behind the triangle due to roundoff error.


text:
Man suspected of shooting Pc Ian Dibell found dead in Writtle churchyard
Police have confirmed the man suspected of killing Pc Ian Dibell has been found dead in a churchyard in Writtle, Essex.
Essex police held a press conference this morning to announce Peter Reeve, 64, had been found dead.
Officers received a phone call from a member of the public around 8:30am which led police to finding the body in the Writtle churchyard.
Pc Ian Dibell was shot dead and a member of the public sustained leg injuries after the gunman struck in a residential street in the seaside town of Clacton in Essex yesterday.
Police immediately launched a manhunt involving hundreds of officers, vowing 'not to rest' until they found Reeve.
Pc Dibell, who lived near the Redbridge Road crime scene, was off-duty at the time and it is understood he intervened in a dispute.
Confirming the news of Reeve's death, Essex Chief Constable Jim Barker-McCardle said: 'I can confirm Peter Reeve, the man wanted for the murder of a serving police officer, was found dead, with a weapon in a Writtle churchyard and no shots were fired by the police.'
On Monday night and through to Tuesday morning, residents in Clacton were told to stay behind closed doors as a manhunt was launched.
Teams of armed officers spread out across the area as a police helicopter was deployed.
An Essex Police spokesman at the time said: 'Residents are being urged to remain indoors while armed officers locate the gunman.'
The force had said it was confident of catching the fugitive killer after receiving 'many phone calls' from the public.
The dead policeman, 41, was thought to have been based in Colchester and lived not far from the scene of the shooting. A second man suffered serious leg injuries in the incident, which took place in a residential area.
Mr Barker-McCardle earlier paid tribute to Pc Dibell, saying he was 'an experienced and professional neighbourhood police officer' who 'deliberately intervened in what he knew was an extremely deadly situation'.
'Policing is a family and we are all hurting,' he added.
'This dreadful event reminds us all that policing is a mission that ultimately some die for.'
A car belonging to Mr Reeve was found at the junction of Epping Close and Jubilee Avenue in Clacton shortly after the shooting.
Prime Minister David Cameron today paid tribute to the murdered police officer.
Speaking in Downing Street during a press conference, he said: 'It is the first time I have been able to comment on the very sad death of police constable Ian Dibell, who was killed yesterday in Essex.'He was off-duty but went to help people in a totally selfless and typical way that our police officers do all of the time.'It's a reminder of the immense debt that we owe them and what they do on our behalf and I just want to pay tribute to him and say that the whole country, I'm sure, is thinking of his family and his friends at this difficult time.'
PICTURES: Check out more images from the scene


text:
SORIATANE- acitretin capsule
Stiefel Laboratories Inc
Read this Medication Guide carefully before you start taking SORIATANE and read it each time you get more SORIATANE. There may be new information.
The first information in this Guide is about birth defects and how to avoid pregnancy. After this section there is important safety information about possible effects for any patient taking SORIATANE. ALL patients should read this entire Medication Guide carefully.
This information does not take the place of talking with your prescriber about your medical condition or treatment.
SORIATANE can cause serious side effects, including:
1. Severe birth defects. If you are a female who can get pregnant, you should use SORIATANE only if you are not pregnant now, can avoid becoming pregnant for at least 3 years, and other medicines do not work for your severe psoriasis or you cannot use other psoriasis medicines. Information about effects on unborn babies and about how to avoid pregnancy is found in the next section: "What are the important warnings and instructions for females taking SORIATANE?"
2. Liver problems, including abnormal liver function tests and inflammation of your liver (hepatitis). Your prescriber should do blood tests to check how your liver is working before you start taking and during treatment with SORIATANE. Stop taking SORIATANE and call your prescriber right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms of a serious liver problem:
NOTE: If you are a female who can become pregnant:
The following are considered effective forms of birth control:
Primary Forms:
Secondary Forms (use with a Primary Form):
At least 1 of your 2 methods of birth control must be a primary form.
You can get EC from private doctors or nurse practitioners, women's health centers, or hospital emergency rooms. You can get the name and phone number of EC providers nearest you by calling the free Emergency Contraception Hotline at 1-888-668-2528 (1-888-NOT-2-LATE).
Small amounts of SORIATANE are found in the semen of males taking SORIATANE. Based upon available information, it appears that these small amounts of SORIATANE in semen pose little, if any, risk to an unborn child while a male patient is taking the drug or after it is discontinued. Discuss any concerns you have about this with your prescriber.
All patients should read the rest of this Medication Guide.
SORIATANE is a medicine used to treat severe forms of psoriasis in adults. Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes cells in the outer layer of the skin to grow faster than normal and pile up on the skin's surface. In the most common type of psoriasis, the skin becomes inflamed and produces red, thickened areas, often with silvery scales.
Because SORIATANE can have serious side effects, you should talk with your prescriber about whether possible benefits of SORIATANE outweigh its possible risks.
SORIATANE may not work right away. You may have to wait 2 to 3 months before you get the full benefit of SORIATANE. Psoriasis gets worse for some patients when they first start treatment with SORIATANE.
SORIATANE has not been studied in children.
The use of these medicines with SORIATANE may cause serious side effects.
Tell your prescriber if you have or ever had:
Your prescriber needs this information to decide if SORIATANE is right for you and to know what dose is best for you.
Tell your prescriber about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Some medicines can cause serious side effects if taken while you also take SORIATANE. Some medicines may affect how SORIATANE works, or SORIATANE may affect how your other medicines work. Be especially sure to tell your prescriber if you are taking the following medicines:
Tell your prescriber if you are getting phototherapy treatment. Your doses of phototherapy may need to be changed to prevent a burn.
You should have blood tests for liver function, cholesterol, and triglycerides before starting treatment and during treatment to check your body's response to SORIATANE. Your prescriber may also do other tests.
Once you stop taking SORIATANE, your psoriasis may return. Do not treat this new psoriasis with leftover SORIATANE. It is important to see your prescriber again for treatment recommendations because your situation may have changed.
SORIATANE can cause serious side effects. See "What is the most important information I should know about SORIATANE?" and "What are the important warnings and instructions for females taking SORIATANE?"
Stop taking SORIATANE and call your prescriber right away if you get the following signs or symptoms of possible serious side effects:
If you develop any of these side effects or any unusual reaction, check with your prescriber to find out if you need to change the amount of SORIATANE you take. These side effects usually get better if the dose of SORIATANE is reduced or SORIATANE is stopped.
These are not all the possible side effects of SORIATANE. For more information, ask your prescriber or pharmacist.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Active ingredient: acitretin.
Inactive ingredients: black monogramming ink, gelatin, maltodextrin (a mixture of polysaccharides), microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium ascorbate. Gelatin capsule shells contain gelatin, iron oxide (yellow, black, and red), and titanium dioxide. They may also contain benzyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, edetate calcium disodium.
General information about the safe and effective use of SORIATANE
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use SORIATANE for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give SORIATANE to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have.
This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about SORIATANE. If you would like more information, talk with your prescriber. You can ask your pharmacist or prescriber for information about SORIATANE that is written for health professionals.
For more information about SORIATANE call 1-888-784-3335 or go to www.soriatane.com.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Manufactured for
Stiefel Laboratories, Inc.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Revised 05/2015
TEGISON® is a registered trademark of Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
Do Your P.A.R.T. is a trademark and SORIATANE is a registered trademark of Stiefel Laboratories, Inc.
©2015, Stiefel Laboratories, Inc.


text:
We Still Love You, Jane McGarry: KXAS Lands New Anchor Team for 10 O'Clock News
Jane McGarry and Mike Snyder are together at 5 and 6 p.m.; McGarry's out, though, at 10 p.m.
Jane McGarry, who's been at KXAS-Channel 5 since 1982 and was named our Best Local Anchor in '01 (really?), is out at 10 p.m. beginning tonight. Meredith Land will be named her permanent replacement. KXAS news director Susan Tully just sent The Official Word:
Jane McGarry will co-anchor NBC 5 News at 5 p.m., Monday-Friday, effective today coinciding with the first day of the XXI Winter Olympics broadcast on NBC. McGarry will continue to co-anchor NBC 5 News at 6 p.m. Mike Snyder will co-anchor both newscasts.
Meredith Land will join Brian Curtis to co-anchor NBC 5 News at 10 p.m., Monday-Friday. Curtis has been in the 10 p.m. anchor chair since July 2009, and Land has excelled in numerous anchor and reporter assignments since joining NBC 5 in 2003.
Jane McGarry reflects on her new responsibilities: "I have been very fortunate to have a dream job for almost 20 years. Now Meredith will have that opportunity and I hope she will enjoy it as much as I have! Moving to the 5 and 6 will allow me additional time to devote to a new project that I am very excited about, while continuing my relationship with NBC 5. I am very appreciative of that, and I wish Meredith and Brian all the best as the new 10 o'clock team."
Meredith Land says, "I have great respect for the work Jane has been doing with the 10 p.m. newscast and look forward to maintaining that level of excellence and dedication."
The local TV-news'ers to whom I spoke this morning -- and none are at KXAS, though they are familiar with the situation -- aren't stunned. They say the honchos at the local NBC affiliate has been waiting out McGarry's contract the same way they did Mike Snyder's when he was demoted in July. (It's been happening up and down the NBC owned-and-operateds across the country in recent months, as the network looks to lower salaries.)
Below, a few highlights of McGarry's estimable career at KXAS, including Snyder's debut with McGarry as anchor, her 1996 interview with John Wiley Price and that time she mistook a door closing for Big Weather. Alas, Jane, we'll always have our Carly box and our Snoopy Dog.
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Indie in the Age of the Internet
Indie in the Age of the Internet
As the 20th century drew to a close, the music industry was at an important crossroads. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 had been enacted in part to deregulate electronic media markets, which would allow the entire entertainment industry to champion the creation of a so-called "celestial jukebox" on the Internet. Digital technology had begun to permeate all aspects of music production; Pro Tools, a software program designed for use on home computers, was enabling both professional and amateur musicians to create commercial-quality sound recordings, and the digital compression of sound files into MP3s turned music from a physical format into a virtual one. The recording industry was beginning to consider the ramifications of moving their products online. But a couple enterprising individuals beat them to it.
In 1997, Michael Robertson founded MP3.com, which started with three thousand MP3s available for free download. Two years later, Northeastern University student Shawn Fanning created the technology that enabled users to share their MP3 files with one another. Through Napster, millions of online users could exchange music for free, an unprecedented method of consumption that dealt a heavy blow to the recording industry. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sued both Robertson and Fanning for copyright violations, which shut down their file-sharing services in 2001. But rather than adapting their business models to court music fans' new habits, major labels remained on the defensive, suing its consumers for illegal file sharing and devising copy protection devices for CDs to prevent downloading.
Meanwhile, independent labels, media, musicians, and fans seized the opportunity to take advantage of the Internet's liberating potential. Their recent innovations have brought independent music to new heights of accessibility and contributed to the decentralization of the music industry's power over distribution.
Participation in and access to popular music skyrocketed with the advent of social networks like MySpace and music blogs such as Stereogum, which feature MP3 streams and free downloads in addition to providing open forums for discussion. As a result, blogs have become an important outlet for independent artists to gain both exposure to and feedback from fans. Many of these sites have also initiated a kind of social activism in response to the ongoing battles over musical ownership. According to sociologist Michael Ayers, some bloggers and "bedroom DJs" use blogs as a public sphere in which to advance individual resistance on issues of copyright laws while calling for a commitment to "art for art's sake". This is certainly true for Downhill Battle, which went online in 2003 and immediately launched a call for peer-to-peer file sharing as an act of civil disobedience. For others, like Brooklyn Vegan, blogging has been primarily a means for providing information such as tour dates, album reviews, photos, MP3s and "just about anything else a music fan could want". Whether they take an overtly political tone or not, music blogs and networks have given music consumers a much greater role in the process of circulating popular music.
Merge Records, founded in 1989 by Laura Balance and Mac McCaughan, is exemplary of the ways in which many indie labels have successfully harnessed Internet exposure. In 2007, McCaughan reported at the Future of Music Coalition's annual policy summit that unlike their major label counterparts, Merge's business over the last few years had grown. In Our Noise: The Story of Merge Records, author John Cook attributes this in part to lower overhead costs. He points out that as digital sales have rapidly replaced CD sales, the physical distribution of music is less crucial to a label's success. Whereas mass distribution was once the exclusive domain of the majors, selling albums through online retailers or through labels' own websites has made it an easier and more profitable enterprise for the indies. Furthermore, marketing and promotion have been bolstered by the proliferation of alternative media on the Internet. College and freeform stations, traditional purveyors of independent music, now have much wider audiences thanks to online streaming. In the past decade, says Cook, the internet radio audience has increased 600 percent.
Then there's YouTube, the great media equalizer, which could well be the most popular website for the dissemination of music. It is as much an archive as it is a stage for the up-and-coming; I have used it to find historical footage of a 1982 Black Flag performance, as well as a means of acquainting myself with indie bands recommended to me by friends. Uploading and viewing videos on YouTube is free, and while Sony, Warner, and Universal have partnership deals with YouTube, they cannot control the distribution of music outside their own copyrights. This means a Lithuanian ukulele ensemble can share the same virtual stage as Lady Gaga.
As with independent waves in the past, however, the most recent rise of indie music has been a paradoxical one in which the minority unwittingly creates the next popular trends while attempting to distance themselves from that which has mass appeal. Because doing-it-yourself has never been easier, the sheer volume of music that is now available can be overwhelming. Many of the freeform DJs I have spoken with voiced a similar complaint over the fact that anyone with Pro Tools — or any other of the music production software programs that have since come on the market — can make a CD, and the number of albums that they have to wade through in order to find the genuinely good artists has become unwieldy. Listeners, too, often attest to feeling alienated by the spate of musical information that's out there, including that which resides in their own iPods. In his "Retroactive Listening" article, "Filesharing from Carter to Obama", Kirby Fields lamented the irony of feeling increasingly disconnected from his music collection even though it is now larger than ever. "There's scarcely time to digest the Next Big Thing before the Next Bigger Thing comes along," he sighed.
It is not only increased access to music that has become problematic, but access to certain roles as well. As Jennifer Waits pointed out in "Technology and the Soul of College Radio", many college DJs have become robots, broadcasting shows by simply plugging in their iPods instead of searching the stations' archives for music. As a college DJ myself, I have also witnessed this pattern and it disappoints me to see so many DJs disengaging themselves from an important process that has defined freeform radio in the past. They're missing out on the thrill of showing that Imelda May, Anouar Brahem, Blind Willie McTell, and Peter, Bjorn and John are not only worth listening to, but that Irish rockabilly, Arab folk, American blues, and Swedish indie rock sound really cool together. And in a society in which Clear Channel dominates the radio industry with standardized, repetitive playlists, the freeform DJ's voice is arguably more important than ever.
So what, precisely, has the Internet done to independence? Have the musical experiences once defined by passionate and technologically oriented communities become so fragmented, individualized, and excessive that they're no longer relevant? Hardly. In fact, the current active minority is already responding to the Internet's social and musical shortcomings by revitalizing older technologies. With techniques like dynamic range compression compromising music's fidelity, more listeners and artists are abandoning digital music and returning to vinyl formats, long considered by many to be the most superior means of sound reproduction to date. This trend did not escape Merge who, in 2005, became the first label to create the LP3, which is a vinyl record accompanied by a free digital download of the same album. They're definitely onto something, as Rolling Stone recently reported that vinyl sales have tripled in the last four years. This is no small figure in light of the fact that in the last ten years, major labels' revenue has been cut in half, with album sales falling an average of 8% a year.
My effort to define "indie" led me to make an important connection between sound technology and creative approach. Just over a century ago, the development of mechanically reproduced sound gave rise to an industry that was built on the commodification of music. As mass consumerism grew, many critics feared that widespread use of such technology would lead to the cultural and intellectual decline of music. Critics like Adorno failed to appreciate, however, the ingenuity of individuals who used that technology as a means of empowerment through which they pushed the boundaries of popular music. Gennett and Paramount blazed a trail for indie labels by bringing lateral-cut recording into the public domain and establishing a market for regional music. Underground DJs in the 1960s forged a new territory for music broadcasting when they explored the sonic possibilities of FM radio with artfully crafted playlists. More recently, indie labels, musicians, DJs, and consumers were among the first to create virtual spheres of musical activity on the Internet, which has irrevocably altered the power structures of the industry. Whatever type of indie waves may arise in the future, I am certain that new technology will again be an integral component in their unleashing.
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MHRD's Assault on Institutions of Excellence. This is not done Mr Modi
Dear Friends
Now, either her inexperience or her limited regard for this core area is showing in her decisions. IISc had a prestigious FYUP operational since 2011. There was no report of student or faculty resentment. One fine morning, UGC (read HRD as UGC was fine so far and follows the diktats of the regime of the day) orders that it be scrapped. Growing up in a left regime, I have seen how higher education in Kolkata, which used to be a premier center of learning once upon a time, was decimated through such abject political interference from the left.
I have also seen how academic freedom and lack of (or at worst limited) political interference has ensured that higher education in US is where it is. Thus, I am appalled by the fact that GoI is following the left on this core issue and in the process may well ensure that few academic institutes that India can be genuinely proud of bite the dust. To be fair, even the despicable Sonia regime did not actively undermine higher education in India, just didnt care about it.
As an academic it does rankle me that I supported & campaigned for a PM who goes on to violate core academic ethos at the start of his regime (aware of the fact that BJP's win wouldnt have changed if I didnt campaign). I am quite clear in my mind that the buck for such decisions stops with the PM – he sought and received mandate in his name and HRD minister is his appointee.
Like many of you, I did not support Modi Sarkar for furthering any political ambition (which I have none) or for a quid pro quo, but from a conviction that he would usher in a new India. The undermining of areas so dear to me, through thoughtless appointments and unadulterated indulgence of abominable decisions, makes me seriously doubt if my assessment was founded on an error – that of overestimation. Given my core academic values, not sure if I would not have chosen NOTA, if I were to vote knowing what I do now (Cong & AAP just do not seem as options to me thus far). Notwithstanding my fluctuation of support/trust for/in Modi or BJP, my commitment to core nationalistic issues is unlikely to change.
I decided to share my thoughts with you as I would want you to share your confidences related to politics with full knowledge of where I stand, more so, because I have always had high regard for all of you and valued the intellectual interactions we have had.
Prof Saswati Sarkar


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Currently, there are no approved drug treatments for celiac disease. The only option currently available for celiac disease is for patients to follow a strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). In addition, treatment for nutritional deficiency states (e.g., iron, folate, vitamin B12) and a determination of bone mineral density to assess for osteoporosis are recommended.
Total exclusion of dietary gluten is difficult because gluten is one of the most common food ingredients. Clinical or histologic improvement is unsatisfactory in many celiac disease patients, with continued exposure to gluten being the primary cause of persistent or recurrent symptoms. Even highly motivated patients who attempt to adhere to the gluten-free diet are affected due to inadvertent or background exposure to gluten (Green 2007), and a majority of patients with celiac disease who are in clinical remission and who claim to be following a gluten-free diet have persistent abnormalities in small bowel biopsy specimens (Lee, Lo et al. 2003). Greater than 60% of celiac disease patients continue to experience persistance of celiac disease symptoms even on an attempted GFD (Canadian Celiac Health Survey, Digestive Diseases & Sciences, April 2007; 52(4): 1087-1095). Inadvertent exposure to gluten has been identified as the leading cause of non-responsive celiac disease among clinically diagnosed patients who were presumed to be on a gluten-free diet (Abulkarim, Burgart et al. 2002). Thus, there is an acute need for non-dietary therapies for celiac disease.
www.clinicaltrials.gov >>
Alvine Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
75 Shoreway Rd., Suite B
San Carlos, CA 94070
view all contact info >>
Kirk Essenmacher, M.D., M.B.A.
E: email BD >>
E: email firstname.lastname@example.com >>


text:
Ariel is taking center stage this summer as the N.C. Theatre presents "Disney's The Little Mermaid." We have tickets to give away as part of our monthly Reader Appreciation Contest.
The show brings the Disney animated movie to life with the classic songs from the movie, along with new ones written by Oscar-winning Disney tunesmith Alan Menken. I bet there will be more than a few little Ariels (and a few Annas and Elsas for good measure) dressed up in the audience.
Tickets are on sale now for the show, which runs July 29 to Aug. 3, at the Duke Energy Center for Performing Arts in downtown Raleigh. Tickets start at $30. Check the N.C. Theatre's website for more information.
And we're giving away tickets! How can you enter to win? By entering the contest through either WRAL.com or Go Ask Mom's Facebook page.
Good luck!


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Mystery Philanthropist Leaves Envelopes of Cash in German Town
ABC Digital
Updated at
(BRAUNSCHWEIG, Germany) — A secret philanthropist has been hiding envelopes stuffed with thousands of euros around the tiny German town of Braunschweig.
So far, the donor has left 19 envelopes totaling 190,000 euros — or $250,256 — in the village, about 145 miles west of Berlin, since November, according to some reports. One was found under a doormat and another was slipped behind hymn books in a church.
What is known about the anonymous donor is that the money comes in blank white envelopes, sometimes with directions on how to spend the donation. The largest gift was $13,218 — 10,000 Euros — and the first recipient was a man who had thousands of euros stolen in a burglary.
The most recent beneficiary was Eva Reulette, a hospice worker who found 10,000 eruos under her doormat.
"We couldn't believe it," she told DPA news service. "We had just been talking about how great these donations are."
Michael Knobel, a manager of a hospice, which specializes in comforting the terminally ill, also got an envelope.
He told the BBC, "This person gives money for good causes, like hospice, kindergarten or churches."
Another donation went to the family of Tom Neumann, 14, who had become disabled after a swimming accident. The boy's mother, Claudia Neumann, was astounded by the generosity.
"I was driving when I heard the news. I had to park on the side of the road. I was speechless. For someone to act so selflessly…was astonishing," she said.
There is much speculation as to whether the generous gifts are an old person nearing the end of his/her life, or even a few people working together to reward those who are less fortunate without seeking anything in return.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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On May 5, middle-market credit lender Tennenbaum Capital Partners LLC said that Brad Pritchard joined its energy technology group.
Pritchard has more than 20 years' experience in energy technology, six of which have been in energy financing, the company said.
"We are delighted Brad is joining our energy technology group," said Rajneesh Vig, who is managing partner of Tennenbaum. Vig is also president and COO of TCP Capital Corp., a business development company managed by Tennenbaum, the company added.
Vig added, "His extensive background in this industry will be a tremendous asset as we originate investments in this sector."
"I look forward to working with the talented investment professionals at Tennenbaum," said Pritchard.
Pritchard added, "I'm excited about the opportunity to help build the energy technology practice and to help our portfolio companies grow."
Additionally, Pritchard will be a managing director He most recently served as a managing director of Hercules Technology Growth Capital, (NYSE: HTGC) which he joined in 2011, the company said. Prior to that, he led Wells Fargo Securities LLC's clean technology investment banking, Tennenbaum added.
He holds an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business, and also holds a bachelor of arts from the University of California-Berkeley, the company said.
Tennenbaum Capital Partners LLC is based in Santa Monica, Calif.


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Echo Valley Ranch — A county park?
June 18, 2013
What has happened to Echo Valley Ranch being turned into a county park? The property now is run down with buildings falling down and an eyesore.
The county received this property from the Kimler family and nothing has been done. There are people living there still, and it seems Gene Kimler had a vision to turn his ranch into a Nevada County park for all to share. He was a great person who helped many people in our area and he was very generous as far as supporting youth in our area and anyone who was in need.
He sold hay on the honor system. If you came by and he wasn't there, you left him a note and paid him later. When will his vision become reality?
Steve Bailey


text:
- Last Activity:
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- Joined:
- Nov 28, 2006
- Messages:
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- Home Page:
- http://www.harrydenhartog.nl
- Location:
- The Hague, Netherlands
- hairman was last seen:
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- Home Page:
- http://www.harrydenhartog.nl
- Location:
- The Hague, Netherlands
- Current Setup:
F-Bass BN6 6 str., F-Bass BNF-5 5 str. fretless, Hanewinckel 6 str. fretless with U-retro DLX pre, Yamaha TRB 1006 6 str. with U-retro DLX pre, Fender US DLX Jazz V MN 5 str. with J-retro DLX pre, Warwick corvette 5 str., Warwick Fortress one 4 str. fretless, Ibanez soundgear 1000 4 str.
Eden WT-550 + 2 D210XLT + 1 D210T cabs, MArkBass F1 dig amp, Roland VB-99, 2x Roland V-Bass, Line6 BassPOD-XT, Roland XV-3080 synth module, Roland PK-5 footpedals.
MacKie 1200Pro rackmixer, Sennheiser EW300 G3 In Ear Monitorsystem.
- Previously Owned Gear:
- Trace Elliot, Peavey bassfex (still have it, but don't use it), Behringer exciter EX-3100 (still have it, but don't use it), Boss OC-3 bass octaver (still have it, but don't use it), Digitech whammy, Digitech DHP-33, Quadraverb, Whawha unkown brand (to long ago), Guyatone?? Phaser, Boss Bass chorus, Boss Compressor, some brand digital delay.
- G.A.S. List:
F-bass AC-6 and BNF-6
Roland VB-99
RickenBacker 4003.
Maybe a Conklin GT-7.
Actualy as much F-basses as possible ;-) this is not really a wish .. but more of a (beautifull) dream.
- Influences and Teachers:
- Geddy Lee, Billy Sheehan, Jeff Berlin, Stu Hamm, Gary Thain, Trevor Bolder, Jaco Pastorius, Michael Manring, Steve Bailey, Mike Porcarro, Marcus Miller, Dave LaRue, Tony Franklin, Tony Levin, Chris Squire, Steve Harris, Gary Willis, Mike Anthony (solid as a rock!), Glenn Hughes, Geezer Butler. And many others.
- Hobbies and Interests:
- My Girlfriend
SignatureF-Bass club member #79; EDEN-Electronics club member #217
Low-end from the Low-land.


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Berlin (Feb. 10)
Only his nearest relatives will attend funeral services for Max Liebermann, one of the greatest Jewish artists in the world, who died early yesterday, at the age of 87, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency was informed here today.
The funeral will take place on Monday, at noon. The great artist will be buried in the Jewish cemetary at Weisensee, a suburb of Berlin.
Restriction to relatives of attendance at the funeral was made in accordance with the wish of Liebermann's family. The Jewish Community of Berlin will be represented at the services by a member of its executive. Dr. Leo Baeck, chief rabbi of Berlin, will deliver the eulogy.
Professor Liebermann, after having been for many years president emeritus of the Prussian Academy of Art, was compelled to resign from this post soon after Hitler came to power. Later the Nazi government prohibited exhibition of his works in Germany, as well as the sale of his paintings.
The last exhibition of Profesor Liebermann's work was held a few months ago in London, in one of the most prominent galleries there. The entire English press acclaimed him as one of the greatest artists in the world.
Professor Max Liebermann was born in Berlin on July 20, 1847, the son of a well-to-do Jewish family. In 1868 he enrolled in Berlin University to study philosophy, but was attracted to painting, which he began to study. He achieved success in this medium almost immediately.
In 1873 Liebermann went to Paris where he became acquainted with such painters as Manet, Millet and Barbizon. Returning to Germany he settled in Munich where his greatest work was accomplished.
Although Liebermann was soon recognized as one of the great German painters, during the monarchy he was denied all official recognition because of his religion. His election as president of the Berlin Academy of Art was vetoed by the Kaiser. When the republic was established, he was elected president of the academy and when his three-year term ended, the law restricting the presidency to three years was repeatedly suspended in his favor.
When Professor Liebermann celebrated his eightieth birthday in 1927, the late President Paul von Hindenburg sent him a personal message and the birthday was made an occasion for national rejoicing.
"Your life work," the Field Marshal wrote him, "is of undying importance in the history of art. You have opened up a new road for a whole generation of artists who follow in your steps In token of the great debt which the German people owe you, I hereby confer on you the Shield of the Eagle of the Empire."
The city of Berlin sent a deputation to the aged painter to express "pride to be able to claim you as a son of our city. Your life work has made Berlin famous in the art history of the world."
"I was born a Jew and I shall die one," Professor Liebermann declared on this occasion. "The other day I looked out at the old Jewish cemetery and said to myself: 'It is a very fine thing to know that your grandparents and your parents lie there and that you too will lie there.'
"Many years ago when I was offered the post of president of the academy, the letter containing the offer instructed me to become a convert to Christianity at once. I told those people that if it will make me paint better, I might consider being baptized."
Last July, on his eighty-seventh birthday, the aged painter told a reporter of the C. V. Zeitung that in his youth the Jewish question played a small role, but that the change that had come over the Jewish youth in Hitlerite Germany with its emphasis on Jewishness was to the good.
Professor Liebermann is a member of a famous German Jewish family. His brother, the late Carl Liebermann, was a famous chemist. Another brother, Felix, was a historian and an authority on English history. Walter Rathenau, slain German Foreign Minister, was his first cousin.
"Moral Enquiries on the Situation of Men and Brutes," which was published in England in 1824 and whose author was Lewis Gompertz, led to the foundation of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals with Gompertz as honorary secretary.


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California Genealogy and History Archives
Civil War Veterans
Obit #1
LaBREE: SGT: Thomas Prince LaBree of the 8th Maine Infantry of Company D. buried at IOOF Garden of Memories Memorial Park in the GAR Plot in Salinas,Ca. He was the last member of the James Blair Steedman GAR (Grand Army of the Republic) Post #56 to answer Final Muster. His wife is buried in the Calvary Catholic Cemetery.
Phantom legions of the Grand Army of the Republic had made room in their ranks Monday for a former comrade of the stirring days of the Civil war when Mr. Thomas Prince LaBree, 94 year old veteran, who died at his home here Saturday.
And as ranks of the dead boys in blue gained a recruit Salinas lost its last Civil war veteran, and probably its oldest resident.
Where four years of constant danger at the front in numerous battles of the Civil war failed to touch him, it remained for old age and illness finally to take Mr. LaBree from the swiftly dwindling ranks of the Grand Army. He succumbed to a long illness at his home, 22 Villa Street, New Year's Day.
Although he enlisted at the outset of the Civil war in the 8th Maine regiment as a private from Parkman Maine, his home at the time, Mr. LaBree went through the conflict without suffering a wound. He had taken part in some of the major clashes between the blue and the gray.
He was captured once by the Confederates in a battle during the closing stages of the war when the federal army of the Potomac under General U.S. Grant was approaching the southern capital at Richmond, Virginia.
Taken prisoner while carrying dispatches to headquarters, Mr. LaBree was disarmed by his captor. Subsequently they became lost in a fog in a thick forest and the timely arrival of a Union officer freed Mr. LaBree.
During the early stages of the conflict, Mr. LaBree was stationed with a blockading force on an island off the South Carolina coast.
He was mustered out of service after the surrender of General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox and it was there that he got his only trophy of the war, which he brought to Salinas- A cavalry carbine repeater which he picked up in the grass at the historic surrender scene. With this gun he shot many deer in Monterey country after bringing it to California by; way of the Isthmus of Panama in 1866.
Mr. LaBree worked on a ranch and as a dairyman, and invented a potato planter. When he first made his home here, Salinas except for a few buildings with a road running through fields of tall mustard, did not exist. Mr. LaBree, after coming to California lived the entire time in this vicinity. After residing for a time in Castroville, he came back to Salinas to make his permanent residence here 33 years ago.
During an interview on Decoration Day, 1934 he declared he had no formula for longevity except, possibly to do as he pleased. He smoked several cigars and more that a package of cigarettes daily then and ate what he desired. At that time, when he was 91 years old, Mr. LaBree would read newspapers without the use of glasses and drove and automobile. Each Memorial day he rode in the patriotic parade here.
Funeral service will be held at 10 o'clock Tuesday morning from the Salinas Funeral parlors, with interment following in the I.O.O.F. cemetery he was a member of the Castroville F. and A. M. lodge and was a member of the G.A.R.
Besides his widow, Mrs. Ida LaBree, he leaves a daughter, Mrs. Maggie Collins of King City; two sons, Mr. John I. LaBree of Lower Lake, and Mr. Charles LaBree of Los Angeles. He outlived 10 of his 13 children. There are also seven grandchildren and three great grandchildren.
Obit #3
LaBree Rites Are Conducted
Officer and members of the Castroville lodge, F. and A.M. were in charge of the services and organ selections were played by Mr. Milton Hartnell.
Interment was made in the I.O.O.F. cemetery, were the officers and members of Salinas post No. 31, American Legion, were in charge of graveside rites. Acting as pall bearers were the following: Mr. Seba Bronson, Mr. Louis IOOF's, Mr. W.J. Beatty, Mr. Albert Barretto, Mr. Harris B. Sproles and Mr. Joe Feliz.
(click on photos for larger view)
|Researched and Compiled by :
Timothy P. Reese, PCC of Salinas , CA. & Robert L. Nelson ,PCC. of
Santa Cruz.CA. Both members of the "Sons of Union Veterans of the
Civil War". Department of California & Pacific. Camp Abraham
Lincoln # 10. The Reese-Nelson CWV-MC Data Base


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Police respond to pipe-bomb scare at OHSU, but device isn't explosive
PORTLAND, Ore. - Police responded to a bomb scare at OHSU on Sunday morning, but it turned out there was no explosive device.
Police were called in at 10:45 a.m. on a call that somebody had a pipe-bomb.
They contained the area and brought in the bomb squad, which determined the device wasn't explosive.
There is no risk to the public.
Police said they detained the person who had been thought to have the device and are investigating.
All access to OHSU was open again shorty after noon.


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Humans make mistakes. It's part of who we are. So of course, while scrapbooking, you are simply bound to make mistakes. But it isn't the end of the world, and there are a few things you can do to help. I began compiling a list of great ways to fix your mistakes and errors in this article, but here are a few more!
Small Tears
When those tiny tears or bends get into the cardstock what are you to do? Call is shabby chic! It's to in now, just sand the entire layout and make it blend! Place a sticker, or something else over the tear. Perhaps even a photo or journal box. You can use chalk or ink to give the piece an aged look, and help blend the tear.
Adhesive Running
A little too much glue and you don't know what to do. Using a q-tip, use un-do to remove the extra glue. Try using an adhesive eraser to rub the extra glue off. If you have spots in random places, try using sequins or buttons or other small embellishments all over your layout to help hide the glue spots.
From chalk, ink, stamping, whatever. It happens. A smudge or streak on the paper that we cannot get off. You can continue the trend by inking or chalking the whole layout for that distressed look. Or again, place an embellishment or other element over the area with the smudge.
Rub-On Mistakes
These fun new embellishments, can be difficult to work with. Ever had just a portio of the letter adhere? Ever put it in the wrong place? Try taking a Q-Tip and some Un-do and rub just the portion of the rub-on that you want to remove. Allow the area to dry completely before trying again – the Un-do will keep it from sticking until it's completely dry.
You can also use an adhesive eraser in the same way, just gently rub the rub-on off. If you had an incomplete transfer use a pen to fill in the missing areas or place another rub-on directly over it.
Paper Cuts
Not real paper cuts on your fingers, but the kind that go astray while you are working with cardstock or paper. Have an uneven edge? Or a piece is missing? Try cutting around the whole piece in a semi-off centered way. Giving it that messy, supposed to be that way, look. Use it as scrap and start over. Or use with another piece of coordinating paper to kind of blend it into the background or overlap another piece over it.
I really hope a couple of these tips work for you. Watch my blog for more terrific scrapbooking tips and tricks!


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Marlin .460 S&W
is Marlin ever gonna come out with a .460 S&W?? That would be one heck of a lever gun! Let's see, a .460 S&W, .454 Casull, and a .45 Long Colt. VERY VERSATILE!! :D
It would be nice if they did-assuming it would take the pressure.
How about a Marlin 1895 in 500 S&W?
It could happen, It's all about marketing and what sells guns, Versatility is a big selling factor, I have both big Smith's and would buy the rifle to eather round just to have it, why not? However I'm still waiting on Ruger to come out with a Bull barrel slab side Mark 111 in 22 magnum you would think that would be money in the bank, So who knows!!!
If they can put out a lever gun in .450 Marlin then pressure shouldn't be a problem. Puma makes a .454 Casull and it's not too far off from the .460.
|All times are GMT. The time now is 05:51 AM.
Copyright ©2000 - 2017, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.


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What do you think of Missouri's roads?
Mon, 08 Aug 2011 21:43:27 GMT —
While major projects take a hit, MoDOT will continue making quick fixes.
You may have noticed new concrete patches on some Mid-Missouri highways.
You can thank, or blame, the heat for those.
MoDOT calls them blow up spots.
It TMs not the first time extreme weather has affected Missouri roads this year.
KRCG TMs Facebook Crew took a look Monday at how MoDOT is handing these types of problems given the tight budget.
Missouri TMs extreme heat wave has caused a number of bumps on Highway 54 near Holts Summit.
"If we have a lot of moisture, it gets under the road. It usually happens more in concrete than asphalt, MoDOT Kent Howard said. The moisture gets underneath it and it expands than it blows up. That TMs what you see most of time during the hot summer months."
Howard told me you never know when a spot in the road will blow up. It all depends on how hot it is outside and the moisture in the concrete. So Howard said it's like a ticking time bomb just waiting to go off.
"Sometimes you'll go all summer without having one and sometimes you may have a couple a day. It just depends on the concrete and the conditions, Howard said.
Even with MoDOT TMs budget dwindling, the transportation department still has the money it needs to fix weather-related issues.
"They TMre not saving money where we're at. New construction and stuff like that is what MoDOT is cutting back on, Howard said. We TMre still getting basically the same amount of money as we always have."
Howard said when they fix breaks in the road the only costs are concrete and paying employees.
So tell us what you think. Has the weather affected your driveway or the roads by your house?
Preview Story:
Tonight at ten KRCG's Facebook Crew takes a look at how Missouri TMs extreme weather this year has affected the roadways, and how MoDOT plans to keep up with the issues, while the budget dwindles.
So tell us what you think. Has your road or driveway been affected by the weather this year?


text: I'm really confused about how to decorate my room. I don't want it to be too cutesy because 4th graders are starting to mature. I just don't know what is age appropriate and what isn't. The 4th and 5th grade teachers from the previous school I taught at had empty walls and I don't want an empty classroom. Of course I will have student work up. Thanks!


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What's the one thing all major sports have in common? You've got to have a coach. You can't always have your coach with you, but thanks to Coach's Eye from TechSmith Corporation you can a have coaching tool in your pocket at all times. Coach's Eye is a video analysis app that lets you break down your swing, snap, kick, serve, and form with it's easy to use tools. The app records video so you or your coach can go back and break things down, analyze your techniques, and make corrections when necessary. You can use drawing tools to mark up footage just like the pros, and you can even record your voice over footage so you can make notations when necessary. One of the cooler features has to be the Slo-Mo review where you can use a flywheel which allows you to use precise scrubbing on any play or video you've taken. Last but certainly not least, you can watch your breakdowns on the big screen via HDMI or Bluetooth connection depending on how your device is setup.
Coach's Eye looks to be a great Android app for coaches and athletes alike as it really allows you to breakdown performances and make corrections without being tethered to a desk. There are plenty of great features (the drawing tools are very cool) to use, and if you've ever seriously played sports or Coached this app looks like a great one to have on hand. There isn't a demo version to try at this time, but the full version of Coach's Eye can be yours for only $4.99 on Google Play.


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Be sure to scroll to the end of the article for information about the Lucky Leprechaun Blog Hop and Giant giveaway, and how to enter to win over 150 prizes.
Edward Bruce: Last High King of Ireland
For hundreds of years, the Highlands of Scotland shared more culture with Ireland, across the water, than with England, on its southern border. For 18 months in the early 14th Century, Ireland even had Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish king, Robert the Bruce, as its High King.
Like the best stories, it all started long ago, and far away. Of course, that's relative. For those who lived in ancient Ireland, the story was neither long ago, nor far away. At the end of the 2nd Century, there lived an Irish prince, Cairbre Righfada, who distinguished himself in battle. In reward, he was given what is now County Antrim, Ireland, and the Argylshire area of Scotland, both of which he named Dalriada. The Picts of Scotland, however, were powerful, so Cairbre Righfada and his descendents remained in Antrim for another two hundred years. In the 500's, his descendents, Loam and Fergus, became the first kings in the Scottish Dalriada. Fergus's descendent, Kenneth MacAlpin, united the Scots and Picts in the 9th century to become the first king of all Scotland.
Through these years and beyond, thanks to their common history, the two countries shared a great deal. Even the name Scots derives from scoti, the Roman name for the Irish people, which Fergus and Loam brought with them. The languages of Irish and Scottish Gaelic, although distinct today, both derived from Middle Irish. The music of harp and bagpipes, the myths and legends, and forms of dress were all similar in the Highlands and Ireland. Even their saints passed freely from one country to another: Columba and Fillan, two of the great Scottish saints, were both Irish, while some say St. Patrick, the most famous saint of Ireland, was born in Scotland. Family trees stretched their branches wide across the Irish Sea.
The line of Cairbre Righfada continued more than a thousand years, to Scotland's Alexander III. It is his death, in 1286, that precipitated the Wars of Independence, and brought Robert Bruce, King of Scots, a descendent of the great Irish king Brian Boru and the kings of Leinster, back to his Irish roots.
In 1314, Robert the Bruce led Scotland to resounding victory over England's might, yet Edward II of England continued to hold Scottish castles and assert his right to rule. Like Scotland, Ireland had long suffered English occupation. The Ulster chiefs, encouraged by Bruce's success at Bannockburn, and regarding him as part of their own nation, thanks to his heritage, invited Edward Bruce to lead them against the English and become king of Ireland. With such strong familial and cultural ties, it is no wonder the Bruces attempted to unite militarily against their common oppressor. Bruce wrote to the Irish kings: Whereas we…share the same national ancestry and are urged to come together more eagerly and joyfully in friendship by a common language and by common custom, we have sent you our beloved kinsman…to negotiate with you in our name about permanently strengthening and maintaining inviolate the special friendship between us and you, so that with God's will our nation (nostra nacio, referring to Scotland and Ireland as one nation) may be able to recover her ancient liberty.
In May 1315, Edward Bruce sailed to Ireland with 6,000 men, landing on the coast of Antrim from which his ancestors had come. After a year of successful battles, he was crowned High King in May 1316. However, the Irish chiefs beyond Ulster were not so enthusiastic about Edward Bruce. They regarded the situation not as military unity, but as a Scots invasion, not so different from English occupation. In October 1318, Edward's brief kingship ended with his death in the Battle of Faughart. Ironically, or maybe not, considering the long history of shared culture , Ireland's last High King was a Scot.
The Lucky Leprechaun Blog Hop starts from my other blog. To enter, all you need to do is become a follower and leave me a comment on the Irish-Scottish Connection post there telling me which follower you are and leaving contact information. I need to be able to tell you if you win!
At the bottom of the post there, you will find a list of 272 blogs sponsoring giveaways for St. Patrick's Day! Pick one and go! Each blog will have the same list, so you can continue clicking through, signing up to win as many prizes as you like. All prizes are book-related.
Start here! Have fun!