text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 25, 1983
|Filing date
|Jul 11, 1980
|Priority date
|Jul 11, 1980
|Also published as
|Publication number
|George A. Works
|Original Assignee
|Raytheon Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (178), Classifications (26), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
High throughout signal processors are required for many modern sensor, communication and control system applications. Said signal processors are often implemented as parallel or distributed combinations of several signal processing elements which are either identical or of a small number of types, in order to reduce the signal processor's design, fabrication or maintenance costs. Parallel or distributed implementations are also preferred for applications in which the total signal processing capacity required is not precisely known at the inception of design, or else is expected to change during the useful life of the equipment, due to modifications to the equipment or changes in the application. In these applications, signal processing elements may be added or deleted as needed to adjust the available signal processing capacity to the requirements of the application.
Prior art attempts to construct highly reliable self-repairing systems by the use of automatic substitution of spare system elements; however, the intricate switching networks or reconfiguration control hardware required to accomplish the spared element substitution, in addition to extensive checking circuitry, generally provide another source of single-point failures, thereby defeating the intended fault-tolerant goals. The use of switching and checking circuitry separate from the active system elements generally requires extensive redesign of the circuitry if system elements are later added or deleted, thereby defeating the intent of achieving a flexible system design through parallelism.
Other prior art attempts to achieve high system reliability have included triple or higher modular redundancy where each element is duplicated three or more times and a poll is taken among the elements. The majority vote among the plurality of elements is taken to be the correct output. These attempts lead to fault-free systems in which the failure of one element has no impact whatsoever on the performance of the system, and may be preferred for applications which require that the system make no errors over a relatively short period. The reliability of such systems diminishes over longer periods, however, when the probability of multiple element failures becomes significant. These attempts are particularly disadvantageous for applications which require only a self-repairing rather than a fault-free system, in that large numbers of extra components are required. These extra components increase both the initial cost of the system and the cost of maintaining the system; the additional size, weight and power required by said extra components are especially burdensome in airborne and space applications for fault-tolerant systems.
The invention discloses a distributed signal processing system (DSPS) that is fault-tolerant, self-repairable and reconfigurable. Said system is comprised of a plurality of elements which include a signal processor (SP), a mass memory (MM), and an input-output controller (IOC). Said elements are interconnected by at least one bus forming the system, and they are controlled by a fault-tolerant distributed operating system (DOS). The invention provides a new and improved fault-tolerant distributed signal processing system by the automatic substitution of spare sub-system elements without the need for special hardware switching elements which themselves would be a source of single-point failures within the system. In addition, a distributed method of bus arbitration is provided in each element which eliminates the need for a central bus arbiter. Said method of bus arbitration is based on the decoding of a composite of element arbitration codes generated by each element.
A new and improved fault-tolerant signal processing system is disclosed using distributed architecture in which many identical, interconnected, sub-system elements share the overall processing tasks. This approach permits the signal processor to be sufficiently general to address many applications by varying the number of sub-system elements. In many radar signal processing applications, the nature of the tasks to be performed require the interconnection of more than one distributed signal processing system. This invention also discloses the interconnection of multiple systems to form a distributed signal processing system network.
The invention discloses a method to achieve fault-tolerance through simple element reconfiguration. Faults are detected by a combination of fault detection hardware and the distributed operating system (DOS) software. Fault detection hardware comprising parity checks and watchdog timers are included in all bus interfaces. The signal processor has checks for invalid or privileged operation codes along with checks for out-of-range memory addresses and an extensive set of microprogrammed diagnostic routines. The mass memory, which may be implemented with MOS RAM technology, has three spare bits in each memory word to provide for internal memory reconfiguration upon a detected bit failure. The DOS software may provide status polling of the sub-system elements and spares rotation of the elements. When a faulty element is discovered, the DOS reconfigures the system removing the faulty element from service and reassigns tasks to a spare element.
Each element in a system has an address based on its physical location in the hardware system; however, after a power-on initialization procedure, the DOS can change the address of any said element by assigning it a "virtual address". This feature of the distributed signal processing system provides means for the reconfiguration process.
The distributed operating system provides the means for controlling, managing and reconfiguring the plurality of elements. It comprises a local level segment, DOS-0, for performing individual signal processor management and fault monitoring, and a system level segment, DOS-1, for performing system tasks management, fault monitoring and reconfiguration. The local level segment, DOS-0, comprises read-only memories (ROMs) that are redundantly distributed within each signal processor. The system level segment DOS-1 is the executive program located in RAM memory of one or more signal processors after a power-on initialization sequence.
Special OPERATE instructions are disclosed within the control unit of the signal processor element. Said OPERATE instructions provide the means for communicating between an applications program and the local level segment, DOS-0, of the distributed operating system, for performing signal processing operations of multiplication of two complex matrices, for performing target detection and clutter map update, and for managing privileged signal processor resources. The speed and efficiency of said signal processing instructions is provided by the means for performing multiplication and addition within one clock cycle in the arithmetic unit of the signal processor element.
In this invention, a method is disclosed of determining which signal processor in a system will become the executive and thereby contain DOS-1 when power is initially applied. Each signal processor performs self-test programs to verify that no faults exist. Upon successful completion of said self-test programs, a "ready and executive request" message is sent from the signal processor to a mass memory with a particular address. However, if two or more signal processors attempt to use the bus simultaneously to send said message, a method of bus arbitration occurs. The signal processor with the highest priority address wins the arbitration and uses the bus first. The first signal processor to request the executive in the specific mass memory addressed causes the address of said mass memory to be changed resulting in the other signal processors sending a message to an address that no longer exists. Then the other signal processors enter an idle state until assigned a task to perform by the DOS-1 executive program.
The present invention provides an improved fault-tolerant, self-repairable, distributed signal processing system based on the novel combinations of spare elements, redundant busses, virtual addresses of elements, distributed operating system, distributed bus arbitration apparatus and a multi-system network configuration.
Other and further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of the invention comprising a distributed signal processing system.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the invention illustrating a distributed signal processing system network, and it identifies the location of the system executive program, DOS-1 and the alternate executive, ADOS-1, in said network.
FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of the signal processor element of a distributed signal processing system.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of the mass memory element of a distributed signal processing system.
FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of the input-output controller element of a distributed signal processing system.
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of the distributed bus arbitration apparatus incorporated in each element of a distributed signal processing system.
FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram of an alternate embodiment of a distributed bus arbitration apparatus incorporated in each element of a distributed signal processing system.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of a distributed signal processing system (DSPS). The system includes a plurality of elements comprising identical input-output controllers (IOC) 10, signal processors (SP) 12 and mass memories (MM) 14. These said elements are interconnected by the dual redundant busses, bus 16 and bus 18 in a manner such that each element connects to each bus, and if one bus is removed from operation, the DSPS system remains operational. Although not shown in FIG. 1, power is supplied to each element in a system by a dual-redundant power distribution system in accordance with well-known practices.
Each of the elements 10, 12 and 14 in FIG. 1 contain bus transceivers 20 which provide means for communication among the elements, and arbitration 20 apparatus which provides means for determining which element will gain access to a bus when there are simultaneous requests from other elements to use said bus. A distributed method of arbitration eliminates the need for a central bus arbiter or daisy chain bus request line and avoids the single-point failure modes inherent in such prior arbitration art.
The input-output controller element 10, as shown in FIG. 1, contains two additional busses, bus 22 and bus 24 and associated bus transceivers and arbitration 21 circuits in addition to bus 16 and bus 18, which provide the means to connect the system to input-output data devices 26 and 28, as illustrated by bus 38 and bus 41. In addition, bus 22 and bus 24 may be used to provide bus extension means for interconnecting multiple systems (as shown in FIG. 2) to form a DSPS network capable of solving more complex radar signal processing applications.
All the elements in the system in FIG. 1 are controlled by a distributed operating system (DOS) 30 located in signal processors 12, 13 and 15 as illustrated in FIG. 1, which is responsible for the management of all the DSPS elements so as to permit the orderly operation of assigned tasks. In accordance with the distributed nature of the signal processing system, the operating system is also organized as a distributed function with local control and management of a signal processor resources being performed by a local level segment, DOS-0, redundantly resident in ROM in every signal processor 12, 13 and 15. The high level system control of the entire distributed signal processing system is performed by the system level segment, DOS-1, which is stored in the mass memory 14 and operationally resides in the first signal processor 12, for example, assigned to be the executive. To insure fault-tolerance, a second signal processor 13 is assigned to monitor said DOS-1 executive, with an alternate executive (ADOS-1) as illustrated in system 32 shown in FIG. 2. If DOS-1 fails, ADOS-1 takes over and assigns its own executive monitoring task to another signal processor.
The distributed signal processing elements, as shown in FIG. 1, interconnected by at least one bus is called a system. The number of systems to be interconnected is determined by the signal processing requirements for a particular application. FIG. 2 shows the interconnections of an exemplary four (4) system signal processing network although other configurations are equally feasible. Each system is comprised of at least one of each of the following elements: input-output controller (IOC), signal processor (SP) and mass memory (MM). System 32 is redundantly connected to system 36 by means of bus 24 from IOC 10 connecting to bus 31 in system 36, and bus 40 of IOC 46 connecting to bus 33 in system 36. System 32 is also redundantly connected to system 35 by means of bus 22 from IOC 10 connecting to bus 47 in system 35, and bus 43 of IOC 46 connecting to bus 48 in system 35. Another IOC 42 in system 32 provides the means for connecting to input-output peripheral devices 39. Communication with said input-output devices 39 is provided also by bus 57 from IOC 51 in system 36. System 36 is redundantly connected to system 37 via bus 49 from IOC 50 connecting to bus 44 in system 37 and bus 55 from IOC 51 connecting to bus 45 in system 37. System 36 also provides a communication path to system 35 via IOC 50 and bus 53 connecting to bus 48 in system 35.
In order to maintain a fault-tolerant capability in a network configuration, as illustrated in FIG. 2, there are at least two communication paths to each system via separate IOC's. Generally, this requires use of one more IOC in a complete multi-system network than the total number of systems. For example, there are four systems in the network shown in FIG. 2 and five IOC's 10, 42, 46, 50 and 51 are used to interconnect said systems. The management of communications between systems and the management of the multi-system network is under the control of a distributed operating system; the system level segment, DOS-1, assumes the role of the system executive or general manager for the network and it is located in system 32, as shown in FIG. 2.
The operation and use of the DSPS illustrated in FIG. 1 and therein the method of the invention are as follows:
Whenever power is applied to a distributed signal processing system 32 or after a reset operation, the DOS-0 segment in each of the signal processors 12 performs self-test programs. If the results of the execution of said programs in a signal processor are successful, it attempts to use the bus. If two signal processors attempt to use the bus simultaneously, then the method of bus arbitration occurs, as described in the input-output controller section, to determine which signal processor gets the bus. Initially, each element has a "socket address" based on the element's physical location in said system, and priority goes to the element with the highest numerical address. However, once a signal processor 12, 13 or 15 gets assigned the task to be the executive and thereby contains DOS-1, the executive can change the address of any element and assign a "virtual address" which affects the elements importance or priority when arbitration occurs. This method of changing element addresses also provides the means for reconfiguration when a faulty element is detected and replaced by a spare element assigned the address of the faulty element. Tasks communicate with other tasks, input-output ports, and the executive by means of said "virtual address" so that task software or system configuration information is not dependent on the particular element task assignments. The element address register for each element which stores the "virtual address" is shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5.
When a first signal processor occupies the bus, it sends a message to a mass memory 14 with a specific element address. Upon receipt of the first message from a signal processor, the mass memory changes its said element address so that when the other signal processors complete their self-test programs and attempt to occupy the bus to send out a message, there will be no element with that specific address to receive said message so the signal processors will simply enter an idle mode. The mass memory, however, proceeds to load the executive program, DOS-1, into the signal processor element that sent the first "ready" message. The executive program then proceeds to poll the other elements within the system determining which ones are available, and it proceeds to assign work tasks to the various elements. Each element assigned a task proceeds to load its RAM memory with task programs from the mass memory 14. This procedure permits the system to start-up in a degraded mode of operation with a minimum of one operational signal processor, one mass memory and one bus.
Once the DSPS begins to function, the system fault-tolerance is achieved through a combination of fault detection hardware and the DOS software. The method of fault-tolerance is such that when a failure occurs and it is discovered, self-repair is performed by removal of the faulty element from service and replacement with a spare element without any special switching or reconfiguration hardware. The DOS-1 executive program located in a signal processor RAM 76, as shown in FIG. 3, provides the means for self-repair in a manner whereby the addition or deletion of the elements in a system can be accomplished without necessitating any redesign within the system. The individual hardware fault detection methods are conventional, consisting of microprogrammed diagnostics, parity checks and watchdog timers. For instance, if a transmitting element requires excessive time to arbitrate for use of a bus or to transmit information, the transmission is suspended and fault flags are set in a status register, not shown but located in each element of a system. Other detection hardware checks for invalid or privileged operation codes and out-of-range memory addresses.
Two fault detection methods are implemented in the DOS-1 executive hardware, such as status polling and spares rotation. DOS-1 polls all active elements with a system status request message at a programmable rate. The format of said message is listed in Table 1. No response or an I/O status word response with a fault reply causes DOS-1 to reconfigure the DSPS system by removing the faulty element from service and replacing it with a spare element. Table 2 lists the I/O status word format. All possible element addresses are polled to discover newly inserted elements; this feature allows an element to be repaired without system shutdown. Spare elements may be assigned a self-test task to thoroughly test all functions. By rotating spares and active elements periodically, DOS-1 insures that all elements execute self-test tasks which provides a means for detecting more subtle faults.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the signal processor (SP) 12 element of the distributed signal processing system is illustrated; it is comprised of a bus interface unit 52, memory unit 54, arithmetic unit 56 and control unit 58 interconnected by a SP data bus 72 and control bus 80. The signal processor operates as a parallel, 16 bit, micro-programmed minicomputer implemented with special operate instructions for efficient processing of real-time data.
The bus interface unit 52 shown in FIG. 3 contains dual ports represented by the bus transceiver 60 and the bus transceiver 62. These I/O ports provide redundant paths for loading program instructions and data into the memory unit 54. The transceiver circuits 60 and 62 transmit data to and receive data from the other elements in a DSPS by means of the control logic 64 and bus 16 or bus 18, each of which contains 16 data lines, a parity line and four control lines in an open collector wire-ORed configuration. The element address register 63 provides the means for storing the address of a signal processor element and it also permits the changing of an element's address when a faulty element is detected. The parity network 70 generates odd parity on data being transmitted and checks the parity line for data being received. Data is transmitted and received in blocks of up to 256 words by the control logic 64. When a block of data is received from bus 16 or bus 18, it is placed in the input buffer 66 until memory unit 54 is ready to accept said data. When a block of data is to be transmitted, it is taken out of the memory unit 54 and put into the output buffer 68 via SP data bus 72. Since several transceivers in various elements may attempt to use bus 16 or bus 18 at the same time, a method of arbitration 60 is employed to decide which transmitter will control the bus. Each transmitting element attached to a bus generates a unique arbitration code which determines the transmitter priority on the bus. Lower priority transmitters drop off the bus until only the highest priority element remains. This method of arbitration will be further described in the present invention in the section on the input-output controller element.
The memory unit in FIG. 3 comprises a read-only memory (ROM) 74, a random access memory (RAM) 76 and a memory controller 78. Memory location addresses are sent to the memory controller 78 from the arithmetic unit 56 for the purpose of either reading instructions or data from the ROM 74 or RAM 76 or to write instructions or data into the RAM 76. The ROM 74, of conventional design organized in 4096 words of 16 bits each, contains the DOS-0 75 segment of the Distributed Operating System which provides the local control and management of the signal processor 12, such as power-on initialization sequence, fault monitoring, interrupt loading, illegal operations, I/O service requests and providing status information to the system level executive segment of the distributed operating system, DOS-1, located in the signal processor that assumes the role of the system manager or executive. The RAM 76 is constructed in an exemplary embodiment with 16K dynamic MOS RAM's and 16 bit word length, well known in the art, the details of which are not necessary to understand this invention.
The control unit 58 illustrated in FIG. 3 is of conventional microprogram design, well known in the art, comprising a macro-instruction register 94, mapping ROM 96, address sequencer 98, multiplexer 100, microprogram ROM 102, micro-instruction register 104 and decoder 106. When a macro-instruction is loaded into the macro-instruction register 94 via the SP data bus 72, a sequence of one or more micro-instructions occurs in order to implement the said micro-instructions. The sequencing of micro-instructions from the microprogram ROM 102 is controlled by the mapping ROM 96 and address sequencer 98 and multiplexer 100. The individual micro-instructions are read out of the microprogram ROM 102, which is organized in an exemplary embodiment with 2048 words of 80 bits each, and they are loaded into the micro-instruction register 104. The output bits of the micro-instruction register 104 are distributed over the control bus 80 within the signal processor 12 to perform the control functions or micro-operations necessary to cause the implementation of the said macro-instruction. The decoder 106 provides the means for another level of decoding of micro-instruction bits for generating additional micro-operations.
There are two types of macro-instruction formats, as listed in Table 3, comprising a Basic Address Mode (BAM) and an Extended Address Mode (EAM). The BAM forms an effective address of the operand by using the eight least significant bits of the macro-instruction format as a signed integer displacement to be combined with the contents of one or more registers. The EAM forms an effective address by using the contents of the register specified in the R1 field of said format.
The instructions implemented by the microprogrammed control unit 58 shown in FIG. 3 comprise a conventional data processing instruction set listed in Table 4 and OPERATE instructions listed in Table 5. The OPERATE instructions perform control operations and customized signal processing operations, and they are implemented by the operate generator 103 of the micro-program ROM 102. There are application program OPERATE instructions, system programming OPERATE instructions and special purpose signal processing OPERATE instructions.
The application program OPERATE instructions provide communication between said application program and the local segment of the distributed operating system, DOS-0. They comprise instructions such as the following: return from subroutine, interrupt enable/disable, resume operations, read realtime clock, and system call. The system call instruction allows a design programmer to request DOS-0 to perform a specific service function as listed in Table 6.
The system programming OPERATE instructions manipulate and manage the signal processor resources, and the majority of said instructions are privileged, as indicated in Table 5, in that they may only be executed by programs initiated with a privileged program status word, as shown in Table 7. Any attempt to execute a privileged instruction by an unprivileged program results in an error interrupt and program termination. The logic diagnostic test and the memory diagnostic test instructions are examples of system programming OPERATE instructions that are not privileged.
The special purpose signal processing OPERATE instructions comprise, for example, the matrix multiply instruction and the detection and map update instruction which are particularly efficient for signal processing of doppler radar data using a clutter map to establish detection thresholds independently for each radar range, azimuth and doppler cell. Other special purpose OPERATE instructions, not listed in Table 5, perform fast fourier transform (FFT) and vector operations. For other applications of a distributed signal processing system, special purpose OPERATE instructions may be readily implemented within the micro-programmed control unit.
The arithmetic unit 56 is shown in FIG. 3 and comprises an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 82, multiplier 84, multiplexer 86, file memory 88, address generator 90 and AU data bus 92. The ALU 82 performs arithmetic and logical operations on operands received from various sources such as the memory unit 54, the file memory 88 or the multiplier 84. The ALU 82 contains the following four registers: the program counter 81 determines the address of the next macro-instruction from the memory unit 54; the data pointer 83 determines the address of where data to be operated on is located; the ACC 1 register 85 and the ACC 2 register 87 are working accumulators for iterative arithmetic operations or they function as temporary holding registers for intermediate operands. The multiplier 84 performs a high speed 16 bit by 16 bit multiply in one processor clock cycle time.
The multiplexer 86 provides the means for data transfers to be accomplished from the multiplier 84 to the ALU 82 in order that addition within the ALU occurs during the same processor clock cycle time as when multiplication occurs in the multiplier 84. Typically, the previous product formed by the multiplier is transferred to the ALU 82 to be added with previous accumulated products in said ALU; at the same time, data from the file memory 88 and the memory unit 54 are multiplied in the multiplier 84 during the said clock cycle time. This method enables the computations on data by the special signal processing OPERATE instructions to be performed faster than otherwise conventional methods. The multiplexer 86 also provides a direct path for data transfer from the file memory 88 to the ALU 82.
The address generator 90 receives information from the control unit 58 for determining the locations in file memory 88 to be used during a particular macro-instruction execution. The AU data bus 92 contains 16 lines implemented with conventional I/O tri-state devices, and it provides efficient means for transferring data or addresses to the file memory 88, address generator 90, ALU 82, multiplier 84 or multiplexer 86.
The file memory 88 in the arithmetic unit 56 provides the means for storing eight register sets with each set containing eight words. These registers are architectually all general purpose accumulators but have specialized usage as determined by the micro-code of the control unit 58 comprising such functions as the program counter, stack pointer, accumulators and index register. Each register set has an associated program status word (PSW) which contains information pertinent to the program executing with said register set. The PSW comprises the 8 least significant bits of a word in said file memory and contains information as listed in Table 7. The remainder of the file memory is used for conventional internal signal processor housekeeping functions and scratch pad memory for the signal processing OPERATE instructions.
The interrelationship of the units within the signal processor 12 is further demonstrated as follows: The program counter in the ALU 82 determines the address of where to fetch the next macro-instruction from the ROM 74 or RAM 76 in the memory unit 54. The instruction is transferred via SP Data Bus 72 to the macro-instruction register 94 in the control unit 58. The mapping ROM 96 determines a starting address or address mode which accesses the microprogram ROM 102 obtaining micro-instructions. An effective address may then be calculated via the file memory 88 and ALU 82. The effective address is stored in the ALU data pointer 82 for accessing data in the memory unit 54 needed for execution of the macro-instruction.
The mass memory (MM) 14 element of the distributed signal processing system is shown in FIG. 4 comprising a bus interface unit 110, memory 122, controller 124 and memory data bus 126. Within the bus interface unit 110, there are the bus transceiver and arbitration 112 and 116, control logic 114, element address register 115 and parity network 118 which are identical to the equivalent functional items in the bus interface unit 52 of the signal processor 12 in FIG. 3. The bus interface unit 110 also contains a buffer memory 120 which takes the place of the input and output buffers 66 and 68 of the signal processor 12 in FIG. 3. All information written into or read out of the mass memory passes through the buffer memory 120 via the memory data bus 126. The buffer memory 120 is a factor of 5 times faster than the memory 122 which enables it to receive and transmit blocks of information at the bus 16 and 18 data rates. All information transfers within the mass memory 14 occur over the memory data bus 126 which comprises 16 lines implemented with conventional bidirectional tri-state devices. In the preferred embodiment, the buffer memory is organized with a minimum of 4096 words of 16 bits each. Information is transferred in and out of the memory 122 via the memory data bus 126 under the control of the controller 124.
The memory 122 in the preferred embodiment is organized as eight segments of 16K words each for a total of 128K words of 19 bits each. Three spare bits are provided in each word for increased reliability. Data is moved in and out of the memory 122 in pages of 240 words. Data is transmitted in and out of the mass memory 14 in 256 word single message packets. Header information consisting of up to 16 words is added to the 240 word pages by the controller 124 for outgoing information. When data comes into the mass memory 14, the header information within the packet is interpreted by the controller 124 to determine if a normal fetch or store operation shall occur or whether a control action is being requested such as a status request, reset and power-on, or power-off. A packet of data may consist of a maximum of 256 words, but it may also be as little as one word of header information. The mass memory 14 functions as a passive element in the distributed signal processing system because it does not initiate action but simply responds to messages from the other elements in the system.
FIG. 5 illustrates an input-output controller (IOC) 10 element of the distributed signal processing system. The IOC functions as a message center in said system with routing, control and error checking capabilities. There are four distinct I/O bus transceiver ports in each IOC providing the means for connecting to the bus 16, bus 18, bus 22 or bus 24. Each of said busses contains 16 data lines, a parity line, and four control lines in an open collector wire ORed configuration. Each bus connects to one of four identical bus transceiver circuits 130, 132, 134 and 136 which are the same as the bus transceiver circuits described hereinbefore for the other system elements.
The bus transceivers 130 and 132 in FIG. 5 are always connected to the system busses 16 and 18 in which the IOC resides, as shown in FIG. 1. In a multi-system network, as illustrated in FIG. 2, bus transceivers in IOC 10 operate in a bus extended mode set up by the block controller 152 whereby busses 22 and 24 in system 32 connect to bus 47 in system 35 and bus 31 in system 36 respectfully. When an IOC is used to transmit information to and from peripheral I/O data devices, it operates in a dynamic I/O mode set up by the block controller 152, as illustrated in FIG. 2 by IOC 42 in system 32. The select 139 and select 141 signal outputs shown in FIG. 5 each contain four bit codes for selecting one of up to 16 peripheral devices connected to a bus. The conventional parity network 138 checks the parity line for the data received by an IOC and generates parity for data transmitted by an IOC.
The IOC in FIG. 5 has two buffers 146 and 148 for simultaneous transmit and receive of entire 256 word blocks of data through separate bus ports. The X buffer 146 can be accepting data from one bus under the control of the receive control logic 140 while the transmit control logic 140 is sending data out on another bus. The input bus 142 and the output bus 144 in FIG. 5 provide the paths for the transfer of data within the IOC 10.
The block controller 152 in FIG. 5 generates the control signals for the receive and transmit control logic 140, and it services control and status messages, as listed in Tables 1, 2 and 8, for the distributed operating system executive, DOS-1, located in a signal, processor 12 element as shown in FIG. 2. The block controller 152 sets up an IOC in one of four modes as directed by the executive with an IOC control word, as listed in Table 8. The IOC control word enters the IOC via bus transceiver 130 or bus transceiver 132 and is transferred to the block controller by the input bus 142. Two of the four modes are simply OFF and SPARE; the other two functional modes consist of configuring the IOC to function as a bus extender for multi-system network operation and configuring the IOC to function as a peripheral data device controller. The IOC cannot function in multi-modes simultaneously. In all modes of operation, the IOC block controller 152 must respond to "status request" messages, listed in Table 1, from an executive signal processor by formatting and sending a "status return" message. Said "status return" message comprises several words, not shown, which contain information such as the number of errors since last polling, the type of error, the current mode of operation, the I/O port selected, the current bus selected and the virtual address of the IOC.
As described hereinbefore for the other elements, each element in a distributed signal processing system has a distinct socket address, based on the physical location of the element hardware, which is loaded into the element address registers 150 shown in FIG. 5 when power is turned on; however, every element can be assigned by the executive a different address referred to as the "virtual address" which replaces said socket address. This method of changing element addresses provides the means for reconfiguration when a faulty element is detected and replaced by a spare element. However, an IOC element has two address registers compared to one in the other elements. One address register is for the operation of bus transceivers 130 and 132 and the second address register is for the operation of the other two bus transceivers 134 and 136.
Whenever information must be transmitted out of an IOC 10 or any other element in a distributed signal processing system, the transmitting element must first obtain control of the bus. Each transmitting element within said system begins occupancy of a bus, such as bus 16 in FIG. 5, by outputting a unique element arbitration code 170 (as shown in FIG. 6) onto the open-collector wire-ORed bus. Said arbitration code is based on the address of the element requesting use of the bus. It consists of the eight bits of the element address (E0 through E7) plus the eight bits of the complement of the element address (E0N through E7N) for a total of 16 bits. If several elements attempt to use the bus at the same time, a method of arbitration is employed in each element to decide which element will use the bus.
The arbitration apparatus is shown in FIG. 6, and it is resident in each element of a distributed signal processing system. The element address registers and arbitration code generator 150 contains an eight bit address register or registers (two for an IOC) which along with a one-of-two decoding method permits up to 256 addresses to be arbitrated. It generates an eight bit element address 157 which has been loaded into it by the load element address 155 input and it generates the element arbitration code 170 described hereinbefore. In addition to the element address registers and arbitration code generator 150, the remainder of the arbitration logic 131 in an IOC 10, comprising the eight AND gates 161 to 168, priority encoder 158 and conflict multiplexer 160, performs decoding of the composite element arbitration code 169, and it is located within the bus transceiver interface, such as bus transceiver 130 in FIG. 5.
The element arbitration code 170 in FIG. 6, consisting of 16 bits from each element on a common bus, is detected on a bus as the composite element arbitration code 169 by the bus transceiver circuits (described previously), and a method of one-of-two decoding is implemented. Signals C0 through C7 and C0N through C7N represent the wire-ORed composite element arbitration code 169 for all the elements wanting to use the bus. Two logical ones at the input of AND gate 161 imply that an element with a one for that address bit and another element with a zero for that same address bit are on the bus, resulting in a priority conflict. However, if all the eight AND outputs connecting to the priority encoder 158 are low (logical zero), there is no conflict because only one element arbitration code is on the bus and arbitration has been won, causing the WIN signal to be generated. The WIN signal is generated by the zero detect 156 section of the priority encoder 158 allowing the element requesting the bus to occupy it and to proceed with a transmission.
If there is a conflict due to two or more elements wanting to occupy the bus simultaneously, then the priority encoder 158 generates a 3 bit code on signal lines P0, P1 and P2 in FIG. 6 which corresponds to the most significant element address bit in which a conflict exists as determined by the inputs to one of the eight AND gates 161 to 168. The conflict multiplexer 160 receives said 3 bit code and looks up the bits of its element address E0 through E7 159. If the particular bit in one of the eight address bit lines specified by the 3 bit code from the priority encoder 158 is zero, then the conflict multiplexer 160 generates the LOSE signal signifying that this element has lost arbitration. The LOSE signal connects to the element address and arbitration code generator 150 and causes the element's arbitration code to be removed from the bus; this occurs in all elements determined to have the same address bit conflict. This procedure of detecting address bit conflicts using the element arbitration code repeats itself until only the highest priority element is left on the bus. The element with the highest numerical address always gets priority to use the bus.
TABLE 1______________________________________System Message Format ##STR1##Header Format: ##STR2##MessageCode Message Type______________________________________0 First Block1 Middle Block2 Data Messages Last Block3 Single Block4 Returned Message5 Page Fetch (MM)6 Page Store (MM)7 Status Return8 Status Request9 Error Message10 Load Control Word (MM, IOC)11 Bus Extender (IOC)12 Load Virtual Address13 Power On/Reset14 Executive Message15 Power Off______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________I/O Status Word Format ##STR3##Bits Status Field Definition______________________________________15-8 Receive word count for last block received. Does not include the initial header word.7-5 Receive Status Octal (Bits 7-0) 100 - Idle 200 110 - Parity Error on Bus 16 101 - Parity Error on Bus ##STR4## 010 - Incomplete Block 16 100 001 - Incomplete Block 18 040 000 - Receiver Buffer Full 000 All others - Illegal4-1 Transmit Status Octal (Bits 7-0) 1111 - Transmit Triggered 036 1101 - Bus Busy 032 1011 - Arbitration Fault 026 1001 - Reply Fault 022 0111 - Receiver Busy 016 0101 - Parity Error 012 0011 - Timing Fault 006 0001 - Done 002 0000 - Idle 000 All others - Illegal0 Last Transmit Bus 0 - Bus 16 1 - Bus 18______________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________Macro-instruction Format______________________________________ ##STR5## ##STR6##Register Codes for R1 and R2 000 = P 100 = A 001 = S 101 = E 010 = B 110 = I 011 = X 111 = W______________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Data Processing InstructionsMnemonic Instruction______________________________________STS Store Single-WordSTD Store Double-WordLDS Load Single-WordLDD Load Double-WordLDC Load ComplementLDN Load NegativeSWP SwapADD Add Single PrecisionADP Add Double PrecisionSUB Subtract Single PrecisionSDP Subtract Double PrecisionAND Logical AndIOR Logical Or InclusiveXOR Logical Or ExclusiveMPY MultiplyDIV DivideJUMP Jump UnconditionalJPZ Jump if Positive or ZeroJNG Jump if NegativeJEZ Jump if Equal to ZeroJNZ Jump if Not Equal to ZeroJOVF Jump if Overflow Indicator SetJSUB Jump to SubroutineSAD Shift Arithmetic DoubleISEZ Increment and Skip if ZeroDSEZ Decrement and Skip if ZeroCSL Compare and Skip if Less ThanCSE Compare and Skip if EqualASZ AND with Mask and Skip if ZeroOSF OR with Mask and Skip if FullRSP Rotate Single Precision______________________________________
TABLE 5______________________________________Operate InstructionsMnemonic Instruction______________________________________SELINS Set Instruction Set*SETVAD Set Virtual Address (Reg A)TRAP Trap Subroutine Call*DROP Drop to Level 0 Register Stack*TRACE Trace Select (n; 4 = ON; 0 = OFF)RETURN Subroutine ReturnSYSREQ System Service Request (Reg A; nn = Request Number)*SETCLK Set Real Time Clock (Regs A,E)INTERR Interrupt Enable/Disable (n: 1 = E; 0 = D)*WRITE Write Command (Regs A,I,W)*READ Read Command (Regs I,W)RESUME Resume Interrupted Program*SELBUS Select Transmit Bus (0 = Bus A; 1 = Bus B)*READR Read Reset*WRITER Write Reset*REQIOS Request I/O Status (Reg A)*CLOCK Clock Interrupt (n: 1 = E, 0 = D) Enable/DisableLOGSTST Logic Diagnostic TestsMEMTST Memory Diagnostic Tests*SENDIN Send Interrupt Message*STARTU Start User Program (Regs X,A,E)TRPRET Return from Trap Routine*SREADR Scatter Read Real (Regs A,I,W)*SREADC Scatter Read Complex (regs A,I,W)*RESTRA Resume with Trace (n: 1 = ON, 0 = OFF) SelectedGETCLK Read Real Time Clock (Regs A,E)LWGTMX Load Weighting Matrix (Regs A,I,W) (n: O = Real; 1 = Complex)MXMULT Matrix MultiplyDETMUP Detection and Map Update______________________________________ *Privileged Instruction
TABLE 6______________________________________DOS-0 Service FunctionRequest Number Service Performed______________________________________0 Write a Message1 Request a Message2 Trace Request3 Unsolicited Input Control Update4 Clock Control Update5 DOS-1 Task Control Request6 Register User Fault7 Data Recording Request8 Update Recording Control Information9 Modify CE Virtual Address10 Delete a Write Request11 Delete a Read Request12 Enable Suspended Output Request13 Enable Suspended Input Request14 Request Direct Output15 Read Real Time Clock (Double Word)______________________________________
TABLE 7______________________________________Program Status Word ##STR7##Bits Field Name Description Values______________________________________7-5 RS Register Set Number 0-74 OF Overflow Indicator 0 - No overflow 1 - Overflow3 I Instruction Set No. 0 - Set 0 1 - Set 12 T Trace Indicator 0 - No Trace 1 - Trace1 M Program Mode 0 - User (non- privileged) 1 - System (privileged)0 E *Interrupt Enable 0 - Disabled 1 - Enabled______________________________________ *Interrupts include: a. Output complete b. Input pending c. Clock interrupt d. Trace interrupt
TABLE 8______________________________________IOC CONTROL WORD FROM THE EXECUTIVE (DOS-1)______________________________________Word 1: ##STR8##Mode:00 - Off01 - Spare10 - Bus Extension - Requires Word 2 - Virtual Address11 - Dynamic Input-Output - Peripheral DevicesXmit Bus:Bit 13 0 - Bus 16, 1 - Bus 18Bit 12 0 - Bus 22, 1 - Bus 24Receive Bus:Bit 11 0 - Bus 22 disabled, 1 - Bus 22 enabledBit 10 0 - Bus 24 disabled, 1 - Bus 24 disabledWord 2:Virtual address of IOC as seen by bus for Bus Extension Modein multi-system configuration.______________________________________
An alternate embodiment of a distributed bus arbitration apparatus for each element of a distributed signal processing system is illustrated in FIG. 7. Whereas, the preferred embodiment of a distributed bus arbitration apparatus shown in FIG. 6 provides arbitration capability for elements in a system with up to 256 addresses, the said alternate embodiment is limited to arbitration of elements with up to 64 addresses in addition to being a slower method of arbitration when arbitrating small numbers of elements.
Referring to FIG. 7, a 6 bit element address is loaded into element address register 192 prior to the start of arbitration. At the start of arbitration, the three most significant bits AU 191 of said element address register are decoded by 3-to-8 line decoder 188 to place a logical zero on one of the eight most significant element arbitration code lines E8 through E15. Similarly, the three least significant bits AL 193 of the element address are decoded by 3-to-8 line decoder 190 to place a logical zero on one of the eight least significant element arbitration code lines E0 through E7. The resulting 16 bit element arbitration code 196 is placed on the bus.
The eight most significant, composite, element arbitration code 172 lines, C8 through C15, from the bus are decoded by priority encoder 174 to produce a 3 bit number CU 179 representing the highest numbered element arbitration code line with a logical zero and the single zero detector 175 provides an indication if only a single line has a logic zero. Similarly, the eight least significant, composite, element arbitration code lines, C0 through C7, are decoded by priority encoder 176 to produce a 3 bit number CL 181 and the single zero detector 177 provides an indication if only a single line has a logic zero.
The three most significant bits of the encoded composite element arbitration code CU 179 and the element address AU 191 are compared by comparator 178 in FIG. 7 to detect the condition of equality between CU 179 and AU 191 and the condition that CU is greater than AU. If CU is greater than AU, another element has won arbitration and the LOSE signal is generated by NOR gate 186 which causes the element arbitration code 196 to be removed from the bus.
If only a single line of C8 through C15 has a logic zero and CU 179 equals AU 191, AND gate 182 enables comparator 180 to compare the encoded three least significant bits CL 181 of the composite element arbitration code from priority encoder 176 with the three least significant bits AL 193 of the element address register. If CL is greater than AL, another element has won arbitration and the LOSE signal is generated by NOR gate 186 which causes the element arbitration code 196 to be removed from the bus.
If only a single line of C0 through C7 has a logic zero and CL 181 equals AL 193, then the element has won arbitration and the WIN signal is produced by AND gate 184 permitting the element to proceed to use the bus.
This concludes the description of the embodiments of the invention described herein. However, numerous modifications and alterations will be obvious to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, programmable read-only memories (PROMS) could be used in place of read-only memories (ROMS) in the memory unit 54 and the control unit 56 of the signal processor 12. In the network configuration, shown in FIG. 2, each system could be comprised of a plurality of each type of element and system 37 could be connected directly to system 32 instead of communicating with system 32 through system 36. Accordingly, it is intended that this invention be not limited by the particular details of the embodiment illustrated herein except as defined by the appended claims.
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Owner name: MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC., IDAHO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RAYTHEON COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:008761/0027
Effective date: 19960401


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While Western medicine often sees healthcare as a battle against a disease or injury, Native American tradition holds that true healing come through dialogue - with our afflictions, our spirititual allies, and our own innate wisdom. With gentle guidance and a rich understanding of tribal medicine, Dr. Mehl-Madrona offers you essential practices for tapping into the resources of the spirit world with Native American healing meditations.
©2011 Sounds True (P)2011 Sounds True
"Native American Wisdom"
I love these meditations. They are made even better because of the stories and information. I feel like Lewis Mehi-Madrona has offered me a glimpse into a new way of approaching meditation and life.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Full Description »
"Many thanks for a fabulous long weekend – you looked after us so well with a team that ticked like a Swiss watch and, like the English Butler, were always there but never intrusive. The hallmark of excellence – even after a few late nights!" Chalet guest
Situated a mere 1hr 40mins from Geneva Airport, Verbier is one of Europe's most popular weekend skiing destinations. If you work in London, you can leave the office on a Thursday evening, catch the 18.15 flight from City Airport and arrive in your chalet just as Verbier's world-renowned nightlife is swinging into action.
Three full days on the slopes lie ahead, and with more than 400km of marked trails, and countless off-piste itineraries, you can be on the mountain from sunrise to the last lift of the day, without ever skiing the same run twice. By the time you leave Verbier late Sunday afternoon you'll feel like you have been away for a week!
If you are looking for a corporate ski weekend in Verbier, or want a few days in the mountains with friends, we offer specially reduced rates for weekends and other short stays. Our expert team will ensure that as much of the preparatory work is done in advance, from lunch reservations to airport transfers, allowing you to maximise your time in the best ski resort on Planet Earth (not that we're biased or anything).


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Uranium stocks: This explorer has jumped on rising Chinese demand
Uranium prices have jumped from around $40 U.S. a pound in March 2010 to a recent high of around $58.50. That's still well below uranium's peak of $140 a pound in 2007. But conditions look favourable for higher long-term uranium demand.
(In a Stock Pickers Digest hotline, we updated our buy/sell/hold advice on a Canadian uranium explorer whose shares have jumped since early October — and it could go higher. See below for further details on this uranium stock's prospects.)
China and many other emerging countries, such as India and Russia, are increasing their nuclear-power use as they switch from power plants that run on coal and oil. This expansion has sharply pushed up China's uranium imports to as much as three times last year's levels. In addition, China recently increased its nuclear-power targets by 60% over the next decade.
Rising uranium demand is pushing up the share price of CanAlaska Uranium (symbol CVV on Toronto), one of the aggressive Canadian uranium stocks we cover in our Stock Pickers Digest newsletter.
Joint ventures with stable partners help fund this uranium stock's exploration program
CanAlaska and its joint-venture partners continue to explore on the uranium stock's twenty 100%-owned uranium properties in Saskatchewan's Athabasca Basin region.
Maximize your profits by reading this FREE Special Report,
Best Canadian ETFs: Canadian ETFs vs Mutual Funds, Canadian Index Funds and More.
The uranium stock's partners include Japan's giant Mitsubishi Corp., Chinese mining firm East Resources Inc. and a consortium of Korean companies that consists of Hanwha Corporation, Korea Electric Power, Korea Resources and SK Energy. CanAlaska holds cash of $11.3 million.
The company owns a large amount of land that contains lots of drilling prospects. Moreover, it has workers with exploration and mine-building expertise, specifically in the Athabasca Basin. It has budgeted for a $15-million exploration program this year, which will be largely financed by its joint-venture partners.
Share consolidation had little impact on CanAlaska
On November 8, CanAlaska began trading on a consolidated basis. The company consolidated its shares on a 1-for-10 basis. That lowered the uranium stock's shares outstanding from about 171.9 million to 17.2 million.
Consolidations, or reverse stock splits, sometimes hurt investor confidence. They can undermine the value of a given holding by as much as 25%, at least temporarily, even though there is no change in the company's business or assets. Other times, however, they have little, if any, effect.
In CanAlaska's case, the consolidation has had little effect. That's mainly because, as we mentioned, the shares have risen along with uranium prices.
If you buy aggressive stocks, you really should have a subscription to Stock Pickers Digest. The latest issue gives you our full analysis, including clear buy/sell/hold advice, on CanAlaska and 18 other stocks that may be suitable for the part of your portfolio you devote to aggressive investing. What's more, you can get this issue free. Click here to learn how.


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Last Updated May 4, 2011 10:51 AM EDT
The question is: how do you do break the news preserving your reputation and the relationships?
I thought of this recently because a friend told me how she had to tell a co-worker she couldn't help out with a project, as promised. She was running behind on her own deadlines and realized she just couldn't make good on the favor without sacrificing her own work. The colleague--let's call her, Melissa- was steamed and wouldn't return phone calls. My thoughts? It didn't have to work out this way.
Here's what you should do if you need to break a promise:
1. Give advance notice. My friend broke the news at the last minute because she dreaded making the call. That's understandable, but a realistic look at her obligations and commitments might have helped prevent her from getting into this time bind. And certainly, the minute it becomes obvious that you might have difficulty meeting your commitment you should give that person a heads up. No one likes receiving that news, but being told in advance means the other party can make contingency plans. It's another matter entirely when you back out last minute.
2. Apologize personally. My friend was so nervous to tell Melissa, she had her boss make the call. She figured having an authoritative voice convey the information would make it more palatable, but the reverse was true. Melissa felt slighted, as though my friend couldn't be bothered to deal with her personally.
3. Try to come up with other options. After Melissa began dodging my friend's calls, she went into overdrive, coming up with possible solutions--maybe she could call this person to fill in, maybe she could work on part of the project now. She may have had some good ideas, but offering them after Melissa got annoyed didn't win her any points. It's a lot less harsh to offer alternatives, rather than just shutting someone down with a cold, hard "no." My friend could have said, "I'm really sorry - when I agreed to help with your project, I just didn't realize I'd be this far behind on my own. I know it's an inconvenience, but I wonder if I could do part of the project now, and deliver the rest the week after next."
4. Send a gift. A brand new car? Of course not. But a token, with a sincere, handwritten note of apology, is a gesture that shows you understand you blew it, take the person and your word seriously, and will work hard to make sure it doesn't happen again.
Breaking promises is one of the easiest ways to destroy the trust and credibility you've worked so hard to build, but sometimes life intervenes. If you show you regret the inconveniences and hassles you're causing, that will go a long way to minimizing the damage.
What are the strategies you've used when you have to break a promise? What worked and what hasn't?
Dorie Clark is a strategy consultant who has worked with clients including Google, Yale University, and the National Park Service. Listen to her podcasts or follow her on Twitter.
image courtesy of flickr user, baileyraeweaver


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COSTA MESA – Blake Belshe never saw it coming – that being the crushing right hand from Curtis Millender that ended the 27-year-old Dana Point resident's mixed-martial arts professional debut roughly half a minute after it started.
Belshe, a Dana Hills graduate, lost via first-round knockout at Thursday night's OC Fight Club at the Hangar at OC Fair and Event Center before a crowd of 1,482, the largest gate in the history of the popular Orange County fight series, according to promoter Roy Engelbrecht.
"We had a game plan, (Millender) had a game plan and he just jumped on his a little bit earlier," Belshe's trainer Adam Lynn said.
The lanky, taller Millender (2-0) had a decided reach advantage over Belshe, who elected to fight on the outside while both fighters tested each other out in the early going. Belshe threw a couple of leg kicks, while Millender unleashed a roundhouse kick that partially connected. But things turned bad for Belshe in a hurry when Millender opened with a left jab that was blocked and followed it up with a devastating overhand right that caught Belshe flush on the temple.
Belshe went down immediately and sprang back to his feet almost as quickly, but couldn't maintain his footing and was visibly disoriented, prompting referee Michael Bell to end the fight with 34 seconds elapsed in the opening round.
"We were going to try to wrestle the guy, move our head a little bit and grind him out, but (Millender) came out and he was really aggressive," Lynn said. "We knew the strategy he was going to have. He's long with the 1-2s and we didn't want to get caught in a boxing match. The whole game plan was to come out there and be aggressive, move your head and key on his legs and make it more of a wrestling match.
"To his credit, Curtis is going to be a real good. He came out there and he stepped on the gas early from the opening bell."
Belshe, who fights out of Subfighter MMA in Laguna Hills, entered the fight with an amateur record of 4-3, during which he had never been knocked out or submitted.
Belshe, who sustained a concussion from the knockout blow, is currently barred from competing for a 90-day period effective Thursday. Lynn said he was told by the OC Fight Club promoters that Belshe would be welcome back on a future card.


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Wells Oliver <wellsoliver(at)gmail(dot)com> writes: > I have CSV files blowing up because they have double quotes around numeric > values: " 1.34" yields ERROR: invalid input syntax for type numeric: " > 1.34" Is that an exact copy of the error message? Because there are double quotes in that error message's text; what you are showing does not suggest that they are part of the data value. I'm wondering about non-visible characters myself. > And occasionally these are empty, and you see invalid syntax for type > numeric: " " Well, that you're going to have to do something else about. Possibly you could treat the empty string as null? (See the 'null string' option to COPY.) regards, tom lane
Next: From: Rural Hunter Date: 2012-04-15 05:32:53 Subject: Re: invalid byte sequence for encoding "UTF8": 0xf481 - how could this happen? Previous: From: Greg Williamson Date: 2012-04-14 23:17:07 Subject: Re: Trouble w/ COPY command


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Panetta Decries Lawmakers' Focus on Past
Siobhan Gorman reports on politics.
Aggressively defending the Central Intelligence Agency against Democratic charges that the CIA misled the Congress, CIA Director Leon Panetta on Monday fired back again at lawmakers on Capitol Hill who "focus on the past" to the distraction of spies on the frontlines.
Underscoring the seriousness of the CIA's work, Panetta acknowledged that the U.S. doesn't know where all of Pakistan's nuclear weapons are. He said, however, that he's sure Pakistan has a "pretty secure approach" to keep the weapons under control.
"Obviously the last thing we want is to have the Taliban have nuclear weapons in Pakistan," Panetta told a foreign policy group luncheon in Los Angeles. "The last thing we would want is to give al Qaeda that potential."
Panetta has been engaged in a heated battle with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a California Democrat, over whether the CIA misled her during a 2002 briefing on integrations of detainees. She says she was told the CIA wasn't using the technique known as waterboarding when it had used the technique 83 times by that time.
"We are a nation at war," Panetta told a foreign policy luncheon in Los Angeles. "We have to confront that realty every day. While it's important to learn the lessons of the past, we must not do it in a way that compromises our capability to stay focused on the present to stay focused on the future and to stay focused on those things that may threaten the United States of America."
Panetta, a former congressman from California, said that partisanship in Washington is as bad as he's seen it in his decades in public office. When politicians "start to use these issues as political clubs to beat up each other with, that's when we not only pay a price, but this country pays a price."
He vowed to improve the broken relationship between the CIA and Congress, noting that he plans tomorrow morning to have coffee with a group of lawmakers outside the public spotlight. He said that, "as a creature of Congress" he believes Congress should try to learn the lessons of the past, but not to the point of diverting the attention of CIA officers.
He was introduced by one of Pelosi's sometimes rivals in the Congress, Rep. Jane Harman, another California Democrat who took Panetta on a tour of area contractors and other facilities, including Lockheed Martin and Boeing. Pelosi passed over Harman for the coveted chairmanship of the House intelligence committee in 2006.
"I applaud some of the tough decisions that he's making," Harman said, introducing Panetta as an example of "true California excellence."


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MSNBCs contributor Michael Ventre wrote a piece entitled CBS chooses profits over The Reagans in which he explained: CBS Chairman and CEO Les Moonves added up the ratings points the controversial skein would produce, weighed that against the cost to Viacom stock by an organized boycott from conservative groups opposed to the perceived depiction of the former Presidentand decided that this particular creative endeavor would not maximize profits, hence the ax. Somehow, it seems doubtful Moonves really considered investor relations in his decision. None the less, Ventre went on to say CBS wins all around. Its the rest of us who lose.
That sentiment is so typically liberal as to be unremarkable, except that too many buy the illogic; namely that capitalism, the free market, economic liberty are all fine and dandy until they dont deliver something we want. Then some higher power needs to be brought to bear. Ventre bridles because most people wont get [to see] this take on the truth [liberal distortions to the effect that President Ronald Reagans policy toward the problem (AIDS) was to ignore a burgeoning worldwide health crisis simply because there were gays involved] because not everybody has cable or a satellite dish, and of those who do, not all of them get Showtime.
Ventres real complaint arises from the fact that CBSs decision to move The Reagans to its Showtime affiliate means, effectively, the choice to view or not to view this take on the truth becomes strictly a market decision. As reported by Jon Friedman, of CBSs MarketWatch: On the decision to move the show to cable, CBS said in its statement: A free broadcast network, available to all over the public airwaves, has different standards than media the public must pay to view. We do, however, recognize and respect the filmmakers' right to have their voice heard and their film seen. More than likely CBSs respect of that right comes from a keen market sense. Few film producers careers would withstand a made-for-television film that cost $9 million and never saw the light of day; Showtime provided CBS a neat escape hatch to avoid what could have become a litigious situation.
This affair seems to confirm that liberals know, above all else, that their ideas, their take on the truth just doesnt fare very well in any marketplace where people are truly free to take them or leave them; and, to take them must freely chose to pay for them. So much of what constitutes liberalism today is either forced upon us or given to us that few any longer consider the implications of that fact. Or, that most of liberalism carries a price tag that cant be avoidedparents, just for example, who chose to send their children to private school still must pay, not only for the privilege of avoiding lousy public schools, but for those lousy public schools as well.
Media liberals clearly had no problem with CBSs real motive for manufacturing The Reagans until it worked to produce an outcome they didnt like. As the Sacramento Bees TV columnist Rick Kushman wrote: CBS chose to make a miniseries about former President Reagan for one reason: ratings. His sense is that the entire affair, start to finish, was depressing. But the depression would not have occurred had CBS managed to follow through on its profit-motivated and money-driven intention to create and air the costly miniseries. Kushman notes, perhaps correctly, that CBSs motive, from start to finish, was not politics; it was buzz and ratings. In other words, CBS began the exercise to make money, and only altered its plan when it seemed that might not occur; or, that the costs might outweigh the benefits. Kushman as much as admits only politics would induce CBS to air a film that otherwise makes no commercial sense.
Does anyone doubt that CBS behaves the way it does because it perceives some benefit to its bottom line? That is how market driven decisions are made. CBS is, last time we looked, a for profit private enterprisealbeit one that exploits a public resource, a portion of the broadcast spectrum, to do so. As such it cannot long remain in business unless it produces products the market actually wants. Were Kushman anything other than liberal, he would have no problem with the process; but he does, and his problem is entirely political.
Bernard Goldberg, the author of Arrogance: Rescuing America From the Media Elite appeared on CNNs Wolf Blitzer Reports and explained CBSs bad market judgment this way: These guys are clueless. Just as I think a lot of newspeople in the East Coast are clueless about how the American people think; the elites out in Hollywood are clueless as to how so many ordinary Americans could love this guy so much. So they let somebody write a play -- a screenplay, making stuff up, making the Reagans look like two doofuses. And they don't get in the beginning that this is going to cause a major brouhaha in Middle America.
And that is the point. CBS made a mistake, partly attributable to credulity based on ingrained bias, accepting of the idea that character assassination is at least palatable, if not in demand. That led the network to conclude that a hit piece on Ron and Nancy Reagan would draw a large audience and hype ratings. CBS managementthose Goldberg, a former CBS employee knows well enough to call eliteswere indeed shocked at the fact that the majority of customers did not want the product, even if it was free; a fact confirmed by ample feedback to that effect.
Showtime subscribers willing to pay for the privilege of viewing whatever is now left of The Reagans also pay for the right to decide if it is worth the price. Freedom and free markets come without a money back guarantee and most especially no guarantee that outcomes will be to our liking, no matter how much media liberals dislike that truth.


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Guuuuuhhhhhhhhhh. What is this, Adam Richman? We can be understanding to a certain point: we know you love eating obscene amounts of food, both strange and mundane; we know you're a bro. Hence, we can comprehend the strategic internet alliance you made with Epic Meal Time, the bros who love eating obscene amounts of strange or mundane food.
But then you ate this chocolate breakfast in a manner described as either sensual, or disturbing. We're too shell-shocked to really attempt to describe it better. In fact, we're going to our nearest walk-in shower, fully dressed, and spend some time crying in the fetal position. And no, we will not be "bitch-slapping that powder" on afterwards. The chocolatey bro-splosion begins:
Have a tip we should know? firstname.lastname@example.com


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My buddy Dave Bost has some serious Azure goodness going on these days:
For the next few months I will be working on a special project with the Platform Architecture team in our Developer & Platform Evangelism group. We will be working on a project that will provide proof-points and guidance packages for Multi-Enterprise Business Applications "in the cloud" (or Project MEBA).
With the announcements and work being done around Windows Azure and the Azure Services Platform, we believe there will be a resurgence in business-to-business (B2B) computing in a way that hasn't been possible before. With this project we'll work to define the capabilities and patterns businesses can gain by moving their business partner integration to Windows Azure.
So get out there and get some serious Azure B2B love going on!


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ST. PETERSBURG — The Master Chorale of Tampa Bay celebrated Alice Parker, the venerated New England choral composer and arranger, in a concert of her works Friday night at First Presbyterian Church.
Many paths in American choral music lead back to Robert Shaw, and Parker got her start by arranging folk songs, hymns and spirituals for the great conductor, with whom the Master Chorale sang on several occasions. On recordings, Shaw's groups have a distinctive style that is down-to-earth yet sophisticated, and it was clear from Friday's performance that Parker had a lot to do with that sound.
Her arrangements of spirituals were especially fine, as exemplified by The Rock and the River, a suite of three songs commissioned by the Master Chorale and premiered Friday under artistic director Richard Zielinski. The soprano section was thrillingly glamorous in the up-tempo first song, Can't Hide, while the men took the lead in the sonorous Peace Like a River. Bass-baritone Todd Donovan was the forceful soloist-preacher in I Got a Hidin' Place. The USF Jazz Combo gave the piece a cool, improvisational feel.
The highlight of the concert was Parker's arrangement of Duke Ellington's Songs from the Sacred Concerts, which began with a marvelously jazzy Lord's Prayer. Featured were mezzo-soprano Eleni Matos, whose rendition of Come Sunday combined operatic passion with the funky soul of a nightclub chanteuse; Donovan in the infectious call and response of Don't Get Down; and Jennifer Rodney in the stratospheric soprano solo of Praise God and Dance.
Matos was the excellent soloist in Balm in Gilead, a mysterious slow spiritual with a sublime ending. The concert opened with a pair of hymns, Hark, I Hear the Harps Eternal and Wondrous Love, both of which showed off the cleanly articulated, cohesive melodic lines that are a Parker trademark, superbly performed by the Master Chorale.
The chorale wound up its program with the big, churchy sound of I'll Praise My Maker, joined by the Tampa Bay Children's Chorus, handbells and organ. As an encore, Parker led a singalong of Swing Low, Sweet Chariot.
John Fleming can be reached at email@example.com or (727) 893-8716.


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Common Replacement Parts for Honda WT40XK1 Trash Pump (Frame serial 1000001 and up, engine serial 1000001 to 2000000)
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