text: Ive decided to start printing bigger than my standard 10x13 images. for those of you who print large, I would be interested in hearing your workflow. Forinstance, do you proof print your negs at smaller sizes and then only print large in preperation for a show? Or do you make the print large without a proof? I am considering printing 20x24, from 4x5 negs and 12x18 from 35mm but Ive never gone that big and any help and advice would be appreciated.


text:
A little about meFlag Profile
Short Bio: started my technology interests with an iPod nano 4th generation. Developed my computing skills on a vista machine and in the process became very good at identifying and fixing issues, I have used OSX,Vista,and windows 7. and have no preference between OSX and 7. never really have had to use XP. I use and own all kinds of products and am always looking for the next interesting useful gadget that I can get my hands on. I look forward to reviewing what is laid in front of me and try to stay unbiased.
Machine: HP dv6900, acer aspire timeline 5810tz, love them both

subset: commoncrawl


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Gomes, Zobrist report
The position players continued to file in Tuesday morning, with the most recent additions to Rays spring training camp being outfielder Jonny Gomes and shortstop Ben Zobrist.
Gomes, a popular clubhouse guy, made quite an entrance. He also appeared to have lost about 15 to 20 pounds. He said he was the same weight -- 238 pounds -- as he was this time last season, but it was just in the "right places now."
Gomes, whose season was cut short last year with right shoulder surgery, said his throwing shoulder feels the best it has since his junior college days. He's been throwing long toss and hitting live batting practice, not bad for a guy who couldn't physically swing the bat without pain in August.
"I'm full go," Gomes said. "There's no exercise, no hitting, no throwing that I have to hold back."
With a crowded outfield, the Rays asked Gomes in December if he would be willing to try playing first base. Gomes said he happily obliged, even borrowing Rocco Baldelli's first base mitt in order to get a feel for it. But on Tuesday Rays manager Joe Maddon said that if Gomes is healthy enough to throw and run well, he'll remain an outfieder.


text: uniform experiment offer a small number of update slated for a release this weekend. Contrast detailings are applied for example, and the use of a simple checkered pattern is applied on belt loops while a full-on checkered shirt is also seen. The collection is available as of April 16 at select uniform experiment stockists as well as SOPH.SHOPS.


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Topeka will hire an executive search firm to help locate its next city manager.
City council members Tuesday evening passed the measure 7-1, with Councilwoman Sylvia Ortiz dissenting. Councilman Chad Manspeaker wasn't present, and Mayor Bill Bunten didn't have a vote.
The measure allows the city to send out a request for a proposal for an executive search firm to find a new city manager. Until Tuesday, hiring an executive search firm had been tabled and deferred since July 26.
The vote came three days after interim city manager Dan Stanley made it known he wasn't seeking a permanent position. Stanley was hired in June after former city manager Norton Bonaparte was given a $100,000 severance package. His original end date was set for Jan. 31.
Councilman Larry Wolgast said a city manager is needed because the position helps bring the council together to formulate goals and focus on the direction it wants to go. That was difficult before the Topeka hired its first city manager in 2006, he said.
"In that sense, we need this type of leadership of an objective voice that can talk to us individually and as a group and bring us together," Wolgast said.
And the city needs to hire an executive search firm to find a new manager because the task is beyond the scope of the council's ability, Councilman Richard Harmon said.
"We don't have the ability, the expertise, the knowledge, the skills ... you name it to find a quality city manager," he said.
Harmon added that he hoped the council would approach local executive search firms before it sent the request for proposals out to the rest of the country.
During Tuesday's meeting, the council members and Mayor Bunten unanimously approved an ordinance rezoning two lots located at the northeast corner of S.W. 10th Avenue and S.W. Woodbridge Drive to allow for the construction of duplexes. The lots have remained vacant since the area was annexed in 1979 and have been zoned for office use since at least 1994. Two nearby property owners spoke out against the rezoning at the Oct. 17 planning commission meeting, claiming duplex developments would depreciate the value of their homes by obstructing their view. No one spoke up about the issue in the meeting.
Aly Van Dyke can be contacted
at (785) 295-1270


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Red Line backs BMW Car Club of America at over 30 events nationwide, offering contingency to competitors.
Benicia, Calif. (January 2013) – Red Line Synthetic Oil Corp. announced today its status as the official lubricant and sponsor of the BMW Car Club of America, Inc. (BMW CCA), providing racing contingency awards at the 30-plus events in the BMW CCA Club Racing schedule nationwide.
"BMW is one of our biggest markets," said Cameron Evans, President of Red Line Oil, "and we have a tremendous dealer network that serves the racers and enthusiasts that participate within BMW CCA. Our loyal BMW customers are buying Red Line from installers, retailers and mail order dealers on a daily basis, so it will be fun for Red Line to give back and get more interaction between them all. We might even enter our E36 project car at a few of these races as well."
Red Line will provide technical assistance from its Benicia, California, headquarters. Evans continued, "We get calls daily from prep shops and teams looking for the exact Red Line product for their engine, transmission and differential selections. Since we are very active in this community and dealer network, we have learned which products are suited to particular conditions or applications. It helps the racers to enjoy their participation and lowers their cost of operation as well."
Racers can contact BMW CCA Club Racing or their local chapters for decals and proof-of-purchase requirements.
"I have always been involved with prepping my own car and one of the first things I learned, is "Red Line"," said Gary Davis, BMW CCA Club Racing National Chairman. "I believe that many of our racers have shared the same experience."
For technical information on Red Line motor oil, gear oil, ATF, additives and more, visit www.redlineoil.com and use our application guide to find the appropriate product for your vehicle. Follow us on Facebook; Twitter and Google Plus to stay updated on the latest RLO news and products.


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Superhero Balloon Sculptures By Ronzo The Clown
Clowns are good for a lot of things: Making brave children laugh, speaking on behalf of hamburger empires, saving bull riders — all kinds of jazz. Still, given their varying codes of pantomimage, it never occurred to me that a clown could ever share my love of comic books.That's where the balloon-sculpting Ronzo comes in. The professional clown's been making Internet magic happen since at least 2008, teaching Marvel movie enthusiasts the magic of the Avengers in anticipation of the franchise's pending 2012 cinematic team up.
Ronzo's kept things classic, sculpting iconic Avengers like Iron Man, Hulk, Captain America and Thor, sometimes dressed as a cigar-chomping clown Nick Fury. And even though I have a history of coulrophobia these balloon versions of Earth's Mightiest Heroes help to ease my impression of the entertainers.
And all jokes about clown college aside, Ronzo's laid-back teaching skills are as impressive as his balloon craft, making for tutorials I'm actually tempted to follow along with at home. Now I just have to convince myself to buy some balloons.
Check out his videos after the jump.Ronzo As Nick Fury:
Iron Man Tutorial:
Thor Tutorial:
Captain America Tutorial:
Hulk Tutorial:
Elsewhere on the web:
Picasso Superhero Images (Walyou)
Condoms For Climate Change (Askmen.com)


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PRZOOM - /newswire/ -
Karlsruhe, Germany, 2013/12/04 - Users of the enterprise resource planning (ERP) system developed by abas are the most satisfied with their international business software - ABAS-Software.com.
abas is the only midsize provider to offer localizations of their ERP system for countries across five continents, putting them on par with much larger corporations.
International success
Selecting an ERP system is not an everyday task and presents a serious challenge for many businesses. Significant investments are made in modern software technology to increase the efficiency of business processes. ERP surveys, such as the "Global ERP User Satisfaction Survey" from the Swiss consulting and analysis firm i2s, can be of great assistance by providing an initial overview of the available market solutions. More than 1,700 companies from 35 countries participated in the most recent survey.
Only a few "true global players"
A surprising result of the survey was that only relatively few software packages ranked in the league of global providers. To be included this category, an ERP system had to have an international presence across multiple regional markets, and i2s also had to receive survey responses from several countries. With these criteria i2s was able to establish a list of true global players: SAP, Microsoft, Infor, IFS, and the total ERP package from abas, which received the highest international rankings. In the November 11, 2013 issue of Computerwoche magazine, Managing Director of i2s Dr. Scherer attributed abas's success to the consistent global strategy pursued by company leadership, which is demonstrated by installations and localizations in numerous countries. According to Dr. Scherer, this situation is fairly rare and does not apply to the diverse other ERP providers from the German-speaking area.
About abas
The company abas, which was founded in 1980, is now an international company group. Today, ABAS Software AG (abas-software.com) has 135 employees in Karlsruhe, and, together with abas sales and implementation partners, more than 750 employees worldwide. The core competence of ABAS Software AG is the development of a flexible ERP suite for midsize companies. More than 2,800 midmarket companies with approximately 90,000 users already use abas.
Agency / Source: ABAS Software AG
Availability: All Regions (Including Int'l)
Traffic Booster: [/] Quick PRZOOM - Press & Newswire Visibility Checker
Distribution / Indexing: [+] / [Company listed above is a registered member of our network. Content made possible by PRZOOM / PRTODAY indexing services]


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There are well documented studies that show the potential of the use of genetic algorithm (GA) in architecture and engineering. Numerous studies focuses on the application of the GA in the exploration of performance based façade design with single or multi‐objective optimization to satisfy the illuminance and glare requirements. As part of an ongoing research on the use of the GAs in the built environment, this project investigates on the potential of their application in an interactive façade design with a multiobjective optimization.
The objective was to develop an adaptive building façade to provide the optimum light conditions in the interior and to perform as interactive device for the exterior reacting to weather conditions and pedestrian activity. The façade act as a sort of medium to play and communicate with outside while maintain the privacy for the activities inside the building.
The façade is based on a series of shading device modules that can change aperture and tilting angles to allow to capture more or less light and to create a pattern that could change when pedestrian passed behind it to block the view through to increase the privacy in interior spaces. The façade works as interface between interior and exterior continuously reconfiguring its envelope to optimize the luminance requirements inside and the scenographic effects outside as emergent pattern and interaction with the audience.
The interaction between interior and exterior is controlled with a multi‐objective GA that evaluate the different solution configuration optimizing the natural lightning inside and in the same time the pattern construction on the external side of the envelope with the interaction of the pedestrians. The façade was designed and digitally simulated and finally was made a small scale prototype model using devices as Arduino connected with camera and sensors (Microsoft Kinect ®) to recognize gestures and interaction with users. The prototype showed how performed the interactive façade and the GA in the real time.
"The Interactive Facade".
"The Interactive Facade".
"The Interactive Facade".
Just a simple test about how to interact with digital objects in grasshopper using a Kinect. More to come..stay tuned! DM View full entry
Kinect + Grasshopper
A skeleton setup in Maya controlled with Kinect. Processing sends xyz coordinates of the joints to Maya with the UDP protocol. Unfortunately there is a small lag between Processing and Maya, but it works! A simple HowTo! **Premise: This is a very simple test, maybe you can find an easy way to do... View full entry
A blog about digital parametric techniques applied to design and engineer analysis. Experiments, work in progress, and prototipes.


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Committee Charge and Membership
Position Table
Position Request Form
December 21, 2009
428 Library
Present: Paula Kaufman, Chair; Bill Mischo, Vice-chair; Karen Hogenboom; JoAnn Jacoby; Michael Norman; Sarah Shreeves; David Ward; Greg Youngen; Visitors-Mary Burkee; Cherié Weible; Kim Matherly, recording
1. 3:00-Cherié Weible and Mary Burkee to discuss CAS positions
Mary and Cherié discussed the positions with the committee.
2. Approve December 17, 2009 Minutes
Minutes were approved.
3. Question Time
The TOP hire was approved, so now we will make an offer.
The Deans met with Stan Ikenberry and reviewed a draft of letter he will send after the first of the year regarding the budget. The Deans were asked not to share details at this time.
Will we be able to fill the positions that have searches already started? Paula doesn't know but feels we should continue with them.
4. Reference Services Team Charge
David will have a draft for the committee to look at next meeting.
5. Government Services Team
David sent this out through email and would like it to be reviewed and approved over email.
6. Exhibit Committee Name Change
EC approved changing the name of this committee to Exhibitions Committee.
7. Position title change request
EC will review all the titles at the next meeting.
8. Faculty Governance Teams
2 reports have been sent out to LIBFAC-L so far. When the final reports from all groups are in next month, EC will review them and schedule a faculty discussion at the next Faculty Meeting, which is scheduled for early February.
9. Position Requests
a. Head, Preservation
b. CAS Main Stacks Manager
c. CAS Patron Services Manager
d. Interim Head, CAS
e. LAC Librarian
f. Japanese Librarian
g. Middle Eastern Librarian
h. Psychology/Social Work Librarian
The committee has invited Nancy O'Brien and Karen Wei to come to the next meeting. EC will continue discussions about prioritizing these position requests.


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Water Level Indicator using LCD
Water level indicator plays a vital role in the world of water saving technology. It indicates five different level of water in a tank mostly used in housing water tank,cooler tank etc. The circuit is based on the microcontroller AT89S52 which is brain of the whole system. A CMOS IC4049 is used as a water sensor which provides input signals for the MCU. The output of microcontroller is connected to an LCD and a buzzor. LCD shows the water level in five steps. When the tank gets full of water,an alarm produces.
(Photo By Qamar Shaikh)
Download the complete code with pcb files.


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Matias Says World's Quietest Mechanical Keyboard is now Smaller and Wireless
The world's quietest mechanical keyboard is the Quiet Pro by Matias, released less than 4 months ago, to resoundingly positive reviews. Next week at CES - LVCC Booth #5633 - Matias will show their new compact models: the Mini Quiet Pro for PC and the wireless Laptop Pro for Mac.
"Mechanical keyboards have really grown in popularity, since we first started making them 10 years ago. Even Logitech sells them now. But they all had the same fundamental problem - too loud to use in a shared office, too loud to use around other people. We fixed that with the Quiet Pro, and now we're releasing more compact models that occupy less space on your desk, and are even small enough to take with you in your laptop bag," said Edgar Matias, CEO of Matias.
The Mini Quiet Pro for PC is essentially a smaller Quiet Pro. The number pad has been removed, but all of its other features remain, including the 3-port USB 2.0 hub - very handy for plugging in flash drives and other USB devices. Its cable is now detachable, making it easy to unplug and stow in your laptop bag, and Matias generously includes an extra cable for travel. All of this comes at a price $20 less than the Quiet Pro - $129.95.
"The Laptop Pro for Mac is so named because it's wireless - making it easy to use in your lap. This is especially good for business travellers, who are often stuck with a less-than-ergonomic desk in their hotel room. The Laptop Pro is already a better keyboard than the one built into their notebook computer. The ability to type with it on your lap makes it that much more comfortable," said Matias.
The Laptop Pro is equipped with an Ultra High Capacity rechargeable battery. Matias claims that, in typical use, it shouldn't require charging more than once or twice a year.
Price & Availability
The (USB) Mini Quiet Pro for PC is $129.95 (US). The (Bluetooth) Laptop Pro for Mac is $169.95. Both can be pre-ordered now, for delivery in February, from www.matias.ca, and will be available soon from authorized resellers.


text:
Map of second-placed parties in local elections shows rise of UKIP in Bromley
4:10pm Wednesday 4th June 2014
By Patrick Grafton-Green
4:10pm Wednesday 4th June 2014
By Patrick Grafton-Green
A map showing the parties that placed second across London in the recent local elections shows the impressive gains UKIP made in the borough of Bromley.
The Nigel Farage-led party won only two seats in Bromley, both in Cray Valley West, but got a significant number of votes, finishing in second place in almost every ward.
UKIP did better in east London than anywhere else, with a smattering of Conservative, Labour, Liberal Democrat and Green making up the rest of London's second place finishers.
Whether the party can build on their achievement in next year's general election remains to be seen, with some saying their success is down to little more than protest voting.
© Copyright 2001-2017 Newsquest Media Group


text:
Reviews - Sir Christopher Wren Hotel & Spa4
Thames Street, Berkshire, Windsor, SL4 1PX
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
Very Good
95% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
Great hotel would definetly stay again..
Stayed for one night with friend as celebrating school reunion from when I was at senior school.
(Born in Windsor and lived in Windsor til I was 25)..so knew the area well. Got a good advance deal. Rooms were newly built and furnished...lovely, only criticism is the shower head, there are two one fixed the other attached to the wall which I think most people prefer when they don't want to wash their hair.. in my home I have this attached to a slide rail to suit different height people but this was not so I had to hold which is difficult to do and wash at the same time..
Apart from this the room was excellent and breakfast (although extremely busy) was good too and just the abscence of warm or cold milk in jugs... it's hard to pour from a glass.
Read More Less
Superb hotel in the heart of Windsor
Situated on the Thames and only a few minutes walk from Windsor Castle.
This is an excellent hotel with very helpful staff on the front desk, in the restaurant and throughout. Very easy walk to the rest of the town and some nice walks along the river bank. Easy to get to Eton too. Car parking is offsite, a short walk away, but we didn't use or need the car at all during our stay so it wasn't too inconvenient.
Read More Less
Quality hotel in Windsor
This hotel is in an excellent location and having a car park makes it unique in Windsor.
The only disadvantage is the lack of a lift therefore making access to the upper floors difficult for disabled clients.
Read More Less
friendly, confortable and central
Staff were very efficient and helpful.
Unfortunately as a single traveller, due to circumstances, I was forced to take a double room which made this stay very expensive. Single travellers do, in most cases, have to pay over the odds for accommodation, but I would consider staying at this hotel in the future as it was very central to Windsor and easily accessible for train, bus and car travellers
Read More Less
Very helpful staff
We pulled up outside of the hotel full of expectation and happiness only for that to last all of 20 seconds.
When speaking to the person on the front desk we were politely informed that there indeed was no booking in our name and nor was there any rooms available.
They then informed us that the hotel had been fully booked for the previous three days and there had not been any availability when laterooms.com sold it too is. The manager D was so very helpful even to find us a room in another riverside hotel but unfortunately this was not walking distance from Windsor where we had intended to stay, but to solve this the very nice manager even provided us with return taxis between the hotels as it was our wedding anniversary and we wanted a stroll and a few drinks to relax. She also let us leave our car in their valet car park so we didn't have to drive or find alternative parking. So the final say is we will be returning for a stay in the Sir Christopher Wren but we will not use laterooms.com again.
Read More Less
Great Location
We really enjoyed our stay at Sir Christopher Wren Hotel and Spa.
Check in was easy, and we were located in an annex across from the hotel on the ground floor by the florist. This was not an issue for us, although I have seen some reviews where people felt 'apart' from the hotel. Room was clean, bed comfortable, location excellent. Literally on the doorstep to the high street and of course Windsor Castle. Didn't use the spa facilities or eat in the restaurant, had a drink in the bar which was pleasant enough. Couple of tips, book in advance for any restaurants in the High Street and also pay for the £15 car parking, as I think the £25 valet service is basically someone else driving your car to the exact same car park which is less than a minute away. All staff we encountered were polite, helpful and friendly. A thoroughly enjoyable one night stay.
Read More Less
Good, convenient option in Windsor
Windsor weekend away
We found Sir Christopher Wren via Laterooms.com for a weekend away and was pleasantly surprised.
First visit to Windsor with hotel very central to all amenities shops, theater, river, rail station, M4 and of course Castle. Upon arrival we were greeted by friendly and welcoming staff who ensured check in was easy. We booked a double room and were taken to private apartment which was clean and well equiped for family self catering if required. While we did not eat an evening meal at Sir Christopher, the menu was extensive and reasonably priced; breakfast was extensive with superb views of the river Thames. An excellent hotel, central and very welcoming - we will visit again later this year.
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Response from hotel
Dear Guest,
Thank you so much for taking the time to complete a review following your stay at the Sir Christopher Wren Hotel & Spa, and thank you for such wonderful comments and reviews!
It's a pleasure to receive such positive feedback, and I'm thrilled to hear you enjoyed a pleasant weekend away with us.
I shall share your positive comments and feedback with the rest of the team, who will be delighted that their continued hard work was received so well.
We look forward to welcoming you back to Windsor later this year.
Kindest regards,
Cold Breakfast and 'no chance' of extra scones
The cleanliness and quality of the room were both great.
Bed was extremely comfortable. Breakfast was a little disappointing on both mornings. The first morning was a self service buffet with cracked plastic lids covering the food and the sausages were not adequately cooked. The second day because of this we decided to order from the menu. I ordered eggs benedict and my partner ordered an omelette. My partner was very satisfied with his omelette, however the sauce for my eggs was stone cold. I asked for it to be reheated and was brought a fresh plate with a tepid sauce, not much warmer than the first time around. Very disappointing. On the Saturday we went into the Thames view bar for drinks and cream teas and had invited some friends. On asking if we could have a few more scones as they were very small, we were told that there was 'no chance' and that if we wanted more scones we would have to purchase another cream tea, at a cost of £8.75. If my friend had not asked for a comments card, the manager would not have got involved. She apologised and we were then brought the extra scones at no further cost. This did put a damper on the whole event though. The decor at the hotel and everything else was faultless, apart from being charged for an extra night's parking, which was £15 more than we should have paid. Luckily we noticed this error and the mistake was rectified.
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Response from hotel
Dear Sally,
Thank you for taking the time to complete a review after your stay at the Sir Christopher Wren Hotel & Spa last month, and thank you also for your ratings and comments.
Please allow me to express my deepest regret that your visit was quite mixed with regards to the Breakfast and Afternoon Tea.
We truly value all feedback, and I can assure you that guest comments - both positive and negative - are always distributed to relevant staff members, and used to improve our service.
Please rest assured that your comments have been passed on to our Head Chef Aime and Deputy General Manager Daniel who is in charge of the restaurant and will be investigated accordingly. Daniel and Aime are currently looking into how our Breakfast service can be improved and your comments will be considered when alterations are being made.
Daniel will remind the servers that guest requests where possible should be met and if this cannot happen for any reason this should be explained in a clear informative manner and I am sorry that on this occasion this does not appear to have happened.
Thank you so much for your positive comments about the room and I will pass these over to our Housekeeping Manager Monika who will be delighted that her teams hard work was received so well.
I apologise for the mix up with the bill and am glad to see this was rectified for you.
I do hope that these negative points did not impede your overall experience and I hope we can welcome you back to our hotel when you're next in the area.
Kind regards,
Lovely hotel
Location of this hotel is excellent as it is right on the river, near the shops and restaurants.
There is parking nearby so no need to book hotels own. Breakfast not up to scratch so would go elsewhere if we came back plenty of choice very nearby.
Read More Less
Response from hotel
Dear L Vass,
Thank you so much for taking the time to complete a review following your stay at the Sir Christopher Wren Hotel & Spa last month, and thank you for such wonderful comments and reviews!
It's a pleasure to receive such positive feedback, and I'm thrilled to hear you were so happy with the location of the hotel.
I am sorry to see you had some problems with breakfast and if you would like to share any further more indepth feedback about this please feel free to email me directly so I can investigate.
I shall share your positive comments and feedback with the rest of the team, who will be delighted that their continued hard work was received so well.
I hope the Breakfast did not impede your overall stay and I look forward to welcoming you back to Windsor at a later date.
Kindest regards,
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text:
AbeBooks Europe GmbH, the German subsidiary of the Amazon-owned Abebooks, has reached an agreement with Mediantis AG to acquire the assets of the ZVAB.com business, the online marketplace of German rare antiquarian books with over 3,000 professional antiquarians in 27 countries that offers customers an inventory of over 35 million used, antiquarian and out-of-print books in many languages.
"With its great selection of rare and antiquarian books, ZVAB.com is an excellent complement to AbeBooks' German used and antiquarian books offering," said Hannes Blum, CEO of AbeBooks. The acquisition is expected to close in the second quarter of 2011.


text:
Guest Since 2003
We first discovered this gem of a resort from a leadership training conference that was held here and fell in love with it. I've stayed here several times since, but my favorite visit was probably with my parents and daughter.
My wife and I stay at top resorts around the world quite frequently but my parents hardly ever do, so it was such a pleasure to go there with them and my daughter and see how impressed they all were. We still talk about this trip often. My mom is ill with blood cancer so this was a really special treat for us to spend some real quality time together as a family. Look at the view of the standard room we got! My mom couldn't get over what a beautiful resort it was.


text:
Hello and Welcome to my electronics-tech. We are going to talk about different electronics and tech. Everything from upgrading your PC or laptop to maybe even modifying your old console systems.
Is your PC running slow? Are the Graphics of some programs just not running like you would like? Do you want to play that new game on its max setting? Well we are here to help you with that!
This page is sponsored By:
Dr Schwartz: We are here for all your oral surgeon needs. From Wisdom Tooth Extractions too Orthodontic TAD placements we do it all!
Zeal for life: all natural vitamin supplement for energy, acne, skin care, stress, stretch marks.


text:
Warren County Local History by Dallas Bogan
|Dallas Bogan on 19 September 2004
|The following was taken from Dallas Bogan's book, "The Pioneer Writings of Josiah Morrow."
|Return to Index to see a list of other articles by Dallas Bogan
In the sketches of the early lawyers and judges of Warren County, given in
preceding articles, the fact was noted that none of the efforts at the bar of
the lawyers or opinions from the bench of the judges had been preserved. Ohio
made no provisions for publishing reports of cases decided in her courts until
1824, and then only of cases decided in the Supreme Court. Before that date,
it is true, newspaper sometimes gave imperfect reports of trials of great public
interest, but rarely was given even an abstract of an attorney's argument or
a judge's opinion or charge to a jury, and thus the fame of some of our distinguished
lawyers and judges for learning in the law rests wholly on tradition.
For this reason I deem it fortunate that I am able to give some rulings on the bench of Francis Dunlevy, the first president judge of the Cincinnati Circuit. These I take from a printed account in my possession of a trial in Cincinnati in 1807, four years after the judge was first elected to the bench.
The fact may be recalled that Francis Dunlevy was the only one of the early president judges who was not a lawyer at the time of his election to the bench, and that he was admitted to the bar after serving fourteen years on the bench. It should, however, be stated in this connection that he was a man of liberal education and wide intelligence, and that he had served in the territorial legislature and in the first constitutional convention. Although he had not regularly studied law in a law office, he was probably fitted for the bench than were most of the practicing lawyers of the new state. He was re- elected and served two terms of seven years on the bench. The case to which I have referred and in which he was the presiding judge was tried in Cincinnati a little over a hundred years ago and awakened more interest than any other trial in the early history of Ohio.
General James Findlay, after whom Fort Findlay and the city
of Findlay, Ohio, were named was then receiver of public money in the land office
at Cincinnati, and he found that large sums of money were stolen from him in
the two or three years preceding April, 1807. The receiver at that time did
not keep the public money in a bank, and perhaps it was not deemed prudent to
do so. He kept large sums of money at his home in a trunk and in iron chests,
securely locked, as he supposed. The kind of currency which then went to make
up the large sums in the public land office is shown by the description in the
indictment in this case of the packages of money stolen at three different times.
The defendant was indicted both for burglary and larceny. He was charged with stealing from the dwelling house of James Findlay in the township of Cincinnati in the county of Hamilton on August 16, 1805, eight banknotes of the value of $800 on May 30, 1806, bank notes of the value of $9,000, foreign gold of the value of $2,600 and coin of the United States of the value of $16,000, and one paper bundle containing notes of the value of $16,000.
The total value of all the sums stolen mentioned in the indictment was $47,000. In the trial General Findlay testified that he had lost upwards of $47,000 and to that sum he was positive. He believed also in the addition to the loss of the public funds, he had lost $7,000 of his own money. He testified that he generally kept his gold coin and bank notes in a trunk for convenience of change and also to be portable in case of fire; he also put silver coin in the trunk, but when it got full, he emptied the silver into an iron chest. Some of his clerks usually slept in the room in which the money was kept. When he first discovered his loss of money he avoided mention of it except to a few persons in his confidence, thinking he might make up the loss to the public himself, and might the more surely detect the thief.
The trial was commenced on April 21, 1807, at the same term of court at which
the indictment was found. On the bench were Dunlevy, presiding
judge, and Silver, Foster and McFarland, associate judges.
The prosecuting attorney was Arthur St. Clair Jr., and he was
assisted by Jacob Burnett, Ethan Stone and Elias Glover. The
counsel for the defendant were Nicholas Longworth of Cincinnati,
Joseph H. Crane of Dayton, Henry Brush of
Chillicothe and Richard S. Thomas of Lebanon. The defendant
was a man of means, owning much real estate, and was able to employ able attorneys.
Trials were not conducted then as now. On the first day a motion was made that the prisoner be permitted to take his place within the bar so as to be near his counsel, and it was not allowed. The prisoner was, however, given a seat in a box next behind his counsel and soon after, his wife, with her child, took a seat near him. After intimation from the bench she withdrew to the gallery where there were women among the spectators.
I have always understood that under our old constitution in trials in the court of common pleas the decision of legal questions was left to the presiding judge, and that he usually did not even consult the associate judges on such questions. But this was not the case in this trial. In several cases an opinion was announced as that of a majority of the court, and the presiding judge was not always on the side of the majority. After the trial Judge Dunlevy wrote the governor in an appeal for clemency to the prisoner, that many things were admitted as evidence against the accused that he thought ought not to have been admitted.
The most important witness against the accused was a mulatto who had formerly
been a servant to General Findlay and who admitted that he
was an accomplice in the crime committed, but he had not been indicted, and
possibly had been promised immunity if he would testify for the prosecution.
There was a long argument on the admissibility of the testimony of this witness.
Judge Dunlevy gave the opinion of the court as follows:
"The court will admit the testimony. I have always thought it a hard practice, but I cannot go against the universal practice and decisions of court. I think it a dangerous kind of testimony, but am bound to admit it. I disclaim any kind of discretion in this case, as I think it dangerous and tending to tyranny when exercised on the bench. We have admitted this kind of testimony and cannot now reject it. If there is any precedent in our court to the contrary, I know it not, and cannot be bound by it. I must say I know no difference between this case and any other. If a person is indicted for stealing a hundred thousand dollars or five cents, it is to me the same. I have always directed the jury to be very careful in admitting the testimony of an accomplice when uncorroborated by the other testimony."
This trial was concluded in four days after the beginning of the examination of witnesses, the court holding eight sessions. The argument before the jury occupied one day and one night session. Seven of the eight attorneys in the case addressed the jury speaking in the following order: St Clair, the prosecuting attorney, opened for the state and he was followed by Stone, also for the state: next Longworth, Crane and Brush spoke for the defense ad Burnet and Glover closed for the state. At the conclusion of the argument, Judge Dunlevy charged the jury. The following is given in the report of the case as the substance of his charge:
"You have for several days past assiduously and patiently attended to
the evidence and arguments in this cause and I am far from wishing to consume
more of your time. A few observations, however, I feel it my duty to make.
"The law by which crimes of this nature are punished is to be found in our statute book. Two different crimes are charged in the indictment, burglary and larceny. I will observe that the doctrine of principal and accessory is not recognized by our statutes. If a person be indicted as an aider, he cannot be convicted, but whoever are equally concerned become principals. It is conceded that the crimes laid in the indictment have been committed; it is, however, your duty to examine and determine this. Compare the facts in evidence before you with the counts in the indictment and determine whether they amount to the crimes laid in the indictment. If you are of a clear opinion they do examine how far or how many of these were committed by the prisoner. If you believe he did not commit the whole you must only find him guilty on those he did not commit, and not guilty generally.
"Counsel have told you that a particeps criminis is not admissible testimony. By admitting the testimony the court have declared their opinion. They have declared it was proper. I should be sorry to see any person convicted upon the solitary, uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. But it has been the practice to admit this kind of testimony, and you must determine from the character of Britton and the manner of his story the credit to which he is entitled. Suspicions will always remain upon the accomplice. You must also take into consideration the circumstances attending the principal facts. Immaterial circumstances or slight presumptions have no weight unless joined with such other circumstances as have a necessary connection with the principal facts.
"Presumptive evidence is often of the strongest kind; where a number of circumstances take place which could not exist without the principal fact. This is a strong presumption that the principal fact happened. Clear and direct testimony is not always to be expected. In this case you must compare the whole evidence together, and compare it in separate parts and upon that comparison determine whether the prisoner has committed the crime charges against him.
"You are to discharge from your minds everything unconnected with the evidence. What will be the consequences of an acquittal or conviction of the prisoner is at this time of no consideration for you. Whether in either case it will be of serious loss and inconvenience to the public, or whether it will plunge individuals into misery, ruin and disgrace, you must act with firmness and decide with justice. You must not consider the character either of the prisoner of the prosecutor; you must determine by the testimony and by that only. Passion or prejudice, hatred or friendship must not govern you. Even the most darling attribute of humanity, mercy, must not incline you one little from the line of your duty. You must not judge from the ruin on the one side or from the punishment on the other, but from the stern dictates of the law and from the matters of fact.
"If the evidence does not appear to you reasonable and consistent, or if you doubt the weight of the evidence, it must, as to that part, go to an acquittal of the prisoner. You will throw his innocence into one scale and the evidence into the other, and bring in your verdict according to the solemn oath you have taken.
"If, in your belief, the evidence proves the charges laid in the indictment, the day laid is not material, provided it be so near the time when the facts were committed as to induce you to believe they were the same facts mentioned in the indictment."
In less than half an hour the jury agreed upon a verdict of "guilty as
he stands indicted." The sentence of the court pronounced the next day
was that the defendant for the burglary charged in the first count pay a fine
of one hundred dollars and be imprisoned thirty days, and for the larcenies
charged he pay a fine of one hundred dollars and make restitution to James
Findlay by paying him double the value of the stolen property, to wit,
$94,000, and that he be publicly whipped ten stripes on his naked back at 10
o'clock in the forenoon of the 23rd of May next, and stand committed until sentence
be performed.
Before the day of punishment by public whipping arrived General Findlay who entered into an agreement with the prisoner by which restitution of the public money stolen was in large part to be made, and Findlay and his friends agreed to use their efforts to obtain from the governor a remission of the sentence of public whipping. When May 23 arrived the prisoner was taken to the place where corporal punishment was inflicted and the sheriff produced and read a pardon from Governor Thomas Kirker. Letters asking for the pardon had been written to the governor by General Findlay, Judge Dunlevy, Judge McFarland, Senator John Smith, the prosecuting attorney and other counsel for the prosecution.
NOTICE: All documents and electronic images placed on the Warren County OHGenWeb site remain the property of the contributors, who retain publication rights in accordance with US Copyright Laws and Regulations. These documents may be used by anyone for their personal research. Persons or organizations desiring to use this material, must obtain the written consent of the submitter, or their legal representative, and contact the listed Warren County OHGenWeb coordinator with proof of this consent.
This page created 19 September 2004 and last updated
28 September, 2008
© 2004 Arne H Trelvik All rights reserved


text:
The University of Arizona women's golf team remained in 10th place after the second round of the NCAA West Regional at Stanford Golf Course in Palo Alto, Calif.
The Wildcats had a 30-over 598 total, 21 strokes behind leaders Purdue and Vanderbilt. Arizona freshman Janie Jackson was in seventh place with an even 142. Manon Gidali is in 51st with a 9-over 151. Annie Park of USC leads all individuals with a 4-under 138.
Auto racing
Kyle Busch wins Nationwide race
DARLINGTON, S.C. - Kyle Busch took the lead from Joey Logano 18 laps from the end to win his fifth Nationwide race this season and second in three years at Darlington Raceway on Friday night.
Busch started from the pole and was the strongest car throughout. He led for 107 of the 147 laps and finished a second in front of Elliott Sadler.
Joe Gibbs Racing placed four in the top five, Busch and Elliott's teammates Brian Vickers third and Matt Kenseth fifth.
Logano was in front when the field restarted following the last of four caution periods while Busch was in third. Busch quickly got past second-place Austin Dillon and then passed Logano.
• Kurt Busch set a Darlington Raceway record in earning the pole for today's Southern 500 Sprint Cup race.
Busch's lap of 181.918 mph Friday earned him his third career pole at Darlington and broke the two-year-old mark of 181.254 mph held by Kasey Kahne. Jimmie Johnson will start alongside Busch, followed by Kyle Busch, Kahne and Martin Truex Jr.
Dansby coming back to Cardinals
TEMPE - The Arizona Cardinals have signed free agent linebacker Karlos Dansby to a one-year contract.
Dansby was drafted by Arizona in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL draft and played six seasons for the Cardinals. He started 83 games and had 25.5 sacks with 10 interceptions. Dansby spent the past three seasons with Miami and led the Dolphins with a career-high 133 tackles, including one sack, in 2012.
Pima College
Golf, tennis players honored
Pima's Joseph Courtney was named to the all-ACCAC men's golf first team, while Tyler Cooper (Agave) made the second team. Two Aztecs tennis players were also honored, as Brian Soto (Nogales) and Dylan Vo (Ironwood Ridge) made the second team all-ACCAC.
Nadal advances to semifinals
MADRID - Rafael Nadal rallied past David Ferrer 4-6, 7-6 (3), 6-0 Friday in the quarterfinals of the Madrid Open, maintaining his bid to reach a seventh straight final since returning from a knee injury.
Top-ranked Serena Williams defeated Anabel Medina Garrigues 6-3, 0-6, 7-5, and second-ranked Maria Sharapova joined her in the semifinals after easing by Kaia Kanepi of Estonia 6-2, 6-4.
• Adult Swim says it's turning Mike Tyson into a cartoon detective. The network announced a new animated series Friday called "Mike Tyson Mysteries" that will feature the retired boxing champ.
On the show, a cartoon version of Tyson will solve wacky problems, assisted by a trusty associate: a foul-mouthed pet pigeon. The network said Tyson will voice the animated character, as well as make live-action appearances.
• The America's Cup catamaran that capsized in San Francisco Bay, killing an Olympic gold medalist, nosedived during a difficult maneuver and broke into many pieces, an official said Friday.
However, it remained unclear why the Artemis flipped on Thursday, trapping crew member Andrew "Bart" Simpson under the wreckage for at least 10 minutes.
Includes material from news releases


text: I absolutely LOVE to find uses for stuff I would normally throw away, don't you? You may have seen the toilet paper tube treat holder before but I have some tips to make it MUCH easier. I tried several times to make this and every time it was a disaster


text: After I reinstalled my computer, I found that there is speaker's driver but no microphone's driver. When I use Skype, I can't "Call someone on video" because microphone's driver is not installed. How to install and where to install? Can someone please help me? Thanks Computer: Dell Operating system: Windows Vista Speaker's driver: High Definition Audio Driver


text:
This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
ProgressBar Control (Windows Forms)
Visual Studio .NET 2003
The Windows Forms ProgressBar control indicates the progress of an action by displaying an appropriate number of rectangles arranged in a horizontal bar. When the action is complete, the bar is filled. Progress bars are commonly used to give the user an idea of how long to wait for a protracted action to complete — for instance, when a large file is being loaded.
In This Section
- Introduction to the Windows Forms ProgressBar Control
- Introduces the general concepts of the ProgressBar control, which allows you to graphically display the progress of an operation.
- Setting The Value Displayed By the Windows Forms ProgressBar Control
- Discusses a number of different ways to increase the value displayed by the ProgressBar control.
Related Sections
- Controls You Can Use On Windows Forms
- Provides a complete list of Windows Forms controls, with links to information on their use.
- ProgressBar Class
- Provides reference information on the ProgressBar class and its members.


text:
Has anyone done this tour, and if so, did you enjoy it? Background: Taking my mother, 75, to NYC for one night. She hasn't been there in over 30 years. I asked her what the top few things she wanted to do were, assuming they would include the 911 Memorial and a show. She had mentioned both of those before, but she has apparently changed her mind, LOL.
She IS very interested in the Tenement Museum, the Doughnut Plant, the Pickle Guy, and possibly The Frick. My husband and I went on the Foods of NYC Greenwich Village tour a few years ago, and it seems like something she'd like, but I think it requires too much standing for too long. The Chinatown tour makes longer, and fewer stops, so I though she might find that interesting. (?)
Mom loves reading and watching documentaries about different cultures, but has never really been a museum goer. She likes classic rock music, LOL, but apparently doesn't want to see a musical (or play). She doesn't like heights, so the TOR is out. I think she would love the cloisters, but I don't think that's practical for such a short trip.
Two days isn't long, but planning is going to be harder than I thought. I read the wonderful "Mama to NY" thread, but my Mom has different tastes, LOL.
Recent ActivityView all United States activity »
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Foods of NYC Chinatown tour for a senior citizen?
Has anyone done this tour, and if so, did you enjoy it? Background: Taking my mother, 75, to NYC for one night. She hasn't been there in over 30 years. I asked her what the top few things she wanted to do were, assuming they would include the 911 Memorial and a show. She had mentioned both of those before, but she has apparently changed her mind, LOL.
Report Abuse
If you are going to the Tenement Museum (which I strongly recommend), perhaps you should do a Lower East Side food tour. Or simply go to Katz's, which is nearby. Or you could simply walk over to the Essex Street Market. But the Doughnut Plant is also nearby, and there's a great place for gelato. But in all honesty, doing that and the Frick is about all you need for a single day. Plan an activity close to your hotel for the second morning.
You can actually do the Cloisters in a couple of hours if you aren't that interested in art. Just walking around is fun, and there's a great garden and incredible views. Then head home.
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We'll be there pretty much for two days, as we're coming from a NYC suburb of CT.
The problem with the Cloisters is getting there. I think she'd really like it, but it would require a long bus ride. I want to avoid the subway because there are too many stairs, and because I wouldn't want any possibility of her having to stand. Also, we're going in November so the gardens wouldn't be as beautiful as they ordinarily are. (I was there last spring.)
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I'm the same age as your mother.... not old - I live in NYC so my friends and I are used to walking every place. However, recently my wings were clipped by a sciatica attack. I've found that leaning on a cane is a great way to rest. I found a nifty collapsible one that I hide when I don't want to be an old lady. If your mother doesn't mind walking but needs a little rest every once in
awhile it could be a help. As far as a China town tour goes... does it include food? That would be the draw for me. The Frick Collection is great for someone who doesn't like museums. It's more an introduction into how the robber barons lived. Of course, for the connoisseur there's the
collection. Also, there are lots of places to sit !
Have a lovely visit.
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Thanks, Grandma! My Grandparents were all very fit to a much older age, but Mom has had more health issues so she can walk, but not super long distances, and her balance is slightly off. She hates to take here cane, but agree that it would be a great idea. I didn't know they had collapsible ones, so I will look into that. She actually wants to take the subway, but I can't imagine that being a good idea. Her house is two story, but still, the subway can be a lot more!
Yes, the Chinatown tour includes food. She sounded pretty excited when I asked her about it. I'm glad you like the Frick idea too.
I wish I could extend the visit a little, but she hates to be away from her pets, even though they are in good hands.
Comment has been removed by Fodor's moderators
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Not sure through where you were finding the Chinatown tour but there is also the Museum of Chinese in America. http://www.mocanyc.org/ They have tours of both the museum and the area. You could phone and ask about length of walking, stops, places to sit. It was one of my plans on my trip in February but then the big snow storm hit. Maybe next time.
And I totally agree that the Frick is great even for people that don't like museums.
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Thanks, laurie_ann! I hadn't heard of that one, and it does sound like a good prospect.
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There are a few self guided food tours of the lower east side online. Maybe going at her own pace would be better. Post back if you want links. If she's more interested now iin eating in Chinatown, I can provide the name of a private Chinese guide who could take you to a few different places based on taste preferences. I think a tour group may not be a great idea. The foldable cane is a great idea. Some fold up to fit in a purse.
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We did the Chinatown food tour, and it was a lot of fun. It included quite a bit of walking though. We had some great dumplings, a yummy eggplant dish, and some Peking duck. Also went to a Chinese healing/apothecary shop, and to a little tea place to shop. We really loved the Tenement Museum as well. Our tour involved walking up several flights of stairs, and it can get pretty warm in there. You know your mom's abilities best and what she can handle. Doughnut Plant was yummy. Tres leches and creme brulee were our favorite flavors. Katz's is close by, but the line was really long when we tried to go.
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mclaurie, I'd love to take a look at the links of the self guided tours if you have time to post them. Thank you!
volcanogirl, thank you for your insight about the Chinatown food tour! It does sound nice.
We also did one of the tours of the Tenement museum that required a lot of stairs. Fortunately, they list the number of stairs on their website for each one, and they have an Irish tour that she should like that's on the second floor. Her house has stairs, so I know she'd be fine with that.
Katz's might be a good idea too. I will ask her about that!
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I did the Chinatown foods of NYC tour about 2 years ago, and from memory we actually sat down to eat at 3 of the restaurants. As far as I know that is different in other tours when most of the eating is done standing around. You should check with the operator. I loved it and recommend it but can't remember how much walking there was.
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Thanks, KatPen!
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text:
MEIKO Clean Solutions (SEA) Sdn Bhd, 8, Lorong Teknologi C (OMNI)
Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Telephone +60 3 6151 5461, Telefax +60 3 6151 5464, E-Mail: email@example.com
MEIKO Clean Solutions (SEA) Sdn Bhd, 8, Lorong Teknologi C (OMNI)
Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Telephone +60 3 6151 5461, Telefax +60 3 6151 5464, E-Mail: email@example.com
A marathon for MEIKO dishwashing technology, some 130,000 people visited the restaurants of the four-star superior hotel Bell Rock in 2013. With 225 rooms including 35 suites, the Bell Rock is the newest of the five four-star hotels at the Europa-Park Hotel Resort, in Rust, Germany. Fine dining and accommodation in colonial style is the motto of the innovative themed hotel which aims to send its guests on an expedition back into past centuries.
With its à la carte, buffet and fine dining restaurants, the Hotel Bell Rock needs plenty of food preparation facilities, so its basement features a pastry shop, patisserie, preparation kitchen, breakfast kitchen and a full range of kitchen equipment for the Ammolite. The basement level also includes the wash-up area which receives the dirty crockery from all the hotel's restaurants. Equipped with a pot and pan washer, a glasswasher and the M-iQ dishwasher – this is the pivotal hub of cleanliness and hygiene at the Bell Rock.
"We rely on MEIKO because it's reliable, energy-efficient and minimizes our use of resources – not only at the Bell Rock, but also in many other restaurant areas and hotels," says Müller, praising the benefits offered by M-iQ dishwasher and highlighting in particular its superb cleaning results and cost-effective operation.
The latest high-tech innovation from MEIKO emphasises the company's determination to develop sustainable cleaning technologies that foster a clean environment. The M-iQ generation are reshaping the future of dishwashing!
MEIKO undercounter dishwashers can be installed under the bar, in the serving area, or in a separate wash-up room – but wherever you choose, you can be confident they will always offer the same fantastic performance in a compact package.
These all-rounders offer outstanding wash results even for larger washware such as pots, pans, trays, containers and similar items – that's the power of MEIKO warewashing technology!


text:
WASHINGTON – With one MLS match remaining before the US Open Cup final against Real Salt Lake on Oct. 1, Saturday's trip to Toronto will provide D.C. United's younger and lesser-used players an opportunity to log some first-team minutes.
Seeing as the last-place club is well out of playoff contention, a huge amount of emphasis has long been placed on Tuesday's final. So much so that United's expected starters for that match have stuck around in D.C. to prepare while coach Ben Olsen enters Saturday's contest (1 pm ET, MLS Live) with what is expected to be an eclectic mix of players.
"Unfortunately, we have the luxury to do certain things this season and one of them is to play young guys and tinker with the lineup and see how certain guys respond to MLS games," Olsen said Friday. "So I'm looking forward to seeing these guys. I know they're looking forward to it and it's a wonderful opportunity for them."
United have already fielded the youngest lineup in club history this season and could potentially break that mark Saturday. According the match notes Taylor Kemp (23), Jared Jeffrey (23), Collin Martin (18), Conor Shanosky (21) and Conor Doyle (21) all are projected in the starting XI. Michael Seaton (17) also traveled with the club and likely will see time.
"I'm really excited for this weekend against Toronto. It's a good opportunity," said Martin, who has played in four matches since singing with the club in July. "Coaches and players have really been stressing playing in the moment and trying to get a win. There's not much to lose, so we're really excited about going out there and trying to get result."
- Get more D.C. United news and updates at DCUnited.com
United currently are riding a seven-match winless streak (0-5-2) and even with the regulars back home, a win heading into the Open Cup final likely would provide a boost. Still, it's clear that Olsen and his staff will experiment with their starting XI as the season winds down in an attempt to evaluate talent and build momentum heading into 2014.
"We win either way," Olsen said. "If it's a tough night and we take a lot of lessons and lumps, it's a learning experience. If we get a result, it's a whole other learning experience and now these young guys have a little bit more of a belief.
"It's a great opportunity for the players, for the coaches to sit back and watch. Again, a lot of these guys wouldn't have the luxury of a full MLS game if we weren't in the situation we're in."


text:
On his epic voyage - an adventure so grand and glorious it has become the very symbol for all great journeys - Odysseus must face the monstrous cyclops, escape the enchanting nymph Circe, defy the terrors of Scylla and Charybdis, and descend to the land of the dead. Even home is not safe, for there Odysseus must triumph in one last battle to be reunited with his loving wife.
For nearly 3,000 years, the story of Odysseus' journey has enthralled the world. Now Full Cast Audio brings you Geraldine McCaughrean's brilliant retelling, in a dazzling recording that will captivate young and old alike.
©2003 Geraldine McCaughrean; (P)2008 Full Cast Audio
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Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Print version ISSN 0042-9686
Bull World Health Organ vol.86 n.10 Genebra Oct. 2008
Recording patient responses in low-income countries: does the tool make a difference?
Karen Cheng1
Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
Increasingly, health-care providers in low-income countries are using information and communications technology (ICT) for routine data collection. Nongovernmental organizations and health research teams often use handheld computers, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), to conduct household and behavioural risk surveys.1 Similarly, some hospitals and clinics are using handheld and desktop computers to record information during patient visits.2 This technology can facilitate the retrieval of patient data, the identification of trends in a patient's chart and the aggregation of data so that group trends may be identified more quickly.
While the advantages of using ICT in health settings have been widely touted, the introduction of technology into a setting that did not produce the design of that technology poses unique challenges. Some of the infrastructure challenges in low-resource settings include unreliable sources or complete lack of electricity, harsh environmental conditions and few staff trained to support the ICT hardware and software. Another challenge that has received little attention is the sociocultural context in which ICT is used. In low-income countries, only a small proportion of people have daily encounters with ICT. For example, only 4.7% of Africans access the internet on a regular basis compared to 71% of people in the United States of America (USA).3 Similarly, cell phone penetration in Africa is approximately 6.2%4 and 84% in the USA.5 The lack of daily familiarity with ICT may lead to unexpected problems when it is introduced to health-care settings in low-income countries.
In the course of a recent randomized controlled trial done in Luanda, Angola,6 we surveyed 231 people to assess their risk for HIV infection. In half of the surveys, the interviewers used a PDA to note participant responses. In the other half, the interviewers used paper and pencil. Other than the difference in these tools to record responses, the two groups were essentially the same: the same interviewers conducted the interviews, the same questions were asked and the same procedures for recruitment and informed consent were used. People in the PDA group gave, on average, 2.4 socially desirable responses (out of 9 possible), compared to 1.4 for participants in the paper-and-pencil group [t(221) = 2.8, P < 0.01]. That is, people seemed to exaggerate how safe their behaviours were when they were faced with an interviewer using a PDA.
Because the two groups differed only in the way the responses were recorded, we concluded that the PDA cued people to alter their responses. Perhaps the participants were concerned about what would happen to their data because they were not familiar with the technology. Alternatively, they may have perceived the interviewer using the PDA to be of higher status and wanted to impress the interviewer.
This finding suggests that the good intentions of introducing ICT into health-care settings in low-income countries may have unintended consequences if tests of its effects are not done beforehand. Biases in patient responses may lead to inaccurate assessments of their vulnerability for certain diseases or of the prevalence of a disease in a particular community. For example, if a patient underestimates his or her number of unsafe sexual acts to a health worker, the health worker may underestimate that patient's risk for HIV and may not recommend HIV testing.
When introducing ICT to a health-care setting in a low-income country, researchers and health-care providers may wish to consider the following steps:
Engage in discussions with local stakeholders from a wide range of economic and educational levels. Probe about patients' and health workers' perceptions of ICT and how those perceptions could be barriers to accepting the technology. Consider modifying work practices to account for the barriers.
Identify the social characteristics (for example, gender, class and education level) that may affect the relationship between the patient and the health worker. Develop protocols to ameliorate those barriers that may affect the relationship between the patient and the health worker who uses ICT.
Conduct a short study, comparing the responses received when ICT is used and when paper and pencil is used.
Conduct periodic checks on patient records to see if using ICT has affected accuracy of patient responses.
Determine the degree of inaccuracy that is acceptable. The advantages of ICT may still be worth some level of bias in patient reporting.
This technology has the potential to improve the quality of health services in low-income countries when introduced in a culturally appropriate manner. Further research should be done to identify specific sociocultural barriers and facilitators to patient or client comfort with ICT in low-income countries. Barriers and facilitators may include age, gender, class, education level, national or regional culture, level of urbanization, political climate and professional culture. Such information can help health-care providers determine how to introduce this technology into their work to maximize its potential.
Funding: United States National Institute of Mental Health P-30-MH58107 and R01-MH64883.
Available at: http://www.who.int/ bulletin/volumes/86/10/08-054668/en/index.html
1. Handhelds for health: SATELLIFE'S experiences in Africa and Asia. Watertown, MA: SATELLIFE; 2005.
2. Diero L, Rotich JK, Bii J, Mamlin BW, Einterz RM, Kalamai IZ, et al. A computer-based medical record system and personal digital assistants to assess and follow patients with respiratory tract infections visiting a rural Kenyan health centre. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2006;6:21. PMID:16606466 doi:10.1186/1472-6947-6-21
3. Internet world stats: usage and population statistics. Miniwatts Marketing Group. Available from: http://www.internetworldstats.com [accessed on 2 September 2008].
4. Africa: the impact of mobile phones: moving the debate forward [Vodafone Policy Papers, series no. 2]. Vodafone Group; 2005.
5. Wireless quick facts. Washington, DC: CTIAThe Wireless Association. Available from: http://www.ctia.org/ advocacy/research/index.cfm/AID/10323 [accessed on 2 September 2008].
6. Cheng KG, Ernesto F, Truong KN. Participant and interviewer attitudes towards handheld computers in the context of HIV/AIDS programs in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, Florence, 5-10 April 2008. New York: Association for Computing Machinery;2008. pp. 763-766.
1 Correspondence to Karen Cheng (e-mail: email@example.com).


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Wed, Jan 19, 2011 at 12:07 AM
A Team Like No Other
We go hard for nicki: promoting,requesting,voting,and being all around supportive. We have our ups and downs and can be slightly unorganized and all over the place at times. But even during the times we are all on different pages,we are all still bound by the main goal of being here to show our love and support for Ms. Onika Tanya Maraj. I know that this is very cliche but Team Minaj really is like a 2nd family. I can always count on u guys to brighten even my worse day.And i thank you for that. I would have never imagined the day where i would talk to people from all over the world who share a common interest.I have also come to develop a genuine bond with a lot of u..in 2010 I was blessed to meet 12 team minaj members..10.23 was one of the highlights of my year. We had a blast :-). U guys are amazing. And i plan to meet even more of you guys this year. But basically what i'm trying to say is that each and every one of us r blessed and no matter what people may say,we are truly a team like no other.. xoxoxoxoxo


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MS, with or without pre-analysis peptide fractionation, can be used to decipher the residues on proteins where oxidative modifications caused by peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen or electrophilic lipids have occurred. Peroxynitrite nitrates tyrosine and tryptophan residues on the surface of actin. Singlet oxygen, formed by the interaction of UVA light with tryptophan, can oxidize neighbouring cysteine, histidine, methionine, tyrosine and tryptophan residues. Dose–response inactivation by 4HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) of hBAT (human bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase) and CKBB (cytosolic brain isoform of creatine kinase) is associated with site-specific modifications. FT-ICR (Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance)–MS using nanoLC (nano-liquid chromatography)–ESI (electrospray ionization)–MS or direct-infusion ESI–MS with gas-phase fractionation identified 14 4HNE adducts on hBAT and 17 on CKBB respectively. At 4HNE concentrations in the physiological range, one member of the catalytic triad of hBAT (His362) was modified; for CKBB, although all four residues in the active site that were modifiable by 4HNE were ultimately modified, only one, Cys283, occurred at physiological concentrations of 4HNE. These results suggest that future in vivo studies should carefully assess the critical sites that are modified rather than using antibodies that do not distinguish between different modified sites.
- high-resolution mass spectrometry
- 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE)
- lipoprotein
- oxidative stress
- post-translational modification
- protein oxidation
PTMs (post-translational modifications) of proteins occur extensively throughout their lifetime in a cell. For certain proteins, rather than the addition of a modifying group such as a phosphate, the PTM may be the removal of an N-terminal amino acid (e.g. methionine) or a longer N-terminal peptide, or the conversion of a C-terminal glycine into a C-terminal amidate. Similarly, some proteins are translated as a single polypeptide but are then digested by specific proteases to release individual and very bioactive proteins. Examples include chromogranin A in the brain [1] and the polypeptide containing the capsid protein in HIV [2]. Another large group of PTMs are those formed enzymatically, such as phosphorylation [3,4], N-glycosylation [5], O-glycosylation [6], lysine N-methylation [7] and lysine N-acetylation [8]. These proteins are also then subject to modification by enzymes that remove the PTMs, i.e. phosphatases, glycosidases [9], lysine N-demethylases [10] and acyl hydrolases [11].
The remaining group of protein PTMs result from chemically reactive species generated during different levels and types of oxidative stress which may be exacerbated by inflammatory conditions in infectious and chronic diseases (Table 1). Activation of neutrophils and other monocytes leads to the generation of a respiratory burst and the formation of superoxide anion radical (O2•−) [12]. This oxidant species can undergo two main reactions: the first is a chemical reaction with another radical, nitric oxide (NO•), to form peroxynitrite (ONO2−) and the second, a catalytic one, with superoxide dismutase to form oxygen and hydrogen peroxide [13,14]. Peroxynitrite reacts with tyrosine and tryptophan residues to form nitrotyrosine [15] and nitrotryptophan [16–19]. It may also act as an oxidizing agent and modify cysteine residues. Hydrogen peroxide is also an oxidizing agent and under certain circumstances converts protein cysteine thiol (sulfhydryl) groups to sulfenic (SOH), sulfinic (SO2H) and sulfonic (SO3H) acids [20–22]. It may also be converted by neutrophil myeloperoxidase into hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that in turn reacts with nitrite to form nitryl chloride; we have shown previously that this increases the chlorination of a tyrosine-like residue in polyphenols [23,24]. Interestingly, conversion of peroxynitrite into nitryl chloride blocks nitration of tyrosine groups [25]. Another oxidizing species is singlet oxygen (1O2) which is generated following the impact of UV light with tryptophan residues [26] and during the respiratory burst in neutrophils [27]; the former occurs in the lens of the eye and may be the basis of cataract formation. Singlet oxygen has a very short lifetime in a solution containing a protein and reacts with cysteine, histidine, methionine, tyrosine and tryptophan residues [28,29]. Singlet oxygen also reacts with polyunsaturated lipids to generate electrophilic lipid products such as malondialdehyde and 4HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) [30]. These electrophilic lipids react with lysine, arginine and N-terminal amino acids to form Schiff bases, as well as with cysteine, lysine and histidine groups to form Michael adducts [31]. Since Michael adducts are formed by the reaction of the unsaturated bond with the amino group, the aldehyde group remains unreacted. The resulting PTM is an example of a protein-associated carbonyl.
Biology of oxidative stress
It has long been appreciated that oxidative stress is part of the aetiology of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, autoimmune disease and many neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is well recognized as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease. Its failure to be metabolized leads to its accumulation in foam cells. However, there are many other proteins that are also undergoing oxidative PTMs. Proteins containing carbonyl groups can be reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones [32]. These proteins can be separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and detected by Western blotting with an anti-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone antibody and visualized by a secondary antibody coupled to a fluorescent probe [32]. We have used a similar reagent (biotin hydrazide) to visualize protein carbonyls in livers of normal and ApoE−/− (apolipoprotein E-knockout) mice [33]. Nitration can be monitored as well by Western blotting with anti-nitrotyrosine antibodies [34]; similarly, there are anti-4HNE antibodies to detect proteins where 4HNE adducts have formed [35].
The antibody-based Western blot procedures mentioned above contain two implicit assumptions. The first is that the antibody detects all modified groups of a given type, e.g. all the nitrotyrosine residues or all the 4HNE-amino acid adducts. Since the antibody is raised against specific nitrotyrosine-containing peptides, it cannot be guaranteed that it reacts equally with each one, given that the neighbouring amino acid residues are so different. Similarly, one has to ask the question: do anti-4HNE antibodies distinguish between Schiff bases and Michael adducts?
The effect of oxidative PTMs
Aside from the structural issues, a much deeper second assumption awaits us: that an oxidative modification is deleterious to the function of the protein. This seems, at first thought, a reasonable assumption; however, since oxidative stress is an unavoidable consequence of living in an oxygen-rich atmosphere, intuitively it seems that low levels of oxidation could have no effect or could even have benefit, subtly altering a protein's properties. Consistent with this latter thought process, in vitro data have shown that mild oxidation lowers kinetic barriers for HDL (high-density lipoprotein) remodelling, thereby improving its ability to take up cholesterol [36].
Rationale for the use of MS in studying oxidative stress
MS approaches to the study of proteins have developed at an amazing speed over the last 20 years. ESI (electrospray ionization) [37] and MALDI (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization) [38] are soft-ionization procedures that enable intact peptides and proteins to go into the gas phase. Any oxidant-induced changes in the chemistry of a protein (or a peptide derived from it) will be accompanied by changes in its mass. By using proteases to break the protein into smaller peptide pieces, the amino acid residue(s) where the oxidative modification has occurred can be determined. The changes in mass for peptides containing specific modifications are shown in Table 1.
Models of oxidative stress
Two models of oxidative stress for PTM analysis by MS are described here: the first is the reaction of the electrophilic lipid 4HNE with hBAT (human bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase) and with CKBB (cytosolic brain isoform of creatine kinase). The second is the reaction of singlet oxygen with αB-crystallin as a product of UV light exposure. Site-specific PTM analysis was performed on a LTQ (linear quadrupole ion trap)–FT-ICR (Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance) hybrid mass spectrometer (LTQ FT; Thermo Fisher Scientific) with chip-based direct-infusion ESI and/or nanoLC (nano-liquid chromatography)–ESI.
Modification experiments
Oxidative modifications of recombinant human CKBB and αB-crystallin were analysed by direct infusion with a fully automated monolithic silicon microchip-based electrospray interface, the TriVersa NanoMate (Advion) with gas-phase mass selection [39]. Before MS analysis, 10 μM recombinant CKBB (Sigma–Aldrich) was incubated with increasing amounts of 4HNE (5, 10, 30, 100, 500 or 3000 μM) for 2 h at 37°C, as described previously [39]. Excess 4HNE was removed by treatment with 1 mM histidine. Recombinant human αB-crystallin, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using ion-exchange and gel filtration as described previously [40], was exposed to 50 mJ/cm2 of UVA light (320–400 nm) over a period of 2 h. The samples were immersed in an ice-water bath to maintain the temperature at approx. 5°C. The modified protein was digested overnight with sequencing grade trypsin or chymotrypsin in 25 mM NH4HCO3 buffer (pH 8.0) (at 37°C for trypsin and at room temperature for chymotrypsin). Aliquots (10 μl) of digested CKBB and αB-crystallin were loaded on to C18 ZipTip columns (Millipore). Peptides were eluted with 15 μl of a 4:1 acetonitrile/water solution in 0.1% methanoic (formic) acid and then diluted 1:1 with 0.1% methanoic acid. The NanoMate was set to load 5 μl of sample (8 pmol) which was electrosprayed by applying a 1.9 kV spray voltage and a 0.3 psi (1 psi=6.9 kPa) nitrogen head pressure to the sample tip to obtain a constant spray for 20–30 min. The capillary temperature, capillary voltage and tube lens voltage were set to 150°C, 20 V and 100 V respectively. The LTQ FT mass spectrometer was operated in a 'top three' data-dependent acquisition mode with gas-phase mass selection. The mass spectrometer was set to perform full FT-ICR–MS scans for the determination of the three most abundant precursor ions with the use of Xcalibur software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). For each of the three most abundant ions, a FT-ICR–MS SIM (selected-ion monitoring) scan was performed followed by MS/MS (tandem MS) in the LTQ ion trap. The cycle time for the full scan followed by successive FT-ICR SIM and LTQ–MS/MS scans for the three most abundant ions was approx. 2.1 s. Gas-phase mass selection, also termed gas-phase fractionation [41], was performed in the ion trap with four mass window selections: a 3 min FT-ICR–MS scan (m/z 225–500), a 7 min FT-ICR–MS scan (m/z 450–800), a 3 min FT-ICR–MS scan (m/z 750–1200) and a 1 min FT-ICR–MS scan (m/z 1150–2000) for a total method acquisition time of 14 min. The resolution was set to 100000 for full FT-ICR–MS scans and to 50000 for FT-ICR–MS SIM scans. Dynamic exclusion was enabled after a repeat count of three for the duration of the method. This method was validated against the nanoLC–ESI method described above as well as by nanoLC–ESI–QTOF (hybrid quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight)–MS/MS as described for 4HNE and cytochrome c by Isom et al. [31].
Recombinant hBAT was purified as described previously [33]. A 1.6 μM solution was reacted with 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 μM 4HNE at 4°C for 1 h and excess 4HNE was removed by adjusting the reaction mixture to 1 mM histidine [33]. The modified proteins were digested overnight with trypsin and chymotrypsin as described above. The samples were analysed by nanoLC (Eksigent) on a 15 cm×75 μm i.d. (internal diameter) reverse-phase C18 column with a linear gradient of 5–95% acetonitrile in 0.1% methanoic acid at a flow rate of 200 nl·min−1. Eluted tryptic and chymotryptic peptides were electrosprayed at 2 kV. Peptide fragmentation was induced by CID (collision-induced dissociation) in the ion trap, and fragment ions were also analysed in the ion trap. The LTQ FT mass spectrometer was operated in a 'top three' data-dependent acquisition mode. The mass spectrometer was set to switch between a full FT-ICR–MS scan (m/z 200–2000) followed by successive FT-ICR–MS SIM scans and LTQ–MS/MS scans of the three most abundant precursor ions in the full FT-ICR–MS scan as determined by the Xcalibur software. Dynamic exclusion was enabled after a repeat count of three for a period of 90 s.
LTQ–FT–MS/MS data, from both nanoLC–ESI and direct-infusion ESI runs, were searched against custom FASTA sequence databases containing the protein of interest as well as nine unrelated human proteins, as a negative control, with the TurboSEQUEST algorithm within Bioworks 3.2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Monoisotopic precursor and fragment ion masses were searched with a mass tolerance of 2 p.p.m. and 1 Da respectively. For identification of 4HNE-modified peptides, the TurboSEQUEST searches were amended to search for the mass additions of 156.1150, 138.1045 and 120.0939 for Michael, Schiff base and 2-pentylpyrrole adducts respectively. For identification of oxidized αB-crystallin peptides, the TurboSEQUEST searches were amended to search for the mass additions of 15.9949, 31.9898 and 47.9844. Additionally, FT-ICR mass spectra were extracted from each sample dataset for manual identification of modifications based on high mass accuracy. The modified peptides were manually validated by their absence in the unmodified FT-ICR mass spectra; a mass accuracy cut-off of 2 p.p.m. was used.
Detecting peptide modifications
4HNE forms multiple adducts on both CKBB (Table 2) and hBAT (Table 3) [33,39]. In both cases, the principal sites of adduct formation are histidine residues, as Michael adducts. Even the lysine adducts on hBAT are mostly Michael adducts, as are the cysteine groups on CKBB. It appears that 4HNE forms more Michael adducts (+m/z 156.1150) than Schiff bases (+m/z 138.1045), although this may be a reflection of the instability of the latter. In one case, an apparent Schiff base was formed on the histidine residue in the hBAT tryptic peptide A335H*AEQAIGQLKR346 as shown in the ECD (electron capture dissociation) mass spectrum (Figure 1). However, this 138.1045 change in mass of the peptide may be a result of in-source dehydration, as noted previously [42].
In the case of CKBB, modifications of all four 4HNE-modifiable residues in the active site were detected. Modification of the active-site Cys283 was identified at all concentrations of 4HNE where inactivation of enzymatic activity was observed (Table 2 and Figure 2). At 5 μM 4HNE, there was no significant inhibition of CKBB activity; nonetheless, there was modification of a non-active-site cysteine residue (Cys254). This demonstrates the importance of MS in PTM analysis, as some modifications are not deleterious in effect. In addition, in order to detect the Cys254 4HNE modification, it was necessary to use nanoLC–ESI–FT-ICR–MS to obtain sufficient sensitivity. This modification was not detected using direct-infusion ESI and gas-phase fractionation. As observed for His336 on hBAT (Figure 1), several of the histidine residues (His7, His219, His234 and His296) on CKBB formed 4HNE Michael adducts (+156.1150) as well as potential dehydrated Michael adducts (+138.1045). A similar pair of 4HNE adducts were observed for Cys254 (Table 2).
Besides oxidation by electrophilic lipids such as 4HNE, proteins are also prone to oxidation by UV light-induced oxidants such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The crystallin proteins in the lens of the eye do not undergo any turnover from birth to death [43]. Since they are exposed to UVA light (320–400 nm) throughout life and to increasing amounts of UVB light (280–320 nm) with age, the oxidative changes can be significant and lead to a loss of function of the chaperone activities of these proteins [40]. Analysis of tryptic peptides revealed that recombinant human αB-crystallin exposed to 50 mJ/cm2 of UVA light for 2 h is oxidized on methionine and tryptophan residues in the N-terminal region (Met1 and Trp9) and the region responsible for chaperone function (Met68 and Trp60) [44]. Interestingly, several isobaric forms of the tryptic peptides were observed. For M1DIAIHHPWIR11 and A57PSWFDTGLSEMR69, there were two mono-oxygenated isomers, three di-oxygenated isomers and two tri-oxygenated isomers. The tandem mass spectrum of the triply oxygenated A57PSWFDTGLSEMR69 peptide is shown in Figure 3. The y2–y7 fragment ions all indicate that Met68 is modified by a single oxygen atom, whereas the jump in mass between b3 and b4 (218 Da) for Trp60 is due to two oxygen atoms (186+2×16).
HNE modifications of hBAT were analysed by nanoLC–ESI–FT-ICR due to sample limitations. Functionally, its enzyme activity was completely inhibited at 32 μM (Figure 2). A total of 14 modifications were observed at the different concentrations of 4HNE (Table 3). Seven of these modifications (His62, His271, His280, Lys329, Lys334, His336 and His362) were detected at the lowest concentration tested (8 μM; 1:5 molar ratio of hBAT/4HNE). Only one (His362) was a member of the catalytic triad (Cys235-Asp328-His362) [45]. Because of their proximity to Asp328, the modifications at Lys329, Lys334 and His336 may have also contributed to changes in hBAT activity.
Oxidative PTM of proteins is widespread. In normal tissues, proteins often exist in multiple electrophoretically resolvable forms, many of which are oxidized states. It remains to be determined whether all oxidative modifications are necessarily deleterious to the function of the protein. In a recent study, mild oxidation of HDL with hydrogen peroxide increased its ability to abstract cholesterol from macrophages [36]. In contrast, oxidation with HOCl resulted in a greater oxidant stress and loss of function [36]. Thus whether a particular oxidative modification is deleterious may be dependent on the specific protein, and the dose, as well as the exact chemical nature of the modification.
The versatility, high mass accuracy and high mass-resolving capabilities of modern FT-ICR–MS instruments are well suited to the identification and characterization of oxidative PTMs. If an investigator has access to purified recombinant protein, direct-infusion automated nanoelectrospray is a very convenient way to examine the effects of a wide range of concentrations of the oxidative agent. In the present study with human CKBB, 8 pmol of protein was consumed in analysis performed at six different concentrations of 4HNE. In the direct-infusion method, the mass range is divided into four parts; the very high mass resolution means that even peptides that have the same nominal mass can be resolved. Our direct-infusion method made use of gas phase rather than chromatographic fractionation and is accordingly much faster. Furthermore, since each nozzle of the electrospray chip is only used once, there is no possibility of carryover that can be a difficulty in LC analytical approaches. It is also possible to carry out real-time dynamic exclusion of previously observed peptides in order to examine low-intensity ones. However, when the amount of protein is restricted, or to detect modifications occurring at a very low level, nanoLC–ESI–FT-ICR is recommended (Table 3). In the nanoLC approach, the sample is concentrated by the LC, elutes in a smaller volume and hence has better signal-to-noise than direct infusion. The limitation of nanoLC is the longer time that it takes for each analysis (90 min per LC run compared with 15 min per infusion for each concentration). NanoLC–ESI–QTOF was less sensitive than either FT-ICR technique (Table 2); however, newer instruments in this category may not be as limited.
Finally, although MS can be very effective in studying oxidative PTMs, it should be borne in mind that it cannot, in a MS/MS experiment, establish with certainty which isomers of tryptophan residues are formed; however, an ion-trap method based on MSn may be suitable, since it would enable further fragmentation of isobaric MS/MS daughter ions.
The structural analysis of protein oxidative modifications will continue to be enhanced by future refinement of MS instrumentation. The most meaningful studies will result from a combination of high-resolution MS and functional studies, where the oxidative modifications are correlated with functional effects. Besides HDL [36], there may be other proteins whose functions are enhanced by oxidative modifications. It will be important to identify others in this category to balance the presumption that all modifications are deleterious.
Support for the UAB Center for Nutrient–Gene Interaction in Cancer Prevention was provided by a grant-in-aid (U54 CA100949, S.B., Principal Investigator) from the National Cancer Institute. Support for research on botanicals and dietary supplements and their effects on protein oxidation at the Purdue University–University of Alabama at Birmingham Botanical Center for Age-Related Disease was provided by a grant (P50 AT00477, Connie M. Weaver, Principal Investigator) from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the NIH (National Institutes of Health) Office of Dietary Supplements. S.M.E. and H.K. were supported by funds from the U.S. Agency for International Development, Kikkoman Corporation, and the Cranberry Institute to H.K. Support for the research on bile acid amino acid amidation was provided by a grant (R01 DK46390, S.B., Principal Investigator) from the National Institute for Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Support for research on UV light-induced damage to lens crystallins was provided by a grant from the Alabama EyeSight Foundation. Funds for the purchase of the mass spectrometers were provided by the National Center for Research Resources (S10 RR17261, S.B., Principal Investigator). Additional support for the operation of the UAB Biomedical FT-ICR laboratory was provided by the Supporters of the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Bioanalysis in Oxidative Stress: A Biochemical Society Focused Meeting held at the University of Exeter, U.K., 2–3 April 2008. Organized and Edited by John Moody (Plymouth, U.K.) and Paul Winyard (Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, U.K.).
Abbreviations: CKBB, cytosolic brain isoform of creatine kinase; ECD, electron capture dissociation; ESI, electrospray ionization; FT-ICR, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance; hBAT, human bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; 4HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; LC, liquid chromatography; LTQ, linear quadrupole ion trap; MS/MS, tandem MS; PTM, post-translational modification; QTOF, quantitative time-of-flight; SIM, selected-ion monitoring
- © The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Biochemical Society


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I Hate Mornings!I honestly hate mornings so much that i dropped outta high school. because first hour started at 7:15 am. And if you remember no girl wants to go to school lookin like a hot mess. So i would have to be up at 5:30am and out of the house by 6:30 it was ****** pointless to start that early everyday. I ended up going to night school the next school year. It was from noon to 8pm. Monday- Thursday. Thats how i know im not a morning person.
TooSexii9 18-21, F 3 Dec 10, 2011


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Attention US shoppers, the iPad in both Wi-Fi and 3G flavors are now available for pre-order. Just head on over to the Apple Online Store and you can arrange to have your very own iPad Wi-Fi in 16GB, 32GB, and/or 64GB shipped to you or made ready for pickup at your local Apple Retail Store on April 3. iPad 3G 16GB, 32GB, and 64GB are also available for pre-order but won't ship until late April.
Did you pre-order? If so, which one did you get?


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Uniforms: PLAYING DRESS-UPS
Uniforms can say a lot about your business, so make sure you show customers more than a nasty old shirt!
Drop into a Flight Centre shop and you'll see staff turned out in natty uniforms. Drop into the company's head office and you'll see the same uniforms. Even in the finance or legal departments, the same clothing will greet you.
Why does everyone wear the same uniform? The company's General Manager of Property and Procurement, Rhonda McSweeney, says uniforms are a stamp of a company culture, branding and professionalism, as well as employee satisfaction and egalitarianism.
"No-one is any different, we're all equal, and that goes for the office fit-outs too – we all occupy 10 square metres. Even our founder and Managing Director Skroo Turner. But the uniforms are the most tangible aspect of the egalitarian culture. It helps convey professionalism."
McSweeney says the uniform also helps to reinforce the company's brand. "Our brand is well known and trusted. World brand consultancy Interbrand has ranked Flight Centre's brand recognition as 14th best in Australia", just behind Myer and Australia Post. "When you think of our brand equity and recognition, you cannot equate a tangible dollar value to uniforms. Ditto turnover and revenue – it would only be anecdotal and our Managing Director would cringe in anyone tried to quantify that. But we've had the uniform since inception and it's not just our brand, it's our culture. The GFC presented a challenge – it was a time of cost constraints, but not once did the subject of uniforms come up when we were looking to trim costs."
Another brand that relies on uniforms is the Jim's Group, which importantly lacks any retail presence and therefore relies on uniforms to show off its brand.
"The majority of Jim's customers are females and uniforms convey a sense of security."
"Uniforms are absolutely crucial to success and incredibly important, especially for women customers, due to the security [identity] aspect," founder Jim Penman told MY Business.
"The majority of Jim's customers are females, due to nature of services – domestic, gardening and cleaning. So we are very aware of those issues."
"The mere fact of wearing a presentable uniform, especially one with our logo, has a big impact. Our survey suggested that merely wearing a uniform adds around 15 percent to the price that can be quoted."
Another franchise where uniforms matter is Domino's Pizza, whose Chief Operating Officer Andrew Rennie spent time in the military and therefore believes: "No matter what the uniform, there is a sense of pride, and what it stands for. In the military, a uniform is part of your kit and has to be treated with respect. It also links the organisation; it shows everyone is in the same team."
"At Domino's, we find wearing a uniform is a large return on investment as it creates a greater brand presence. Employees have a sense of pride when wearing the uniform and it enables Domino's to set a unified standard of dress nationally and internationally across our group."
For Domino's a uniform conveys important messages to customers. "Colours don't affect customers too much," Rennie says. "What is important is cleanliness and hygiene. Black is a good practical colour for food, better than Khaki. Caps control stray hair and pizza makers wear hairnets for extra hygiene. And for safety reasons drivers wear reflective piping."
Overall, Rennie says a uniform "conveys pride in what we do for our customers. It would be very costly to change our colours; People connect to the brand and you'd have to re-educate consumers. The additional branding a uniform creates far outweighs the minimal outlay."
Source: My Business Magazine, March 2011. Note - the companies mentioned in this article are not an endorsement of EmbroidMe Mandurah, WA Australia or the work that EmbroidMe stores produce.


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