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Talk transcript: The Jews of ElephantineThursday, December 8th, 2005 11:43 pm
The Jews of Elephantine
Rabbi Prof Bezalel Porten (HUJI)
[Standard disclaimer: All views not in square brackets are those of the speaker, not myself. Accuracy of transcription is not guaranteed.]
Elephantine is the name of an island in the Nile at Aswan. Many Egyptian places are best-known in English by their Greek names, given to them after similar-sounding Greek cities, for example, Memphis for Moph. Elephantine, however, was originally Yev. This appears in the Hebrew mishvort—a combination of words from two languages: The Hebrew for ivory is שנהב shenhav, a combination of שן הב "tooth of the hav"—the same word.
So where did the name Elephantine come from? Some suggested there was a rock formation there that looked like an elephant. Others suggested there was a cult of the elephant there. A third view: There were rapids at Aswan (before the building of the High Dam). At Elephantine you had to transship, and prominent amongst the goods being transshipped there was ivory from Nubia.
There is nothing in the Bible to suggest that there were Jews on Elephantine, except, just possibly, an indirect allusion in Isaiah 49, where Deutero-Isaiah talks about the ingathering of the Exiles: "Behold, these shall come from far: and, lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim." So in the Masoretic Text; in the Dead Sea Scrolls, however, the reading is "Svenim". When a scribe is not familiar with the geographical terms, it lends itself to mistranscription; and in this case it is a small change from סינים to סונים. Possibly the name in the Masoretic tradition is mistranscribed.
Now, there are papyri from Elephantine from the earliest times down to the Arabic period, when they stopped writing on papyrus. In the Byzantine period was called the land of the Syeneans (Syene = Aswan), i.e. Svenim.
Isaiah ended up his life in exile in Egypt, where he held a big gathering and named the cities. When he referred to the south, he says ארץ פתרוס - the land of Pathros. This was not a city, it was an area. Pa-ta-something (sorry, Prof. Porten spoke too fast for me) means "the southern area" in Egyptian.
There was a hope that one day evidence of Jews from Pathros would be found. That evidence was found on ancient papyri at Elephantine. (In Egypt the climate is so dry that papyri survive well.)
Papyrus was made on rolls 32cm high, 15 cm wide, which were glued together into scrolls. When writing short texts they would be written vertically, and cut when appropriate. When writing literary texts, however, they would be written horizontally in columns, like in a megillah. This is because long texts had to be written such that the papyrus would not crack when rolled.
We also have ostraca from Elephantine. Ostraca are potsherds used for writing brief notes. (When the ancient Greeks would exile a person from the polis for the period of ten years, they would write his name on a potsherd, from which practice comes the term "to ostracise".)
Many ostraca we have are written in the one hand, i.e. written by the one scribe. If addressed אל הושיע "to Hoshea", this shows us the community in Elephantine was tightly-knit: the postman could deliver notes written on a first-name basis!
The first papyri from Elephantine were bought on the antiques market there in 1893 by Edwin ?Luger, an American political refugee who had fled to France and got into Egyptology there. In 1897 he died; but these papyri were not discovered until his daughter died in 1914. She willed them to the Brooklyn Museum, where they got published in 1915.
In 1902 Lord Cecil Mond and Lady Mond acquired papyri on the antiquities market in Cairo, and tried to give them to the Bodleian Museum (though they ended up staying in Cairo). In 1906 these were published. A German Jew called Rubenson from the Berlin Museum telegraphed saying to send an expedition to excavate.
In 1906-8 excavations were carried out on different parts of the site by both the Germans and the French. The Germans, being German, published their results straight away, whilst the French still haven't published it all!
The evidence from Elephantine we have nowadays consists of 30 intact papyri and about 50 to 70 fragments; the French have 200 ostraca the archaeological community still haven't seen.
How many Jews lived at Elephantine? There are two different views about this. They are all called Jews, not Israelites, so they came from the southern kingdom, of Judah. The migration had both push and pull factors. Herodotus tells of how Psammetichus hired Greek mercentaries to fight against the king of the Ethiopians, in 674 BCE. The story of how the Torah got translated into Greek suggests there were Jewish mercentaries, too, and Elephantine was a military colony.
As for the push factor, we know how priests who were in the Hasmoneans' bad books fled to Egypt in the time of the revolt against the Syrians. Possibly the colony in Elephantine was founded by priests fleeing from King Menashe's reign of terror and persecution of the Judaic religion, in the late First Temple period. (More evidence for this below.) They would have been fleeing from the power of the north (Assyria) to the power of the south (Egypt).
As for how many, there's a collection list in which 150 Jews give two shekels each to YHW. They all had Hebrew names.
This was a military colony; we know this because they are called חַילַי יְהוּדַי Jewish soldiers. (Yes, this is unusual vocalisation; that's the way Prof. Porten pronounced it, and he is fluent in modern Hebrew. Is this Aramaic rather than Hebrew?)
There are official documents. In one case, a man buys a house, and gives a room in it to his wife, and then gives a room to his daughter, and at the end of his life he wills it to his son, etc. From these we get a picture of life in the colony. The head of the group is called Ananya; he married Tamet, a slave-girl with an Egyptian name.
The Cecil Mond papyri are from the woman Nivtakhya. This name is also found on the Lachish letters (some of which are in the British Museum), but is there a man's name! She was a wealthy person. Her father gave her a house; after her husband died, she remarried an Egyptian builder. After the two of them died, her sons divided up her slaves.
So both of these two people married out!
The most exciting thing about Elephantine, however, was the discovery of the existence of the Jewish Temple there. Not just a synagogue where you offered up prayers, but a temple, somewhere where animals were offered up as sacrifices. And I bet you thought there were never more than two Jewish Temples! (Actually, that's simplistic, too, given that Herod's rebuilding of the Second Temple was on a large enough scale as to involve having to extend the flat top of the Temple Mount.)
This temple is referred to in letters and documents. They called it אֱגוֹרָא egura: not an Egyptian word, but an Akkadian loan-word into Hebrew originating from Sumerian. (And I've just discovered to my amazement, looking it up in Jastrow, that (half a millennium later at least) it there means heathen altar!)
The existence of a Jewish Temple in Egypt is something the Egyptians find difficult to handle, though. They do not want to believe it was there. Consequently, almost everyone who goes to Elephantine hears nothing about it.
Here follows a document found by Rubenson on 1 January 1907. The letter exists in two exemplars, not copies of each other, but a draft, and a fair copy in much better language! The first draft is written on both sides of the papyrus; the second draft is almost on one side. The third version, the one which actually went off to Jerusalem, would presumably have been on one side of the papyrus only. (The paragraphing shown below is not original.)This was written in ca. 410 BCE: the time of Ezra/Nehemiah and Esther.
The translation is provided by Prof. Porten, who leans towards the literal way of doing so, and has attempted to keep the words in their original order.
Petition of the Elephantine Jews to Jerusalem (TAD A4.7)
To our lord Bagavahya governor of Judah, your servants Jedaniah and his colleagues the priests who are in Elephantine the fortress. Ah, I'd been wondering since I read The Persian Boy what the Persian original of the Greek-mangled name "Bagoas" was! The welfare of our lord may the G-d of Heaven seek after abundantly at all times, and favour may He grant you before Darius the king and the princes more than now a thousand times, and long life may He give you, and happy and strong may you be at all times. Now, your servant Jedaniah and his colleagues thus say: Biblical language: Cf. "Thus says your servant Jacob" in Genesis. In the month of Tammuz, year 14 of Darius the king, when Arsames left and went to the king, the priests of Khnub the god who (are) in Elephantine the fortress, in agreement with Vidranga who was Chief here, (said), saying: I.e. the middle of summer in Egypt.
Arsames - satrap of Egypt
Khnub: the ram god of Elephantine.
Vidranga: The local governor. "Chief" is an ?Aramaic title.
"The Temple of YHW the God which is in Elephantine the fortress let them remove from there." Trigrammaton: see below. Afterwards, that Vidranga, the wicked, a letter sent to Nafaina his son, who was Troop Commander in Syene the fortress, saying: "The wicked": the same word the Book of Esther uses to describe Haman. "The Temple which is in Elephantine the fortress let them demolish." "Fortress": see below. Afterwards, Nafaina led the Egyptians with the other troops. They came to the fortress of Elephantine with their implements, broke into that Temple, demolished it to the ground, and the pillars of stone which were there, they smashed them. Moreoever, it happened (that the) gateways of stone, built of hewn stone, which were in that Temple, they demolished. And their standing doors, and the pivots of those doors, (of) bronze, and the roof of wood of cedar, all (of these), with the rest of the fittings and other (things) which were there, all (of these) with fire they burned. But the basins of gold and silver and the (other) things which were in that Temple, all of these they took and made their own.
"Implements": a euphemism.
Hewn stone: i.e. not just brick, but built of stone like Solomon's Temple.
Cedar: Imported all the way from Lebanon: a big operation. Where did they get all the money for that? Was this Temple subsidised?
And from the days of the king(s) of Egypt our fathers had built that Temple in Elephantine the fortress and when Cambyses entered Egypt, that Temple, built he found it. And the temples of the gods of Egypt, all (of them), they overthrew, but anything in that Temple one did not damage. Days of the kings of Egypt: before the Persian conquest. Cambyses, son of Cyrus the Great, conquered Egypt in 525. He wasn't quite as beneficent as potrayed here, though*. And when (the) like(s of this) had been done (to us), we, with our wives and our children, sackcloth were wearing and fasting and praying to YHW the Lords of Heaven who let us gloat over that Vidranga, the cur. They removed the fetter from his feet and all goods which he had acquired were lost. And all persons who sought evil for that Temple, all (of them) were killed and we gazed upon them. Psalm 137, "By the rivers of Babylon", ends with the desire for revenge. Here it is actually seen through. Moreover, before this, at the time that this evil was done to us, a letter we sent (to) our lord, and to Jehoḥanan the High Priest and his colleagues the priests who are in Jerusalem, and to Avastana the brother of Anani and the nobles of the Jews. A letter they did not send us. They wrote to the whole power structure in Yahud and got no reply back.
Jehoḥanan: Mentioned in the Book of Nehemiah.
Avastana (a Persian name), brother of Anani. This Anani may be last of the House of David, mentioned in I Chron. 3.
Moreoever, from the month of Tammuz, year 14 of Darius the king and until this day, we, sackcloth have been wearing and have been fasting; the wives of ours like a widow have been made; (with) oil (we) have not anointed (ourselves), and wine have not drunk. Abstinence for three years: The loss of the Temple meant a lot to these people. Moreover, from that (time) and until (this) day, year 17 of Darius the king, meal-offering (מנחה) and ince[n]se (לבנה) and burnt-offering they did not make in that Temple. Burnt-offering: Animal sacrifice.
Now, your servants Jedaniah and his colleagues and the Jews, all (of them) citizens of Elephantine, thus say:
If to our lord it is good, take thought of that Temple to (re)build (it) since they do not let us (re)build it. Regard your obligees and your friends who are here in Egypt. May a letter from you be sent to them about the Temple of YHW the God to (re)build it in Elephantine the fortress just as it had been built formerly.
Citizens of Elephantine: בעלי יב. Elsewhere they call themselves Svenkanaya: Syenians. (-akan is an ?Akkadian ending; attached to a Hebrew word it's a loan-ending, like in "kibbutznik".)
Obligees: בעלי טובה
And the meal-offering and the incense and the burnt-offering they will offer on the altar of YHW the God in your name and we shall pray for you at all times, we and our wives and our children and the Jews, all who are here. If thus they did until that Temple be (re)built, a merit it will be for you before YHW the God of Heaven (more) than a person who will offer him burnt-offering and sacrifices (whose) worth is as the worth of silver, one thousand talents, and about gold. A merit: צדקה (lit. righteousness), used for Abraham in Genesis when he believes in G-d.
Moreoever, all the(se) things in a letter we sent in our name to Delaiah and Shelemiah sons of Sanballaṭ governor of Samaria.
Moreover, about this which was done to us, all of is, Arsames did not know.
On the 20th of Marḥeshvan, year 17 of Darius the king.
Sanballat was Nehemiah's arch-enemy, but the Jews of Elephantine didn't know about this: they turned for help to anyone they can.
Since Arsames did not know, Bagavahya can act without fear of overturning anything he said.
(I wonder what word was used for "the fortress" there. Stephen Rosenberg used "fortress" to render בירה (elsewhere translated "capital", "capitol" (ArtScroll) and "palace" (KJV)) in the book of Esther, in his Esther, Ruth, Jonah Deciphered†, making sense of the line (Esther 3:15) "The decree was given in Shushan the fortress. And the king and Haman sat down to drink; but the city of Shushan was perplexed," by making a distinction between the citadel of Shushan and the surrounding city.)
* Curiously, I've just read (having picked a copy up in a charity shop) Biggles Flies South, which is about the fate of the army Cambyses led to (allegedly) plunder the famed temple of Ammon (from which, as an aside, we get the word "ammonia"), which vanished into the desert and never was seen again.
† Of which I procured a copy for a friend nearly a year ago, but he failed to arrange meeting up to collect it, and then left the country, so if anyone else would like it, I am willing to pass it on for the £10 it cost me.
Here, now, are some examples of the sorts of notes seen on ostraca excavated at Elephantine. I wrote above that the paragraphing in the previously quoted letter was not original. Here some of the line breaks occur in the middle of a word! (I can't be bothered to type up all the line numbering, or the alternate translation Prof. Porten gives to show the difficulties in interpreting this, e.g. "May Jaḥmoliah regard the/my welfare [שָלֹם]" vs. "See Jaḥmoliah and pay him [שָלֵם].")
1. Request for salt (TAD D7.2 [Clermont-Ganneau 169]
[CONCAVE] [Gr]eetings, Aḥutab. Now, dispatch to me a little salt this day. And if there isn't salt in the house, buy from the boats of grain (or: ferryboats) which are in Elephantine. Lo, I don't have [CONVEX] any salt to put in the flour.
2. Instructions to shear sheep (TAD D7.8 [Egyptian Museum, Cairo J. 43464B])
[CONCAVE] Greetings, Uriah. Now, lo, the big sheep which is yours has reached (the time) for shearing. The wool of hers already is being torn on the thorn(s). Now, come and shear her. On the day that you will wash her you should shear her. [CONVEX] And if you do not go out this day, send (word) to me that I may wash her before you go out. Greetings, Aḥutab. Now, on this bread we shall eat until tomorrow evening. An a(rdab) of flour remains here.
3a. Report of a Dream and Family Instructions (TAD d7.17 [Staatliche Museen, Berlin P.1137])
[CONCAVE] Now, lo, one (=a) dream I saw and from that time I am very hot (= feverish). May Jaḥmoliah regard (= attend to) the/my welfare.
[CONVEX] Now, if you wish, do not sell them. Let children eat (them). Lo, there do not remain (any) cucumbers.
4. Instructions re Children and Inquiry re Passover (TAD D7.6 Bodleian Aram. Insc. 7)
[CONCAVE] To Hoshaiah.
Your welfare [שלמך] (may DN seek after at all times).
Now, singly (= alone) look after the children until Aḥutab comes. Do not entrust them to others. [CONVEX] If their bread is ground, knead for them one qab until their mother comes.
Send (word) to me when you will make (= observe) the Passover.
Do send greetings (= news) of the child.
[There was, of course, no fixed calendar at that time; the date of the Passover depended on observation of the new moon, normally in Jerusalem, though whether the community in Elephantine observed their own new moons is another question.]
5. Handling of Produce and the Sabbath (TAD D7.16:1-5 [Clermont-Ganneau 152])
[CONCAVE] Greetings, Islaḥ.
Now, behold, the legumes I shall dispatch tomorrow. Meet the boat tomorrow on Sabbath. Lest, if they get lost, by the life of YHH, if not (= surely) yo[ur] life I shall take. Do not rely on Meshullemeth and on Shemaiah.
["By the life of YHH" I would guess is חי ה׳, a common oath in the Bible.]
6. Instructions re Tunic (TAD D7.18 [Egyptian Museum, Cairo J. 49624])
[CONCAVE] Regard my tunic [כיתון] which I left at the house (= building) of the House of YHH. Say to (= tell) Uriah he should drop it off [יָרִם] at Salluah('s).
One of the striking things about these and the above documents is the spelling of G-d's name. Everywhere in the Bible, Talmud, liturgy and piyutim it appears as either the Tetragrammaton YHWH or the abbreviated form YH (Yāh). Here it appears as two Trigrammatons. Prof. Porten, when I mentioned this to him said these are seen elsewhere, including in Greek transcription, and suggested that these were abbreviations, both pronounced "Yāhu"*. There is no significance in the alternate spellings: terminal ה is sometimes used for -o/-u, as in פה, איפה. (The Encyclopaedia Judaica says this spelling is an archaic retention in the Masoretic Text.)
* It is from Greek transcriptions that we know that the Tetragrammaton was pronounced (probably) "Yahweh"†, too, despite Pharisaic propaganda that it was never pronounced except by the High Priest on Yom Kippur, and that the pronounciation was secret and is lost. Quite possibly the religious authorities tried to stop people from pronouncing it, like they tried and failed to stop people from making oaths in the First Temple period, but enough people did actually pronounce it for the Greeks to record it.
† I am trying to be sensible about rendition of the Divine Name here: though I write it in English, I do not in Hebrew; and whilst I hyphenate "G-d" this is because I prefer to do so; I do not do so when I am quoting others.
Do we know where the Temple actually was?
In 1968, Dr Porten reconstructed a map of the Jewish colony in Elephantine based on descriptions of the neighbouring houses in the houses of Mahseiah and Mibtahiah, and Tamet and Anani.
Recently, Stephen Rosenberg discovered that making an mirror image of this map he could overlay it on the buildings actually excavated, and get it to fit. According to his scheme, where the Temple ought to be was a building with a higher-quality floor, and a layer of dust between two floor layers—perhaps between when the Temple was destroyed and when it was rebuilt? He has run with Porten's original hypothetical plan; Dr Porten did not say whether or not he agreed with this.
_________ | | N |Pefṭua- | \/ |neith | /\ ------------------------- / street _____________________________ __________ | | Mahseiah | | | | |Konaiah ||Mibtahiah|Dargamana| | Jaush | |________||_________|_________| _________|__________| _________ |Zechāriah|Jezan- | | | |Meshullam | | | |Hạzzul |iah | Hosea | | Ḥarudj |Mahsciah | | Gaddul | |_________|_______|_________| |_________|Mibtahiah_| |_________| King's Highway ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________ |King| Parnu & Shatibara | 's | Mrdava | Shrine of the god Temple | |________________|___________ ________ |Str | | Anani | |Way| | eet| Tamet |_______|Jehoishma|of |Treasury _____________________________________________________| |__________| |_________|the|_________ | sr|god King's Street i| _____________________________________________________________________|_____________Sta_| _________ | | | Khnum City Paḥi & Pemiṭ | Ḥor | | ___________________|________| |
Note that the Temple, like modern synagogues, faces in the direction of Jerusalem. (The earliest mention of praying towards Jerusalem is in the book of Daniel.) The Temple site has the dimensions 60x20 cubits, the same as Solomon's Temple. (The building itself is smaller.)
Why was there a Temple in Elephantine at all? Was a couple of hundred of Jews sufficient to merit a Temple? Perhaps a clue is to be found in Isaiah 19:19: "In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD."
Above, I mentioned priests fleeing from the Hasmoneans in the time of the revolt against the Seleucid Syrians several centuries later. What I did not mention there, so as not to give the game away too early was that they set up their own Temple, in 164 BCE, in Leontopolis. Josephus tells us about this; their Temple was destroyed by the Romans at the same time as that in Jerusalem. This is the circumstantial evidence I mentioned above that the Temple in Elephantine may been built by priests fleeing the persecutions of King Menashe.
Were there Temples anywhere else either? A haul of Aramaic ostraca, "chits" according to Prof. Porten, have been found, dating from the 4th century BCE, in Hebron. Many are registries, describing property. One said "the mound that is below the house of Bouza [an Aramaic deity], חבל of the House of YHW". Is this another Temple? But there were not Jews living there at the time, they were Ammonites; and חבלה means "ruin". So possibly there was once a Temple here, but not now.
Also, as I pointed out, regarding the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim as not being a Jewish one is a case of history being written by the victors. At the time of its foundation the Samaritans would have regarded it as being a Jewish (or at any rate Israelite) one; it was only the intransigence of Nehemiah to welcoming the Samaritans back into the fold that led to the rift between the Jews and the Samaritans.
What happened to the community afterwards? Was the Temple in Elephantine rebuilt?
There are three more documents which belong with this letter. One (the source for the above map) is a contract from Anani selling his and his wife's house to his son-in-law. In this document, dating from 402 BCE, the Temple is mentioned. So either it was rebuilt, or it was still there as a ruin.
The Syenians never got a written reply from Jerusalem? Why was this? Perhaps the authorities in Jerusalem were by then not in favour of having a Temple anywhere but in Jerusalem.
There is, however, a memorandum (זכרון) which Arsham wrote to Delaiah and Shelemiah saying that the Temple should be rebuilt and incense and meal-offering should be offered up. The next document says "we shall do this and we shall pay you" and so forth. (Prof Porten was speaking too quickly for me again, I'm afraid.)
The absence of burnt-offerings is notable from this list compared to the one in the letter above. Maybe the authorities in Jerusalem relented when they heard how the Jews had already managed to punish Vidranga with impunity from the Egyptian authorities, but were still not prepared to let the Syeneans perform animal sacrifices.
One of the handouts includes a bit of an article from Near Eastern Archaeology 67:1 (2004), p. 9, which informed me that a second condition of rebuilding the Temple was that its courtyard wall had to be clear of "the street of the king", and went on to say:
The papyri documents end in 399 BCE but it was not yet destroyed when the Persians were expelled from Egypt around 400 BCE. This is surprising, as the Jews, having served as a mercenaries in the pay of the Persians, may have lost their protectors and indeed their raison d'être on Elephantine Island. Abandoned it eventually must have been, however, and when the excavators found the tiled floor of the temple, it was covered with animal dung. The second phase of the temple, it seems, was not destroyed but was used as a stable, presumably in an act of deliberate desecration.
And finally, a question a member of the audience asked, which Prof. Porten did not give an answer one way or another to:
"Might the Jews of Ethiopia today descended from the Jews of Elephantine, and not from those of Yemen as currently thought?"
See also these notes for a little more on the temple at Elephantine.


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Published April 10, 2012
By George Hobica
"Try the wine. If you haven't heard about Ontario's booming wine industry, that's not because the wine's not often really great and occasionally nothing short of superb, it's because Ontario's oenophiles are too busy getting high on their own supply to figure out how to export the stuff. Much of the best vintages come from the vineyards that line the scenic back roads of the Niagara Peninsula, less than an hour from town, where wineries like Malivoire, Henry of Pelham and Inniskillin are musts. Where there's wine, there's food, and some of the best meals you'll eat on your trip are going to be out here, guaranteed. For a strict farm-to-table ethic and outstanding cooking, hit Treadwell in Port Dalhousie; for the full, picture-postcard experience, visit elegant Peller Estates in ridiculously cute Niagara-on-the-Lake for a leisurely fine-dining lunch among the vineyards. Click here for more."


text:
Madonna: ex-firefighter gets probation
A former firefighter with a crush on Madonna has been sentenced.
Robert Linhart has been given three years' probation for resisting arrest outside the singer's New York City apartment building. The sentence comes as a result of Linhart's conviction in November, which followed a pair of arrests in September, 2010.
Linhart was first picked up after he spray-painted love notes on poster boards outside Madonna's former Manhattan apartment. He returned a few days later - and was busted again.
His attorney says it's no crime to adore Madonna - and tells the New York Daily News he plans to appeal his client's conviction.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


text: Hi Portland hounds, I'm going to be in Portland for one night (wednesday) on my way out to the willamette valley. I'm looking for a dinner spot in portland that is fun, lively, good crowd and above all great food. Preferred cuisine would be new American,Italian, French bistro but open. I am staying at the Ace so walkable would be ideal but short cab is fine too. Maybe somewhere where I could eat at the bar since its probably too short notice for a reservation. Thanks in advance!


text:
Due to Donald Trump's unpredictable…
As OPEC and non-OPEC producers…
Last month the U.S. ambassador to Nigeria, Terence McCulley bluntly told Nigeria's Minister of Power Barth Nnaji that the United States would only invest in the nation's power sector if the industry's "endemic corruption" was adequately addressed.
McCulley's indictment in fact echoed the conclusions of a number of government investigations. In 2008 the National Assembly in an investigation of the nation's power industries found that $13.28 billion was expended on the power sector, with further unfunded commitments of over $12 billion, in disregard of Sections 80(3 and (4) of the 1999 Constitution which state clearly, "No moneys shall be withdrawn from any public fund of the federation, other than the Consolidated Revenue Fund of the federation, unless the issue of those moneys has been authorized by an Act of the National Assembly," The Leadership newspaper reported.
The National Assembly investigation also uncovered that correct legal procedures in the appropriation and release of funds for the power projects were frequently circumvented, while project costs were routinely and massively inflated, in a number of cases by up to 1,000 percent.
Alarm bells about the sector's inefficiency and corruption have been sounding for years; the late President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua expressed concern in January 2008, when he wondered why the "$10 billion invested in the power sector between 2000 and 2007 had not translated into power generation, transmission and distribution."
By. Charles Kennedy, Deputy Editor OilPrice.com
Charles is a writer for Oilprice.com


text:
Julio Jones will be "limited" for the start of training camp, but has avoided the active/PUP list.
Jordan Howard (shoulder) remained "limited" in Thursday's practice.
Patriots RCB Malcolm Butler is unsure if he will start in Week 3.
J.J. Nelson was limited with a hamstring injury in Thursday's practice.
A study of deceased ex-Patriots TE Aaron Hernandez's brain revealed a case of Stage 3 CTE.
Sam Bradford (knee) was officially "limited" in Thursday's practice.
Rob Gronkowski (groin) was officially "limited" in Thursday's practice.
Cardinals coach Bruce Arians expects Chris Johnson's carries to increase in Week 3.
Jay Ajayi (knee) was officially "DNP" on Thursday.
DeVante Parker (ankle) was held out of Thursday's practice.
DeMarco Murray (hamstring) remained sidelined at Thursday's practice.
Speaking Thursday, Kenny Britt said he had a "man-to-man" conversation with coach Hue Jackson about "stepping up."


text:
Plenty of great story lines from the Wells Fargo Center on Thursday night, as the Orange and Black pick up their first win coming out of the All Star Break by downing the Nashville Predators 4-1. Ilya Bryzgalov played well for the second consecutive game, Matt Read extended his lead on rookie goal scorers, and Claude Giroux snapped out of his funk, albeit on an empty net.
But like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny Glover before him, Wayne Simmonds took down the Predators, drowning two goals to lead the Flyers, and it wasn't just what showed up on the scoreboard that impressed. Simmonds had 10 shots on goal to pace the entire offense, as he and linemates Brayden Schenn and Zac Rinaldo outworked Nashville all night long -- and in the end, the shot Simmonds didn't take that wound up being one of the plays of the game.
Down 3-1 with under two minutes to go, Nashville pulled their goalie and went to work in Philly's zone. Simmonds eventually wound up with the puck with an opportunity to wing it the length of the ice for an attempt at a hat trick. Not square to the target and surrounded by white jerseys, Simmonds instead made the smart play, simply banking it off the boards and out of the zone rather than risk icing it.
It seems so simple, and maybe it should not be overstated as there really was no other play to be made in that situation. That said, it capped off a brilliant night for one of the key pieces from the Mike Richards trade.
A few moments later, Jaromir Jagr wound up with the disc, and unselfishly handed it off to Giroux, who really needed one to get his stroke back. It was his 19th of the season, but his first in a month, going all the way back to the Winter Classic.
While everybody is happy to see G break the curse, regardless of circumstance, the opportunity only came about thanks to the club's consistent effort in every phase of the game.
After the Flyers caught a few posts early on, Simmonds finally got the scoring started late the first period. Schenn stayed strong on the puck as Mike Fisher harassed him along the sideboards until Simmonds popped out of the corner. Schenn made the exchange as Simmonds skated into the slot, then spun around and snapped the biscuit into the far side of the net as Rinaldo screened Anders Lindback.
The goals were Simmonds's 14th and 15th of the season, which puts him one away from his career high with the Kings in 09-10. Barring major injury, it's safe to say he'll eclipse that total.
While this was by no means an easy win, the entire contest turned out to be a slam dunk. The Flyers established themselves at home with timely goal scoring and solid goaltending, plus had the added bonus of getting their star player back on track. In that sense, they made hockey look easy for one night, earning a very satisfying two points.


text:
Many citizens live paycheck to paycheck, and feel they can't put away money for savings.
Two local financial experts, the father-and-son team of Dick and Matt Donner of Asset Management Group of Chico will show us how to save, no matter how much you're able to put away.
Join the next Resolutions Done Right at noon Feb. 13 at www.live.chicoer.com
This session will be on Thursday, instead of Wednesday, as previous ones have been.
Our experts welcome your questions that day at www.live.chicoer.com
To read past chats online see:
* Paleo diet: http://goo.gl/gff743
* Slimming down your stack of paperwork: http://goo.gl/w63kIk
* Quitting smoke: http://goo.gl/mIba2k
* Fitness and nutrition: http://goo.gl/nw94yF
* Recycling: http://goo.gl/bergJx


text:
Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About Evening capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1888-1893 | View This Issue
Capital Journal Publishing Company.
OHtf, 112 Coart Mrtrt, Optra lltow Illofk.
TKItMH OK BDDHCMITION
Oniflycwr. by iiihII
Hlx montlm. by mull .-
Three montlm by mall ...
Per wok delivered by currier
..lo tf)
.. 2 m
,. 1
.. lr,
One yfvir ........ SI W)
Hlx month ...-....-. Tfi
One vwir. If imld for In ndt Ante,.-. 1 W
Hlx montlm. " ' " 60
celve MilwwIptloiiK.
million?! to re-
lr-Kntrl iw mwiml-clfUM iimtter Ht tlio
Hnleiii,OreKoii,lWolIle,Jiiiio2I, ls.
Republican Natal Ticket
For J'ruHltlont,
JJUX.IAMIN JIAJtKIHON,
Of Tiitlituia.
For VJco Pitwlilenl:
M5VI i aioiwox,
Of Now York.
KOU IMtlJR'DI.'KTIAI El.HClOItfi.
Hobert MoUwn.nf Klitiiuitli County.
Win. If npim.or .Miillimiiuili (Vinnty.
'. W. l'iilton,ir ('liitixip County.
MOMMY. AlKUIKT l!l, 1HHH.
lilt: ('Olll)KN CI. I'll.
Till' following alarming notice li
lining iluty In a number of republi
can xllCH'lH, 1111(1 WIIIIhIm Ml lUttult I10
an IiiiiikIiiiiIIvc i'(1im1oii from (lie
Chlmgo Inter-Ocean that wo feel
wife In cii-tlltlng it t tliut Klrlctly
veracious shed:
'fill' lHOHt lluUgCIOIIH I'IKJIIiy (l the
American laborer which now exists
Is the ('olidcn club.
It Ih a HiIIIhIi organization, anil
an enemy to tlicHyKtcin under which
our cotintry has seemed Hh wondcr
ful inxHrIty. The wealth of a
thousand VamUirlilltH would tn-t
nii'ii"!' v tlio tlnaiutlal iuhoiuvoh of
Its members. I(h publications arc
distributed throughout tlio United
KtutuM froni llostou to Han Kriin
elsco, from Maine to Florida. It ex
ihiiiiIh viih! huiiih of money In tlio
IMIIXIlll Ol'llH IMlljKMO tO III flllf llOM'll
llto protective HyMeni of tho United
.Slalw. It Is eonipoM'd nfthoollto
of tlio aristocracy, diplomacy, olllclal
power, wealth, learning and enter
prise, of Filmland. This chili, above
any other orgaiii.ntltiu on earth,
knows how to push foreign Inllu
i'Iicch. It gives ii'cdals tnourcol
hip tor flee trade cumins. Its ici
lccn(atlvcti infiwt the committee
rooms in the eapltol at Washington,
and vtrlvoto Inlluciico legislation In
favor of fiii foiclgn trade and free
shl 1 w. It hciuIh KugluiidV Iron
lords, cotton lords, w oolen lords, and
linen lords to ncntrulle the lailH'
laws by iM'rslstent ell. iris to liillll
ciii'e the ticnsur.N di'Nirtiucut and
etutoniM oUlclals.
In the early nrluf theelghtiMinth
roiittiry there ww the twine alarm
In ICiikIhihI over fancied .laeohlte
eoimplrncle and Invasions, an Is
nIuiwii hy a cliu of American jkiU
tluhtna at ltrltlsh free tixdo .emU
muIum. The MHt (Jay oxpi'rtiwd the
livvalllntf mmtlniunt when ho
nuked :
Wlmt iimMm lli iiuHrn luf mul I .ml
trot out that old Kpook every day
and expect sensible jieople to Ik
Beared by It.
The Oribdeii Club Ih a poor organi
zation, half dead and half alive,
without any fundu, and never hav
ing had enough to pay the small ex
pense of circulating documents. It
in not doing any missionary work In
thlH country that wc know of, and
lias not done any for years, vhore
arc the evidences of Its Industry?
Certainly not In the columns of tfie
Chicago Tribune, for the Tribune
has not changed on the tariff ques
tion. It is where It has been for
twenty-live years. Who has seen
any Cobden Club literature dHemi
nated through the mails? Where
are the tracts, sjieeches, arguments?
Tills pretended anxiety in regard
to the Cobden Club is really a
counter to the charges widely made,
that certain American organizations,
like the iron and steel association
which has millions of dollars where
the Cobden Club lias cents have
sulwlilized needy newspiipors, and
do now directly or indirectly con
tribute to their support. When Mr.
Foster, the president of the Ameri
can TurlU" Association, wrote in a
confidential circular recently about
"frying tlio fat out of those wealthy
manufacturers," whom he describes
as "the only persons who benefit by
tlio tarifl", ho knew precisely what
he was talking about.
i,orii:n ii!i'i.
OF VAlllAHLE BEX.
Hum Hw)
a ml nil Uiu 1'uU'lM'iV kIuiim Willi law.
It wimi the JhooIiIiw, of mmrvo.
Tluty urv kuirit ftK to the ItrltUh
throm and the ptxi-jn'rlty of the i-cm-Ktrt
Mn, and hii.v luoveuwml that
tended to dUtmli (lie jmimihi of that
nation, mivtwHtlly was dua to the
plottliujw of tlusHi umliHiuteutM. In
ixWd pmtiH'ttiiu drelra thenlnthe
MtimHll-HrvitdluK dretidoftlie Cou
du Club. Thttt ry MUt hiv-
t'lHtlou of kiiiiemumiMttid liKUtrwUliw
I supM-.d (A be hlerphxMly on tlio
hleri, (touring it gold Into nvery
Iwiid tlmt will rvlvt it, with it
o4i'MrioM In etry ot of mir mhiii
try, prmntiliiK llitf intllut dH'trlm
offreotrwle, and potent In uuiiru
lujrour nHtiiuml ixwnoiU. lWid
bribliiK eoiuttvMiiH'ii tho OitNk'ii
('lull i etmryvd with iirniptlng
AiiH'HcAn editor, ud Hmoug lu
inauy rwlwlorial lnertoUriiw Im
tiillUir iif Um ChluigwTHtHitH) l wtUd
to )mv rtxvtvtsl the hnuiUmu miiii
tiff 10,000. Thlw utory ttMt told hi
u low mwt, tihel'hiurkClly hi
U'lllgiuvr, mtvokel ih Tritmuv
mtlUir (a uiinMlnUiMtl lulrtii, nd It
luqUilvd by hp khlKlid lllW Imh'II
After every niontlily drawing of
the Louisiana lottery, the names of
the fortunate drawers of prizes are
widely published in the newspapers
This is tho IhiH'l glitter on the out
side. It shows handsome huiiis
awarded to heie and there 11 ticket-
holder, bill tells nothing of the
thousands of victims who drain
their pockets every month and
deprive their families of necessaries,
in the vain and delusive hope of
getting suddenly rich.
A lesldent or Walla Walla, with a
practical turn of mind, has been In
quiring into the lottery business In
(hat conservative town. He says,
"1 have found that at least $6HI
goes from heie monthly to swell the
exchequer of the Louisiana lottery."
Tho local agent Is a well-to-do bar
ber, and the writer tells of five men
who "punctually and religiously
deposit i'M each every month, and
although they have done so for over
11 yiiir, not a cent has any one of
them rcalled." Here is another
statement made by the same writer:
I siiiipoho thuro are twenty por-
tfniis lint'ii wliti lU'crv lmiiith lnv
audio n certain sum ftir Jlio Louisiana
lottery, and have yet to win their
llrst dollar. Hut they still go on,
blindly investing, and hoping
against hope for tho lucky day or
Occasionally a prl.o is drawn.
He tolls of one woman lu Alder
street, who Invested $i!0, and won
i,(HK). A few mouths ago a promi
nent merchant theio diew 5-751); and
The accomplished Lew AVallnce In
his campaign Life of Gen. Harrison,
necessarily wrote hurriedly, ranjJi
IOW Blips Ol lilt! S,-I1 IllUHLI
him. Here is one awKwA:
wmen occurs in mo
n m 4 It a tt'ltnrn 1
'"""""i -. i jp.i
Ids hero's deficient sofiooL molytlos
"The teachers were so'riiotimos men
sometimes women, and thoy were
not employed all the year round,
but generally in the winter." A
keen New York newspaper critic
hangs on to this passage the follow
ing exegesis:
Whether these pedagogues were
women in winter and man in sum
mer, or the reverse, we are not told,
and tlio statement is rather an ex
traordinary one, even for a cam
paign story. Hut, as the author of
"Hen Hur" is a believer in miracles,
wo suppose it must bo true.
Crura III rlh lo the flrare
We carry w Ith us certain physical traits,
hh we doeertHln mental I'liaracterlBtlcs. In
Mimucli tlmt jwycholoKihtH lmvo striven to
diwluimtc by generic titles certain temper
Bineiits 11s itlie bilious, tlio nervous,; tlie
lymphatic. The Individual with a sallow
complexion Is set down as bilious, often
rightly so. If IheMillron In tho hue of his
skin is traceable to bllu In tho blood, Its
prewinee In the wrong place Instead of the
liver, will also be evinced by fur on the
tongue, pain beneath tho right ribs nnil
through the right shoulder blade, sick
headache, connlliiatlon, llatulcnco and In
digestion, l'or the relief of fhls ery com.
liion, but not essentially perilous com
plaint, there Is no more genial and
thoiough remedy than Hosteller's .Stom
ach Hitters, which 'In also a bcnellcont
tonic and strength promoter, and it wldoly
onteemed remedy for and preventtlvo of
fever, and ague, rheumatism, kidney and
bladder troubles.
shortly afterward a clerk lu tlio
same store made a haul of $151). Hut
these occasional prUo do not en
1 It'll. They only stimulate the
gambling proicnslty, and tho
money is expended in tlio eager
ollbit to get more. Tlio Alder utrimt
woman, our authority Informs us,
"told the Imnker who paid hor the
money, that of tho sum drawn, she
had tvlnviwtod largely lu Uie wine
lottery and the rest ho had 'blown
In.' " The merchant, sineo Ids
lucky haul has gone In again, and
this nodus to Ih the Mile. Ouo who
is well Hitwl lu tlio lottery bind
iim, remarked to the writer. "1
don't know of one who eau my he
has got ahead of tho lottery. I wish
I had kept out ot It."
And IhU Is doubt lo tho wish of
all who are drawn In by tho delu
sive attractions of tho wheel. It Is
a liMlug game, and poverty and dls
apiHilntiuout are den It out to its
votMluii, lntiMid of wealth. Nothing
In produced by the large sums of
money monthly Invented. The
profiM MdMritw iwld the pMrtioti en-
gitgod, the extetifclve advertising,
and tho numerous Uwks aWirb k)
jHr cent, of t hi money pid lu; m
that the ticket-holder takes tlie
rlk of netting tM i-onts hack for
every dollar h .KHtd. Asaixvm
nurtal traiuaeUou It iMauds imu-
Hut thU lottery dvallug U iiuurf
lidurimi lu iu(Vtliuj th iuIiuU of
th Hple with a gamUUug luauia.
(iame of ehamv have au atirm'liuu,
Um kwirr la w lleauAU to gvt hiukv
tiling for uothlug. TlieM gtilUTlug
(ittVHw if Urgi )urtM, uumuUug up
iulo live and at flgurea, I'aloh the
ye ox the unwary, tliey uiluk
A hhow Siilcnilldlj- Aihcrtheil.
The Hells Ilrothers who have
been before tlie public for over six
teen years, -were never known to do
anything by halves. Whether In ex
hibiting tlie most noted attractions
that capital and good judgment can
procure, or in conspicuously an
nouncing them to tho public, they
have no equal In America. Fame
lias never denied her laurels to the
Sells Ilrothers' show, hut the tro
phies slie nas iK'stoweii nave ever
been for true merit and not for nier
itritloiihdisplay. They notonly have
an exceptionally entertaining exni
bition, but know better tlie methods
of bringing it before tlie people.
Kvery board and dead wall within
tlie city, and In tlio surrounding
suburbs for a radius of twenty miles,
isnblaowithiilctorial posters. Illus
trated couriers and programs
lmvo. boon illsociuliiuted bj the
tliiiiisjiiid, ami the i(lvortiuoiiiont
columns of tho various city papers
testify to their enterprise. As else
where announced the show will bo
in Salem Tuesday, 2Sth.
'Fahby.iHiJile Groceries,
provision, Flour and Feed.
f RaU
Vegetables ail RBI ftesh Every Day.
My stock In entirely new, and carefully
selected. Prices marked down to a cash
No. 110 Stale SL -Next (o Red Front
State Fair!
The 2Sth Annual State Talr will be
held on the Fair Grounds, near Balem,
commencing on the
17th OF SEPTEMBER,
nd continuing one week.
CASH PREMIUMS to the
Amount of $15,000
Will be awarded for Agricultural, Mechan
ical and Mock cihlbltH, works of art and
funo work, and for trials of speed.
BTlie p-cmliinis ottered liae been In
creased In ninny cases, and ntw classes
Ii.im- bien added. No entry fee charged
In 11n Wons J, K, I. and Q.
A iii.'gnlllcent Held of horses entered,
and time will bo splendid contests of run
nniL' and trotting each day.
Tin illtlerent trnnrrtntlon companies
Mill make liberal reductions In fares and
special attention Is called to the premium-,
citlcred for county exhibits of grains,
grai'-es mid trults.
I.ntrles will bo receded In the secretary's
iilllii" in Siileni, beginning six days before
tin fair, and on tho fair grounds from Frl
dnj In fore the fair. Persons desiring to
exhibit In divisions J, K. (), Pnnd Q are
Mlin-sted to make their en tries on Krl
duj and Saturday before the fair If possible.
All entries close on Monday, September
171 h, at 7:.M) p. in.
Coupon ticket for men (six days) iS 50
Coupon ticket for women (six dajs) .. I 00
l.i diet fur men o0
Imv tnUetfor Momen. -
Tickets to the grand stand ot nice
track for males over 12 years . 'St
1jk1I(" to the grand stand tree.
Tho-c deslrmif to ourchnso booths will
applj to tho secretary.
tt 'i'iiii to me sccreiarj' ni sviicm lorn
pn iiiiuiu list. J.T. OUEliG,
Becrctnr .
KufWm'n Arnlm Salrr.
The liost salvo in tho world f.i.
.tits, bruises, sores, ulcora, salt rheum,
fever soros, tottor, chujiixid liatuN,
chilblains, corns, and all skin oru
tlons, and positively euros piles, oi
no pay required. It is guaranteed
I" give perfect satisfaction, or money
refunded, l'rieo 35 cents per box.
l-'or wle ' Dr. II. W. Cox.
An Absolute Curt.
The OIUGUN'AL AIUKTINI,
UINT.MISNTIs only put up In large
two-ouneo Km Ihixos, and is aw
absolute euro for old soros, burns,
woiiiuU, ehapied hands, and all
-kln eruptions. Will inwltlvelv
euro all kinds of pile. Ask for tho
OHIOINAI, AmETlNK OLNT
MKNT. fsolu byD.W. Matthows
& Co., 100 State street, Saloin, at
eonta jwr booc by mall SO cents.
Take Note or Tills.
null Mi.r.oo vn wir.t. sr.u. no acres
'will iiiinroNcd garden land, within i
miles of Salem, liood road to town tin
uir aiiiund. llulldlngsgood. FINE YOUNG
ORCHARD and excellent grass land. This
Is a bargain, and will be held onh a short
time at these figures. Call, and we will
show j on tho property.
WIM.1S & CHAMliKHI.IN.
opera House, SmiIciii, Or,
salem: baths.
H. DIAMQNn. Proprietor.
Com- St., bet. Ferry and State.
CJHAVINQ, HAIIt CUTONO AND
j) Shauijioolug neatly done.
Whet) lkiby u skk,
Wi guv Iwr CwvrlA,
Whhi iA ww a CillU,
Siw orld fw Outoriu.
Whra sIm) Ihvawk IIs,
Slw oluni; to CVtor.
Wtivn ) liml ChlUnsi,
KIm ipiMi iIuhu rAturta.
and MHiioty, hnpno many privations
upon thu.tiunMH stu:, lu tho wav of
tire- l'lrsLit U uun frvNk, and Umii
Huothor, and mmi the tow, tlwt
many ot tiuim re unlnltliy lu tho
iixtronio, it is sum It wonder that
many women st ivuml., und tlmt
"fenwle wwkiuwi" U the too fro
iiMfiit rMilt. Dr. Tlertv's l-Vwrltt
rrrwrliKiun Wtlwimlv Hk4Uvvura
fur Uiutm ixuuiklHiuU lu exMetw
d thmiMtiuU of women can Uwr
witikw to Its eiHoMcy. "IVvorlte
i'ww'riptkm" U Um WgiUuMttfuiwll
ein't curufully ixuuiMUUikti by u
vxporfeucvd und kknlfUl jthXtn
nud mWpnil to wotiwtr ikiicnte
iMVHiiiaMkn. IiUUmouIa uiMiioiw
for MlWWU. Mild li lirumrlm muU
m iiuivr ruriiie, rroui tlie luau-
uiiM'tutvn, IHiM it will irtw uUhv
Uon lu ii'ryi, r inoiivy will Im
nriuuimi. i iii kuaiiuiim iia Iumii
Rfiutwi n the Umlo-wrmpr. and
1 TAXZLBR k SOX'S
Ji:rFi:usox, Oiuxiox.
General Merchandise
Groceries, Boots and Shoes,
Crockery, Glassware, Cigars anil Tobacco
Cheapest store In southern Marlon
Piuprletor of
i2 I'ccil
Wincl ami don bl ttirmaiU Ui lt.
TwH(Ht sUmk twNAtUy poivW! tor.
Hpdtst Htttttt piH vo eiHimretal
lo uuthi-r III Ue of the iruldvu
MkKlud and iiit au luuiilaouiily ftir' ter, and the low mtihoU of
tUtMWlliiira imiLi .-JL.v wl.k ku ! UAtloUl ttllutrv ltM tltrir llltXVM.
u,.ii... iw ..L. i i kflorU uw Iwu uuV by uivu- kUlifullvcWTfc'aoMt ftwiiun '.
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text:
Custer Institute: A History
The Custer Institute had its roots long before it was formally established. Charles W. Elmer, co-founder of the Perkin-Elmer Optical Company, and an avid amateur astronomer and scientist, would invite and meet with his astronomy friends, including his future partner Henry Perkin, in his home at Cedar Beach, most every weekend.
Finally, in 1927, this group of friends decided to formalize their camaraderie and shared interest by establishing an astronomy organization. Charles Elmer's wife May, whose maiden name was Custer, was the Grand Niece of General George Armstrong Custer. To honor the many years she had been their gracious hostess at their weekly informal gatherings, this newly organized band of amateur astronomers chose to call themselves the Custer Institute.
In 1938, the group purchased the land the institute presently occupies and construction of the main (northern) building was begun. The new meeting place was completed in the spring of 1939.
In 1942, the Custer Institute, Inc was incorporated as a non-profit educational corporation in the State of New York.
In 1945, the southern second building, later dedicated in 1954 as the Dr. John W. Stokes Hall in honor of this long time member, was added with its seating capacity of 100+. It was at this time that Custer Institute began an aggressive schedule of both astronomy related and cultural presentations for the public. Though Southold was still mainly a farming community, these events usually played to an SRO packed house. This tradition continues today and has been expanded by adding the yearly Spring Family Astronomy Day and the Fall Custer Astronomy Jamboree.
In 1947, through donations by Charles Elmer and Mr. Polk, the 3-story tower and dome were built.
In 1954, Charles Elmer passed away. That same year, the Institute added the shed, which houses three sliding roof observatories.
In 1984, member Jeff Lichtman obtained a 3 Meter Satellite TVRO Dish and proceeded to do Radio Astronomy experiments at Custer. Jeff went on to become the founder of the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers, which today is an international organization with approx. 400 members worldwide.
During the early years through 1950, the membership of the Custer Institute boasted a number of world famous people. The list included David Rothman, Henry Fitz, and Dan Eichner. Today, the membership rolls continue the tradition with members like Phil Harrington author, Richard Berry author and past editor of Astronomy, and Dava Sobel author to name just a few.
In 2006, Custer's observatory was crowned with a brand-new 22-foot galvanized steel dome. See the photos here, and a dome raising video here.
At Custer
- Custer Weather
- Events
- Plan your visit
- Visitor's Guide
- Group Visits
- Custer History
- Our Equipment
- Contact us
- The Music Project
- Photos
Membership & Business
- Membership Information
- Membership via PayPal
- Membership (PDF)
- Join our YaHoo Groups
- Custer on facebook
- Custer Bylaws
- Cert. of Incorporation
- Legislative Endorsement
- Policies and Procedures


text:
NewswireToday - /newswire/ -
London, United Kingdom, 2008/03/18 - The drug discovery process has changed dramatically over the past decade and continues to evolve in response to new discoveries and technologies.
There is also increasing demand to produce more drug candidates and decrease attrition during drug development. Recent advances in cell culture robotic technology have grown out of the need to maximise efficiency and minimise the possibility of errors, contamination and failure associated with high-throughput cell culture.
In addition, the trends towards assay miniaturisation and multiplexing for high-throughput and ultrahigh-throughput have been triggered by the necessity to reduce development and operational costs. Despite advances in cell based assay technology, numerous bottlenecks still need to be addressed in drug discovery for the identification of novel drug candidates.
New analysis from Frost & Sullivan, European Cell Based Assays Markets, finds that the market for cell based assay kits earned revenues of $66.2 million in 2007 and estimates this to reach $220.1 in 2014.
As pharmaceutical companies strive to improve the cost effectiveness of their drug discovery programmes, it is becoming apparent that considerable amounts of money are lost on compounds that fail late in the drug discovery process because of their toxicity.
"Over the past decade, various initiatives have been taken to improve the science of predicting toxicity and improving extrapolation to humans, including the use of cell based assays to enhance predictions," notes Frost & Sullivan Research Analyst Dr. Laleh Safinia. "The revolution in the drug discovery process has recently demonstrated emerging lab disciplines and technology platforms in the area of cell based assay screening, holding great promise for the discovery of new drug targets."
Drug targets derived from genomics and proteomics projects have sparked the interest of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and drug discovery companies in screening large numbers of compounds using cell based assays in an ultrahigh-throughput format. Progress and advances in a number of technologies have made the utilisation of live cells in high-throughput screening and high-content screening assays an attractive option in the drug discovery process.
Partnerships and alliances between active participants within this industry will allow the acquisition of new molecules, increase profitability and offer a pipeline of other drugs in development as well as remove some of the bottlenecks within drug discovery.
Cell based assays are an important aspect of the drug discovery process. However, there is a growing need for reliable and robust assay kits to enable the effective standardisation of assays and a reduction in variability. For researchers using automated screening systems, the stability and compatibility of reagents with robotic components is often a concern, resulting in high cost of operation.
"The assay reagent must be stable at ambient temperature; signal generated by the assay should be stable for an adequate period of time to be able to monitor cells over a period of time," says Dr. Safinia. "Thus, HTS requires the optimisation of HTS assays and protocols. Approximately $200 million could be saved through more productive discovery programs or cell based assay screens that boost clinical success rates."
With the increase in demand for new drugs, the degree of competition among the drug discovery companies is also intensifying. The initial investment is considerable; however, the scope for new drug target and profit margins is also high.
"There is, therefore, a heightened need for target validation technology to verify the correct target through advances in assay protocols, novel technologies and reliable data analyses," comments Dr. Safinia. "Identifying the correct drug target through the use of genomics, proteomics and chemical libraries for drug discovery is a critical bottleneck in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries."
There have been tremendous efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to improve cell based screening platforms to expedite target validation as well as for use in preclinical trials. In order to understand the complexity of biological systems and accelerate the hit-to-lead process, recent advances in microfluidic technologies and automation have attracted a lot of attention with promising applications in cell based biosensors and drug screening.
In addition, considerable efforts are being made to improve the science of predicting the toxicology of emerging clinical candidates to reduce the ADME/Tox failure of drug candidates.
If you are interested in a virtual brochure, which provides manufacturers, end users, and other industry participants with an overview of the European cell based assays markets, then send an email to Patrick Cairns, Corporate Communications, at pcairns_pr[.]frost.com, with your full name, company name, title, telephone number, company email address, company website, city, state and country. Upon receipt of the above information, an overview will be sent to you by email.
European Cell Based Assays Markets is part of the Drug Discovery Technologies Growth Partnership Service programme, which also includes research in the following markets: Contract Research Organisations (CROs) Markets in Europe, Nucleic Acid Isolation Markets in Europe and Advances in Laboratory Automation Markets in Europe. All research included in subscriptions provide detailed market opportunities and industry trends that have been evaluated following extensive interviews with market participants. Interviews with the press are available.
Frost & Sullivan, the Global Growth Consulting Company, partners with clients to accelerate their growth. The company's Growth Partnership Services, Growth Consulting and Career Best Practices empower clients to create a growth focused culture that generates, evaluates and implements effective growth strategies. Frost & Sullivan employs over 45 years of experience in partnering with Global 1000 companies, emerging businesses and the investment community from more than 30 offices on six continents.
European Cell Based Assays Markets - M0E6
Written by / Agency / Source: Frost & Sullivan
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Traffic Booster: [/] Quick Newswire Today Visibility Checker
Distribution / Indexing: [+] / [Company listed above is a registered member of our network. Content made possible by PRZOOM / PRTODAY indexing services]


text: Time Stopping Orgasms Could Be the Best Super Power Ever Posted on January 25, 2017 by Christopher Sikkenga I'm a noob when it comes to comics, so I asked the host of the upcoming Cocktail Movie Recap and Awkward Human's own Richard Cardenas to give me a hand. Below we review a book I thought our readers/listeners might enjoy, Sex Criminals. Read More!


text:
(based on 6 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Reviewed by 6 customers
Displaying reviews 1-6
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Very Nice
By Martha
from DC
About Me Quality Oriented
Comments about Classic Stephen Binder - Black:
Great for office and school. Very nice leather but I'm having issues with the zipper. It's not opening easily.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
Stephen Binder
By Deb
from Houston
About Me Value Oriented
See all my reviews
This was the perfect gift. My son (as I) have used the Franklin binders for over 20 years. His was finally looking a little worn. He was thrilled to get a new one. He is a professional and this binder fits right in with his professional image.
This product has me covered!
By Dan
from Boston, MA
Only comes in one color. Luckily, I like black.The finish is slightly slippery, but it gets easier to handle it as time goes by.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Not enough choices
By Jeff, Financial Advisor
from Englewood, Colorado
I am satisfied with the products. I do wish you offered more variety in product selection.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Finally a usable binder with small rings
By Elmo
from Detroit
Finally, after years of searching, a quality zipped leather binder with small rings! Waited 5 years too long to replace my last one. Small rings rule. Annoying/annoyed store clerks who know nothing are gone!
(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
By kdbh
from washington
Very good quality


text:
Kevin Says, "Thanks For A Great Plant Sale"
Kevin Hansen, Produce Manager, is almost all out of plants.
You can see he's got a lot of empties to recycle. There are a few plants left so hurry on down if you still need some.
618 Kensington Road
Syracuse, New York 13210
Map and Directions
Phone: (315) 472-1385
Fax: (315) 422-9021
Email Us
Open 7 days a week
8 am - 9 pm
Closed on some holidays, please call


text:
To install a new extension, download and unpack the archive file. Copy the files into the directory listed at Edit > Preferences > System: User extensions. After a restart of Inkscape, the new extension will be available.
To learn about how to make one yourself, see here.
Some extensions may depend on other programs, that will need to be installed on your computer for them to work correctly. Usually, the author of the extension will provide instructions for this.
Note on Security: Please note that these extensions are not selected or curated and are provided by the Inkscape community as is. Always check code before running it to make sure it's safe.


text:
Oscar-winning director Jessica Yu and I both grew up in Northern California, so we know a little bit about conserving water. As a kid, I always took baths, but I remember the day when my mother told me that we would be taking showers from now on because it had not been raining enough and water had become more expensive. It definitely left an impression on me, and the evidence goes beyond the fact that I can probably count the baths I've taken since then on one hand. Yu remembers growing up in the Bay Area in a family that kept a bucket in the shower. If you don't know what that means, you might've left the faucet running while brushing your teeth -- something I find as incomprehensible now as I did when I first saw it in on the East Coast.
While I do my best to conserve, Yu directed Last Call at the Oasis, a documentary co-produced by Participant Media that explores the reasons why humans are polluting and consuming more fresh water than nature can replenish, and why this represents a threat that crosses ideologies, borders, and generations (watch the trailer for Last Call at the Oasis here). I spoke with Yu, discussing her method for approaching such a big topic, some of the scarier facts she learned, how we need to shift our thinking about water, and whether logic will ever trump disgust when it comes to selling perfectly hygienic bottled water made from sewage. Check out my ReThink Interview with Jessica Yu below.
Find out more about Last Call at the Oasis and how you can help preserve and protect our water here.


text:
Network Layer Attacks and Defense Mechanisms in MANETS- A Survey
The foremost concerned security issue in mobile ad hoc networks is to protect the network layer from malicious attacks, thereby identifying and preventing malicious nodes. A unified security solution is in very much need for such networks to protect both route and data forwarding operations in the network layer. Without any appropriate security solution, the malicious nodes in the network can readily act to function as routers. This will solely disturb the network operation from correct delivering of the packets, like the malicious nodes can give stale routing updates or drop all the packets passing through them. In this paper a study that will through light on such attacks in MANETS is presented.


text:
BP Comment Quick Links
|Strength of Schedule Report
January 19, 2012
Transaction Analysis
A Tale of Four Starters
Signed RHP Bartolo Colon to a one-year, $2 million deal. [1/15]
Last March, I wrote a piece for BP and ESPN gauging Colon's chances for success after missing a year at an advanced age. Spoiler: I didn't think they were all that good, even though he was coming off strong performances in winter ball and spring training. In my defense, I wasn't the only one who was spectacularly wrong—we didn't even put him in the annual.
Of course, we didn't know until May that Colon had undergone an experimental stem cell procedure in the Dominican Republic, which in retrospect turned out to be important information. Even if that news had come to light earlier, I probably wouldn't have changed my tune, since "experimental stem cell procedure in the Dominican Republic" doesn't inspire much confidence until you've seen the results. Colon was entering his age-38 season and hadn't been simultaneously healthy and effective for several seasons. The safe bet was that he'd be unhealthy and ineffective again.
The safe bet was wrong. Colon pitched 164 1/3 innings (the most he'd managed since his 2005 Cy Young season) with an ERA below league-average and a FIP to match, giving the Yankees a lot of bang for their 900,000 bucks. His fastball averaged around 92 mph throughout the season, and he struck out his highest percentage of opposing batters since 2001, all while throwing fastballs (both four-seam and two-seam) almost exclusively. He did break down eventually, spending 20 days on the DL with a left hamstring strain from mid-June through early July and pitching relatively poorly thereafter, but he was still worth over two wins, making him the most valuable non-Sabathia starter in a thin Yankees rotation.
We've seen pitchers who were less effective last season sign for more than Colon this winter, which isn't surprising. Signing Colon is the equivalent of signing lightning after it strikes for the first time. Unless he's discovered an even more impressive experimental procedure this winter, he'll enter next season a year older, and likely no lighter, than he entered last season. That, coupled with his underwhelming end to 2011, explains why he wasn't signed until now. But there's another reason for buyers to beware that has nothing to do with his birth date or body.
Remember that impressive strikeout percentage? In one sense, it may have been less impressive than it appeared. Over half of Colon's strikeouts were called; among other pitchers with at least 50 IP last season, only Vance Worley could say the same. Colon recorded the ninth-lowest swinging-strike rate among pitchers with at least 2,000 deliveries. So what's the problem? A strikeout is a strikeout, right? Well, yes, in a retrospective sense. But swinging strike rate is a better predictor of future strikeout rate than called strike rate, so the fact that so many of Colon's Ks were called might not bode well for his chances of repeating his 2011 performance—especially since he'll be throwing to an average framing catcher in Kurt Suzuki instead of an excellent one like Russell Martin.*
*It's official: I've now linked to Mike Fast's framing article enough times that I know the URL by heart.
Still, stranger things have happened than Colon pitching well in 2012—Colon pitching well in 2011, for instance. With a winter of rest, a bigger ballpark, and—if he knows what's good for him—another helping of stem cells, he could be capable of giving the A's another good half-season before fatigue sets in and another DL stint inevitably follows, which would make him worth his salary. Until then, he'll be the only member of the A's rotation over 28, let alone 38, as Oakland attempts to field a watchable team while it rebuilds.
The deal has been pending a physical for a few days now, but it should become official once the A's find a doctor willing to see Colon with his shirt off.
Signed RHP Yu Darvish to a six-year, $60 million contract. [1/18]
We—and by "we," I mean Kevin Goldstein, who knows much more about Yu Darvish than I do—have already told you what we (and sources inside the game) think Yu Darvish will be, as well as what his acquisition might mean for the Rangers. The only thing we haven't been able to tell you is what he'll cost. And now we know that, too.
It came down to the wire, as it always does,* but the Rangers reached an agreement to pay Darvish $60 million over the next six years, which—if all goes well—will give him a shot at an even bigger contract after his age-31 season. Of course, the Rangers also have to give $51.7 million to the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters, Darvish's former team, which brings the total cost to Texas up to $111.7 million. If you spread that over six years (which the Rangers can't do, since they have to pay the posting fee now—possibly with interest, if there's a loan involved), it works out to $18.6 million. Here's a complete list of pitchers who earned more last season than the Rangers will be paying for the privilege of playing Darvish in 2012:
One of those pitchers didn't make a single major-league appearance in 2011, and one of them pitched poorly for a while before deciding that he'd rather stop pitching entirely. Darvish is expected to pitch, possibly for the whole season, so compared to those other teams, the Rangers are getting a good deal.
I'm being a bit facetious, but the fact that two of those three teams got almost no return on their large pitcher investments last season goes to show how risky large pitcher investments can be. Still, $18.6 seems like a reasonable range for a 25-year-old whom most teams believe has ace potential with a high probability of being at least a number-two type, and whom the Rangers clearly preferred to the over-30 C.J. Wilson, who got five/$75.
If there's any victim here, it's Darvish, who gets jobbed financially by the posting process. No team would be willing to pay that $51.7 million fee—which he won't see a penny of—on top of an appropriate salary, so instead, he'll make much less than Mark Buehrle money. That's significantly below-market value for a player with his background and ability, even if it does represent a raise over his roughly $6 million earnings last season.
*When does a baseball transaction not come down to the wire? Trade deadline. Draft signing deadline. It's always the same. Whatever and whenever the deadline is, the signing happens a few minutes before it. Sometimes it happens a few minutes after it, and everything works out anyway. It's like every member of Major League Baseball has senioritis and is taking the season pass/fail.
Nolan Ryan: Jon, have you started working on that Yu Darvish contract yet?
Signed LHP Joe Saunders to a one-year, $6 million contract. [1/18]
Saunders made $5.5 million for the Diamondbacks last season. Despite his 12-13 record, his 3.69 ERA and 212 innings pitched put him in line for a raise to the $8-9 million range in his final year of arbitration. The D-Backs weren't willing to pay that, but they were willing to talk multi-year deal, reportedly offering him two years and $12 million. Saunders countered at three years and $27 million, essentially asking the team to commit to a long-term contract without any discount on his expected arbitration earnings. Arizona understandably declined and, in one of the winter's most predictable moves, non-tendered him.
Saunders will still end up with the Snakes, but he'll have to settle for one measly year at a rate that earlier this offseason made him turn up his nose at two. That's a win for Kevin Towers, even if the spoils aren't especially exciting. Saunders at $6 million isn't a steal, but it is at or below the going rate for a league-average pitcher. That's exactly what Saunders is, though you wouldn't know it from his FIP, which insists that he's considerably worse than that. The secret to his ability to outperform his peripherals is an exceptional talent for inducing double plays, perhaps partially as a result of his quick pace.
Saunders won't finish with an ERA below 4.00 again without another low BABIP or a further decline in league-wide offense, but his presence will allow the Diamondbacks to be patient with Trevor Bauer without blocking any prospects beyond 2012. If he eats innings that might otherwise have gone to Barry Enright, he'll be worth a win or two. A win or two is worth a lot where the Diamondbacks are on the win curve, so they were probably right to bring him back on their own contractual terms. The only question is whether they could have gotten just as much out of Wade Miley for much less. One could wonder the same about their decision to displace Gerardo Parra with Jason Kubel earlier this offseason. There's something to be said for making sure a win-now team wins now, but paying for redundant production causes problems in the long run.
Signed LHP Jamie Moyer to a minor-league contract with an invitation to spring training. [1/18]
If you're between 40 and 50 and a baseball fan, you now have permission to feel young again.
When writing about Jamie Moyer, it's customary to start off with a factoid that conveys some sense of how old he is. For example, I could name some long-forgotten players Moyer faced. I could count how many current Rockies hadn't been born when Moyer debuted in the majors. I could mention that I hadn't been born when Moyer debuted in the majors. (Neither had Yu Darvish, for that matter) But I'm not going to do that (any more than I just did, at least). We all get the point. Jamie Moyer is old, but he's still clinging to his place in a young man's game, and that's something to be celebrated.
Watching major-league players in their primes thrills us, inspires us, and makes us want to see more. Watching Moyer does all of those things, but for different reasons. It's not the same sort of thrilling to watch a 40-something man's fastball barely break 80 as it is to see Aroldis Chapman touch triple digits, Mike Stanton hit a deep drive, or Peter Bourjos cross half an outfield to come up with a catch. But to see him barely break 80 on a major-league mound, somehow surviving in the same games as ultra-athletic men half his age, makes us all feel a better about where we'll be at age 49 and beyond.
The thing that strikes me about Moyer's statistical record is how little black ink there is. In 24 seasons and over 4,000 innings, Moyer has led his league only three times, in three separate categories. Two of those times were for bad things: in 1987, he led the NL with 114 earned runs, and in 2004, he led the AL with 44 long balls. The only time he was the best at something was in 1996, when he barely qualified for the AL lead in winning percentage, going 13-3 in 160 2/3 innings. He made an All-Star team only once, at age 40. He'll finish with an ERA+ at or around 100. He managed a couple consecutive four-plus-win seasons in the late-1990s, but they're almost buried under an avalanche of ones, twos, and threes. He was a good pitcher for a very long time, but the only thing he's truly excelled at is staying employed, which is remarkable in its own right.
We all would've preferred to see Moyer land somewhere better-suited to a soft-tossing lefty, like Safeco, where he spent his last several years in Seattle, or Petco, where he could avoid the DH. Coors is no place for his kind (or, for that matter, for most of the Rockies' new arms). He was last a valuable pitcher in 2008, he didn't pitch last season, and he's so ancient that aging curves can no longer tell us what he might be projected to do—he's extending the aging curve as he goes.
This move has no playoff implications. If Moyer manages to make the team, he'll be keeping a rotation spot warm for a much younger, more talented pitcher, and he likely won't last long. The only reason to expect signing Moyer to succeed is that it's always worked before, and at some point, entropy always wins. But that's all in the future. Jamie Moyer has an invitation to spring training. For another few months, we can pretend that we won't get old either.
Ben Lindbergh is an author of Baseball Prospectus. Follow @benlindbergh
23 comments have been left for this article.
BP Comment Quick Links
I can't help but think Darvish will be better than most sources are letting on, except for BP with your last article on Yu, comparing him to guys like Greinke and Garza instead of the oft-thrown out Zimmermann comp, which I think doesn't do his abilities justice.
Jan 19, 2012 00:22 AM
I'm not sure a projection off the top of my head would have any value. In fact, I'm pretty sure it wouldn't. We're working on PECOTA projections for Darvish and Cespedes, among other foreign imports.
Jan 19, 2012 07:22 AM
I thought there was a Davenport translation for Japanese leagues to the majors.
Jan 19, 2012 12:20 PM
Can we anticipate not reading about Moyer in this Year's annual (coming soon to a book-selling franchise near you!)?
Jan 19, 2012 04:53 AM
I believe that's the case--he's not in the Phillies chapter, and I don't know where else he could be. Let's hope we're kicking ourselves for it next winter.
Jan 19, 2012 07:20 AM
Maybe in future editions there can be a section for unsigned players that sat out the year?
Jan 19, 2012 14:31 PM
"The deal has been pending a physical for a few days now, but it should become official once the A's find a doctor willing to see Colon with his shirt off."
Jan 19, 2012 08:19 AM
Thanks. By the way, late-breaking "Jamie Moyer is old" fact I just discovered: on the day Yu Darvish was born, Moyer pitched a complete game shutout against the Expos.
Jan 19, 2012 08:24 AM
Seriously?? Blaming the team for the negotiations going down to the wire?? You're kidding right. So when the agent come sin with a preposterous demand just cave and give it to him??
Jan 19, 2012 08:36 AM
Those were jokes! I don't blame anyone, or think that anyone's actually procrastinating. Both teams and players are perfectly entitled to do deals right before the deadline.
Jan 19, 2012 08:40 AM
Hahahaha! Boomer, you should go find the Wezen-Ball post on The Kids in the Hall from a few days ago. I think you'd make a wonderful Foley-esque vaudevillian.
Jan 19, 2012 11:41 AM
Jan 19, 2012 09:49 AM
I hope Moyer never retires as he is the last remaining player older than I am (by 4 months).
Jan 19, 2012 12:45 PM
As of now Moyer and Omar Vizquel are the only players still active the year I started watching baseball and Vizquel was a rookie.
Jan 19, 2012 16:11 PM
As a fellow 49 year old, I cheer for Jamie Moyer every day. :-)
Jan 19, 2012 14:24 PM
I'm amazed that Darvish doesn't simply punt back to NPB for one more year and then hit MLB free agency next offseason as a 26-year-old, utterly unrestricted free agent ace. He'd double his initial payday, and still have a go at another mega-contract later (assuming he signed a five-year deal upon coming over). The math seems easy to me.
Jan 19, 2012 14:26 PM
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text:
Randy's Film – Rider on the Storm – a doc about Hurricane Sandy!
right when i got this I was pumped. Randy has been a great friend for years and makes great things happen. Hurricane Sandy affected a lot of us jersey boys…but some of us were able to make some art out of it in the process! Oh how I miss our atlantic coast. I want to go to the beach right now. Lets rebuild it….just like the film says.


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Diabetic desserts
Recipes / Diabetic desserts (1000+)
Diabetic Dessert
678 views
Diabetic Dessert, ingredients: 1/3 c. butter, softened, 1/4 c. brown
Diabetic Dessert
564 views
Diabetic Dessert, ingredients: 2 (3 ounce.) boxes sugar free gelatin, 1 pkg
Banana Split Dessert
10792 views
3 c.), 1 (9 ounce.) carton frzn whipped dessert topping, thawed, 1/2 c. coarsely minced
Diabetic Cream Puff Dessert
961 views
Diabetic Cream Puff Dessert, ingredients: 1 c. water, 1 stick butter, 4 Large eggs
Angel Surprise Dessert
9456 views
Angel Surprise Dessert, ingredients: 1 1/2 c. Lowfat milk, 1 pkt (3
Vegan Pumpkin Bran Muffins with Protein Powder
348 views
back I borrowed the book 150 Best Diabetes Desserts from the library and liked the recipes
Gluten-Free and Egg Free Whole Grain Banana Brownies
211 views
from the book Canada's 150 Best Diabetes Desserts and made changes to make it gluten-free
Gluten-Free, Vegan Banana Applesauce Muffins
128 views
muffins recipe in Canada's 150 Best Diabetes Desserts books. So I decided to bake a
Autumn Apple Party for #SundaySupper...Featuring French Apple Cobbler with Cinnamon-Maple Whipped Cream
1641 views
Tomato Sauce – Diabetic Foodie Baked Sue's Nutrition Buzz Desserts Double Apple Pot Pie
Christmas Pudding Sundaes
518 views
Christmas Pudding Sundaes. Because of my diabetes, desserts are pretty much off the menu
Groups / Diabetic desserts (0)
Daydreamer Desserts
73 members
Daydreamer Desserts, Have a sweet tooth? Love dessert? This group is where you belong
Cupcakes & Other Desserts
46 members
Other Desserts, A place to share recipes for cupcakes and other bite-sized desserts!, cook
What's for Dessert?!
108 members
What's for Dessert?!, What's for Dessert is a group I created where foodies can talk and
luscious FROZEN decadent DESSERTs
840 members
Semi-freddo -- Sherberts -- Sorbets...frozen desserts, способ приготовления: Freeze/chill
Diabetic Cookbooks
7 members
Diabetic Cookbooks, Diabetic cookbooks with recipes that will be some of your favorites
Themes / Diabetic desserts (0)
Watermelon Recipes
as an appetizer, side dish or dessert!, main ingredient: Fruits, special category
Lisa Jo
Chicken, cook method: Bake, cuisine: Southern/soul food, special category: Diabetic
Trusted Results with Diabetic desserts
diabetic desserts : Food Network
We found 44 results for "diabetic desserts" Showing 1-12 of 44. Sort ... Desserts are among Food Network fans' favorite recipes to try, so we've ...
Cooks.com - Recipes - Diabetic Desserts
DIABETIC CREAM PUFF DESSERT. Bring water to a boil, add 1 stick butter. ... DIABETIC ORANGE DESSERT. Soften gelatin in 1/2 cup orange juice and slowly warm on low ...
Cooks.com - Recipe - Diabetic Dessert
Home > Recipes > Diabetic Dessert. DIABETIC DESSERT. 1 lg. can pineapple chunks with juice ... Recipes related to Diabetic Dessert. Cookie Salad. Cranberry Relish ...
Cooks.com - Recipe - Diabetic Dessert
Home > Recipes > Diabetic Dessert. DIABETIC DESSERT. 2 (3 oz.) boxes sugar free gelatin. 1 pkg. Estee whipped topping mix. Fresh fruit or juice only canned fruit ...
Cooks.com - Recipe - Diabetic Orange Dessert
DIABETIC ORANGE DESSERT. 2 env. unflavored gelatin. 2 c. unsweetened orange juice. 1 tbsp. ... Punch Bowl Dessert. Pork Loin Roast. Famous Quaker Oatmeal Cookies ...
Cooks.com - Recipe - Diabetic Dessert
Home > Recipes > Diabetic Dessert. DIABETIC DESSERT. 2 c. apples, chopped. 1 c. raisins. 1 c. ... Florida Desserts. Rhubarb-Strawberry Dessert. email this recipe to: ...
Cooks.com - Recipe - Diabetic Dessert - Hawaiian Delite
Home > Recipes > Diabetic Dessert - Hawaiian Delite. DIABETIC DESSERT - HAWAIIAN DELITE. 3 ... Diabetic Dessert - Hawaiian Delite. Pink And White Dessert. Dessert ...


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Major depression affects up to eight percent of American adults, darkening every aspect of life: relationships, work, sleep. Treatment usually includes talk therapy and medication, but those don't work for everyone.
One New Jersey resident with persistent, severe depression chose to take a step into the unknown. WHYY's Behavioral Health reporter Maiken Scott followed her progress at every stage of an experimental treatment, and retraces the two-year journey.
It is May of 2009. Tara Aliotta almost has a spring in her step. Her wardrobe is fashionable and bright, as if the cheerful colors could chase away the relentless depression that has darkened her life.
"I knew something was wrong when I was about 11 years old," remembers Aliotta. "I went into my parents' medicine chest and took out a bottle of Valium and had a profound sadness, and wanted to take the whole bottle."
She is in her fifties, and has been hospitalized, institutionalized, tried countless medications and treatments. Nothing has helped. She has always managed to keep a job. But lately, her world keeps getting smaller. Everything feels like an effort, like she is walking through quicksand, said Aliotta. "I used to go to church every Sunday, I used to be able to go to the mall, and past two to three years I haven't been able to do that."
Aliotta's case is a challenge for Dr. John O'Reardon, a wiry psychiatrist who is the lead investigator for a University of Pennsylvania study that is testing a treatment approach called DBS. DBS stands for Deep Brain Stimulation, and involves placing tiny electrodes deep into the brain, and delivering stimulation through those electrodes in key circuits in the brain.
In depressed patients, explains O'Reardon, it's as if the parts of the brain that are responsible for regulating mood have gone on strike. The stimulation is supposed to jolt them into action.
After much trial and error, DBS been successful with Parkinson's patients, but this is the first large-scale study to test if it can help relieve severe depression. The University of Pennsylvania is one of five study sites, and eight of the 30 patients in the trial are here.
O'Reardon is hopeful it might deliver relief to his most severe patients. "It is the cutting edge of what modern neuroscience can do to help patients that otherwise have no other meaningful treatment options at this point," he said.
'I know relief is possibly coming'
The first step for Tara Aliotta is surgery to implant the electrodes. On May 4, 2009, she arrives at Pennsylvania Hospital. Her aging parents are with her. Their daughter's long history of suffering is written on their worried faces. "I think this is my only chance I have left, really," said Aliotta.
In the operating room, brain surgeon Gordon Baltuch inserts the electrodes through two dime-sized holes in Aliotta's skull. Then, a psychiatrist involved in the study conducts tests to check if stimulation has any effect on Aliotta's mood. She is awake just enough to answer.
He asks her questions about how she feels, while changing the settings on the stimulation delivered by the electrodes. Aliotta reports that if zero is the worst mood and ten is not depressed at all she is about a six.
After recovering from the the six-hour procedure, Aliotta enters what's called the "blinded" phase of the study in June 2009. For 16 weeks, the participants won't know if their devices are turned on or not. This is done to control for a placebo effect.
Aliotta is not feeling any better: "I've had some really bad days, really dark days, but I know relief is possibly coming, I'm trying to do the best I can."
'Not a hopeless case'
After 16 weeks of uncertainty and not feeling well, she enters the next phase of the study in October of 2009, and knows that her device is turned on for sure. Then, the stimulation has to be optimized.In one session, psychiatrist Mahendra Bhati tries to find the best settings for the electrodes in Aliotta's brain. As he changes the settings on the electrodes, he has to observe Tara very closely, to get a sense of her mood.
"Typically with Tara I either see agitation or a sense of calm," saaid Bhati. "But in some patients you can see them get flushed, you can see them get lethargic, you can also see them smile spontaneously, I have seen that on one occasion with Tara."
Despite Bhati's best efforts, Aliotta experiences no lasting improvements. She has to move back in with her parents, where conflicts arise. Her father falls ill. During a visit with Dr. O'Reardon in March 2010, she looks exhausted, drawn, and defeated.
Her tireless champion, Dr. O'Reardon gives a pep talk. "You're entirely entitled to feel hopeless, but you are not a hopeless case, medically," O'Reardon said. "You are not a hopeless case, and there's always hope we can find something."
Other study participants are doing better. Ciara, a woman in her thirties, is seeing benefits. "I used to carry around this huge weight on my chest that just hurt all the time," Ciara says, "and it never ever went away, and I feel like that's gone. I talk now. I can actually read a book."
Holding on
Aliotta and her team try different settings, medications. Nothing helps. In early 2011, it's clear DBS is not working for her. The electrodes are shut off. In April she returns to the hospital to have them removed. Once again, her parents are with her, looking still more worried and worn. Tara looks fragile and child-like in her hospital gown. She says she simply doesn't know where to go from here, and admits that she thinks about death all of the time.
Her father, Anthony Aliotta, sums up the grief: "This is a sad day for us today, because it's the culmination of an effort that Tara made, and we see her every day how she suffers."
Tara promises to hold on, for her parents, and for Dr. O'Reardon, who is still trying to find relief for her.
As a whole, the study has shown mixed results for DBS in treating depression. In Philadelphia, four participants got a lot better. The other four saw no improvement. But O'Reardon says DBS is by no means finished as a tool in treating depression. He says this point doesn't mark an end, it marks the end of the beginning phase. "We have learned a lot, and we want to apply that in future studies, so that we will move along this road positively," said O'Reardon.
O'Reardon says researchers have to now investigate why the approach works for some patients, and not others. In the Philadelphia study, there was a clear difference between how men and women responded to DBS. Also, different placements of electrodes will be tested.
And even though the approach Tara called her "last chance" didn't work for her, she wants the research to move forward: "I would never have anyone say, definitely don't do this. Because, if there's a chance for it to work for someone, take that chance."
As of July 2011, Tara Aliotta remains in treatment with Dr. O'Reardon, even though she is no longer in the study. She is living with her parents.