text:
The respiratory chemoreflex is known to be modified during orthostatic stress although the underlying mechanisms remain to be established. To determine the potential role of cerebral hypoperfusion, we examined the relationship between changes in MCA Vmean (middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity) and V̇E (pulmonary minute ventilation) from supine control to LBNP (lower body negative pressure; −45mmHg) at different CO2 levels (0, 3.5 and 5% CO2). The regression line of the linear relationship between V̇E and PETCO2 (end-tidal CO2) shifted leftwards during orthostatic stress without any change in sensitivity (1.36±0.27 l/min per mmHg at supine to 1.06±0.21 l/min per mmHg during LBNP; P=0.087). In contrast, the relationship between MCA Vmean and PETCO2 was not shifted by LBNP-induced changes in PETCO2. However, changes in V̇E from rest to LBNP were more related to changes in MCA Vmean than changes in PETCO2. These findings demonstrate for the first time that postural reductions in CBF (cerebral blood flow) modified the central respiratory chemoreflex by moving its operating point. An orthostatically induced decrease in CBF probably attenuated the 'washout' of CO2 from the brain causing hyperpnoea following activation of the central chemoreflex.
- arterial blood pressure
- end-tidal CO2
- middle cerebral artery blood velocity
- lower body negative pressure (LBNP)
• Autonomic dysfunction and impaired cerebral autoregulation are characteristic features of patients suffering from the combined effects of hypercapnia and hypoxaemia, including those with COPD and OSA. Furthermore, cerebral vasodilator responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia have been shown to be attenuated in these patients, who are at an increased risk of developing stroke.
• The present findings have identified that orthostatic stress modified respiratory function due primarily to changes in CBF. During orthostatic stress, the reduction in CBF has the potential to stimulate V̇E through activation of the central chemoreflex, which we suggest may be due to attenuation of CO2 'washout'.
• Although our findings are confined to healthy subjects free of any underlying pathology, they nonetheless provide important mechanistic insight that can be translated to the 'at-risk' patient, in particular those suffering with COPD and OSA.
Orthostatic-stress-induced hypocapnia [1–4] is expected to decrease V̇E (pulmonary minute ventilation) via the central controller [controlling element; the response of ventilation to PaCO2 (arterial partial pressure of CO2)] of the respiratory chemoreflex; however, V̇E is slightly increased rather than decreased [1–4], suggesting that orthostatic stress re-sets the central controller to respond to lower PaCO2 or PETCO2 (end-tidal CO2). On the other hand, orthostatic stress decreases CBF (cerebral blood flow) [4–7]. The cerebrovasculature is exquisitely sensitive to PaCO2 [8,9], thus the decrease in CBF from supine to upright positions seems to be explained partially by hypocapnia [10,11]. However, the reduction in PaCO2 cannot fully explain the decrease in CBF [2,12,13]. Thus the precise mechanisms underlying postural cerebral hypoperfusion and its potential modification by the chemoreflex continue to remain unclear.
From a clinical perspective, autonomic dysfunction and impaired cerebral autoregulation are characteristic features of patients suffering from COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), who are typically hypercapnic and hypoxaemic [14]. Furthermore, cerebral vasodilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia have been shown to be attenuated [15] and these patients have an increased risk of stroke [16]. Collectively, these findings highlight an intimate relationship between the respiratory system and the cerebral circulation. For example, a decrease in CBF reduces the diffusion of CO2 from the cerebrospinal fluid and brain extracellular fluid to the cerebral vessels causing H+ ions to increase at the level of the central chemoreceptors [17–19]. Thus unexpected hyperventilation during orthostatic stress may be related to cerebral hypoperfusion, thereby enhancing central respiratory drive.
Therefore, in light of the existing controversy, we hypothesized that postural reductions in CBF would modify the central ventilatory chemoreflex (i.e. alter the operating point of the V̇E–PETCO2 relationship). To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of a decrease in MCA Vmean (middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity) on the central controller of ventilatory chemoreflex at different CO2 levels from supine to orthostatic stress [LBNP (lower body negative pressure); −45 mmHg].
A total of nine healthy men, aged 24±1 years old and weighing 67±2 kg (values are means±S.E.M.), volunteered for the present study. Each subject provided written informed consent after all of the potential risks and procedures were explained. All experimental procedures and protocols conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Human Subjects Committee of Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences (No. 016). The subjects were considered physically active but not trained since they did not perform endurance training on a regular basis (<5 h/week) [20]. In addition, they were free of any known cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders, and were not using any prescribed medication. Before the formal experimentation, each subject was familiarized with the techniques and procedures. They were requested to abstain from caffeinated beverages for 12 h and from strenuous physical activity and alcohol for at least 24 h before the day of the experiment.
All studies were performed at a room temperature between 23–24°C with minimal external stimuli. HR (heart rate) was monitored using a lead II ECG. Beat-to-beat ABP (arterial blood pressure) was measured via a tonometer placed over the left radial artery (BP-608; Omron). The MCA blood velocity was measured using TCD (transcranial Doppler) ultrasonography (WAKI; Atys Medical). A 2-MHz Doppler probe was placed over the temporal ultrasound window and fixed with an adjustable headband and adhesive ultrasonic gel (Tensive; Parker Laboratories). To gain an optimum Doppler signal, the position and angle of the TCD probe was first adjusted at the same depth for all subjects; optimization of the gain and power intensity of the signal was then modified accordingly for each subject. Ventilatory responses were measured breath-by-breath using an open-circuit apparatus (ARCO2000-MET; Arcosystem). The subjects breathed through a face mask attached to a low-resistance one-way valve with a flow meter. The valve mechanism allowed subjects to inspire room air or a gas mixture from a 200 litre Douglas bag containing 0.0, 3.5 or 5.0% CO2 in 40% O2 with N2 balance. High O2 concentrations in the inspiration gas avoids potentially confounding (respiratory) influences of the peripheral chemoreflex [21]. The total instrumental dead space was 200 ml. Respiratory and metabolic data were recorded using an automatic breath-by-breath gas analyser that housed a differential pressure transducer, sampling tube, filter, suction pump and mass spectrometer (ARCO2000-MET; Arcosystem). We digitized expired flow, and CO2 and O2 concentrations, and derived VT (tidal volume), V̇E and PETCO2. Flow signals were matched to gas concentrations identified as single breaths using the peak PETCO2 after accounting for the time delay (350 ms) in gas concentration measurements. The corresponding O2 uptake and CO2 output values for each breath were calculated from inspired–expired gas concentration differences and by expired ventilation, with inspired ventilation calculated by N2 correction. During each protocol, HR, V̇E, PETCO2 and MCA V were recorded continuously at 200 Hz.
Experimental Protocol
On the experimental day the subjects arrived at the laboratory at least 2 h after a light meal. After instrumentation, the subjects were placed in an LBNP box. To characterize MCA V and respiratory responses to hypercapnia, the subjects breathed through a face mask and inspired a selected gas mixture from a 200 litre Douglas bag containing 0.0, 3.5 or 5.0% CO2, 40% O2 balanced with N2 [FiCO2 (fraction of inspired CO2)=0.000, 0.035 and 0.050] at rest and during LBNP (−45 mmHg). A total of 5 min of baseline data were recorded at supine rest or during LBNP while the subjects breathed from the Douglas bag containing 0% CO2, 40% O2 balanced with N2. After baseline recordings, each hypercapnia trial was induced by rapidly changing the FiCO2 and lasted for 8 min. This duration is sufficiently long to permit CO2 to reach its new steady state at the level of the central chemoreceptors [22]. During the interval period between experimental trials (>20 min), the subjects inspired room air. The order of the rest and LBNP trials was randomized for each subject (Figure 1).
Data analysis
Respiratory controller
The central chemoreflex was identified by linear regression analysis between PETCO2 and V̇E. To characterize the controller at rest and during LBNP, we used a protocol of CO2 administration (three levels; FiCO2, 0, 3.5, 5.0%), a conventional linear equation, V̇E=S·(PETCO2− B), and determined the slope S and intercept B using least-squares regression. The slope S reflects the sensitivity of the controller [23].
Effect of changes in CO2 on CBF
Cerebrovascular reactivity to changes in CO2 was identified by exponential and linear regression analysis between changes in PETCO2 and MCA Vmean. To characterize cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 at rest and during LBNP, we used a protocol of CO2 administration (three levels; FiCO2, 0, 3.5, 5.0%), an exponential function, MCA Vmean=K·exp(R·PETCO2), and determined the values K and R [9,25]. In addition, the cerebral CO2 reactivity was calculated by linear model (%MCA Vmean=k+α·PETCO2) [25]. The values R and α also reflect cerebral CO2 reactivity.
Effect of LBNP-induced changes in PETCO2 or MCA Vmean on V̇E
The relationship between changes in V̇E, PETCO2 and MCA Vmean from supine rest to LBNP was described using simple and multiple linear regression analysis for each subject. In these analyses, we used the recorded data (1 min average from 3–8 min steady-state period at each condition; 15 data points for one subject). The MCA Vmean response to changes in CO2 attained a steady state within 10 s. In contrast, PETCO2 did not reach steady state within this time frame (see Figure 2), which may have influenced V̇E. Thus, given the inevitable differences in on-kinetics, we chose to exclude the 0–3 min period (to ensure that PETCO2 had indeed attained a steady state) to identify the inter-relationships between V̇E and CO2 or MCA Vmean. The data from these regression analyses show the time-dependent variability of changes in MCA Vmean from supine to LBNP on changes in V̇E at steady state. In multiple linear regression analysis, we only used MCA Vmean and PETCO2 as dependent variables, since MAP (mean arterial pressure) was unchanged by LBNP (P=0.584) or HR and thus they were unlikely to have had an effect on the central respiratory chemoreflex.
Statistical analysis
All analyses were conducted using SigmaStat (Jandel Scientific Software; SPSS). A normal distribution was confirmed via repeated Shapiro–Wilk W tests. Data were subsequently analysed using a repeated-measures two-way ANOVA [condition: control compared with LBNP×FiCO2 (0% compared with 3.5% compared with 5% CO2)] and post-hoc Student–Newman–Keul tests. The relationship between changes in V̇E, PETCO2 and MCA Vmean from supine rest to LBNP was described using simple and multiple linear regression analysis. Results are expressed as means±S.E.M., and significance for all two-tailed tests was set at P<0.05.
PETCO2 was manipulated well by different respiratory CO2 levels, whereas LBNP decreased PETCO2 with the exception of the 5% trial (P<0.05; Table 1 and Figure 2). In both conditions, HR was unaffected by FiCO2, whereas LBNP caused tachycardia. MAP was unchanged by both LBNP and different respiratory CO2 levels. MCA Vmean was decreased during LBNP at each CO2 level. In contrast, V̇E was increased by increases in FiCO2, whereas V̇E tended to increase during LBNP at each CO2 level compared with the supine control condition. VT increased in response to an increase in FiCO2, whereas this was blunted during LBNP.
The group-averaged data of the relationship between PETCO2 and V̇E are shown in Figure 3. V̇E was linearly related to PETCO2 during the supine control (r2=0.976) and LBNP (r2=0.953) conditions, whereas the LBNP condition decreased the PETCO2 intercept (B) (Table 2; P=0.012). LBNP induced a leftward shift in the V̇E–PETCO2 relationship without changes in controller sensitivity (S) (1.36±0.27 l/min per mmHg for control compared with 1.06±0.21 l/min per mmHg for LBNP; P=0.087).
Hypercapnia resulted in an exponential increase in MCA Vmean during LBNP (r2=0.99), as well as at control supine (r2=0.93; Figure 4). However, both R (P=0.279) and K (P=0.232) of the cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity exponential curves (PETCO2–MCA Vmean relationship) were unchanged during LBNP (Table 2 and Figure 4). In addition, cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity calculated from the linear model during LBNP was similar to control (2.5±0.3%/mmHg in control compared with 2.4±0.4%/mmHg in LBNP; P=301). These findings indicate that the functional curve of cerebral CO2 reactivity was not shifted during LBNP.
Figure 5 shows the typical (individual) relationship between changes in V̇E and PETCO2 or MCA Vmean from supine to LBNP. Changes in V̇E were not associated with changes in PETCO2 (P=0.511); in contrast, changes in V̇E were inversely associated with changes in MCA Vmean from control to LBNP (P=0.008). Similarly, in simple linear regression analysis, correlation between changes in MCA Vmean and V̇E from supine to LBNP was observed in all subjects (P=0.007–0.044), whereas only three subjects had a correlation between PETCO2 and V̇E (Table 3). This was confirmed further by multiple linear regression analysis. In six subjects, the changes in V̇E were related to the changes in MCA Vmean, but not to changes in PETCO2, whereas in one subject the changes in V̇E were related to the changes in PETCO2
The present study is the first of its kind to address how changes in CBF influence the respiratory controller during LBNP-induced orthostatic stress in humans. Two major findings were apparent. First, orthostatic stress was shown to cause a leftward shift in the V̇E–PETCO2 relationship, thereby suggesting that the operating point of the central controller of the respiratory chemoreflex had been modified. Secondly, this shift appeared to be more related to changes in MCA Vmean as opposed to changes in PETCO2. In combination, these findings suggest that, during orthostatic stress, the reduction in CBF has the potential to stimulate V̇E through activation of the central chemoreflex, which we speculate may be due to attenuation of CO2 'washout'.
Cerebral haemodynamic function
The findings of our present study have generally confirmed previous findings [2,26,27] in that, as anticipated, MCA Vmean was decreased during orthostatic stress, i.e. LBNP, head-up tilt and standing-up during normocapnia. It has been suggested that hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia and associated cerebral vasoconstriction may be responsible, at least in part, for the cerebral hypoperfusion observed during the transition from supine to the free-standing upright position [1,11]. However, this remains equivocal given that other investigators have observed an apparent dissociation between the decrease in PaCO2 and CBF during orthostatic stress, suggesting that the postural decrease in CBF is unlikely to be accounted for by cerebral CO2 reactivity alone [2,13]. For example, Serrador et al. [13] demonstrated that the decline in MCA Vmean was not related to hypocapnia during 10 min of head-up tilt. In the present study, LBNP shifted cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity leftwards without affecting both K and R, indicating that the decrease in CBF is independent of changes in CO2. These findings strongly suggest that hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia is unlikely to be the primary mechanism underlying cerebral hypoperfusion.
One possible mechanism that may contribute to altered cerebral perfusion relates to the hydrostatic effects imposed by gravity. We [28] have previously examined the relationship between cardiac output and MCA Vmean by differentially manipulating cardiac output by LBNP (reduction) and plasma volume expansion (increase). We identified that the cardiac output associated with the changes in central blood volume influence MCA Vmean at rest and during exercise, and its regulation is independent of cerebral autoregulation. Therefore orthostatic-stress (head-up tilt)-induced central hypovolaemia [29] may be related to the decline in CBF during LBNP. These findings clearly emphasize that the fundamental mechanisms underlying orthostatically induced cerebral hypoperfusion remain to be established.
Respiratory function: ventilation and PETCO2
During the transition from supine to the upright position, PETCO2 decreased subsequent to an increase in V̇E [10]. Similarly, in the present study, V̇E increased during LBNP with a reduction in PETCO2 (Figure 2). More importantly, changes in V̇E were shown to be unrelated to changes in PETCO2 during LBNP across all CO2 conditions, indicating that orthostatically induced hyperventilation could not be explained by the central chemoreflex (Figure 3). These findings raise the possibility that orthostatic stress modifies the respiratory chemoreflex, although the precise mechanisms remain to be established.
One such mechanism that may have modified the controller property relates to central nervous drive including afferent neural inputs from respiratory muscle mechanoreceptors [30], given the gravitational pull on the diaphragm [1,31]. The present study provides another possible mechanism regarding V̇E increases during orthostatic stress. Interestingly, changes in V̇E were associated with changes in MCA Vmean from control to LBNP rather than changes in PETCO2 (Table 3 and Figure 5).
An increase in CBF increases the diffusion of CO2 from cerebrospinal fluid and brain extracellular fluid to the cerebral vessels, causing a decrease in H+ ions at the level of the central chemoreceptors [32]. As both the cerebrovasculature and the central chemoreceptor are sensitive to CO2, CBF and the ventilatory response to CO2 seem to be tightly linked [9,17–19,33–35]. For example, changes in CBF might have an important role in stabilizing the breathing pattern [19]. Chapman et al. [33] reported that severe brain ischaemia blunted the ventilatory response to CO2. Clinically, respiratory dysfunction attenuates CBF regulation [14,16,36]. Thus the corollary (i.e. orthostatic reduction in CBF), as observed in the present study, may have reduced the elimination rate of CO2 from the brain thereby causing hyperpnoea subsequent to activation of the central chemoreflex. Orthostatic-induced decreases in CBF may therefore modify the central controller of respiratory chemoreflex.
Clinical implications
Patients suffering from COPD exhibit functional impairments in cardiovascular and respiratory control [37] and are characterized by neurocognitive dysfunction [38], tentatively suggesting a functional link between respiratory control abnormalities and cerebral blood flow regulation. In support of this, Bernardi et al. [14] have demonstrated that autonomic dysfunction in COPD patients was associated with impaired cerebrovascular regulation that could be restored by improving cardio- and cerebro-vascular modulation. In addition, cerebral vasodilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were attenuated in patients with OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea) [15], and these patients are at a significantly greater risk of suffering a stroke [16]. Although orthostatic-stress-induced central hypovolaemia was shown to modify respiratory function, albeit in healthy subjects free of any underlying pathology, our findings provide important insight into the fundamental mechanisms that predispose to the systemic complications observed in COPD or OSA and the potential therapeutic interventions available.
Experimental limitations
The postural reductions in PETCO2 probably overestimate the decrease in PaCO2 [2] and thus the sensitivity of the central chemoreflex or cerebral CO2 reactivity may have been underestimated. However, this is unlikely, given that our conclusions were based on the assessment of V̇E or MCA Vmean independently of PETCO2. TCD ultrasonography may be considered as an additional limitation, since it measures cerebral flow velocity and not blood flow. However, in humans, the MCA diameter appears to remain relatively constant under a variety of conditions [39,40]. Thus we would contend that beat-to-beat changes in MCA Vmean reflect changes in flow. In addition, vertebral blood flow is a more accurate reflection of the central cardiovascular and respiratory systems compared with MCA blood flow [41,42]. Finally, under closed-loop conditions, MCA Vmean did not stabilize until V̇E had achieved a steady state by a hyperventilation-induced reduction in PETCO2. Thus, given the inevitable differences in on-kinetics, we chose to exclude the 0–3 min period (to ensure that PETCO2 had indeed attained a steady state) to identify the inter-relationships (we duly acknowledge that this does not disassociate cause from effect) between V̇E, CO2 and MCA Vmean. Although the effect of acute changes in MCA Vmean during hypercapnia on V̇E is unclear from our results, an LBNP-induced reduction in MCA Vmean (steady state) was clearly associated with an increase in V̇E, which we certainly feel is worthwhile reporting.
In combination, these findings tentatively suggest that, during orthostatic stress, the reduction in CBF has the potential to stimulate V̇E through activation of the central chemoreflex, which may be due to attenuation of CO2 'washout'.
This study was supported, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research [grant number 19500574] from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Descente and Ishimoto Memorial Foundation for the Promotion of Sports Science and the Kouzuki Foundation for Sports and Education.
Shigehiko Ogoh designed the study, performed the experiments, interpreted the data, performed the statistical analysis and wrote/revised the paper. Hidehiro Nakahara performed the experiments. Kazunobu Okazaki performed the experiments, interpreted the data and revised the paper. Tadayoshi Miyamoto developed the methods, interpreted the data and wrote/revised the paper. Damian Bailey interpreted the data and wrote/revised the paper.
We appreciate the time and effort invested by the volunteers.
Abbreviations: CBF, cerebral blood flow; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FiCO2, inspired fraction of CO2; HR, heart rate; LBNP, lower body negative pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MCA, Vmean, middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; PaCO2, arterial partial pressure of CO2; PETCO2, end-tidal CO2; TCD, transcranial Doppler; V̇E, pulmonary minute ventilation; VT, tidal volume
- © The Authors Journal compilation © 2013 Biochemical Society


text:
The Commercial Court of England and Wales and the Dubai International Financial Centre Courts (DIFC Courts) signed a Memorandum of Guidance (MoG) on 23 January 2013 concerning the enforcement of judgments between the two Courts. While there remains no treaty between England and Wales and the UAE providing for the reciprocal enforcement of court judgments between the two, the MoG clarifies the current regime for reciprocal enforcement of court judgments between the key commercial court in each jurisdiction. The MoG is designed to assist UK and UAE businesses and investors who wish to develop closer trade and investment ties.
The Commercial Court of England and Wales
The Commercial Court is a specialist court within the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of England and Wales. It deals with complex cases arising out of business and financial disputes, both national and international, which fall within its jurisdiction. The Court is internationally recognised for its experience and expertise in commercial dispute resolution.
The DIFC Courts
The DIFC Courts are civil and commercial courts which comprise the independent judicial system of the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). Dubai and the DIFC are widely recognized as the commercial hub of the Middle East, and increasingly a springboard for investment not only into the Middle East and North Africa but Sub-Saharan Africa and India too.
The DIFC Courts are an independent, common law judicial system with exclusive jurisdiction over all civil and commercial disputes within the DIFC financial district, with procedural rules which closely follow and are modeled on the English Civil Procedure Rules. The DIFC Courts have a judicial panel consisting of internationally-renowned commercial and civil law judges, led by the Chief Justice, Michael Hwang, SC, the President of the Law Society of Singapore.
In 2012 the jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts was widened. While previously jurisdiction was limited to that over natural persons or entities with a connection or presence in the DIFC, the DIFC Courts now have jurisdiction over entities and persons outside of the DIFC and who 'opt in' to the jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts.
The Memorandum of Guidance
There is currently no treaty between the UK and UAE providing for the reciprocal enforcement of court judgments between courts of the two jurisdictions. Nor does the MoG constitute any such treaty or legislation or have any binding legal effect.
Rather, the MoG seeks to explain and clarify the existing legal rules that the English Commercial Court and the DIFC Courts apply when considering the enforcement of each other's 'money' judgments. Money judgments are those that require a person to pay a sum of money to another person. The MoG does not extend to court judgments ordering a party to pay taxes, fines or penalties.
As the MoG confirms, the legal requirements for enforcement of DIFC judgments in the Commercial Court, and vice versa, are the same. The two key requirements are that:
- in order to be sued on, the judgment must be final and conclusive (it may be so even if subject to appeal); and
- the court whose judgment is subject to enforcement must have had jurisdiction to determine the subject matter of the dispute.
Helpfully, the MoG also explains the limited grounds upon which the Commercial Court or DIFC Courts will entertain a challenge to a judgment on application for recognition and enforcement. The MoG states that those limited grounds for challenge are:
- where the judgment was obtained by fraud;
- where the judgment is contrary to the public policy of the jurisdiction in which it is being enforced; or
- where the proceedings were conducted in a manner which the enforcing jurisdiction considers to be contrary to the principles of natural justice.
No challenge may be brought on the ground of error of fact or law. It will be a comfort to those seeking enforcement that neither court may open the judgment of the other to re-examine the merits of the judgment.
In a further aid to parties and their lawyers, the MoG also outlines the procedures for enforcement of Commercial Court judgments in the DIFC Courts and vice versa. As the MoG explains, the procedures that both courts apply are very similar. Ultimately, if the claim on the Commercial Court or DIFC Court judgment is successful, the judgment creditor will have the benefit of, respectively, a DIFC Court judgment or Commercial Court judgment.
The MoG can be found here.
The MoG is a commendable achievement, and confirms the respect in which the Commercial Court and DIFC Courts hold each other and their mutual spirit of reciprocity. The clarity that the MoG brings will assists parties and their lawyers, and aid in the efficient processing of enforcement claims and in the prevention of duplicitous litigation of the same dispute between the Commercial Court and DIFC Courts. While it does not have legal effect, the MoG will no doubt be relied on and clearly signals a mutual desire to ensure straightforward enforcement between the two institutions.
Enforcement of UK & UAE Arbitral Awards
Finally, it should be noted that the MoG concerns only court judgments from the English Commercial Court and the DIFC Court. The recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards made in arbitrations seated in the UK and the UAE are instead enforceable pursuant to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 (the "New York Convention"), to which both the UK and the UAE are parties. The New York Convention, which has now been ratified by over 140 states, entitles the holder of a foreign arbitral award to recognition and enforcement of its award in the courts of New York Convention states in the same way as a domestic court judgment.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fergie's Head-to-Toe Pastel Look: Love It or Hate It?
Sugary sweet hues are a super hot spring trend and one fashion-forward star is embracing the look in a major way.
VOTE: Would you wear these spring trends?
Fergie was spotted in a pale blue suit with a mint green silk blouse and blush-colored bag at LAX airport Monday. The 36-year-old Black Eyed Peas singer paired the ensemble with gray sandals and oversized sunglasses.
PHOTOS: Fergie's body evolution
Her sorbet-inspired outfit is a stark contrast from the eye-popping neon orange dress she wore to the 2012 Grammy Awards.
Get more Us! Follow us on Twitter, Friend us on Facebook, Subscribe to Us Weekly
We Recommend
- Sep. 22, 2017 See Kaley Cuoco's on-screen love interests ranked


text:
Save more for the holidays. Shop online —wisely
Faced with the fallout from a lingering bad economy, many online merchants are offering deep discounts on the most-wanted holiday gift items, often throwing in free shipping with low or no spending threshholds. The holiday promotions began before the masks were off the Halloween trick-or-treaters. Lands End was one of the first, with a $40-off deal on orders of at least $100 and free shipping if the tab goes over $50.
Nearly 93 percent of online retailers say they will offer free shipping at some point through December, says the National Retail Federation. A good number of the merchants say the promotions will be more tempting than last year. Shoppers put off by the sense of a very slow move toward a robust economy will want some special deals to prod them into digging into their pocketbooks, experts say. The Federation says it expects the average shopper this season to do about 36 percent of his buying online. Last year, the figure was 32.7 percent.
Some online retailers such as Walmart, are offering not only expanded free shipping for those who purchase at least $45 in goods, and they have online-only bargains that can't be found in stores. A spokesman for Bradsdeals.com predicts all-time low prices on televisions, computers, cameras and tablet computers.
In what has become a well-entrenched custom, the holiday online shopping frenzy is expected to launch on Black Friday, the day after Thanksgiving, with more to come on the following Cyber Monday.
Shoppers can multiply their holiday shopping benefits by following these tips from the experts:
Sites such as Groupon.com, Eversave.com, Living Social.com and PlumDistrict.com offer half-off buys from a variety of online dealers. For example, Groupon recently offered a $40 Body Shop certificate for $20.
Not all online merchants allow to return an item in-store. Find out up-front and save the hassle.
COMPARE PRICES: Begin your shopping with a Web search of the particular product you have in mind or consult a comparison site such as Bizrate.com or PriceGrabber.com
One of the great advantages of online shopping is being able to access websites that include customer ratings of products.
Many retailers recognize shipping costs as one of the deterrents to online shopping. They offer ways to get around them. Amazon.com offers free "SuperSaver" shipping on orders over $25, although the deal doesn't apply to all products. Some of the free-shipping offers are tied to a spending minimum . Freeshipping.org can be a guide. Some online dealers offer a buy-online, pick-up-in-the-store option, eliminating the shipping charge.
Among websites that can give you information about money-saving coupons are RetailMeNot and Coupon Cabin. Some sites will accept more than one coupon code per order. For the best savings, compare coupon offers between a couple of sites. There are many combinations, so do the math.
Many major online merchants are offering more money-saving offers via Facebook and Twitter. Get on the "Like" or "Follow " lists of your favorite retailers.
Ebates.com, ShopatHome.com and FatWallet.com and other cash-back websites earn a small commission for referring shoppers to online merchants. They then share that commission with shoppers who buy. Start with one of these Web pages and then click on the merchant with whom you would like to shop. Not every merchant works with a cash-back site, but many do.


text:
About Sabor Latino
Sabor Latino covers a range of great Latin tunes from bands and Artists like La Fania All Stars, Mongo Santamaria, Ponch... Read MoreRead More o Sanchez, Larry Harlow, Ray Barreto, Bobby Valentin, Ismael Miranda, Hector Lavoe, Cheo Feliciano, Willie Colon, El Gran Combo, Richie Ray & Bobby Cruz all while adding our own twist.
Sabor Latino can put together a slammin set of Salsa or step it down a notch with Latin Jazz tunes that are great for listening or dancing.
Sabor Latino is currently available for Corporate Parties & Events. Weddings, Anniversaries, Quinceñeras, Nightclubs, Concerts and all Events.


text:
A strong start has LoGators at 11-3
By Matthew Davis
Sun Post Newspapers
When Matt Marek took on the catcher spot for the Champlin LoGators amateur baseball team in 2012, the current winning ways seemed miles away.
"We kind of took it upon ourselves to turn things around," Marek said.
After a sub-.500 2012 season, the LoGators improved to 20-21 and reached the super section and finished second in their district for 2013. Success from that campaign has simply built since as the LoGators have started the season 11-3 and hold the No. 9 ranking in Minnesota Class B amateur baseball.
"It kind of carried over this year," Marek said.
Batting has been a forte with the LoGators and the wealth has spread around at the plate. Eleven different players hit .250 or better.
"We don't have just one guy that does it," Marek said.
At catcher, Marek has benefited from new coach Tom Heifort taking the reigns as it has the whole team. Heifort, the father of LoGators pitcher/outfielder Tim Heifort, had prior experience coaching at he St. Francis amateur team and umpiring.
"He sometimes sees things that I don't see and is able to help a pitcher out," Marek said.
A 4-0 tournament showing in Moorehead, Minn. got the momentum going for the LoGators where they beat a ranked Moorehead Blues team. This weekend, the LoGators will look another strong tournament performance in Nimrod.
One squad at the tournament has a load of St. Thomas players, which went to the NCAA Division III tournament this spring. Nimrod has a player that earned All-Big East honors this year.
After the tournament, the LoGators will take on the Ramsey Renegades on Wednesday, July 2 at 7:30 p.m. in Anoka. The LoGators get a break for the fourth of July before a five-game week in league play on July 6-12.
Contact Matthew Davis at [email protected]


text:
- {{matchup.date.fullday}}{{matchup.date.month + ' ' + matchup.date.day}}
Panthers sneak past Redskins
The Carolina Panthers scored 18 unanswered points in the second half Sunday to defeat the Washington Redskins 20-17.
The Panthers were a 5.5-point favorite in the game, but were unable to cover the spread. The combined score fell UNDER the posted over/under total (38).
Jake Delhomme passed for 181 yards with a touchdown and an interception for Carolina, while Jonathan Stewart rushed for 39 yards and a touchdown on 10 carries.
Jason Campbell threw for 145 yards with a touchdown for Washington and Clinton Portis rushed for 57 yards and a TD on 19 carries and he also caught a TD pass.


text: The Demitri Maximoff wiki last edited by randomcharachter on 07/27/13 06:10PM View full history OverviewStatisticsAliases: Demitri MaximovBirthdate: 1483Birthplace: RomaniaRace: VampireHeight: 6'6" (197 cm)Weight: 223 lbs (101 kg)Demitri Maximoff is a vampire of the Maximoff clan and one of the otherworldly fighters originally from Capcom's Darkstalkers series. He appeared in all three entries in the franchise, and has since appeared in numerous Capcom crossover titles, though not always as a playable character.Game BiographiesDarkstalkers: Night Warriors RevengeTitle:Prince of DarknessStory:Demitri has called together the Darkstalkers to prove he is still lord of the night. Even after 500 years, his fighting skills have not dulled, and he is up to any new challenge.Strategy:The Vampire is a good, standard character. His normal moves are powerful and useful. Utilize the Jumping Hard Punch and the Standing Heavy Punch. Be careful, though, as these attacks are ineffective against J. Talbain and Morrigan.Darkstalkers 3Title:The prince of DarknessQuote:I shall let them know.. I'm the ruler of this world.Story:The night before his final battle with Morrigan to decide who will be the true ruler of the Dark World, Demitri's castle is drawn to the Dark Dimension by a mysterious power.Midnight BlissJedah turned into a woman by Demitri.Demitri is somewhat infamous in fighting game circles for his special attack known as Midnight Bliss. A close range attack, it has the unique property of transforming male opponents into women. Female opponents are affected by being dressed in fetishistic, sexy or cute costumes. Though the attack's effect on Morrigan is a bit different in that she shrinks down to a pint-sized, kewpie doll-like figure that is the polar opposite of her normally sexually attractive appearance.Once the target is transformed, Demitri grabs his opponent and drains the blood from him/her. The opponent returns to normal upon the attack's conclusion. Demitri is also capable of using Midnight Bliss in his playable appearances in fighting games outside of the Darkstalkers series; notably in SVC Chaos and Capcom Fighting Evolution. However, the blood effects are noticeably omitted from these games.TriviaDemitri in the Darkstalkers series is voiced by Nobunaki Hiyama.Demitri's favorite blood type is AB.Demitri is one of few characters in Darkstalkers to retain his stage through out the series. Morrigan and Donovan are the other two.Along with Morrigan, both Demitri and Morrigan appear in Monster Hunter Frontier as downloadable skins.


text:
We were excited to read the interview on the Vice website with reclusive experimental filmmaker Kenneth Anger, who is now 85, mostly because the filmmaker—beloved for his visually stunning, surreal, homoerotic creations—is known for his interest in the occult, an interest which is manifested in films like his 1954 masterpiece Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome, which explores Thelema, Aleister Crowley's occult philosophy.
Hoping to get some insight into his occult practice, we get instead, a desultory exploration of celebrity in Los Angeles, a subject on which the filmmaker made himself a de facto expert when he penned the gossipy book Hollywood Babylon. It isn't until the interview is nearly halfway over that the interview stumbles into occult territory when Mr. Anger is asked about the nature of his friendship with sexologist Alfred Kinsey:
When Kinsey came to visit Europe and Italy for the first time, I had done intense research on the villa of Aleister Crowley because he had this 18th-century farmhouse, which he called the Abbey of Thelema. He was inspired by Gauguin and painted all of the walls with murals, but they were explicitly erotic in a humorous way and so he was kicked out of Italy. It was the first days of Mussolini, who didn't like the English anyway. It was an excuse to kick him out, and Crowley's paintings were covered with whitewash. I spent a summer scraping off the whitewash and photographing [the murals]. That was an interesting archaeology.
Though we thought the interview might take off in this new direction of occultists-in-the-Mediterranean, it's neatly directed back into an abstract discussion of censorship, scandal and the legality of homosexuality. It isn't until the very end that we get back to the occult. But basically, all we learn is that "[in LA] there has never been a massive devotion to Satanism or things like that," that Scientologists are "quite litigious" and that Mr. Anger doesn't don't like to "tangle" with them, but he's heard that John Travolta and Tom Cruise have gotten into it.
It seems that Mr. Anger wasn't the most forthcoming in his answers. When asked what drew him to Aleister Crowley, Mr. Anger responds, "He is a fascinating character," and dovetails that into a non-sequitur about the kind of film he might be tempted to make, but, it seems, probably won't. Then, asking Mr. Anger to distinguish between disciples of Thelema and Scientology, Mr. Anger gives a basic 101 on Thelema and then reveals that Scientology is business-like and ends on a friendly note with, "Can we wind it up?"


text:
COVINGTON, Ky. — Police in northern Kentucky are investigating who blanketed a neighborhood in anti-gay fliers two days after the Covington City Commission held a press conference reaffirming the city's human rights ordinance.
The Kentucky Enquirer reported that fliers were posted on poles and placed on windshields throughout the MainStrasse neighborhood sometime Wednesday night, Aug. 25 or Thursday morning, Aug. 26.
The fliers come in the wake of a series of crimes that police and residents believe have targeted the city's gay community.
The Covington Police are investigating who is responsible for the fliers, which contained anti-gay epithets and called homosexuality a perversion.


text:
Pasco students improve on Advanced Placement exams
The results of this past spring's Advanced Placement testing season has brought some good news for many Pasco County high schoolers.
As a group, more of them took the exams that could earn them college credits, and more of them earned passing scores. The number of students making a 3 or higher on at least one of the tests rose 10 percent over a year ago, and 151 percent from five years ago. The numbers taking an exam went up 21 percent.
Overall, district students earned a 3 or higher on 49 percent of the tests taken, compared to 51 percent statewide. The district has made a concerted effort to increase the numbers of students taking and passing AP classes and exams in the past few years, as the state has incorporated those figures into its school grading system.
Among the district's highlights, Gulf High School had the highest passing rate with 62 percent of AP exams at 3 or higher. Sunlake High logged in right behind at 60 percent, the highest for a school that doesn't also offer International Baccalaureate. Sunlake also saw a 33 percent increase in the number of students taking AP exams. Zephyrhills High saw its passing rate nearly double, as its participation rate also rose by 40 percent.
As far as participation goes, Land O'Lakes High topped the district in terms of overall student body taking AP exams, with 36 percent of students sitting for at least one test. Fivay High had the district's largest rise in numbers of students taking the tests, while Hudson and Mitchell high schools saw their participation rates decline.
The district also had 663 students recognized as AP scholars. Wiregrass Ranch High led the way with 128 of those students, including six earning the top Merit honor.


text:
The Sixers lost last night to a miserable Pacers team missing their leading scorer--let's just say that if it was still November, we might consider at least acting surprised. Truth told, I stopped rooting for the Sixers to win about halfway through the third quarter, and started to just pull for our 19-year-old rookie point guard Jrue Holiday to hit the 20-point mark in scoring--which he did, ending up with 21 for the night. This gives Jrue two 20-point games in a row (paired with the 21 he scored in Toronto), as well as three in his last five (including the 23 he put up against Orlando)--all this after not scoring more than 15 in any game before this March. Not bad.
It got me to thinking (and checking on Basketball-Reference.com) about who the last Sixer to post back-to-back 20-point games in his rookie season was. Specifically, I wondered if anyone had done it since Allen Iverson, who strung together consecutive 20-pointers 34 times in his astounding Rookie of the Year debut of '96-'97. Well, turns out that AI isn't the answer to this one (no pun intended), but I bet the guy who is wouldn't be your first guess. Or your second. Hell, it might not even make your top ten.
Indeed, to find the last Sixer newbie to post back-to-back 20-point games, you have to go back to 2001-02--bypassing the rookie years of Andre Iguodala, Thaddeus Young, Kyle Korver, Marreese Speights, Lou Williams and Willie Green--to the rookie season of one Craig "Speedy" Claxton. Speedy's debut year as a Sixer was hardly the stuff that dreams are made of, as he averaged just seven points and three assists a game for the season. But he was afforded an unusual opportunity at the beginning of the season as Iverson missed the first five games of the year with injury, and he was pressed into starting duty as AI's replacement. Claxton responded by scoring 20+ in three of his first four games, including in consecutive games against the Wizards and Pacers on November 3rd and 6th, respectively.
Iverson's return two weeks into the season (and not a moment too soon, as the Sixers started 0-5 in his absence) meant the return of Claxton to the bench, and though he did end up starting 12 more games for the Sixers over the course of that injury-plagued season, Speedy never hit the 20-point mark again in a Sixers uniform. Next season, Claxton was traded to the Spurs, where he provided insurance for a young Tony Parker at the point on the way to the Spurs winning their first of three titles in the 00s.
I think we're all hoping that Jrue's third 20-pointer as a Liberty Baller will be pretty far from his last, though. Indeed, with the young'n starting to come of age a little ahead of schedule, seeing The Damaja at work is probably the best reason to tune in to any Sixers game between now and the draft lottery. Even if he can't keep up the pace, he's given us a reason to give a crap about this team again. And I, for one, am grateful.


text:
The future of science may depend on looking to the past to determine the best way forward because most modern theories are based on mathematics which cannot be understood or interpreted in terms of our physical environment.
For example the standard model of particle physics mathematically defines a particle as a one dimensional or point object. However such an object does not exist in our physical environment.
Isaac Newton discovered the laws of gravity first by developing a conceptual understanding of how objects interacted in an observable environment. He then used those concepts to define a mathematical language to quantify them. His theory gained general acceptance because the mathematical language he derived from direct observations could make accurate quantitative predictions of planetary motion.
However, many modern physicists seem to have taken a different road to understanding the laws that govern our world.
For example, "The Standard Model of Particle Physics" the currently accepted theory defining particle interactions was created by developing a mathematical language based on the quantitative results of those interactions and then they are used to qualitatively define their environments.
These methodologies differ in that Newton's extrapolated a conceptual understanding based on qualitative observations of how objects interact to mathematically define future interactions while the Standard model uses the quantitative observations of particle interactions to derive the qualitative properties of the environment in which those interactions take place.
However, the Newtonian method of conceptualizing a theory first through qualitative observations then developing a mathematical language from those observations allows it to be verified through qualitative observations.
While the Standard Model's method of using the quantitative observations of a particle's environment to derive a mathematical language which in term is used to define the qualitative properties of that environment is self-validating and cannot be verified though observations of the environment because those equation are what defines that environment.
Some try to justify using a mathematical language developed by quantitative observations to develop a conceptual understanding of the process involved by saying that the observational technology has not advanced enough to allow direct observations of the environment where they take place.
However, as mentioned earlier Newton was able to extrapolate a qualitative understanding of gravity based on observations of the earth's environment to at the time the unobservable environment of the universe.
It has and will be shown throughout "The Imagineer's Chronicles" that it is possible to derive a detailed conceptual understand of mathematical predictions of the Standard Model based on as Newton did the qualitative properties of our observable three-dimensional environment
Later Jeff
Copyright 2009 Jeffrey O'Callaghan


text:
New! Old! The classic Brooks B18 Ladys saddle has not been available since the late 1930s.
It is a traditional "lady's" saddle, intended to accommodate the rider who wishes to ride in a skirt. The short, wrap-around nose design prevents snagging on the skirt.
The B18 is a thing of beauty, featuring a detailed filigree design embossed into the top.
Though the B18 doesn't have actual coil springs, the rail design gives a slight spring action.
|Manufacturer's Part Number
|Store SKU


text:
The Freilino/Thompson Genealogy Web Site
[ Thompson/Trask ]
Additional families researched are: Lehman White/Bragg (NY)
Descendants of Retire Trask
Generation No. 1
1. RETIRE4 TRASK (RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born April 18, 1757 in Beverly, Essex County, Massachusetts, and died September 14, 1847 in Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio. He married (1) LYDIA FOSTER, daughter of ISAAC FOSTER and LYDIA BACON. She was born 1757 in Beverly, Essex County, Massachusetts, and died 1811 in Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio. He married (2) EUNICE BRITAIN.
Notes for RETIRE TRASK:
Served in the American Revolution, Source: Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 vols.
"Trask, Retire, Beverly. Private, Capt. John Gay's CO., Col. Ebenezer Francis's Regiment; pay abstract for travel allowance to camp and home, etc., sworn to in Suffolk Co., Nov. 29, 1776; said Trask credited with allowance for 2 days (34 miles) travel; company drafted from Roxbury, Dedham, Needham, Medfield, Wrentham, Walpole, Medway, Bellingham, Beverly, Danvers, Middleton, and Manchester.
The 1790 Census for New Salem, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, lists Retire Trask (head of household) and 2 male males under 16, and 2 females - ( 1 wife, 2 boys and 1 girl?) (Census also lists a John Trask with 3 males over 16, 3 males under 16 and 1 female and a John Trask, 3rd, with 2 males over 16, 3 males under 16 and 2 females)
Transcribed from a copy sent to me by Diane Parvin, Genealogist from Painesville, Ohio:
The State of Ohio
Geauga County
On this fourteenth day of September in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred & thirty two, personally appeared in open Court before the judges of the Court of Common Pleas at & for said County of Geauga, now sitting - Retire Trask a resident of Thompson Township in the County of Geauga & State of Ohio aged seventy three years, who being first duty sworn according to law, doth on his said oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the act of Congrefs pafsed June 7th 1802 - That he entered the service of the United States under the following named Officers and served as herein stated:
That in the year of 1776 he resided at Beverly in the State of Mafsachusetts, and in the face of that year, sometime as he thinks in the month of November or December, he was drafted to serve a tour of Three months in the American Army - in the company commanded by Captain Joseph Ray of Mafsechusetts Militia soon after went to Lynn where he joined his company, and marched with said company from thence to Bound Brook New Jersey near Brunswick - whilst there was employed on several scouting parties against the Reffugees - He remained stationed there or in that vicinity until his three month tour of service expired when he together with the Company to which he belonged was discharged, & he returned to Beverly in the fore-part of February or March 1777. - In the summer of 1777 he again entered the service in the company commanded by Captain Robert Dodge of Ipswich, in a Regiment of Mafsachusetts Militia commanded by Colonel Ebenezer Francis - marched to Dorchester where he joined the Regiment - They were there stationed to man the works. Whilst there was employed at one time in repairing Boston Castle, which had been blown up, & received a wound in his hand from a Pick-Ax in consequence of which he obtained a furlough & went home where he remained about a fortnight when he returned & went to duty - And continued stationed at Dorchester until hes term of service, which was three months, expired, when he was discharged & returned home late in September - Soon after - & late in the face of the same year, he again entered the service on a tour of three months, in a company of Mafsachusetts Militia commanded by Captain Procter - Isaac Chapman being the first Lieutenant & Curtis Woodbury the second - and marched with the company to Winter Hill near Boston, where he was employed in guarding British prisoners of war taken with Burgoyne, and remained there until the expiration of his term of service, when he was discharged & returned to Beverly -
In the spring of 1780 - he enlisted for six months into the COmpany commanded by Captain Clark in the Regiment commanded by Col. Tupper of the Mafsachusetts line of Continental Troups - The Regiment rendevouzed at West Springfield - And he marched with the Regiment from thence to West-Point - He was attached to the Brigade of General Patterson - and remained stationed at or near West-Point until his tour of service expired; that during that time he remained there - he was detached with about forty men & stationed in a Block House a short distance below West-Point on the River - At the time he went there - a British Man of War Vefsel lay off in the River nearly opposite the Block House - It was said to have been the Vefsel from which Arnold went after the arrest of Andre - He remained there about a fortnight during which time he attended the execution of Major Andre - which took place a short distance above said Block House - He was gone but a few hours when he returned to the Block House - He thinks the name of the place was Orangetown - soon after the execution of Andre - he returned to West-Point - was discharged, & returned home to Beverly - having served at this time six months.
Thus he continued to reside at Beverly after his return from West Point about (???) years when he moved to Ackworth in the State of New Hampshire - where he resided until he removed to Thompson aforesaid in 1810 ~ 11 - where he has ever since resided - That he has no documentary evidence, and that he knows of no person whose testimony he can procure, who can testify to his service.
He hereby relinquishes any claim whatever to a pension or annuity, except the present, and declares that his name in not on the pension Roll of the agency of any State.-
(Signatures follow of Retire Trask the clerk, Aiken)
We Seth Hulbert and Richard Spraque residing the the township of Thompson in the County of Geauga aforesaid, hereby certify that we are well acquainted with Retire Trask, who has subscribed & sworn to the above declaration; that we believe him to be seventy three years of age; that he is reputace (sic) and believed in the neighborhood where he resides to have been a soldier of the Revolution, and that we concur in that opinion -
(Signatures follow of Seth Hulbert and Richard Sprague and the clerk, Aiken.)
And the said Court do hereby declare their opinion after the investigation of the matter, and after putting the interogatories prescribed by the War Department, that the above named applicant was a Revolutionary Soldier, & served as he states - And the Court further certifies that it appears (???) that Seth Hulbert & Richard Sprague who have signed the preceding certificate, are credible persons, and that their statement is (???) to credit.
More About RETIRE TRASK:
Burial: Bartlett Cemetery, Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio
Children of RETIRE TRASK and LYDIA FOSTER are:
Generation No. 2
2. RETIRE5 TRASK (RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born January 11, 1794 in Northampton, Massachusetts, and died June 1835 in Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio. He married ASENATH BARTLETT November 28, 1816 in Geauga County, Ohio, daughter of JOSEPH BARTLETT and LUCY PHELPS. She was born Abt. 1802 in Southampton, Massachusetts, and died 1884 in Ohio.
More About RETIRE TRASK:
Burial: Bartlett Cemetery, Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio
Children of RETIRE TRASK and ASENATH BARTLETT are:
Generation No. 3
3. BENJAMIN6 TRASK (RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born 1823 in Geauga County, Ohio, and died April 11, 1909 in Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, Ohio. He married JANE C. BROCKWAY January 24, 1847 in Lake County, Ohio, daughter of GREENE BROCKWAY and LUCINDA TYLER. She was born 1822 in Utica, New York, and died December 04, 1907 in Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, Ohio.
Notes for BENJAMIN TRASK:
Census Place: Harts Grove, Ashtabula, Ohio
Source: FHL Film 1254992 National Archives Film T9-0992 Page 453A
Relation Sex Marr Race Age Birthplace
Benjamin TRASK Self M M W 59 OH
Occ: Farming Fa: MA Mo: MA
Jane TRASK Wife F M W 55 NY
Occ: Keeping House Fa: CT Mo: NY
Homer TRASK Son M S W 24 OH
Occ: Farm Laborer Fa: OH Mo: NY
Elmer TRASK Son M S W 19 OH
Fa: OH Mo: NY
Retta TRASK Dau F S W 16 OH
Fa: OH Mo: NY
Willard TRASK Son M S W 10 OH
Fa: OH Mo: NY
Frank TOMPSON GSon M S W 5 OH
Fa: OH Mo: OH
Jane TOMPSON GDau F S W 3 OH
Fa: OH Mo: OH
1900 Census: Benjamin and wife (name is listed as Ellen J.) are living in Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, next to son Frank L. Jennie Thompson, 22, is living with them. They are listed as having 5 living children.
Notes for JANE C. BROCKWAY:
Obituary from the Jefferson Gazette, December 10, 1907:
Dec. 6, Hartsgrove - Mrs. Benjamin Trask, aged 84 years old passed into the better land, yesterday at the old homestead, two and one-half miles west of Hartsgrove, where they have lived for years, having moved to Hartsgrove over 50 years ago. She with her husband were pioneers, settling in the woods and by their sturdy hands and hearts built them a nice home and ten children came to bless them. Eight are still living. At their family reunions which have arways been at the old farm home, there has sat down to those sumptuous tables, one hundred and ten children to the fourth generation. We know of not another such family in Hartsgrove, save perhaps, the Arthur Carraher family. Funeral will be held at the old homestead, Saturday, Dec. 7.
The oldest living person in Hartsgrove is Sarah Huff, aged 95 years, then Benjamin Trask, 86 years, Arthur Carraher 81 years, and James Ferren 80 years.
Children of BENJAMIN TRASK and JANE BROCKWAY are:
Generation No. 4
4. L. BYRON7 TRASK (BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born May 1848, and died 1923 in Montville, Ohio. He married ELLA LOOMIS September 08, 1872. She was born October 1852, and died 1908 in Montville, Ohio.
More About L. BYRON TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
More About ELLA LOOMIS:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of L. TRASK and ELLA LOOMIS are:
5. CORDELIA7 TRASK (BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born April 1850 in Ohio, and died July 1927 in Painesville, Ohio. She married WARREN W. THOMPSON on July 14, 1873, in Ashtabula County, Ohio. He was born 1856 in Ohio.
Notes for CORDELIA TRASK:
1870 Census - 20 year old Cordelia is living in her parents' home in Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, Ohio.
1910 Census, Cordelia is living in Painesville, Ohio, ED 83. Although the record is very confusing, it appears that Cordelia is living in the home of a Paul Blocet, with his mother Florence, wife Elizabeth and their 24 year old son (name unreadable). In this household is a one year old child, Walter Thompson, listed as grandchild. This same Walter Thompson died in 1911 and was buried in Montville, Ohio.
Obituary, Montville newspaper:
July 27, 1927, Montville - The funeral of Mrs. Cordelia Thompson, former resident here, will be held at the community church on Wednesday at 2 p.m. Mrs. Thompson moved with her husband, Warren Thompson, from Montville to Mentor avenue, Painesville, Six years ago. She died at her home Monday morning. Besides her husband one daughter, Mrs. Jane Hawkins of Painesville, survives.
More About CORDELIA TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Notes for WARREN THOMPSON:
I don't believe that the information below suggests problems in the marriage of Warren and Cordelia, rather that it was necessary for Warren to travel to jobs to make a living as a carpenter.
In the 1900 Ohio census for Montville, Ohio, Cordelia is listed as married for 26 years, but Warren in not in the home. Frank is listed as head of household, with his mother Cordelia living with him. They were the only two people living in the house.
In the 1910 Ohio census for Montville, Ohio, Warren Thompson, age 56, is living in the household of Fred and Lillie B. Coe. He is listed as a laborer in the household, occupation carpenter. Cordelia is living in Painesville.
In the 1920 Census for Montville, Ohio, Warren and Cordelia are living alone; Warren lists occupation as carpenter. Father born in Ohio, mother in Connecticut.
More About WARREN THOMPSON:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of CORDELIA TRASK and WARREN THOMPSON are:
6. FRANK LEANDER7 TRASK (BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born June 03, 1852 in Hartsgrove, Geauga County, Ohio, and died December 14, 1928. He married AMANDA ETTA RANDALL December 14, 1872, daughter of BENJAMIN RANDALL and SALLY. She was born February 14, 1852 in LaSalle, Illinois, and died September 28, 1911 in Hartsgrove, Geauga County, Ohio.
Notes for FRANK LEANDER TRASK:
1880 Census, Frank and wife Amanda are living in Hartsgrove with four children; Reed is the youngest. Frank's occupation is farmer.
1900 Census, Frank and wife Amanda, with daughter whose name is unreadable are living in Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, Ohio. His occupation is farmer. Amanda is the mother of seven children, all are living at this time. Her parents were born in New York.
More About FRANK LEANDER TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of FRANK TRASK and AMANDA RANDALL are:
7. FLOYD A.7 TRASK (BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born November 1855, and died December 03, 1938 in Montville, Ohio. He married MARY 1879. She was born July 1857, and died 1934 in Montville, Ohio.
Notes for FLOYD A. TRASK:
1920 Census lists occupation as farmer. Is living next door to Lyle in Montville, Ohio.
More About FLOYD A. TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Notes for MARY:
In 1920 census, Mary is listed as being born in Ohio; her parents in Baden, Germany.
More About MARY:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of FLOYD TRASK and MARY are:
8. ELMER R.7 TRASK (BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born August 1863 in Ohio, and died 1949. He married FRILLA WARRICK October 24, 1883. She was born April 1870 in New York, and died February 23, 1958 in Ashtabula County, Ohio.
More About ELMER R. TRASK:
Burial: Middlefield Village, Ohio
More About FRILLA WARRICK:
Burial: Middlefield Village, Ohio
Child of ELMER TRASK and FRILLA WARRICK is:
9. WILLARD M.7 TRASK (BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born August 03, 1869 in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and died 1953. He married ADAH (EDIE) L. WHITE October 13, 1891 in Geauga County, Ohio. She was born April 1874, and died 1945.
More About WILLARD M. TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
More About ADAH (EDIE) L. WHITE:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of WILLARD TRASK and ADAH WHITE are:
10. RETTA7 TRASK (BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born May 1865. She married FRANK SOMMERS 1881. He was born 1862.
Children of RETTA TRASK and FRANK SOMMERS are:
Generation No. 5
11. FRANK WALDO8 TRASK (L. BYRON7, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born December 09, 1878, and died June 11, 1962 in Montville, Ohio. He married MAY C. WILLIAMS February 11, 1908 in Montville, Ohio, daughter of HENRY WILLIAMS and ELIZABETH BUTTON. She was born February 11, 1883 in Willoughby, Lake Co., Ohio, and died February 08, 1957 in Chardon, Geauga Co., Ohio.
More About FRANK WALDO TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
More About MAY C. WILLIAMS:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of FRANK TRASK and MAY WILLIAMS are:
12. CLIVE D.8 TRASK (L. BYRON7, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born June 1881 in Montville, Ohio, and died 1945 in Montville, Ohio. He married MYRTLE STEWART September 12, 1906 in Montville, Ohio. She was born 1889 in Ohio.
Notes for CLIVE D. TRASK:
1910 Federal Census, Clive and wife Myrtle, with daughter Mildred, are living with Byron Trask. Byron's occupation is farmer, Clive's is laborer.
More About CLIVE D. TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Child of CLIVE TRASK and MYRTLE STEWART is:
13. FRANK8 THOMPSON (CORDELIA7 TRASK, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born February 08, 1876 in Windsor, Ohio, and died November 05, 1913 in High Street, Painesville, Ohio. He married (1) UNKNOWN. She was born Abt. 1875, and died Bef. 1900. He married (2) ELLA HINES December 25, 1906 in Montville, Ohio, daughter of JOHN HINES and ANNA CANAVAN. She was born June 02, 1884 in Schenectady, NY, and died February 19, 1964 in Leechburg, PA.
Notes for FRANK THOMPSON:
In the 1900 Ohio census for Montville, Ohio, Frank lists his occupation as farmer.
More About FRANK THOMPSON:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Notes for ELLA HINES:
???? two entries??
THOMPSON, Frank HINES, Ella 25 Dec 1906 6 130 Groom's Father: THOMPSON, Warren Groom's Mother TRASK, Cordelia
THOMPSON, Frank HINE, Ella 23 Aug 1906 6 114 THOMPSON, Warren TRASK, Cordelia
More About ELLA HINES:
Burial: Greenwood Memorial Cemetary, Lower Burrell, Pa
Children of FRANK THOMPSON and ELLA HINES are:
14. JANE (JENNIE) V.8 THOMPSON (CORDELIA7 TRASK, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born December 1876 in Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, Ohio, and died March 27, 1962 in Painesville, Ohio. She married WILLIAM C. HAWKINS July 05, 1907 in Cleveland, Ohio. He was born June 15, 1876, and died November 1968 in North Olmsted, Cuyahoga County, Ohio.
Notes for JANE (JENNIE) V. THOMPSON:
In the 1880 Census, Jennie (Jane) and brother Frank, ages 3 and 5, are living with their grandparents, Benjamin and Jane Trask.
In the 1900 census for Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Jennie is living with her grandfather Benjamen Trask.
Obituary, Painesville Telegraph, March 28, 1962:
Mrs. Jennie V. Hawkins, 85, of 1464 Mentor Avenue, Painesville, died Tuesday afternoon, (Mar. 27) at the home of Mrs. P.R. Square, 287 Liberty Street, following a lingering illness. Mrs. Hawkins was born December 1876 in Hartsgrove, Ohio. She had been a resident of Painesville since 1919. She married William Hawkins July 5, 1907 in Cleveland. Surviving are husband, William, son, Charles William Hawkins of Painesville, two daughters, Mrs. Genevieve May Brandt of Cleveland and Mrs. Bessie Elizabeth Trout of Painesville, 6 grandchildren and 1 great grand child.
Friends may call at Johnson Funeral Home Thursday 3 to 5 and 7 to 9. Services to be held at the funeral home Friday, 1 P.M. with Dr. Glen M Warner, pastor of Painesville Methodist Church officiating. Burial in Montville cemetery.
More About JANE (JENNIE) V. THOMPSON:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
More About WILLIAM C. HAWKINS:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of JANE THOMPSON and WILLIAM HAWKINS are:
15. REED8 TRASK (FRANK LEANDER7, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born 1879 in Hartsgrove, Ashtabula County, Ohio. He married STELLA. She was born 1884.
Children of REED TRASK and STELLA are:
16. LYLE F.8 TRASK (FLOYD A.7, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born July 18, 1894, and died March 1983. He married DAISY E.. She was born September 30, 1898, and died October 08, 1976 in Huntsburg, Geauga County, Ohio.
More About LYLE F. TRASK:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
More About DAISY E.:
Burial: Montville, Ohio
Children of LYLE TRASK and DAISY E. are:
Generation No. 6
17. HALBERT T.9 TRASK (FRANK WALDO8, L. BYRON7, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born 1905, and died April 05, 1965.
More About HALBERT T. TRASK:
Burial: Chardon, Geauga Co., Ohio
Child of HALBERT T. TRASK is:
18. LEROY HARRIS9 THOMPSON (FRANK8, CORDELIA7 TRASK, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born February 12, 1906 in Painesville, Ohio, and died December 06, 1957 in Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He married DOROTHY ISABELLE TIPPETT August 13, 1929 in Pittsburgh, PA, daughter of JOHN TIPPETT and GRACE ARCHIBALD. She was born September 03, 1908 in Leechburg, PA, and died January 09, 1989 in Leechburg, PA.
More About LEROY HARRIS THOMPSON:
Burial: Greenwood Memorial Cemetery, Lower Burrell, Pa
Notes for DOROTHY ISABELLE TIPPETT:
From "The Apollo News Record", January 11, 1989:
Dorothy I. Thompson, 80, 414 Third Street, Leechburg, Died Jan. 9, 1989, at 8:50 a.m. in Citizens General Hospital, New Kensington. She was born Sept. 3, 1908 in Leechburg, the daughter of the late John and Grace Archibald Tippett. She lived at her Third Street residence the past eight years. She previously lived in Monaca. She was a member of Hebron Evangelical Lutheran Church, Leechburg.
Survivors include: two sons, John F. Thompson, Gilpin Township, and James E. Thompson, Hagerstown, MD; three daughters, Mrs. Gilbert (Dolores) Freilino, Leechburg, Roberta Shea, Monroeville, and Pat Kennedy, Gilpin Township; 13 grandchildren; 14 great-grandchildren; and two sisters, Mabel Hobaugh, Harrisville, Ohio, and Leroy (sic)(Vivian) Grimm, Coraopolis.
She was preceded in death by three brothers, Jack, Ralph and William Tippett; a sister, Agnes Thompson; and two grandsons, Bruce Thompson in 1984, and Joseph Kennedy in 1961.
Friends will be welcomed by her family from 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 p.m. Tuesday night at Clawson's, Second at Main, Leechburg, where a funeral service will be held at noon, officiated by her pastor, The Rev. Edward Sheenan(sic).
Burial will follow in Evergreen Cemetery, Gilpin Township.
More About DOROTHY ISABELLE TIPPETT:
Burial: Evergreen Cemetery, Leechburg
Children of LEROY THOMPSON and DOROTHY TIPPETT are:
19. DOROTHY9 THOMPSON (FRANK8, CORDELIA7 TRASK, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born August 15, 1907 in Montville, Ohio, and died Abt. 1985. She married CLARENCE H. GRANTZ, son of JOHN GRANTZ and ALICE UNKNOWN. He was born 1900.
In the 1910 Census, Painesville, ED 83, on Liberty Avenue, near High Street, there is a 3 year old Dorothy Thompson listed as grandchild in the household. Head is William Rippen, 37, wife Marie, 30, daughter Ruth, 9 and lodger Benson W. Rose, 69, retired.
Generation No. 7
20. DOLORES JEAN10 THOMPSON (LEROY HARRIS9, FRANK8, CORDELIA7 TRASK, BENJAMIN6, RETIRE5, RETIRE4, RETIRE3, RETIRE2, OSMOND1) was born February 16, 1930 in Leechburg, PA. She married GILBERT MARIO FREILINO October 03, 1948 in GIlpin Township, Leechburg, PA, son of SECONDO FREILINO and ANGELA BARISONE. He was born October 13, 1928 in Leechburg, PA.
Marriage Notes for DOLORES THOMPSON and GILBERT FREILINO:
From a newspaper article saved by Dolores Freilino:
Leechburg Area Couple Wed In Forks Parish Ceremony
Rev. Frederick Stuber performed the single ring marriage rites uniting in wedlock Dolores Thompson, of Route 1, Leechburg, and Gilbert Freilino, son of Second Freilino, of Third Street, Leechburg, Saturday morning at 10,, in the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church, Forks Parish. Two large vases of asters served a church decorations. Persons present at the ceremony included relatives and friends of the bride and bridegroom. Dolores' wedding outfit was a two-piece blue velvet dress. She wore a brown hat with a blue veil that tied, bonnet style, under her chin and other brown accessories. A yellow rose corsage complimented her dress. The bride's cousin, Janet Tippett, was maid of honor. Her attire was a two-piece gray gabardine dress with black accessories and a red rose corsage. Best man was the bridegroom's brother, Armondo Freilino, of Leechburg. Miss Mary Paula Crafton, of Route 1, Leechburg, played the wedding march and appropriate music for the ceremony. Mrs. Thompson appeared at her daughter's wedding in a black and white print dress with black accessories.
The bride's aunt gave a reception in her home, in Ice Pond road, for the bridal party. Fifty guests were in attendance. The tables were decorated with candles and flowers. A three-tiered cake was cut in traditional fashion by the newlyweds. When they return from a one-week trip to Cook's Forest, Mr. and Mrs. Freilino will reside in the formers fathers home, in Third street.
Both bride and bridegroom were students of Leechburg High School. Freilino is associated with his father as contractor.
Children of DOLORES THOMPSON and GILBERT FREILINO are:
Census Records | Vital Records | Family Trees & Communities | Immigration Records | Military Records Directories & Member Lists | Family & Local Histories | Newspapers & Periodicals | Court, Land & Probate | Finding Aids


text:
Whether you're traveling for business or leisure, enjoy a stress-free stay in western India when you book the Country Inn & Suites By Carlson®, Ahmedabad, located just off SG Highway next to SAL Hospital. Enjoy easy access to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport (AMD), the railway station, downtown corporate offices, the convention center-Mahatma Mandir, malls and showrooms along Gurukul Road and top attractions throughout your stay, including the Akshardham temple, Sardar Patel Stadium and Sabarmati Ashram, Mahatma Gandhi's former residence. At the hotel, ease travel tension with a massage or a steam bath and refuel with a delicious meal and mocktails. We offer two on-site restaurants and 24-hour room service for meals that suit your schedule.
See what our guests are saying about us.
Hotel Amenities & Services
With car rental services and concierge assistance, getting around Ahmedabad couldn't be easier. And when it's time to relax, rejuvenate at the on-site Revive Fitness Center and Spa, featuring modern equipment, a steam room and trained masseurs for treatments in two therapy rooms. Our hotel also offers:
Learn more about our hotel's amenities and services.
Our Rooms & Suites
Our 68 spacious rooms and suites feel like home thanks to comfortable beds, fresh linens, free Internet access and LCD TVs. Order room service any time to enjoy a private meal, or make a refreshing cocktail from the in-room minibar. Amenities and services include:
Treat yourself to extra perks when you book an Executive Room. Enjoy all standard amenities plus a fruit platter and a welcome drink upon arrival.
Where to Eat While You're Here
With three on-site restaurants, you can find a quality meal without leaving the hotel. Feast on local and international dishes at Mosaic, or dine outdoors at the Terrace Bar-be-cue. Afterward, treat yourself to a pastry or another dessert at Bakes and Cakes. Prefer private dining? Order from the room service menu, available 24 hours.
Things to Do in Ahmedabad
Explore the gardens, lakes, Persian architecture and museums in Ahmedabad. Cricket fans can catch a game at Sardar Patel Stadium, about 20 minutes away, or stroll through the Sabarmati Riverfront district, just 15 minutes away. Don't miss these popular sites:
Gujarat Science City – For an entertaining way to learn more about science and technology, join the kids at this educational centre that uses hands-on exhibits to demonstrate the latest advances in a fun environment. Less than 15 minutes away, the centre boasts an IMAX 3D theatre, an amphitheatre and dancing musical fountains.
Kankaria Lake – A serene place to relax and enjoy a picnic, this man-made lake is about 30 minutes away from the hotel. If you are travelling with children, visit the zoo, amusement park and miniature Kids City.
Akshardham Temple – Travel about 40 minutes to marvel at the spectacular architecture of this Hindu temple, which features intricate carvings inside and out. Themed gardens span 23 acres and are dotted with beautiful elephant sculptures, creating the perfect environment for quiet reflection.
Read more about our hotel's location.
Groups & Meetings
Need event space for up to 125 guests? Our stunning Celebrations facility is ideal for hosting business seminars, wedding receptions and milestone celebrations. Allow our experienced chefs to create a custom catering menu, and impress your guests with our attentive service throughout your event.
Learn more about our meeting rooms.
|1800 1080 456 ( India toll-free )
+1 (800) 830-5222 ( US/Canada Toll-free )


text:
Don't have an account yet?
Click here to create one now.
Your basket is empty!
£0.00Plus delivery
Produced to accompany the exhibition in the darkest hour there may be light - works from Damien Hirst's murderme collection at the Serpentine Gallery, London, this American Apparel 100% cotton t-shirt features Angus Fairhurst's work 'A Couple of Differences Between Thinking and Feeling II' on the front and the title of the exhibition on the reverse. Available in Men's XS, S, M and L sizes.
Click here to view the size chart.
Damien Hirst was born in Bristol in 1965. He first came to public attention in 1988 when he conceived and curated 'Freeze', an exhibition of his own work and that of his contemporaries at Goldsmiths college, staged in a disused London warehouse. Since this time Hirst has become widely recognised as one of the most influential artists of his generation.
Through a varied practise of installation, sculpture, painting and drawing Hirst has sought to explore the complex relationship between art, life and death. Alongside over 80 solo exhibitions he has worked on numerous curatorial projects. In 2008, Hirst took the unprecedented step of bypassing gallery involvement in selling 244 new works at a Sotheby's, London auction entitled 'Beautiful Inside My Head Forever'.
Hirst was awarded the Turner Prize in 1995 and his contribution to British art over the last two and a half decades has been acknowledged in a major solo retrospective exhibited at Tate Modern, London. He lives in Devon and has studios in Gloucester and London.
Text © Damien Hirst & Science Ltd., All rights reserved, 2012