text:
P- Reviewer Prasad KK, Lakatos PL S- Editor Huang XZ L- Editor A E- Editor Xiong L
Published online Feb 21, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1030
Revised: January 7, 2013
Accepted: January 29, 2013
Published online: February 21, 2013
Current progress in epigenetic research supports the view that diet and dietary components are important in cancer etiology by enhancing or inhibiting carcinogenesis. Since diet and dietary factors may significantly contribute to the causation and progression of many cancers, it is important to find the molecular mechanisms of action of such dietary factors for cancer prevention and treatment. Recently, the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the cancer development and progression has attracted more attention as additional evidence along with traditional DNA sequence based mechanisms such as mutations and structural re-arrangements. Such an increasing interest in cancer epigenetics has also accelerated the development and application of molecular assays and tools for DNA methylation detection and histone modification enrichment analysis. In this paper, key assays and methods for epigenetic research are reviewed and discussed in terms of their utility and usability. In addition, more advanced methods for genome-wide analysis are introduced as part of upcoming research trends and directions.
Citation: Jang H, Shin H. Current trends in the development and application of molecular technologies for cancer epigenetics. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(7): 1030-1039
Diet and dietary factors play an important role in many biological processes and are also involved in the regulation of pathological progressions including cancers. Several epidemiological and preclinical studies suggested that increased intake of bioactive dietary components may modulate cancer risk. Many studies provide compelling evidence that part of the anti-cancer properties contributed to several bioactive dietary components may relate to modulation of epigenetic process including DNA methylation and histone protein modifications. Here, we provide a brief overview of dietary modulation of DNA methylation and histone modifications and its potential role in cancer prevention. Also, we will discuss several new epigenetic methods to help understand the effect of dietary factors on epigenetic modifications.
The growing interest in the role of epigenetics in cancer came from the demonstration that epigenetic modifications are involved in tumor development and progression. Epigenetics can be defined as phenomena that alter the expression of the information in the genome at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level without change in DNA sequence[1,2]. Epigenetic information is maintained to preserve cellular identity in normal cells, while cancer cells are characterized by profound alteration of epigenetic regulation[3-7]. The overall disruption of epigenetic phenomena is a common feature of all human tumors and includes alteration of DNA methylation and histone modification patterns[8]. DNA methylation patterns of neoplastic cells have been recognized as being substantially altered compared with normal cells[3,4]. Two types of changes in the DNA methylation pattern can occur in cancer: global DNA hypomethylation and hypermethylation of CpG islands which are associated with gene silencing[3,4,7]. DNA in eukaryotic cells is intimately associated with a family of small, basic histone proteins forming a highly ordered and condensed DNA-protein complex termed chromatin. Because of this chromatin structure, changes in DNA methylation in cancer cells are not isolated events; they occur in the context of more complex epigenetic deregulation[9]. Chromatin is the physiological template of the genetic information and is composed of DNA, histones, and other chromosomal proteins. The fundamental repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome octamer, which consists of 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around 2 copies each of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4[10]. The amino-terminal tails of histones are subject to posttranslational modifications, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and ADP-ribosylation[11], and multiple histone modifications may occur on a given histone tail[12]. Histone modifications patterns distinguish the structure of chromatin status, in particular, acetylation of histone H3 and H4 is associated with active gene expression with open chromatin structure. Histone acetylation is regulated by several enzymes such as histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylases activity. Aberrations in post-translational modifications of histones have been shown to occur in cancer cells. Although alterations in global histone modification patterns in cancer cells have remained unknown, recent studies on global histone modifications at specific amino acids have been suggested as predictive clinical outcomes for various cancers[13-15]. Additionally, a number of studies have been focused only on changes of a particular histone modification at individual gene promoters in cancer cells.
In last 4 decades, researchers have developed various tools for exploring DNA methylation, and started to apply those new technologies to the field of nutrition science. The methyl-deficient model of endogenous hepatocarcinogenesis is one of which in DNA methylation has been extensively studied. This animal model is unique in that dietary omission rather than chemical carcinogens addition can lead to tumor formation[16]. Specifically, deficiency of the major dietary sources of methyl groups - methionine, choline, folic acid and vitamin B12 - leads to the development of liver cancers in rats and certain mouse strains[17-19]. From early 1990, these animal models have shown that the methyl-deficiency is associated with several defects, including genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and gene-specific hypermethylation[20-22]. Importantly, the aberrant epigenetic alterations imposed by this diet have been hypothesized to be the primary mechanism responsible for malignant transformation of rat liver cells[15,20,22,23]. Figure 1 displays a simplified version of biological methylation pathway from one-carbon metabolism, emphasizing that various dietary methyl sources (methionine, choline, various co-enzymatic forms of folate and vitamin B2, B6 and B12) play an important roles in DNA methylation. Methyl source deficiency has marked effects on the flow of one-carbon units through this web of reactions as the effect of methyl source deficiency are highlighted in red. The major effect observed in methyl deficiency models is a rapid decrease in hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAdoMet) levels and genomic DNA hypomethylation. In other recent studies examining the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by methyl deficiency in rats, substantial alterations in other aspects of the epigenetic machinery have been observed, including aberrant expression of DNA methyltransferases and methyl-CpG binding proteins[24], defects in histone methyltransferase protein expression and histone posttranslational modifications[15]. In Table 1, various DNA methylation assays were summarized in methyl-deficient model of hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents.
|Dietary component
|Methylation assay
|Amino acid-defined diet lacking choline, methionine, folic acid and vitamin B12
|Depletion of SAdoMet and DNA hypomethylation
|Liver DNA methyltransferase activity assay with labeled SAdoMet
|Amino acid-defined diet lacking choline, methionine, folic acid and vitamin B12
|Hypomethylation of CCGG site of c-myc, c-fos and c-Ha-ras
|Enzyme digestion by HpaII/MspI
|Diet low in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|Hypermethylation of p16INK4A
|Diet low in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|Decrease in the total percent of methylated CCGG sites in DNA
|HpaII/MspI-based cytosine extension assay
|Diet low in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|Depletion of S-AdoMet, decrease in S-AdoMet/S-AdoHcy and global DNA hypomethylation
|HpaII/MspI-based cytosine extension assay
|Diet low in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|Hypomethylation of ID element and LINE-1 in preneoplastic livers and liver tumors; Decrease in histone H4-Lys20 trimethylation and increase in histone H3-Lys9 trimethylation; Decrease in histone H4-Lys20 trimethylation at the LINE-1 regulatory region
|ID methylation by methylation-sensitive McrBC-PCR array; LINE-1 methylation by COBRA-assay; global histone methylation by Western blotting; LINE-1-associated histone methylation by ChIP
|Diet deficient in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|Changes in the DNA methylation machinery
|Indirect methods by DNA methyltransferases and Methyl CpG binding proteins
|Amino acid-defined diet lacking choline
|Hypermethylation of upstream of E-cadherin and Cx26
|Bisulfite sequencing
|Diet deficient in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|global loss of DNA methylation; hypermethylation of CpG islands
|Global DNA methylation by cytosine extension assay and [3H-methyl] incorporation; CpG island methylation by [32P]dGTP incorporation
|Diet deficient in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|Global DNA hypomethylation; substantial loss of repetitive sequences (LINE-1, SINES, IAP elements) cytosine methylation. Increase in histone H3-Lys9 trimethylation and decrease in histone H4-Lys20 trimethylation
|Global DNA methylation by cytosine extension assay; methylation-sensitive McrBC-qPCR assay; global histone modifications by Western blot
|Diet deficient in methionine lacking in choline and folic acid
|Detection of CpG island methylation profiles
One of widely used methods for global DNA methylation assay is a radioassay that utilizes the enzyme SssI DNA methyltransferase to catalyze the de novo methylation of the CpG sites with radiolabeled [3H]-SAdoMet, a universal methyl donor in vitro[20,25-28]. And another method was developed thanks to the discovery of methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases. In 1999, Pogribny et al[29] developed a new method based on methylation-sensitive endonucleases followed by single nucleotide extension with radiolabeled [3H]-dCTP. This cytosine extension assay was used in various studies of methyl-deficient model of hepatocarcinogenesis for genomic DNA methylation[22,23,29,30]. These enzyme based methods have wide variations in precision as a result of inconsistency in the activity of methyl-sensitive endonucleases and the instability of methyltransferase activity[31]. In 2002, Friso et al[32] developed a method for quantitative determination of 5-methyl-2'deoxycytidine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS). This method allows accurate measurement of the absolute amount of 5-methyl-2'deoxycytidine relative to the total amount of cytosine residues, furthermore, it requires relatively lower amount of DNA and has a shorter run time for each sample than other high-performance liquid chromatography-based methods[33-35]. DNA methylation assay by LC/ESI/MS has been widely used for quantitative DNA methylation in animal studies and population-based studies in the light of its greater reproducibility and precision in large number of samples[32,36-40].
DNA methylation has long been recognized as an important factor on the silencing of genes, therefore it has become important to know the methylation status of individual CpG site. The first generation of DNA methylation detection assay is Southern blot or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification that follows the enzyme digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases[41-46]. Currently, the most commonly used methods for gene-specific DNA methylation can be categorized into three major methods.
Bisulfite DNA sequencing and methylation-specific PCR: Treatment of DNA with bisulfite converts cytosine residue to uracil, but leaves 5-methylcytosine residue unaffected. Bisulfite sequencing involves chemical conversion of cytosine to uracil, followed by PCR, and DNA sequencing[47]. While providing single-base resolution, the high cost and labor-intensive steps limit the use of this method for high-throughput analyses[48]. Methylation-specific-PCR also employs bisulfite conversion, but avoids the need to sequence the area of interest. Instead, methyl-specific and unmethyl-specific primer sets are designed, to distinguish methylated from unmethylated DNA in bisulfate-converted DNA[49]. This method is powerful to explore CpG islands with high methylation density, as increased numbers of CpG in the primer increase the specificity of the assay. However, these two methods using bisulfite conversion are not currently suitable for whole-genome analysis on multiple samples but commonly used for data validation from array-based methods.
Methods that focus specific single-CpG: These include Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis (COBRA)[50], MethyLight[51], and bisulfite pyrosequencing[52]. In COBRA, the combination of bisulfite conversion and PCR amplification is used, therefore it results in sequence conversion (unmethylated cytosine residue to thymidine and methylated cytosine to cytosine) which can lead to new methylation-dependent restriction enzyme sites. The following digestion of the PCR product with at least one CpG site in the recognition sequence only proceeds if the CpG site is protected from bisulfite conversion by methylation. For this reason, the signal ratio of restriction products indicating methylation to undigested PCR product representing unmethylated sequences can be used as a measure for the methylation level of this specific CpG. MethyLight is a bisulfite-dependent, fluorescence-based, quantitative real-time PCR method for DNA methylation. MethyLight relies on methylation-specific priming combined with methylation-specific fluorescent probing. This combination of methylation-specific detection principles results in a highly methylation-specific detection technology, with an accompanying ability to sensitively detect very low frequencies of hypermethylated alleles. Bisulfite pyrosequencing has been used to analyze bisulfite-converted DNA without using methylation-specific PCR. Following PCR amplification of the region of interest, pyrosequencing is used to determine the bisulfite-converted sequence of specific CpG sites in the region. The ratio of cytosine to thymidine at individual sites can be determined quantitatively based on the amount of cytosine and thymidine incorporation during the sequence extension. While the methods mentioned above are sensitive, specific, and relatively inexpensive, none of these methods is suitable for analysis of the whole genome, which includes about 28 million CpGs.
Microarray-based methods: These enable to interrogate larger numbers of CpG, there are three major types of microarray-based methylation analysis. Direct hybridization to CpG island arrays is the first high-throughput approach capable of detecting DNA methylaion in genes across several CpG sites. Based on the bisulfite modification of DNA, this method utilizes methylation-specific oligonucleotides arrayed on glass slides for detection of all possible methylation in target DNA[53]. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) is also a large-scale, genome-wide purification method that is used to enrich for methylated DNA sequence using antibody raised against 5-methylcytosine[54]. DNA from MeDIP can be used for either array-based hybridization (MeDIP-chip) or high-throughput sequencing (MeDIP-seq). Although MeDIP helps generate comprehensive DNA methylation profiles, both applications have their typical limitation of array-based technology, restricted resolution. The HELP assay (HpaII tiny fragment enrichment by ligation-mediated PCR) is comparative isoschizomer profiling of DNA methylation[55]. DNA is digested by HpaII in parallel with MspI (resistant to DNA methylation), and then the HpaII and MspI products are either amplified by ligation-mediated PCR and hybridized using separate fluorochromes to a customized array, or directly sequenced[56]. These high-throughput array-based approaches for DNA methylation are relatively inexpensive tool suitable for genome-wide analysis, therefore, help to target aberrant methylation patterns in various cancer models. Furthermore, methylation profiling achieved from high throughput methods will offer differentially methylated regions to understand the effect of dietary factors on epigenetic modifications in cancer, subsequently, provide insight in prevention strategies to reduce the burden of cancer.
In addition to the effects on DNA methylation, dietary components can affect posttranslational modifications of histones. The dietary agent best studied in histone modifications is the short chain fatty acid butyrate which is generated in the colon as a result of bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Higher intake of dietary fiber is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer[57,58]. The molecular mechanisms underlying this anti-cancer effect of dietary fiber are poorly understood, however, the strongest evidence is based on the anti-carcinogenic actions of butyrate. Butyrate can be found at millimolar concentrations in the lumen of the colon[59], and has inhibitory effects on types I and II histone deacetylase enzymes. Butyrate-induced alterations in histone marks, especially acetylation at histone H3 and/or H4, have been associated with several processes, including cellular differentiation[60,61], cell cycle arrest[62-64], apoptosis[65-67], and inhibition of invasion[68] in a number of cancer cell studies. Table 2 summarized some of evidence of the effects of butyrate on histone acetylation. Although butyrate has strong marks on histone acetylation, a small fraction of cellular genes is regulated in response to butyrate[69-71]. Therefore, it should be noted that site-specific approach by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) based experimental tools will provide a better understanding on the chemopreventive effects of butyrate, showing gene-specific histone acetylation and its associated gene expression.
|Dietary component
|Cell culture model
|Histone modification assay
|Sodium butyrate
|SW620 human colon carcinoma cells
|Increased global histone H4 acetylation
|Western blot
|Sodium butyrate
|A375 human melanoma and S91 mouse melanoma
|Increased global histone H4 acetylation
|Western blot
|Sodium butyrate
|Colo-320 human colon cancer cells
|Increased acetylation of histone H3 and H4 within CDKN1A promoter site
|Sodium butyrate
|EBC-1 human lung epithelial cells
|Increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation associated with promoter of cathelicidin
|Sodium butyrate
|HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma
|Increased global histone H3 and H4 acetylation; Genome-wide changes in acetylation of DNA-bound histones
|Western blot; ChIP-chip (ChIP and microarray hybridization)
The first estimates for the rate of acetylation turnover were measured by pulse, pulse-chase, and steady-state acetylation labeling in hepatoma tissue culture cells in 1975[72]. Boffa et al[73] showed that sodium butyrate suppressed histone deacetylation in vivo and in vitro by measuring the kinetics of [3H] acetate release from histone proteins. Since specific antibodies to modified histones were developed, Western blot has been used to detect histone modifications. As shown in Table 2, butyrate-induced histone acetylation was confirmed by Western blot in many studies.
ChIP: The antibodies to acetylated histone H3 and H4 have been used for ChIP to determine histone acetylation in specific regions of gene promoter and other regulatory regions. ChIP is a specialized immunoprecipitation used to detect the covalent interaction between the DNA sequence and DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors or histone proteins. ChIP using histone antibodies is able to determine the specific location in the genome that various histone modifications are associated with, indicating the target of the histone modifiers[74]. For example, ChIP experiment unveiled that butyrate induced an increase in histone H3 and H4 acetylation within the CDKN1A promoter, which regulates the p21 protein, in Colo-320 human colon cancer cells[64]. Due to its ability to precisely detect the DNA binding of modified histones, transcription factors, and non-histone chromosomal proteins, ChIP has been widely used to generate and test numerous hypotheses regarding transcriptional and epigenetic regulations. However, it remains to be still challenging to conduct ChIP on an "epigenome" level, since ensuring an antibody of high specificity is often laborious and time-consuming. Another important concern with ChIP scalability is the maximum range of target regions that can be investigated by a single assay. For instance, a typical experiment of ChIP coupled with qPCR is designed to measure the enrichment levels of a DNA binding protein at a handful of sites (e.g., gene promoters). However, in general, even a single epigenetic event in the cell pervasively occurs over a wide range of genomic regions, often involving thousands of genes and their associated regulatory elements. Thus, it becomes more important to have an ability to run the assay on a genome-wide scale for having a more balanced and unbiased perspective on the underlying mechanisms. Coupled with genomic profiling technologies such as tiling arrays or next generation sequencing (NGS), ChIP can be extended over the whole genome. In the following sections, we will introduce two major methods coupled with ChIP that enable epigenome-scale research of histone marks and transcription factors.
ChIP-chip: ChIP-chip is based on the combination of ChIP and a genomic tiling array technology (i.e., chip), in which DNA sequences extracted after ChIP hybridize with probes that are designed to cover the whole genome or specific regions of interest such as promoter[75,76]. Due to bias in microarray hybridization, a control experiment using chromatin input or DNA from non-specific immunoprecipitation (IP) (e.g., IP against immunoglobulin G) is often recommended. Most algorithms for ChIP-chip are designed to compute the normalized ratio between the hybridizations of ChIP and control after removing random and/or systemic noise. Then, they call binding sites as those significantly enriched in ChIP over control[77-79]. Since its emergence in the early and mid 2000s, ChIP-chip has been widely adopted in many transcriptional and epigenetic regulation studies, assisting scientists to more understand the role of each histone mark in physiological and pathological processes[80-83]. However, the utility of ChIP-chip is heavily restricted by a tiling array probe design, which determines the resolution of the measurement (i.e., intervals between adjacent probes) and the regions that can be explored (e.g., omission of repetitive sequence areas). These weaknesses of ChIP-chip have accelerated the major platform shift to NGS.
ChIP-Seq: In ChIP-Seq, the extracted DNA sequences are directly sequenced using a NGS technology instead of being hybridized onto tiling arrays. NGS refers to sequencing technologies that newly emerged since the mid 2000s as an alternative to the traditional automated Sanger sequencing. NGS is characterized as massive parallel sequencing of template DNA or RNA (cDNA) molecules by a relatively short length ranging over 50-400 bp[84]. One advantage of ChIP-Seq over ChIP-chip is that ChIP-Seq does not require any predefined array design, which allows a more unbiased assay at a much higher resolution (100-1000 bp in ChIP-chip vs 10-100 bp in ChIP-Seq). Since NGS generally produces a notoriously large amount of data than array-based methods, more powerful bioinformatics support is essential for data processing and analysis[85,86]. Bioinformatics analysis for ChIP-Seq in epigenetic research includes the pre-processing for sequence data such as quality control and read mapping, the identification of candidate sites enriched by the target histone mark, and further down-stream analysis for revealing biological implications of the observations from the precedent steps[85,86].
In cancer studies, the down-stream analysis is focused on finding the most associated genes or regulatory elements (e.g., promoters or enhancers) with the histone mark of interest and investigating how these genes and regulatory elements can be understood in the context of biological pathways. Since Barski et al[87] and Wang et al[88] studies on 19 histone methylations and 18 histone acetylations using the human CD4+ T cell, many studies have been done to understand the biological implications of histone marks in normal conditions[80-82]. However, due to the plasticity of epigenome and heterogeneity of cancer, cancer epigenetics of examining histone modifications on a genome scale still remains in its beginning stage. For this reason, most of currently on-going efforts in cancer epigenetics still largely target DNA methylation (e.g., The Cancer Genome Atlas, http://cancergenome.nih.gov/ )[89]. Therefore, it will be a long-term goal to accumulate the knowledge on cancer epigenetics from histone modifications and use it for cancer studies, which will require a great amount of public and private investments. Another interesting research direction is an attempt to comprehend how genetic variations lead to epigenetic changes in cancer. In 2011, several studies have been published about the possibility of multiple chromatin remodelers and histone enzymes as potential oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes[90-93]. These studies suggest that the disruption of chromatin remodelers and histone enzymes due to driving somatic mutations in their coding regions may cause aberrant epigenetic changes, which eventually lead to cancer development or evolution in at least several cancer indications. Such approach is particularly interesting because it may be able to provide a genuine perspective on the target histone mark by observing somatic mutations in several key chromatin remodelers and histone enzymes.
In conclusion, a number of aberrant epigenetic modifications have been found in cancer cells, and diet and dietary factors play an important role to prevent cancer as well as to stimulate carcinogenesis. The use of epigenetic technology offers significant advantages to study the epigenetic mechanisms of cancer development and progression. Also, the newly developed technologies for epigenetic study expand the scope of nutrition study in the field of cancer research by helping monitor and pin down specific epigenetic pathways in diet-related cancers.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Chasmistes brevirostris
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Chasmistes brevirostris Cope, 1879
Common Name(s):
|Taxonomic Notes:
|Genetic introgression with Catostomus snyderi has occurred in the Lost River system and with C. rimiculus in Copco Reservoir (but gene pool relatively intact). Hybrids with Deltistes luxatus or Catostomus snyderi are common in Upper Klamath Lake (Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991).
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Endangered A2bc; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Smith, K. & Darwall, W.R.T.
|Hammerson, G.A. & Ormes, M.
Listed as Endangered because the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 sq km, area of occupancy may be less than 500 sq km, the species is represented by not more than five locations, and the population has experienced a decline in the number of mature individuals over the past three generations (probably at least 25 years). Habitat is subject to extreme fluctuations in water availability. Also, adult population size may have declined by at least 50% over the past three generations.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|Historical range included the upper Klamath River and Lost River basins in Oregon and California (Moyle 2002; USFWS 1994, 2007). Current range in the Lost River drainage includes Clear Lake Reservoir, the main river below the reservoir, the Boles Creek and Willow Creek drainage above the reservoir, Gerber Reservoir, and small reservoirs scattered along the creeks, plus a small population in Tule Lake at the terminus of the Lost River (USFWS 1993, Moyle 2002). Genetic data suggest that the populations in Gerber Reservoir and Clear Lake may not be Chasmistes brevirostris (see USFWS 2007); further study is needed. Current range in the Klamath River basin includes Upper Klamath Lake (Oregon) and its major tributaries, (Williamson, Sprague, and Wood rivers) and possibly the lower reaches of smaller tributaries as well (Moyle 2002). Small populations occur in Iron Gate and Copco reservoirs on the Klamath River (USFWS 1993, Moyle 2002).
|Countries occurrence:
Native:United States
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|This species is represented by only two primary populations. Other populations, such as those in the Klamath River reservoirs, are apparently sustaining themselves with the input of larvae or older suckers from other areas (i.e., those in Upper Klamath Lake and Clear Lake) (USFWS 2007).
Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 10,000.
Formerly the species was very abundant in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Population size and habitat quality clearly have declined greatly over the long term; degree of decline is uncertain but probably quite large.
Available information for the 1980s indicates that the population was declining as a result of little or no recruitment coupled with mortality from the sport fishery and fish die-offs (USFWS 2007).
Spawning migrations have declined significantly in recent years. Recent data indicate that the population has not recovered from the substantial declines in the 1990s (USFWS 2007). A major decline in an abundance index for the Williamson River occurred in the mid to late 1990s, and the index remained low through at least 2003 (USFWS 2007). Survivorship in Upper Klamath Lake appears to have been relatively low in the early 2000s (see USFWS 2007). Recruitment in Upper Klamath Lake was essentially nil from 1997-2004 (Janney and Shively 2007). Populations in Gerber Reservoir and Clear Lake show evidence of frequent recent recruitment and declines in the number of large adults (Barry et al. 2007a, USFWS 2007). The small population in the Tule Lake sumps appears to be isolated from suitable spawning habitat and likely is not self-sustaining (USFWS 2007).
The time frame for short-term trend (10 years or three generations, whichever is longer) is probably at least 25 years.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|Adults and juveniles prefer shallow, turbid, and highly productive lakes that are cool, but not cold, in summer (generally 15 to 25°C), have adequate dissolved oxygen, (above 4 mg/l), and are moderately alkaline (Moyle 2002).
Spawning occurs in lake tributaries, in riffles or runs with gravel or cobble substrate, moderate flows, and depths of 11-130 cm (USFWS 2007). Historically, spawning occurred also along the margins of Upper Klamath Lake, but that now appears to be rare (Barry et al. 2007b). Fry move into lakes soon after hatching. Shoreline river and lake habitats are important for larvae and young (especially emergent vegetation for larvae) (USFWS 2007).
|Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat:
|Movement patterns:
|Full Migrant
|Use and Trade:
|This species is not utilized.
|Major Threat(s):
Spawning migrations have declined significantly in recent years, due in part to alteration of habitat (especially damming). Chiloquin Dam, constructed in 1928 on the Sprague River, Oregon, cut off 85% of spawning range; recruitment has been essentially nonexistent in recent decades (Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991).
Human-caused increases in nutrient inputs to Upper Klamath Lake have resulted in massive summer and fall blooms of cyanobacteria and elevated lake pH levels of 9.5-10.5, which in turn have led to mass mortalities and curtailed reproduction of the Shortnose and Lost River Suckers (Falter and Cech 1991, G. Scoppettone pers. comm. 1995). Fish kills also may result from low dissolved oxygen levels (G. Scoppettone pers. comm. 1995).
Extensive modification of the watersheds and wetlands of the Lost River - Tule Lake system, the Lower Klamath Lake system, and the Upper Klamath Lake system resulted in substantial loss of habitat. The rate of habitat change has slowed markedly, but only a small fraction of the original habitat remains, and much of the remaining habitat is in a degraded condition. Restoration efforts are beginning to reverse the trend, but will probably require many years to produce a substantially increased and stable habitat base. Adverse water quality is the most critical threat, and substantial improvement is not expected in the near future. Based on the record of the past two decades and the expected future summer water quality of Upper Klamath Lake, it is reasonable to conclude that within the foreseeable future, there is a high probability of multiple mortality events that would greatly reduce population sizes. It is possible that infrequent recruitment would be unable to offset declines from such die-offs. [Source: USFWS 2007]
Fish entrainment and restricted passage are threats. Entrainment at Link River Dam and associated hydropower diversions probably poses a high risk to the species. The threat there could be reduced if the hydropower diversions are screened or eliminated, and if discharges at the dam could be modified to reduce entrainment. Passage to spawning habitat in the Sprague River is still impeded by Chiloquin Dam, but that structure is planned for removal in the near future. Elsewhere in the upper basin, some entrainment of suckers is occurring, but mostly larvae are entrained, and we do not consider this a substantial threat at the population level. [Source: USFWS 2007]
Disease, parasites, and predation/competition by exotic fishes pose some risk, although the degree to which they affect the shortnose sucker is not quantified. Disease and parasites alone may not pose a significant risk, but paired with the impacts of adverse water quality, they can substantially affect sucker survival (USFWS 2007).
Low water levels continue to affect sucker habitats, especially in drought years (USFWS 2007). Drought is a threat because of its potential to cut off spawning habitat, to reduce rearing habitat and to increase disease, parasitism, and predation. However, historically the species has endured periods of prolonged drought and persisted, indicating that drought is not a major threat to the species (USFWS 2007).
Since the listing, protections under the Endangered Species Act have limited take of suckers and stimulated restoration actions. Water quality regulations have begun to lead toward improved water quality, but have not yet resulted in substantial improvement, and significant questions remain regarding the potential for improvement in Upper Klamath Lake. With the exception of management of water quantity under the Act, regulation of water quantity is not focused on improvement of sucker habitat, and relationships between water quantity and sucker performance remain incompletely demonstrated. Thus, while application of federal and state regulations has apparently helped stabilize sucker habitat and has initiated progress toward improvement of water quality, existing regulations cannot be expected to substantially reduce the primary threat to the species for many years. [Source: USFWS 2007]
Hybridization with other sucker species has resulted in part from the high degree of habitat alteration that has occurred in recent decades (Moyle 2002). The impact of hybridization on species' conservation is currently unclear (USFWS 2007).
|Conservation Actions:
|A number of landowners and agencies are directly or indirectly focused on sucker recovery. The high rates of participation in federal and state conservation programs by ranchers and farmers in the Sprague and Wood river valleys suggests that essential elements of habitat recovery on private land (i.e., voluntary participation and funding) are now in place. This should make it more efficient to conduct restoration in the future. Furthermore, the USFWS and its partners are committed to developing and implementing a rigorous monitoring program to evaluate the effectiveness of recovery actions and to providing a feedback loop for adaptive-management. These efforts, if successful and sustained, should help recover the Shortnose Sucker. [Source: USFWS 2007, which see for further information on restoration efforts]
|NatureServe. 2013. Chasmistes brevirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T4585A3003301. . Downloaded on 21 September 2017.
|To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>.
|If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided


text:
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Latino men are more likely to buy organic and natural men's beauty products, according to a new study.
Latinos in the USA have also increased their spending on personal care products and services overall by 41% between 2000 and 2009, compared to an increase of 15% for non-Latinos.
The report, by Packaged Fact, shows that Latino men and Latinas are becoming increasingly important to the cosmetics industry, according to Inside Cosmeceuticals.
"Latino men are much more likely than men on average to use skin care products such as moisturisers and facial cleansing products," says Inside Cosmeceuticals.
"Both Latino men and Latinas are more likely to choose scented products in the deodorant category, and Latino men are more likely to choose scented shaving cream. Frequent tooth brushing and flossing, additionally, is a characteristic of both Latino men and Latinas.
"Latinos are more likely than consumers on average to be attracted to products positioned as organic and natural, a pattern that holds for Latino men as well as Latinas."
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The next Livestock Gross Margin-Dairy (LGM-Dairy) sales period will begin Friday afternoon, March 28, according to Alan Zepp, Risk Management Program coordinator with Pennsylvania's Center for Dairy Excellence. LGM-Dairy will be offered for sale by crop insurance agents, with producers eligible to purchase margin insurance for a 10-month period (May 2014-February 2015), or any combination of months during that period.
Although final rules are yet to be developed, dairy farmers planning to participate in the new USDA Dairy Margin Protection Program may not want to insure income margins through LGM-Dairy past August 2014, due to a prohibition of participating in both programs simultaneously. USDA is required to develop DMPP rules by September 2014.
The May 2014-February 2015 average of expected margins is $16.53/cwt., the highest ever; about $2.27 above the 3-year actual average for the May-February period; and about $3.75 (20%) above the 5-year average actual margin for the period.
The premium for a $0 deductible policy to insure a margin of $16.40/cwt. is estimated at 69¢/cwt. (21¢/cwt. to insure a $15.40/cwt. margin with a $1 deductible policy). Even the $1 deductible policy insures a margin above the 3-, 5- and 10-year average actual margin, Zepp noted.
"Protecting Your Profits" information and a recorded podcast are posted at http://centerfordairyexcellence.org/protecting-your-profits/. The website also adjusts LGM-Dairy estimated margins weekly, based on updated futures prices.
Zepp's next call/webinar will be April 23, providing information for the April 25-26 LGM-Dairy sales period. For further information, producers can contact him at firstname.lastname@example.com or phone 717-346-0849.


text:
GREAT BEND — Officials have announced an $11 million plan to demolish a mostly unused Great Bend hospital building and remodel a nearby building.
The changes are coming more than three years after the Central Kansas Medical Center converted into an outpatient care center, called the St. Rose Ambulatory and Surgery Center, The Hutchinson News reports.
The project will reduce the campus from 240,000 square feet to a little more than 30,000 square feet. It would do that by remodeling a medical office building, which was built in 2009, and moving into it any medical operations still in the five-story hospital building.
A neighboring Allied Services Building, which has been vacant for more than four years, also will be torn down.
"We have evaluated the square footage needs of a modern ambulatory operation like we have, and determined we do have enough room," said Mark Mingenback, executive director of business development and marketing at St. Rose.
The timeline calls for remodeling the medical building through the winter. After moving into the remodeled building by late spring, the hospital demolition is expected to occur by mid- to late summer.
Mingenback said the "bittersweet" part is that staff cuts are coming. Officials expect to have a better idea of staffing levels by the end of September. The facility currently employs 137 people.
"Many of the positions are based on the fact our operation is physically spread out," Mingenback said. "By consolidating, it will become a smaller, more efficient space, so we won't need as many people for the operation."


text:
JUDY WOODRUFF: With a little more than three weeks left until Election Day, Democrats are taking at least one new approach to try and close the enthusiasm gap with Republicans.
President Obama and other Democratic Party leaders have been hammering away at the undisclosed money being spent by outside interest groups on TV ads this election season. At a rally in Philadelphia yesterday, the president called the trend a threat to our democracy.
U.S. PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: Don't let them hijack your agenda. The American people deserve to know who is trying to sway their elections. And you can't stand by and let special interests drown out the voices of the American people.
JUDY WOODRUFF: The main targets of Democrats' criticism have been the conservative political entity American Crossroads, its nonprofit affiliate, Crossroads GPS, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
The Crossroads groups, co-founded by former Bush political advisers Karl Rove and Ed Gillespie, have pledged to spend upwards of $50 million on behalf of Republican candidates this fall. The Chamber, meanwhile, has vowed to dole out $75 million on the midterms.
The Democratic National Committee released an ad this weekend accusing the groups of using donations from foreigners on campaign ads.
NARRATOR: It appears they have even taken secret foreign money to influence our elections. It's incredible, Republicans benefiting from secret foreign money. Tell the Bush crowd and the Chamber of Commerce, stop stealing our democracy.
JUDY WOODRUFF: In an appearance yesterday on "FOX News Sunday," Karl Rove denounced the charges.
KARL ROVE, former senior adviser to President Bush: And they have not one shred of evidence to back up that baseless lie. This is a desperate and I think disturbing trend by the president of the United States to tar his political adversaries with some kind of enemies list, with being unrestrained by any fact or evidence whatsoever.
JUDY WOODRUFF: But Democrats wouldn't relent, despite The New York Times reporting Saturday that — quote — "a closer examination shows that there is little evidence that what the Chamber does in collecting overseas dues is improper or even unusual."
White House adviser David Axelrod was pressed on the matter by host Bob Schieffer of CBS News' "Face the Nation."
BOB SCHIEFFER, host, "Face The Nation": This part about foreign money, that appears to be peanuts, Mr. Axelrod. I mean, do you have any evidence that it's anything other than peanuts?
DAVID AXELROD, senior White House adviser: Well, do you have any evidence that it's not, Bob? The fact is that the Chamber has asserted that, but they won't release any information about where their campaign money is coming from. And that's at the core of the problem here.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Separately, polls show that, when voters are asked what issues are uppermost in their mind heading into this year's elections, the economy and jobs are named most frequently, while the matter of campaign spending is seldom, if ever, raised.
Third-party groups on both sides of the political aisle are spending big on advertising this fall, though not at the same rate. Republican-backed outside groups have spent some $46 million on TV ads on congressional races in the past two months, compared with just $7 million by interest groups backed by Democrats.
Well, to make sense of the numbers, we're joined by Evan Tracey. He's the founder of the Campaign Media Analysis Group, which tracks political advertising.
EVAN TRACEY, good to have you back with us again.
EVAN TRACEY, chief operating officer, Campaign Media Analysis Group: It's great to be here. How are you?
JUDY WOODRUFF: I'm very well. And good to see you. But this is such a diversity — a disparity, $46 million on the part of conservative and Republican outside groups vs. $7 million on the part of Democratic groups.
Is this consistent with what we have seen in the past?
EVAN TRACEY: Well, it's interesting, because when you sort of look at the recent history of campaign finance, it used to be that the parties were the big purveyors of this, what used to be called soft money, and it was fairly equal.
After McCain-Feingold, the Democrats really took a strong edge with the 527s and those groups that were basically backed by the Soroses and the labor unions. But now, post-Citizens United, you really see that Republicans have gotten kind of back in the game in a big way and are really outspending the Democrats in these key congressional and Senate races, not just in the amount of money they're spending, in the scope and the coverage of races right now that they're sitting.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Post-Citizens United. You're referring to that Supreme Court decision that said it was all right for a corporate interest and private interest…
EVAN TRACEY: Right. That's the one, that sort of the latest rule change, which has both changed how the money gets in and the timing of when these campaigns and these groups can spend it.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Now, what are these groups spending their money on? You track advertising. Is all of this money going into television?
EVAN TRACEY: The majority of the Republican money right now is going into television. And it's not just regular TV ads. It's negative ads.
About 90 percent of all these ads right now have been negative ads, so they're adding an awful lot of help, both on the message side for campaigns, but also on the tonnage side.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Well, and speaking of negative ads, let's look at a couple. First, this is an ad run by American Crossroads. This is a conservative group.
They ran it against, have been running it against Robin Carnahan, who is running for the Senate in the state of Missouri.
EVAN TRACEY: Yes.
NARRATOR: New ads by Robin Carnahan. The reviews are in: false, phony, misleading. Robin Carnahan, co-starring in an Obama-Pelosi production winner best fiction for saying her opponent received the most from lobbyists, but not true. The Star says Carnahan know better.
Robin Carnahan, too dishonest, too liberal, two thumbs down.
Crossroads GPS is responsible for the content of this advertising.
JUDY WOODRUFF: How typical of that is — is that of other Crossroads ads?
EVAN TRACEY: It's very typical. The one thing that Crossroads has done is, they have basically operated like a party. They have been in mostly Senate races.
And a lot of their ads are either reinforcing themes that are already in the race — in this case, you hear a lot about Obama and Pelosi. You're also seeing that in a number of other Senate races. But what they're also doing is kind of helping Roy Blunt, the Republican in that race, by introducing some — basically some counterattack ads.
So, they're being helpful in both the amount of money, but also in the messages that they're able to run.
JUDY WOODRUFF: And the spending that they're doing in these states, Evan, how does it compare to what the candidates themselves are spending?
EVAN TRACEY: Well, certainly, in some cases, you're seeing the groups spending more than candidates right now.
You're seeing this a lot in the House races, especially with — Republican groups are sometimes the only ones on the air. One of the things these groups are doing is kind of filling in the gaps, because Democrats have more money at the party right now. And they have more money because they have more incumbents.
So, one of the things that this money is really doing is starting to fill in and almost be a bridge loan for some of these candidates that are challengers and don't have as much money as incumbents. So, it's a big help.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Well, let's look over at the Democratic side and look at one of these — now, this is a Democratic-leaning outside group, MoveOn.org. This is an ad they ran against — it's an anti ad — against…
EVAN TRACEY: Right.
JUDY WOODRUFF: … Rand Paul in the state of Kentucky for the Senate.
NARRATOR: They say you can judge a person by the company they keep. Well, Senate candidate Rand Paul is getting hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of help from the Chamber of Commerce, a group recently accused of tax fraud for diverting money meant for charity toward their partisan agenda, tax breaks for the wealthy, denying Americans better health care, and cutting jobs for teachers and first-responders, all to benefit their millionaire friends on Wall Street.
If Rand Paul is on their side, do you think he would be on yours?
NARRATOR: MoveOn Political Action is responsible for the contents of this advertisement.
JUDY WOODRUFF: So, how similar is that ad to other ads you're seeing on the left?
EVAN TRACEY: Well, you know, what's interesting about theirs, there are not that many of these groups right now that are doing much work for these Democrat Senate candidates right now.
Here's one example. But, again, they're talking about the Chamber. In other words, it's very process-oriented, the message, right now. And I think you're seeing that a lot from Democrats this fall, is that they're really trying to focus on process, campaign finance, and having a hard time kind of linking this back into policy.
So, it certainly helps in a race like Kentucky, which is going to be very close, to have this outside money coming to their aid, but there's really not a lot of examples of this for Democrats right now in these Senate and House races.
JUDY WOODRUFF: And — and, so, in other words, around the country, you're not seeing a consistent theme everywhere?
EVAN TRACEY: And no. That's the thing. With the Republican groups, it's very consistent. They're trying to find new ways to say Obama and Pelosi.
The Democrat groups are trying to find issues that they can exploit in individual races. But just on the Senate, Republican groups have run ads in 18 different Senate races this year, Democrats in nine. In the House, Republicans have been in over 60 races, democrats in just over six right now.
So, you're really not seeing the groups do very much work for Democrats in these House and Senate races.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Just quickly, Evan, you were telling me that in the governors's races, there's a little more parity.
EVAN TRACEY: Yes, much different story when you look at governor's races. There are a lot more Democratic groups active in spending. And that is very much in parity to how the Republican groups are spending in some of these close governor's races that are coming up this fall.
JUDY WOODRUFF: And, finally, your take on this — the Democratic complaint about non-disclosed donors contributing to these outside groups on the Republican side.
EVAN TRACEY: Yes, it's new rules. And I think, almost in like a basketball game where you see the coaches working the referees, this is what the Democrats are trying to do. They're trying to work the referee — in this case, that's the media and the voters — in hopes that maybe they will get a foul call a little bit closer to Election Day.
JUDY WOODRUFF: And you were saying that DNC ad we saw earlier may never see…
EVAN TRACEY: Yes, again, the timing of that was really for the Sunday shows and to get that in. We haven't seen it actually paid for and aired anywhere.
Now, again, it's a holiday weekend, so we might start seeing that come Tuesday, Wednesday. But, so far, again, they're really trying to play up the process right now and kind of staying away from some of the policy issues.
JUDY WOODRUFF: And we in the news media tend to pick those things up, don't we?
EVAN TRACEY: Well, that's for you to say, Judy.
JUDY WOODRUFF: All right.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Evan Tracey, thanks very much.
EVAN TRACEY: Great to be here. Thanks.


text:
Burton Women's Society Snowboard Pants
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Product Specs
- Brand
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- Adult
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Hello Everyone,
It gives me tremendous pleasure to announce that the PASS Board of Directors recently voted to acquire the SQL Saturday Event brand and management. SQL Saturday is a very popular event brand started by Andy Warren, Steve Jones and Brian Knight in May 2007. Since then, over 28 events have occurred world-wide with an anticipated growth of 40-50 events over the next two years.
This great program is a gift to the PASS organization from Andy, Steve and Brian and gives PASS control over the SQL Saturday domain, events, as well as the event management tool put together with collective help from the SQL Server community. Over the coming weeks, we will transition the event program underneath the PASS Community Connection Events umbrella and provide SQL Saturday events the management infrastructure it needs. We are also working to integrate our events portfolio to support SQL Saturday financially at the same levels as our PASS Community Connection branded events. SQL Saturday event owners will not see major changes as a result of this transition, but can expect to receive higher level of engagement and support from the PASS management team.
I am also quite excited to be speaking at the next SQL Saturday event #33 which is being held in Charlotte, NC on the 6th of March. This will also be the first SQL Saturday under PASS management!
Rushabh Mehta
PASS President


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Silver Alert issued for Brooksville man, 87
BROOKSVILLE — Authorities activated a Silver Alert on Tuesday afternoon for a missing 87-year-old man who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's.
The Hernando County Sheriff's Office said Alex James George of 7461 Abington Way in Brooksville left his home between 5:45 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. Tuesday, while his wife was away at work. It wasn't clear where George was headed, and he has not left home like this before, authorities said.
He's believed to be driving a four-door, champagne-colored 1996 Buick LeSabre. The car bears Michigan tag number BHK4753.
George is about 5 feet 10 and 230 pounds with gray hair and blue eyes. He was last seen wearing a red short-sleeve shirt, beige slacks and blue shoes.
If anyone has information about George's whereabouts, they are asked to call 911.
Times staff writer
Man gets 11 years for trying to sell speed
BROOKSVILLE — A federal judge has sentenced a Port Richey man to more than 11 years in prison for conspiring to distribute methamphetamine, a case that started with a traffic stop nine months ago in Brooksville.
Brian Martin, 26, was stopped by police on March 4 for speeding. Martin and an unidentified man jumped out of a Ford Explorer and locked the doors, leaving the keys in the ignition. Martin was soon caught and arrested, and the other man remains a fugitive.
Inside the vehicle, authorities found a backpack with more than 200 grams of methamphetamine — some of which was packaged for distribution — drug paraphernalia and a handgun.
After Martin pleaded guilty on Sept. 9, U.S. District Judge Elizabeth A. Kovachevich sentenced him late last week to 135 months in federal prison.
Times staff writer


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Author: Pen Stroke
Description: Rarity returns to Ponyville from a business vacation in the camel homeland, bringing gifts for all her friends. Amongst the souvenirs, Fluttershy receives is a beautiful, blue bottle. Yet, upon taking the bottle home, she quickly discovers it contains something magical: a genie.Fluttershy Wishes
How will Fluttershy use the three near-limitless wishes she has been given, and why does this feline genie's smile seem to mask more than it reveals?
Additional Tags: Genies love to twist wishes


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Democratic poll shows close race to succeed Adam Putnam in House, with strong Tea Party showing
According to the poll, Lori Edwards, the Democratic primary frontrunner, leads likely Republican nominee Dennis Ross, 35 percent-32 percent, with Tea Party candidate Randy Wilkinson snaring 20 percent of the vote. The poll was conducted for the Edwards campaign by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, a Democratic firm. It surveyed 400 likely voters in late July and had an error margin of 4.9 points.
A big grain of salt is warranted, since a Democratic firm conducted the poll; because Edwards' lead is within the margin of error, meaning that Ross might actually be ahead; and because she barely scored more than one-third of the vote.
On the other hand, the poll only queried likely voters. Usually, this means counting only the most energized voters, which this year tend to be Republicans. If Edwards can lead a poll in such an environment, it could be a more meaningful result than if the poll had asked all registered voters. A memo released by the campaign did not indicate whether the firm also did a broader poll of registered voters. If so, the campaign didn't release those numbers.
National and local political experts have been considering the contest to be one of two Democratic pickup opportunities in Florida, though as we reported recently, the contest has been a quiet affair so far, with few high-profile candidate appearances, little advertising and modest fundraising totals for all of the leading candidates. The Buzz considers the race to be one of the six most competitive U.S. House seats in the state, though in the most recent iteration, it was ranked sixth in the likelihood to flip parties.
Even making a close race at this point in a rural, Republican-held district would be something of a victory for Democrats, considering the strong tide against their party nationally. But the poll suggests that if the contest is close, it's due to Wilkinson, the Tea Party candidate -- a potential nightmare for Republicans not just in this district, but in many across the United States.
Adding Ross' and Wilkinson's totals together would amount to nearly an outright majority of the vote even when "don't know" responses are counted. Wilkinson was specifically identified in the poll question as the Tea Party candidate, which, given the movement's popularity among Republicans these days, may have ensured a high score.
Wilkinson lags in fundraising, and his official Tea Party ballot line has been attacked by rival Tea Party groups. But he is a three-time elected county official, unlike many of his peers in the anti-incumbent movement, and that means he has a longstanding relationship, and high name identification, with voters in the district. This could give him some clout in the race -- if not enough votes to win, than at least enough to potentially shift the outcome.


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I spent the better half of Saturday morning perusing through the new Domino magazine, and to my delight, the relaunched publication did not disappoint! Bold color is typically what initially catches my eye, however Ali Cayne's renovated West Village apartment had me signing an entirely different tune! The light filled abode boasted a more restrained color palette throughout, artfully layered with texture and graphic patterns. Brass accents balanced the mainly black and white color scheme with just the right amount of warmth, and Moroccan rugs added the perfect amount of global flare!
Have you checked out the new Domino? If so, what's your take away?


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AIGA VERMONT PRESENTS STUDENT DESIGN CHALLENGE BURLINGTON, Vermont, April 16, 2014 — The AIGA Vermont chapter presents the Fifth Annual Student Design Challenge. Vermont students were challenged to celebrate the opening of the new Generator Space by creating a limited edition screen-printed poster or series of posters that showcase the intersections of Vermont's creative community. A juried exhibition will award a 12-month membership to Adobe Create Cloud and a $500.00 gift certificate to Small Dog Electronics to the top submissions. Four runners-up will receive Communication Arts subscriptions.
The competition, sponsored by Adobe, Champlain College, Communication Arts and advertising agency Kelliher Samets Volk (KSV), encourages students to actively engage in design thinking and community building. The winning entries will be screen printed at ISKRA and donated to Burlington's new Maker Space – Generator.
Generator creates a community of collaboration between artists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and artisans. Generator's objective is to foster a hybrid hive of activity that creates a fertile environment for innovation, creativity and idea fulfillment.
Participating Artists:
Jake Caggige
Devin Carter
Jolee Main
Ben Wyatt
Sarah Handrahan
Lily Novak
Noah Limanek
Lauren Hemingway
Aliza Kravatz
Elliot Schneider
Ellen Voorheis
Andrew Hutchings
Zachary Allot
Brian Culmo
Cody Mannigan
Martin Simpson
Judging the competition will be Michael Jager, from Jager Di Paola Kemp Design, Brian Mullins and Bill Stowe, from Kelliher Samets Volk, and Chris Thompson, a member of the Generator Advisory Board.
The top submissions will be on display at KSV located at 212 Battery Street in Burlington. The exhibit opens with a reception from 6–8 PM on Friday, April 18th 2014. The show will remain up for two weeks.
Coberlin Brownell, AIGA Vermont Education Chair, commented, "The students have eagerly welcomed the opportunity to compete and look forward to exploring the intersection of art, science and technology."
About AIGA
AIGA, the professional association for design, stimulates thinking about design,
demonstrates the value of design and empowers the success of designers at each
stage of their careers. AIGA's mission is to advance designing as a professional craft,
strategic tool and vital cultural force. Founded in 1914, AIGA remains the oldest and
largest professional membership organization for design, and is a nonprofit,
501(c)(3) educational institution. For more information about AIGA, please visit
For more information about the Student Design Challenge, please contact:
Coberlin Brownell, AIGA Vermont Education Chair


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Senator Parker Gives $100,000 Check For Senior Center Upgrades
Program Director and Seniors Eagerly Accepts Funds to Improve Facility
Brooklyn, NY - July 30, 2008- State Senator Parker presented a check for $100,000, Wednesday July 30th, to the Glenwood Senior Center. During the center's peak hours, seniors gathered as they expressed their gratitude for the generous grant given by Senator Parker. The check will fund necessary improvements to the center's facility.
"This funding represents the best of local and state priorities, said Senator Parker. The seniors in this community can count on me to improve facilities that care for them while they are away from home."
The Glenwood Senior Center provides a wide range of services that promote dignity, independence and respect to senior adults. The center's goal is to create an environment that encourages physical and emotional stability and an overall sense of wellness.
"I am both excited and overjoyed for this donation, said Janelle St. Hill, Program Manager of the Glenwood Senior Center. Words cannot express how I truly feel at the moment."
Ms. Hill alluded to spending the capital funds for kitchen upgrades, general electric improvements, and dining room renovations. Revamping of existing space will permit the expansion of future programs for senior residents within the 21st district who are members of the Glenwood Senior Center.
"We're exceedingly glad that Sen. Parker has allowed us to renovate our kitchen and dining room to continue to provide services to our seniors, said Robin S. Apparicio, Project Director for Catholic Charities Neighborhood Services."
About Senator Kevin Parker
Senator Kevin S. Parker is committed to restoring the overall quality of life for the constituents of the 21st Senatorial District in Brooklyn. A lifelong Brooklyn resident, Senator Parker has been a Flatbush resident for more than 27 years. Having been nurtured, schooled and employed in the district, Senator Parker is intimately familiar with the needs of this ethnically diverse community that consists of 311,000 constituents in several communities which include: Flatbush, East Flatbush, Midwood, Ditmas Park, Kensington and Borough Park.


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Our Italian friend Giovanni sent these new pics of his sexy wife Patrizia. You can see their previous galleries #4, #3, #2 and #1. You can send them your comments using their email. I'm diggin' this milf. She has a cute body and she also has a hot look about her. Two qualities I personally love in a woman. Plus, she has a nice jummy pussy and it's exciting when you see it after some pics in which she's almost dressed! I hope they'll send more pics soon!!
|See All Images in This Gallery!


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Parmesan asparagus recipe
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July 4th Recipes - All American Food!
Food!, Spice up this 4th of July with recipes sure to keep family and friends coming back
Bastille Day Recipes and Ideas!
food and festivities. These French inspired recipes are sure to be a hit anytime
Simple No-Bake Recipes for Summer
it's just too hot to cook. Includes kid-friendly recipes and ways to stay cool while the
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or a tailgate outside the stadium, these recipes are the perfect way to kick off the
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without delicious home-cooked meals? These camping recipes will be the perfect addition to
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text: Last 30-cent issue. Cover art by Steve Ditko. Death Rattle. The Haunted Book Shop--Baron Weirwulf's Haunted Library, script by Paul Kupperberg, art by Don Perlin. The Shaman--Baron Weirwulf's Haunted Library, art by Steve Ditko; Ben Colbert is possessed by the ghost of Tjami to gain revenge. Superstitious, script by Charlie Smith, pencils by Rich Larson, inks by Tim Boxell. 36 pgs. Cover price $0.30.


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Ski Brule, along the Michigan/Wisconsin border near Iron River, has been having a great season so far, and is hosting some fun events later this month. They've managed to stay 100-percent open all season with plenty of snow despite a wimpy Midwest winter.
The Brule Bash and Olympian Nick Baumgartner's Rail Jam is slated to take place March 24-25. The Spring Break Special, which runs March 22 through April 11, is offering $25 off per person, per night on lift and lodging packages. A special lift and lodging package is available the weekend of March 24-25 starting from $70 per person, per night, based on double occupancy. A two-night stay is required for both specials.
The Brule Bash is always a weekend full of fun events. You get half-off lift tickets if you come in full costume, and the daily costume contest winner receives a 2012/13 Ski Brule season pass. That's a great incentive to dress up.
Games and contests throughout the weekend include a treasure hunt, moonbounce, mattress race, potato sack race, egg toss, silly slalom, snow bowling, snow volleyball and a three-leg race. It doesn't say if that includes skis. Other activities include a petting zoo, face painting, groomer rides, torchlight parade on Saturday night, sled dog rides and karaoke in the lounge.
Baumgartner will be available at the social hour and dinner following the Saturday Rail Jam to sign autographs and talk with fans. You can also ride with him on Sunday. Lift tickets for the event are $25.
Ski Brule plans on remaining open through mid-April.


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Does Having a Mini TT and Lipo Procedure Require a Hospital Stay or is It an Outpatient Procedure?
Does Having a Mini TT and Lipo Procedure Require a Hospital Stay or is It an Outpatient Procedure?
Doctor Answers 10
No it does not!
The combined operation of a Mini Abdominoplasty with liposuction of one or more areas characteristically should not require hospitalization. Even a full Abdominoplasty(Tummy Tuck) with an associated liposuction does not require hospitalization.
Tummy Tuck as Outpatient?
Thank you for the question.
These procedures are routinely and safely performed as outpatient surgery procedures.
Best wishes.
Learn more: http://www.poustiplasticsurgery.com/Procedures/Procedure_tummyTuck.htm
Outpatient Abdominoplasty is Safe
I just published an article in Aesthetic Surgery Journal, the Journal of the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons on outpatient abdominoplasty. In it I reviewed my personal experience with over 300 consecutive outpatient tummy tucks without serious complications. I started discharging patients home from the recovery area over 12 years ago. It is routine for most plastic surgeons these days. The beauty of it is that you are up moving much sooner than overnight stays. Hence the result is lower rates of clots and serious complications.
Learn more: http://aes.sagepub.com/content/32/2/200.abstract
You might also like...
Can I Go Home After A Mini Tummy Tuck?
Dear JRecord, I routinely perform outpatient tummy tucks and liposuction in our AAAASF certified surgicenter. If you need assistance at home, most practices have home health aides that can be with you after the surgery. Good luck.
Learn more: http://www.mpsmn.com/dr-gervais
Most Tummy Tucks Are Outpatient Surgeries
With rare exception, tummy tuck surgery is performed as an outpatient procedure. Regardless of whether it is a mini-tummy tuck or a full tummy tuck, with or without liposuction, it does not require an overstay. The exceptions would be unless the patient lives a long distance away, does not have transportation home, or has no one to be with them the first night after surgery.
Learn more: http://www.eppleytummytuck.com
Mini-tuck is an ambulatory procedure
The hospital is not necessary for tummy tuck or liposuction
A hospital stay is a thing of the past for tummy tuck, and as the cost basis for cosmetic surgery at a hospital has increased, office based surgery has taken center stage for tummy tuck and liposuction.
Learn more: http://www.peterejohnsonmd.com/tummy-tuck
Does a mini Tummy Tuck and Lipo require a Hospital stay?
Absolutely not. I routinely perform full abdominal liposuction at the same time as a Tummy Tuck in an outpatient setting. Pt's go home after their procedure and are seen in follow up within 2-3 days. If a patient desires help at home we arrange for home nursing, but I believe it would be counterproductive and unnecessary to stay in a hospital after these cosmetic procedures.
Liposuction and Mini tummy tuck usually outpatient...
The vast majority of times, liposuction and a mini tummy tuck are outpatient procedures.
TT and lipo can be outpatient procedures
Most are done as an outpatient. However, that decision is made by the surgeon after access your safety profile as well as by the patient and their ability to care for themselves or have others care for them post operatively. Safetly is number one!
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Callaway Digital Arts' and Hasbro's Mr. Potato Head Create & Play is now available on the App Store for iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch! Based on the beloved, iconic Mr. Potato Head toy, this first official app for the character encourages players to embark on silly adventures that are full of surprises! Create potato head characters, put them in silly places and take photos of them in this awesome app for young children. Mr. Potato Head Create & Play is available for FREE from iTunes!Powered by Sidelines
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