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Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans
1861 The steamer, U.S.S. Mohawk, takes up a blockade
position outside St. Marks.
Confederate President Jefferson Davis recommends the
promotion of Edmund Kirby Smith and William W. Loring, two prominent
Floridians, to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate
1862 Yellow fever breaks out aboard Federal naval
vessels in Key West, forcing several vessels to leave the harbor in
search of safe refuge.
The 5th Florida Infantry Regiment (about 1,500 men)
departed Monticello today for service with Stonewall Jackson's
1898 Spanish soldiers resume their attack on
American soldiers at Malate in the Philippine Islands.
Arroyo and Guayama, Puerto Rico, are captured by
American troops, who also occupied the town of Juan Diaz.
1899 The first issue of the St. Augustine Record is
published. The price for a single issue was two cents.
1900 Frank T. Hobson, former Justice of the Supreme
Court of Florida, was born in Hagler, Alabama.
1904 Dredging started today on the deepwater channel
for the Port of Miami. Hundreds of workers are employed around the
clock to complete this project.
1939 Today is the birthdate of the Florida Highway
1942 Florida Caverns State Park at Marianna opened
to the public today.
1962 Governor Farris Bryant calls the Florida
Legislature into special session to devise a new reapportionment
plan for the state. This was in response to the Supreme Court
decision in the case, Baker versus Carr, in 1962. The Supreme Court
ruled that federal courts could consider challenges to state
apportionment plans.
1981 Maria Marinello Korvick became the first
Hispanic woman to serve as a circuit court judge in Florida when she
assumed this office in Miami. Korvick had entered the United States
as a Cuban refugee in 1961.
1799 A joint U.S.-Spanish survey of the U.S.
southern border at the 31st parallel from the Mississippi River
experienced a delay because of the heavy rains at its Chattahoochee
River base camp.
1864 William Miller, the head of the Confederate
Conscript Bureau in Alabama and Florida, was commissioned as a
brigadier general today. Miller had been seriously wounded while on
duty with the 3rd Florida Infantry regiment. He had also previously
served with the 1st Florida Infantry Regiment.
The schooner, U.S.S. Stonewall, moved up the Manatee
River and destroyed a saw mill, a grist mill, and a sugar mill that
reportedly belonged to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. No
Federal casualties were reported.
1894 The Suwannee Democrat begins publication. The
Democrat is the result of a merger between two pioneering newspapers
in Live Oak.
1898 Spain notifies the United States that it will
accept the American ultimatum to end the Spanish-American War.
Negotiations begin to finalize the terms of the peace accord.
General Garcia, leader of the Cuban forces, captures
American army units regarded as "immune" from Yellow
Fever are ordered to Cuba for garrison duty.
1991 STS 43 was launched from Cape Canaveral.
1763 Spain transfers title to Florida to Britain in
exchange for the return of the City of Havana, Cuba, which had been
captured when Spain allied itself with France in the French and
Indian War. Britain controlled Florida from 1763 until 1783, when it
again became a Spanish possession at the end of the American
1862 Commenting on the response of Florida men to
calls for Confederate service, Governor John Milton informs General
Edward A. perry that some counties doe not have enough men left to
have "a militia officer, Judge of Probate, Clerk or Sheriff." More
than 15,000 Floridians served with state or national Confederate
1864 Troops of the 8th U.S. Colored Troops arrive in
Palatka in time to save a 25-man detachment of Union 40th
Massachusetts Cavalry. Federal losses were 3 killed, and eight
captured; Confederate losses, if any, are unknown. Federal troops
abandon Palatka.
1898 American forces under the Command of General
Brooke arrive at Arroyo, Puerto Rico.
1958 First successful test of the 85-foot tall Atlas
missile from Cape Canaveral. The success of this test launch
accelerates the American Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
1842 The Armed Occupation Act was passed by
Congress. Each settler who would settle and cultivate five acres or
more of land in eastern and southern Florida for a period of five
years would receive 160 acres of land and one year's rations from
the Federal government. Settlers were expected also to provide
militia service, if needed, to control the activities of the warring
Seminole Indians. This was the prelude to the official declaration
of the end of the Second Seminole War on August 14, 1842.
1862 The 6th and 7th Florida Infantry Regiments, the
1st Florida Cavalry, and the Marion Artillery are assigned to Davis'
2nd Brigade of the Confederate Department of Tennessee and are
stationed at Knoxville.
1864 Federal General Birney's Brigade from Florida,
some 3,000 troops, arrive as reinforcements for Hilton Head, South
Carolina. Many of these troops are former slaves, who have been
recruited into the U.S. Colored Infantry.
1898 American generals commanding U.S. forces in
Cuba petition the War Department to remove their soldiers from the
island in order to prevent additional casualties from yellow fever.
1944 Ceremonies were held at the Underwater
Demolition Training facility in Ft. Pierce to celebrate the 154th
anniversary of the U.S. Coast Guard.
1984 The Cypriot freighter, Wellwood, rammed
Molasses Reef, the only living coral reef in continental United
States' waters, and destroyed 19,000 square feet of living coral.
Stuck on the reef for 12 days, additional sections of the reef were
destroyed when tugs worked to free her from her perch.
1845 Benjamin Byrd takes office as the first state
treasurer for Florida. His term lasts until he is replaced by
William B. Hayward on January 8, 1848.
1861 The Federal Ship Jamestown, operating off the
coast near Fernandina, captured the Alvarado, the first reported
capture of a blockade runner in Florida waters. The residents of
Amelia Island, who witnessed the capture, attempted to come to the
aid of the stricken blockade runner. The Union ship captain, fearing
a rescue foray from the nearby shore, ordered the Alvarado burned.
1863 Residents of Tallahassee had the opportunity to
purchase civilian goods brought in by blockade runners at a public
auction held by A. Hopkins and Company. Among the lots offered for
sale were 12,000 hooks and eyes, three dozen pocket knives, and 48
cases of toilet soap.
1898 Reacting to the petitions of the American
generals leading the invasion forces in Cuba, the War Department
orders all American soldiers who are "well" to withdraw to the
United States. The description "well" meant those not suffering from
yellow fever. Although Spain has accepted the American ultimatum to
end the Spanish-American War, fighting continues as the diplomats
from both nations negotiate the final settlement. The war has lasted
3 months and 15 days so far.
1906 The Everglades Land and Sugar Company send a
40-man crew into the muck lands west of Dania to begin ditching
operations in preparation for sugar planting.
1763 Colonel Augustine Provost of the British Army
accepts possession of West Florida from the Spanish at Pensacola.
1827 George Franklin Drew, twelfth governor of
Florida [January 2, 1877-January 4, 1881] was born in Alton, New
Hampshire. After a short sojourn in Columbus, Georgia, Drew built a
large saw mill at Ellaville in Madison County, Florida. Drew's
election in 1877 is regarded as the "end of Reconstruction" in this
state. He died in Jacksonville on September 26, 1900.
1840 Dr. Henry Perrine, an amateur botanist and
resident of Indian Key, was killed by Seminoles. His family were
hiding in a root cellar under the house, and, although the house was
set afire by the Indians, survived the attack. At dawn, they left
their hiding place and managed to put to sea in a small boat. They
were rescued by a schooner anchored close by. A neighbor, Jacob
Housman, also survived the attack.
1862 The blockade runner Columbia arrived in Key
West under guard by the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba. The Columbia's
cargo was all war materiel, including rifles, powder, cartridges,
blankets, and cannons. Although the ship's master claims to be a
British vessel, Federal naval authorities do not accept this as
being true.
1863 The British-built Oreto begins alterations that
will transform her into the Confederate gunboat Florida at Green
Cay, Bahamas. This action provides part of the basis for a
$15,000,000 claim against Great Britain by the United States at the
end of the war.
1864 The Federal gunboat Metacomet arrived in
Pensacola with Confederate and Union wounded from fighting around
1868 Present State Seal of Florida authorized.*
1898 American troops under the command of General
William Shafter begin their evacuation of Santiago, Cuba.
1945 Floridians, like other Americans, are shocked
by the news that the United States had obliterated the Japanese city
of Hiroshima with an atomic bomb on August 5. Nevertheless, they
express approval of President Harry Truman's decision to drop the
1978 Edward Durell Stone of New York, architect of
the new Capitol Complex in Tallahassee, died on this date. Stone was
a controversial architect who also designed the John F. Kennedy
Center in Washington, D.C., the United States' Embassy in New Delhi,
India, and the General Motors Building in New York. He worked in
cooperation with the Jacksonville firm of Reynolds, Smith and Hills.
1719 The French Fort San Carlos (Pensacola)
surrendered unconditionally to Spanish forces.
1775 The British sloop, Brigantine, was boarded by a
party of 27 American rebels while at anchor in St. Augustine harbor.
More than 100 barrels of gunpowder were taken.
1840 Survivors of the Seminole massacre at Indian
Key are rescued.
1836 Fort Drane (near Ocala) was evacuated by
Captain Charles S. Merchant and his men because of sickness. The
evacuation of the fort meant a loss of 12,000 bushels of corn
waiting to be harvested in nearby fields.
1868 George J. Alden assumes office as Florida
Secretary of State, succeeding Benjamin F. Allen.
1891 The City of San Antonio (Pasco County) was
originally incorporated. San Antonio is the site of Saint Leo
College and Saint Leo Abbey.
1898 Spanish forces garrisoned at Guayomo, Puerto
Rico, are defeated in a skirmish with invading American troops.
American diplomats await the Spanish response to the terms of the
surrender agreement which will end the war.
1863 The U.S.S. Sagamore captured the English sloop,
Clara Louisa, ten miles north of the Indian River. Later that date,
the Sagamore also captures the British schooners, Southern Rights
and Shot. Still later that day, the Sagamore captures the American
schooner, Ann (off Gilbert's Bar). All the ships were suspected of
trying to run the blockade at either the Indian River or Jupiter
1896 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Florida's Pulitzer
Prize winning author, was born on this date in Washington, D.C. She
won the Pulitzer Prize in 1939 for her best-selling novel, The
Yearling. In 1946, it was made into a movie and has subsequently
been remade into a television special. Rawlings lived in Cross
Creek, FL, where she wrote six novels, a volume of short stories,
and a collection of essays. Her work dealt with the vicissitudes
faced by the hardy settler families on Florida's frontier and the
natural beauty of her adopted state. She died on December 14, 1953.
(For more information about Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, see Gordon E.
Bigelow, Frontier Eden or Elizabeth Silverthorne, Marjorie Kinnan
Rawlings. For a different look at Rawlings and Cross Creek, see J.
T. Glisson, The Creek [Gainesville: University Press of Florida])
1898 Spanish prisoners-of-war embark from Santiago,
Cuba, for Spain.
In Washington, the U.S. government receives Spain's
formal response to the American peace proposal.
1942 Four German saboteurs who landed at Ponte Vedra
Beach on June 17, 1942 are executed by the U.S. Army in Washington,
D.C. The four, along with a second group of four who landed on Long
Island, were on a mission to sabotage defense plants, utility
systems, and other installations. (For more on the Florida landing,
see Michael Gannon, Operation Drumbeat.)
1967 Voters in Duval County and Jacksonville
approved the consolidation of both units of government by a 2-1
margin. Jacksonville thus became the largest city in Florida,
according to acreage.
1968 Richard Milhouse Nixon received the nomination
of the Republic Party Convention on its first ballot. This was the
first ever national Republican Convention held in Miami Beach.
1989 STS 28 was successfully launched from Cape
1565 From the account of Pedro Menendez's expedition
to Florida in 1565 by Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales, the
chaplain to the expedition. This account is taken from Charles E.
Bennett, Laudonniere and Fort Caroline: History and Documents
(Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1964), p. 144. [We will
continue with portions of this account in the coming days and will
simply cite it as Laudonniere and Fort Caroline.--moderator]
"At noon, Thursday, August 9, we identified the
island of San Juan de Puerto Rico and as night had fallen, our pilot
ordered sails furled so that we would remain still among many banks
surrounding the island and port...."
1841 Colonel William Jennings Worth implements his
policy of white resettlement in Florida when he provides assistance
and protection to a band of 13 whites and eight slaves in a small
settlement at Cedar Hammock.
1863 The Florida Kilcrease Artillery, under Captain
F.L. Villepique, left Tallahassee to take up a new duty station at
1898 General Nelson W. Miles informs the War
Department that no more troops are needed in Puerto Rico and
requests that no more be sent.
1908 The Tampa Evening News, published by the Tampa
Morning Tribune Company, ceased publication.
1971 Robert Gray (18), announced his candidacy for a
seat on the Tampa City Council. He finished third in a four-person
1565 "With an agreeable and clear day we arrived in
at the port of Puerto Rico, Friday the day of the good-fortuned
Saint Lawrence. About three in the afternoon we entered and within
the port we found our Capitana and its smaller companion ship that
separated from us earlier. The cries of joy from all sides were
inexpressible, praising the Lord for bringing us together again. At
once the Captain and the Ensign joined us and we celebrated with
them some preserves and other things I had brought.
The Same day the Admiral [Menendez] and I went
ashore and visited the General by whom we were warmly received.
Since I had not been requested for supper that night, the next day
the General asked me to stay in a good house so that we could talk
together; and I expressed my appreciation. We were in port four
days, three days of it pouring rain.
Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales, Laudonniere and
Fort Caroline.
1861 The Third Florida Infantry is mustered into
Confederate service today on Amelia Island.
1862 (This selection is taken from - "Rose Cottage
Chronicles: Civil War Letters of the Bryant-Stephens Family of North
Florida"--edited by Arch Frederic Blakey, Ann Smith Lainhart, and
Winston Bryant Stephens, Jr. Published by the University Press of
Florida [Available through The Print Shoppe at Tebeau-Field Library
of Florida email@example.com]--this collection of more than
800 letters offers an unusual look at service in the Confederate
military and life on the home front. Periodically we will quote from
these letters and cite them simply as "Rose Cottage
Chronicles."--Nick Wynne, Moderator.)
[George Bryant to Davis Bryant]
Rose Cottage Aug 10, 1862
My dear Brother.
As Henry wrote Willie a short time ago, and told him
about every thing, I think it is time for me to try and tell you
something about what we do here in this part of the world. This
morning Henry, Willie Stephens, and I went to see if we couldn't get
a few gallons of Alligator oil; but we did not succeed in getting
any; Henry shot at a fine fellow with Winston's riffle, we don't
know whether he hit him or not, but we think he did, we did not see
any more of him.
Henry and Willie have gone fishing...They took
Taylor and the gun expecting to kill some squirrels, Henry has
killed four out that way lately; Rosa is very fond of them, when she
sees Henry bringing them she says, Henry got querrel...
Sunday morning. Henry and Willie got back yesterday
a little while after sunset and brought fifty three fish, they were
small but sweet. They killed a very large fox as they were coming
back; he had quite a fight with Taylor after he fell. Mr. Stephens
went up to the Oklawaha River and killed a fine bear; he has just
sent us a piece.
All send a great deal of love.
1864 Confederate cavalry and a detachment of the
102nd U.S. Colored Infantry clashed near Baldwin (north Florida). A
section of railroad tracks was destroyed by the Federal troops. This
is part of a series of on-going clashes between the two armies.
1898 U.S. General Lawton is appointed Military
Governor of Cuba, while in Puerto Rico, the town of Coamo is
captured by American troops.
President William McKinley submits a protocol to
Spain outlining the terms upon which the United States is willing to
end the Spanish-American War.
1844 John Branch was appointed the sixth territorial
governor of Florida on this date by President John Tyler.. Branch
was born in Halifax County, North Carolina on November 4, 1782. He
served as governor of North Carolina, and as a United States Senator
from that state. In addition, Branch also served as the Secretary of
the Navy. He was succeeded as governor by William Dunn Moseley, who
became the first governor of the new state of Florida on June 25,
1845. Branch died in Enfield, North Carolina, on January 3, 1863.
1862 [Octavia Stephens to Winston Stephens]
Rose Cottage Aug 12, 1862
"...I am in the beef business this morning and my
mind is pretty well stirred up, and I hardly know what to say, we
got a beef weighing 315 lbs from Bright and will have to pay $18 for
it. Burrel and Tom drove this one here before killing it and I hope
we will have good luck in saving it, the weather bids fair for it,
as regards sunshine. Burrel is going to put the hides in tan..."
"Rose Cottage Chronicles"
1898 Spanish Cabinet accepts the American Peace
Protocol to end the Spanish-American War. Only the formality of a
similar signing by President William McKinley remains before the
"Splendid Little War" is officially and finally over.
1900 Infant mortality rate of 80% reported in one
Seminole settlement in the Everglades.
1917 Governor Sidney J. Catts appointed the first
county officials for the newly created Okeechobee County (May 8,
1931 Neptune Beach was created by voters in that
1953 Terry Bollea was born in Augusta, Georgia,
though he later moved to Tampa and then to Venice Beach, California.
A big boy--he weighed 195 pounds by age 12--Bollea got even bigger
working out in the gym, where he began taking steroids (a fact he
later testified to in court). At age 23 he had his first
professional wrestling match. By the 1980s, the 6'6", 295-pound
Bollea was wrestling under the name of Hulk Hogan. As a "good-guy"
and biggest name for the World Wide Wrestling Federation, he always
admonished his legions of young fans--known as "Hulksters"--to say
their prayers. By the mid-'90s, however, Hogan had changed personas
and now wrestled as bad guy "Hollywood Hulk Hogan" on Turner
Broadcasting's World Championship Wrestling, shown nationwide on
WTBS. From August 1996 to August 1997, Hogan was WCW world champion.
However long he stays active, and whether he wrestles as a good guy
or a bad guy, the Augusta-born multi-millionaire will be remembered
as one of the biggest names in the history of professional
1822 Jackson County, Florida's third county, was
created on this date. It was named for Andrew Jackson, Governor of
Florida and President of the United States.
Duval County, Florida's fourth county , was created
on this date. The county is named for William Pope Duval (1784-1854)
, Territorial governor of Florida from 1822-1834.
1862 The Federal steamer, R.R. Cuyler, arrived at
Key West to begin its tour of duty with the East Gulf Blockading
1863 The U.S.S. Beauregard is on station at the Haul
Over Canal, thirteen miles north of Cape Canaveral. The U.S.S.
Pursuit is stationed off the coast at Jupiter Inlet. Confederate
blockade runners are suspected of using the Indian River area to
land contraband cargoes.
1864 Two Confederate cavalry companies, accompanied
by an artillery battery, advanced today against the 102nd U.S.
Colored troops who are destroying tracks. Four men from the 75th
Ohio were taken prisoner. The Federals dispatch cavalry from Baldwin
and drive the Confederate forces back. Union losses were one killed
and four captured.
1898 The Spanish-American War ended officially today
when President William B. McKinley signs the Peace Protocol and
orders a cessation of hostilities. The war has lasted 110 days.
1977 The Enterprise was launched in 1977. It was the
first free flight of this space vehicle.
1862 Confederate General Joseph Finegan issues a
request for slave owners to make their slaves available for work on
the fortifications at St. Marks.
1864 Union naval commanders are under tremendous
pressure from insurance underwriters to capture or sink the
Confederate raider C.S.S. Tallahassee, under the command of
Commander John Taylor Wood. The Tallahassee captured or destroyed
nine vessels in two days. Secretary Sumner Welles dispatched a
flotilla of more than nine ships to hunt for this raider.
1868 C. Thurston Chase assumes office as Florida's
first Superintendent of Public Instruction. He serves until
September 23, 1870, when he turns the office over to Henry Quarles.
1906 Factory workers in Key West instituted a
boycott of the streetcar system because of the three cents fare.
Workers also demanded transfer privileges.
1559 First Spanish settlement in the present United
States was established by Don Tristan de Luna Arellano. De Luna's
party consisted of Dominican friars, soldiers, and settlers who
built their settlement on the site of today's Pensacola. The
settlement was abandoned after two years.
1861 The Union blockader, Mohawk, which has been
operating off the coast of St. Marks captured and scuttled a
Confederate ship to close off the channel to further use.
1842 Today Colonel William Jenkins Worth proclaimed
the end of the Second Seminole War from his headquarters at Cedar
Key. Although Colonel Worth officially ended the war, the actual
fighting slowly died out over the next few months. [For more
information, see John K. Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War
1835-1842 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1967 and
1864 Union General Alexander Sandor Asboth (an
Austrian refugee and friend of Louis Kossuth), orders his troops,
about 1,400 men, to leave Pensacola and move across the Perdido
River for operations near Mobile Bay.
1874 Jonathan C. Gibbs, African-American politician,
died on this date. Gibbs was a delegate to the 1868 Constitutional
Convention , Secretary of State (1868-1873), and Superintendent of
Public Instruction (1873-1874).
1888 Because of a yellow fever epidemic in
Jacksonville, Fla., many
residents of that area fled by train to Atlanta.
Fear that the epidemic would spread to Atlanta led city officials to
require that every incoming passenger train be inspected by a
doctor. Fortunately, none of the refugees fleeing to Atlanta ever
caught the disease
1945 President Harry S Truman announced the
surrender of Japan, thus ending World War II. Across the state,
thousands of Floridians took to the streets to celebrate V-J Day.
1963 Ten Cuban refugees were taken to Key West by a
U.S. Coast Guard cutter. The ten were rescued from Anquilla Cay,
1565 From the journal of Father Francisco Lopez de
Mendoza Grajales, chaplain to the Menendez expedition:
"On the fifth day, Wednesday, the fifteenth, the day
of our Lady, we embarked at ten o'clock. More than 30 men, including
three of the seven priests who came, deserted and hid themselves in
this settlement. The could not be discovered, dead or alive, which
made the General (Menendez) very angry."
"I was not less so because it made hard work for me.
I was offered a chaplaincy in this port, a peso of alms for each
mass I might say, guaranteed for a year. I did not accept because I
did not want to be talked about as the others were; and also because
it is a settlement where little advancement is probable; and I
wanted to see if my work would be rewarded by the Lord in the
journey which I felt would serve the Lord, and our Lady, His Blessed
"Men are wealthy there, in cattle. There are men who
own 20,000 and 30,000 cows, and as many mares worth 120 Spanish
reales. The mares are not worth more, for there is nothing in which
they can be profitably used unless it be occasionally to draw loads
or to produce colts. As to the cattle, only their hides are
profitable for they do not do work and have no value for anything
else. A hide is valued at 11 or 12 local reales. They tried to
persuade me to remain but it cost Lord Valverde, and I, 8 reales
there for a half gallon of wine, not very good either. We stocked up
with a few delicacies for the voyage, jerked beef and oranges, limes
and potatoes and sugar cane. We got a dozen beef tongues with some
dried loins. We did this because by the time we arrived there we
knew the hungers we suffered at sea."
1842 Monument to soldiers who died in the Seminole
Wars is unveiled in St. Augustine.
1864 The Florida 2nd and 5th Cavalry Battalions are
engaged by Federal troops in the Battle of Gainesville, which will
last until August 19.
1934 The first Florida Emergency Relief
Administration camp for unemployed women opened on Anastasia Island
(St. Augustine). This Federal sponsored camp was the first in the
South and was part of the New Deal Program of Franklin Delano
1862 [Willie Bryant to Davis Bryant]
Camp near Chattanooga, Aug 16, 1862
Dear Davis
I have written you but one letter since arriving
here 4 weeks ago, waiting in the vain hope of something interesting
turning up; but even now find myself in want of it. We are still at
our old camp ground, tho' thousands of others have been moved, and
in readiness to move on short notice, with as little definite
knowledge and prospect as; the wagon trains from Tupelo for which we
are told we are waiting before advancing, have not yet arrived; our
brigade at present only compromising the 3d. and 4th Fla. have been
assigned to Maj. Genl. Samuel Jones division, who is somewhere, but
at present we are under the orders of Genl. Hardee at
I spent nearly a day at Look Out Mountain this week
and tho a very fatiguing trip on foot, enjoyed it and got a good
dinner too...It is pretty hard getting along on Flour w meals of
rice sometimes, and reduced rations of bad meat, but we still make
out; when we move again we give up our tents and all but a very few
cooking utensils...I shall write you once in awhile, and all of
interest when I can and occasionally shall expect a letter from
you---Goodbye for now!
1863 The U.S.S. DeSoto captured the Confederate ship
Alice Vivian in the Gulf of Mexico. The Vivian's cargo was cotton
bound for European markets.
1864 The U.S.S. Honeysuckle returned to Key West
today. The Honeysuckle was on station along the Indian River Inlet.
The bark, James L. Davis, has been dispatched to take up this
station. Until the Davis arrives on station this area has no
blockade enforcers on duty.
1878 First post office established in the community
of "Sara Sota."
1882 First two-and-one-half mile railroad bridge
completed across Escambia Bay.
1898 The order is given to evacuate Key West because
of a possible outbreak of yellow fever. All military personnel were
ordered out of the city, including the wounded in Convent Hospital.
1947 Jacksonville Art Museum originally founded as
the Jacksonville Arts Club.
1565 From the Diary of Father Francisco Lopez de
Mendoza Grajales, Chaplain to Pedro Menendez's expedition to
"At four o'clock in the afternoon of Friday, August
17, we came in view of the island of Santo Domingo. The General
[Menendez], putting himself in the mercy of God, directed the
Admiral's ship to take the Northern course and put into the mouth of
a very dangerous channel which up to then had never been navigated.
Although the Admiral and all of us were apprehensive, we must do the
General's bidding. When we entered, the angry sea and heavy waves
seemed ready to consume us. The Admiral ordered that I give comfort
to the soldiers with prayers and counseling. All that night was
1862 The 7th New Hampshire Volunteers (Union) has
been transferred to St. Augustine to relieve the 4th New Hampshire,
which will be stationed at Hilton Head, SC.
1863 The U.S.S. DeSoto captured the Confederate
steamer, Nita, in the Gulf of Mexico.
1864 Union forces were decisively defeated at
Gainesville by Confederate cavalry troops under the command of Major
J.J. Dickison. The Federal forces lose 28 killed, five wounded, and
200 taken prisoner. The Confederate loss is one killed and five
The 17th Connecticut Infantry, under the command of
Colonel William H. Noble, occupied the country near Starke. The 17th
camped at Shake Rug Corner, near the Bellamy Road, that night.
1874 Samuel B. McLin, Florida Secretary of State,
assumes the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction on a
temporary basis, succeeding Jonathan C. Gibbs.
1898 Embarkation of African-American troops from
Tampa to New York following the end of the Spanish-American War.
"At dawn on Saturday morning, the 18th, we were
reassured. As we proceeded, we found banks in the middle of the sea,
where waves broke. The pilots made their soundings, studying the
depths required for navigation. In places we found 4 fathoms and in
other places less. About two hours before sunset we saw the
landmarks of a low uninhabitable island, Aguana. God was pleased to
allow us to take the banks and the island by day, so we could guard
against danger. It was certainly daylight by permission of our
Master and His Blessed Mother. If it had been night we could not
have failed being dashed to pieces on them. The danger seen, since
none of the pilots knew this area, they agreed to lower sails and
heave to by the island so that we would not be lost traveling at
1821 The Floridian, Pensacola's first newspaper, was
1864 Colonel William H. Noble, commanding the 17th
Connecticut Infantry (U.S.), ordered some 4,000 pounds of cotton to
be burned at the McCrae Plantation near Starke. Skirmishes between
Confederate cavalry and Federal troops between Gainesville and
Starke continue.
1863 Armed boats from the U.S.S. Norwich and the
U.S.S. Hale attacked two Confederate signal stations on the St.
Johns River. One signal station, under the command of Lieutenant
Colonel A. H. McCormick, is taken. Five Confederate soldiers are
captured, along with a trove of equipment. A sudden rain storm
prevented the capture of the second station.
1864 An excerpt from the civil war diary of Hiram
Smith Williams, who settled in Rockledge in 1872 and who served two
terms as a state senator in the 1880s. Williams was a member of the
40th Alabama Regiment and was a combat engineer during the Atlanta
"Our operations since the last record have been
along our lines to East Point, the junction of the West Point and
Atlanta and Macon road. In the meantime we have lived well.
Blackberries plenty. Bought a bushel of wheat and had it ground into
flour this getting 32 lbs. for ten dollars. Also have had any amount
of green corn. Have been blockading roads in the front to our left,
where we found plenty of good foraging. We are now at East Point
where we have been building forts and fortifying generally. Got my
baggage all safe except a few trifling articles the other day. For
which, I was very truly thankful, as I had not change of clothing
since they've been gone. This afternoon we received orders to go in
the front of our left wing. Had rather dangerous times. We were only
separated from the enemy's advance line of skirmishers by one
Lewis N. Wynne and Robert A. Taylor (Editors), This
War So Horrible: The Civil War Diary of Hiram Smith Williams
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press)
1868 Simon B. Conover assumes the office of
Treasurer of the State of Florida. Conover holds the office until he
is succeeded by Charles H. Foster on January 16, 1873.
1977 Construction of Florida's present Capitol was
declared completed on this day. The building was opened officially
on March 31, 1978, by Governor Reubin D. Askew. The cost of the
building was $43,070,741. The building has 22 stories above ground
and three below. The 22nd floor contains a public viewing platform.
Construction of the Capitol required 3,700 tons of structural steel,
2,800 tons of reinforcing steel, 25,000 cubic yards of concrete,
12,000 square feet of walnut paneling, 62,000 square feet of marble,
60,000 square feet of carpet, 92,000 square feet of terrazzo, 14
elevators, 30 miles of telephone wire, and 250 miles of electrical
1862 The Florida 3rd Infantry Regiment, under the
command of Colonel William S. Dilworth, assumes it new duty station
at Chattanooga, Tennessee.
1863 The Union bark Restless captured the
Confederate schooner Ernti with 135 bales of cotton.
An armed Union party attacked two Confederate signal
stations on the St. Johns River. One was captured, but a heavy rain
squall prevented the capture of the second.
1864 The first edition of the Union, a predecessor
of Florida of the Florida Times-Union, was originally published as a
"war news" sheet.
1868 Simon B. Conover assumes the office of State
Treasurer. He holds this office until January 16, 1873, when he is
succeeded by Charles H. Foster.
1889 The Quincy State Bank is chartered.
1943 The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach is converted
into a plastic/neurosurgery facility for G.I.s who have been wounded
in action.
1967 Pam Kruse of Fort Lauderdale sets the world
record for the 200 meter event (2:09:7) at an AAU meet in
1817 In a move that augured military strategy of a
half-century later, General Gregor McGregor, the conqueror of Amelia
Island, orders a blockade of the Florida Coast from Amelia Island to
the Perdido River.
1862 The U.S.S. Keystone State captured the British
schooner, Fanny, off the coast of Amelia Island. The Fanny was
carrying a cargo of salt.
1864 The following Florida units in Confederate
service in Virginia participated in the battle at Weldon Railroad:
Florida 1st (Reorganized) Infantry Regiment
Florida 2nd Infantry Regiment
Florida 5th Infantry Regiment
Florida 8th Infantry Regiment
Florida 9th Infantry Regiment
Florida 10th Infantry Regiment
Florida 11th Infantry Regiment
1898 Key West is somewhat of a ghost town as
military personnel continue to be evacuated in the face of a "yellow
1965 The Gemini 5 space vehicle is launched from
Cape Canaveral.
1979 Sue Wegner became the first female police chief
in Florida when she was sworn into office by Mayor Lucie Black of
Minneola. Ms. Wegner was the police department's senior officer when
she was nominated by then City Manager Richard D. Waters.
1988 Hurricane Chris battered Florida's east coast
from Miami to Jacksonville.
1992 Wary South Floridians are keeping an eye on
Tropical Storm Andrew as it makes its way across the Atlantic. On
this day, Andrew sits about 600 east of Nassau with sustained winds
of 65 miles an hour.
1814 United States troops under the command of
Andrew Jackson entered Florida in pursuit of Creek and Seminole
Indians, while Jackson occupies the City of Mobile.
1840 At the request of Territorial Governor Robert
R. Reid, the U.S. War Department allocates funds for 3,000 horsemen
to defend East Florida against attacks by marauding Seminoles.
1862 The C.S.S. Florida is reported in port at
Cardenas, Cuba, for repairs. Union officials suspect that the real
purpose of its visit is to recruit seamen for future raiding
"Yesterday we received orders about 2 o'clock to
report to Corps HQ, for which I was not sorry as we were at work in
the rain on breastworks for another Division. Camped at Utoy Church
half a mile in rear of our line of battle, to the left of our
Division. This morning we were ordered to make a lot of
cheaveau-de-frize's for the protection of our line. They are made
something like a horse rack, consequently the boys have christened
them by that name. Worked hard at it all day."
1992 This morning, Floridians were informed that
Tropical Storm Andrew was now Hurricane Andrew, with winds of 76
mph. At 11:00 p.m., meteorologists reported that Hurricane Andrew
now sported winds of 110 mph, was located about 500 miles east of
Miami, still moving west toward the Florida coast.
1822 The City of Pensacola is incorporated by the
Territorial government of Florida.
1844 Hamilton Disston, financier, was born this day.
Disston, whose purchase of 6,250 square miles (4,000,000 acres) of
public land for $1 million, prevented the state of Florida from
having to declare bankruptcy in 1881. The entrepreneur tried to
drain the "swamps and overflowed lands" he had purchased and made
remarkable progress until he was caught short of cash in the Panic
of '93. Depressed, Disston committed suicide that year. [For more
information of the Disston Land Purchase, see T. Frederick Davis,
"The Disston Land Purchase," Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume
17, Number 3 (January 1939), pp. 200-210.
1851 A tropical storm with high winds severely
damages the tin roof of the capitol building in Tallahassee.
1992 Hurricane Andrew reached classification as a
Category 4 hurricane today. Located about 300 miles east of Miami in
the early morning hours, the hurricane continued to build in
intensity. By 2:00 p.m., winds reached 150 mph. Hurricane
warnings/watches were posted along Florida's east coast from Key
West to Jacksonville and as far north as Ft. Myers on the west
coast. Weather experts predicted that the hurricane would come
ashore near Miami early on August 24.
1862 Company H, 2nd Florida Cavalry, transferred
this date from Marion County to Alachua County. Under the command of
Captain John J. Dickison, the unit is assigned to Camp Lee where it
will be outfitted for service in the field.
1867 The second governor of Florida, Thomas Brown,
died on this date. Brown was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia,
on October 24, 1785. He served in the War of 1812, in the Virginia
Legislature (1817), and was the chief clerk of the post office in
Richmond. In 1828, he moved to Florida to a plantation near Lake
Jackson in Leon County. After suffering monetary losses because of
freezes, he entered the hotel business. He leased and operated the
Planters Hotel in Tallahassee and later built the City Hotel. In
1834, Brown served as the Territorial Auditor. In 1838, he was
elected as the President of the Legislative Council, and in 1839 was
a member of the Constitutional Convention. Brown represented Leon
County in the House of Representatives in the first state
legislature (1845). His primary goal as governor was to expand
internal improvements, including the possibility of draining the
1902 Officials at Florida Female College (now FSU)
announce plans for the establishment of a kindergarten training
department to being with the opening of the Fall term.
1922 The failure of ice boats to arrive at
Chokoloskee on schedule results in the loss of thousands of pounds
of fish and alligators. The resulting stench was described by one
resident as creating an "awful perfume."
1992 Between 4:00 and 5:00 a.m., Hurricane Andrew
struck South Florida with winds of 145 mph. Some gusts of 164 to 175
mph were recorded. As it made its way across the state, the wind
velocity dropped to 125 mph, but soon elevated to 145 mph when the
storm entered the Gulf of Mexico.
Andrew exacted a heavy toll in human life (more than
40 persons) and in physical damage. The damages inflicted by this
great storm totaled more than $25 billion, with the agricultural
sector sustaining more than $1.05 billion alone. Some 12.7 million
cubic yards of debris were eventually cleared from the hurricane
area. Homestead Air Force Base was demolished, approximately 920
vessels were destroyed, and the Turkey Point Nuclear Facility
sustained damages near $100 million.
The center of the storm or the area of maximum winds
was very small and covered an area of approximately 12 miles.
Weather experts reported a storm surge of 23 feet. Despite the
tremendous damage caused by Hurricane Andrew, had the storm come
ashore just a few miles north of its impact area, the City of Miami
with its large population would have been leveled.
At three o'clock on Saturday, the 25th of the month,
the General came to our vessel to visit it and to bring artillery
for the entrance into Florida. He brought two battering rams and two
versos [small cannon]; and their powder and balls; and two lombards.
After he had armed the vessel he made a speech setting out what we
had to do on arriving at the port where the French would be. Not to
be too long in this (which would be interesting to record according
to the pros and cons that were expressed) the firm resolution of the
General was that, despite the 2,000 Frenchmen being in port, we had
to enter by defeating them in combat. I replied to him and charged
it to his conscience that he look to the 1,000 souls that he had
brought that he might give a good account of them. From this we
passed to other things, which being lengthy, I will leave until we
see each other, our Lord and His Blessed Mother being pleased. This
same day, Saturday, the argument being over, the General called me
and said these words to me: "They have told me that thous hast here
a relative of thine." I said to him: "Yes, lord."--"Well if I had
known it when I chose captains I would have taken care of him, but I
did not know of it until on his part, Diego de Amaya told me of it
and now I have provided him the office of Sergeant of the Flagship
with Captain Mexica, who is a principal knight. He will have that
until something better offers itself." I asked him for his hands
that I might kiss them, and called the Lord Valverde that he might
see him and give him thanks and entrust the General with the
disposition of his person; for the Lord Valverde, Sergeant and
Officer of the King, however established, would profit much from
this. If he does well and gives a good account of himself, it is a
post from which to rise to captain, which I will see done if I do
not die before.
1862 Federal General Rufus Saxton has secured the
approval of the United States War Department to enlist 5,000
African-American troops.
1863 The United States tender, Fox, is on station at
Key West.
1866 The Florida Freedman's Bureau Homestead Office
opened today. More than 3,000 homesteads, more than in any other
southern state, were awarded to Florida freedmen. Each homestead
averaged 80 acres.
1894 Professor R. F. Massey signed a contract for
the construction of a new building at the corner of Monroe and Main
Streets in Jacksonville. This building would become the cornerstone
of Massey College, which was founded in this year.
1983 Tropical Storm Barry struck Florida near
Melbourne and continued across Florida. It exited near Tampa,
crossed the Gulf of Mexico, gained hurricane strength, and hit near
Brownsville, Texas, on the 28th.
1992 Today Florida is reeling under the devastation
created by Hurricane Andrew. The storm is now about 250 miles
southeast of New Orleans and moving west. Its winds, which had
diminished to 125 mph are building again to 145 mph. Landfall is
expected later today near Iberia, Louisiana.
1813 Harrison Reed, the ninth governor of Florida,
was born at Littleton, Massachusetts, today. A businessman who
failed in the Depression of 1837, he became a journalist/printer of
political newspapers. Reed moved to Washington, D.C., in 1861 to
become an employee of the Treasury Department. In 1863, he was
assigned to Fernandina, Florida, as a tax commissioner. In 1865,
President Andrew Johnson appointed him to be the postal agent for
the state of Florida. He was elected governor under the Constitution
of 1868.
Governor Reed's administration was a stormy one.
Florida was under a military occupation, and both Florida Democrats
and Republicans opposed him. He faced two impeachment efforts by
members of his own party. Lieutenant Governor William H. Gleason
proclaimed himself governor in Reed's place when the Legislature
adjourned while the Senate was considering charges against Reed.
At the end of his term, Reed retired to his farm. In
1875, he became the editor of the magazine, The Semi-Tropical.
Between 1889 and 1893, Reed served as the postmaster of Tallahassee.
In 1899, he represented Duval County in the state House of
Harrison Reed died in Jacksonville on May 25, 1899.
1815 The Island of Key West was granted to Juan de
Estrado, the governor of Florida, in lieu of payment for services
rendered to the government of Spain.
1845 Hugh Archer assumes office as the Comptroller
of Florida. He serves until January 2, 1847. Archer serves a second
term from July until December 1847.
1861 The Confederate Congress approved an
expenditure of $420,000 for the construction of three gunboats to
protect the coast and rivers of Florida.
1863 The United States schooner, Beauregard,
captured the schooner, Phoebe, off the coast of the Indian River.
First sighted off Jupiter Inlet on August 23, the Phoebe was allowed
to anchor at the Inlet. When a crew was dispatched to the shoreline,
the Beauregard's commander considered this a violation of the
permission and a likely attempt to ferry goods to Confederates.
1880 An unnamed hurricane struck the Florida coast
near Cocoa Beach.
1920 The 19th Amendment grant women suffrage was
formally ratified by a sufficient number of states to add it to the
Constitution. Florida did NOT ratify this amendment until May 13,
1969. Despite the refusal of the Legislature to ratify the
amendment, women had been granted the right to vote in city
elections as early as 1917 when Florience Villa, Moore Haven, Palm
Beach, and Pass-a-Grille allowed them to cast their ballots.
1950 Radiation Division of Harris Corporation, a
major Florida technology company, is founded in Melbourne. Harris
Corporation is now the largest single private employer in Brevard
County and is a Fortune 500 company.
1960 The first student at Brevard Community College
is officially enrolled. The college, founded on March 10, 1959, held
classes in the old Cocoa High School building. BCC currently has
four campuses in the county and has an enrollment of about 18,000
1964 Hurricane Cleo strikes Fort Lauderdale with 130
mph winds late tonight. The storm continues throughout the early
morning hours.
"Monday, August 27, while we were sailing along and
almost at the end of the Bahama Channel, Our Lord showed us a
mystery of the sky. It was that at about the ninth hour of the
night, a comet came out of the sky, borne almost directly above, but
toward the direction of the rising sun and went away giving such a
light from itself that it appeared to be like the sun and it went
traveling to the West, where Florida is. It lasted about the length
of time in which one could recite the Creed twice. We took it for a
good sign, according to the custom of the sea."
1861 The Howell Guards, a company from Leon County,
left Tallahassee today with the eventual destination of joining the
2nd Florida Infantry regiment [as Company M] in Richmond, Virginia.
1862 The U.S.S. South Carolina attacked and
destroyed the abandoned Confederate schooner, Patriot, which was
aground near Mosquito Inlet. The schooner Anne Sophia was captured
off the coast of Jacksonville today by the U.S.S. R. R. Cuyler.
"The Yanks all left our front last night. Soon after
breakfast went out to level down their works across the road so that
our cavalry can get out and see what they're doing. Some new
stratagem of Sherman's, I suppose. We'll see. Nearly all the boys
think they are retreating and are highly elated with the idea. All
Bosh! Had a fine time roaming over their camp getting crackers and
bacon. Captured a fine sutler's wagon which was filled with good,
but did not get any of them as [General Randall L.] Gibson's Brigade
plundered it before we got there.
Lewis N. Wynne and Robert A. Taylor (Editors), This
War So Horrible: The Civil War Diary of Hiram Smith Williams
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press).
1920 On this day, Fay Bridges of Sneads (Jackson
County) cast her ballot in an election for mayor and constable. She
thus became the first woman in Florida to vote in an election
following the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the United
States Constitution.
1957 Central Florida Community College is founded in
Ocala on this date.
1970 Gwen Sawyer Cherry, the first African-American
woman to serve in the Florida Legislature, was born in Miami in
1923. Ms. Cherry was elected to the Florida House of Representatives
from Dade County in 1970. A lawyer, teacher and author, she
graduated from Florida A &M University in 1965. Ms. Cherry was
killed in a one-car accident in Tallahassee on February 7, 1979.
1985 STS 51-1 is launched from Cape Canaveral.
1565 Pedro Menendez de Aviles, in command of the
Spanish expedition to Florida, sailed into a natural harbor on the
Florida coast. He and his party celebrated the Feast of San Augustin
with a High Mass. As was the custom, Menendez gave the location the
name of the saint. Thus, St. Augustine was named. Not until
September 8, however, would Menendez and his party return to the
site to begin the first permanent settlement by Europeans in
From the Diary of Father Francisco Lopez de Mendoza
Grajales, Chaplain to Pedro Menendez's expedition to Florida...
Later Tuesday, the 28th, it dawned with a calm
greater than any since the beginning of the voyage. We were a league
and a half from the Capitana and the rest [of the ships]. I being
weary and tired of reciting and petitioning God and His Mother to
remedy the weather, about two in the afternoon, my God provided from
His mercy and sent us a good wind. Immediately with full sails we
joined the Capitana, and this which I now say I take for a miracle;
That when we were in the calm and joined to the other vessels, none
of the pilots of the Armada knew where we were (and there were some
who said that we were 100 leagues from Florida); and God and the
prayers of His Blessed Mother permitted that this same afternoon we
recognized land. We drew near to discover what land it was and
anchored a league off shore, and this all the rest did also. We
found ourselves in Florida not far from our enemies, which was a
great consolation and joy to all of us. This night the General
ordered all the pilots to the Capitana to discuss their duties.
1862 Colonel Edward A. Perry of the 2nd Florida
Infantry Regiment is promoted to brigadier general.
"What a lovely day. After putting on some clean
clothes this morning, I went over to the Yank's works. Saw [Lucius]
Potter of the 36th [Alabama Regiment] and passed the forenoon with
him. Sherman's plans are not yet developed nor will they be until
too late I think. Hood's ordeal has arrived, he will either make for
himself a name that will live or he will be remembered only to be
derided. It is the tide in his affairs, and I think he will fail. A
few more days, perhaps hours, will decide his fate."
1818 Spain severs diplomatic relations with the
United States for failing to discipline General Andrew Jackson
following his seizure and occupation of forts in Spanish Florida.
1868 Robert H. Gamble assumes office as the
Comptroller of Florida. His term of office extended until January
15, 1873.
1899 The discovery and mining of phosphate near
Juliette produces a tremendous population growth. Today city
officials reported that the population has increased from 25 to more
than 1200 in a single year.
1899 Joseph Hillis Miller, former president of the
University of Florida, was born this date in Front Royal, Virginia.
1992 Hurricane Andrew, by now a tropical storm and
after wreaking havoc on south Florida and the Mississippi Valley
states in the central United States, merges with the remnants of
Hurricane Lester, a Pacific storm, and dies out in Pennsylvania.
"Thursday, the 30th, we were given a time of head
winds which made us throw out the anchor. We were with contrary
winds for four days so that we could not navigate further. When
these were lacking, calm came to us and stopped us. We were anchored
all these days about a league and a half off shore. The Capitana was
about a league ahead of us. We could not reach her because of the
swift current. Our General [Menendez], seeing that neither the
pilots nor the two French prisoners in our company knew how to reach
port by the few land signs (because the coast is so low and level
and lacking in signs), decided to put 50 arquebusiers on land. Some
captains made many bonfires so that the Indians would come up to see
what it was. They are so animal-like they did not care about it and
no one came. When our people saw this, they went into the land; and
four leagues from there they found a settlement of Indians by whom
they were well received. The Indians gave them good food and
embraced them and begged for what was brought. The soldiers were so
generous that they gave them many things they carried and the
Indians gave them two pieces of gold, although of low carat. It
showed that they had some and were in the habit of giving it in
exchange. The Frenchmen with us said they had been in communication
with them for some time."
"The Indians wished the Christians to remain there
that night so they might feast them, but they did not accept because
of the need of taking the good news to the General."
1778 An American privateer raids the plantation of
Dr. Andrew Turnbull during the American Revolution.
1862 Florida infantry units have played an important
role in the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in Virginia. The
2nd, 5th, and 8th Infantry regiments are involved.
1863 The Federal blockade of the Florida coast line
is proving effective in hampering the activities of privateers and
blockade runners. The U.S.S. Potomska is on duty near Fernandina,
while the Norwich and E.B. Hale are patrolling the St. Johns River
1961 A resolution establishing Edison Junior College
is approved by the Lee County (Fort Myers) Board of Public
Instruction. Edison Junior College is now Edison Community College
and a new university, Florida Gulf Coast University, has also been
established in the county (1996).
1983 STS-8 launched from Cape Canaveral.
1984 STS 41-D launched from Cape Canaveral.
1863 The Federal bark, Gem of the Sea, captured the
Confederate sloop, Richard, which is owned by John Mooney and James
Fuell of West Florida.
News was received in Tallahassee that men of the 5th
and 8th Florida Infantry Regiments captured at Gettysburg are
imprisoned on Johnston's Island.
1864 The following Florida units participated in
Confederate General John Bell Hood's ill-fated attempt to break the
lines of General William T. Sherman at Jonesboro (south of Atlanta):
Florida Marion Artillery
Florida 1st Cavalry Regiment
Florida 3rd Infantry Regiment
Florida 4th Infantry Regiment
Florida 6th Infantry Regiment
Florida 7th Infantry Regiment
An excerpt from the civil war diary of Hiram Smith
Williams, who settled in Rockledge in 1872 and who served two terms
as a state senator in the 1880s. Williams was a member of the 40th
Alabama Regiment and was a combat engineer during the Atlanta
"The ordeal is past and John Bell Hood is gone
under. Went to East Point yesterday morning, remained there all day,
and this morning early came down to Jonesboro. Our infantry reached
here, and charged the enemy in their works as usual, only to be
repulsed with heavy loss. This horrid useless waste of human life,
this wholesale butchery is terrible and should damn the authors
through all time."
"Our company reached the place just as the fight
commenced, but did not see much of it. Had a hearty laugh at one of
our Lieutenants, who was carrying a musket and teakettle. Directly a
shell burst near him and away went the gun while he struck out in a
dog trot. A few minutes after another shell bursted and a piece or
rather spent fragment struck him on the leg, when away went the
teakettle and away went the Lieutenant, who was seen no more until
we were far out of danger. Thank god, I have stronger nerves than
"Our boys have been repulsed all along the line, and
I see it requires no military man to tell that Atlanta is gone."
1872 Charles H. Pearce, minister of the
African-Methodist Episcopal Church of Tallahassee, is nominated as a
candidate for a third Florida Senate term by Governor Harrison Reed
at the Leon County Republican Convention.
1906 Elizabeth Hutchinson Broward, eight child of
Governor and Mrs. Napoleon Broward, becomes the first child born to
a sitting governor in the State of Florida. She was born in the
Brown House on Monroe Street in Tallahassee.
1912 The Socialist Party of Florida, meeting in
convention in Ocala, nominates Thomas W. Cox as its candidate for


text:
Welcome to our Web site.
A main aim of our college is to develop specialists in the fields of:
A. Mechanical Engineering,
B. Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
C. Systems and Control Engineering,
D. Civil and Construction Engineering,
through a five year of curriculum.
This photograph is a view from the main gate of our college as you enter the campus. The avenue is lined with cycads. The windmill, in the center of the photograph, is a symbol of our college. We harness the energy of the wind for our daily use of electricity.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
HUNTSVILLE, Texas — Former Terra Linda standout Mike Best scored seven points off the bench, but UC Irvine fell 63-65 to Sam Houston State University.
Adam Folker had 13 points and Will Davis II had 12 points and 11 rebounds for the Anteaters (3-3). Folker's layup with 36 seconds remaining in regulation tied the game at 58-all and forced overtime.
Terrance Motley had nine points, eight rebounds and three steals off the bench for Sam Houston State.


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- //Home
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- //Travis Bretzer
Travis Bretzer
Making Love EP
(Mexican Summer)
US: 23 Jul 2013
UK: 16 Sep 2013
The sleeve art to Making Love EP, the Mexican Summer debut by Edmonton, Alberta based songwriter Travis Bretzer, is not unlike a drunk Snapchat sent by a friend four or five happy hour cocktails in. It's a disorienting sight at first, but when the photo is experienced with the intentionally rough-around-the edges production of this EP, Bretzer's approach makes complete sense. There's a real intimacy to this music—with a title like Making Love, Bretzer's obviously not out to put distance between himself and the listener—and, for the most part, these five songs sound like they were recorded during a tiny bar show comprised of Bretzer and his friends. The result of all of this is that the EP is welcomingly unpretentious and honest; while not made up of the retreat-to-the-woods type of emotional poignancy so many crave, this is a collection of songs written by a guy just doing what the hell he wants to do.
There's an insularity that comes along with this carefree attitude, and it's the same thing that leads to Making Love a cluttered EP. Opener "Billy and I," a hodgepodge of Magnetic Fields-esque baroque pop and a warbly vocal in the style of Tom Petty, is all over the place production-wise, a feature that pops up more than once on the remaining four tracks. Bretzer's acoustic guitar is usually at the forefront, but the other backup instruments are left textureless and uninteresting. Bretzer would have been better off leaving these songs to be solo acoustic, as his arrangements indicate that the other musicians involved are merely placeholders. This guy has a head full of ideas and a genial spirit willing to share all of the notes he comes up with; it's hard to deny he's genuine, even though his slip-ups are hard to overlook.
Rising Appalachia 'Alive' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
Lost Bayou Ramblers "Allons a Lafayette" (video) (premiere) // Music
Jean Caffeine "Winter of Hate" (video) (premiere) // Music
"No Dollars in Duende": On Making Uncompromising, Spirited Music
// Sound Affects
"On the elusive yet clearly existential sadness that adds layer and texture to music.READ the article


text:
Jefferson City approves new animal shelter
Tue, 05 Jan 2010 11:24:01 GMT —
The Jefferson City council last night approved a resolution agreeing to put a new shelter at the Hyde Park complex. It would replace the cramped quarters at the existing shelter.City Administrator Steve Rassmussen said the council's decision is important because an architect will likely be chosen at the next council meeting and a private group has started raising funds for the new shelter.It's expected to cost at least a million and a half dollars.Taxpayers will pick up part of the tab, and private donors the rest. It could be complete by June of 2011.Also at last night's meeting, the council tabled two controversial proposals because some council members were absent.One would allow tattoo and body piercing businesses to set up shop. The other would set aside money to help low income residents pay for the new mandatory trash and recycling program. The council will pick up the discussion again on January 19th.


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Top: Solid Spruce
Fingerboard: Rosewood
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Bridge: Rosewood
Body Binding: Ivoroid
Soundhole Rosette: White Pearl
Tuning Machines: Nickel Die-cast
Finish: Sunburst


text:
Organisers of a new exhibition at St Edmundsbury Cathedral are appealing for help to unearth details of families named on its first baptism register.
The register of St James' Church, shortly after it was transformed into the cathedral in 1914, forms part of the new display in the Treasury.
The exhibition highlights families who are already known to the cathedral but organisers want to find out more about others featured.
Sarah Friswell, PR manager, said: "We're hoping to discover the stories of some Bury families through this exhibition.
"If anyone can tell us more about any of the people named in the register, we would love to hear from them."
Among those on the register is Gwendolen Burdon, whose father James was the pharmacist at Nunn, Hinnell & Clark , in Abbeygate Street.
Some of the entries are touched by the outbreak of World War One with certain fathers listed as servicemen. In a few cases they were killed before the baptism of their child.
The exhibition in the Treasury, which is accessed from the cathedral Cloisters, is open Monday to Saturday 10am to 4pm and Sunday 12.30pm to 3pm.
A list of all those baptised from 1914 to 1918 is availble on the cathedral website www.stedscathedral.co.uk
If your family has a connection contact Sarah Friswell on 01284 748726.


text:
Bic Camera sees operating profit up 50% for fiscal 2014
TOKYO -- Bic Camera's group operating profit for the year ending this month is likely to jump 50% to around 20 billion yen ($190 million), thanks to brisk sales of big-ticket items such as high-end televisions and air conditioners.
The Tokyo-based electronics mass merchandiser had previously forecast a 13% increase to 14.8 billion yen.
But sales this month appear to be slowing a bit as consumers hold back on discretionary spending. In addition, typhoons have dampened demand. Nonetheless, Bic Camera expects operating profit to climb to a record level for the first time in three years, provided weather and other factors do not take the steam out of consumer demand.
Sales are seen edging up 2% to around 820 billion yen, slightly above the guidance of 813 billion yen.
On a parent-only basis, monthly sales in March -- just before the April launch of the nation's consumption tax hike -- soared 57% on the year. In a last-minute buying frenzy, shoppers grabbed expensive 4K TVs. On the back of electricity rate hikes, consumers purchased energy-saving air conditioners and refrigerators. Also, the ending of the Microsoft Windows XP operating system stirred up a tailwind for Bic Camera, touching off replacement demand for personal computers.
Sales dropped 10% in April from a recoil in demand, but bounced back to a year-earlier level the next month. By contrast, rivals Yamada Denki and Edion are still struggling to overcome the post-tax-hike slump.
Bic Camera has boosted its purchasing leverage by joint procurement with Kojima, which became a subsidiary in 2012. Integrating merchandise management and other systems has also resulted in lower expenses.
With many of its stores located in central Tokyo and other urban areas, Bic Camera benefited from an influx of foreign tourists, who increasingly purchase such items as rice cookers, beauty equipment and luxury watches.
An improved profit margin is another earnings driver. With consumers giving preference to high-function appliances, Bic Camera sees unit prices steadily rising even after the sales tax hike. Electronics manufacturers' strategy to control output effectively keeps prices from plunging, thereby giving a push to gross margin ratio.
The company's net profit is expected to come in above the projected 7.7 billion yen. Bic Camera is on track to offset such extraordinary losses as those incurred from the closing of unprofitable stores.
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text:
By Flemming Moos
In a landmark judgment in June, the German Federal Court of Justice generally approved of an online platform that allows pupils to evaluate their teachers. In its verdict, the court also clarified the privacy requirements to be met by the operators of such platforms.
The Internet platform Spickmich.de offers a forum where secondary school pupils can evaluate their teacher's performance. Since starting up about two years ago, the Web site has grown to approximately one million users. Pupils can evaluate their teachers by grading them in categories such as "cool and funny," "popular," "motivated," "gives fair marks," and "teaches well." The pupils use the same grades by which their own work is rated, ranging from 1 for excellent to 6 for unsatisfactory.
One teacher claimed that the site breaches her right to privacy and took the case to the federal court of justice in Karlsruhe. The court ruled that pupils can rate their teachers online, rejecting the teacher's bid to shut down the site that gave her a low grade. The judges said that freedom of expression was more important than the teacher's right to privacy.
However, the court intensively scrutinized the online rating platform under German data protection rules and came to some interesting conclusions which are of general relevance to all Internet rating Web sites.
First of all, the court took the view that German data protection laws generally apply to judgments and expressions of opinions since they would qualify as personally identifiable information in terms of applicable data protection laws. Furthermore, the court held that the so-called "media privilege" would not apply to the rating Web site. According to this media privilege, the collection, processing, and use of personal data for journalistic-editorial or literary purposes are to a certain extent exempt from the general privacy rules. Yet the court decided against an application of this media privilege here. Its reasoning? The court felt the teacher rating platform would lack the required journalistic-editorial treatment of the information.
Even more important, the court applied Sec. 29 of the German Federal Data Protection Act to the rating Web site; a clause which was initially designed for credit agencies. In order for the communication of personal data to be lawful under this provision, the third party to whom the data are disclosed must credibly prove to have a justified interest in knowledge of the data—a requirement which cannot be met by the Internet forum since the users are anonymous. By way of an interpretation of this clause in accordance with constitutional principles (in particular, the freedom of speech), the court waived this requirement for the specific online rating platform, spickmich.de, based on a balancing of interests of the teacher that is being rated on the one side and the user of the platform who wants to access the information on the other side. In this regard, the court also took into account that the platform is only accessible to registered users and the ratings are not disseminated to the general public.
As a consequence, online rating platforms can be operated in Germany in accordance with privacy laws; however, they must always be subject to a balancing of interest test taking into account inter alia the nature and content of the data and the purposes which underlie the (public) communication of the data.
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text: The Resource Center of Dallas' HIV/AIDS food pantry was initially scheduled to reopen at its new location on Denton Drive Cutoff this morning. However, a sidewalk reconstruction project reportedly has forced RCD to delay the re-opening until Wednesday at 11:45 a.m., according to RCD spokesman Rafael McDonnell. For more info, call 214-528-0144 or visit the Resource Center's Web site at www.rcdallas.org.


text:
Evergreen Line Extends Indian Ocean Network
Evergreen Line is teaming up with United Africa Feeder Line (UAFL) to extend its service network in the Indian Ocean.
Evergreen announce a new ISC-Mauritius-Mozambique-Africa (IMMA) Service linking the Indian sub-continent, Indian Ocean Islands and Mozambique will be launched in late April.
Employing three 2,500 TEU vessels, the biweekly service will have its inaugural sailing from Karachi on the 22nd of April 2-13. The port rotation will then follow as Mundra - Colombo - Port Louis - Tamatave - Durban - Maputo - Nacala - Karachi. Evergreen Line will provide two of the ships and UAFL the third.
The IMMA service offers a direct link between the Indian subcontinent and the emerging markets of Southeast Africa and its scope can be further extended with on-carriage services offered to neighboring islands in Indian Ocean and inland destinations within the African continent. The service is Evergreen's latest bid to fulfill growing customer demand to develop new markets and follows the line's recent service extensions into other parts of East Africa, as well as the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia, during the first quarter this year.


text:
Hyatt Platinum Credit Card Offer - 2 free nights anywhere - Worth It?Archived From: Travel Discussion
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text:
Family Based Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Preschoolers With Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
This study has been completed.
University of South Florida
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Adam Lewin, University of South Florida
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: September 29, 2011
Last updated: March 24, 2014
Last verified: March 2014
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Detailed Description:
The purpose of this research study is to further investigate how well cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy works to reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms in young children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to work well in youth with OCD and other anxiety disorders; however, there are only a few studies to date in preschool and young children with OCD. All children will have the option to receive 12 twice-weekly cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy sessions that are up to 60-minutes each. Randomly determined, half of all children will receive these sessions immediately following the pre-assessment and the remaining half will receive them after six weeks. The investigators expect that youth receiving the study-based therapy will show more improvement in OCD symptoms in six weeks in contrast to youth waiting to receive the therapy.
|Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
|Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|Family Based Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Preschoolers With Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Toddler HealthU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Adam Lewin, University of South Florida:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Clinician Global Impression - Improvement Scale (Measure of patient improvement at relevent timepoints) [ Time Frame: Baseline/Post-treatment or Post-waitlist/1 and 3 Month Follow-up ]The CGI is a 7-point rating of treatment response anchored by 1 ("very much improved), 4 ("no change") and 7 ("very much worse"). Youth being rated by the IE as 1 ("very much improved") and 2 ("much improved") will be considered treatment responders. This measure assesses change or improvement across time and consequently is appropriate for use at multiple assessments - reflects patient improvement relative to baseline functioning. Represents change in functioning and assesses change in baseline. Appropriate for use at multiple time-points.
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- CYBOCS - Childrens Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale [ Time Frame: Baseline, post-treatment/post waitlist, 1 and 3 month followup ]
The CY-BOCS is a 10-item semi-structured measure of obsession and compulsion severity over the previous week. Measure will be administered to the parent.
Change score (calculated as a percent change from baseline) will be used as the outcome measure.
|Study Start Date:
|May 2011
|Study Completion Date:
|March 2014
|Primary Completion Date:
|June 2013 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
No Intervention: Treatment as Usual
Participants randomized to the TAU arm will be instructed to continue receiving their prior interventions as recommended by their providers (e.g., psychotherapy, social skills training, behavioral interventions, family participation in family therapy or a parenting class, or pharmacological interventions). Treatment changes (e.g., medication increase, starting psychotherapy in the community) are not prohibited and will be monitored. Thus, treatment will continue as it would in standard practice.
Experimental: Immediate CBT
Therapists will work with families for 12 twice weekly sessions, each lasting up to 60 minutes implementing a developmentally appropriate modulated cognitive behavioral therapy approach. A manualized CBT protocol will be followed.
Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Family based cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention. Twice weekly for 45-60 minute visits.
Other Name: ERP - Exposure response prevention
Detailed Description:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for OCD includes several core therapeutic elements including establishment of treatment goals, assigned homework, operant conditioning paradigms (the putative mechanism for exposure-based therapies), provision of psychoeducation (e.g., the link between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors), cognitive (e.g., cognitive restructuring) and behavioral (e.g., exposure) coping skill implementation, and target behavior progress assessments. Nevertheless, research is lacking in preschoolers with OCD and these children likely require adaptations to the traditional CBT regimen. Preschoolers often have a high level of family accommodation, whereby the family members become part of the rituals and compulsions in attempt to ease the young child's anxiety. CBT with preschoolers will need to emphasize delivering intervention within the context of the family. The flexibility of this modular approach for treatment (modular therapies allow for variations in the order and intensiveness of the aforementioned treatment elements, providing an individually tailored treatment instead of a one-size-fits-all approach) may be optimally suited for preschoolers with OCD given their wide variability in developmental level and symptom presentation. This is consistent with the NIH Roadmap Initiative which calls for personalized interventions matched to individual patient characteristics. Our OCD research team in the Rothman Center is highly experienced in clinical research for pediatric and adult OCD. The proposed investigation is a single-site controlled trial of CBT in preschool aged youth with OCD aged 3-8 years. We will randomly assign patients to immediate treatment or 6-week Treatment as Usual (TAU) control. A manualized CBT protocol will be followed. Assessments will occur at Screening, Baseline, Post-treatment and 1 and 3-month follow-ups. Ratings of patient OCD symptom severity will be conducted at each time point by trained raters blinded to treatment condition. Diagnosis will be established by an experienced clinician and verified by a validated rating scale conducted with the child's parent(s); cases will be reviewed by study investigators. Assessments will be audio-recorded and verified for integrity. Randomization will be determined immediately following the baseline assessment; patients will be assigned TAU or immediate treatment in a 1:1 ratio. All eligible patients will receive 12 therapy sessions over 6 weeks using the evidence-based treatment protocol that incorporates E/RP and parent involvement; sessions are twice weekly for 60 minutes. Dr. Lewin and other trained OCD therapists under his supervision will conduct therapy sessions. All sessions are audiorecorded for integrity.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|3 Years to 8 Years (Child)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Meets DSM-IV-TR for a primary diagnosis of OCD
- Minimum score of 8 on the CYBOCS compulsion scale
- Peabody Picture Vocabulary IV score of 80
- Able to attend biweekly appointments with a parent/guardian
- English Speaking
Exclusion Criteria:
- Current clinically significant suicidality
- engaged in suicidal behaviors within 6 months
- Peabody Picture Vocabulary IV score of 80
- Any change in established psychotropic medication (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics) within 4 weeks before study enrollment, any change in antipsychotics within 3 weeks prior to the screening assessment, any change in Prozac or Straterra within 6 weeks of study enrollment, and any change in alpha-2 agonists or stimulants within 1 week of study enrollment.
- Lifetime DSM-IV bipolar, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders; or Substance abuse in past 6 months.
- Absence of language
- Formal diagnosis of mental retardation or an autism spectrum disorder
- Unwillingness of parents to make the commitment to accompany their child for multiple study visits, unwillingness to take part in randomization, inability to attend sessions twice weekly as therapist availability allows, inability to attend assessment visits.
- Presence of a significant and/or unstable medical illness which might lead to hospitalization during the study.
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01447966
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01447966
|United States, Florida
|University of South Florida - Rothman Center for Neuropsychiatry
|St. Petersburg, Florida, United States, 33701
Sponsors and Collaborators
University of South Florida
|Principal Investigator:
|Adam B Lewin, Ph.D.
|University of South Florida
More Information
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Keywords provided by Adam Lewin, University of South Florida:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Lewin AB, Park JM, Jones AM, Crawford EA, De Nadai AS, Menzel J, Arnold EB, Murphy TK, Storch EA. Family-based exposure and response prevention therapy for preschool-aged children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2014 May;56:30-8. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.02.001. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
|Responsible Party:
|Adam Lewin, Assistant Professor, University of South Florida
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01447966 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|September 29, 2011
|Last Updated:
|March 24, 2014
Keywords provided by Adam Lewin, University of South Florida:
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Exposure Response Prevention
Cognitive Behavioral
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Compulsive Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Pathologic Processes
Personality Disorders
Mental Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017


text:
The clamoring among Iowa fans for more Shonn Greene continues to grow with every run. It seems that every time he touches the ball, something positive is happening in the ground game. Greene talks ...
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text:
EMC Documentum\'s answer to SharePoint is (finally) CenterStage
EMC has been slower than some of its competitors in articulating a strategy to deal with the SharePoint onslaught into content management. That\'s starting to change with the release of Documentum 6.5 and its new CenterStage product.
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text:
|17 Aug 2012
Another issue with Internet connection.
I had been having earlier problems, but after a full sustem restore, I had finally got my system up and running.. except for the fact that the Internet connection had the classic Windows 'i' Icon. I have been having this problem for days after the malware removal.
I had already tried removing the Wireless Network Adapter. But it did not reinstall on Launch, so anything that removes any important files from the Adapter would not be a preferred solution, Since I'd need a step by step guide to refrain from screwing it up. I don't want to bring my computer in to the shop, because school is drawing closer and I'd rather keep money fixated on the supplies I'm going to need.
Any solutions available for this issue? Preferrably in step by step tutorial format, for otherwise I'll be tinkering about with the controls unsure of what to do.
Information: My computer is Windows7 Home Premium. It has an Intel(R) Core(TM) i 2310M CPU @ 210GHz with 3.00 GB of Installed ram, and it's a 64-Bit operating system.It utilizes Intel My Wifi Technology, if that helps.
|My System Specs
|17 Aug 2012
MS Windows 7 Professional 64-bit SP1
Go to device manager, right click the device with no driver, choose properties, go to the details tab click the properties drop down choose hardware ids click on the first value select copy then paste it here, should look something like this: PCI\VEN_10EC&DEV_8168&SUBSYS_84321043&REV_06
did we not do this yesterday?
|My System Specs
|17 Aug 2012
Yes, but before my issue was that the Network Adapter was not reinstalled upon deletion after the restart. But now it is do to system restore.
The Hardware ID of Intel(R) Centrino(R) Wireless-N 1030 (the only network providing me access to the connection.) Is PCI\VEN _8086&DEV_008A&SUBSYS_53258086&REV_34
Update: My father took a look at it, says that there might me a section of the virus still present and giving me an issue.
|My System Specs
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