text: Charges dropped against alleged lookout in 2007 shooting death of teen By Travis Crum August 20, 2012 Story Share CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Prosecutors have agreed to drop a murder charge against one of the men believed to be involved in the 2007 shooting death of a Charleston teen on the city's East End.Kanawha County Prosecuting Attorney Mark Plants confirmed Monday evening -- just one day after the fifth anniversary of the shooting -- that the state will not pursue a murder charge against Marcus Dewayne Wesley because another man already admitted to being the triggerman in the death of Leland Chace Miller, 17.In February, Michael Mandrell Johnson pleaded guilty to a second-degree murder charge and a judge sentenced him to 10 years in prison.On Aug. 19, 2007, Miller was sitting on the steps of his home on Lewis Street when then 16-year-old Johnson, wearing a bandana on his face, allegedly approached from behind and shot him in the back. Miller tried to run, but was shot several times, according to investigators.Police originally believed that Wesley acted as a lookout during the shooting. Plants said Monday that Johnson consistently denied that Wesley had any involvement in the killing and that another potential witness, whom he did not name, has since died."Once Michael Johnson admitted to the shooting, we had insufficient evidence to prosecute Marcus Wesley," Plants said. "If there is insufficient evidence to prove someone's guilty, or there's evidence to show that someone's not guilty, I expect my prosecutors to stand up and dismiss the case."Authorities did not publicly identify Johnson until his indictment last year. The case, according to Plants, has been marred by a series of delays because of uncooperative witnesses that took a "no snitch" mentality with investigators. Charleston Police Detective Jarl Taylor previously told the Gazette that police repeatedly received second-hand information that kept leading them back to Johnson, but were unable to corroborate the accounts.After Miller's death, his parents, Bruce Miller and Betty Justice, and other family and friends, like Rev. Lloyd Hill, held vigils whenever the anniversary of Miller's death rolled around. They would meet outside the scene of the shooting at 1423 Lewis St. to remember the teenager.Justice, Hill and Bruce Miller could not be immediately reached for comment Monday. Miller's murder is the second unsolved murder case that law enforcement agencies have closed this year.Earlier this month, Shawn Thomas Lester pleaded guilty to a second-degree murder charge linked to Jeanie Patton, one of three people shot and killed with a scoped rifle outside of Kanawha County convenience stores in 2003.Also, in 2010, Drew Bess, 28, and Hubert Lee Scruggs pleaded guilty to their involvement in the 2005 nightclub shooting of Brandon Greene. Bess pleaded guilty to conspiracy for urging Scruggs to get a gun and shoot Greene outside the Club Mystique nightclub in South Charleston.Reach Zac Taylor at email@example.com or 304-348-5189. Story Share Story Share Trending Now 1 Facebook founder visits Cabin Creek Health Systems 2 Volunteers aid flood victims in Elkview, Clendenin 3 Teen pleads guilty to voluntary manslaughter in Oakes Field shooting 4 WVU hopes to get injured defenders back for TCU 5 Safety shutoff disabled prior to June coal-mining death, report says Fayette County man dead after ATV crash Previous Story Ten years sought for Lincoln vote-fraud assault Next Story


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SIP trunk provider in France
Users in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Greece and the Middle East now have excellent alternative to using Frankfurt SIP proxies. Most of these regions are better connected to either Paris or Marseilles IP exchanges. If you are using international VoIP out of these locations, use our PoP in France rather than Germany. Access much better latency and reduce the amount of network transfer.
- France is one of the few European countries with transatlantic cable landings (in Plerin and Lannion), directly linking the French networks to US East Coast locations. Paris is a better choice than the overrated Frankfurt in this regard. Majority of international voice from Europe to the Middle East and Africa is also transported via the French ports (Penmarch-Yzerfontein ACE cable system, Marseille-Al Fujaurah-Jeddah and many more).
- DID Logic provides local numbers in France with the SIP trunk. Geographical and NGN DID numbers are available.
- Ample TDM capacity, France-IX connectivity and proximity of Equinix and Telecity exchanges. DID Logic can arrange access to multiple STM-1s on hot standby with 10 GigE of public Internet connectivity per each STM cluster, effectively an oversubscription by 8x to ensure SIP performance.
Direct routes to all mobile networks in France
DID Logic maintains multiple ingress points in France. You can use our multiple SBCs to send your SIP minutes in failover or load sharing mode. L2 VPN to our gateways is available. You can send valid CLI and enjoy the highest quality voice available in the region.
- Unlimited channels. Send 10, 100 or 10000 channels at no extra charge.
- G711 u/a, G722 HD, GSM and G729 codecs supported.
- Brilliant quality to the surrounding countries, the Middle East and African destinations.
- Rates for French mobile networks start at $0.019/min, sub-penny to landlines
- Premium SIP termination only - no grey routes, no economy routes.
- VoIP traffic sent directly to the national terminating provider
- Guaranteed CLI delivery and dynamic CLI for forwarded PSTN calls
France: seriously powerful networks - now closer to your server
Sending SIP calls via proxies in France reduces the latency and improves call quality. There is an unfortunate trend observed among call shops (and there are many) to operate with one node in Frankfurt. For users south and west of the German border - and north of the la Manche - this often represents a serious problem in terms of call delivery and voice quality. Your supplier may be "separating media and signalling" as they put it, but that does not reduce the amount of hops and network transfer.
France is directly connected to UK networks via a multitude of undersea cable systems, such as TAT-14, Tamares, CIRCE, FLAG Atlantic, HUGO and more. If you have voice traffic originating in the UK and terminating to areas in the Mediterranean , Middle East and West Africa, route through Paris or Marseilles, not Frankfurt.
The France-IX exchange is directly reachable from both Paris and Marseilles locations, as well as from multiple Interxion, Equinix, Telehouse, Telecity and SFR facilities in France. Interoute, Cogent and France Telecom have datacenters in Strasbourg.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi folks, as kind of learning project I'm planning to code a kind of Template/Theme Editor in QT and don't really know which features would be useful. First of all I though about drag&drop support for just dragging some items out of a list (wysiwyg style) and then u can export it into an ss file and automatic folder structure. It would be nice if some of you could make some suggestions for the editor and its features and I will see what can be done and makes most sense too me.
Because I'm quite a novize to QT and also SS I cant say how long it will take to get a working version ready for download but I'm looking forward to get it done asap.
Greetz Skullcrasher


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On Friday, Facebook increased user feedback's weight in its automated Platform enforcement system. This caused it to automatically disable a number of app that had received a large volume of negative feedback. Now, some developers are upset that they weren't given fair warning to correct their apps, and several claim they haven't done anything wrong — and a few who were taken off have been reinstated already.
So far, Facebook has provided an appeal process for developers of apps that have been disabled and has said that improved feedback monitoring in app Insights will launch soon. Still, the site's effort to protect the user experience from spam apps has hurt its relationship with some in the developer community.
Reports in the Facebook Developer forums indicate the disabled were mostly small to mid-sized, with some in the 10,000 to 20,000 daily active user range including one called Game of Truth, which you can see above has dropped to zero DAU. Many of the affected developers are threatening to leave the Facebook Platform, while other are calling for better benchmarks for assessing how much negative feedback is too much.
The company's goal is to keep the user experience enjoyable for both applications users and non-users so developers have healthy Platform to work on long into the future. Facebook CTO Bret Taylor said that by improving its automatic enforcement systems, the site reduced spam by 95% in 2010 while also reducing enforcement actions.
In a statement, Facebook said "we started getting a lot of user feedback, spiking significantly over the past week, on the amount of application spam people are seeing in their feeds and on their walls. As a result, we turned on a new enforcement system [Friday] that took user feedback much more heavily into account. This resulted in a number of applications with high negative user feedback being disabled or having certain features disabled."
This means that the apps which were disabled didn't necessarily violate Platform policy, but somehow led users to mark their posts as spam or report them. The apps may not have made it clear to a user when they would post to their wall or send invites to friends. It's also possible that users who received wall posts from apps their friends were using marked those posts as spam because they had never personally used the app.
Enforcement Warning Systems and Negative Feedback Benchmarks
Some developers in the forum and who have emailed us directly claim they've lost development and marketing investments as well as the trust of their core user because their apps were removed from the Platform. They believe they were treated unfairly because they weren't given advance notice or the opportunity to fix their apps.
Facebook may need to reconsider the warning and communication protocols for its enforcement system. Leaving apps with negative feedback running for a few more days after warning developers may in fact be better for the Platform experience, as users may grow skeptical of spending time and money on games if they fear they may be suddenly disabled.
Other developers are seeking a better way to gauge what level of negative feedback Facebook deems unacceptable. A Hong Kong developer posting on the forum under the alias 'takwing' explained [edited for clarity]:
"For example, I include a wall post feature, and it turns out that 99% of the users love it and 1% always mark the wall post as spam. Does this 99% good out-weigh the 1% bad? How about the case of 90% good vs 10% bad? We need a certain guideline so that we can review and make judgement on whehter we should implement a feature or not. As I may think that the feature is good and most people love it… but it turns out Facebook thinks 10% bad feedback is unacceptable and bans my app."
Facebook should consider releasing some sort benchmark for an acceptable level of negative feedback. This would allow developers to test new features, but know to remove them if negative feedback exceeds the benchmark.
A Facebook engineer named Eugene responded to the developers in the forums stating "Where we have failed is not providing enough feedback about negative engagement metrics to developers before needing to take this action. This is something we are working hard to fix with the new Application Insights that will be launching over the next few weeks – you will have detailed information about both positive and negative engagement of the content your application generates."
The planned improvements, which include the ability to see how quantities of posts marked as spam and stream story hides, should make it easier to monitor feedback fluctuations. Developers will need to either need to confer to establish benchmarks or Facebook will need to provide one to make this Insights data as useful as possible.
Some developers have posted to the forum saying their apps have been re-enabled, and others have been allowed to recreate their apps with a new app IDs and have users re-grant permissions. Several others, though, report they've received automatic denials when they tried to appeal their decision.
Even if Facebook is trying help users and preserve trust in the Platform so it can continue to make money for developers, the site will need to learn from this incident. It should consider being more cautious when changing its automatic enforcement systems, and look at how it can improve data and communication regarding Platform enforcement.
Just a month ago, Facebook angered some in the developer community when several developers received notice that they had 48 hours to change fix authentication data leaks, even though they weren't leaking data. Communication needs to improve if Facebook wants to entice developers to build on its Platform.


text: 5 Apr 2012 1:28 PM Our latest poll indicated that the use of the Cycle Count functionality in Dynamics GP is not overwhelming. The Cycle Count functionality is a great tool to keep on top of your inventory, and is certainly less stressful than doing a 100% count once or more in a year. Here is a blog article that explains the process: http://gp.rosebizincblogs.com/2009/06/inventory-cycle-counts-2.html Read Complete Post and Comments


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Tampa Bay Derby losing Take Charge Indy, who will wait for Florida Derby
HALLANDALE BEACH, Fla. – Trainer Pat Byrne confirmed Friday that he would scratch Take Charge Indy from Saturday's Grade 2 Tampa Bay Derby to await the $1 million Florida Derby at Gulfstream Park on March 31.
"We just decided we're not going to go up to Tampa to come out of the 10 hole over a track he's never been on before," Byrne said. "We'll just keep him here and shoot for the Florida Derby now. We already know he likes that racetrack at Gulfstream, and he's been training well at Palm Meadows. I guess it means we'll be putting all our balls in one basket, having only one more Derby prep instead of two, but the Florida Derby is a $1 million race, so even if he finishes second or third we should have enough earnings to make the Derby."
Take Charge Indy's defection still leaves a field of 11 3-year-olds for the 1 1/16-mile Tampa Bay Derby led by Spring Hill Farm, Battle Hardened and Prospective.


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+49 (0) 471 4832 129
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ttz was established in 1987 and operates in the field of technology transfer and applied R&D through six business-oriented institutes; Environmental Institute, Institute of Food Technology and Bio-process Engineering, Institute of Health Technology, Institute of Organisation and Software, Institute of Bioinformatics and the Institute of Energy and Process Engineering. Overall, ttz has 85 highly skilled academic employees (scientists and engineers) and an annual turnover of 10 million Euro. Since its foundation, ttz has successfully co-operated with SMEs at regional, national and EU level in more than 2.500 R&D projects, including projects from FP5, FP6 and the current FP7.
ttz has conducted the research and completed several projects on different municipal and industrial types of fertilization and irrigation using different systems: sprinkler systems, drip systems, conventional mineral fertilizer, organic fertilizer, membrane technology, etc. For more than 15 years ttz is working for farmers and farmer organisation offering technological solutions, water and soil analysis and applied research activities. The work has comprised from the specification and CAD design to the operation and optimisation on-site of the developed systems. ttz employs experts in land and soil management, energy efficiency and process engineering, and has been responsible for the design and implementation of several fertigation systems in the Lower Weser region.


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I never thought of sex as a seasonal act, but it apparently is, according to a recently released study! Researchers have found new information that shows there's two times a year when people on the Internet most look for love and sex: mid-winter and in early summer.
The study tracked Google keyword searches for certain terms that alluded to dating sites, prostitution and pornography (like "eHarmony," "Match.com" and "massages") for the span between January 2006 and March 2011. They discovered that online interest in sex, porn and dating peaked in almost identical bi-annual cycle--first, right around Christmas time and again in the beginning of the summer.
Read more ¿Qué más?: Is sex better without orgasms?
As strange as it is to think that people look for pornography and potential love interests in the same way (seriously, isn't that a little creepy?), I am also not all that surprised by these findings. I mean, who DOESN'T want to someone to cuddle with around Christmastime? It is holiday season! As for the summer, well…with everyone trying to beat all of the sun and excessive heat waves by wearing skimpier clothes, I guess it's only natural that people start feeling friskier.
Want to stay updated on other Love & Sex news? Like us on Facebook!
Of course, more sex also means more potential health risks so researchers are hoping to use this information to target the timing of safe sex campaigns--which I actually think is a good idea. Hey, everyone can use a little precautionary reminder now and then!
Are you surprised by these findings? Tell us in the comments below!
Image via Thinkstock


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Early story updates too! We don't use the (night) tag on these much.
Story: Envy and Arrogance (Update Sequel Part 4!)
[Adventure] [Tragedy] Fanart after the break!
Author: Mindblower
Editor: Nine
Description: With the help of forces beyond their control, six friends discover their true importance in Equestria's timeline. With this new knowledge in hoof, they must try to figure out whom or what has crosshairs on their foreheads. The Elements of Harmony aren't the only weapons of mass destruction in Equestria.Envy and Arrogance
Labels: Adventure, Author: Mindblower, Everypony, Grimdark, Incomplete, Scootaloo, Star-5, Story
Story: Windfall (Update Story 2 Part 4+Bonus Chapter!)
Author: Warren Hutch
Description: This story involves a time skip of about 5-7 years after Season One. Twilight and her friends have remained close despite life taking them in different directions, and they come running when it comes time for Fluttershy and Big Macintosh to have their first foal.Windfall
Labels: Author: Warren Hutch, Big Mac, Caramel, comedy, Complete, Cutie Mark Crusaders, Everypony, Normal, Shipping, Spike, Spitfire, Star-5, Story, Zecora
Story: Wild Sky Yonder (Update Part 8!)
Author: Mysecsha
Description: There was nothing left for Spitfire in Cloudsdale, just an uncle who hated her and painful memories of lost loved ones. The Pegasus Search and Rescue Corps offers her a chance to get out of town, see the world, do some good - and one day maybe have a shot at the Guards or the Wonderbolts! She jumps at the opportunity - and six days later, she limps into training camp.Wild Sky Yonder
Doesn't matter: she made it. The world can beat her down, but it can't keep her down. The friendships she forms here will get her through everything training has to offer. Will they also see her through the dark clouds on the horizon?
Labels: Adventure, Author: Mysecsha, Incomplete, Soarin, Spitfire, Star-5, Story


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Yishai Calls on Mofaz to Join Cabinet, After Securing Kadima Chair
Kadima leader-elect indicates he will emphasize social issues as party head, but a new report by members of the social protest movement finds his record on social issues weak.
Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister Eli Yishai called Kadima chairman-elect Shaul Mofaz on Wednesday, urging him to join Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government.
In a statement, the Shas chairman said he told Mofaz that "at a time like this, with the State of Israel facing fateful decisions, unity is needed more than ever, and Mr. Mofaz can contribute much to that as a result of his vast experience."
Mofaz also received a call from Netanyahu himself earlier on Wednesday, in which the premier congratulated the former IDF chief for his Kadima primary victory.
If speeches given by Mofaz during his campaign and following his victory are any indication, the newly elected Kadima leader is expected to try to win over voters by pursuing a strong social agenda, while pursuing the issues that emerged during last summer's social protests.
Earlier this week, Mofaz declared that he would stand at the forefront of the social protest movement, and that, while Israel is a military superpower, it is weak with regard to social issues.
Speaking late Tuesday night, Mofaz said he intended "to lead Israel to a new social order."
Mofaz takes Kadima primary
"We'll change the equation and return hope to the people of Israel. We'll make sure every boy and girl fulfills their duty to the state, but we'll also make sure that the right to housing, education, an honorable life, family and a dignified old age are within reach for all," he said.
"Kadima will restore respect to the working class, we'll end the shame of the working poor class in Israel," he added, before recounting stories of his childhood as a new immigrant, and of the fair chance that he received, which he hopes to ensure for others as well.
A few weeks ago, Mofaz approached one of the leaders of the social protest, Itzik Shmuli, shook his hand and said: "When I'm elected, you're the first person I want on board." While not currently a contender for office, Shmuli is considered by many a potentially strong candidate for Knesset.
Mofaz also emphasized his intention of being a socially minded prime minister, along with his security credentials, during his previous contest against Livni in 2008. At the time, he attempted to distinguish himself from Livni, who was then director general of the Government Companies Authority, a position which involved overseeing the privatization of government companies, and whose socio-economic worldview is on the right side of the map.
In casting himself as the socially conscious candidate, Mofaz is entering a crowded field, which has largely been claimed already by others. Multiple candidates are attempting to win the votes of Israelis disappointed with the housing situation, the cost of living and the unequal distribution of the economic burden, who are looking to vote for a centrist party. He will be competing with Labor party chair Shelly Yachimovich, who has claimed ownership over economic issues, and Yair Lapid, whose current campaign slogan is "Where's the money?"
Meanwhile, according to a report published last week by the Social Guard in the Knesset, an offshoot of the social protest that monitors the parliamentary activities of MKs, Mofaz was found to be one of the least socially conscious legislators during the Knesset's winter term.
Kadima's two leading socially conscious MKs were found to be Shlomo Mula and Marina Solodkin, both Livni supporters, with attendance at over 70 relevant votes and high marks for their activities. Mofaz attended only 22 such votes and won a general mark of 11, placing him fifth from the bottom among Kadima members, while most of his supporters in the party were ranked near the bottom of the list.
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text: Hi I'm new to the HT hobby. I have been listening to movies my whole life on dated equipment and cheep speakers. The receiver is over 30 years old purchased by my dad. The speakers are about 10-12 years old and we purchased them at radio shack on sale. They were $250 for a 12" sub and two 3.25" bookshelf speakers. They did add to the movie by having speakers in front of the audience but it still didn't quite sound good enough. I have always liked a well set up sound system, and working at a place that sold high end home stereo equipment just rose the bar. This past weekend I was X-mas shopping with my mom and showed her around good guys. She told me that she would get me a receiver. I picked out an RXV-630 that was on a 1/2 price sale. While down at GG I went into the sound room and listened to some of the floor speakers. I settled on the RF-25 along with an RW-12 subwoofer, and an RC-25 center channel. I though that these components would be adequate for my taste and be within my budget. I am a college student so money is something that needs to be watched. Now for my questions. Will my receiver be able to adequately power the system(Yamaha RXV630)? Any recommendations on brands that I should look out for in the future when getting something? Is their a certain brand that works better with the klipsch line of speakers? The receiver has 75 watts per channel and my front speakers have an RMS rating of 125 watts. I'm not worried about the sub because it has its own amp. Will I be able to purchase the extended warranty after I get the system home? I was told that if I got a warranty on anything it should be one the subwoofer because the amp is the main thing that will go out. Any truth to this? Also after reading up on the HT forum I was quite surprised about how many people don't have faith in monster cable. After hearing stores I decided that I will save some money and opt for cheaper speaker wire. I'll get at least 12 gage. What kind of wire should I use to hook up the sub? Do you recommend a specific type? Should I go out and get a specific cable for it? I'd rather not spend money on something that doesn't make a noticeable difference.


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As a kid, Ronald Reagan scared the hell out of me. Originally the fear was personal, the way a clown or smiling puppet frightens a child. But by 1982 I came to associate his visage with the cultural climate of Casper Weinberger's America, which was qualitatively more terrifying than any Jack-o-lantern…
At eight years old and a virgin to newspapers, I knew this wrinkled man with the pompadour was responsible for the bloodless fear I carried to bed each night, the fear that I would awake to the flash of a nuclear blast, and spend my remaining two weeks alive bald, nursing burn wounds and wretching up my large intestine.
I am confident that a lifelong commitment to the liberal wing of the Democratic Party was borne out of this childhood experience. It is admitted across the political spectrum that the world came closer to nuclear war during Reagan's first administration that it had since the Cuban missile crisis. From this admission two opposing camps line up against each other.
Conservatives claim that by skillfully pushing their politico-military full-court press, they broke the Soviet system and "won the Cold War." Liberals argue that the witless Reagan build-up merely prolonged the Cold War and needlessly brought the world to the brink of holocaust. After surveying a good deal of the literature on the subject, I am prone to agree with the latter interpretation. After reading Frances Fitzgerald's recent synthesis of a wider cross-section of this literature, I am doubly so.
But Way Out There In the Blue is no partisan tract. Fitzgerald the sober historian has amassed a mountain of material drawn from memoirs, interviews and declassified documents. Much of this material speaks for itself, and offers a stark inside account of the Reagan White House and the hawks that dominated the national-security bureaucracy.
The book is multifaceted, and can be read as a number of histories: of arms control in the 80s, of the Strategic Defense Initiative, of the internal politics of the Republican foreign policy establishment, of Reagan's relationship with Gorbechev. Fitzgerald's weaving of these complex threads into a single tale is – but for sometimes confusing chronological jumps – nothing short of masterful.
Reagan himself emerges as a minor character; almost epiphenomenal. Although known as a bloody-fanged dove eater throughout his political career – from urging in 1965 to "pave" North Vietnam and "put parking stripes on it" to virulently attacking Nixon/Ford detente in 1976 – by the time he gets to the White House he appears as the bumbling, clueless elderly of caricature, tending toward a nuclear utopianism and passively swallowing whatever his manipulative advisers suggest.
Throughout Fitzgerald's narrative Reagan is merely pathetic: he enters office not even trying to understanding basic policy and leaves it telling incredulous Gorbechev stories culled from People magazine.
Reagan's advisers are the key to grasping the acute turn taken by US foreign policy after 1980. For Reagan's was the first Cold War administration whose defense advisers were pulled from outside the mainstream. They were not representatives of an intra-party coalition and had no respect for the assumptions and carefully drawn lines of previous governments.
Rather, they graduated from the Curtis LeMay school of strategic thinking, and represented the extreme right-wing of the party, many coming from the neo-conservative pressure group the Committee on the Present Danger. This nest of sharp-beaked ideological hawks included assistant secretaries of defense Fred Ikle and Richard Perle, CIA director William "contra kid" Casey, in-house Sovietologist Richard Pipes, Deputy Defense Secretary Frank "Sure We Can Win A Nuclear War" Carlucci and Eugene Rostow, the enemy of arms control and disarmament who was confirmed as director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
Leader of the pack was Secretary of Defense Casper "Cap" Weinberger. A defense novice when named to his post – he didn't even know the difference between defcon 3 and defcon 4 – Weinberger soon adopted the crusading rhetoric of his staff, preaching the dangers of arms control and the peril of the increasing Soviet threat. He led the charge in passing the enormous arms budgets of the early 80s, which in real dollars were larger than those at the peak of the Korean and Vietnam wars.
The numbers were only logical in the context of Defense Department rhetoric, ominously proclaiming that the US was in a "pre-war" situation, one that called for national mobilization in the areas of offensive weapons and civil defense. That the CIA knew Soviet defense spending to have leveled out in the mid-70s, and that our solid-fuel missiles were superior to liquid-fuel Soviet ones didn't matter. The Reagan men were intent on an arms build-up, based upon the fiction of the "window of vulnerability," and an arms build-up there was.
This build-up, together with Reagan's refusal to negotiate an arms control agreement, was the impetus for the freeze movement which spread like wildfire across the US and (mostly Northern) Europe in the mid 80s. It is here that the Strategic Defense Initiative comes to the fore.
Although the earliest variant of missile defense dates back to WW II, when the Allies feared the Germans would develop missile technology, the issue had largely been dead since Nixon signed the ABM Treaty in 1972, which outlawed the deployment of missile defense. This document enshrined the logic that offense and defense are intimately related and thus laid the basis for all subsequent arms control.
But Reagan didn't care about the intricacies of deterrence theory behind the ABM Treaty; he liked the idea of a missile shield. His advisers did too, and exhumed it for political purposes in 1983. For it was the political necessity of countering the freeze movement that drove Reagan to give his famous Star Wars speech, calling upon scientists to create a defensive weapon to make nuclear arms "impotent and obsolete."
By co-opting the language of the freeze movement and proposing SDI as an aid to arms control – which it wasn't – the Reagan people were able to outflank the peace movement and run for re-election without looking like Dr. Strangelove. It worked, and Reagan won in the biggest landslide in US history.
The interesting thing about SDI is that it was a sham for all seasons – and everybody knew it, except the Russians and the American people. For the Defense Department, it was a means of breaking the ABM treaty and undermining past and future arms control agreements.
For the Democrats, it was a bargaining chip to be traded away in strategic weapons negotiations. Only the napping Reagan and a slightly senile Edward Teller seemed to believe that X-ray lasers would soon be blowing ICBM's out of the atmosphere.
Weinberger consistently lied about the progress of the program to Reagan (and Congress), who then sold it starry-eyed to the American people, who then demanded it of Congress, who reluctantly agreed to fund the program with billions of dollars. What exactly was being funded was never very clear. But the Democratic Congress was mistaken to think the program would later be curtailed for Soviet concessions.
Even though Secretary of State George Shultz bent over backwards to make an offense-defensive swap with the Soviets in which SDI was forever consigned to the laboratory in exchange for the removal of Russia's intermediate ran ge missiles (INF) from Europe, Reagan refused to limit the scope and ambitions of SDI. This was the sticking point for arms control talks until the end of Reagan's second term, and to the extent that Shultz tried to work through it, he emerges as the sole knight of reason who fought valiantly but was constantly outflanked by the hard-liners.
It was only when Gorbechev, at the urging of Andrei Sakharov, saw that Star Wars was an unworkable bluff did a breakthrough occur. At this point talks were "untied" from SDI and an INF treaty was finally worked out, resulting in the dismantling of a mere few hundred missiles. Although important, it was a minor treaty. No drastic cuts were ever made under Reagan, pictures of him smiling with Gorby notwithstanding. The START Treaty would wait until 1991.
Under the shadow of the SDI phantom, Fitzgerald offers a detailed analysis of arms control negotiations at Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington and Moscow. Any non-expert who has studied the arcana of arms talks during a condensed period of time knows that it is like watching speed chess. It gets confusing fast. This is especially true for the Reagan years, as conflicts occurred not only with the Russians but between competing factions within the cabinet and Congress. Fitzgerald does an admirable job of simplifying the issues, but it remains difficult reading.
Given that we are still living with the live nuclear triggers built during its timeline, Way Out There in the Blue makes for painful history. A goofy old man became enchanted with the idea of putting an astrodome over the US, was convinced by scheming war-hungry advisers that this was possible, and then proceeded to link all arms control to his fantasy, all the while pushing ahead with a major arms build-up.
The result almost ended the world.
It is a timely story, this. Moving into the next century there is a firm Republican led bipartisan consensus that an ABM system must be built, and damn the consequences.
The arms contractors are riding confidently towards their dream of nuclearizing space, and it seems that without a mass movement against them they will get their billions. The Russians are back to believing (just enough) in the potential of such a system to give the US first-strike capability, and are threatening to pull out of all arms treaties if the US proceeds with deployment.
The system itself remains, in the words of Lewis Lapham, "built entirely of metaphors," but in America, to the rest of the world's increasing dismay, this would seem to be enough, yet again. That we went through this whole charade only fifteen years ago is funny. That the arms control process will almost certainly not survive the sequel is even funnier. You see I can laugh about this madness now. I shed all of my frozen tears back in 1983.


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Nomination of James M. Simon, Jr. to be Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Administration: hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Sixth Congress, first session ... Thursday, February 4, 1999, Wednesday, February 26, 1999
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FUKUOKA – Sho Iwasaki combined on a seven-hit shutout with three relievers, Yuki Yanagita homered and drove in a pair of runs, and the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks routed the Chiba Lotte Marines 7-0 on Thursday night in Fukuoka.
Iwasaki (2-0) allowed four hits, struck out four and walked one over six effective innings in front of a crowd of 30,910 at Yafuoku Dome.
Lefty Hideki Okajima, Yuito Mori and Akihiro Yanase put up zeroes over the final three frames and had more than enough support in a 14-hit onslaught.
Second-year left-hander Takahiro Matsunaga (3-3), making his first start of the season, had a sudden lapse in the fourth when he hit a batter and issued a walk before surrendering Yanagita's RBI single that gave Softbank a 1-0 lead.
Yanagita hit a two-out blast for his 10th homer in the sixth and Seiichi Uchikawa added insurance with a two-run single that keyed a three-run seventh. Kenta Imamiya and Kenji Akashi contributed with an RBI double and run-scoring single in the eighth.
"The (outside-the-park) home run I had at Seibu Dome (on June 28) was perfect, but this one was just as perfect. It's a different feeling when you hit one at home," said Yanagita, who was 2-for-3 hitting in the No. 7 spot.
Buffaloes 7, Eagles 4
At Kyocera Dome, Orix rallied from a run down in a three-run first inning, which featured RBI singles by Esteban German and Takahiro Okada, en route to beating Tohoku Rakuten. Chihiro Kaneko (7-3) yielded two runs over seven innings for the win.
Fighters 8, Lions 3
At Omiya Stadium, Juan Miranda gave Hokkaido Nippon Ham the lead with a tiebreaking two-run single in the seventh inning as the Fighters battled past Seibu in driving rain. Yutaka Otsuka (1-0) threw 1⅓ scoreless innings for his first career win.
Swallows at Tigers — ppd.
Giants at Carp — ppd.


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Let me introduce myself. My name is Mark Sisson. I'm 63 years young. I live and work in Malibu, California. In a past life I was a professional marathoner and triathlete. Now my life goal is to help 100 million people get healthy. I started this blog in 2006 to empower people to take full responsibility for their own health and enjoyment of life by investigating, discussing, and critically rethinking everything we've assumed to be true about health and wellness...Tell Me More
A new grass-fed meat study (PDF) has just been brought to my attention, thanks to Aaron Blaisdell. It's pretty fascinating. Researchers wanted to see two things: whether eating grass-finished animals instead of grain-finished animals would provide a significant influx of dietary omega-3s and whether the potential influx would actually make a difference in lab numbers. They took two groups of people, regular Irish folks, and provided weekly portions of beef and lamb, either grass-finished or grain-finished. The animals were "finished" for a minimum of six weeks. Both groups were told to avoid fatty fish and omega-3-rich oils for the duration of the study. All told, both groups ate roughly 469 grams of red meat a week for four weeks. Oh, and these were all healthy subjects with good cholesterol and blood pressure numbers and without prescriptions to any medications.
The results were impressive. Grass-finished eaters saw improved plasma and platelet fatty acid composition: less omega-6, more omega-3. This would presumably lead to a more balanced inflammatory response and, thus, better health.
A few takeaways:
1. The weeks leading up until slaughter appear to be the most crucial feeding period. Although the study's authors don't explicitly state what the animals' pre-trial diets were, the cows and lambs were drawn from a region where the standard feed concentrate included "cereal, maize, and soya with a vitamin/mineral mix" and I think we can assume that both grass-finished and concentrate-finished animals shared the same diets before the trial. Whether those pre-trial diets were grass or grain-based isn't clear. It is clear that grass-finishing is the key – at least enough to positively impact the omega-6:omega-3 ratios of whoever consumes the animals. Grass-fed and finished is probably optimal, but perhaps not absolutely necessary.
2. It's interesting, but not really that surprising, that the intervention didn't affect lipid numbers. LDL, HDL, and triglycerides remained pretty much the same across both groups. The heaviest impact was felt in the serum and platelet fatty acid content. Grass-finished animal eaters enjoyed higher levels of stearic acid (a type of saturated fat), EPA, DPA, DHA, long chain omega-3s, and total omega-3s, along with a reduced omega-6:omega-3 ratio. As we know from previous posts, the omega-6:omega-3 ratio of our fat cells determines what type of inflammatory cytokines will be secreted by platelets in the inflammatory response, and having too much omega-6 in our platelets results in a lopsided, overly inflammatory response.
3. If you look at the raw numbers, there's not a huge difference between the omega-3 content of grass-finished and grain-finished, something on the order of mere mgs/100g. Beef and lamb, even the grass-finished stuff, just doesn't have a whole lot of omega-3s to begin with. The folks consuming grass-finished meat ate, on average, 65 mg/d of long chain omega-3s, while those eating concentrate-finished meat ate about 44 mg/d of long chain omega-6s, yet the lab results – the big improvements in plasma and platelet fatty acid numbers – were lopsided. What's the deal? This makes me wonder whether simply breaking food down into its various nutrients and fatty acids is missing the point. If you relied on that, you'd think grain-fed beef was essentially identical to grass-fed, but it's clearly not, as the results of this study show. Maybe it's the DPA, an often-ignored omega-3 fat that's prominent in seal blubber and converts more readily to DHA, and that was increased in the grass-finished group. Maybe, and probably more likely, it's the fact that omega-6 intake, especially linoleic acid (arachidonic acid intake was actually higher in grass-finished), was significantly higher in the grain-fed group than in the grass-finished group, about 8.5 g/day to 5.5 g/day. Or maybe it's the fact that grass-finished animal flesh is a complex whole food that offers more benefits than can heretofore be identified and explained.
4. Oily fish is undoubtedly the most concentrated, most reliable source of long chain omega-3 fats in the diet, but you can't live off fish forever. At least, I can't. If I have fish more than a few times a week, I become physically repulsed by the thought of eating more. A three day stint of eating almost nothing but fresh sardines taught me that. That's why I try to always eat grass-fed, grass-finished animals – because, the idea goes, when you're eating grass-fed ruminants and avoiding concentrated sources of omega-6, you don't need to supplement or worry about a steady fish intake. This study confirms it.
5. Grass-finished beef steak and mince samples actually had more saturated fat than grain-finished samples. The opposite was true for lamb, however.
All in all, this is just another reason to work grass-fed and (especially) finished animals into your diet whenever possible.
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70 Comments on "Monday Musings: New Grass-Fed Study"
fascinating. i wonder how grass-fed dairy computes.
Actually, any cow on rich feed will have "runny diarrhea". A cow on lush grass will have very runny manure, as will a cow on a high concentrate (high grain) diet. A cow on poorer pasture or a dry hay diet will have the well formed patties.
If you saw a cow with real diarrhea, (sick) you'd know it. It's very different than runny manure from their diet.
I haven't been able to find grass-fed dairy. I switched to grass-fed and finished beef for the sake of grassland birds conservation. I would like to find grass-fed dairy, because otherwise I'm going to really miss cheese and milk.
No contest. Pastured, grass-fed and finished Jersey cows produce the best, tastiest dairy products you'll ever have!
I'm fortunate to live down the street from a family dairy farm, and quite literally drive by the sources of my milk daily as they're out in the pasture eating a very rich diet 🙂
Seek out a family owned dairy farm if you can find one, and buy their milk. I guarantee it will be tastier and fresher than even the stuff you get from places like Trader Joe's.
Grass-fed and grass finished beef from rotationally-grazed livestock is the way to go for all of us and the planet.
Thank you for sharing! I hope more studies start coming out regarding grass fed/finished meats. Most studies attacking meat use grain fed animals.
Ok, what happened to my reply to this post?
OOPS! wrong post, nevermind, sorry to bother…
The large effect on n3-n6 ratio between the two groups seems to have come from a combination of n3 going up a bit in the grass-fed group and n3 going down in the grain-fed group. n6 levels didn't change in either group.
Where is this, Marcus? My understanding was that in the USA, cattle are fed grain even as part of the regular diet since the grain is subsidized and therefore very cheap. In other countries the grain subsidy doesn't exist and so it's cheaper to pasture cattle.
I think Ray Peat is on to something when he says you want to minimize your total PUFA intake, while keeping what you are eating at an evolutionary ratio. This approach is also the most "paleo". Personally I no longer supplement with fish oil, but I go out of my way to avoid all extraneous sources of linoleic acid.
@Tim: Linoleic acid (an n6 fatty acid) levels went down in the grass-fed group and up in the contrenctrate group (27.85 to 25.29, 26.98 to 27.54, respectively, from table 2).
There wasn't a statistically-significant change in LA, with the difference between the two values being within the errors of the measurements.
That difference between the two means could therefore have been due to measurement error, with there being no real difference between the two groups, or it might have been real but minor fluctuation that was entirely due to chance.
Agree about too much fish. I haven't had salmon for over a month because I had it one time too many a while ago.
As for the beef, I simply love the 97%-lean, grain-finished ground beef I get from my local butcher. What I do, however, is melt a pad of Kerrygold over it once I take it off the grill.
This is how I eat my steak, roasts etc too, with a slice of KerryGold butter on top…
I dated a guy (at the time was my personal trainer) who left me because he saw the 4 lbs (8 bricks) of butter in my freezer…. he said I would never lose weight!
…needless to say I'm 10lbs lighter than I was that day….
Not to mention the easy 150 – 200 annoying pounds you "lost" the day you broke up with him. 😉
I almost did the same thing recently when I saw vegan, organic margarine in a friend's refrigerator.
Personally, I always feel better when I have a few hefty bricks of butter on reserve. Lovely.
Organic margarine is an oxymoron.
Give me salmon 5 days/week!!
Those cow races sound like a delightful thing to witness.
They are.
Where I'm from we call that "Fast Food" !
I definitely prefer grass-fed beef. I can't even cook conventional anymore – it just smells wrong and tastes even worse. We are blessed to live where we do and have a plethora of options for healthy meat, eggs, and veg. I love how our perspective on so much has changed since going Primal. 😀
Where do you live at then?
Bought some Omega 3 fish oil capsules at Costco, each one is 1000 mg, 400 capsules in all, I think it cost me ten bucks.
I am not sure if many people are aware of this, but you better off eating 38 g of sardines (a fairly small amount) than taking 2 fish oil softgels:
I was eating a can of sardines a day for a while. Then I cut myself. It was like something out of a Tarentino movie. My blood was thinner than it's ever been, and that's coming from a guy who used to clot in seconds. I cut back a bit.
@Joe, I've said it many times here that grain-fed trimmed beef is still far better than the SAD high grain diet. I have also done several posts over the past four years on going Primal on a budget. Some of those strategies still allow you to access grass-fed beef even on a budget.
I'm in the same boat as you Joe. When I went primal I lost almost 20 pounds eating grain fed meat. This past summer I got down to 7% body fat fairly easily. So, I am proof that grain fed meats aren't that bad. When I start making millions I'll buy grass fed meats….lol…:)
We're a family of 4 living on a part time minimum wage income. We save up to buy a side of totally pastured, organic beef. It's cheaper than the grocery store as it's $2.55 a pound for all cuts and lately even the cheap hamburger is $3 a pound at the grocery store (way more for actual cuts of beef). It can be done on a budget but sometimes you have to get out and do a bit of legwork. And believe me, when you go grassfed, you won't want to go back!
Grass-fed beef is excellent and grass-fed bone broth is even better. Wouldn't recommend majority of fish oil supplements to anyone. Too unstable and way too processed.
Yep, I'll keep eating my conventional meat and supplement with fish oil.
If you can't handle fish more than a few times a week, I think you should experiment with different kinds of fish.
I alternate between various sashimis, occasional salmon, occasional sardines, and lots of salt-grilled (Japanese shioyaki style) mackerel. I could eat that kind of mackerel daily for the rest of my life.
Happy fish and happy cows make happy people. It makes sense and the general public is starting to wake up to the truth. Healthy food (as in organic, grass fed, wild caught etc.) tastes better and is more satisfying to eat. If you eat dead, dying, chemical ridden food it isn't good for you. Go figure…
Well my food better be dead or I ain't eating it =P
469 grams is one pound. I don't know about most of you, but I eat about a pound of some type of meat a day. The study has them eating a pound a week? What else did they eat? Just being curious, because I didn't have time to read the study. Gotta go to work.
We met an old musterer that claimed that his good health was due to eating a "sheep a week".
Great post, I've been waiting for a study like this to be released. All the more reason to continue buying grass-fed. Does anyone have information on farming practices in the UK? I believe there are better standards here but I'm not certain. We don't usually have the choice between grain or grass fed in most supermarkets. My local butcher might know… Any insight would be appreciated.
Great post! My family is going to buy 1/12 of a grass fed cow this spring! That's the cheapest way to do it and we are supporting a local farm!! Once we get a bigger freeze we are going to move up and by 1/8 or 1/4(probably when my little boys are big boys!)
Great post! My family is going to buy 1/12 of a grass fed cow this spring! That's the cheapest way to do it and we are supporting a local farm!! Once we get a bigger freezer we are going to move up and by 1/8 or 1/4(probably when my little boys are big boys!)
Yeah, I'm curious about this too. 1) can't find "pastured" pork locally, 2) was told by a butcher a pastured pig would become a wild boar, and 3) I would expect common grain-fed domesticated pork to be high in LA and relatively lowish on important n-3. This all leaves me instinctively avoiding excessive pork fat (i.e. conventional bacon).
Time to go boar hunting…
I found out Hearst Ranch meats, who do sell grass fed beef, as well as heritage turkeys now sell pork as well.
You can order it in various amounts and it comes in a frozen pack container.
If you wanted to know….
hope it helps.
No, salmon has about 10-fold more n-3 PUFAs then even grass-fed beef. As this paper says in the introduction "Oily fish is the unsurpassed richest dietary source of LC n-3 PUFA"
This article (link below) looked at the differences in fats in muscle versus adipose tissue in grass-fed cattle, the n-3:n-6 ratios of these two tissues were pretty similar.
You will get more n-3 PUFAs by eating beef fat, but you will also get much more n-6 PUFAs. This will therefore hurt rather than help what really matters here – the ratio between n-3 and n-6 in your body.
Health benefits don't come from simply increasing the quantity of n-3 in your diet, they come from shifting the balance towards the anti-inflammatory n-3 and away from the pro-inflammatory n-6 fatty acids.
Makes me want to get that 1/4- 1/2 cow in my freezer asap!
Grass fed tastes better too. Grain fed beef has a "watered down" taste to it. That being said, I still supplement with Omega 3 oil just to make sure my fats are balanced. I find I crave it!
I would choose grass fed just for the taste, it's much more filling and tasty than grain fed.
Don't your dogs listen to the marketing hype of the SAD?
What about poultry? Does anyone know what are the rules? I have heard that chicken, even though pastured, has to be supplemented with grains as well. Otherwise they do not grow properly. Is it true? What about other poultry: turkey, duck, goose etc.?
It is my dream to try grass-fed meat.. I found grass-fed cheese made from raw milk at a store in Metro Detroit, but that was all.
Does anyone else happen to know where one can buy grass-fed in the Metro Detroit area OR in Germany?
These techniques are more commonly found among practitioners of holistic managmement. HM is a decision-making process that uses personal values as a set of goals and uses those goals in addition to impacts to the eco-system,economics and society to make the best decisions possible. This model was developed fifty years ago by Alan Savory as he observed the impacts to a game refuge in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) relative to adjacent cattle ranches. Millions of acres world-wide are now managed in this way and the trend continues to grow as people learn more about it.
Maurice R
Grass fed and finished beef from rotationally-grazed livestock is the way to go for all of us and for the planet.


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Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations
Volume 2008 (2008), Article ID 458316, 11 pages
Effect of Coolant Inventories and Parallel Loop Interconnections on the Natural Circulation in Various Heat Transport Systems of a Nuclear Power Plant during Station Blackout
1Reactor Safety Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
2Reactor Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
3Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
4Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
5Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL), NUB, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
Received 21 June 2007; Accepted 25 January 2008
Academic Editor: Dilip Saha
Copyright © 2008 Avinash J. Gaikwad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Provision of passive means to reactor core decay heat removal enhances the nuclear power plant (NPP) safety and availability. In the earlier Indian pressurised heavy water reactors (IPHWRs), like the 220 MWe and the 540 MWe, crash cooldown from the steam generators (SGs) is resorted to mitigate consequences of station blackout (SBO). In the 700 MWe PHWR currently being designed an additional passive decay heat removal (PDHR) system is also incorporated to condense the steam generated in the boilers during a SBO. The sustainability of natural circulation in the various heat transport systems (i.e., primary heat transport (PHT), SGs, and PDHRs) under station blackout depends on the corresponding system's coolant inventories and the coolant circuit configurations (i.e., parallel paths and interconnections). On the primary side, the interconnection between the two primary loops plays an important role to sustain the natural circulation heat removal. On the secondary side, the steam lines interconnections and the initial inventory in the SGs prior to cooldown, that is, hooking up of the PDHRs are very important. This paper attempts to open up discussions on the concept and the core issues associated with passive systems which can provide continued heat sink during such accident scenarios. The discussions would include the criteria for design, and performance of such concepts already implemented and proposes schemes to be implemented in the proposed 700 MWe IPHWR. The designer feedbacks generated, and critical examination of performance analysis results for the added passive system to the existing generation II & III reactors will help ascertaining that these safety systems/inventories in fact perform in sustaining decay heat removal and augmenting safety.
1. Introduction to 700 MWe Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
In the 700 MWe PHWR, the primary coolant heavy water under pressure removes (with partial boiling at channel exit) the fission heat generated in the reactor core and transfers it to the secondary coolant (light water) in the steam generators (SGs). The primary heat transport (PHT) system consists of 392 fuel channels. The PHT system is divided into two identical loops. Each loop consists of two primary circulating pumps (PCPs) and two SGs in a figure of eight loop configuration as shown in Figure 1. There are two passes through the core for each loop. As the primary coolant flows over the fuel bundles placed inside the channels, it picks up the fission heat in four passes through the reactor core. In each pass, 98 channels are connected to a common header at each end of the reactor. After picking up heat from the reactor core, the coolant flows through the reactor outlet header (ROH) into the tube side of the SGs. After transferring heat in the SGs, the primary coolant is pumped (by the primary circulating pumps (PCPs)) back to the reactor core through reactor inlet header (RIH).
The SG provides the thermal linkage between the PHT system and the secondary coolant system. The SGs deployed in the 700 MWe reactors are of the inverted U-tube type with integral drum. The secondary fluid flows in the shell side, and the hot primary coolant from the reactor core (ROH) flows inside the U tubes. The total boiler feed is given at the top of the downcomer. The recirculation flow from the steam drum, after mixing with the feed water, flows down the annulus (downcomer). Then, it rises up through the main boiling zone, as it picks up the heat. After extracting the heat, the secondary fluid (steam-water mixture) rises through the riser and then passes through the steam separator and dryers. Here, the two-phase mixture gets separated into saturated water and steam. The former is led downwards, after mixing with the feed water, to the annular downcomer of the SG, while the latter goes to the steam outlet and then to the turbine.
The average of the two ROH pressures is controlled around a set point of 101.0 kg/cm2, to avoid excessive boiling and over-pressurisation in the PHT system. In the 700 MWe PHWR, for controlling the PHT system pressure, a pressuriser (surge tank) is also provided along with the Feed/Bleed system for maintaining the coolant inventory. The feed/bleed system is provided for controlling the water level in the pressuriser. Steam bleed valves (SBVs) are provided on top of the pressuriser vapor volume to control the increase in the PHT system pressure, by relieving the heavy water steam into the bleed condenser (BC) through the PHT system pressure controller. Electrical heaters are provided to take care of the low-pressure transient, by switching on the heater banks to increase the pressuriser pressure. The hot bleed from the RIH, and the relief from the south ROH flashes into a two-phase mixture inside the BC. The BC pressure is controlled at 34 Kg/cm2. In the event of an increase in the PHT system pressure, the SBVs also start relieving heavy water steam into the BC. At 100% full power steady state, the reactor core inlet temperature is 266 C, the core outlet temperature at the ROH is 310 C, and the reactor core exit quality is around 3% only.
2. Experience during 220 MWe PHWR NAPS Fire Incident
An incident of fire in the generator at one of the units of Narora Atomic Power Station had led to gradual loss of class-IV and class-III power supplies for all the plant loads such as primary coolant pumps, pressurising pumps, shutdown cooling pumps and main and auxiliary boiler feed pumps on secondary side resulting in a station blackout like scenario. Fire water had to be manually hooked up by going to boiler room. Thermosyphon in the primary and the secondary systems did work, and there were no fuel failures, with no activity release. Nuclear power plants have safety systems which are designed to be highly reliable. In spite of the various built-in provisions for very high reliability, requirement of analysis and suitable provisions for beyond design basis event (BDBE) scenario of station blackout, LOCA without ECCS actuation, and so forth, are necessary.
A debate on the concepts to be adopted for nuclear power plants to be built in the future has been underway with several different approaches being in vogue. One approach being the "evolutionary" approach which recommends that the plant design is similar to well proven design with some enhancements in safety. Other approach is to go for passive design. The "evolutionary" approach considers greater redundancy and diversity whereas latter relies on features such as lower-core power density, greater RB volumes, and greater reliance on thermosyphon. Broad lessons from Chernobyl, NAPS fire incident, and even recent Tsunami incident with respect to Kalpakkam show that continued availability of heat sink is the major issue to be addressed even if provision of this is done in somewhat "simple" manner.
3. Passive Decay Heat Removal System (PDHRS) for 700 MWe PHWR
Long term removal of decay heat is essential to avoid fuel heat up even after reactor trip or shutdown. Different heat sinks are available for various states of reactor shutdown such as a normal shutdown with class IV available or accident conditions such as LOCA. During normal shutdown, initially the decay heat is removed by steam generators with steam being dumped to condenser and/or through atmospheric steam discharge valves (ASDVs). Feed water make up to steam generators is by main or auxiliary boiler feed pumps (MBFPs or ABFPS). Further primary cool down to room temperature is by shutdown cooling system with the heat getting transferred to active process water system (APW) and subsequently to service water loop and then to atmosphere.
In case of station blackout, the envisaged heat sink is the passive decay heat removal system (PDHRS) for recirculating the steam generator secondary side inventory through the U-tube condenser inside PDHRS tanks.
For removing the heat generated by the PHT, PDHRS is provided for condensing the steam and recirculating the steam generator inventory during station blackout scenario (see Figure 2). This system consists of a horizontal U-tube condenser inside a tank having inventory of 125 of water. The U-tube condenser is connected to a 150 mmNB line taken off from the main steam line, this steam gets condensed inside the 50 mmNB tubes of the condenser, and the condensate returns back to steam generator. During this process, the decay heat from primary side is given up to the tank inventory which would initially heat up, later starts boiling and the steam gets vented to the atmosphere. Four sets of such PDHR tanks, gets, and piping are provided one set connected to each of the four steam generators. The stored inventory in the tank is adequate to provide decay heat removal for more than 8 hours during which inventory make up to the tank can be initiated. During the normal operation of plant, periodic make up to this tank is envisaged by DM water connection. During the station black out scenario, the make up to this tank is envisaged from the firewater.
As a design practice, it is always followed that the tested PHT system layouts (with multiple loops and parallel paths) of the earlier generation and operating power reactors are augmented with new concepts/systems such as the PDHRS and other passive systems. It is conveniently assumed that addition of these systems will enhance the NPP safety by continued removal of decay heat under adverse conditions. The performance analysis and the present studies point to another aspect which is very important, and it points out at the degradation/failure of heat removal in the presence of more than adequate coolant inventories in the primary, secondary, and the PDHRS. With detailed parametric studies and analysis of all the anticipated scenarios, this problem can be overcome and the effective use of all the available safety systems and coolant inventories can be achieved for the SBO case.
It has been reported in recent literature that RELAP5/MOD3.2 is capable of simulating natural circulation phenomena [1–4]. The SG boil-off and SBO response for a PWR are described in detail [5]. Reference [6] describes the incorporation of PDHRS, its design, and modeling. Reference [7] describes the application of RELAP5 for SBO analysis. The present study deals with boil-off in PDHRS connected to the secondary side of SGs and the effects of inter-loop connection leading to depletion of heat removal in the presence of large coolant inventories in the SGs and the PDHRS. Such study aims at analysing all the worst possible SBO scenarios and design verification to avoid severe accident conditions [8]. The thermal hydraulics modeling methodology and simulation philosophy of 700MWe PHWR for the present study are based on [9–16], though RELAP5/MOD3.2 code has been used here. Sensitivity studies were carried out to finalize the present nodalisation, which are not presented due to space limitation.
4. Modeling & Nodalisation
Primary heat transport (PHT) system model has been developed with two loops connected to the pressuriser and four passes through the core (see Figures 3 and 4). In each pass, 98 channels are modeled using 10 axial volumes. 10 heat slabs are connected to the fuel in each pass of core. The feed and bleed systems are connected to the headers on one side of the reactor, and on the other side the pressuriser is connected to both outlet headers through the surge line. Surge line is modeled using two pipe volumes and a branch. All the headers are modeled as branches. The pressuriser is modeled using 12 control volumes with 1.5 MW electrical heaters and 10 heat slabs. The switching logic for pressuriser heaters has been developed based on the error in the PHT pressure, the steam bleed valves (SBVs) open following an increase in the PHT system pressure. The secondary system model (see Figure 5) includes simulation of the steam generator with pressure controller, level controller, and all the steam lines. The heated riser region is simulated with 10 control volumes; the unheated riser volume is also modeled. 20 heat slabs are used for connecting the primary and secondary systems thermally. The steam drum model includes 10 control volumes. The downcomer model also includes 10 control volumes. The PDHR system (see Figures 6 and 7) model is also integrated with all the 4 steam generators. All the steam lines up to governor, CSDV, and ASDV are simulated using several pipe and single volumes. Steady state conditions were achieved on both the PHT (ROH quality ~3.5%) and SG side integrated together for a plant simulation model.
5. Results and Discussion
SBO scenario includes the loss of all the operating pumps, that is, 4 primary circulating pumps (PCPs), primary pressurising pumps (PPPs), and all the boiler feed pumps (BFPs). The reactor trip signal based on the loss of all the PCPs; is generated within one second. To study the effect of the various inventories and the parallel multiple loop interconnections, three case studies carried out, are is, (i) effect of initial coolant inventory in the SGs prior to cooldown, (ii) effect of the steam line interconnection, and (iii) effect of the PHT loop isolation.
5.1. Effect of Initial SG Inventory
Two cases are presented in this category, that is, (a) SBO analysis with PDHR valving in after 6 minutes. (b) SBO analysis with no delay in valving of the PDHR. Because of the delay in valving in of the PDHRS (which is a closed system), certain amount of SG inventory is lost through the ASDVs in the first case. In the second case, the initial inventory of the SG coolant is higher prior to the initiation of cooldown with the PDHRS.
5.1.1. Station Blackout Analysis with PDHR Valving in after 6 Minutes
Station blackout was initiated by tripping all the PCPs, PPPs, and the boiler feed pumps (BFPs) at second. The reactor trip on no PCP available signal was delayed by one second. The actual reactor power reduction was further delayed by one second considering the delays for rod insertions on conservative side. Hot shutdown condition was maintained for initial six minutes with the help of atmospheric steam discharge valves (ASDVs) mounted on the SG steam lines, after this all the four PDHRs valves were opened to condense the steam from SGs, that is, at seconds. Once the PCPs are tripped, the differential pressure across the headers/channel decreases, and all header pressures start falling together.
Following the reactor trip and the valving in of the PDHR, the PHT system pressure (see Figure 8) starts falling (80 bar at seconds), and the pressuriser level falls below 1.7 m, which leads to isolation of the pressuriser. After this, the PHT system pressure falls rapidly to 8 bar at seconds, then it remains around this value approximately up to 27000 seconds. Later on the PHT system pressure, Pressure shows an increasing trend again following depletion of shell side inventory in the PDHRs. It comes down to about 43 ton from 121 ton. At seconds, it falls to 11 ton, and thereafter it remains almost constant as the liquid level in the PDHRS falls below the tube bundle.
The SG pressure (see Figure 9) shows a peak of 49.3 bar at seconds initially following the turbine trip initiated due to reactor trip, it falls to 41.8 bar, at seconds, then it comes down to 7.03 bar at seconds.
All the four SGs are connected through the steam lines. Any PHDR through the steam lines can draw the steam from all the four SGs, but it sends back condensate only to the SG to which it is connected. Though the difference between the four SG pressures is very small, the SG with maximum SG pressure sends more steam to the other PDHR in addition to the PDHRs to which it is directly connected. The return flow to this SG is only equal to the steam flow which was going to the corresponding PDHR (directly connected), the steam flow to other PDHRs sends the condensate to the other SGs. This initiates an inventory transfer, beyond seconds, due to low-driving forces encountered during natural circulation at low pressure in the PHTs, SGs, and PDHR, it is observed that the SG level (see Figure 10) in two SGs goes down and the other two SGs, it shows an increasing trend. Inventory transfer through steam lines is observed but the total SGs inventory remains constant. Another initiation cause (for difference in the four SG pressures) is the difference in the PHT flow through all the four SGs during natural circulation.
The total primary core flow (see Figure 11) remains around 7% at seconds after this it shows a slow-decreasing trend. The PHT system core exit quality remains low up to 15000 seconds, then it shows lot of oscillation (also observed in the core flow), it even reaches values up to 50% and above, up to 30000 seconds, then it comes back to lower values (<2%). It can be concluded that the PDHRs can remove the decay heat safely up to 10 hours, during this period additional water inventories can be lined up.
5.1.2. SBO with No Delay in Valving in of the PDHRs
In the previous station blackout case, it was assumed that the PDHRs valves are opened after 6 minutes delay. In the present case, it is assumed that the PDHRs valves are opened without any delay immediately after sensing the station blackout at second. The results obtained are similar to the earlier predictions (see Figures 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16) but the oscillation/fluctuation in the PHT and the SG flows are relatively dampened, and more stable flow conditions are observed due to higher SG inventories. In the 6 minutes PDHR valving delay cases, the SG inventories go down from 32 ton to almost 27 ton, a loss of 5 ton through atmospheric steam discharge valves (ASDVs) in the initial 6 minutes. For the no delay case, the ASDVs open only for a short period, and the SG inventory remains around 32 ton with negligible loss. As the steam lines were not isolated, diverging trend was observed for SG levels (see Figure 13). It can be concluded that valving in of the PDHR should not be delayed if a SBO is confirmed.
5.2. SBO with Steam Line Isolation
All the steam lines interconnections were isolated to avoid any inter loop inventory transfer through the parallel paths available in the steam lines. Each of the SGs is connected only to the corresponding PDHR, and all other connections are snapped.
Station Blackout
Analysis with Isolation of Steam Lines
In the previous station blackout transient analysis, it was observed that the level in two SGs was increasing significantly after 30000 seconds, and in the other two SGs, it was going down correspondingly, keeping the total inventory of all the four SGs constant. This was attributed to low-driving forces encountered during natural circulation at low pressure in the PHTs, SGs, and PDHR, resulting in an inventory transfer through steam lines. To support these explanations, another hypothetical station blackout with complete isolation of the steam lines was carried out. Here, it was observed that the SG levels (see Figure 17) do not diverge and remain almost at the same value for all the four SGs, though the levels are not exactly same, but they follow a similar trend (variation around 9 m). For most of the other parameters, the trend is almost similar as compared to the previous blackout analysis without isolation of the steam lines. It can be concluded that the alternative parallel path provided by the steam lines leads to inventory transfer. This leads to drying out of one SG in each loop, but the decay heat removal is unaffected as the other SG in the loop with its own inventory and the transferred coolant inventory can carry on the decay heat removal effectively for the complete loop.
5.3. 3 PDHRs with/without Primay Loop Isolation
In these cases, one PDHR connected to one of the SG in loop-1 was kept isolated during the transient. As there is no heat removal from one of the bank, the primary coolant at higher temperature enters in the core through the return pass. After some time as the two phases appear in the return pass, there is a drastic reduction in core flow leading to a stagnation phase at seconds (see Figure 18). Since the affected loop pressure was slightly higher as compared to healthy loop (cooling unaffected), there is a continuous transfer of primary inventory from loop-1 to loop-2 through the ROH connection though the pressuriser is isolated, but the PHT loops are connected.
To avoid this inter-loop PHT inventory transfer, a case study with the isolation of these two primary loops was also carried out. With the arrest of primary inventory removal from the affected loop-1 (with one working and another nonworking PDHR), the core flow (see Figure 20) through the two passes of both affected loop-1 and healthy loop-2 remains at a higher-positive value for a considerable period of time (~21 000 seconds), and core cool ability is maintained. The PDHR isolation valve failure leads to the failure of the corresponding PDHR, probability of this event cannot be neglected. Based on this study, it is highly recommended that the two primary loops should be isolated when there is an unsymmetrical mode of PDHR operation.
5.3.1. Station Blackout (SBO) Analysis with Only 3 PDHRs Available and with PHT Loops Isolation
In this SBO transient analysis, it is assumed that, one passive decay heat removal (PDHR) heat exchanger fails, as a result only 3 PDHRs are available to cool the steam from all the four SGs. It was also assumed that the pressuriser and the 2 PHT loops are isolated from each other on pressuriser low level. The results obtained are similar to the all PDHRs available case for the initial period, but the decay heat removal is hampered within 7 hours, whereas for SBO with all PDHRs available case, the decay heat removal is not affected for more than 17 hours.
For the PHT loop isolation case, the nonfunctional PDHR inventory remains at 121 ton throughout. For the other only working PDHR, in the affected PHT loop-1, the PDHR inventory falls to 26.7 ton in 8.3 hours, whereas in the healthy PHT loop-2, with both PDHRs working, the PDHR inventory falls to 16.5 ton in the corresponding period. After 7 hours, the affected loop clad temperature (see Figure 21) shoots up sharply following core flow (see Figure 20) reduction and exposure of the PDHR heat exchanger tubes in the only working PDHR in that loop. For the SG without a working PDHR, the SG-inventory falls to almost one ton within 1.1 hour, after this it remains around this value and does not fall to zero. For the SG in the affected PHT loop-1 with only working PDHR, the SG-inventory comes down below one ton after 5.8 hours, that is, both the SGs in the affected PHT loop-1 dryout due to inventory transfer to the SGs in healthy PHT loop-2.
This unfavorable situation is caused by inventory transfer from the SGs of the affected loops to the other loops where both PDHRs are operational. Steam flow from all the four SGs to 4 PDHRs is guided based on the differential pressure between these components. More steam flow goes from the SG drum with the highest pressure (i.e., low-PHT flow) to the PDHRs, based on the pressure, all the SGs send steam to the PDHRs. The SG receiving maximum steam/condensate will accumulate more inventory. This phenomenon was observed for all the SBO cases analysed (except for the SBO without steam lines). It leads to total SG inventory transfer from loop with one PDHRs working to the SGs of the loop with 2 PDHRs working, as a result both the SGs in the one PDHR available loop-1 dryout after 5.8 hours for the PHT loop isolation case, and the clad temperature (see Figure 20) increases rapidly.
5.3.2. SBO Analysis with Only 3 PDHRs Available and without PHT Loops Isolation
Here, only 3 PDHRs are available following SBO, and it was also assumed that only the pressuriser isolates from the 2 PHT loops, and the 2 PHT loops remain hydraulically connected through the surge lines as the pressuriser level falls below 1.7 m. For this case, the primary flow reduces almost zero in the one of the core passes in the affected loop, leading to an increase in clad surface temperature (see Figure 19, more than 1000 C) after ~1.5 hours. The primary coolant flow (see Figure 18) in this core path is hampered by the inter-loop inventory transfer, as the affected loop which is at higher pressure and temperature tries to equalise pressure, forcing flow out from this core path. As the flow reduces and stagnates (see Figure 18), the core exit quality increases sharply (>1.0). Though a lot of coolant inventory is available in the SGs and also in the PDHRs (89 ton), the clad temperature (see Figure 19) shoots up due to core flow stagnation. For the SG without PDHR working, the SG level comes down to almost to zero, in one hour. For the other SG in the healthy loop-2 with working PDHRs, it shows an inventory corresponding to 12 m level at about 1.5 hours. Here, also the phenomenon of SGs inventory transfer from the affected loop to the healthy loop is observed, but the clad temperature shoots up far ahead of dryout due to PHT flow stagnation following PHT inventory transfer from affected loop to healthy loop.
The results obtained with RELAP5 model show a similar behavior for natural circulation as reported in the literature [1–4]. It can be concluded that the 2 PHT loops should be isolated following an SBO to avoid inter-loop inventory transfer through the surge lines, which leads to stagnation of core flow in the affected loop due to unfavorable pressure distribution. This undesirable situation is further aggravated by the inventory transfer from the SGs of the affected loops to another loop with both PDHRs operational.
Concluding Remarks
(1)It can be concluded that the 4 PDHRs, with an initial inventory of 121 ton each at 40 C, can remove the core decay heat without any increase in the clad temperature for about 17 hours without the help of make up system, if all the 4 PDHRs are available.(2)No delay in valving in of the PDHRs is recommended after confirmation of a station blackout situation, as a higher inventory in the SG leads to more stable natural circulation in the secondary and the primary heat transport system. The rate of change of primary and secondary coolants structure temperature is also moderate.(3)The secondary inventory transfer from SGs in one loop to SGs in another occurs due to parallel paths interconnected steam lines. Following the SBO and cooldown with natural circulation at low pressure and low-driving forces in the PHT, SGs, and PDHRS, this phenomenon cannot be avoided.(4)For the SBO with three PDHRs available case, the PHT system inventory transfer takes place from the affected loop (cooling affected due to inventory transfer to other loop) to healthy loop (cooling unhindered), due to pressure imbalance and parallel paths inter-connected surge lines available. In this case, the isolation of the two PHT system loops is helpful in mitigating the consequences of failure of one of the 4 PDHRs, and without the loop interconnection the decay heat removal is not hampered for 7 hours.(5)The designer feedbacks generated from the analysis, and critical examination of performance analysis results for the added passive system to existing generation II and III reactors will help ascertaining that the these safety systems/inventories in fact perform in sustaining decay heat removal and augmenting safety.
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