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401 91 666 (Sat-Thu : 7AM to 5PM) 600 54 00 48 (Sat-Thu : 8AM to 6PM) 22052622 (Sat-Thu : 9AM to 7PM) 22034034 (Sat-Thu : 8AM to 6PM) (00973) 17558320 (Sat-Thu : 9AM to 7PM) 920022330 (Sat-Thu : 8AM to 6PM)
The art of the Curve, designed for immersive viewing
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03 Sep | Sale – Low Carbon Accelerator
Yesterday we offloaded our holding of Low Carbon Accelerator (LCA.L) selling 1,834 shares for 31 pence each for a total return of £568.54 (before costs).
Low Carbon Accelerator were one of the original three holdings we kicked off Investor Trader with back in April 2009, but sentiment be damned!
We returned a small profit (very small after broker's costs) after buying in at 29.5 pence a share for a total outlay of £531.86
Our reason for selling? Mainly my impatience! LCA.L hasn't under-performed or over-performed based on our expectations, its just that I think maybe my hard-earned can be better put to use elsewhere in the market – for the moment at least. We'll be keeping a close eye on LCA.L and maybe look at buying back in on a dip in the coming months.

subset: commoncrawl


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It was investigated if athletes subjected to 4 wk of living in normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m; 16 h/day) while training at 800–1,300 m ["live high-train low" (LHTL)] increase muscular and systemic capacity for maintaining pH and K+ homeostasis as well as intense exercise performance. The design was double-blind and placebo controlled. Mean power during 30-s all-out cycling was similar before and immediately after LHTL (650 ± 31 vs. 628 ± 32 W; n = 10) and placebo exposure (658 ± 22 vs. 660 ± 23 W; n = 6). Supporting the performance data, arterial plasma pH, lactate, and K+ during submaximal and maximal exercise were also unaffected by the intervention in both groups. In addition, muscle buffer capacity (in mmol H+·kg dry wt−1·pH−1) was similar before and after in both the LHTL (140 ± 12 vs. 140 ± 16) and placebo group (145 ± 2 vs. 140 ± 3). The expression of sarcolemmal H+ transporters (Na+/H+ exchanger 1, monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4), as well as expression of Na+-K+ pump subunits-α1, -α2, and -β1 was also similar before and after the intervention. In conclusion, muscular and systemic capacity for maintaining pH and K+ balance during exercise is similar before and after 4 wk of placebo-controlled normobaric LHTL. In accordance, 30-s all-out sprint ability was similar before and after LHTL.
- performance
- Wingate
- hypoxia
- muscle
"altitude training" is usually performed to increase endurance exercise performance at sea level, but hypoxic exposure may also lead to increased brief intense exercise capacity, as illustrated by the finding that world class track cyclists achieved a 4% performance improvement in an ∼5-min all-out test following 31 days of training and living at ∼2,700 m (17). Also, 10 days of "live high-train low" (LHTL), where elite runners resided at an altitude equivalent to 2,200 m in normobaric hypoxia while training at sea level, resulted in improved 400-m running performance (34). In contrast, LHTL for 23 days at an inspired O2 fraction corresponding to 3,000 m with training conducted at 600 m did not alter 2-min all-out cycling performance in endurance athletes (18), and living and training at 1,850 m did not alter 5 × 200 m swimming performance (39). Thus, at present, it is not clear if LHTL increases brief, intense exercise performance or not. An important aspect in answering this question could be the use of a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, because the placebo effect to LHTL may be significant (5, 44).
Enhancement of intense exercise performance following hypoxic exposure may occur through several mechanisms: increased maximal muscular aerobic energy production, improved muscular efficiency, and increased capacity to maintain the homeostasis of fatigue-inducing agents, such as H+, K+, and Pi. Controversy exists regarding the potential mechanisms by which LHTL may improve endurance exercise performance, as illustrated by 39 responses to a point:counterpoint discussion in this journal (19, 25). In a recently published part of the present double-blind and placebo-controlled study, LHTL was demonstrated not to affect either hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max), or 26-km time-trial performance (44). It may be noted, however, that 5 of 10 participants did experience an increase in Hbmass, leaving the possibility open that erythropoesis occurred in some individuals. This variation, however, was of no greater magnitude than in the control group, and, since the variations are within the range of biological variation for this measure (36), the observed changes are very likely to be related to biological variation. However, other nonplacebo-controlled LHTL studies have reported increases in Hbmass and V̇o2max (15, 24, 38) or only Hbmass (10). Moreover, in a LHTL study where a placebo-controlled design was attempted, but unfortunately failed, Hbmass was increased by the intervention (38). Even if the capacity for aerobic energy production and efficiency is unaltered (44), intense exercise performance may still be increased if fatigue tolerance is improved. The existence of such a mechanism was put forward as an explanation for the improved ∼5-min all-out exercise capacity (17) and improved maximal 4-min cycling performance (15) previously reported after LHTL and is partly supported by the observation of increased maximal O2 deficit and improved short-term running performance after 2 wk of living and training at 2,000 m (31), as well as increased maximal O2 deficit in well-trained cyclist after 5, 10, and 15 days of LHTL at 2,650 m (37). However, following LHTL, the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit may also be unchanged (24), and it remains unclear if LHTL can induce physiological adaptations beneficial for supramaximal exercise performance.
Exercise-induced muscular acidosis has been linked with the development of muscle fatigue for more than a century (13), and muscle function is likely to be impaired if intramuscular pH reaches ∼6.7 pH units (14). However, low muscle pH has also been challenged as a fatigue-inducing agent (48). If muscular metabolic acidosis is of importance for muscle function, then altitude-induced adaptations leading to an augmented muscle buffer capacity could also improve performance. Living at ∼2,000 m and training at 2,000–2,700 m for 2 wk has been demonstrated to increase muscle buffer capacity by ∼5% (31, 40). In accordance, 75 days of exposure to >5,250 m increases muscle buffer capacity in both leg and arm muscles by ∼5–10% (32). LHTL for 21 days caused an even greater (∼18%) increase of muscle buffer capacity (18). However, this did not change intramuscular H+ regulation or 2-min all-out work capacity (18). In addition to the possible effect of altitude acclimatization on muscle buffer capacity, living for 37 days above 2,800 m results in an ∼40% increase in exercise-induced change (Δ) in lactate concentration ([La])/ΔpH, termed "extracellular pH defense" (6), defined as −Δ[La]×Δ[pH]−1. The apparent increase in extracellular buffer capacity may be partly related to the improved muscle buffer capacity, but could also be caused by increased capacity for muscular H+ transmembrane transport. However, sarcolemmal expression of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) and La−-H+ cotransporters [monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1, MCT4] are unchanged by 8-wk exposure to 4,100 m in habitually active subjects (22), and MCT1, as well as MCT4, was also found to be unchanged in well-trained subjects following LHTL (9). Nevertheless, it remains unknown if NHE1 muscle membrane H+ transport capacity is altered in athletes following LHTL. If extracellular pH defense and/or muscle membrane H+ transport capacity is increased with LHTL, the muscle metabolic acidosis could be reduced without changes in muscle buffer capacity per se. Taken together, it appears plausible that hypoxic exposure may alter pH regulation during exercise, with potential implications for muscle fatigue development. However, it also remains unknown whether LHTL facilitates an altered capacity for H+ transsarcolemmal transport or altered extracellular buffer capacity, as reported after long-term altitude acclimatization.
Membrane inexcitability due to a run-down of primarily the sarcolemmal K+ gradient with intense exercise may be another primary cause of muscle fatigue (43). It has been proposed that LHTL may result in improved ionic regulation during intense exercise, which could potentially increase intense exercise capacity (17). In accordance, our laboratory recently observed that 8 wk of acclimatization to 4,100 m causes a reduced net K+ release from the exercising muscles during ergometer cycling and reduced plasma K+ levels at a given workload in hypoxia (33). However, hypoxic exposure may also reduce muscle Na+-K+ pump expression (20), but 23 days of LHTL did not change its expression (2). Moreover, it is presently unresolved if expression of specific subunits (α1, α2, β1) or the activity-regulating protein FXYD1 (4) is affected differently by LHTL. This seems likely, since the Na+-K+ pump in vitro activity has been observed to decrease after LHTL, despite unchanged total Na+-K+ content (1).
In the present study, a 30-s all-out cycling test ("Wingate test") is applied to investigate if the high-intensity exercise fatigue profile of elite endurance athletes is altered following LHTL. During a 30-s all-out test, the fractional utilization of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (30) is 60–95% (7), which demonstrates the high anaerobic energy demand during the test. For elite athletes, the relative anaerobic energy contribution during the test may be as high as 70–80% (8). These observations are in accordance with the observed reduction in muscle pH from 7.17 to 6.68 during a Wingate test in untrained subjects (29). After 10 days of training in a hypoxic environment, Wingate mean power increase 3.0% in athletes (21). Thus the test is both eliciting a high anaerobic energy production, muscular acidosis, and is sensitive to changes in high-intensity performance induced by environmental factors. In relation to disturbance of ion-homeostasis, venous plasma K+ increases to at least 6.5 mM in the femoral vein within the first 30 s of high-intensity exercise (47). Thus very high and potentially fatigue-inducing levels of K+ must be expected in the muscular t-tubular system (11). Taken together, the 30-s all-out sprint test is appropriate for evaluating high-intensity exercise performance and fatigue development.
The aim of the present study was to investigate if athletes subjected to 4 wk of normobaric LHTL would experience an altered capacity for maintaining muscle pH. It was hypothesized that LHTL would increase muscle buffer capacity, as well as muscle membrane H+ transport capacity. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that the change in blood lactate normalized to the change in blood pH would be reduced after LHTL. It was also the aim to evaluate if LHTL would affect either 30-s all-out exercise capacity or the amount of work completed above the V̇o2max eliciting intensity during an incremental cycling test. Lastly, the effect of LHTL on ion-homeostasis was evaluated, and it was hypothesized that adaptation to LHTL is associated with reduced K+ levels at a given absolute exercise intensity whereas Na+-K+ pump isoform-specific expression was hypothesized to be unaffected.
Seventeen highly trained endurance athletes (16 men, 1 woman, age 29 ± 6 yr, height 179 ± 8 cm, body weight 69 ± 9 kg) from various countries in North America and Europe attended as subjects in the present study. All of them regularly participated in endurance competitions on at least national level in disciplines related to cycling, i.e., road cycling, triathlon, cycle cross, and/or mountain bike. To prevent bias from previous altitude acclimatization, we excluded subjects who traveled to altitudes higher than 2,500 m within the last month before the study. All subjects gave written consent to participation, and the study was approved by the ethical boards of Zurich and Waadt (Switzerland).
During the course of the experiment, one subject decided to withdraw participation for personal reasons, and hence his data were not included in the analysis. The remaining 16 subjects all completed the study. Other parts of the study have been published previously (44).
Study design.
The study was conducted in Prémanon (France, 1,135 m) over a period of 8 wk. The participants were housed in a facility where the oxygen fraction could be individually adjusted for each room. All experimental procedures were performed at hospital La Vallée (Le Sentier, Switzerland), located at an altitude of 1,020 m.
For study details, see Siebenmann et al. (44). Briefly, of the 8-wk study period, the first 2 wk were used for familiarization with the facility, area, and all testing procedures. For the following 4 wk, the intervention period, subjects were randomly assigned to spend a minimum of 16 h/day in one- to three-person hypoxic rooms containing either normobaric hypoxia (LHTL group, n = 10) or normobaric normoxia (placebo group, n = 6). Because blinding toward the intervention previously has proved difficult (41), subjects were relocated every week and assigned new roommates. All rooms were controlled and calibrated with precision gases by the company that built the facilities (Fieldbrook, London, UK) immediately before the study. Participants and investigators were blinded with respect to group assignments. Only the principal investigator (who did not perform any measurements) was aware of group allocation. A successful blinding was indicated by questionnaires, as described in Siebenmann et al. (44). In brief, 50% or less of the participants guessed right when asked if they believed themselves to be in the LHTL group. All rooms were similar, and air pumps were constantly turned on, irrespective of participant group assignment. The O2 fraction in each room was continuously monitored from two independent O2 probes (T7OX-V, Oxygen CiTiceL, City Technology, Portsmouth, UK) and controlled by the main investigator 5 days/wk or by a qualified technician from the used facility who was not involved in any measurement. In addition, O2 fraction in each room was controlled twice daily via a portable O2 sensor (VN2O2, Cambridge Sensotec, Cambridge, UK) by either the main investigator or the facility technician.
The LHTL group was exposed to normobaric hypoxia equivalent of 2,500 m for 2 days, and subsequently the O2 fraction was decreased to the equivalent of 3,000 m. As a result, morning arterial O2 saturation, estimated by pulse oximetry (NPB-290, Nellcor Puritan Bennett, Pleasanton, CA) was 92 ± 2% in the LHTL group (at 3,000 m) and 97 ± 1% in the placebo group (P < 0.05). Participants were asked to stay in their rooms from 2000 to 0700, from 0800 to 1000, and again from 1600 to 1900 during the 4-wk intervention period. Adherence was rigorously supervised by the main investigator 5 days/wk and by other investigators the remaining 2 days. During the last 2 wk of the study, the postintervention period, participants were relieved of the room confinement and hypoxic exposure. The purpose of this period was to investigate the temporal response of potential LHTL effects subsequent to hypoxic exposure. Thus blinding was maintained for participants and investigators until the end of the 8-wk study period.
Six testing sessions were distributed over the 8-wk duration of the study. Two testing sessions were completed during the first 2 wk. Subsequently, testing was performed after 3 and 4 wk in the intervention period, as well as 1 and 2 wk after the intervention period. Specific testing time points are evident from the graphs in the results section.
Brief high-intensity exercise performance was evaluated using a 30-s all-out exercise test on a Monark ergometer (Monark, Varberg, Sweden), modified to allow instant application of braking resistance. Participants performed a 10-min warm-up consisting of 5 min at 150 W and 5 min at 200 W. After a brief (<2 min) resting period, participants were instructed to reach >100 rpm unloaded pedaling within 5 s. At 5 s, a resistance of 0.085 × body weight to the nearest 100 g was applied instantly, and participants were verbally encouraged to pedal as fast as possible at any time point during the following 30 s. The braking resistance was chosen based on previous studies of competitive cyclist (23), as well as a mixed athletic population (50), as well as the ranges suggested for optimal mean power determination (3, 46). Flywheel revolutions were recorded with a resolution of 16 points per revolution using a custom-build infrared light-sensitive reflector system. The recordings were used to calculate the average power (mean power): the highest average power in any 5-s period (peak power), and the lowest average power in any 5-s period (minimum power). No correction for flywheel inertia or inherent ergometer braking resistance was performed.
To estimate the exercise capacity when oxygen demand exceeds the supply and when systemic ion-homeostasis and acid/base balance is severely challenged, high-intensity exercise performance was determined as the amount of work completed above the workload calculated to elicit V̇o2max, as determined from an exhaustive V̇o2max test. The V̇o2max test protocol was completed using an electronically braked bicycle ergometer (Monark, Varberg, Sweden), as reported elsewhere (44). Briefly, a 5-min warm-up period at 150 W was followed by 5 min at 200 W, except for the female athlete for whom workloads were 100 and 150 W. Thereafter, the workload was increased by 25 W each minute until exhaustion. Pulmonary O2 and CO2 concentration in expired gas were continuously measured (Quark, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). All respiratory variables were averaged in blocks of 30 s. The highest recorded average oxygen uptake (V̇o2) during the test was defined as V̇o2max. Peak workload (Wmax) was calculated as Wmax = Wcompl + 25 × (t/60), with Wcompl being the last completed workload, and t the number of seconds in the not completed workload. The V̇o2max eliciting workload, if applied for several minutes, was estimated by performing linear regression on V̇o2 recorded at 150, 200, 225, and 250 W. Based on this regression and the recorded V̇o2max, the workload that can be expected to elicit V̇o2max was calculated. The difference between Wmax and the work load estimated to elicit V̇o2max was termed "high-intensity exercise performance" and used as an index of the capacity to perform work at intensities above V̇o2max.
On the second test before the intervention period and 3 wk into the intervention period, an arterial catheter was inserted into a. radialis before testing. After local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine, a 20-gauge catheter (model 80115.09R, Vygon Laboratories, Ecouen, France) was inserted percutaneously using the Seldinger technique. Arterial blood was sampled anaerobically in heparinized syringes and immediately analyzed for plasma K+, La−, and pH using an ABL 800 blood analyzer (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). Arterial samples were collected at 200 W and at exhaustion. The index −Δ[La]×ΔpH−1 was quantified and interpreted as an index of the in vivo buffer capacity using delta values calculated from the sample obtained at 200 W and at exhaustion. The index has previously been termed "extracellular pH defense" (6). Arterial bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration was calculated according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation solved for HCO3−: [HCO3−] = 0.03 × Pco2 × 10(pHa−6.1), where pHa is arterial pH. The standardized arterial base excess (SBEa) was calculated (45) as SBEa = (1 − [Hba] × 0.023) × ([HCO3−a] − 24.4) + (2.3 × [Hba] + 7.7) × ([pHa] − 7.4), where [HCO3−a] is arterial HCO3− concentration, and [Hba] is arterial Hb concentration. In some cases, catheterization was not possible, and for some samples the automatic analysis resulted in errors. Thus the number of included participants for each analysis and time point is reported in the results section or in a figure. During the second of the lead-in weeks before the intervention period and after the 4-wk intervention period, a muscle biopsy was obtained from m. vastus lateralis. Local anesthesia (Xylocaine, 20 mg/ml) was applied, and a small incision was made through the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The biopsy was obtained using a Bergstrom needle with suction. The muscle tissue was rapidly dissected free of visible fat, blood, and connective tissue, and a part was rapidly frozen (within 120 s) in liquid N2 for later analysis of protein expression using Western blotting. Before analysis of protein expression, muscle tissue was freeze dried and dissected free from blood, fat, and connective tissue. Subsequently, samples were homogenized (Qiagen Tissuelyser II, Retsch, Haan, Germany) in a fresh batch of buffer containing the following (in mM): 10% glycerol, 20 sodium-pyrophosphate, 150 NaCl, 50 HEPES (pH 7.5), 1% NP-40, 20 β-glycerophosphate, 2 Na3VO4, 10 NaF, 2 PMSF, 1 EDTA (pH 8), 1 EGTA (pH 8), 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 3 benzamidine. Afterwards the samples were rotated end over end for 1 h at 4°C and centrifuged at 16,500 g for 30 min at 4°C, and the supernatant (lysate) was used for further analysis. Total protein concentration in each sample was determined by a bovine serum albumin standard kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL), and samples were mixed with 6 × modified Laemmli buffer (7 ml 0.5 M Tris base, 3 ml glycerol, 0.93 g DTT, 1 g SDS, and 1.2 mg bromophenol blue). Samples were loaded together with protein markers (all blue and dual color, Bio-Rad Laboratories) on precasted gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Proteins were separated by SDS page gel electrophoresis and semidry transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore). The membranes were blocked in either 2% skimmed milk or 3% BSA in Tris-buffered saline, including 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) before an overnight incubation in primary antibody at 4°C. Thereafter, membranes were washed in TBST and incubated for 1 h at room temperature in horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. Membranes were then washed 3 × 15 min in TBST before the bands were visualized with ECL (Millipore) and recorded with a digital camera (Kodak Image Station 2000MM, Kodak, Denmark). Quantification of the Western blot band intensity was done using one-dimensional software (Kodak, Denmark) and determined as the total band intensity minus the background intensity. Primary antibodies were optimized by use of mixed human standard lysates to secure that the protein amount loaded would result in band signal intensities localized on the steep and linearly part of a standard curve. To determine changes in total protein expression, the following antibodies were used with the localization of the quantified signal noted: Na+-K+ pump α1-isoform: 100 kDa, C464.6 (Millipore); Na+-K+ pump α2-isoform: 100 kDa, 07–647 (Upstate/Millipore); Na+-K+ pump β1-isoform: 50 kDa, MA3–930 (Affinity Bioreagents); unspecific FXYD1 phosphorylation: 12 kDa, AB_FXYD1 (kindly donated by Dr. J. Randall Moorman, University of Virginia); caveolin 3 (CAV3): 21 kDa, ab2912 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK); total actin: 42 kDa, A2066 (Sigma); NHE1: 110 kDa, MAB3140 (Chemicon/Millipore); glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH): 37 kDa, ab9484 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK); sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase isoform 1 (SERCA1): 100 kDa, MA3–912 (Thermo Scientific); MCT1: 43 kDa, AB3538P (Millipore/Chemicon); MCT4: 50 kDa, AB3316P (Millipore/Chemicon); myosin heavy chain I (MHC I): ∼200 kDa, A4.840 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), and MHC II: ∼200 kDa, A4.74 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank). The secondary antibodies used were horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit (P-0447, P-0448, DAKO). All samples were analyzed in duplicates on two separate occasions. Samples were excluded if the sample intensity normalized to the standard sample intensity was more than 2 SDs from the mean of all analyzed samples. Subsequently, samples were excluded if the post-to-pre ratio was more than 2 SDs from the mean of all analyzed ratios. The actual number of samples included for each analysis was as follows (LHTL and placebo, respectively): Na+-K+ pump α1-subunit (6, 5); Na+-K+ pump α2-subunit (8, 6); Na+-K+ pump β1-subunit (8, 6); FXYD1 (7, 6); MCT1 (8, 6); MCT4 (7, 6); NHE1 (8, 6); SERCA1 (7, 5); actin (7, 6); GAPDH (7, 6); CAV3 (8, 6); MHC I (7, 6); MHC II (6, 6).
Muscle pH was measured by a small glass electrode (Micro pH-elektrode N6000 BNC, SCHOTT Instruments, Mainz, Germany) after homogenization of 1 mg freeze-dried samples in a nonbuffered solution containing 145 mM KCl, 10 mM NaCl, and 5 mM sodium fluoride (28). After having adjusted pH of the sample to 7.1 with 0.01 M NaOH, the sample was titrated to pH 6.5 by serial additions of 0.01 M HCl. The pH was measured after each addition. The non-HCO3 physiochemical buffer capacity was determined from the number of moles of H+ required to change pH from 7.1 to 6.5 and was expressed as millimoles H+ per kilogram dry weight per pH (28).
Training and nutrition.
Subjects were instructed to follow their usual training habits and to keep training intensity and volume as constant as possible throughout the 8 wk. Training was supervised using heart rate monitors (Polar, Suunto or Garmin). To prevent iron deficiency, all subjects were supplemented with daily oral intake of 256 mg dried ferrous sulfate (Tadyferon 80 mg, Pierre Fabre). Details on the performed training are reported elsewhere (44). Not all riders had access to power meters. However, example data are provided for four riders in Table 1. Two riders achieved special advice from the investigators to reduce their training volume and intensity for a period of 3 days because they showed signs of overtraining (tiredness; poor high-intensity performance).
A mixed model analysis (12) with "time" (for example, −2 wk, −1 wk, 0 wk, 3 wk, 4 wk, 5 wk, 6 wk) and "group" (LHTL and placebo) as fixed factors and with specification of repeated measures for subject was performed in IBM SPSS version 19 statistical software package. If a significant main effect was observed for either "time", "group", or an interaction between the two, a post hoc analysis was performed using the Holm-Sidak adjustment for multiple comparisons. Results are means ± SD. When n is different from 10 in the LHTL group and 6 in the placebo group, the actual number is reported. Detection limits were calculated from observed standard deviations of measured parameters using SigmaStat 11.0 power calculation.
Thirty-second all-out cycling test.
Mean power during the 30-s all-out cycling test (Fig. 1A) was similar in the LHTL and placebo group at all test occasions. Likewise, the 5-s peak power recorded during the test (Fig. 1B) did not differ significantly between the LHTL and placebo group at any time point. The 30-s all-out fatigue index (Fig. 1C) was unaltered in both groups during the entire study period. In addition, pedaling rates can be seen in Table 2.
High-intensity exercise performance.
No significant changes occurred in high-intensity exercise performance, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Before the intervention, the Wmax was 399 ± 59 and 407 ± 27 W in LHTL and placebo, respectively. The V̇o2max workload was 360 ± 47 and 363 ± 42 W in LHTL and placebo, respectively.
Arterial plasma K+, La−, HCO3− concentration, SBE, Pco2, and pH.
Arterial plasma K+ determined during submaximal exercise and maximal exercise was not affected by the intervention in either group (Fig. 3). Likewise, arterial La− did not differ between the groups, neither before nor after the intervention (Fig. 4). Arterial calculated HCO3−, SBE, Pco2, and pH at submaximal workload and Wmax was also unaltered by the intervention in both groups (Fig. 5).
Calculation of the total in vivo buffer capacity revealed no difference between the two groups, neither before nor after the intervention (Fig. 6).
Muscle buffer capacity.
The 4-wk intervention period did not cause significant changes in muscle buffer capacity between groups or with time. Muscle buffer capacity before the intervention was 140 ± 12 mmol H+·kg dry wt−1·pH−1 in the LHTL (n = 8) and 145 ± 5 mmol H+·kg dry wt−1·pH−1 in the placebo (n = 6) group. After the intervention, the muscle buffer capacity was 140 ± 16 mmol H+·kg dry wt−1·pH−1 (n = 8) in the LHTL and 140 ± 8 mmol H+·kg dry wt−1·pH−1 (n = 6) in the placebo group.
M. vastus lateralis protein expression.
For the investigated proteins, no significant interaction between group and time effects was apparent, demonstrating no significant change as a result of the intervention (Fig. 7).
Major finding.
The major findings in the present study were that 4 wk of placebo-controlled normobaric LHTL did not alter resting muscle buffer capacity, the in vivo buffer capacity index −ΔLa−/ΔpH, muscle membrane ion transport capacity, or plasma K+ levels during exercise. In accordance with these findings, both 30-s all-out and high-intensity exercise performance remained unchanged.
Intense exercise performance.
The present study is the first to investigate 30-s all-out exercise performance after LHTL. The finding of unaltered mean power, peak power, and fatigue index all demonstrate that LHTL does not improve very brief high-intensity exercise performance. This is in contrast to the findings that 10 days of LHTL increase performance in 400-m elite runners (34) and that 5 days of LHTL increase mean power in a 4-min maximal cycling test. However, in the study of 400-m runners, the performance effect was only ∼1%. It has previously been discussed that a significant placebo effect may exist in studies of LHTL (5). Furthermore, it should be noted that the maximal speed attained in an anaerobic interval running test was increased to a similar extent in the control and intervention group (34), thereby demonstrating that LHTL is not more efficient than normal training for this type of exercise. The present observation of unchanged supramaximal exercise capacity did not verify the study hypothesis, but is in line with the observation of unchanged maximal O2 deficit after 4 wk of LHTL (24) and unchanged ability to perform 2-min all-out exercise performance after 23 days of LHTL (18).
It may be noted that the present mean power results from the Wingate test (∼9.6 W/kg) correspond with the reported elite level (>9.8 W/kg) of a large athletic population (n = 1,374 men) (50). However, the observed Wingate mean power of trained endurance cyclists in the present study is lower than what has previously been reported for elite endurance cyclists (12.4 W/kg) (8) and elite BMX riders (10.4 W/kg) (49). Possible reasons for the apparent discrepancy may be that Calbet et al. (8) used a higher braking resistance (0.11/body weight) than in the present study (0.085/body weight) and that BMX riders are specifically sprint trained athletes (49). Moreover, Calbet et al. (8) corrected for flywheel inertia and inherent unloaded ergometer friction, which was not done in the present study. In the present study, a rather pronounced increase in Wingate mean power from the first to the second test was apparent (Fig. 1). This is likely to reflect that the participating endurance athletes were unaccustomed to the test before entering the study and demonstrates the importance of the applied lead-in period.
pH homeostasis.
In the present study, neither plasma pH, plasma lactate, SBEa, arterial HCO3−, arterial Pco2, or the calculated arterial −Δ[La]/ΔpH (i.e., in vivo buffer capacity) was altered by the LHTL intervention. This is in agreement with the observation of unchanged muscle buffer capacity and unaltered expression of the muscle membrane H+ transport proteins, MCT1, MCT4, and NHE1. These observations also contrast the study hypothesis of improved muscle H+ handling capacity. The hypothesis was based on previous reports of increased muscle buffer capacity with continuous altitude acclimatization (18, 31, 40) and increased extracellular pH defense (6). A notable difference between the present study and previous studies is that the athletes in one study both lived and trained at >2,000 m (31, 40), which may have caused more severe muscular pH perturbations. It is, however, possible that prolonged and more severe hypoxic exposure can increase muscle buffer capacity, as demonstrated after 75 days of exposure to >5,250 m (32). In most apparent conflict with the present results are the observation that LHTL for 21 days caused an ∼18% increase of muscle buffer capacity (18). However, in that study, both muscle in vivo buffer capacity (−Δ[H+]/Δ[La]) and postexercise muscle [H+] were unaltered. Also, the current finding of unchanged expression of sarcolemmal NHE1, MCT1, and MCT4 is in accordance with the observation of unchanged expression of these proteins after acclimatization to 4,100 m for 8 wk (22).
K+ homeostasis.
Four weeks of LHTL did not alter the arterial K+ levels at submaximal or maximal exercise, indicating unaltered capacity for maintenance of ion-homestasis. This is in line with the finding of unaltered Na+-K+ pump α1-, α2-, and β1-subunit expression, as well as unaltered expression of the Na+-K+ pump activity regulating protein FXYD1. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that 8 wk of acclimatization to 4,100 m causes a reduced net K+ release from the exercising muscles during ergometer cycling and reduced plasma K+ levels at a given workload in hypoxia (33). Furthermore, 21 days of gradual ascent to 6,194 m and subsequent decent have been found to reduce muscle Na+-K+ pump expression by ∼14% (20). However, 23 days of LHTL do not affect Na+-K+ pump protein expression or plasma K+ during exercise (1, 35), which is in agreement with the present observations. Thus it appears that K+ homeostasis and Na+-K+ pump expression may be affected by prolonged severe hypoxic exposure, but not by 4 wk of LHTL at ∼3,000 m.
Muscle proteins.
In the present study, no normalization of the expression of the investigated proteins to the so-called "housekeeping" proteins (β-actin, MHC I, MHC II, GAPDH, CAV3) was performed. Instead, normalization was performed to total protein content as described. The reason for this approach is that biological and analytic variation exists for both target and housekeeping proteins. Thus the variability of the target protein-to-housekeeping protein ratio must be expected to be higher than for the target protein alone. The similar expression of muscle actin, MHC I, MHC II, and GAPDH expression before and after the intervention indicates that no change in cytoskeletal properties or non-key regulatory enzymes occurred. Furthermore, the similar SERCA1 expression before and after the intervention indicates that sarcolemmal Ca2+ reuptake capacity was also unaltered. This agrees with previous findings with prolonged and continuous altitude exposure in regards to cytoskeletal structure (26, 27, 32). Also, the expression of CAV3, which forms caveolae localized on the sarcolemmal membrane (16), was unchanged. Thus no change in membrane to total protein expression appeared to occur with LHTL. It may be noted that the reported results for the investigated target proteins were similar when normalized to housekeeping protein expression (data not shown). It may be speculated that the total muscle mass changed during the intervention period and thus an undetected global change of protein expression pattern may have existed. However, the athletes were weight stable, and no significant gain or loss of muscle mass would be expected with the applied training procedures.
The recruitment of elite-level athletes and the study period of 2 mo resulted in limitations primarily related to the statistical power. This is especially true for the arterial measurements, where n = 6 in the LHTL group and n = 4 in the placebo group. Therefore, detection limits for the primary arterial values is shown in Table 3. With regard to changes in muscle characteristics, the calculated detection level of muscle buffer capacity was 12% between groups and 8% within the LHTL group. For muscle protein expression, detection limits varied from ∼15 to 40%, dependent on the investigated protein. Based on the observed standard deviation of the group mean difference in Wingate mean power in successive tests, a change of ∼20 W in group mean difference would have been detected.
In conclusion, 4 wk of placebo-controlled normobaric LHTL do not alter muscular or systemic capacity for maintaining pH and K+ balance during exercise. In accordance, the capacity to perform work at intensities just above the V̇o2max and a 30-s all-out sprint is also unaltered.
The study was supported by Team Denmark, Bundesamt für Sport (BASPO), Switzerland, and Ministère des Sports and Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (France).
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).
N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. conception and design of research; N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. performed experiments; N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. analyzed data; N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. interpreted results of experiments; N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. prepared figures; N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. drafted manuscript; N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. edited and revised manuscript; N.B.N., C.S., R.A.J., P. Rasmussen, V.D., P. Robach, and C.L. approved final version of manuscript.
We are grateful to Jens Jung Nielsen and Martin Thomassen for excellent technical assistance with measurement of muscle buffer capacity and determination of protein expression.
- Copyright © 2012 the American Physiological Society


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Pamela Bohrer Brown, Director of Maternal and Child Health and Multicultural Programs for Baltimore Medical System, coordinates BHB activities in Patterson Park North and East. She is a member of a bilingual/bicultural family and resided in Venezuela for 17 years before moving to Baltimore. Cultural competency in health care and access to health care for immigrants are areas of particular interest. As the Prenatal Coordinator of Planned Parenthood of Maryland (1999-2002), she had the opportunity to accompany many immigrant women through labor and delivery as a doula (labor companion). She is a trained medical interpreter and trainer of interpreters. Pamela has worked on increasing access to health care for immigrants with HealthCare Access Maryland and Baltimore Medical System.
Cathy Church-Balin provides technical assistance to the design, implementation, and management of health communication projects in maternal and child health and directs the communication component of the BHB Initiative. She has over 20 years of experience in health communication and a decade in business development. She is currently the Business Development Director at Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs (CCP). Before returning to CCP in 2004 to lead business development efforts, she was Director of Education and Director of Maternal Health Information for the March of Dimes and a consultant with KPMG. She holds a master of health sciences in Maternal and Child Health from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and a master of business administration from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.
Cathy Costa is Infant Mortality and Child Fatality Review Director at the Baltimore City Health Department, where she leads the Fetal and Infant Mortality Review and Child Fatality Review projects. She has expertise in community needs assessment, program design, community mobilization, evaluation, racial and socioeconomic disparities in infant mortality, and maternal mental health. Previously, she led collaborations with researchers to develop web-based versions of leading screening and assessment tools and innovative outcomes monitoring systems for federal early childhood special education requirements. She earned Master of Social Work and Master of Public Health degrees from the University of Maryland School of Social Work and School of Medicine in 2012 and an undergraduate degree in American Studies and English from Dickinson College in 1996. She is a co-author of Community Building: Community Economic Development in Social Work (Columbia University Press, 2014).
Donnica Fife-Stallworth works for Family League of Baltimore as the Program Manager for B'more Fit for Healthy Babies. She has experience in community engagement and outreach, and leads all aspects of the weekly program. Ms. Fife-Stallworth has a B.S. in Mass Communications, and has worked in women's health initiatives for the past 4 years.
Jana Goins is an Epidemiologist for the Baltimore City Health Department's Bureau of Maternal & Child Health. She received her master's degree in Health Sciences from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Following her degree she worked in a clinical research setting at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, running a large data & bio-specimen repository to study rare diseases of the central nervous system. She has international experience working abroad in Central America as a data analyst/technical advisor for HIV & STI Behavioral Surveillance Surveys among high risk populations. Although she is a California native, she takes great pride in being a Baltimore City resident and enjoys giving back to the community through public health-based research and programs.
Caddi Golia is a Public Health Associate from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on a two-year fellowship assignment with the Baltimore City Health Department. While here she will be assisting with Child Fatality Review (CFR) and Fetal Infant Mortality Review (FIMR). Caddi has worked as a data collection consultant to a maternal health and sanitation mapping project in Haiti. She has also served as research assistant to a HIV/AIDS integrated stigma mitigation intervention project among key populations in Senegal and a graduate assistant at the International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC) at Hopkins. She earned her Master of Science in Public Health in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control in 2015 at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Since she was five her favorite food has been BBQ ribs.
Jennifer Kirschner manages BHB's Preventing Substance Exposed Pregnancies (PSEP) program and coalition. A Certified Health Education Specialist, Jen was a co-founding member of Baltimore Student Harm Reduction Coalition and served as the organization's first Executive Director. Prior to joining the Health Department, Jen enjoyed working on overdose prevention and response efforts with Behavioral Health System Baltimore. Jen de-stresses by watching sappy television, attempting to complete word puzzles, and goofing around with small children. She received her master's degree in Health Education and Health Communication from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and holds an A.B. in Psychology from Vassar College.
Min Kim is the Program Coordinator for Interconception Home Visiting. Having served as an AmeriCorps VISTA at the Baltimore City Health Department's Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, her current program is a continuation of her work. She is adapting the National Healthy Families America model specifically for mothers who had a fetal or infant loss. She received her BA in Health Science with a focus on Community Health Education from Towson University in 2013. In her spare time, she enjoys eating and spending time with her family, friends, and dogs.
Samantha Sileno is a 2014 Public Health Associate assigned with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on a two-year field placement with the Baltimore City Health Department. She assists with the Fetal and Infant Mortality Review (FIMR) program, Child Fatality Review (CFR) program and the Youth Advisory Council with the Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Initiative (TPPI). Samantha graduated from the University of Florida in 2014 with a bachelor's degree in Health Education. She has designed and implemented community-based health programs, with a focus on improving access to healthy food options and physical activity for families.
Paula Stauffer, a Program Officer II at the Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, supports BHB's communication and community initiatives in nutrition and fitness, literacy, substance abuse prevention, tobacco control, safe sleep and family planning. She has developed communication strategies and worked on numerous behavior change programs in South Asia. She has a master of health sciences from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Stacey B. Stephens is Director of BHB's Upton/Druid Heights Program. She has over 17 years of experience in assisting underserved women and children gain access to medical and mental health services throughout the Baltimore and the D.C. Metropolitan area. Stacey has worked at several nationally renowned hospitals including Johns Hopkins Medical Center, University of Maryland Medical System and The Children's National Medical Center in Washington, DC. She has developed several community based programs that help women and adolescent girls in the areas of HIV/AIDS, breast cancer and infant mortality. Stacey is a Clinical Instructor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore School of Social Work and an Adjunct Professor at Morgan State University School of Social Work where she teaches and inspires future healthcare professionals. She is a Certified Diversity Practitioner which enables her to help individuals, groups, organizations and communities effectively manage cultural differences and influence system change. Stacey earned a master of social work from the University of Maryland at Baltimore.
Tina Suliman is a Communications Specialist at the Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs. She assists BHB Initiative by providing communication and social media support. After graduating from Georgetown University with a BA in Psychology in 2006, Tina worked as a research assistant on a clinic asthma study at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, DC. In May 2012, Tina earned her MSPH in health education and health communication from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Jazmyn Thompson is the Project Coordinator for BHB Home Visiting. Jazmyn received a BA in Psychology, as well as a minor in Leadership Studies, from Hampton University in 2011. In 2015, she earned a Master of Public Health degree (Community and Population Health concentration) from the University of Maryland School of Medicine. She has experience in community engagement and outreach, and has thoroughly researched the ways that engagement can influence the health of communities, families, and individuals. She loves public health, and is particularly interested in urban and family health.
Stacey Tuck works for the Baltimore City Health Department (BCHD) as the Co-Director of the B'more Fit for Healthy Babies program, and she is humbled and excited to see the health improvements that program participants are making. Mrs. Tuck has close to 20 years of Maternal and Child Health experience at BCHD in program development and monitoring, health education/promotion, and fiscal administration. She has raised or managed approximately 15 million dollars in program funds, assisted in the development of the original ABCs of Safe Sleep campaign, and presented program findings at national conferences. Mrs. Tuck earned her Master of Health Sciences from Towson University in 2002 and a Bachelor's degree in communication sciences from Northwestern University in 1994. Most importantly, she is a wife and the proud mom of two fabulous boys. She enjoys spending time with her family, leading her church dance ministry, working out, and cooking.
Liz Tung is the Program Director of Family Literacy and Baby Basics. She previously was a Special Assistant to the Commissioner of Health, where she helped the agency prepare for accreditation and adapt to the Affordable Care Act. Before moving to Baltimore, Liz was a Peace Corps Volunteer in Togo where she worked on a community-based HIV treatment and care program. She also spent five years as a Program Officer for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in Geneva, where she helped manage the Kenya and Uganda portfolios and define the organization's performance-based funding model. Liz has a B.A. in History from Yale University and an MPH from Johns Hopkins University. She loves living a few blocks from her office with her husband, Roy, and their young son, River.
Samantha Wilkes was born and raised in the Baltimore area. She has an B.S degree in Health Education from Towson University with significant experience implementing and evaluating health promotion programs. Prior to joining the Family League in July 2014, Samantha has coordinated two large, multi-faceted, childhood obesity prevention projects at the University of Maryland. From 2010-2013, Samantha was the data coordinator for Challenge! In Middle Schools an obesity prevention and health promotion program funded by the National Institute of Health, targeting urban African American adolescents girls in Baltimore City middle schools. In this role she trained and managed UMB staff and interns on data collection protocols and procedures when conducting health surveys and home visits. From 2013-2014, Samantha lead the planning of Maryland's Building Blocks for Healthy Children, a USDA Funded Training grant which provided technical assistance and resources to child care centers to improve their nutrition environment.


text: Accessories brand JAM HOME MADE has been rampant in its collaborative projects as of late. Porter is the latest brand to offer a platform of collaboration with its Daypack which features a waterproof nylon in black with cordovan leather detailing and an American coin motif. Available now at JAM HOME MADE.


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NOTE: This page is archived for historical purposes and is no longer being maintained or updated.
Activities: NIOSH Research Projects
The activities of the PPT Program are summarized in the form of quad charts. The quad charts provide a quick visual snapshot of the project by providing the 1) objective of the project, 2) key milestones for the project, 3) lists of partners and stakeholders, 4) outputs and outcomes. The quad charts for the PPT Program are separated into four categories to reflect the goals of the Cross-Sector. The PPT Program project distributions for 2015 are listed below.
View prior project distributions for 2006 to 2013.
The PPT Program laboratory facilities are described here: PPT Program Laboratory Facilities [PDF - 4.5 MB] [current as of November 2007]
2015 Projects
- Long Term Field Evaluation of Special Respirators (NORA)
- TIL (other classes of respirators) (NORA)
- Certified Product Investigation Process (CPIP)
- Quality System Assessment and Records (Site Audits)
- Quality System Assessment and Records (Product Audits)
- Long Term Field Evaluation (LTFE) of SCSRs (NORA)
- Advancing Respiratory Device Technology through Breathing Gas Chemical Research
- Respiratory Protection during Post-Fire Activities
- Advancing Respiratory Personal Protective Equipment through ESLI Research
- Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Standard
- Technology Evaluation Branch Systems Support
- Respirator Testing and Certification
- Air Fed Ensembles
- Closed Circuit Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (CC-SCBA) Regulatory Module
- Combination Unit Respirator (CUR)
- Supplied Air Respirators (SAR) Module
- Healthcare Surveillance (Vanderbilt)
- Better Respirator Equipment Using Advanced Technologies For Healthcare Employees (BREATHE) (NORA)
- Fluid Resistance Properties of non-FDA cleared FFRs
- Comparison of Facemask & Respirator Filtration Test Methods
- Development of Computer-Aided Face-Fit Evaluation Methods (NORA)
- Frequency of Fit Testing (NORA)
- Respirator Performance Against Nanoparticles under Laboratory and Workplace Settings
- Physiological Evaluation of Tight- and Loose-Fitting PAPRs
- Advanced Headform Total Inward Leakage Test System
- Methods for continuous, real-time evaluation of Respirator Protection Factor
- Cardiorespiratory Effects of Respirators in Mild Respiratory Disease
- Why Hospital Staff Catch the Flu: Assessing Modes of Transmission
- O2 Saturation & Trans CO2 Levels in Pregnant Workers Using a Filtering Facepiece Respirator and Surgical Masks
- Physiological Validation of the Total Heat Loss (THL) Test (NORA)
- Development of PPE Ensemble Test Methods (NORA)
- Next Generation Structural Fire Fighting PPE Ensemble: Project HEROES (NORA)
- Development of Performance and Design Criteria for Isolation Gowns
- Penetration of Engineering Nanomaterial Through Protective Gloves (NTRC)
- National Academy of Science Involvement in NPPTL
- NORA Public Safety Sector Program
- PPT Cross Sector Program
- PPT Program, Conformity Assessment
- ISO 17025 Implementation in NPPTL Laboratories
- Respirator Approval: Policy and Standards Development
- 14-NS-14-06 DHS. Respiratory Protection Project (DHS S&T Directorate) Reimb (DHS)
- Chemical Characterization and Optimization of Chemicals in Respiratory Protective Devices
- Standards Development - Organizational Committee Support - ISO
- Evaluation, Certification and Coordination Activities
- Validation of ISO Proposed Protection Class
- PPE Pro Database
- Respirator Certification Fees
- Standards Development - Organizational Committee Support - ANSI
- Standards Development - Organizational Committee Support - ASTM
- Standards Development - Organizational Committee Support - NFPA
- InterAgency Board (IAB)
- PPT Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Intervention in Pesticide Handlers
- Technology Research Branch Overview
- Sweating Thermal Manikin Testing (Natick-US Army)
- Comparison of ISO 16900-1 Test Methods for Determing Inward Leakage
- Validation and Evaluation of ISO Work of Breathing Test Method and Proposed RPD Performance Requirement
- A Java-based Permeation Calculator for Eff Workplace Health Pro and Reappr of ASTM Std F2815
- Eval of Stability of Stockpiled Respirators
- Communication and Outreach Overall Plan
- Assessment of Mobile Applications for Improving Healthcare Worker Compliance with Proper Respirator Use
- Healthcare Worker Respirator Surveillance and Interventions
- Fire Fighter Fatality and Injury Prevention Program - Protective Clothing and SCBA Evaluations
- Cardiovascular Event Intervention in Firefighters using Wearable Personal Cooling Systems and/or Prophylactic Aspirin Therapy
- Evaluation of Postural Stability in Subjects Exercising in a Hot Environment While Wearing Firefighter PPE
Contacts Next Page: NIOSH Funded Research Grants
- Page last reviewed: March 10, 2015 (archived document)
- Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory


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Robert Honecker Jr., the lawyer for Markoff's fiancée, Megan McAllister, told Early Show co-anchor Julie Chen Thursday that, even though his client still considers herself to be engaged to Markoff, "The wedding that's been planned is obviously off."
The word came after an emotional jailhouse meeting Wednesday between Markoff and McAllister -- their first since he was put behind bars -- and as reports surfaced of potentially damning new evidence against Markoff.
He's charged with shooting Julissa Brisman, who'd advertised her services as a masseuse on Craigslist, on April 14 at the Boston Marriott Copley Place hotel. He's also accused in the robbery at a nearby hotel of another woman who'd placed a similar ad on the Website.
Markoff has pleaded not guilty.
McCallister ignored reporters as she entered the jail to visit Markoff. The meeting, which Honecker described as "candid and frank," lasted 25 minutes. Honecker says he doesn't expect her to visit again in the "near future," adding, "I think she feels good about coming up to see him, but now it's time to move on with her life."
New reports say police found 16 pair of women's underpants -- allegedly souvenirs from his victims -- and 60 pair of plastic restraints hidden under the bed Markoff shared with McCallister.
McAllister didn't appear to be wearing an engagement ring.
But Honecker told Chen Thursday, " There's been no breakoff of the engagement. ... She went to the jail with her mother. She met with him for 25 minutes. Obviously, that conversation was just between her and her fiancée.
"When she came down from that conversation, she was emotional, obviously, and she also realizes that he faces serious charges, and there's a point where he has to face those charges through the criminal justice system, and she has to move on with the things that she also has planned, other than their wedding, in her life. And that's what she's going to do.
"Right now, the August -- the wedding that's been planned is obviously off. There are no plans to reschedule any wedding; it's being dismantled. Those familiar with weddings -- it takes a little bit to put them together and it takes a little bit to take them apart. And that's being done at this point. And quite frankly, the charges that he faces makes it unlikely that it will be rescheduled.
" ... She's still supporting him. She still believes in him. She believes in the person that she knows, and loves. And the person described in the media, and by authorities, is not that person. Obviously, she realizes that with the serious charges, that his fate should rest in the criminal justice system. Everyone is innocent until proven guilty. And she should allow that process to play out until his fate is decided."


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Douglas Yawberry has been promoted to vice president of operations at Weigel Stores Inc., a Knoxville Dairy and convenience store chain. In his new position, Yawberry is responsible for all store related operations, and will serve as a member of Weigel's Corporate and Market Planning Group. Yawberry, a graduate of State Fair College Sedalia, Mo.,
Weigel Stores Promotes Yawberry
Tom Robinson Leads Slate of 2010-11 NACS Executive Committee Officers
NACS announced the election of its 2011-12 Executive Committee during its Board of Directors meeting at the NACS Show in Chicago. Tom Robinson, president of Santa Clara, Calif.-based Robinson Oil Corp., was named the association's 2011-12 chairman of the board. Robinson also chairs the NACS Executive Committee, which provides strategic direction and financial oversight to the
Couche-Tard COO Steps Down
Alimentation Couche-Tard Inc. has announced that Réal Plourde is stepping down as chief operating officer effective today. Plourde plans to remain executive vice-president and a member of the executive committee. Brian Hannasch, currently senior vice-president of U.S. operations and a close associate of Plourde, will succeed him as chief operating officer. "Plourde's contribution to the


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Manchester, England - Rain reduced the second Twenty20 international between England and South Africa at Old Trafford on Monday to a nine-overs-per-side contest.
After England captain Stuart Broad won the toss and elected to field, fast bowler Steven Finn was preparing to send down the first ball of the match as scheduled at 6.30pm (17h30 GMT) when fresh rain forced the players off the field in this floodlit contest.
Bad weather delayed the start in total for two-and-a-quarter hours until play began at 8.45pm (19h45GMT).
Both teams made changes following South Africa's seven-wicket win in Chester-le-Street on Saturday which confirmed their status as the world's top-ranked Twenty20 side heading into this month's World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka.
World Twenty20 champions England dropped Ravi Bopara, out of form with the bat, and recalled Luke Wright to the number three position once occupied by the now exiled Kevin Pietersen - man of the tournament when they won the 2010 edition in the Caribbean.
Essex all-rounder Bopara has struggled for runs since returning to England duty following unspecified personal problems and was omitted after scores of 16, zero, six, zero and six in his last five international innings.
South Africa made two changes.
They dropped Faf du Plessis and recalled in-form batsman Hashim Amla, who in the preceding Test and one-day series managed a huge combined tally of 817 runs at 116.71.
They also left out left-arm seamer Lonwabo Tsotsobe, whose two overs at Chester-le-Street cost an expensive 22 runs, and brought back tall fast bowler Morne Morkel. - Sapa-AFP


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Artist of the day: Julie Black
Julie Black's first CD, 2007's Julie Black, Call Me Angel for the Blues, was named one of the Top 5 Contemporary Blues Albums of the Year by Blues Critic Radio. Black, who is also a painter and sculptor, created the cover artwork and included a thankful acknowledgement to Solomon Burke. After sending him a copy, Burke wrote back and the two enjoyed a written correspondence before his death in 2010.
Her second effort featured 15 new originals and was released in 2009. You Just Might Win made it to the Top 10 at B.B. Kings' Bluesville on XM /Sirius and earned stellar reviews in the 20th anniversary edition of Blues Revue Magazine. And she's about halfway through recording 17 songs for the yet-to-be named third CD set for release in early 2013.
"It's nothing for me to write 10 songs a day," she said. "It's almost like I have a radio going on in my head that never stops. When I wake up, I have songs in my head. When I'm dreaming, I have songs in my head."
Black will perform at 3 p.m. Saturday at the third annual Pigz in Z'Hills BBQ & Blues Festival, at Charles B. Krusen Field in Zephyrhills. Click here for details.
For more on Julie Black, click here for Michele Miller's full profile.


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BP Comment Quick Links
|Strength of Schedule Report
September 18, 2009
Under The Knife
Interest Over Impact
Billy Sadler (10/4)
Zack Greinke (9/22)
Jonathan Papelbon
Chan Ho Park (10/4)
Rich Harden (10/4)
Chipper Jones (9/21)
Carlos Delgado (10/1)
Quick Cuts: The latest word on Huston Street is that he'll join the Rockies this weekend. ... Johnny Cueto will miss his next start, but don't get too worried, Reds fans, he's just ill, not injured. ... Gavin Floyd is having trouble with the hip of his landing leg; he had push-hip problems earlier this season. ... J.A. Happ heads back into the Phillies' rotation, as his oblique strain seems to have cleared up. ... Michael Young is expected to play for the Rangers this weekend, though the role depends on his hamstring. ... Jose Reyes is not running-at all. Surgery is still an option. ... Gary Sheffield made an appearance Thursday, his first since back problems sidelined him in mid-August. ... Brett Tomko has been shut down by the A's. ... Tanner Scheppers signed with the Rangers. As for his health, a bonus of "more than a million dollars" tells you that the Rangers think he's healthy, but risky. ... Congrats to friend of UTK Pete Abraham, who will be moving to the Boston Globe. ... A great article about kicking conventional wisdom in football, but what would be the baseball equivalent? ... Finally, a request: I love having conversations with you, the readers and friends of this column. Whether it's here or Twitter or a chat, one of my ways of thanking you and earning the dollars you spend with us is by answering questions. It does get really frustrating, however, when comments turns into a string of "What about this guy?" I can't write about every injury, so I pick the most impactful or interesting (as in the case of Sadler). Let's have a conversation.
9 comments have been left for this article.
BP Comment Quick Links
Sep 18, 2009 10:20 AM
Will Carroll
BP staff
Yeah, there's a lot of sharing, just because most of the medical knowledge either trickles down or comes up to baseball. The hip stuff that's all the rage is the result of the run on hip replacements and the knowledge gained there. Pitching injuries often show up in elderly shoulders as they wear out with time rather than exceed their pitch counts. Conferences like what PBATS, ASMI, and Kerlan-Jobe put together also help.
Sep 18, 2009 12:24 PM
Don't you think they were just trying to get Greinke the win to boost his Cy Young chances? That begs the question: is getting the Cy Young in Zack's best interest if he gets hurt? But, unlike the Royals' other travesties this year, I think Trey was trying to look out for him.
Sep 18, 2009 10:46 AM
Hey Will - Great link for the punting, as usual. In baseball I'd say some of the ideas that have been challenged have already been looked at - the sacrifice bunt, the intentional walk, and break even points for stolen base success rates. A key thing to keep in mind is that they're writing about high school football - I would doubt that an NFL team would be able to recover 25% of their onside kicks (I think the success rate is ~10% when the kick is expected) and the average starting field position after a kickoff would be deeper. I'm not sure how 4th down conversion rates would compare though.
Sep 18, 2009 10:50 AM
Will Carroll
BP staff
Agree - it's much more multifactorial. I think some team could say "We're never bunting, ever" and see what happens. Granted, it'd probably be good to drop one down in real surprise situations just to keep the defense honest. I'd be curious if we could use a five-man infield in a GBP v GBH situation and if there's an advantage ...
Sep 18, 2009 12:26 PM
I think the equivalent in baseball would be "always going for the extra base for the 20% chance you get a bad throw". Bad decision in either sport, if you ask me.
Sep 18, 2009 12:05 PM
That Greinke situation does two things.
Sep 18, 2009 13:58 PM
FYI, according to the papers in NY, Delgado was ready to come back and pulled a muscle in his oblique. I don't know if this was a cascade-type of injury or what, but I also don't know if Delgado not coming back is instructive as to the surgery itself.
Sep 18, 2009 14:11 PM
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The Rockford Fire Department presented its 2013 Year End Review to the Rockford City Council at its Feb. 25 meeting, as well as a new proposal to cost-effectively increase manpower and pre-qualify, and train, future members of the department.
Rockford Fire Department Chief Ben Sanderson reported that the department received 322 calls in 2013. Any time the pager goes on, he said, was considered a call for this count. Medical calls came in high in at 217, and fire calls had a significant bump at 28. There were 11 car accidents with injuries that the department responded to, one with a fatality. Department member training and meetings logged more than 4,000 hours collectively, not inclusive of participation in community events like River Days.
To date, the department had received 43 calls, many related to falls caused by snow and icy conditions.
At the conclusion of his fire report, Sanderson moved into his proposal for a reserve team of firefighters.
He said these programs were in practice in conjunction with fire departments in Albertville, St. Michael and Monticello and that he'd made some calls to get a better understanding of how they worked. The information he gathered was positive and he stated that a firefighter reserve program could be a great fit for the Rockford department for a number of reasons.
Adding as many as 10 reserves would increase manpower with very little financial commitment from the city. The reservists would receive Firefighter I and Firefighter II training and, possibly, additional training if they show potential in coming onto the paying roster.
"Bare bones is you get more man hours with no pay," Sanderson said. The department just recently started paying its members on a nominal per-call basis, and members are eligible for a pension.
Sanderson told the council that, due to schedules and conflicts, about half the current members show up on calls. Adding a reserve team of 10 would presumably result in an additional five members at a call.
"We're burning out the 15 people who can show up to calls as it is," he said.
He went on to explain that the reservists would be trained and treated no differently than the other department members with the exception of pay. They would be expected to show up to calls, attend meetings and training as frequently as possible and perform the job to the same level as paid members. They would also be first in line to step into paying positions on the department as they open up, judged on merit and demonstrated commitment.
"These guys are ready to go. You have a paying spot that opens up on the regular roster, they're trained. You don't have to wait for them to be trained, you don't have to wait for their knowledge. They're able to get on a truck and work every call right now." He added that putting applicants in the reserves to start gives them the opportunity to prove that they are interested in joining the department for all the right reasons.
The city and Fire Department reached an agreement to fund a department of 33 firefighters about eight years ago. One position is open at this time, and Sanderson has received several applications. The reserves, he said, would be a good way to utilize interested applicants, getting them through training and using them at calls sooner rather than later. He pointed out that this would be a good time to implement the program as calls are on the rise and new building is picking up in Rockford as well and the department's service areas of Greenfield and Rockford Township.
Councilor Denise Kesanen asked Sanderson if having paid and unpaid members working together would create a teamwork issue. Sanderson said that this did not appear to be the case for the departments who have reservists. He said that the facts are clearly spelled out in the application process, so those interested would know what to expect. He added that the expectation of being added to the paying roster was a good incentive that would likely keep reservists active and committed. He also added that those on the paying roster who were not showing up regularly to calls and meetings were not getting the financial benefits they qualified for anyway, and a merit-based scenario could be useful in putting the right people in the right positions.
Mayor Renee Hafften cautioned Sanderson to build some kind of a weighting system into the promotional piece of the proposal to make sure the process was transparent and not subject to any suspicions of discrimination or favoritism.
Councilor Jeannette Graner explained that the department had new software in place that logged everything its members did and made biannual previews fact-based and easily accessible.
Asked if the proposed reserve team was his preference over hiring additional firefighters, Sanderson stated that it was, in part due to financial efficiency.
There will be some costs associated with getting the reserve program on its feet, including additional workers compensation insurance fees and training for hours not covered by grants, should that be the case sometime in the future, and the council asked that Sanderson return with an approximation to continue the conversation.
No council action was taken.
The next regular meeting of the Rockford City Council is at 7 p.m. Tuesday, March 11, at Rockford City Hall, 6031 Main St.


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SPRING, Texas (AP) -- A man charged with killing four children and their parents forced his way into the family's suburban Houston home, tied them up and shot them in the back of the head when they refused to tell him where his ex-wife was, authorities said Thursday.
The lone survivor of the attack, the slain couple's 15-year-old daughter, suffered a fractured skull when a bullet grazed her head. She played dead and called 911 after Ronald Lee Haskell left the house, prosecutors revealed at a court hearing.
A day after the slayings, investigators slowly built a picture of Haskell, who was the couple's estranged brother-in-law.
The 33-year-old man is accused of killing his ex-wife's sister, Katie Stay, and her husband and the children ranging in age from 4 to 14, after binding them and putting the family face-down on the floor of their home.
Haskell had a handful of previous run-ins with law enforcement in Utah, where he had lived with his wife. Neighbors said Haskell's marriage was so rocky that Stay went to Utah last fall to help her sister escape the relationship and start a new life in Texas.


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As television critics ponder their post-mortems for the 2003-04 season, much attention will be paid to this year's crop of guilty pleasures. Whether it's the O.C., Simple Life or Average Joe, we all secretly harbor shows we're embarrassed to admit we watch.
So let me be the first to come out of the closet and rave about the WB's One Tree Hill. A melodramatic, deliciously awful teen soap, One Tree Hill follows in the tradition of Dawson's Creek, that other WB teen soap we all loved to hate.
Though lacking the wit and clever scripts of Creek, One Tree is just as much fun in a heavy-carb, high-fat kind of way. The show follows the impossible circumstances of two teenaged boys, Lucas (played by the frizzy-haired, scruffy-faced Chad Michael Murray) and Nathan (the drop-dead gorgeous newcomer James Lafferty).
Fathered by the same diabolically evil prick, Dan (Paul Johansson), Lucas was abandoned as an infant and forced into a life of near poverty with his single mom (Moira Kelly), owner of the local hipster coffee shop. Nathan, meanwhile, has led a life of privilege and opportunity, maturing into the high school basketball star and honey to teen blondey, Peyton (Hilarie Burton).
Fates collide (as they so often do in WB dramas), and Lucas and Nathan eventually end on the same hoops team, vying for the top slot as b-ball wunderkind, and for the affections of the prized Peyton, a moody, brooding gal, who freelances as a provocative, if not pretentious, cartoonist.
One Tree Hill suffered from a rocky start, devoting far too much time to the back story: how the brothers ended up apart and the inner emotional lives of the series' adult characters. The writers also dawdled on setting up Dan, One Tree's resident Bad Guy. Impossibly hateful in his rejection of Lucas and absurdly cruel to his favored son Nathan, it's a wonder no one ever took this creep out. Why his charming wife stayed by his side is a mystery.
Mercifully, after the first few episodes, the script doctors came to the rescue, and sent the show hurling back into the dramatic canyons of high school. Lucas and Nathan, once archenemies, enter into a truce of sorts, a kind of adolescent Camp David. Thusly, the cast's female characters figure themselves out too. Lucas's best friend since childhood, Haley, ends up falling for Nathan. And Peyton, Nathan's ex, goes for Lucas.
But, come now, things are never that easy. Enter Brooke (Sophia Bush), Peyton's bad-ass best friend, who ends up going after Lucas as well. Cue the heartfelt John Mayer song. This is beginning to get good.
Credit is due to the WB execs who championed this show and saved it from an early death when anemic ratings threatened its survival. In a TV season when promising shows were yanked entirely too early (Fox's Skin and Wonderfalls), One Tree was renewed rather early. Then viewers had the luxury to stick with it and watch it develop. We were richly rewarded.
At times, One Tree Hill can be too earnest and sensitive for its own good. Can you really handle a plotline about a high school dad who sings guitar lullabies to his infant daughter? Or the subplot about Whitey, the aging basketball coach/gadfly, who spreads his wisdom around like a Zen master?
But just before you reach for the remote, One Tree throws us the red meat: a locker room shower scene with bare-chested hotties, a drunken slut plying her wares at a boozy beer party, or the misty-eyed, hunky Nathan breaking down to say he loves the unpopular girl.
Sometimes I think it's utterly ridiculous when critics bemoan the collective creative output of the TV biz today. Not that I haven't written my share of Cassandra columns. But face it: sometimes TV's just meant to be distracting. If it comes down to One Tree Hill or the laundry, I'll happily go naked.
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The U.S. Mint's First Spouse series features each of the First Ladies that have graced the White House. This issue, graded a perfect MS-70 by NGC, honors Abigail Adams.
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Kukla's Korner Hockey
Melnyk's Forensic Report Not Yet Complete
by Paul on 04/20/13 at 09:36 AM ET
Comments (2)
from Bruce Garrioch of the Ottawa Sun,
While the forensic investigation into whether the Pittsburgh Penguins' shift disturber intentionally sliced the Achillies tendon of the club's top defenceman on Feb. 13 continues, Melnyk won't speak until the results are complete.
"Look, it's got nothing to do with settling down," said Melnyk. "I've committed to not say anything about it until we've completed everything we need to do, and speak to the league about it.
"I'll do anything I have to do to protect my players. It's as simple as that, and that's exactly what I'm doing there, and after that I can't really comment.
"It'll take a couple of months before anything really comes out."
Melnyk doesn't believe there will be retribution against Cooke when he arrives here Monday with the Penguins.
"I don't think so. We don't care about those kinds of players," said Melnyk. "They're not the ones we're worried about for Pittsburgh. We have to worry about the elite players and that's what they're going to be focused on.
Filed in: NHL Teams, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, | KK Hockey | Permalink
Tags: erik+karlsson, matt+cooke
For not being worried about "those kinds of players", Melnyk sure has made a fuss about em'.
Posted by Primis on 04/20/13 at 12:57 PM ET
While it may be (oh hell - it IS) completely misguided, Melnyk wants to show his players he'll protect them. It's a commendable goal, even if he's going about it in a ridiculous way.
Good to be rich, I guess.
Posted by Da lil Guy from Guelph, Ontario on 04/20/13 at 01:15 PM ET
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The young woman on the receiving end of Miguel's flying leap over a crowd at the Billboard Music Awards might have suffered a head injury, her attorney told ABCNews.com
College student Khyati Shah "did suffer a suspected head injury," attorney Vip Bhola said. "At this time, she is seeking further consultation" with medical experts.
Bhola said in the days after the May 19 awards at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, which aired on ABC, Shah "experienced some symptoms" that "didn't abate and became worse."
She then began to "inquire about a deeper medical issue," Bhola added.
Video of Miguel's performance shows his leaping across an audience that was dividing the stage and landing with his legs slamming into two women.
The Grammy-winning singer was interviewed after the concert with Shah beside him, holding an icepack on her elbow.
"It wasn't appropriate treatment," her attorney said.
The 27-year-old singer later tweeted that he "got caught up in the moment" and said Shah was "OK."
Now that Shah is seeking further medical tests, Bhola said they will wait to see what the results are before discussing the next steps.
"If a lawsuit becomes necessary, we will certainly take that course," he said, adding that he has already been in touch with Miguel's attorneys. "But it is premature to discuss a lawsuit when we don't know what the medical conditions are."
Miguel, born Miguel Jontel Pimentel, had been warned against jumping over the crowd prior to his performance, according to TMZ.
Bhola said he was unaware of such a warning.
The show's producers and Miguel's rep did not immediately respond to requests for comment.


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RECIPES: Recipe Details
Stuffed to die for
I have always enjoyed my burger on the well done side but they were usually on the dry side once finished. In the 70's I started fooling around various ways to cook one and came up with a stuffed burger that could be cooked well done but still stay very moist on the inside. The unexpected plus of the recipe was that the additional flavors have made it to this day the best burgers I have ever had. When summer grilling season starts up the comment I hear the most from friends and family is when are we having burgers stuffed to die for!
Recipe makes 4 burgers
1 1/3rd lb ground sirloin evenly divided into 4 portions
4 tbs butter
1/2 vadalia onion diced fine
2 oz worchestershire sauce
4 teaspoons grey poupon mustard
1/2 teaspoon fresh ground pepper
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon granulated garlic
4 oz brie cheese
2 medium portabella mushroom caps diced
4 strips crispy bacon crumbled
4 slices sharp cheddar
4 big sesame topped rolls
4 slices Jersey beefsteak tomatoes
4 slices red onion
Take 1 portion of ground sirloin and flatten on cutting board. Spread 1 tbs butter on burger and press 1/4 of diced vadalia onion directly into the meat. Add 4-5 dashes of worchestershire sauce and 1 tsp grey poupon mustard over meat. Sprinkle 1/8 teaspoon pepper, salt and granulated garlic over the meat. Evenly place 1/4 of brie, portobella mushrooms and crumbled bacon to the top of the meat. Carefully fold up the sides of the meat until they meet and form a large burger with all the ingredients inside the burger. You may need to form the burger for awhile to make sure the ingredients stay within the burger. Repeat above instructions for each of the other 3 burgers. Pleace the burgers in a freezer safe dish covered by wax paper and freeze at least 1 hour. This prevents the burger from falling apart when you place it on the grill until it is seared on all sides. Pre-heat the grill on high at least 5 minutes before placing the burgers onthe grill. Cook each burger to the desired degree (as I said I love medium well burgers)but a too rare burger will not hold up as they are so moist. Just prior to removing from the grill add the sliced cheddar and allow to melt. Place the Jersey beefsteak tomato and red onion slice on the roll and place the burger on top and serve directly from the grill. Enjoy!


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Girls Basketball
The Magic bounced back from their second loss of the season last week to pick up two wins this week and run their record to 12-2 as they get set to begin conference play.
Friday night Monticello got hot and stayed hot as they scored 80 points in a 20-point rout of St. Cloud Apollo. Christine Lui led the way, scoring 20 points, including hitting five of Monticello's program-record ten three pointers in the contest.
Grace Sawatzke added 15 points for the Magic, to go with 7 assists, Gabby Laimer scored 13 to go with 4 steals and Alyssa Lentner turned in an impressive all-around game, finishing with nine points, 10 rebounds, five steals and three assists.
Tuesday night, Monticello traveled to Rocori to take to on a section opponent and came away with a 64-49 win.
The Magic led 20-13 at the half, then continued to stretch the lead in the second half as they cruised to the 15 point victory.
Sawatzke led Monticello with 20 points, Laimer added 12, Lentner scored 10, and Bailey Bechtold finished with six points.
Monticello hosts Becker tonight at 7:15.
Boys Hockey
After falling 6-2 to Brainerd Saturday afternoon, the Moose bounced back with a 4-0 home victory over Prairie Centre Tuesday night.
In the loss, the Moose got goals from Oliver Winsor and Sam Johnson.
In the win, Monticello started fast, scoring two goals in each of the first two periods.
Colton Jones got the first goal, Spencer Nelson tacked on the next two goals, and then assisted on the third goal, going to Tyler Mros.
Darien Jones earned the shutout with just eight saves, as the Moose outshot their opponents 36-8.
The Moose hit the road Saturday for a 7:30 p.m. game at River Lakes.
Girls Hockey
North Wright County scored five goals in the first and six in the second as they beat Cambridge 11-0 in their first game back after a lengthy layoff.
The Hawks, who hadn't played in two and a half weeks, got a six-point performance from Dani Sibley. The senior tallied four goals and two assists.
Marina Chapman was the next highest scorer, getting two assists to match two goals of her own.
Dayna Duncan made 15 saves to earn the shutout for NWC, who travels to Orono tonight for a 7 p.m. showdown with the Spartans, who are ranked No. 5 in Class A.