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Evolution Of The Human Race Biology Essay
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Evolution is an idea that envelops the theory that plants and animals had developed, the way they were by a process of gradual and continuous change. (Futuyma, 1997) This theory, also known as 'descent with modification', and effects all organisms (Futuyma, 1997).
1.2 Charles Darwin
Against many assumptions, evolutionary theory did not begin in the 18th century with Charles Darwin's "The Origin of Species" (Coyne, 2009). Similar ideas to evolution have existed since the times of the ancient Greeks, and had been in and out of favor in the periods between ancient Greece and the Victorian era (Coyne, 2009). By Charles Darwin's time the idea of evolution had been called "descent with modification" which was not especially controversial; several other evolutionary theories had also been proposed (Coyne, 2009).
1.3 Fossilization
In order for fossils to form, an animal or a plant must be trapped into a material. In many instances, fossils are found in the layers of sediment (Larsen, 1998). The layers of sediment will surround the remains; this can continue for thousands of years (Judkins, 2010). The actual remains that are found aren't the original organism at all (Larsen, 1998). Instead, the remains begin to decay within the sediment (Judkins, 2010). The minerals then replace the space left by decay (Larsen, 1998). The mineral hardens and makes an impression of the animal or plant. The remains are what are known as fossils (Judkins, 2010).
1.3 Evidence from paleontology
Paleontology aids in proving the 'Succession with modification" from fossils it is possible to find out how a particular group of organisms evolved by arranging its fossil records in a chronological sequence (Gros, 1979). Such sequences can be determined because fossils are mainly found in sedimentary rock, in different layers (Clark, 1973). Sedimentary rock is formed by layers of silt or mud on top of each other; thus, the resulting rock contains a series of horizontal layers, or strata therefore each layer contains fossils which are typical for a specific time period (Gros, 1979).
A succession of animals can also be seen from fossil records. Studying the number and complexity of fossils at different strata levels, it has been shown that older fossil-bearing rocks contain fewer types of fossilized organisms, and they all have a simpler structure, whereas younger rocks contain a greater variety of fossils, with more complex organisms.
In the past, geologists could only roughly estimate the ages of various strata and the fossils found (Gros, 1979). They did so, for instance, by estimating the time for the formation of sedimentary rock layer (Gros, 1979). More modern ways of finding the age of a fossil is done by measuring the proportions of radioactive and stable elements in a given strata level, the age of the fossil can be more precisely dated by scientists (Clark, 1973). This method is named as 'radiometric' dating (Baadsgaard, 1993).
1.4 Origins and evolution of humans
The recent African origin of modern humans is the most endorsed model representing the origin and early dispersal of modern humans and hominids (Tian, 2005). The concept was only a theory until the 80's; it was then corroborated by a study of mitochondrial DNA, combined with evidence based on physical structure of ancient specimens (Tian, 2005). According to genetic and fossil evidence, ancient H. sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans entirely in Africa, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago (Tian, 2005).
2.0 Evolution of hominid features
2.1 Brain Size
Cranial complexities had increased over evolutionary time, with the hominine brain increasing 3-fold over the last 3,000,000 years (Dehanene, 2009). Trends among humans show a strong correlation and trends in the brain size and general cognitive ability (Allen, 2009). It is okay to theorize that increasing brain size defines a higher intelligence (Dehanene, 2009). Intern larger craniums have higher associated costs, taking longer to develop and require greater energy to run. The current paper documents that in hominoids, as brain size increased from 300 to 1800 cm3 over several hominoid groups; it was accompanied by changes in seventy four muscular and skeletal traits (Allen, 2009). It is concluded that in the evolutionary competition to discover and fill the new niches, there was also a need for greater behavioral complexity and larger brain size, leading to domino-effects on other psychological and neurological traits (Dehanene, 2009).
2.2 Tooth Size
Parabolic ArcadeThere are strong trends in the size of human teeth, it can be seen that the diet heavily affects the dental attributes. The evolution of hominid teeth started with the Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba 5.8 to 5.2 MYA, are probably ancestral to the Australopithecus and subsequently the ancestors of humanity (Oxnard, 1987). A. ramidus's similarity to chimpanzees includes the thinner tooth enamel and smaller molars of a fruit and vegetable eater, while its lower canines and upper premolars display hominid traits. Apes generally have large canines, while human canines are small (Oxnard, 1987).
A. robustus as well as A. africanus both had teeth different to the modern apes. Apes have teeth with pointed cusps as adaptations to a diet of fruit and other soft vegetation (Ungar, 2010). The Australopiths have teeth flattened into grinding surfaces. This suggests a diet different to apes and consisting of tougher foods (Oxnard, 1987).
Overall in apes, the teeth are arranged in a rectangular shape, where the left and right cheek teeth are in two parallel lines (Ungar, 2010). Australopiths dental shapes tend to be more rectangular but have accents of parabolic shape, but in Humans the dental shape is a full parabola (Ungar, 2010). The trends reveal that there is also a strong trend in tooth size, such that the cheek teeth of modern humans are smaller than those of Australopithecus genus. Even in Humans there has been a decrease in tooth sizes over the last 30,000 years (Oxnard, 1987).
2.3 Forehead shape
There is a general trend towards a flatter facial angle with the appearance of more recent hominids, culminating in the vertical face of Homo sapiens (Lieberman, 2001). However there is considerable variation even among the older members of the lineage: Kenyanthropus platyops is named for its relatively flat face, its name means "flat-faced ape-man from Kenya" (Lieberman, 2001). Table 1 shows the different slopes of the homininae species, the greatest slopes are seen the chimpanzee and the gorilla, this possibly due to the size of their skull (it is much smaller than the hominids). The two species which have a flat forehead are the H. neanderthalis and H. sapien, a possible reason for a flat forehead is the large frontal lobe development in these two species. The older hominids have a more slanted forehead whereas newer hominid species have flatter foreheads.
2.4 Eyebrow Ridge
The brow ridge functions to reinforce the weaker bones of the face in much the same way that the chin of modern humans reinforces their comparatively thin mandibles (Endo, 1965). This was necessary in pongids and early hominids because of the tremendous strain put on the cranium by their tremendous chewing apparatus, which is best demonstrated by any of the members of the genus Paranthropus (Endo, 1970). The brow ridge was one of the last traits to be lost in the path to modern humans, and only disappeared with the development of the modern pronounced frontal lobe (Endo, 1965). This is one of the most salient differences between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis (Endo, 1970).
3.0 A comparison of the Chimpanzee and Human skull
The chimpanzee and human skulls are somewhat similar in their appearance, but when specificities are looked at there are many differences which are crucial to the animal's anatomy. The human skull consists of 28 bones and the chimpanzee has around 30 (Carlson, 1999). Several major differences between humans and chimpanzee skulls include:
Sagittal crests
Muscles that attach to the cranial base help to position, move, and stabilize the skull of the chimpanzee (Carlson, 1999). The sagittal crest provides the skulls movement and stability to the back and shoulder (Carlson, 1999). It is marked by nuchal lines and markings that represent attachment surfaces (Carlson, 1999). The nuchal crests of the chimpanzee are more extreme, this is because the chimpanzee's small skull combined with a much more muscular structure produces stronger crests (Carlson, 1999).
The chimpanzee's premaxilla is lengthened to support a larger and more forward projecting incisor set which helps in the chewing of food (Schultz, 2005). The premaxilla unites with the maxilla after birth (Schultz, 2005). In comparison the human premaxilla is a lot smaller due to the lack of large incisors (Schultz, 2005).
The human mandible is heavily reinforced by a bar of bone, since the size of the cranium is much larger which strengthens the symphysis (Carlson, 1999). The ape mandible lacks a mental protuberance and is reinforced by an inferior transverse torus. Viewed from above, the contrasting shape of the dental structure is very different (Carlson, 1999).
Cranial volume
The human skull has a 3 times greater endocranial volume which reflects a larger brain size, about 1200cc in human and about 400cc in chimpanzees (Cantalupo, 2009). The larger human skullcap creates for a larger surface area for the attachment of the M. temporalis (Cantalupo, 2009). Fibers from this muscle attach to the skull in the F. temporalis and pass behind the zygomatic arch to intercourse in the coronoid process and interior margin of the ascending ramus of jaw (Cantalupo, 2009). The temporal lines on the calvarium signify the terminal fibers of M. temporalis (Cantalupo, 2009). If cranial volume is small (in the case of the chimpanzee), there won't be enough surface area on the calvarium for fibers to join (Cantalupo, 2009). Where fibers from the opposite muscle meet, the sagittal crest is created. (Cantalupo, 2009)
Facial prognathism
Prognathism is a term used to describe the relationship of the mandible and maxilla to the skeleton base where either of the jaws protrudes or intrudes beyond a predetermined line (Kano, 1992). The projection of the face is greater in chimpanzees than humans (Kano, 1992). Flat faces are called orthognathic and projecting faces are called prognathic. (Kano, 1992) The craniofacial angle is used to quantify the extent to which the face projects beyond the neurocranium (Kano, 1992).
4.0 A. Boisei, H. Habilis, A. Lucy, A. Africanus and A. Robustus (odd one out)
Australopithecus africanus
A. africanus existed between 3 and 2 MYA (Kreger, 2010). Brain size ranged between 420 and 500 cc (Kreger, 2010). This is a little larger than chimp brains, but still not advanced in the areas necessary for speech. The back teeth were a little bigger than in the A. afarensis (Kreger, 2010). Although the teeth and jaws of A. africanus were larger than those of H. sapiens, they were far more similar to human teeth in comparison apes (Kreger, 2010).
Australopithecus robustus
A. robustus had a body similar to A. africanus, but a larger and more robust skull and teeth (Wood, 2004). It existed between 2 and 1.5 MYA (Wood, 2004). The massive face is flat or dished, with no forehead and large brow ridges. It had small front teeth, but it had large molar teeth in a larger lower jaw (Wood, 2004). The average brain size is about 530 cc. Bones excavated with robustus skeletons indicate that they may have been used as digging tools (Wood, 2004).
Australopithecus boisei
A. boisei existed between 2.1 and 1.1 MYA (Tobias, 1967). It was similar to A. robustus, but its face and cheek, teeth were bigger (some molars being up to 2 cm across) (Tobias, 1967). The brain size was similar to A. robustus; with an average of about 530 cc (Tobias, 1967). A few experts consider boisei and robustus to be variants of the same species (Tobias, 1967).
Homo habilis
H. habilis existed between 2.4 and 1.5 MYA (Tobias, 2009). It is similar to australopithecines in many ways; The face is still primitive, but it projects less than in A. africanus (Tobias, 2009). The back teeth are smaller, but still larger than in modern humans. The average brain size was larger than the australopithecine; at 650 cc (Tobias, 2009). The cranial shape is also more humanlike (Tobias, 2009). The bulge of Broca's area, which is needed for speech, is visible in one H. habilis brain cast, and indicates it was possible for it to speak (Tobias, 2009). H. habilis was thought to have been about 127 cm tall and weighed around 45 kilogram; females may have been smaller (Tobias, 2009).
Lucy (Australopithecus)
Lucy was found in Africa between 4 to 1 MYA (Johanson, 1982). Among them they shared many anatomical traits; they were fully bipedal (Johanson, 1982). The structural features were a small and apelike braincase, comparable in size to those of gorillas and other great apes, when compared to the overall body size (Johanson, 1982).
The comparison
The odd one out of these species is H. habilis, since it's the only descendant of the homo genus. The earliest known human was Homo habilis; it can be clearly seen in the timeline that the first remnants of this ancient ancestor date back to 2.5 MYA. H. habilis evolved earlier than A. boisei and A. Robustus which is odd because these two species are considered ancestors of the Homo genus, H. habilis's existence dates back earlier than these species. It can be seen that H. Habilis also dates back (to the same time or earlier) when compared to A. garhi. The existence of H. habilis disrupts the previously linear human evolution to a more networked based thought, the divergence between pongids and members of the Homo genus is not as clear as previously perceived. Habilis has been a controversial species. Originally, some scientists did not accept its existence as a separate species, believing that all habilis specimens should be assigned to either the australopithecines or H. erectus (Tobias, 2009). H. habilis is now fully accepted as a species, but it is widely thought that the H. habilis specimens have too wide a range of variation for a single species, and that some of the specimens should be placed in one or more other species (Tobias, 2009).
5.0 Evaluation
5.1 Australopithecus
From the evidence gathered by archeologists and paleontologists, it appears that the Australopithecus genus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 MYA before spreading throughout the continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 MYA.
The possible cause for this evolution to take place in Africa was seen in the critically statistical analysis presented by Martin Trauth, Juan Larrasoan and Manfred Mudelsee, in the journal "Trends, rhythms and events in Plio-Pleistocene African climate".
The journal was aimed at detecting trends, rhythms and events in representative dust flux records from the subtropical Atlantic, eastern Mediterranean Sea, and the Arabian Seas (Trauth, 2009). The journal sheds light on the significance of patterns of tropical African climate variability (Trauth, 2009). The results demonstrate that neither the proposed gradual increase in African aridity 3,000,000 years ago (Trauth, 2009). A comprehensive interpretation of the dust flux records in terms of Landscape variability in the Saharo-Arabia desert, together with their comparison with lake, pollen and isotopic records of African climate variability, indicate that the hydrological cycle in tropical Africa is mainly controlled by low-latitude heating via its impact on monsoon dynamics (Trauth, 2009). An examination of the fossil record indicates that the key clashes in hominin evolution reported nowadays at 2 (Trauth, 2009).6 MYA, 1.8 MYA and 1 MYA, which suggests that periods with enhanced speciation and extinction events coincided with periods of maximum climate variability on high moisture levels (Trauth, 2009).
5.2 Use of tools by the Australopithecus
Most species of Australopithecus were not able to use tools. Scientists have argued that A. garhi used stone tools due to the discovery of butchered animals and its remains in locations of A. garhi fossils (Asfaw, 1999). From Cranial capacity estimations of intelligence of a hominid species can be made, most species had cranial capacities between 800cc and 1830cc. On the other end of the spectrum the members of the Australopithecus had capacities between 350cc and 800cc although brain size does not necessarily entirely affect the intelligence of a creature it is a basis. The theory is that members of the Australopithecus species were not developed enough to develop and use tools that members of the Homo family used.
5.3 Knuckle walk
Chimpanzees and gorillas are the two main apes which use knuckle walking as a way of movement (Richmond, 2001). This form of hand-walking posture allows these tree climbers to use their hands while moving on the ground with retaining long fingers for climbing (Richmond, 2001). It may also allow small objects to be carried in the fingers while walking. Knuckle-walking tends to evolve when the fingers of the forelimb are specialized for tasks other than movement on the ground (Richmond, 2001). In the gorilla the fingers are used for the manipulation of food, and in chimpanzees for the manipulation of food as well as climbing (Richmond, 2001).
5.4 Nomadic society - Hunting and gathering.
A hunter/gatherer society is one whose primary method of subsistence involves the direct acquirement of edible plants and animals (Mayell, 2003). The Neolithic Revolution is the first agricultural revolution it was the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement (Mayell, 2003). Archaeological data indicate that different forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in six separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in India the Middle East around 10,000 BC (Mayell, 2003). Until about 50,000-40,000 years ago the use of stone tools seemed to have been used primarily (Mayell, 2003). Each member of the homo genus seemed to have started at a higher level than the previous one, but once that phase started further development slowed down (Mayell, 2003). These Homo species were conservative, but after 50,000 BC modern human had started to change at a much greater speed. Jared Diamond, the author of 'The Third Chimpanzee', and some other experts characterize this as a great Leap Forward. Modern humans started burying their dead, making clothing, developing complex hunting techniques, and engaging in cave painting (Diamond, 1992). That was something that had not been seen in human cultures prior to 50,000 BC (Diamond, 1992).
A model proposed by Geoffrey Miller who argues that human intelligence is unnecessarily sophisticated for the needs of hunter gatherers, since they just needed to survive. He argues that the manifestations of intelligence such as language, music and art are of no value to the survival of older hominids (Miller, 2000). Rather, intelligence may have been an indicator of attractiveness (Miller, 2000). Hominids would have selected for intelligence as a pathway for healthy genes to be seen in the offspring, sexual selection would have led to the evolution and increase of human intelligence in a short period. (Miller, 2000) Intelligence is a possible contributing factor which effected the transition from hunting and gathering to a more agriculture based sedentary society (Miller, 2000).
Three controversial human ancestors
Homo Floresiensis (The 'Hobbit')
Homo floresiensis was recently discovered species in Indonesia. Significant controversy has arisen regarding this species (Richards, 2006). H. Floresiensis is a possible species, now extinct, in the genus Homo. The remains were discovered in 2003 on the island of Flores in Indonesia (Cauchi, 2004). Partial skeletons of nine individuals have been recovered, including one complete cranium (Salleh, 2007). These remains have been the subject of intense research to determine whether they represent a species distinct from modern humans, and the progress of this scientific controversy has been closely followed by the news media at large (Salleh, 2007). This hominin is remarkable for its small body and brain and for its survival until relatively recent times as recent as 12,000 years ago (Cauchi, 2004).
Jacob Teuku known as the "grand old man" of Indonesian paleontology studied H. floresiensis 's remains and concluded that the remains did not belong to a new hominid species, but were those of H. sapiens after all (Richards, 2006). Teuku stated that the specimen suffered from microcephaly, a disorder resulting in abnormal development of the brain and, often, body (Richards, 2006). His diagnosis was backed by Indonesian colleagues and also a few Australian and American researchers whom he permitted to study the bones (Richards, 2006).
A. Ramidus
Ardipithecus Ramidus is a very early hominin genus. Two species are described in the literature: A. ramidus, which lived about 4.4 MYAduring the early Pliocene, and A. kadabba, dated to approximately 5.6 MYA(Perlman, 2010). The first fossil find was dated to 4.4 MYAbased on its interval between two volcanic strata: the basal Gaala Tuff Complex and the Daam Aatu Basaltic Tuff (Perlman, 2010). Its distinguishing characteristics are bipedalism incorporating an arboreal grasping hallux or big toe, reduced canine teeth and a smaller brain size comparable to that of the modern chimpanzee (Perlman, 2010).
Controversy struck when A. ramidus a purported human ancestor that was dubbed Science magazine's 2009 "Breakthrough of the Year" which is now coming under fire from scientists who say there is scant evidence for her discoverers' claims that there were dense woodlands at the African site where the creature lived 4.4 MYA(UNU, 2010). Instead, "there is abundant evidence for open savanna habitats," says University of Utah geochemist Thure Cerling, lead author of a critique published as a "technical comment" an issue of Science Magazine (UNU, 2010). However the issue is still disputed by many scientists and geologists alike.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct hominid species that is dated to about 7 million years ago (BBC, 2006). Whether it can be regarded as part of the Hominine tree is unclear; there are arguments both supporting and rejecting it (BBC, 2006). Another complication in its classification is that it is older than the human-chimpanzee divergence which was estimated between 6.3 and 5.4 MYA) seen in genetic data, and that there are few if any specimens other than the partial cranium known as Toumaï(BBC, 2006). The fossils were discovered in the Djurab desert of Chad, in July 2001 to March 2002 at three sites (BBC, 2006).
Controversy surrounding Sahelanthropus arose when a consensus of the specie's lineage was not reached. Sahelanthropus may represent a common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The original placement of this species as a human ancestor but not a chimpanzee ancestor would complicate the picture of human origins (Wolpoff, 2006). The researchers and the journals touted the fossils then as belonging to the earliest member of the human family so far discovered, proclamations that the scientific community knew would come under scrutiny (Wolpoff, 2006). The controversy began when; Chris Stringer, head of the Human Origins Program at the National History Museum in London, told National Geographic News in July that discoveries such as this are always complex because evidence is usually incomplete and there is little agreement about what key features characterize a distinct human ancestor (Wolpoff, 2006).
The analysis by Wolpoff and colleagues centers on the argument that the fossil, formally known as Sahelanthropus tchadensis and nicknamed Toumaï, does not have a feature which is needed for it to be identified a hominid (Wolpoff, 2006). Traits like bipedalism or erect posture are absent in the species (Wolpoff, 2006). It could of course be an ancestor of both humans and chimpanzees, it certainly is early enough, but there is no reason to be sure it is the ancestor of any surviving species (Wolpoff, 2006).


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Press Release
Business Wire – Thu Feb 26 07:01:00 CST 2009
HomePNA and HomeGrid Sign Liaison Agreement
Groups Work to Promote New ITU G.hn Global Wired Home Networking Standard
SAN RAMON, Calif. (BUSINESS WIRE) --
The HomePNA Alliance announced today that it has signed a liaison agreement with HomeGrid in order to promote the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) new all-wire G.hn home networking standard. The ITU, which approved the baseline for the Recommendation G.9960 late last year, is scheduled to approve the final recommendation by September 2009. The new "all-wire" standard operates over coax, phone wires and powerline at speeds up to one Gigahertz per second.
"We look forward to a close working relationship with HomePNA," said Matthew Theall, president of the HomeGrid Forum. "HomePNA has developed and standardized one of the leading technologies for home networking over coax and phone wires and HomePNA members have been strong supporters of the work being done in G.hn."
"Home networking is a key technology for us as we continue to expand our AT&T U-verse network and reach more customers," said David Rackley, Director, Consumer Product Analysis AT&T Labs. "We strongly support the ITU-T and the standards they create – including home networking. HomePNA is the ITU-T home networking Recommendation G.9954 and G.hn is the next recommendation from the same working group. A closer relationship between the two alliances that support these important ITU recommendations is good for consumers, OEMs and services providers like us."
"HomePNA embraces open global standard such as G.9954 and G.9960 and the HomePNA members are committed to supporting the new all-wire G.hn standard," said William Simmelink, president of HomePNA. "We all recognize the importance of wired networking to enable next generation home entertainment applications and believe a liaison between our two organizations is healthy for everyone involved."
"G.hn is really starting to gain momentum," said Gary Schultz president and principal analyst of MRG. "Any service provider delivering triple play services - whether a telco or an MSO - can benefit significantly from the G.hn technology. Because G.hn will help to consolidate the industry and grow the market, this agreement is a big step in that direction."
HomePNA is one of the fastest-growing home networking technologies with over a dozen service providers installing more than 25,000 new HomePNA-based networks worldwide each week. It is the only standard that operates over both coax cables and phone wires. HomePNA's guaranteed quality of service (QoS) delivers a high fidelity video experience for viewers while enabling service providers to reduce installation costs, utilize remote management and diagnostics to reduce operational expenses, and even reduce end-user costs through unified billing
About HomePNA
HomePNA is an incorporated, non-profit association of industry-leading companies such as AT&T, 2Wire, Motorola and Cisco working together to create, promote and certify multimedia home networking technology that operates over existing wires. HomePNA technology operates over coax cables and phone wires to deliver Internet Protocol (IP) services like IPTV, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and data, often bundled by service providers as triple-play services. Founded in June 1998, HomePNA members represent cutting-edge international companies that span the networking, telecommunications, hardware, software and consumer electronics industries. For more information on HomePNA, visit www.homepna.org and visit the HomePNA blog at http://homepnablog.typepad.com/.
Articles appearing above are picked up from Business Wire's feed. Stories from this feed are submitted by companies, edited and rereleased as a service of Business Wire.

subset: commoncrawl


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There have been voices of dissent over the justice of Lewis and Christie taking pounds 100,000 each at a time when others have been struggling to survive in the sport. The question is sure to be debated at Friday's management board meeting of the British Athletic Federation.
Wider issues also seem likely to be aired - notably the role of the Federation's promotions officer, Andy Norman, who has been criticised for holding too many potentially conflicting roles with his position as an agent for athletes such as Christie and Jackson coming under particular scrutiny.
With the arrangements for elite athletics being monitored, it is possible that responsibility for sending small teams to meetings abroad, which has previously been Norman's role, may be transferred to the national director of coaching, Frank Dick.
In the light of revelations that Christie earns more than twice as much per meeting as fellow Olympic gold medallist Sally Gunnell, the committee will discuss complaints from its women's advisory group that Britain's women are not treated equally - another veiled attack on Norman's role.
- More about:
- 100m Race
- Athletics
- British Cycling Federation
- Foreign & Commonwealth Office
- Track & Field


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Service Record — Michele Galeani
13 Nov 1812–16 Aug 1815 Hospital Mate.
1814 Served in Italy.
17 Aug 1815 Hospital Assistant.
May 1816 On leave in Sicily.
July 1816 On duty at Corfu.
Malta 1816 Arrived at Malta.
Malta Oct 1816 Left Malta.
Malta Feb 1823 Arrived at Malta. On duty with 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment, and with the convalescent depot.
Malta Apr-July 1823 Left for Sicily on leave.
Malta July 1824 Left Malta.
16 June 1825 Assistant Surgeon 43rd (Monmouthshire Light Infantry) Regiment.
7 Nov 1834 Appointed Surgeon 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment vice Surgeon Archibald Campbell Fraser 28th Foot who moved to the Staff on the retirement of Staff Surgeon John Leath. The vacancy in 43rd Foot was filled by Assistant Surgeon Thomas Hume 84th Foot.
19 June 1835 Surgeon 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot.
17 Feb 1843 Retired.


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There are some people who make us feel their negative aura every time they come around. They are judgmental, manipulative, narcissists, gossipers; they will never apologise and will blame you for their behaviour or reactions ("I'm angry because you made me"). Eventually, these people spread their negativity and pessimism everywhere they go. No wonder they gain the title of "toxic people".
Toxicity is dangerous and contagious. It is even more detrimental in today's world, where life is already too stressful for most of us and social media is there to remind us of our "imperfections". If we are not intelligent enough to manage our emotions, toxic people will affect our mental and physical well-being. Precisely, smart handling of toxic behaviors is critical to our health, happiness, and overall existence.Smart handling of toxic behaviors is critical to our health, happiness, and overall existence. Click To Tweet
Though dealing with toxic people is quite a challenge, it is not utterly impossible. Being emotionally strong and enjoying a high self-esteem are key. These are just a few ways to cope with toxic people and environments.
1. Ignore and Avoid
If you don't like what someone is saying – because the conversation revolves around complains or a pessimist perspective of a given situation -, stop paying attention and focus instead on any positive aspect of the conversation.
Learn to ignore, avoid, and overlook toxic behaviours at all costs. Toxic people will often find a way to manipulate your feelings and seek your attention. They will compulsively play with your sentiments to suit their needs and meet their goals. In order to resist their influence, you must be aware and in control of your own feelings and emotions.
If you pay toxic people the attention they crave, you will end up ruining your happiness. Ignoring such people, avoiding such situations, overlooking their tantrums, and maintaining an emotional distance are the steps to take the moment you realize you are dealing with a difficult person.
"Let go of people who just come to share complaints, problems, disastrous stories, fear and judgment of others. If someone searches for a bucket to throw all their trash into, make sure it's not in your mind."
– The Dalai Lama
2. Do Not Tolerate. Speak Up!
Ignoring toxicity is a wise idea up to a certain level, but sheer mental or physical torture is not worth tolerating. If toxic people try to achieve their personal gain at your expense, you must speak up.
In our social settings, we often keep quiet instead of challenging such behaviors upfront. Remember, pretending like there is nothing wrong only worsens the situation. If they are clearly at fault, try to make them aware of it assertively. Stand up not only for yourself and your own happiness, but also to put a stop to their actions.
3. Focus On The Solution
If you fixate on how difficult people are troubling your life, you are actually giving them power over you, which only cultivates negativity, creates a stressful environment, and shatters your happiness.
Do not pay too much attention to toxic people and what they want to make you feel and believe; focus instead on your goals, actions and reactions. This will boost your sense of self-efficacy and your self-esteem. It will contribute to your positive emotions and reduce your stress level as well.
The moment you put yourself in control, you restore your emotional stability by eliminating anger, sadness, and frustration caused by toxic or destructive environments.
4. Forgive – Always. Forget – NEVER!
Forgive but don't forget. This is a trait of emotionally intelligent people. Forgiveness is necessary to release all the negative emotions and feelings associated with a toxic person. It ensures that their toxicity does not drag you down so you can move on with total peace of mind.
Do forgive for the sake of your own happiness. However, forgiving does not mean that you are accepting, excusing, justifying, or denying the wrong act. Rather, learn from it and keep it in mind as a kind of protection from any future event. It is all about identifying the people you cannot trust and stop wasting your mental energy on them.
5. Stop Taking Everything Personally
Most of the times, toxic people make us feel guilty. They try to prove us wrong by all means and hurt our confidence through manipulation and criticism. Those who are super sensitive are an easy target.
No matter how personal the situation seems to be, do not take it personal. Toxic people tend to interact the same way with everyone. Their behavior is their self-reflection and it has nothing to do with you. Do not spoil your happiness by reacting to their drama and losing control over the situation.
Toxic people tend to interact the same way with everyone. Their behavior is their self-reflection and it has nothing to do with you.
6. Set Your Own Limits And Boundaries
As said before, keep yourself emotionally distanced from people that ruin your mood. With toxic people around, it is very easy to lose control over our personal growth.
It is important to draw a fine line between friendliness and prying. Set your own limits and establish your own boundaries for the sake of your happiness and mental well-being.
7. Value Your Inner Self
It is pretty easy to get sucked into the toxic emotional spiral if you do not learn to value yourself. Approval and appreciation always have strings attached, which eventually lower our self-esteem. Your self-worth should come from within and it should not be affected by the thoughts or actions of others.
Take out enough time to spend with yourself. This is when mindfulness becomes so important – to recognize your emotions and be aware of your mental traps.
8. Develop Your Support Network
Toxic personalities are exhausting, but tapping into your resources can help you get through the challenges successfully. True friendships have the power to eliminate all negativity, which might not be possible while going alone. So reach out to trustworthy people and spend time with them.
Building a strong support system of loyal friends will make things a lot easier for you. Gaining outside perspectives will help you discover the weaknesses in your own approach. Once you rectify those, you become able to distance yourself from toxic people and bring happiness and peace back in your life.
9. Do not join their game
Do not allow yourself to react to their game. Keep calm and rational under all circumstances (I know, easier said than done).
Learn to choose your battles wisely and use your energy for bigger and better opportunities.
Handling toxicity with ease is a feat of strength, but you must learn to do it in order to avoid self-damage. Remember that toxicity is contagious, so it is important that you are able to recognize toxic personalities and behaviours and to keep them away from you. Work on your emotional intelligence to foster a healthy environment around you.


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Why isure gives you Umbrella and Excess Liability Insurance that's All About You
Do you ever wonder how massive jury awards that you hear on the news all the time get paid? They either come from Umbrella insurance coverage or they often result in a business' financial ruin.
isure's Umbrella and Excess Liability insurance offers an extra layer of protection up that covers all kinds of unforeseen circumstances. This kind of protection is generally designed to kick in when the liability on your other policies has been exhausted.


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*Required | Tip: Try searching compatible mounts
The SANUS ELM501 IR repeater kit makes it easy to give your home theater a clean, seamless appearance & even while you're using it. This small IR receiver can be located in a discreet location on top of furniture or next to a TV to replicate infrared signals from remote controls. The ELM501 filters undesirable signals from sunlight and plasma TVs to provide error-free operation, while LED status lights provide power and infrared signal indication. Simply place the repeater hub behind your TV or other components, and you can operate AV equipment inside closed cabinets with ease. This all-in-one kit contains the necessary elements to control up to four components, and includes both tabletop and hole mounting options.
The SANUS ELM701 anti-tip strap connects to TV, furniture and wall to reduce the risk of TVs or furniture accidentally tipping, creating a safe environment in any room. The ELM701 offers a secure connection that provides additional safety and durability. All hardware necessary for TV, furniture and wall mounting is included, making installation as easy as possible. With its universal design, the anti-tip strap can support TVs up to 70".
The VisionMount TVLCD is a turntable for medium LCD TVs up to 150 lbs. This turntable allows TVs to swivel for better viewing from all angles.
Easily conceal unsightly cables for a more streamlined appearance.
The right length and the optimal angle help you to make some connections.
Everything else your AV center could need.
Surge protection and cable management all in one - it's a powerful thing.
Keep your screen looking like new.
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dominant term
Definition of dominant term
: the mathematical term greater in absolute value than any other (as in a set) or than the sum of the others
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Set up your 40-70" LED, LCD or plasma flat panel
at your
booth. Our Large Flat Panel
is constructed with modular light weight anodized aluminum column and MDF base. The
sets up easily with minimal use of the included tools.
The portable stand measures 70 inches from the top of the column to the floor. The support column allows for attachment of two optional accessories. Monitor height is adjustable to any point on the column. Cable management and concealment is also accomplished through the decorative column. The portable stand comes complete with two padded nylon carry cases with shoulder straps. Six individual leveling feet provide stability on uneven surfaces.
Includes universal VESA mounting bracket for VESA patterns from 200 x 200mm to 600 x 400mm.


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Contact Us
The Paddle for Life started after lifeguards from Fistral Beach held a Joe Way memorial paddle to raise money for charity in 2008. Joe is the inspirational little boy who touched people's lives around the country and beyond.
Our aim is to raise awareness of Joe's story and inspire people to raise money for their chosen charity.
@andyloosltd supporting the https://t.co/eq1MeA85v4 @CornishGuardian https://t.co/43lM2wTZZO
My amazing friend Matt Way is fundraising for Mind - The Mental Health Charity. Donate to Matt's JustGiving page https://t.co/nuqoVD9zNO
Grab your raffle tickets with thanks to @Ben_Skindog @SSurfboards @SurfFistral @LustyGlazeBeach @IndoBoard… https://t.co/ZEEexpDPnm


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Consumers saw their incomes rise in August and held on to most of it.
The Commerce Department reports personal incomes edged up $39.3 billion, or 0.2%, last month, with disposable income (DPI) -- what's left after taxes -- also up 0.2%, or $31.9 billion.
Personal consumption expenditures (PCE), on the other hand, rose just $6.2 billion -- less than 0.1%.
The increase in personal income in August primarily reflected pay raises, personal income receipts on assets, and government social benefits.
Personal outlays -- the total of PCE, personal interest payments, and personal current transfer payments -- rose $6.1 billion.
Personal saving rose $12.9 billion -- from July -- to $807.6 billion, with the the personal saving rate and personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income holding steady at 5.7%.
The complete report is available on the Commerce Department website.


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The deadline to submit abstracts for the 39th National Child Welfare, Juvenile Justice and Family Law Conference is Monday, February 1st. We're doing something bold this year by eliminating the use of PowerPoint and encouraging more innovative presentation styles.
For more information on the conference, suggested topic areas, our ban on PowerPoint, the selection process, or to submit an abstract, please click below.
3/14/2017First Alabama Child Welfare Law Specialist
1/31/2017NACC Board Member Judge Willie Lovett Passes
1/5/2017Congratulations to Sandra Diehl, CWLS, the winner of our Shopping Spree fundraiser!
6/9/2017Red Book Training - Free for CWLS Applicants
8/10/2017 » 8/12/20172017 National Child Welfare, Juvenile & Family Law Conference


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Last update: Friday 28 April 2017 [580 news items]
Digitimes Research: Foxconn investment to enhance Sharp competitiveness in panel market
Apr 6, 11:52
Having taken control of Sharp, Foxconn Electronics will obtain Sharp-developed panel technologies including Oxide TFT-LCD, IGZO TFT-LCD, LTPS TFT-LCD and AMOLED. It is also expected...
Taiwan market: Samsung ranks top smartphone vendor in sales volume in February
Mar 29, 11:25
Samsung Electronics ranked as the number one smartphone vendor in the Taiwan market in February with a 22% share, according to data compiled by local retail channels.
Taiwan market: LG launches modular G5
Mar 25, 12:14
LG Electronics has unveiled its G5, an Android 6.0 modular smartphone, in Taiwan at a contract-free retail price of NT$23,900 (US$724) with availability to begin in early April. The...
China market: LG Display tops TV panel suppliers in 2015, says Sigmaintell
Mar 25, 10:34
LG Display, among TFT-LCD panel makers, shipped the most LCD TV panels in the China market in 2015, followed by Innolux, BOE Technology and Samsung Display, according to China-based...
Digitimes Research: LG Display expanding AMOLED capacity
Mar 23, 14:58
LG Display has decided to invest KRW10 trillion (US$8.63 billion) over the next three years to expand its AMOLED production capacity, mainly to set up P10 factory which can house...
LG Display reports 4Q15 financial results
Jan 29, 11:44
LG Display has reported revenues in the fourth quarter of 2015 increased 5% to KRW7.496 trillion (US$6.22 billion) from KRW7.158 billion in the third quarter of 2015 but decreased...
LG increasing monthly capacity at LCD facilities
Jan 22, 14:37
LG Display will increase monthly capacity at its Guangzhou-based LCD production facilities from 90,000 substrates to 120,000 by the end of 2016.
LG aims for monthly capacity of 75,000 units on 6G fab in 1H17, says report
Jan 19, 15:24
LG Display has solidified plans to achieve 75,000 substrates in monthly production at its 6G facilities throughout the first half of 2017 for curved OLED displays, according to Korea-based...
Global smartphone shipments up 10.3% in 2015, says TrendForce
Newswatch - Jan 15, 15:31
Global smartphone shipments grew 10.3% on year to 1.293 billion units in 2015, with 539 million units shipped by China-based vendors, according to TrendForce.
LG to reach 90% utilization for 4K OLED TV panels
Jan 14, 14:58
LG Display expects utilization rates for Ultra HD (4K) OLED TV panels to reach between 80-90% in 2016.
Qualcomm to land a majority of chip orders for high-end Android phones in 2016
Dec 17, 10:23
Qualcomm is expected to secure the bulk of chipset orders for high-end Android smartphones in 2016 as vendors including Samsung Electronics, HTC, Sony Mobile Communications, LG Electronics...
LG increasing development of OLED monitor displays, says report
Dec 9, 14:36
LG Display is cranking up development of OLED monitor panels as LG Electronics along with other vendors intend to release OLED products, according to ET News.
LG Display expected to save in OLED costs due to local makers
Dec 4, 15:32
Korea-based Poongwon Precision has increased its yields for producing flexible OLED panel core components and is expected to be responsible for the vast majority of supply to LG Display...
Samsung Display showing signs of surpassing LG Display in revenues
Dec 1, 15:39
LG Display surpassed Samsung Display in revenues during the first and second quarters of 2015 but into the third quarter Samsung took the lead. Samsung Display is expected to be neck...
Taiwan market: LG Electronics announces the availability of Nexus 5X
Nov 24, 11:08
LG Electronics has announced the availability of Nexus 5X, a smartphone developed jointly with Google, in the Taiwan market, priced at NT$13,900 (US$428) for 16GB version and NT$16,900...
LG Display to invest US$4 billion in new OLED fab, says report
Nov 19, 16:04
LG Display plans to invest upwards of US$4 billion in new OLED facilities to meet expected market demand as of 2017 onwards, according to a new report from Korea-based Digital...
Samsung, LG to focus on white flip chip LED technology for TVs, says report
Nov 18, 15:57
Korea-based TV vendors Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics will reportedly switch to white flip chip LED technology for use in TV backlighting in 2016, according to a new report...
Sony Mobile, LG reportedly to develop smartphone application processors in-house
Nov 18, 11:00
Sony Mobile Communications and LG Electronics reportedly will follow the steps of Apple, Samsung Electronics and Huawei to develop smartphone-use application processors in-house,...
Xiaomi to receive OLED displays from LG in 2016, says report
Nov 10, 14:29
LG Display is about to finalize talks with China-based vendor Xiaomi for providing OLED displays for handsets, according to a report from Korea-based MT News.
Taiwan market: LG V10 launched
Nov 6, 15:02
LG Electronics has launched its latest flagship smartphone, the LG V10, in the Taiwan market priced at NT$23,900 (US$735) unlocked.
LG expected to finalize 8G OLED investment plans in November, says report
Nov 4, 14:17
LG Display is expected to make a final decision by the end of November regarding how it will allocate a US$3.55 billion investment at its 8G OLED production facilities in Paju, South...
LG Display visits China in bid to increase AMOLED shipments
Oct 30, 10:56
LG Display has recently visited China-based handset vendors Oppo and Vivo to discuss supplying increased amounts of AMOLED panels.
LG Display reports 3Q15 results
Oct 29, 22:28
LG Display has reported revenues in the third quarter of 2015 increased 7% to KRW7.158 trillion (US$6.24 billion) from KRW6.708 trillion in the second quarter and increased 9% from...
LG Display to not meet OLED TV panel shipment goal in 2015, says report
Oct 23, 15:11
LG Display will ship approximately 400,000-500,000 OLED TV panels in 2015 and over one million in 2016 as pricing drops as a result of increased yields, according to Korea-based Digital...
Samsung, LG to mass produce OLED digital signage in 2016, says reports
Oct 14, 15:27
Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics both plan to mass produce OLED digital signage applications in 2016, according to Korea media.
Oct 1, 16:36
LG Electronics has unveiled its new smartphone, the LG V10, which features dual displays, a Qualcomm Snapdragon 808 CPU, a 16-megapixel rear camera and a dual-lens 5-megapixel front-facing...
Commentary: The implications of Google-Huawei tie-up for Nexus phones
Sep 29, 09:59
Google is rolling out two new Nexus phones: the Nexus 6P in cooperation with Huawei and the Nexus 5X with LG Electronics. While the market position of the Nexus phones has ebbed,...
Foxconn, Pegatron, Inventec see their rankings stay high in 2Q15, says IDC
Sep 18, 16:07
Taiwan-based handset makers Foxconn Electronics, Pegatron and Inventec saw their rankings in the global top-10 handset manufacturers list stay unchanged or move up in the second quarter...
Intel USI to announce stylus standard in December; more member joining the alliance
Sep 17, 11:40
Universal Stylus Initiative (USI) started by Intel is planning to announce the official standard for its stylus that can be used across platforms, and many component suppliers have...
Microsoft to unveil Windows 10 Mobile-based devices in October
Sep 17, 11:11
Microsoft is expected to unveil Windows 10 Mobile-based mobile devices, including Lumia smartphones and Surface tablets, at a product event to be held in New York on October 6, according...
LG to release rollable TVs in 2016, says report
Sep 15, 14:25
LG Electronics is aiming to release 55-inch rollable TV technology in 2016, and it is expected to be displayed at CES 2016, according to Korea Times.
LG Display increasing developments in China
Sep 14, 14:23
LG Display is bumping up efforts to increase cooperation with vendors in Greater China, including capacity expansion in China and developing more higher-end products.
JDI overtakes LG in display orders for iPhone 6s, says report
Sep 14, 13:59
Japan Display (JDI) currently holds a 50% share for iPhone 6s panel shipments, surpassing LG Display's 48% share and Sharp at 2%, according to a report from Korea-based ET News...
LG forming OLED alliances with China TV vendors
Sep 8, 15:34
LG Display is forming alliances with China TV vendors for supplying OLED TV panels, which is expected to reach MOU signings in September, according to reports from Korea media.
iPhone supply chain makers set to see strong sales in September, say sources
Sep 7, 15:02
Makers in the iPhone supply chain are set to see strong sales in September thanks to incoming orders for new iPhone devices which are due to be unveiled in early September, according...
- Foxconn to build production center for Amazon in China
- Digitimes Research: LCD monitor shipments drop over 6% in 1Q17
- PTI eyeing to become largest backend house in Japan
- AUO expects 2Q17 large-size panel shipments to shrink 1-5% on quarter
- Ex-HTC executive launches startup to promote VR solutions
- Faraday seeing growth in 28nm chip market
- FPCB maker Flexium 1Q17 profits fall
- MediaTek gross margin continues to fall
- Digitimes Research: China panel makers showcase TDDI LTPS TFT-LCD, flexible AMOLED panels at CITE
- China market: More vendors to launch smartphones with dual-lens cameras
- Data is basis for smart factories
- Radiant expects 20% growth in 2017 shipments of BLUs used in tablets, notebooks
- Coretronic nets NT$0.64 per share for 1Q17
- Taiwan market: More China vendors to follow Oppo to expand share in local smartphone market
- Lite-On Technology expects huge growth in smart LED street lamp shipment in 2017
- Gintech obtains VPC for high-efficiency PV modules in Taiwan
- Cree to set up LED packaging joint venture with San'an Optoelectronics
- China market: China makers slash smartphone panel prices
- GCL-Poly fails to team up with Motech, NSP
- ITRI unveils LMD 3D large-size printing platform
- STSP aims to set up robot production base in Tainan in 4 years
- Macronix developing 3D NAND technology for SSDs
- Qualcomm, Microsoft to bring ARM notebook back
- Gaming PC sales in North America in 2016 grow 25-30%
- Digitimes Research: Study of Japan IT industry for 1Q17
- Releases
- White papers
- Bulletin
- eCloudvalley-AWS leader in the greater China region
- Advantest to showcase ATE Solutions at SEMICON Southeast Asia, April 25-27 in Penang
- Innodisk's latest SSD hits the sweet spot
- Microtips pioneers wireless charging platform development to jointly create an industry ecosystem
- Celebrating its 20th anniversary, Microtips focuses on continuing revenue growth rather than rapid expansion
- Unisys IT Implementation of Unisys Stealth Solution for Data Center Segmentation
- AccuTouch Five Wire Resistive Touchscreens
- Getting the Most Out Of Your Next Generation Digital Security Surveillance System
- Embracing the New Generation Intel Atom Family with DDR3 Memory Support
- Got The Message? Ensuring efficient and reliable delivery of content across a mission critical digital signage network
- Perforce Software Wins Develop Industry Excellence Award for the Second Year in a Row
- Perforce Teams with Leading Git Client Developer fournova
- Perforce Introduces Helix GitSwarm: Flexible Git Ecosystem Mirrored to a Powerful Mainline Repository
- Perforce Helix Distributed Version Control System Brings Greater Flexibility While Maintaining Enterprise-class Security, Auditability and Control
- Perforce Powers Development of Legacy Quest for iOS and Android
28-Apr-2017 markets closed
|TSE electronic
|OTC electronic
- Samsung rides components business to highest quarterly profit in 3 years (Apr 26) - Wall Street Journal
- China's economy accelerates as retail, investment pick up (Apr 17) - Bloomberg
- Artificial intelligence: How to avoid racist algorithms (Apr 14) - BBC News
- Micron Technology: The DRAM industry goes to war? (Apr 11) - Seeking Alpha
- Is Trump wise to take on China over trade? (Apr 5) - BBC News
- Toshiba forced to buy 40% of UK's NuGen (Apr 4) - BBC News
- Chinese internet giant Tencent buys 5% of Tesla (Mar 28) - TechCrunch
- China's Tencent buys 5% stake in Tesla (Mar 28) - BBC News
- Taiwan market: Paypal enhances service by disabling domestic payment processing
- Digitimes Research: Samsung Note 7 issues may help Apple to regain number-1 crown in 4Q16
- Digitimes Research: 4 million 9.7-inch iPad Pros to ship in 1H16
- Digitimes Research: Global all-in-one PC shipments to drop 3.9% on year in 2015
- Mentor Graphics Veloce VirtuaLAB adds protocols for networking designs
Corning talks up 3D cell cultures in Taiwan
As part of Taiwan president Tsai Ing-wen's five-plus-two innovative industries initiative, Taiwan is...
Developing memory technology in-house: Q&A with Tsinghua Unigroup executive VP Charles Kau
The global reaction to the aggressive investment strategy adopted by China-based Tsinghua Unigroup...
Looking to expand presence in PC market: Q&A with AMD CEO Lisa Su
AMD has been aggressively looking to expand its presence in the PC market. It has released its new...
The robotic expansion: Q&A with Kuka CEO Stefan Lampa
Kuka Robotics, as the world's leading maker of robots used in automobile manufacturing, has been making...
- Smartphone and tablet industry: The view from Taiwan - May 2012
Taiwan-based companies have a long and successful history of involvement in the supply chain for mobile devices, which for the purposes of this article consist...
- Taiwan motherboard industry overview - May 2012
The year 2011 saw the motherboard industry reverse its trend of declining shipments year-on-year, to post a slight 0.2% growth. This upturn in fortunes was expected...
- Notebook market overview - Jun 2011
The notebook industry in 2010 experienced several major events that significantly changed the industry's ecosystem for the year and the industry is also believed...
- LCD TV overview - Jun 2011
Growth of the global LCD TV market was not as strong as expected in 2010 as the market continued to feel the aftershocks of the economic recession that had hit...
- Wireless broadband developments in Southeast Asia markets
As of 2013, the 10 ASEAN nations had a total of over 700 million mobile subscriptions, with the CAGR from 2003-2013 reaching 24%. This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the various mobile broadband markets in ASEAN and looks at the respective trends in 4G LTE development for those markets.
- 2015 global tablet demand forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report provides a 2015 forecast for the global tablet market and analyzes the strategies of key market players such as Google, Apple, Intel, and Microsoft.
- 2015 China smartphone panel trend forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the strategies of key China-based major panel makers BOE, Tianma and IVO for attacking the different market segments through technology and pricing, and their relationship to local vendors Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi and Coolpad.


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Lakefront Cottage with Private Beach on Lake Huron in Lexington, Mi Sleeps 7!(1 Reviews)
The owner has been emailed.
This owner doesn't offer online booking through VRBO's checkout. You won't be eligible for our Book with Confidence Guarantee.
Never use instant money transfer services such as Western Union and MoneyGram. Learn more
- Minimum stay:2 nights
- Sleeps:10
- Bedrooms:4
- Bathrooms:1
- Property type:Cottage
- Internet:No
- Pets considered:No
- Wheel chair accessible:N/A
About the Property
4 Bedrooms, 1 Bathroom, Sleeps up to 10
Our quaint cottage has 4 bedrooms (3 full beds and 1 twin bed). The living room has comfortable seating and cable TV. Enjoy sitting in the screened in porch overlooking Lake Huron. There is a table and chairs for your convenience. Our kitchen has everything you need. A full refrigerator, stove, microwave, toaster, coffee maker, dishes, pots, pans, silverware, cups, glasses and more! Cook up your dinner on the BBQ. There is a table and chairs. The private beach is only a few steps away! We provide blankets and pillows. You provide sheets, pillowcases and towels. Whale Rock Cottage can provide sheets and pillowcases for $10.00 per set. Towels are available at $10.00 per set.
Before making a payment, always call the owner at the number listed on our website to make sure your payment instructions are accurate.
Never use instant money transfer services such as Western Union and MoneyGram.Learn more
Member since: 2006
Property Type
- Cottage
- 900 sq. ft.
House Rules
- Children Welcome
Non Smoking Only:
Smoking is outside only. We ask that you throw your butts away in the trash and not on the ground...moreless
- Pets Not Allowed
Accommodation Type
- Vacation Rental
- Guests Provide Their Own Meals
Bedrooms: 4 Bedrooms, Sleeps 10, Beds for 7-10
Other Amenities
- Whale Rock Cottage (named after a rock found on the private beach that looks like a whale) has your own private beach. Enjoy swimming! Whale Rock Cottage sleeps 7 people. Whale Rock Cottage provides blankets and pillows. Sheets, pillowcases and towels ARE NOT provided. They can be provided for an additional $10.00 per set...moreless
- Satellite / Cable
- Television
- Family
- Romantic
- Tourist Attractions
- Churches
- Health/Beauty Spa
- Library
- Live Theater
- Marina
- Museums
- Playground
- Restaurants
- Winery Tours
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/Bank
- Fitness Center
- Groceries
- Laundromat
- Massage Therapist
- Medical Services
Leisure Activities
- Antiquing
- Beachcombing
- Bird Watching
- Boating
- Horseback Riding
- Miniature Golf
- Scenic Drives
- Shopping
- Walking
Location Type
Enjoy the beautiful view of Lake Huron from the screened in porch and bedroom 1!...moreless
Sports & Adventure Activities
- Basketball Court
- Cycling
- Fishing
- Freshwater Fishing
- Golf
- Kayaking
- Pier Fishing
- Racquetball
- Roller Blading
- Sailing
- Swimming
- Tennis
- Dining Area
- Seating for 4 people
- Parking
- Coffee Maker
- Dishes & Utensils
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Stove
- Toaster
RatesCurrency Conversion
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
My Standard Rate
2 night min stay
Additional information about rental rates
- Taxes Not included
If you prefer us to provide linens, they are $10 per sheet set and $10 per towel set.
Only 3 additional guests are allowed at $10 per day per person.
Don't forget your vacation protection! Get protected now
Adding our Vacation Protection services can make sure your getaway goes smoothly, no matter what. We offer Cancellation Protection and Damage Protection so you can truly relax.
The property's calendar has not been updated in over 2 months. You can contact the owner for availability or look for properties with confirmed availability
Car: Recommended
The Drive in theater is only 20 minutes away plays current movies. Take the whole family for a fun night! The Hi-way Drive in is open 7 days per week during the summer
Owner info
Contact us
Send email
- Secondary: +1 8108587742 Chris
Links to more information:
Living room has cable TV and a beautiful view of Lake Huron!
Bedroom 4 has a twin bed
Screened in porch has gorgeous views of Lake Huron!!! Enjoy reading a good book, gaze at the freighters going by while eating your favorite food!
Front of Cottage
Bedroom 1 has a full bed
Bedroom 2 has a full bed
Enjoy using the swing to listen to the waves, read a book or just to swing!
This listing was first published here in 2013.
Date last modified - Saturday, April 22, 2017
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If you have any questions, please visit our Help Center.


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UPDATED: What Is the Sheriff's Mustache Hiding?
Batman and Lamberti in the same photo. So that's not his secret.
Flickr: sergio goldvarg
You may have noticed there's been a pause since we unveiled the fourth most formidable mustache in Broward and Palm Beach counties. That's because we were really hoping to get a comment from the man behind Mustache No. 3: Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti. And it's become clear that those hopes have been dashed.
On Tuesday, I began a letter to BSO staff thus:
Dear BSO media relations,
I'm writing to request an opportunity to interview Sheriff Al Lamberti or, if the sheriff is not available, then someone qualified to speak on behalf of the sheriff's mustache.
I then explained how this was not a joke. It's for a very serious, very worthwhile cause: Movember, the charity that encourages men to get sponsors for their mustache growth during November, then to give those raised funds to aid research against prostate cancer.
In my note, I listed the questions that were, apparently, too hot to handle. Here they are:
- When did you first grow your mustache? When you did so, did you have the support of friends and family?
- Why are mustaches so popular with men in the law enforcement community?
- Your colleague to the north, Ric Bradshaw, also wears a mustache. Would you care to offer a critique of his?
- In your estimation, what actor/musician is the world's leading mustache icon?
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Maybe the sheriff is saving the answers to those questions for his memoir?
UPDATE: When it comes to media extortion, sometimes the end, justifies the means -- I spoke with Lamberti on Friday afternoon. He didn't even try ducking any of the tough questions above. I'll be posting that interview first thing Monday morning.
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