text:
Established in 1864, Daily since 1881. Copyright W.B. Rogers Printing Co., Inc.
R-T Photo/Seth HerroldJordain Oshel sinks a putt from the fringe on the seventh green at the Riverside Country Club during the Lady Bulldogs' dual with Marceline on Monday. Oshel shot a 54 as Trenton topped the visitors 207-255.
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Website: GPCink.com
Website: Historical Society
Online Colleges in Missouri


text:
good chemistry is complicated,
and a little bit messy -LW
Comment on
|( #3333=superdoc: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
Using a timer used to work, but I just tested it, and it dosn't raise the window, it just flashes its icon. You could try $mw->overrideredirect(1); but it will show up on all virtual desktops. As an alternative, Gtk2 has a more flexible override which allows the override on each virtual desktop of your system.
I'm not really a human, but I play one on earth.
Old Perl Programmer Haiku ................... flash japh
In reply to Re: Perl Tk Active Window
by zentara

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Paul White
Paul white was an Australian missionary doctor in Africa who learnt to clothe his Bible teaching in fables, creating stories with a timeless quality. When he returned home to Australia his stories were discovered and published to world-wide acclaim.
Rising Above a Toxic Workplace: Taking Care of Yourself in an Unhealthy Environment
Gary Chapman, Harold Myra, Paul White, Wes Bleed$14.99Add Your ReviewYou can rise above. You do have options. Do you work in a toxic environment or have a toxic boss? You re not alone Today, unattainable expectations, emotional harassment, and demands to do more with less often leave employees overworked, underpaid, insecure, and out of opti... Learn More
The 5 Languages of Appreciation in the Workplace
Gary Chapman, Gary Chapman, Gary Chapman, Gary D. Chapman, Paul White,...$16.99Add Your ReviewIf you express appreciation in ways that aren't meaningful to your co-workers, they may not feel valued at all. The problem is you're speaking different languages. The 5 Languages of Appreciation in the Workplace: Empowering Organizations by Encouraging People, written by Ga... Learn More


text:
But he fails to understand that meaningful co-operation is impossible under majority rule because one party holds all the cards and the other none. On a contentious issue the majority party will always prevail. The alternative would be for it to ignore the views of its own members and side with the minority party. Would Blair ever be foolish enough to risk splitting his own party by doing that? Of course not.
We will get the politics of co-operation at Westminster when, and only when, we get rid of the absurd "winner takes all" voting system. So it is particularly depressing that the moment the prospect of PR and plurality and genuine co-operation emerges, Ashdown should undermine it by seeking to re-create a two-party line-up with a centre-left coalition versus a Conservative right.
The response of leading Liberal Democrats to criticism that PR would lead to weak government is equally depressing. "Don't worry," they say, "the Jenkins proposals will still result in majority rule most of the time." So that's all right then?
Don't we need majority rule like we need a hole in the head?
Professor ROBERT PRITCHARD
- More about:
- Leicester
- Liberal Democrat Party
- Norman Baker
- Paddy Ashdown


text:
Elandskloof Farm, Helderstroom.
We return to the beautiful Elandskloof tucked away between Villiersdorp and Greyton, only 125 Km from Cape Town. This lush green valley with its fresh mountain streams, welcoming forest filled with Oaks, YellowWoods and Redwoods; and towering mountain backdrops beckons us once more for an adventure in connecting, laughing, relaxing and enjoying nature in all its glory.
GPS Co-ords: 34° 2'55.86"S 19°24'18.21"E
Take the N2 past Somerset West over Sir Lowreys Pass.
Continue past Botrivier.
Turn left onto the R43 / Villiersdorp turnoff.
After 14km turn Right towards Helderstroom / Greyton.
Follow the road past Helderstroom prison (on your left).
The road becomes a gravel/dirt road.
Travel on the dirt road until you get to a Y junction.
At the Y Junction take the Left fork and immediately follow the road straight ahead.
Look for arrows and signs.
More Info
Know The NO's
Lets keep it tidy people. The ground is not an ashtray, and any piece of something that lands on the ground comes from somebody's hand, so pretty PLEASE let it not be YOU.
- Glass bottles (this will be enforced)
- Under 18's (ID on request, NO COPIES OR EXPIRED DOCUMENTS WILL BE ACCEPTED)
- Fires
- Domestic animals
- Independent sound systems
- Illegal substances
- Cameras on the dancefloor being used for promotional use without the consent of the organizers.
1. Absolutely No Fires!
We hate being serious, but seriously guys, any moron who thinks making a fire at a big event during peak fire-season deserves to be cooked upon an open fire themselves.
2. No Dogs (or other pets) allowed
as much as we love em, it just is not fair on them or other party goers.
3. No Littering, No Glass!
There will be plenty of bins on site – please use them. Glass will not be allowed at the event, so please remember to bring your drinks in plastic containers. Promotional flyers will also not be allowed except at the entrance upon arrival and exit. (Please contact us if you are Promoter and wish to advertise at the event)
4. No Butts!!
This is very important – please don't throw them on the ground – if you have a pocket ashtrays from a past Origin or Earthdance please bring it along and use it! We hope to be making more available too, please ask for yours at the gate if you are a smoker.
5. No 'business' or loo paper in the bush!
This is also really important. We are making a special effort to provide sufficient toilets and to keep them clean for you.
6. Don't pollute the water with grease or soap!
Rinse off in the river, and when you feel you need a real wash, there will be showers available.
Upon Arrival
When you arrive, please drive slowly along the access road without stopping until you reach the ticket station, stay on the road, please park where you are asked to park and camp only within the designated festival area and don't remove or damage any plants, animals or natural objects.
..and here is that legal bit where we kindly ask you to look after yourself :
The organisers accept no responsibility whatsoever for injury, death, loss or damage of any nature to persons, vehicles, and belongings. This applies even to negligence by the organisers of any kind. Entry is entirely at your own risk. Right of admission is reserved.


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There are only 24 hours in the day and you don't have a second to spare. Twiddling around with the settings or looking up that address for the 37th time can waste precious moments that you could otherwise be using to be more productive and more effective in the work you do. Tools and shortcuts can help you recover those precious...
- Technology
- Productivity
- Management
- Personal Finance
- Lifestyle


text: 1200 lbs. (550 kgs) load capacity. 30 -inch x 7/8 -inch diameter steel pull handle. 13 -inch pneumatic wheels with steel rim. Heavy gauge steel construction with reinforced sides for greater strength. Easy to operate pins allow the sides to be locked upright, folded downor removed for transporting oversized items. Mesh body bed.


text:
Filter Results:
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Key Phrases
Learn More
- V A Geodakian
- Uspekhi fiziologicheskikh nauk
- 2005
Growth of a dispersion of elements of unitary systems (US) inevitably transfrorms them into the binary connected differentiations (BCD). So, at a level of genes, from bisexuals have arisen females and males, and at a level of hormones (mentality, behavior), from symmetric--asymmetric: functions, organs, right-handers and left-handers. All BCD are… (More)
- V A Geodakian
- Zhurnal vyssheĭ nervnoĭ deiatelnosti imeni I P…
- 1993
In the paper is presented a unified interpretation of sex differentiation and lateral asymmetry as asynchronous evolution. The operative subsystems, i.e. the male and the left hemisphere of the brain evolutionize earlier than the conservative ones, i.e. the female and the right hemisphere. New functions appear at first in males and after many generations… (More)
- Vigen A. Geodakian
- ArXiv
- 2004
Evolutionary role of the separation into two sexes from a cyberneticist's point of view. [I translated this 1965 article from Russian " Nauka i Zhizn " (Science and Life) in 1988. In a popular form, the article puts forward several useful ideas not all of which even today are necessarily well known or widely accepted. 1. Are males really needed? Interesting… (More)
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text:
Merrydown is now looking to raise more money from financial backers or through an equity issue. However the group, which is struggling under a debts of pounds 7.5m, denied it needed extra cash urgently to ensure its survival.
Andy Nash, Merrydown's new chairman, said: "We are restricted in what we can do with our present finances to develop the business. We are in discussions with several parties about raising extra money."
The group plans to use the extra money to put behind its two main brands Merrydown cider and Schloer, the fruit favoured soft drink. "Not enough money has been put behind our brands in the past and we want to increase our marketing and sales effort," said Mr Nash.
The group is also likely to implement more cost cuts. It recently reduced its workforce by more than 10 per cent. However, analysts raised concerns about the group's future. "The fact that the group was unable to attract a bidder says it all," said one City observer.
Merrydown, which produces Two Dogs lemonade, has suffered from a slump in the alcopops market which forced it to give up the distribution of the drinks to Scottish & Newcastle.
Merrydown's shares have fallen from a high of 298p in 1993 and the group is now valued at just pounds 5m. Even accounting for bid speculation the shares have underperformed the market by almost 60 per cent over the past 12 months.
Merrydown's problems culminated in Richard Purdey stepping down as the group's chairman after three decades with the group. Merrydown's failure to find a bidder is the latest setback for the troubled cider sector. Profits have also plummeted at Matthew Clark, which makes Diamond White and Dry Blackthorn, as it continues to lose market share.
- More about:
- Cider
- Economics
- Mergers And Acquisitions
- Soft Drinks


text:
Developed with ice pro Brian "Bro" Brosdahl
Rods made of graphite, fiberglass, or composite
Straight line 371 reel with composite construction
5+1 ball bearing drive with instant anti-reverse
Super-smooth drag stops hard-fighting fish
Developed with ice pro Brian "Bro" Brosdahl, the Frabill Bro Series Straight Line 371 Ice Combos are designed to give you ultimate control and feel, no matter what species you're pursuing. The rod blanks are made with solid graphite, graphite with a fiberglass tip, fiberglass, or graphite composite to give you strength for pulling in monsters and sensitivity for finesse fishing. Other rod features include solid cork grips, graphite reel seats, titanium main guides, and blank-through-handle construction for extra sensitivity.
The straight line 371 ice reel is made of lightweight composite for strength and durability that won't feel cold in frigid temperatures. Line feeds straight off the spool to eliminate line coiling and spinning. The 5+1 ball bearing drive system with instant anti-reverse offers rock-solid retrieves, while the super-smooth drag puts a stop to hard-fighting fish. Also includes a guarded spool to allow for palming, a free spool to easily drop even the smallest jigs, and long and short stems to accommodate gloves or palming.


text:
Bush® Furniture Broadview Collection Single Pedestal Desk
- Type: Desk
- Furnishing Color: Espresso Oak
- Furnishing Style: Contemporary
new furniture all in a single visit. Simply select this service at checkout.
Full-Service Delivery & Set-Up is not available for fireproof file cabinets & safes, Bush? assembled SKUs and items with an Extended Assortment flag. The $1,000 minimum requirement does not include taxes and shipping charges. The furniture delivery date you receive in your order confirmation reflects delivery to the installer. You will be notified separately with a delivery and installation date for your location of up to 14 additional business days from the date given on your order confirmation.
Additional fees apply to the following: If an installer is not in your immediate area, businesses located in the state of New York, stairs (quoted per stair), before/after working hours (8:00am-5:00pm), weekend deliveries, customer requested installation dates, panel systems, tables over 8 feet and removal of old furniture. Due to the nature of high-volume orders, we need to work directly with the installer for a quote.
- Thermally Fused Laminate Over Composite Wood
- Includes: Large pull-out drawer with flip down front can be used as a keyboard tray
- 54.01"W x 23.18"D x 30"H
- Meets ANSI/SOHO standards for safety and performance in place at time of manufacture
- Stay organized with a single box drawer for miscellaneous supplies and file drawer for letter size documents
- Full extension ball-bearing slides on file drawer for a smooth open/close and easy reach to back
- Contemporary accents with clean traditional styling
- Appealing design matches a broad range of tastes and decor
- Assembly Required
- Backed by the Bush Furniture 1 Year Manufacturer's Warranty
|Commercial Office Desk Type : Pedestal Desk
|Furnishing Style : Contemporary
|Furnishing Color : Espresso Oak
|Furnishing Material : Laminated Compressed Wood
|Type : Desk
|Brand : Bush
|Weight : 100.00 lbs. per Each


text:
Shanghai Airport's operational costs increase by 60%
Shanghai International Airport Co Ltd, a subsidiary of Shanghai Airport Authority, managed to increase its revenues by 4.9% in the three months ended 30-Sep-08. But operating cost increases of 80.3% in 3Q08 ensured a dramatic reduction in both operating (-60.8%) and net (-65.3%) profit in the period. Net profit for the nine months ended Sep-08 was down by 48.2% year-on-year. [437 words]
Unlock the following content in this report:
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text:
PDPC Report to the Legislature
Reports intended to provide an accounting of the issues and actions taken by the PDPC and the Office of the State Treasurer to protect public deposits.
- 2016 PDPC Report
- 2015 PDPC Report
- 2014 PDPC Report
- 2013 PDPC Report
- 2012 PDPC Report
- 2011 PDPC Report
- 2010 PDPC Report
- 2009 PDPC Report
Recent Rulemaking
The 2016 Washington State Legislature passed ESB 6349 and SB 5265. The Office of the State Treasurer has initiated rulemaking to amend and update the requirements, terms, and conditions for financial institutions to receive and hold public deposits in accordance with the Public Deposit Protection Act, as last amended by Chapter 2, Laws of 2016, 1st special session.
Learn more about PDPC Rulemaking Activity
- Meeting Notices: State Finance Committee and Public Deposit Protetction Commission
- Meeting Notices: State Finance Committee and Public Deposit Protetction Commission
- Meeting Notices: State Finance Committee and Public Deposit Protetction Commission
- Treasury Management System
(TM$) SAW Link
- Laws (Chapter 39.58 RCW)
- Rules (Chapter 389-12 WAC)
- Resolutions
- Deposit Balances / Limitations
- Links to Public Depositaries
Please contact Amy Perry, PDPC Administrator at 360.902.9077
Public Deposit Protection Commission (PDPC)
The Public Deposit Protection Commission (PDPC) is comprised of the State Treasurer, Governor, and Lieutenant Governor. The PDPC makes and enforces regulations and administers a program to ensure public funds deposited in banks are protected if a financial institution becomes insolvent.
The PDPC approves which banks can hold state and local government deposits (i.e., public depositories) and monitors collateral pledged to secure uninsured public deposits. This secures public treasurers' deposits when they exceed the amount insured by the FDIC by requiring public depositaries to pledge securities or letters of credit as collateral. It also minimizes participating banks' liability for defaulting financial institutions. No public funds on deposit in public depositaries have been lost since the Public Deposit Protection Act was created in 1969.
Washington state and federally chartered credit unions may also accept public deposits within limitations set forth in RCW 39.58.240. State law allows deposits up to the maximum amount insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) for any one depositor (i.e., state or local government) of public funds in any one credit union. Collateral is not required since limits ensure deposits are fully insured by NCUA.
Under state law, the Commission can request a public depositary to furnish information on its financial condition, public deposits, and on the exact status of its net worth. The Commission is empowered to take any action deemed advisable for the protection of public funds and to establish procedures for collection or settlement of claims arising from the failure of a public depositary.
Each public depositary reports monthly and quarterly to the PDPC Administrator on the amount of its insured and uninsured public deposits, the amount of collateral pledged, as well as other financial information. Those public depositaries with excess deposits or that do not meet minimum financial standards set by the Commission must monitor public deposits on a daily basis and maintain adequate collateral accordingly. Credit unions report the amount of their insured public deposits monthly.
Under the Act, all public treasurers and other custodians of public funds are relieved of the responsibility of executing tri-party agreements, reviewing pledged collateral, and authorizing additions, withdrawals, and exchanges of collateral. Similarly, financial institutions no longer need to review the status of each public fund balance and the collateral pledged under numerous tri-party agreements.
Reforms enacted since 2009 to modernize PDPC statutes, rules and procedures added important new safeguards for public funds that reduce the risk that a failed bank could trigger an assessment on other public depositaries to recover uninsured public deposits. These new rules, policies and practices strengthen protections on public deposits and reduce the liabilities for participating financial institutions by helping make the banking system stronger, public deposits safer, and promoting economic recovery.
Currently, 63 banks and 15 credit unions operating in Washington state are authorized to accept public deposits.


text:
Follow Charger Robotics and all of the action of the Wisconsin Regional by watching from home, school, or work.
There are two web streams from the Wisconsin Regional:
A single view stream is available through the team YouTube Channel. Follow this link to Charger Robotics at YouTube.
A second video stream is available through Twitch.tv. The Wisconsin FRC channel has a quad view of the action – three cameras on the field, and the full mix (as seen at YouTube). All four views as available at the same time so you won't miss any action, no matter where it is on the field!
Both video streams are produced and broadcast by Charger Robotics Team 537.


text:
Added to Shopping Bag
Trifari Cream White Enamel Gold Tone Scallop Fan Sea Shell Earrings Bu...
Listed by MyLouis
Price: $43.00
Returnable for Site
You can request a return for Tradesy Site Credit within 4 days of delivery. FREE return shipping.
If your item was misrepresented in any way, you can file a misrepresentation claim. Tradesy will investigate and you'll be eligible for a Full Refund.
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This item may have been worn but has no visible signs of wear.
We are proud to offer this gorgeous pair of knock out Trifani Rich Cream Aspen White Enamel and 18k Yellow Gold Tone Scallop / Sea Shell / Fan Button Medallion Earrings for sale here on Tradesy. These earrings are absolutely stunning. Modernist design, sculptural and substantial. These flattering earrings feature a cream / aspen white enamel backdrop with 18k yellow gold tone accents. These earrings are a perfect addition to any designer jewelry or Trifari collection. They go with anything and everything! Earrings are in excellent as pictured condition with little to no wear. They will arrive to you authentic, as described and as always in a new jewelry box. These earrings will make you glow with sophistication... They are truly an amazing example of the timeless and ingenious work put out by one of the worlds most loved and revered fashion houses. Treat yourself to a little added luxury.
Approximate measurements: 1" Diameter.
Please visit our Tradesy Closet MYLOUIS for additional high end luxury pieces including fine and designer jewelry, handbags, accessories, haute couture clothing and fine furs.
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Feel free to return this item for any reason and get Tradesy Credit. Use your credit to buy something that makes you happy. Just a heads-up, purchases outside the U.S. are Final Sale.
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Need help? Have questions? Our team in sunny Southern California is available by phone, email, and chat.Help & Support


text:
This is one of the key focuses of our business, with an innovative approach we partner alongside our industrial customers to help give them the best product and
tailored solutions.
We have the sole distribution rights in New Zealand for the Siemens
Low Voltage Controls and Distribution products. Through this world-leading brand we offer a quality industrial control range that is
exclusive to our branch network, and backed up with a team dedicated to technical support and advice.
Need more information on products and pricing?
We can help you out:
Login to our trade site
Visit one of our branches or give us a call


text:
Our Solar SystemBryan Bamford
2.0 15.6mb
Our Solar System is a short, interactive, educational children's science book that takes them from Earth to all the other planets in the solar system!
• It teaches fun facts about every planet!
• Blast through the asteroid belt with the laser beam game!
• Teaches how to remember the solar system in a recap and tests their memory!
• A short, fun, and educational storybook-like experience!
Supported Devices:
- iPad
- iPhone
- iPod Touch


text: Posted July 13, 2007 A buddy and I are planning to spend a couple of days on Trout lake at the end of July. I fished the lake once several summers ago for walleyes without much luck. I know we will be fishing for walleyes and possibly lake trout and bass this time around. Any suggestions on lake depths/patterns to fish would be helpful. (We will be in a boat with electronics, not a canoe.)Thanks,Grapeapplepie Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
4 Healthy Habits to Pick Up During Pregnancy
Practicing a healthy lifestyle is a need even if you're not pregnant. While pregnancy offers a lot of opportunities to indulge in many things, food cravings included, you should still continue your healthy practices.
There may be some changes you need to adjust to, like your growing belly, but let it not stop you from pursuing what you've always loved to do. So if you're wondering what other things you can do differently, here are 3 healthy habits to pick up during pregnancy.
Pregnancy Yoga
Yoga has become a favourite exercise in the US with 20 million practitioners — 83 percent of them women. If you're one of the 20 million, don't let your bump stop you. Pregnancy yoga more known as prenatal yoga is safe and have many benefits for pregnant women and their babies. It helps improve sleep, reduce strength and anxiety, helps prepare your muscles for child birth and help decrease lower back pain felt especially when your bump increases in size.
Chocolate – yes, you read it right!
Chocolate helps you feel good, especially during those emotionally jam packed days. In a study conducted at Yale, it revealed that chocolate helps decrease the risk of developing preeclampsia in pregnant women. Indulging in more than five servings a week is a healthy dose of chocolate goodness!
Eating healthy and avoiding food that is not good for the baby is a mandatory practice. You shouldn't forget hydrating with water. Water encourages the body to absorb essential nutrients into your cells and transports them to the blood. Remember you're not drinking for 1 anymore, which means that your usual daily water intake should increase to 12 or 13 glasses each day. If you're feeling thirsty, its your body sending you signals that it is on the process of dehydration.
It's also not recommended to drink a lot all at once. So it's good to bring a water bottle with you. Not only is it handy but you can take sips of the right amount. A healthy dose of water also helps prevent UTIs (urinary track infection) and prevent any uncomfortable bowel problems.
Aside from indulging in food cravings, sleep is the next best thing you should indulge in during pregnancy. Sneaking in extra sleep helps in you gain the energy that you need for building that life support system for another human. Extra sleep alleviates early-pregnancy nausea and helps in reducing back pain and headaches, lowers blood pressure, and helps you sleep better at night.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 20, 2010
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 2006
|Priority date
|Jun 7, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hank P. Hikspoors, Bill J. Hall, Chen Cao, San-qui Li
|Original Assignee
|Genband Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (2), Classifications (20), Legal Events (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Converged networks may include constituent networks of various types. For example, a converged network may include a wireline network, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), wireless networks, such as a network compliant with the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network standards, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network standards, or other wireless networks, packet networks, such as the Internet, and/or other network infrastructure. Conventional call routing mechanisms may, and often do, route a call through a plurality of network types.
Link cost-based routing algorithms are suitable for evaluating routes across homogenous network types where data travels in the same format from a call originator to a call terminator with no variation in the format. However, when media conversions for transmission of a call across heterogeneous nodes are involved, a link cost-based evaluation provides for no consideration of cost incurred for requisite media conversion. Simple link cost-based routing mechanisms may select routes that introduce large processing overhead, such as media translations, when other more desirable routes may be available. Disadvantageously, latency, quality loss, and other undesirable effects may be incurred by selecting a call route in a converged network on a link cost-basis.
Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures, in which:
It is to be understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of various embodiments. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.
Radio access network (RAN) 110 may include a base station controller (BSC) 112 that is coupled with one or more base transceiver stations (BTSs) 114-115 that provide an over-the-air interface with one or more wireless mobile terminals 116-117. BTSs 114-115 include equipment for transmitting and receiving radio signals with mobile terminals 116-117. BTSs 116-117 may be adapted to encrypt and decrypt communications made with BSC 112 which may provide control to a plurality of BTSs. In the illustrative example, BSC 110 interfaces with a switching wireless media gateway (WMG) 150 that provides for communications between devices in RAN 110 with other access networks, such as PSTN access networks 120 a-120 b and packet network 130. RAN 110 and WMG 150 may comprise part of a cellular or mobile telecommunications network, such as a network compliant with the Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications standards, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), or another mobile or cellular radio system.
PSTN access network 120 a may include various devices, such as residential telephones 122 a-122 m, and/or one or more private branch exchanges (PBXs) 124. PBX 124 may connect with switch 151 via one or more trunk lines 128. Various devices 126 a-126 n, such as telephones, communication terminals, facsimile machines, and the like, may be connected with PBX 124. Residential telephones 122 a-122 m may be coupled with switch 151, such as a class 5 switch, that may be deployed as a central office by local loops 125 a. In other implementations, telephones 122 a-122 m may be coupled with switch 151 by digital loop carriers, PBXs, digital concentrators, and/or other aggregators, or may otherwise be configured to communicate with switch 151 through PSTN access network 120 a. Loops 125 a may include digital loops and/or analog loops, and may be configured to transmit time-division multiplexed (TDM) and other PSTN data, among others. Loops 125 a may comprise, for example, a respective twisted copper pair terminating telephones 122 a-122 m.
In a similar manner, PSTN access network 120 b may include a variety of communication devices 123 a-123 p that may be interconnected with a switching media gateway (MGW) 152 via local loops 125 b or other suitable couplings. In this implementation, media gateway 152 may provide switching services and media handling across various platforms. Accordingly, MGW 152 may interface with one or more network types, such as PSTN access network 120 b and packet network 130. In other implementations, MGW 152 may interface with a RAN and thus may include one or more wireless network interfaces. Moreover, MGW 152 may provide both Class 4 and Class 5 switching services and thus may aggregate traffic from other network entities, such as switch 151 interconnected therewith, and may provide switching services to termination points in networks 120 b and 130.
Packet network 130, such as the Internet or another packet switching network, may include interconnected computer networks, data processing systems, communication devices, packet switching infrastructure, and the like. Packet network 130 may interface with one or more switches, such as switching MGW 152. In the illustrative example, MGW 152 interfaces with PSTN access network 120 b and packet network 130, and thus may include both TDM switching and packet switching capabilities.
Switch 153 may aggregate traffic from any number of telecommunication nodes, such as MGWs 150 and 152 connected therewith via respective trunks 160 and 161, other network switches, and the like, and thus may be implemented as a Class 4 switch. Accordingly, any device in RAN 110, PSTN access networks 120 a and 120 b, and packet network 130 may communicate with any other device in RAN 110, PSTN access networks 120 a and 120 b, and packet network 130.
Conventional communications may traverse any one or more of wireless networks, such as RAN 110, wireline networks, such as PSTN access networks 120 a-120 b, and packet networks, such as packet network 130, and it is not uncommon for a call to traverse all three types of networks. In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, mechanisms for determining an optimal call route in a converged network, such as that depicted in
A conventional call may be conveyed through one or more of networks 220, 230, and 250. A media gateway controller (MGC) 260 may be connected with a media gateway 210 that provides switching and call processing to call originator 270. Media gateway controller 260 may be interconnected with a plurality of media gateways for control thereof, and depiction of media gateway controller 260 interconnected with a single media gateway 210 is provided to simplify the illustration. Media gateway controller 260 may be physically and logically separated from media gateway 210. Media gateway controller 260 and media gateway 210 may provide softswitch functionality. For example, media gateway controller 260 may provide call routing, signaling, and various other call services, while media gateway 210 provides for media conversion, formatting, switching, and other services for creating an end-to-end path for call media. Media gateway 210 may include one or more wireless interfaces for connecting with one or more nodes, such as media gateway 221 and 222, of wireless network 220. One or more nodes of wireless network 220 may be adapted for communicating with packet network 250 infrastructure. In a similar manner, one or more nodes of packet network 250 may be adapted for communicating with one or more nodes, such as media gateways 231 and 232, of wireline network 230. Wireline call terminator 271 is terminated with a media gateway 211, or other switching device, via a local loop or other suitable communication medium. Media gateway 211 may be connected with and controlled by a media gateway controller 261.
In the present example, assume a wireless call is placed by call originator 270 implemented as a mobile terminal or other wireless network terminal device. The call is carried over an air interface from call originator 270 via one or more base transceiver stations (not shown), and is conveyed therefrom to media gateway 210. In the present example, media gateway 210 is interconnected with a wireless network 220 that is, in turn, interconnected with a wireline network 230, such as the PSTN, via a packet network 250. Thus, a call originated by call originator 270 may be routed to call terminator 271 via media gateway 210 and 221, packet network 250, media gateway 231 of wireline network 230, and media gateway 211 included in or interfaced with wireline network 230.
In conventional network implementations, media gateway controller 260 interfaced with media gateway 210 that services call originator 270 may include softswitch functionality that performs routing decisions for determining an end-to-end route between call originator 270 and call terminator 271. In the illustrative example, media gateway controller 260 determines an end to end route of media gateways or other switching elements from the service area of media gateway controller 260 to the service area of MGC 261. In the present example, MGC 260 has selected a route (illustratively designated with dashed lines) that traverses MGW 210, MGW 221, packet network 250, and MGWs 231 and 211 although other routes, e.g., including routes traversing one or more of MGWs 222 and 232, may be selected by MGC 260 for connecting the call between call originator 270 and call terminator 271.
A simple shortest path algorithm may be implemented in conventional softswitch functions for identifying a desirable route. A shortest path algorithm may select a route identified as having the shortest path based on link cost metrics.
In the present example, assume a call originator 370 places a call to a call terminator 371. The configuration of network 300 depicted in
Switches 310-317 may provide switching services for various network types. In the present example, originating switch 310 and terminating switch 317 each include time division multiplex (TDM) interfaces for communicating over TDM networks, such as PSTN T-Carrier, SONET, or other wireline or PSTN links, and VoIP interfaces for communicating over packet network links. Switches 311, 313, and 315 include TDM interfaces, and switches 312, 314, and 316 include packet interfaces for communicating packet data, such as VoIP data, over a packet network.
Link costs may be calculated or otherwise determined for each of links 320-329. A link cost comprises a metric that may account for link characteristics, such as link distance, link type, expenditures in deployment of a link, maintenance expenditures, quality of service, bandwidth, and the like, and provides a mechanism for relative measurements among various links. In the example of
Link cost based routing algorithms are suitable for evaluating routes that traverse homogenous network nodes where data travels in the same format from an originating node to a terminating node with no variation in the format. However, when media conversions for transmission of a call across heterogeneous nodes are involved, a link cost based evaluation provides for no consideration of the impact of requisite media conversions. For example, assume that call originator 370 and call terminator 371 depicted in
Embodiments disclosed herein provide for mechanisms that account for various forms of processing involved at nodes of routes in a converged network in addition to link costs. Particularly, a node cost may be associated with service-impacting factors, such as transcoding, codec translation, and resource usage, and route selection may be more efficiently made to route a call across a converged network. The node cost provides a mechanism to account for resources at a switch that are specific to a particular type of network. For example, a node cost may account for a quality of service impact on a 3G UMTS network that includes a factor for whether transcoder free operation (TrFO) and tandem free operation (TFO) are available at a media gateway.
In accordance with an embodiment a link cost is assigned to network links, and a node cost is assigned to network nodes. The link cost may be assigned by an operator based on well-established criteria, such as link distance, type of link, and other operator-chosen criteria. The node cost may be assigned by an operator based on, for example, the presence or absence of particular node resources that may either negatively or positively impact service quality and resource usage, and/or other operator-chosen criteria. The node resources may comprise digital signal processor (DSP) resources on a media gateway that effect the service quality of a voice call or a multimedia call on a converged network.
In accordance with another embodiment, relative weights may be assigned to each type of resource. The weights assigned to resources may be based on operator criteria. The criteria may include, for example, requirements specified in a level of service agreement (LSA) the operator has agreed to with customers, type of services carried on the network, and/or other considerations. In one embodiment, a weight value may range from 0 to 1 with a weight of 0 indicating that there is no cost on a node or a link.
The accordance with another embodiment, a cost of an end-to-end route is calculated at a switch from which a call originates. The calculation may comprise several steps as described with reference to
In the present example, VoIP codec processing is factored into node cost calculations. The configuration of network 500 depicted in
Switches 510-517 may provide for switching services for various network types. In the present example, originating switch 510 and terminating switch 517 each include TDM interfaces for communicating over TDM networks, and packet interfaces for communicating VoIP data over packet network links. Switches 511, 513, and 515 include TDM interfaces, and switches 512, 514, and 516 include packet interfaces for respectively communicating over TDM and IP links.
Link costs may be assigned for each of links 520-529. In the example of
Various factors may be considered when determining a node cost for assignment to a node. In accordance with embodiments, effects of interworking and convergence between fixed and mobile networks, packet networks, such as IP networks, and wireline networks, such as PSTN networks may be considered when assigning a node cost. The cost assigned to a node may be based on the consideration of the interworking impact on the provided service. For example, a cost may be determined based on the impact to voice quality due to requisite processing for media translation. Thus, the node cost may be associated with DSP resources whose presence or absence may directly impact the quality of services. The node cost may also be associated with use of an expensive resource. Any number of factors may be considered, alone or in combination, for determining the node cost, and those described are exemplary only.
When assignment of node cost is expressed in terms of impact on service quality of calls, many factors may impact the quality of services. Exemplary factors may include additional signal processing steps, the absence/presence of a resource, and the like. When the presence of a resource at the node has a positive or otherwise desirable impact, a node cost of "0" may be assigned to the node in accordance with an embodiment. In other embodiments, costs may comprise signed, that is positive or negative, values. For example, a cost may be assigned negative values to indicate a positive service impact (assuming increasing positive route costs as indicating an increase in the undesirability of a route). The absence of a particular node resource may result in a negative impact on the quality of service and thus incur a positive-valued cost. For example, absence of transcoder free operation (TrFO) capabilities at a node may require codec translation at the node and thus degradation of service quality for wireless calls. Additional processing steps include the conversion from one data format to a different format that normally takes place at an interface between two different networks. One example is the conversion of data across UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access) access network and a UMTS network.
In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, node cost considerations may include, but are not limited to, any of the following: codecs for VoIP calls, TrFO capabilities, tandem free operation (TFO) capabilities, voice quality enhancement (VQE) capabilities, UPFP/Iu-CS, and UMA NB-IP.
Various codec requirements for VoIP calls may be considered when determining a node cost. A determination of whether codecs between two legs of a call are the same, and whether a codec translation is required may be considered when assigning a node cost. For example, a codec translation may negatively impact the service quality and thus may contribute to the overall node cost.
For wireless calls, TrFO capabilities, or the lack thereof, may be considered when assigning a node cost. If incoming and outgoing legs of a wireless call are commonly formatted, and no codec translation is required, no node cost may be assigned based on TrFO (or a negative node cost may be applied to account for the desirable impact of the node capabilities). The absence of TrFO may negatively impact service quality, and the node cost may be accordingly adjusted to indicate the lack of TrFO.
TFO allows for bypassing the encoding process at an intermediate node, such as a tandem media gateway for mobile to mobile calls or mobile to wireline phone call. The encoded voice data received from the originating end, such as a BTS, is not decoded at an intermediate node, such as a Selection Distribution Unit (SDU). Instead, the encoded voice is transmitted transparently through the network. The encoded speech is routed to the last point in the network where it is converted back to the appropriate signaling format for routing to the terminating end. The lack of TFO capabilities at a node may negatively impact service quality due to encoding/decoding steps, and the node cost may be suitably adjusted.
The availability, or the lack thereof, of VQE service capabilities may be considered in the node cost. VQE may encompass various algorithms implemented, for example, in a DSP in a manner than enhances speech quality. VQE may include echo cancellation, noise reduction automatic level control, and/or other algorithms that may improve the voice quality of a call. Echo cancellation may be implemented to reduce echo components from speech signals. Noise reduction may be implemented to reduce background noise under conditions where it exists. Automatic level control may be implemented to introduce an appropriate amount of gain or loss in order to create an output speech signal with a signal level appropriate for desirable perceived speech quality. The node cost may be adjusted to reflect the presence or absence of VQE.
Other capabilities that may be considering when assigning a node cost may include circuit-switched Iu interface between a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core network (UPFP/Iu-CS), unlicensed mobile access capabilities, such as a DSP resource that converts data in a UMA format to a UMTS or other 3G wireless data format, and network bearer-IP, an IP based interface between wireless media gateways (NB-IP).
In the example of
In the case of a VoIP-originated to VoIP-terminated call, assume the call is originated and terminated in G.729. Route costs may be calculated according to the following:
Route Cost=Σ(LinkCost*Weight)+Σ(Node Cost*Weight) eq. 1:
In the example depicted in
Σ(Link Cost * Weight)
Σ(Node Cost * Weight)
Route Cost
Route 1
(10 + 10)
(100 + 100)
Route 2
(20 + 20)
Route 3
(30 + 30 + 30)
(100 + 100)
Route 4
(40 + 40 + 40)
In the depicted example, a VoIP-originated call to a VoIP-terminated call transmitted over Route 1 would incur links costs of "10" for each of links 520 and 526 and a node cost of 100 for codec translations incurred at nodes 510 and 517. Thus, a route cost of "220" may be calculated for Route 1. The same call would incur link costs "20" for each of links 521 and 527 and a node cost of "0" for Route 2 as no codec translation is incurred at any of nodes 510, 512, and 517 as each of the nodes are G.729-capable. Thus, a route cost of "40" may be calculated for Route 2. In a similar manner, the VoIP-originated to VoIP-terminated call calculated for Route 3 would incur links costs of "30" for each of links 522, 524, and 528, and a node costs of "100" incurred at each of nodes 510 and 517. Thus, a route cost of "290" may be calculated for the VoIP-originated to VoIP-terminated call fro Route 3. A route cost of "120" may be calculated for Route 4 based on link costs of "40" incurred at each of links 523, 525, and 529, and a node cost of "0" for each of nodes 510, 514, 516, and 517 because each of the nodes of Route 4 are G.729-capable. Thus, in the depicted example, Route 2 may be identified as the optimal route based on link and nodes costs.
In the present example, wireless TrFO and TFO are factored into node cost calculations. TrFO and TFO capabilities of nodes 610-617 are parenthetically indicated in
Returning again to step 704, in the event that the network-type of the input and output are the same, an evaluation may be made to determine if the same codec is to be applied at the node input and node output (step 708). In the event that different codecs are to be applied at the node input and node output, the node cost may be calculated as a product of the assigned codec translation cost and the weight according to step 706. For example, in the event that both the node input and output are identified as IP, different codecs, such as G.711 and G.729, may still be required for translation depending on the node's capabilities.
Returning again to step 708, in the event that the same codecs are applicable at the node input and node output, the node cost may be assigned "0" (step 710) as no codec processing is required at the node. The node cost algorithm may then proceed to evaluate whether an additional node remains for evaluation according to step 712. In the event that an additional node remains for evaluation, the node cost algorithm may return to step 704 to evaluate whether the network-type of the media input is the same as the network-type of the media output. When node costs have been calculated for all nodes, the node cost algorithm cycle may end (step 714).
The node cost algorithm may be invoked (step 802), and an evaluation may be made to determine if TFO operation is available at the node and applicable for the call (step 804). In the event that TFO is not available or applicable, the node cost may be calculated as a product of the cost assigned to the required codec and the weight (step 806). The node cost algorithm may then proceed to evaluate whether any additional nodes remain for evaluation (step 810).
Returning again to step 804, in the event that TFO is available at the node and applicable, the node cost may be assigned a value of "0" as no codec translation is incurred at the node (step 808), and the node cost algorithm may proceed to determine whether any additional nodes remain for evaluation according to step 810. When all nodes have been evaluated, the node cost algorithm cycle may end (step 812).
As described herein, a system, method, and computer-readable medium for selecting an optimal route in a converged network are provided. Node costs are associated with service-impacting factors, such as transcoding, codec translation, and resource usage. A route cost may be calculated for each of a plurality of routes based on node costs assigned to nodes of each route. The node cost may be considered in conjunction with link costs assigned to links of the routes. Consideration of node costs provides for selection of an optimal route in a converged network that may include heterogeneous network infrastructure in which routes may have different processing overhead for routing a call between an originating node and a terminating node. Advantageously, calls may be efficiently routed across converged networks that may include wireline, wireless, and packet network entities.
The network examples depicted in
The flowcharts of FIGS. 4 and 7-8 depict process serialization to facilitate an understanding of disclosed embodiments and are not necessarily indicative of the serialization of the operations being performed. In various embodiments, the processing steps described in FIGS. 4 and 7-8 may be performed in varying order, and one or more depicted steps may be performed in parallel with other steps. Additionally, execution of some processing steps of FIGS. 4 and 7-8 may be excluded without departing from embodiments disclosed herein. The illustrative block diagrams and flowcharts depict process steps or blocks that may represent modules, segments, or portions of code that include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Although the particular examples illustrate specific process steps or procedures, many alternative implementations are possible and may be made by simple design choice. Some process steps may be executed in different order from the specific description herein based on, for example, considerations of function, purpose, conformance to standard, legacy structure, user interface design, and the like.
Aspects of the present invention may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. The various elements of the system, either individually or in combination, may be implemented as a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a processing unit. Various steps of embodiments of the invention may be performed by a computer processor executing a program tangibly embodied on a computer-readable medium to perform functions by operating on input and generating output. The computer-readable medium may be, for example, a memory, a transportable medium such as a compact disk, a floppy disk, or a diskette, such that a computer program embodying the aspects of the present invention can be loaded onto a computer. The computer program is not limited to any particular embodiment, and may, for example, be implemented in an operating system, application program, foreground or background process, driver, network stack, or any combination thereof, executing on a single computer processor or multiple computer processors or another instruction execution apparatus. Additionally, various steps of embodiments of the invention may provide one or more data structures generated, produced, received, or otherwise implemented on a computer-readable medium, such as a memory.
Although embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that they may make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, all such changes, substitutions and alterations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined in the following claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Nortel Networks Limited
|QoS-oriented one-to-all route selection method for communication networks
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|Nortel Networks Limited
|Packet network route selection method and apparatus using a bidding algorithm
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|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and device in a packet switched network
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|Feb 24, 2004
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
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|Dec 14, 2004
|Cisco Systems, Inc.
|Multiple packet paths to improve reliability in an IP network
|Apr 15, 2002
|Oct 16, 2003
|Wong Vincent Chi Chiu
|Method and apparatus for selecting maximally disjoint shortest paths in a network
|Mar 3, 2005
|Sep 8, 2005
|Sid Chaudhuri
|Method and apparatus for improved IP networks and high-quality services
|Aug 11, 1998
|Feb 17, 1999
|Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kabushiki Kaisha
|Route selection method
|Dec 17, 1998
|Jul 1, 1999
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Method of obtaining the lowest cost link in a packet switched network
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration for International Application No. PCT/US2007/070596 (Dec. 28, 2007).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 9, 2009
|Sep 9, 2010
|Embarq Holdings Company, Llc
|Customer premise equipment with access to free market based pricing for bandwidth on a communications network
|May 28, 2015
|Nov 3, 2016
|Institute For Information Industry
|Heterogeneous network system, network apparatus, and rendezvous path selection method thereof
|U.S. Classification
|370/238, 709/241
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 25, 2006
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Dorothy Jean Heckler
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Oct. 17, 1928
Jun. 12, 2011
Dorothy Jean Heckler, 82, formerly of Piqua, died at 2:20 p.m. Sunday, June 12, 2011, at the Troy Care and Rehabilitation Center. She was born October 17, 1928, in Cincinnati, to the late Foster and Lula May (Bradley) Lamkin. She married John P. Heckler Jr. on May 26, 1950 in Newport, Ky.; he preceded her in death on April 17, 1983.
Survivors include a son, Dennis and Kim Heckler of Windsor, Calif.; two daughters, Dianna and Richard L. Swartz of Sidney, Darlene and John Thorne of Southaven, Miss., five grandchildren; Patricia Hall, Nicole Smith, Matthew Fahnestock, Aaron Swartz, Cory Joe Campbell; six great grandchildren, Codey Hunter Campbell, Ashley Hall, Jacob Hall, Lawrence Fronsoe, Haleigh Weaver-Fahnestock, Destiny Ludwig; and a sister, Martha May Strader of Piqua. She was preceded in death by a brother, Leslie Lamkin; and a sister, Helen Marie Heckler.
Mrs. Heckler was a member of the Madison Avenue Church of God and a homemaker.
A funeral service will be conducted at 1:00 p.m. Tuesday, June 14, 2011 at the Jamieson & Yannucci Funeral Home. Burial will follow in Miami Memorial Park, Covington. Visitation will be from 12:00-1:00 p.m. Tuesday at the funeral home. Memorial contributions may be made to the Troy Care and Rehabilitation Center, 512 Crescent Dr., Troy, OH 45373. Condolences to the family may also be expressed through jamiesonandyannucci.com.
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Boyd is the main antagonist in The Trumpet of the Swan. His intention is to marry Louie's love interest Serena, and he hates Louie for being defective.
Because Louie had interrupted Boyd's wedding with Serena and shown her his cloud heart, telling her that she is his and he is hers, an angry Boyd steals Louie's horn and throws it into the lake, demanding he never come back, resulting in a fight. Not being literate, Boyd ends up crashing into a dangerous cliff's wall when Louie, who has learned to read, flies straight upward while they were fighting.
He was voiced by Seth Green.


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John Gielgud
- TObituary: David Storeythestage.co.uk
- TPlaywright David Storey dies aged 83thestage.co.uk
- David Storey: Author of This Sporting Life dies aged 83The Guardian
- David Storey: Booker Prize-winning author dies at 83BBC
- A lover of crosswords, real ale and Wagner, Colin Dexter created Inspector Morse, in his own image - as a distraction from his kids on a wet Welsh holiday. But did you recognise him in these cameo roles?Daily MailRotherham , England , Woodstock , Desert Island , Greece
- Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead review – a great double actThe Guardian
- Viola Davis becomes 23rd person to win an Oscar, Emmy and TonyThe Independent
- 'Moonlight' Writer Dedicates Film To All POC And Gender-Nonconforminghuffingtonpost.com
- VA Tribute to Andrzej Wajda: Diamonds in the Ashesvillagevoice.com
- Charlie and Rudi in blue plaque pas de deuxThe Times
- No Man's Land review: Ian McKellen and Patrick Stewart master Pinter's grand dialogueSydney Morning Herald
- Jude Law plays the title role in the new HBO series 'The Young Pope'LA Times
- New Year's Eves pastpaysonroundup.comTimes Square , New York , England , New Year
- TDe Niro hotel may force theatre restaurant Joe Allen to movethestage.co.ukNew York , Exeter , Covent Garden , West End
- Tom Hanks Wants The New 'Splash' To Have A Gay Twisthuffingtonpost.com
- Montgomery chef Stephane Borie says: "The Checkers opened in 2011 and within seven months we'd won a Michelin star"Shropshire StarUnited Kingdom , Shrewsbury , Chirbury , Europe , Ouest
- Enjoy an evening with Rita Moreno at the Edmonds arts centerEverett HeraldFourth Avenue , Věž , Spain , Americas , Rockford
- Cherie's 'greed': Blair's wife is slated by tenant after 'having him evicted from the £650,000 home she owns so she can put up the rent'Daily MailAustralia , Bristol , West London , Georgia , Aylesbury
- Theatre: No Man's Land at Wyndham's, WC2The Times
- Antithetical Anti-Hazing Frat Film 'Goat' Fails to Get Itobserver.com
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Recent Developments in Slovak Competition Law Fifth Annual Conference on Competition Enforcement in the CEE Member States Zuzana Šabová Antimonopoly Office of the SR Bratislava, 21 February 2014
Recent developments Legislation Draft amendment to the Competition Act Case-law developments Coherent application of the EU competition rules in Slovakia Amicus curiae intervention (Green dot case) Preliminary reference to the CJEU (Cartel of three banks) 2
Legislation I. December 2013 Draft amendment to the Slovak Competition Act submitted into the legislative proceedings January – February 2014 Interministry comment procedure July 1, 2014 Expected effective date of the amendment 3
Legislation II. Further improvement of merger control regime Formal introduction of the settlement procedure (applicable to all substantive infringements) Refinement of the leniency programme and de minimis rule Decrees of the Office on settlement procedure, leniency programme and de minimis rules Rights of defence and protection of information in the administrative proceedings Rewards for informants in cartel cases Change in management of the Office Other (mainly procedural) refinements 4
Rewards for informants Complementary investigative tool to leniency programme Main reasons: to boost cartel investigations to boost race for the leniency deterrence towards cartels Inspiration: UK, HU 5
Applicant Natural person only, not employee of the leniency applicant He/she should provide the AMO with: documents in written or electronic form, being the decisive evidence of the infringement or information and evidence enabling the targeted inspection The evidence is substantial for the decision finding the infringement Identity protection provided if whished Protection under labour law/contractual law 6
Reward 7 1% of the fine imposed, max. EUR 100.000 In case of judicial review: if the court changes the fine, the amount depends on the changed fine after the judgment becomes final After the fine was paid If the fine was not paid within the set time limit, reward reduced to 50%, max. EUR 10.000
Coherent application of EU Competition Law in Slovakia 8 2004 Reform – Regulation 1/2003: Member states are obliged to apply Art. 101 and 102 TFEU Same substantive rules, procedural and fining mechanisms subject to national rules Slovak experience: - Preliminary reference to the CJEU – Art. 267 TFEU (Cartel of banks) - Art. 15 (3) Reg. 1/2003 amicus curiae (Green dot case)
Cartel between banks I. 9 Decision of the AMO 2009 Cartel of the three banks: Všeobecná úverová banka, a.s. (VUB), Slovenská sporiteľňa, a.s. (SLSP), Československá obchodná banka, a.s. (CSOB) - exclusion of a competitor Akcenta CZ Akcenta CZ Czech non-bank payment institution provided foreign exchange services via current accounts (in the same bank as the client) Agreement on the termination of the current accounts of the Akcenta CZ and not opening them for this company in the future
Cartel between banks II. 10 Akcenta CZ had a licence of the Czech National Bank, but no licence of the Slovak National Bank According to banks, the Akcenta CZ was not their competitor as it was operating on the market illegally, without the licence of the National Bank of Slovakia The banks claim that they only met to inform each other about the illegality of the Akcenta CZ and the possible negative consequences
Decision of the Regional Court in Bratislava 11 three separate proceedings with each bank All arguments of the banks accepted: - it was necessary for the three banks to meet and exchange the information about the illegal conduct of Akcenta CZ - banks were only protecting their customers from possible negative consequences SLSP case - the participation of the employees in the meeting and the follow on communication among banks questioned (these were only employees and not the statutory body of the undertaking or the employees empowered by the statutory body)
Decision of the Supreme Court of Slovak Republic 12 CSOB – decision passed (2011) – the opinion of the RC upheld (case pending at the AMO) In the proceedings with SLSP – preliminary reference to the CJEU Final judgments in SLSP and VUB case passed on May 21 and May 22, 2013
Preliminary questions 13 Legality of Akcenta CZ – relevant for the assessment of the agreement within the meaning of Art 101 TFEU? (2 questions) Approval of a statutory body for employee involved in the cartel communication? Application of art. 101 (3) for such agreements?
CJEU ruling C-68/12 14 Art. 101 must be interpreted as meaning that the fact that an undertaking that is adversely affected by an agreement whose object is the restriction of competition was allegedly operating illegally on the relevant market at the time when the agreement was concluded is of no relevance to the question whether the agreement constitutes an infringement of that provision Art. 101 must be interpreted as meaning that, in order to find that an agreement is restrictive of competition, it is not necessary to demonstrate personal conduct on the part of a representative authorised under the undertaking´s constitution or the personal assent, in the form of a mandate, of that representative to the conduct of an employee of the undertaking who has participated in an anti-competitive meeting Art. 101 (3) must be interpreted as meaning that it can apply only when the undertaking has proved that the four cumulative conditions are met
Green Dot case amicus curiae I. 15 Abuse of dominant position, waste management sector Company ENVI-PAK – exclusivity on granting sub licences on the trade mark Green Dot Payment system for the trade mark: the service clients of ENVI-PAK (clients using services of packaging waste collection, recovery and recycling), had the possibility to use Green Dot for free, but licence clients (interested only in obtaining the approval to use the trade mark Green Dot), had to pay the fee for the licence itself Result of the payment system for the trade mark Green Dot - it was not economic to become a client of authorized organization other than ENVI-PAK.
Green Dot case – amicus curiae II. 16 Decision of the AMO 2010 – national and EU competition rules applied in parallel Violation of the general clause, fine imposed RC in Bratislava: it is not possible to impose a fine for the violation of the general clause – conflict with the nullum crimen sine lege principle Parallel application of EU and national competition rules questioned European Commission – amicus curiae intervention before the Supreme Court of SR Supreme Court of SR – decision of the AMO upheld in May 2013
Conclusions 17 Recent developments in Slovak competition law Tendency to follow the EU model Legislation, soft law Decision-making practice Importance of the instruments ensuring the coherent application of EU rules in Slovakia
18 Thank you for your attention! www.antimon.gov.sk email@example.com
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Focus on Food Safety
Updated January 2011 -
The year 2010 saw incidents of food-borne illness from common foods such as eggs, spinach, tomatoes, ground beef, peanut butter, candy, pet food, and cookie dough The nearly weekly investigations and recalls of various foods items from the USA and abroad created ever- mounting pressure on the US Congress to take action and revise the nation's food safety laws.
In December 2010, the first major overhaul of the food-safety system since the1930s was adopted by the Congress and then signed into law by President Barack Obama in early January 2011. The law calls for increasing government inspections at food-processing facilities and, for the first time, gives the Food and Drug Administration the power to order the recall of unsafe foods.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that each year 1 out of 6 Americans get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die from food borne diseases. 12/2010
With increased regulation opposed by many family-owned and organic farmers, the legislation still needs to be funded and with the change in the control of the US House of Representatives funding might be a huge problem. The law does set standards and now shifts the focus to other countries that export food stuffs into the United States. A January poll of consumers in China indicated that more than 70% did not have confidence in the safety of their [nation's] food supply. China is a large supplier of food to North America. It remains to be seen if food exporting countries will raise the bar on food safety in the future as a result of the US's action.
Food Safety will continue to be a focus of interest of corporations, Congress and the public and AC subscribers will be able to read about it all here under the Hot Topic of Food Safety.
Food…trust – and provider accountability -- the three terms clearly go together. We consume food hundreds, even thousands of miles from its origination. Trust is everything! Anything we put in our bodies every day should be "trustworthy," in terms of where it came from -- and everyone involved in the food supply chain should be accountable for their actions (or inaction in certain cases). From grower / farmer / planter / rancher to food processor to retailer or food service or restaurant…and then to each of us – there is a clear chain of accountability. Trust is the important foundation all along the human food chain – preserving trust should be an imperative for every player. And yet, accidents do happen. Each year in the United States tainted foods cause an estimated 75 million illnesses resulting in more than 300,000 hospitalizations and as many as 5,000 deaths or more. (World-wide food hazards kill more than 1.8 million people each year, mostly affecting children.)
The impact on the U.S. economy in medical costs alone top $6.5 billion with maybe two or three times that number in financial losses to business, industry and government. More and more of the food items that we in the U.S.A. consume come to our shores from foreign and third world production and processing sources, where there can be a lack of adequate sanitation or proper food handling procedures and oversight.
Even here in America, numerous food processing issues arise each year, typically involving incidents of food-borne illnesses originating from such biological hazards as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, and these and more continue to be significant public health threats. Those at greatest risk are children, senior citizens, pregnant women and their unborn children, and those with impacted immune systems.
There is heightened interest in food safety issues on the part of consumers and their advocates; government officials at the federal, state and local levels; the healthcare community; media; and food, retailing and restaurant industries. The nation has made great progress in identifying harmful food production technologies, ramping up safety procedures, and adopting rules and regulations and to promote safer methods of handling and preparing foods.
Food Safety is all about Accountability – and trust. The AC Hot Topic – Food Safety section is designed to present timely and useful news and information, a range of commentary, and reports on research on food safety topics. The objective: To improve and expand the public dialogue and contribute to the goal of safer food sources, processing and monitoring for all citizens. As always, we are interested in your comments on this important topic.
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Food Consumer - "Imposing rules that needlessly burden the family farms and sustainable producers who are providing healthy food options is against the interests of American consumers," said Ronnie Cummins, National Director of...
March 8, 2013 The Sequestration and the Food Safety Modernization ActSource: Food Safety News
Under the sequester, the government last week implemented across-the-board budget cuts that will affect multiple government agencies. As an attempt to reign in the federal budget, the sequestration plan proposes cuts that could...
March 8, 2013 Q&A: Chances of horse meat scandal in the U.S.'
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March 7, 2013 The War Against Macaroni and Cheese: Petition Asks Kraft to Remove Artificial Dyes
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Express.co.uk - Large swarms of the pests were first spotted in the Cairo area, prompting the îFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationsî to warn that wind and climate conditions increased the chances of...
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|Reviews for For Charity
| Kathryn Claire O'Connor chapter 2 . 3/11/2014
This is a fun and funny story; I like it.:)
| d1x1lady chapter 2 . 1/28/2013
So relieved Victoria didn't win! Loved the story.
| Miggs chapter 2 . 5/8/2012
You can tell I've been gorging myself on your Lassiet fics lately. You write them so well, AND in character, AND your fics make me laugh. Hurrah for Millicent saving Carlton from his ex-wife!
| Bamfbugboy chapter 2 . 4/25/2012
I've seen enough Hentai to know where this is going~
| dragonmactir chapter 2 . 4/25/2012
Lovely, both the plot and the smutty little ending (his tentacle? shiver)
| hfce chapter 2 . 4/24/2012
Oh my God that was so romantic. I loved it. Those two are just magical. :)
| the-omnomnom-phenomenon chapter 2 . 4/24/2012
I love Millicent! She was just overall amazing. And the plots you come up with are so creative! I loved it! :D
| TheRealAlyshebaFan chapter 2 . 4/24/2012
Eeeeeeeeeeee! Loved it! Loved the matron, loved the auction (I've written a couple of bachelor auctions m'self, mind you, but none as hilarious), love the marriage proposal... Wunnerful.
Bring on more smut, by the way! :D
| Lawson227 chapter 2 . 4/24/2012
"There are men, there are gay men, there's the whole cross-dressing contingent, there's female-shaped entities, some of whom are also men, and then there's you. You are the only woman, period."
I adore Millicent- she's absolutely fabulous and I love that she beat out Victoria for a date with Carlton.
And the end... the END! I was all misty-eyed and stuff.
(I expect I will still add to the smut in Juliet On The Edge, in case you were wondering.) (Not that you were. You're above all that. I know everyone is too mature to succumb to the lure of Lassiet smut.)
Um, hello... have you MET us? *shakes head in disbelief* Woman, there's a honeymoon to smutfest your way through!
| LovinIt chapter 1 . 4/23/2012
So I'm not a real big fan of lassiet...but they way you write it. OH. MY. GOD! I effing love it! You not only fulfill my need for smut with your Juliet on the edge but you also fulfill my need for sweet relationshipness. On a side note I'm not a big shules fan either.
| hfce chapter 1 . 4/23/2012
You did it again. Another great Lassiet fic. I adore jealous Carlton and Juliet. They are so cute! LOL! I can't wait to see how Juliet beats out those other girls. That is going to be so much fun to read. LOL!
| Alysheba1 chapter 1 . 4/23/2012
Omigosh...a charity bachelor auction! Can I make a bid? ;)
Can't wait for more. This is just *deeeelightful*!
| Lawson227 chapter 1 . 4/22/2012
I seriously have to think of more suggestions for you, since you do such an incredibly lovely job with them.
I love how both of them are quietly and not-so-quietly going nuts over this charity auction & I want to bop Juliet over the head for saying that marriage is a non-option and freaking poor Carlton out. Seriously, what is that girl thinking?