text:
Chapter 81: Looking for Surnamed Jiang
When Ye Fan saw the old or young disabled and helpless, his heart would often feel sympathy. However, when he met those who oppressed the weak and did all manner of vicious acts, he would become emotionless, absolutely ice cold. It may seem contradictory but this was how it was and an overly compassionate heart existed together with his coldness and emotionlessness, he did not know which side he leaned towards.
For example right now, he was absolutely emotionless without any mercy within him as he stepped on the Li family seventh young master's face, his voice was cold as he said: "If you don't want to continue suffering, answer the questions that are asked. Otherwise, you know what's the outcome."
"Little bastard……"
Ye Fan sent him flying with a kick, the teeth of the seventh young master all fell out as his delicate and fair face swelled up, blood flowing from his nose and mouth.
"Looking at your soft skin and tender flesh, you're just perfect material for an eunuch. I see that you still don't want to talk, let me fulfil your wish and make it a reality." Ye Fan released his golden book which hovered in the air, its brilliance bright and dazzling.
"You…… What are you planning to do?" The seventh young master was besides himself in fear.
"Allowing you to become an eunuch!"
"No! I'll talk, I'll talk about everything!" The seventh young master was so afraid that his face had contorted, to a man this was something that was even harder to bear than death.
"Spineless thing."
Ye Fan sat not far away on a limestone as he quietly listened to him talk about the past. Ting Ting's parents had really been killed by the few cultivators of the Li family. They had used all their means to acquire an extremely rare medicine from other cultivators. It could cause extremely strong wild beasts to go crazy as they secretly doused the bodies of Ting Ting's parents. Thereafter, when they went out to gather spiritual medicine, they had been torn to shreds by the Lightning Bird.
There were also other shady dealings and sinister plots that if heard would make one feel resentment. Ye Fan sighed: "Be it the ordinary realm or the cultivator world, there isn't much difference. A place with people will always be complicated because a human will bear grudges, even a cultivator is not exempt from this."
Ye Fan searched and found a wooden case within his bosom, kicking him aside then borrowing the light from the moon and the stars, he slowly opened this slightly heavy sandalwood case.
Inside, there was a faint yellow piece of rock that was about thick as a thumb and as long as a segment of a finger. Although it was a very small piece, it seemed very heavy to hold and Ye Fan could fill it brimming with vigorous life.
"Based on ancient texts, during the era which all living things were formed, the plants and trees were abundant and living things were formidable, spiritual medicines were endless and many 'sources' were formed, like sparkling and translucent amber crystals, they contained large amounts of the qi essence of life. Was this the 'source'?"*
[T/N* This may seem familiar because the author previously used this exact same sentence]
Ye Fan constantly inspected it under the moonlight and discovered that this piece of 'source' had many impurities within, the sparkling and translucent portion of it barely covered a third of it. This made him feel a little regretful, this was not a pure 'source'.
Even so, he was already extremely satisfied. This miraculous amber stone contained an extremely vigorous qi essence of life and something that was like mist and multicoloured lights seemed to be circulating within.
"Good stuff! I wonder how much it can assist me to establish the sea of bitterness!"
"That is mine!" The Li family seventh young master groaned within his pool of blood, he grit his teeth, clearly filled with anger and bitter resentment.
"Wasn't this piece of 'source' found within an ancient cave within the deep mountains? Could it be that there was only such a small piece, nothing else?"
Under Ye Fan's ministrations, the seventh young master was willing to say anything and hid nothing. There was a cultivator within that died in a seated posture, too many years had passed and even the bones had turned to ash, leaving only this piece of 'source' behind.
"It's too regretful, i thought that I would be able to obtain a few pieces." Ye Fan felt rather greedy for these 'sources'.
"I've said everything, can you leave a way out for me?" The seventh young master had an expression of hope, he knew that this was having excessive expectations and more likely than not the enemy would not let him off.
"When you were planning to kill Ting Ting's parents, did you ever have mercy in your heart? When you forced old uncle Jiang and Ting Ting into such bitter states, did you think of leaving them a way out?"
Ye Fan kicked him away as he said: "I'll give you a chance to kill yourself so you won't get tortured anymore. I have never killed anyone before and don't feel like staining my hands."
"You…… you've never killed before….." As the seventh young master said this his body trembled: "You….. you will be struck by lightning!"
Ye Fan used his feet to kick him before a mountain rock and said: "Knock yourself to death, if you force me to act, I'll make you an eunuch first before killing you."
At this moment, the Li family seventh young master was dismayed to the point of going mad, this method of death was simply too stupid and cowardly, the other party could not be bothered to act and wanted him to kill himself.
"Little bastard, you're really an ass! I…… even if I become a ghost I won't let you go!" The seventh young master was infuriated to the point of spitting blood out.
Ye Fan sat on a limestone not far away and said: "Don't talk so much nonsense, hurry and send yourself off. I don't really have much patience."
"You….. I……" The seventh young master was dismal to the point of not being able to talk before he finally howled: "You will die a terrible death!"
His head slammed into the mountain rock, immediately dying on the spot.
"You killed yourself by knocking your head, I never killed anyone." Ye Fan stood up as he began to mop up any traces. He spent a full two hours before wiping away all traces and headed back to the small town.
Although he looked calm, his hands were already drenched in sweat. This was the first time he had killed an enemy and although the seventh young master was guilty of many monstrous crimes and deserved this end, it still made him feel very uncomfortable.
After acquiring the 'source', Ye Fan did not immediately cultivate. He knew that the 'source' contained a vast amount of qi essence of life and after breaking it, there were would be waves of source energy and if he was not careful it would be noticed by others. Under the current circumstances, it was better to be more prudent.
In the next two days, the town of Qing Feng was extremely peaceful, it was only when the two other cultivators from the Li family rushed back from the Yan Xia immortal sanctuary that an uproar was caused, affecting the entire small town.
"The seventh young master of the Li family has gone missing."
"How could a person who cultivates just suddenly go missing like that?"
"This is the retribution of the Li family!"
"What retribution, it must have been done by the people of the Wang family. Besides that rival family, who else would dare to do this? Who else would have the strength to do so?"
"That's right, I heard the servants of the Li family saying that it's likely a disaster that was brought about by that 'source'."
Even the normal people of the town of Qing Feng were discussing this, it could be seen how big a commotion this had caused. The entirety of the Li family was in an uproar but at the same time they felt fear.
Initially, Ye Fan did not mind because the two cultivators of the Li family had not reached the Spring of Life stage and could not ride on mystical rainbows to travel, thus he was not really afraid of them. However, after a few days, things manifested past his expectations and the waves seemed to have gotten much larger.
The people of Yan Xia immortal sanctuary actually came and a few cultivators at the Spring of Life stage actually personally arrived, allowing the people of the Li family to lead the way as they went to the ancient cave where the 'source' was discovered. Thereafter, the cultivator of the Wang family also invited the people from his sect and entered the deep mountains to look for that ancient cave, the two groups had almost engaged in a vicious conflict.
"Could it be that this area has a 'source' vein?" On this day, over ten people on mounts arrived at the town of Qing Feng, all riding on mystical beasts that were covered in scales, seemingly very grand.
The mount right in the centre was the most exceptional, its entire body was covered in golden scales, a lustrous divine splendour swirled around it like a golden fire that was blazing. Its four hooves did not touch the ground and actually hovered three inches above the ground, it traversed by stepping on the air and it could be imagined how strong and fearsome this beast was.
Sitting on the 'golden deity' was a young man who looked to be twenty four to twenty five years of age. He wore white clothing and seemed very cultured, a gentle smile on his face, extremely handsome, a faint glow could be seen around him, his countenance really could make one lose themselves.
By his sides were two other mounts that moved in tandem. The left one was a green beast, its form was that of a liger, its green fur was very long and pristine, like jade as it sparkled, a pure glow circulated, dazzling and bright. Its head had a jade horn that was actually releasing a five coloured divine glow. This five coloured beast was also traversing on air without touching the ground, an exceptional mount. On it was a sixteen to seventeen year old male youth, wearing green clothing, a heroic aura emanated from him but hints of arrogance could be felt, as though this small town was nothing in his eyes.
On the other side, a beast flashed with a silver glow, its form was like a divine deer, its body covered in silver scales. On its forehead was a vertical eye and its body was covered in a pure and holy glow that flashed. It also traversed through the air, not contaminated by any dirt. Atop it was a sixteen to seventeen year old female youth, her skin seemed to be covered in rouge, eyes misty like limpid autumn waters, bright red lips, extremely beautiful but gave one a feeling of being too high to reach, filled with a kind of arrogance.
The ten odd beasts behind these three were also exceptional and each were very rare breeds. Either covered in scales or their body like jade, each flashed with a glow and the ages of the people atop them varied from within the range of twenty to forty. Both males and females carried an austere air and the area around them seemed to be filled with a strong desire for battle.
In the distance, Ye Fan took this all in as he breathed in a gasp of cold air, what was the background of these people? They were definitely not ordinary people!
Not mentioning the three people in the lead, just the ten over riders behind them were not any inferior to the people from the Sacred Grounds or ancient aristocratic families previously at the demon emperor's burial mound. A strong fighting intent and killing pressure pressed down.
"Are there any families within this town with the surname Jiang?" At this moment, a rider received orders and asked the people of the town.
Ye Fan's heart was racing, why were they searching for people who were surnamed Jiang?


text:
Discover why thousands have upgraded to the ultimate Bible learning experience. Try it free today.
Jesus Christ displays the same attitude of grace and mercy towards men and women as his Father does.
Lk 4:16-21 See also Isa 61:1-2Jn 15:12-13 See also 2Co 8:9; 2Co 13:14; Eph 4:7; Php 2:1; 1Ti 1:16; 2Ti 1:18; 2Ti 2:1; Jude 21
Mt 9:36 pp Mk 6:34 See also Mt 14:14; Mt 15:32 pp Mk 8:2; Mt 23:37 pp Lk 13:34
Mt 20:30-34 See also Mt 8:2-3 pp Mk 1:39-40 pp Lk 5:12-13; Mt 8:5-13; Mt 9:18-30; Mt 15:22; Mt 17:14-18; Jn 11:6; 2Co 12:8-9
Jn 12:47
Heb 2:17-18 See also Heb 4:15
In salvation Eph 5:2 See also Lk 19:10; Gal 2:20; Eph 5:25; 1Ti 1:14-16; Tit 3:4-7
In forgiveness Lk 23:34 See also Mk 2:10
In blessing Mk 10:13-16 pp Mt 19:13-15
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Hello there! Hopefully there may be some knowledgable people here who may be able to help me. I have my grandad's service records in my possession and I am trying to locate exactly where he was based going by details I have. He left the 1st Seaforths in 1947 after coming back from India, was based in Liverpool till 1949 and then went back up to Scotland in 1949 still serving in the army. I am having trouble understanding some of the writing hence the scans. My aim is to find where he was based between 1950-54 as he had a child out of wedlock who would be my mother's half sister. I had no luck with advertisements in Edinburgh local newspapers as he had an address there on his records, but now I am thinking it may have been somewhere else. Once I find out I can start putting some advertisements in local papers for those areas. If anyone needs anymore info please PM me. All the best.


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|Reviews for Viscosity
| Flora Winters chapter 1 . 5/15/2007
This story was great. I could see the two of them in that pool so clearly in my mind it was scary/hot. My favorite line is, "He could set ice on fire with a platonic caress." That's just frickin' hawt!
| Sasukes Half Eaten RiceBall chapter 1 . 2/15/2007
this is the first clex fic i can actually give the honor to be called "good". for some reason there doesnt seem to be many sufficiant authors for these fics, so im glad i hav finally found one to quench my desired point of view. in much simpler words...luved it :P
| Bramblerose4 chapter 1 . 1/6/2007
okay first off I want to tell you that those two reviews that are really flames are complete bullshit, you said that this was a lsash story, it's not your fault if the bastards still read it and didn't like what happened, it doesn't change the fact that it is slash! *mummbles to herself* bloody idiots.
Anyway I loved it, it was refreshing. I love how you put words together, so different so unique, so original (i know they all mean the same thing, but that just goes to show you that I like this story a lot) *clicks into faves and put you on alert* I look forward to reading more from you!
| ew chapter 1 . 12/11/2006
this is so sick
they are not gay
| ki0o chapter 1 . 11/7/2006
let me tell u this was gross
and i can't stand seeing someone make two cute guys gay
u need help
| Nina chapter 1 . 11/5/2006
Beautiful finish.
| SqueakyPiggy chapter 1 . 11/5/2006
I liked the images you painted with this story. Was surprized in a good way with some of the odd word choices, like 'bather's', wasn't sure if that was supposed to be instead of swim trunks or in his birthday suit. :D but still, I very much liked this story.


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Sophomore pitcher Connor Buchanan turned in his best performance of the season against South Pasadena last Friday and led the La Cañada High School varsity baseball team to a 7-0 victory. Continue reading "La Cañada Remains Perfect in League Play"
LC Secures League Crown
History repeats for the La Cañada High School varsity boys' golf team as it defeated Temple City, 199-215, at Eaton Canyon Golf Course to claim a share of the Rio Hondo League crown on Tuesday.
First-year head coach Derrick Williams has guided the Spartans to a perfect 8-0 record (6-0 in league) so far with two more regular season contests remaining. La Cañada, which has won 13 consecutive Rio Hondo League championships, has defeated every league opponent, as well as Valencia and St. Francis.
The squad includes Matt Choi, Dylan Choi, Jason Del Fierro, John Hickman, Christian Kim, Maxwell Kinsel, Andrew Koerber, Brendon Paek, Nicolas Perez, Andrew Ricci, Jay Singh, Clyde Toland and Eduardo Torres.
The Spartans will host Monrovia in a league match on Tuesday, April 25, at 3 p.m.
Spartans, Rebels Softball Win Big
The La Cañada High School varsity softball team blanked visiting rival South Pasadena, 10-0, in a Rio Hondo League contest last Friday.
The Spartans, guided by second-year head coach Chuck Gunter, improved to 10-3 on the season, including a perfect 6-0 record in Rio Hondo League play.
La Cañada, which has won 15 consecutive Rio Hondo League games dating back to last year, will travel to Temple City this Friday, April 21, at 3:30 p.m. Continue reading "Spartans, Rebels Softball Win Big"
LCHS Welcomes Families to Open House
LCUSD Survey Says Students Feel Safe; Pinpoints Other Concerns
Eighty-one percent of students on the La Cañada High School and LCHS 7/8 campus report that bullying is unacceptable at their school. And 90% of 4th- through 6th-graders at La Cañada Unified's three elementary schools say they feel safe on their campus. Continue reading "LCUSD Survey Says Students Feel Safe; Pinpoints Other Concerns"
LCHS Confronts Drinking and Driving Dangers
A simulation of a gruesome crash was staged in front of La Cañada High School on Thursday, April 13, as part of "Every 15 Minutes," a nationwide program meant to increase awareness among teenagers about the high-stake dangers of drinking and driving.
"It's about having our students — and adults — pause and question their own behavior," Principal Ian McFeat said. Continue reading "LCHS Confronts Drinking and Driving Dangers"
Cream of LCF Crop Inspire at 'Challenge Success' Day
Name another high school that can pool an Oscar winner, head of Plastic Surgery at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CEO of Warner Bros. Entertainment, creative executive at Walt Disney Imagineering, state Senator, former Major League Baseball player, NASA engineer, deputy district attorney, pilot and philharmonic oboist and have them all on the same campus, on the same morning.
Continue reading "Cream of LCF Crop Inspire at 'Challenge Success' Day"
La Cañada, Flintridge Prep Score League Victories
Matthew Sox and Tristan Kalnins combined for a three-hit shutout and led the La Cañada varsity baseball team to a 5-0 victory over host Monrovia on Tuesday. Continue reading "La Cañada, Flintridge Prep Score League Victories"
LCHS Students to Simulate Drunk Driving Risks
Before he was an attorney prosecuting DUIs, La Cañada Unified School District Governing Board President Dan Jeffries worked on an ambulance crew while he was in college and law school. He witnessed, first hand, often tragic results of drunk driving. Continue reading "LCHS Students to Simulate Drunk Driving Risks"
Spartans Remain Perfect in League
La Cañada High School pitcher Holly Stoner was stellar in the circle and shut out host Monrovia, 7-0, in a Rio Hondo League game on Tuesday.
The Spartan ace went the distance and allowed only one hit and struck out nine. Continue reading "Spartans Remain Perfect in League"


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This Print was Produced for The Metropolitan Museum of Art for their 2013 Punk Fashion Exhibition and was available through the MET mezzanine print shop.
The Sex Pistols from their Final Performance at The Winterland, San Francisco, CA., January 14, 1978.
• Photo Lithograph Printed on 14 pt. Acid Free, Cover Stock.
• Dimensions - 14 x 20"
• Edition Size - 10
• Hand Signed, Captioned & Numbered by Michael Zagaris.


text: When you arrive by cab or airport shuttle, you are dropped off on Forbes Ave., and you enter the hotel somewhat between floors. You either walk down a set of stairs to meeting rooms, or up to check in. An odd arrangement. I was glad that I didn't have heavy luggage. I was traveling solo, and had booked a king.... More


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BCB set to face disciplinary action from WICB
-BCB president Keith Foster says he is unaware of GCB letter
Acting President of the Guyana Cricket Board (GCB) Fizul Bacchus yesterday said that he intends to sit with his executives and discuss what penalty will be taken against the Berbice Cricket Board (BCB) following the staging of the 2014 May 26 Independence T20 Cup which was not approved.
Neither the West Indies Cricket Board nor the Guyana Cricket Board had given permission for the tournament to be staged and according to the GCB, repeated pleas not to go ahead with the staging of the competition fell on deaf ears.
Bacchus is currently acting as head of the GCB in the absence of Drubahadur who is out of the country.
"Because they breached the GCB and the WICB I, along with the executives have to plan away forward to discuss the situation" said Bacchus.
The GCB has written informing the GCB of pending disciplinary action from the WICB.
"As instructed by the Guyana Cricket Board's Executive Committee meeting of Friday 6th June, 2014, I hereby inform you that the Berbice Cricket Board has been referred to the West Indies Cricket Board for disciplinary
Action regarding the staging of unapproved or unauthorized cricket in Guyana.
"Your board is fully aware of the requirements for unapproved/unauthorized cricket and you were further reminded by both the GCB and the WICB on the required procedure yet still, your cricket board went ahead and organized such cricket on the 25th May 2014," the letter signed by GCB secretary Anand Sanasie stated.
Contacted for a comment yesterday, Sanasie and Bacchus, who were attending one of their ongoing court cases briefly explained to this newspaper that the unauthorized staging of the tournament last month was an indirect violation to the GCB and the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) who deemed the one day competition unsanctioned.
Sanasie also reiterated that the BCB acted contrary to the rules and regulations of the GCB and their mother board the WICB despite multiple warnings, further stating that they (the BCB) needed to comply with the directions from the highest governing cricket body responsible for the welfare of players around Guyana and the Caribbean the WICB.
Contacted for a comment yesterday BCB president Keith Foster told Stabroek Sports hat he had not yet seen the letter and as such was unable to comment.
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text:
The Executive Office of the President: A Historical, Biographical, and Bibliographical Guide
Relyea, Harold C. (ed).
Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1997. 675 pp., lg. 8vo. Hardcover. Some rubbing to boards w/ sticker ghost to front board; edges lightly bumped & spine lightly creased. Binding tight; pgs clean & crisp. Very Good Hardcover 0313264767 (Item ID: 152430)
- More: US HISTORY
- By This Author: Relyea, Harold C. (ed).


text:
Pack of 3 Faith in Nature Soap - Hemp with Lemongrass & Green Tea - 100g
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 22, 1995
|Filing date
|Nov 24, 1993
|Priority date
|Jun 14, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James A. Karabedian, Maurice W. Blackwelder
|Original Assignee
|Owens-Illinois Plastic Products Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (21), Classifications (43), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/752,430 filed on Aug. 30, 1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/538,291 filed Jun. 14, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,608.
This invention relates to manufacture of foam and particularly the manufacture of polystyrene foam.
In the manufacture of polystyrene foam, it has been common to utilize blowing agents such as chlorofluorocarbons solely or together with alkanes, usually pentane or isopentane. Such a foam is usually made by extrusion. Due to the solubility of chlorofluorocarbons and certain alkanes in polystyrene, the extrusion melt viscosity is reduced and this permits sufficient cooling of the melt so that high load, indicated by amperage, will not be applied to the extruder drive motor.
Pentane and chlorofluorocarbons such as Freon 11 and 12, for example, are partially soluble in polystyrene and reduce the melt viscosity enabling the extruder adequately to cool and extrude the molten plastic material at lower loads and temperatures in order to generate a good smooth foam surface and appearance, small cell size control for opacity and other foam physical properties such as orientation, shrinkage characteristics and stiffness. Loss of residual blowing agent over a period of time, however, creates a shrinkage in the sheet material, an increase in thickness and an increase in softening point temperature as the residual blowing agent is reduced.
Where the foam is intended for use as a label on glass or plastic containers wherein the label is shrunk in place, the foam material is extruded and stretched in one direction more than the other. Preferably, the label material is coextruded with a plastic film. The gradual loss of residual blowing agent causes the label material to vary in shrinkage characteristics.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,287 is directed to a polymer foam process for making thermoformed articles wherein the blowing agent comprises at least an atmospheric gas and at least one volatile plasticizing blowing agent. As stated in this patent, early attempts to mix normally liquid hydrocarbons and normally gaseous blowing agents have not been successful and it is necessary that great care be exercised in production of a polymer foam with highly-volatile blowing agents such as carbon dioxide even in such a mixture. Accordingly, as set forth in this patent, it was thought necessary to utilize both the inert gas such as carbon dioxide and a volatile plasticizing organic blowing agent such as pentane and to thermoform the articles immediately after extrusion.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,679 discloses a method of making foam wherein water and natural gas are introduced into a melt.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,938 discloses a method of utilizing atmospheric gases for forming thermoformed articles wherein the process includes introducing, to a molten resin charge under pressure, a gas blowing agent from a supply gas source of comparatively higher pressure, said introducing being by means of discrete uniform volumetric charges of gas into said resin, wherein said discrete volumetric charges are introduced by means of a free piston-cylinder combination given motive power by said supply gas source. Although this patent mentions the use of a number of atmospheric gases, no claim was made as to any beneficial results as to the product and no commercial use has been made of such a process.
Among the objectives of the present invention are to provide a method of making polystyrene foam wherein the method utilizes atmospheric gases as blowing agents which are inherent in the atmosphere; wherein the blowing agent is substantially entirely released when the polystyrene foam is extruded; wherein the melt can be cooled to normal process levels and not create high loading on the extruder or shear heat from high polymer viscosity; wherein the amount of shrinkage can be controlled as may be required for the ultimate use of the foam; wherein the density and cell size can be controlled; and which utilizes conventional extrusion apparatus.
In accordance with the invention, the method of making polystyrene foam comprises mixing an atmospheric gas such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen or air and preferably a non-volatile blending agent, introducing the gas or the mixture to a molten thermoplastic polystyrene resin containing nucleating agents such as sodium bicarbonate and citric acid and extruding the thermoplastic in the form of a foam. The resultant foam has substantially no residual blowing agent, is dimensionally stable at ambient temperatures and when used with a non-volatile blending agent can be made with small amounts of blowing agent permitting melt cooling without high loading on the extruder. The foam may be coextruded with one or more layers of a thermoplastic film so that the resultant product is adapted for use for plates, cups, food containers or packaging and for labels for containers such as glass and plastic containers and for labels that are shrunk in place on the container.
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an extrusion apparatus utilized in the method.
FIG. 2 is a partly schematic diagram of a portion of the extrusion apparatus.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of an apparatus utilized in the process downstream of the extruder.
FIG. 4 is a partly schematic diagram of a modified form of extrusion apparatus.
In accordance with the invention, an atmospheric gas such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen or air alone or preferably combined with a blending agent which is non-volatile at the extrusion temperatures such as a high molecular weight ester having low volatility at high temperatures is introduced into the thermoplastic molten polystyrene melt, and the mixture is extruded.
Where a mixture of atmospheric gas and a blending agent which is non-volatile at the extrusion temperatures is used, the atmospheric gas and the non-volatile blending agent may be mixed prior to introduction or separately.
Referring to FIG. 1, the atmospheric gas is supplied to the first stage of a tandem extruder system through a pressure regulator, heater, two stage gas booster and accumulator, mass flow meter control valve, second heater and pressure regulator to the molten massive plastic material in the first or primary extruder section. Where the liquid non-volatile blending agent such as the non-volatile ester is used, it is pumped to an accumulator and thereafter to a mass flow meter and control valve for injection into the plastic material downstream of the point of injection of the atmospheric gas. Alternatively, the blending agent can be mixed with the atmospheric gas in a static mixer and injected at a single point of injection. The blended material then passes to the secondary conditioning or cooling extruder and is extruded in the form of a tubular web that is preferably cooled from the inside and outside.
Referring to FIG. 2, in a preferred form of the invention, the internal cooling mandrel M onto which the tubular material is passed is located relative to the extruder die D such that the frustoconical web W forms an angle A with the axis of the extruder that is preferably greater than 45� and ranges between 45� and 90�. In addition, the cooling air is supplied to the exterior of the tubular web closely adjacent the extruder die lip and is caused to flow parallel to the web W. Specifically, the air is supplied at an acute angle B tangentially of the web W as it is expanded outwardly to cool the external surface of the web W. This flow of air causes additional ambient air to be drawn to supplement the air being supplied for maximum cooling by turbulent flow. Cooling of the web and moving the web at an angle greater than 45� minimize and substantially eliminate axially extending corrugations which occur in making foam materials with atmospheric gases.
In the form of the invention shown in FIG. 4, in addition to the arrangement in FIG. 2, there is provided a tapered cooling ring R adjacent the front of the cooling mandrel. The ring R is cooled by lines L and includes annular recesses R1 and R2 that are connected by a line P to a vent valve V to the atmosphere. As the web W contacts and passes over the tapered cooling ring R, which is maintained at a temperature independent of that of the mandrel M, further cooling of the web occurs at a smaller diameter than that of the mandrel. As the web cools, a force is required to pull and stretch the web over the tapered cooling ring creating a tension between the mandrel M and the conventionally used pull rollers. The provision of the annular recesses R1, R2 being vented through a vent port produces a partial vacuum as the web moves across in contact with the cooling ring R maintaining the web in good contact with the cooling ring R. By use of the valve, the degree of venting can be increased or decreased such that the degree of vacuum can be increased or decreased.
It has been found that utilizing a percentage of atmospheric gas by weight of less than 3% by weight produces satisfactory results.
It has been found that when a non-volatile blending agent such as an ester is also used, the method permits the ready processing of the polystyrene melt by cooling without high loading on the extruder and so that the blowing agent is substantially entirely released upon extrusion of the foam. The resultant product has controlled rate of shrinkage without change in aging, cell size, opacity, stiffness, smoothness, caliper, density, low cost, but most important environmentally acceptable.
As used herein, the non-volatile blending agent comprises a high molecular weight agent which is non-volatile at the extrusion temperatures such as 300�-325� F. The molecular weight of the non-volatile blending agent preferably ranges between 350 and 450. Non-volatile blending agents which have produced satisfactory results comprise diisodecyl adipate, ditridecyl adipate and trioctyl trimellitate.
The aforementioned non-volatile blending agents can be used alone or in blends or mixtures for control and adjustment of viscosity.
The thermoplastic material must include a nucleating agent such as sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, as is well known in the art.
For use in extruding a polystyrene foam sheet which has functional properties suitable for use in application by shrinkage from a formed sleeve to conform to the contour shape of a container to perform as a label, the method comprises utilizing other atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen or air as the sole and exclusive blowing agent for producing said foam sheet. The method preferably incorporates the injection of the high molecular weight non-volatile blending agent having very low volatility at extrudate temperatures (e.g., 300�-325� F.) into the polymer melt. Such material provides a solvating action weakening intermolecular bonding of the polymer and reducing melt viscosity. Preferably, directly downstream following the injection of the organic fluid, air (carbon dioxide, nitrogen or air, or blends thereof) after having been compressed in excess of extruder injection point pressure (typically, in excess of 3000PSI), is injected through a second injection port into the polymer.
As indicated in FIG. 1, the extrusion equipment used may be a conventional tandem system employing two extruders working in conjunction with each other whereby the first extruder melts the polymer mixed with nucleating agent, which accepts by injection and mixes in a blowing agent and transfers said mix to a second extruder which cools the melt and conveys it into an annular die which transforms the melted mass into a continuous sheet foam.
No extrusion equipment modifications such as screw designs, die designs, or special mixing devices are necessary. Standard type pumps as suitable for organic fluids and as suitable for boostering industrial type gas pressure with appropriate metering devices which are known to those skilled in the art are the only equipment changes by addition or modification.
In the past, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) or HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) and alkanes (usually pentane or isopentane) were commonly used as blowing agents in the industry to produce polystyrene foam sheet which is converted into a variety of products such as disposable cups, meat trays, egg cartons, etc. Such fluorocarbons and alkanes are partially soluble in polystyrene hence reducing the melt viscosity and permitting process cooling of the extruder melt without creation of high load or power demand on the extruder drive motor.
The use of blowing agents such as atmospheric type inert gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air) create two significant differences compared to CFCs, HFCs or alkanes:
(1) The amount (usage) of blowing agent is greatly reduced. For example, the following table illustrates approximate comparative amounts of blowing agent needed to produce a label type foam in the caliper range of 5-12 mils having a density area around 12-20 PCF:
TABLE 1______________________________________Blowing Agent Usage %______________________________________Freon 11 5-7Freon 12 3-5Pentane/Isopentane 3-5Freon 22 1-3Carbon dioxide 1-2Air .5-1Nitrogen .5-1______________________________________
It can be seen that carbon dioxide is effective in a much lower amount than prior blowing agents for comparable densities. With nitrogen and air, even lesser amounts are needed.
(2) Inasmuch as the atmospheric gases are relatively insoluble in the polystyrene, the resultant foam material can be stored and used at various times without any substantial change in the properties thereof including the shrinkage properties.
This may be contrasted to fluorocarbons and alkanes which are soluble in polystyrene and reduce the melt viscosity enabling the extruder to convey or advance the material at lower power loads with considerable latitude to cool the melt to around 300� F. before exiting from the die as necessary to generate good smooth foam without ruptured cells and obtain other foam sheet physical properties such shrinkage characteristics and stiffness. Due to the solubility of the CFCs and alkanes approximately half or greater of the amount of these type materials injected remains dissolved in the polystyrene after emerging from the die. These materials are volatile and will gradually evaporate from the sheet with age over a period of months. Label stock intended for application onto a container or bottle by use of shrinkage obviously requires that shrinkage properties be a part of the sheet characteristics. The CFCs and alkanes act as plasticizers in polystyrene lowering the Tg of the polymer and enhancing shrinkage upon application of sufficient heat. The amount of shrinkage and the temperature at which shrinkage will start is dependent upon how much residual CFC or alkane is present in the sheet.
The following data illustrates the effect of temperature on shrinkage of a sheet containing 2% residual fluorocarbon. Sample used was 7 mil caliper with 20 PCF density:
TABLE 2______________________________________Temperature % Machine Direction Shrinkage______________________________________200� F. 6.0210� F. 14.0220� F. 45.0230� F. 55.0240� F. 60.0250� F. 62.0______________________________________
However, as stated fluorocarbon are volatile at room temperature and the amount of fluorocarbon will gradually decrease with age. Rate of loss is obviously dependent upon storage conditions, whether in roll form, width of web, etc. In an accelerated lab test with a sample sheet, exposed for test purposes the shrinkage rate of loss is illustrated as follows using 210� F. to simplify data:
TABLE 3______________________________________ % Machine Direction ShrinkageAging Period (weeks) @ 210� F.______________________________________0 14.01 10.02 9.03 8.04 7.05 6.0______________________________________
In a process where foam labels are applied by shrinkage onto a container or bottle, high applicating speeds such as 500-1000 units/minute are used. This places significant importance on the shrinkage rate and on-set of shrinkage temperature in order to obtain a smooth conformance of the foam to the contour of the container shape without wrinkling. Use of a volatile blowing agent presents a variable in shrinkage properties so that consistent label application may not be achieved in order to obtain a smooth conformance with the container. Also, in some cases the increased need for heat to shrink leads to a blistering effect on the printed label surface diminishing the aesthetic appearance of the label.
The present method utilizes atmospheric gases (including air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof) and preferably contemplates injecting into the melt a non-volatile blending agent such as a high molecular weight ester having excellent stability to heat whereby it is resistant to decomposition with heat and within practical purposes can be considered as non-volatile in the application process of polystyrene foam extrusion. While the number of non-volatile blending agents meeting such criteria is limited, ditridecyl adipate and trioctyl trimellitate or blends thereof for viscosity adjustment have successfully been utilized, diisodecyl adipate being considered marginally acceptable for inclusion to the list due to a slightly higher tendency to volatilize with heat exposure.
Organic materials were evaluated in the laboratory by exposing them to conditions more extreme than encountered in extrusion. Each material was placed in a wide mouth open cup and held at a temperature of 155� C. with measurement of volatile loss at different time intervals. Data on the three liquid blending agents above were as follows:
TABLE 4______________________________________ Molecular % Volatility @ 155� C.Name Weight After 2 hours 24 hours______________________________________Diisodecyl Adipate 427 0.3 6.0Ditridecyl Adipate 510 0.2 2.8Trioctyl Trimellitate 550 0.6 1.5______________________________________
Examples of materials which did not meet the acceptable criteria for use are illustrated as follows:
TABLE 5______________________________________ Molecular % Volatility @ 155� C.Name Weight After 2 hours 24 hours______________________________________Diisooctyl Adipate 373 1.7 24.1Dibutyl Sebacate 316 4.3 60.4Diisobutyl Azelate 303 14.0 97.0Triethylene 430 2.1 27.5Glycolcaprate-caprylate______________________________________
The embodiment of the invention wherein the method includes injecting a non-volatile blending agent having highly selective heat resistance to decomposition and volatility while using an atmospheric type gas for the blowing agent can include a valving arrangement whereby the two materials are premixed and injected in the same port or the materials are injected into separate ports if the extruder is so equipped with two individual ports. No special mixing devices are necessary and no extruder screw modifications are needed. As known by those familiar with the art, a pump adequate for handling the liquid non-volatile blending agent and a pump for pumping atmospheric gas capable of building the pressure to the area of 3000-4000 PSI to permit injection into the extruder is necessary. Accordingly, a metering system appropriate for use with each material is required to control the usage rate.
The method of the present invention is especially advantageous for making foam material to be used in fabricating structures where a foam sheet must be shrunk. Labels as well as disposable cups are well known examples of such applications. Sheet material for both of these type applications have been produced within the embodiment of this invention with corresponding conversion to end use products. In label stock with a caliper use range of 5-12 mils and density area of 18-22 PCF, a usage rate of non-volatile blending agent of approximatley 1.0% of the foam weight has been preferred. For cup stock in the caliper range of 16-22 mils and density area of 12-14 PCF, a usage rate of 2.0% of the foam weight has been successful.
To evaluate the benefit of the non-volatile blending agent, the following data was determined from tests on motor load measured by amperage and melt temperature at entry into the die. Ditridecyl adipate was used as the non-volatile blending agent:
TABLE 6______________________________________ Amount Cooling Melt Temp.Blowing Agent Blending Agent Amperage of______________________________________Nitrogen 0 119 318Nitrogen 1.5 93 318Carbon dioxide 0 105 329Carbon dioxide 1.5 95 322______________________________________
As can be seen, the addition of the blending agent functions to reduce the amperage required to maintain the same or lower melt temperature.
Another advantage of use of the non-volatile blending agent is that it will lower the Tg of the polymer and hence enhance onset of shrinkage at lower temperatures of the foam upon application of heat as previously indicated as needed in certain industrial applications. The relative effect of the concentration of the use of blending agent is indicated by the following data:
TABLE 7______________________________________Machine direction percent shrinkage * wherethe organic fluid is diisodecyl adipate.% Blending Agent @ 200� F. @ 210� F. @ 220� F.______________________________________0 3.4 5.0 23.00.5 3.9 7.8 32.01.0 4.9 15.0 41.01.5 6.6 16.5 48.52.0 11.5 18.1 53.0______________________________________ *Melt temperature, web cooling conditions, molecular weight of the polystyrene and output as examples can influence shrinkage and level of shrinkage as such must be in concert with other properties required.
Another advantage of the non-volatile blending agent is that shrinkage properties of the sheet are stabilized and do not deteriorate as rapidly with age as occurs where CFCs and alkanes are used as blowing agents which volatilize and leave the sheet with age. Shrinkage tests conducted on sheet immediately following extrusion and after a three-month aging period yield data typically indicated as follows:
TABLE 8______________________________________ % Shrinkage @ 220� F.Blowing Agent Blending Agent At extrusion After 3 months______________________________________Freon 11 None 12-14 4-6Atmospheric 1.0% 12-14 10-12gas______________________________________
Another advantage of the addition of a non-volatile blending agent of the type selected in combination with use of an atmospheric gas is that the blending agent does not evaporate and condense on the die lips, cooling air devices or sizing mandrel parts which may occur with volatile constituents present in the polymer melt. If CFCs and alkanes are used, dimers and oligomers from the polystyrene resin are soluble in CFCs and alkanes and will volatilize with these blowing agents upon exiting from the extrusion die. The dimers and oligomers will then tend to condense on cool metallic surfaces in the die mandrel area and accumulate to a point where liquid drips onto the web. These low molecular weight constituents will form blemishes on the sheet surface and weaken the sheet. In subsequent printing, blanking and/or slitting of such rolls at high speeds, these areas may create random tear outs usually leading to web breaks during processing.
A further advantage of the use of the atmospheric gases in making foam material in accordance with the invention is that the resultant foam sheet is less susceptible to gauge bands than foam made with plasticizing blowing agents such as CFCs and alkanes. This may be contrasted to foam made by utilizing the CFCs and alkanes where such gauge bands representing variations in thickness across the width of a sheet cut from an extruded tube which result in differences in caliper (gauge) called gauge bands. Since atmospheric gases are not soluble and are not present in the foam as would be the case when using CFCs and alkanes, the formed foam sheet is more resistant to stretching and compression thus allowing application of more tension and pressure in roll formation. FIG. 3 illustrates a modification in winder design to apply added pressure between the face of a reel drum surface winder and the forming roll. This modification allows direct continuous pressure on the range of 60-80 PSI as opposed to 20-50 PSI pressure transmitted through leverage linkage by a power cylinder C in the normal winding of foam where the pressure diminishes as the roll increases in diameter. This modification has been found to virtually eliminate gauge bands as long as typical gauge uniformity is maintained in the cross direction of the web. Gauge bands have been problematical in the foam industry for years creating distortions in the web in roll storage to later cause problems in printing, blanking, slitting or product performance. Much effort has therefore been used in the industry to make rotating dies and/or air rings or more sophisticated means to improve cross direction gauge uniformity. The use of atmospheric gases insoluble in the formed polystyrene foam sheet generates a less permanently deformable substrate thereby allowing added pressure to be applied in roll formation leading to a dramatic improvement in roll quality by the virtual elimination of gauge bands.
The following table represents examples of foam materials made by utilizing various atmospheric gases and the attained caliper and density with and without blending agents or varying the amount of blending agent.
TABLE 9__________________________________________________________________________ COOLING % DEN- EXTRUDER NON-FOAMBLOWING BLENDING CALIPER SITY AVG MELT LAYER CALI-AGENT % AGENT MILS PCF �F. AMPS RPM TEMP PER (MILS) COMMENTS__________________________________________________________________________Nitrogen 0.4 1.5 6.7 20.3 242 93 10.0 318 0.5 0.4 0 6.7 19.2 242 93 10.4 337 0.5 Melt 19� higher 0.9 1.5 6.7 15.3 242 73 8.6 324 0.5 Shear heat with lower amps 0.9 0 6.7 15.6 242 88 9.8 334 0.5 0.9 0 6.7 15.3 207 119 10.6 320 0.5 Gas dispersion poor chevrons & high amps 0.5 1.9 16.0 14.0 223 90 11.7 321 0.594% N2 0.4 1.5 6.7 20.1 244 92 10.1 320 0.5 0.4 1.5 6.7 17.7 244 92 10.1 310 0Air 0.4 1.5 6.7 20.3 244 93 10.2 312 0.5 0.3 1.4 6.7 17.8 244 93 10.2 312 0 0.3 1.4 30.0 12.4 244 93 10.2 312 0Helium 0.3 1.4 7.0 21.6 244 95 10.5 318 0.5CO2 0.8 1.5 6.7 20.6 242 95 10.8 322 0.5 0.8 1.5 6.7 20.1 233 98 10.4 318 0 0.8 0 6.7 21.0 242 105 11.2 329 0.5 Amperage & melt temp increase 1.0 0 6.7 18.4 242 102 11.1 326 0.5 Added Co2 lowers amps & melt temp 1.0 0 6.7 18.4 228 110 11.6 322 0.5 At equal melt temp fluid lowers amps 1.0 0.8 6.7 18.0 242 95 10.9 322 0.5 1.0 1.5 6.7 18.0 242 90 10.1 319 0.5 Added fluid lowers amps & melt 0.5 1.9 16.0 15.6 220 92 14.8 322 0.5 0.6 1.9 18.0 13.4 216 95 15.1 324 0.5 0.5 1.8 27.0 14.0 214 94 14.8 320 0__________________________________________________________________________
Effects of increases in carbon dioxide usage on caliper and density and changes in line speed.
TABLE 10______________________________________Blowing % Blending Caliper Density Line SpeedAgent % Agent Mils PCF FPM______________________________________1. CO2 0.7 1.9 15.2 17.5 632. 0.8 1.9 15.0 16.1 703. 1.0 1.9 14.4 15.0 804. 1.1 1.9 14.5 13.5 895. 1.0 1.9 23.0 13.3 576. 1.0 1.9 32.0 12.3 447. 1.1 1.9 32.0 11.2 488. 1.1 1.9 44.0 10.0 409. 1.3 1.9 60.0 11.0 33______________________________________
Examples 1-4
Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide while maintaining relatively constant caliper (@15 mil), results in density decreases from 17.5 to 13.5 PCF. Line speed must be increased to maintain constant caliper.
Examples 5-9
Slowing the line speed at a given condition will lead to an increase in caliper and a reduction in density. Data shows an increase in carbon dioxide also leads to a density reduction and a line speed increase at a higher (32 mil) caliper level.
The following table summarizes the results of shrinkage of a foam sheet having a thickness of 7 mils and a density of 20 lbs/cu. ft.; at 200� F., 210� F. and 220� F. in the machine direction and cross machine direction.
TABLE 11______________________________________ 200� F. 210� F. 220� F. CellTest Sample MD CD MD CD MD CD Area______________________________________100% Freon 22 2.12 -.46 11.91 -.71 41.31 4.09 .0173W/Skin100% Freon 22 2.98 .28 12.06 1.33 41.44 12.21 .0182No/SkinCO2 W/Skin 2.64 -.02 11.89 -.01 43.32 5.56 .0214CO2 No/Skin 3.68 .10 14.43 .87 44.53 12.24 .0270N2 W/Skin 3.62 -.39 17.73 1.00 47.23 6.04 .0277N2 No/Skin 6.34 -.36 20.90 1.74 51.00 11.09 .034694% N2 W/Skin 2.85 -.31 14.76 .60 46.54 5.05 .043194% N2 No/Skin 3.39 -.07 17.32 1.57 47.84 15.39 .0359Comp. Air 2.96 -.14 13.89 .83 43.78 5.64 .0336W/SkinComp. Air 3.66 .14 16.10 2.17 44.79 14.35 .0314No/SkinHe W/Skin 3.03 .38 17.85 2.94 47.14 10.01 .0384______________________________________
TABLE 12______________________________________Sheffield Smoothness - Foam/Mandrel SideBlowing Agent Unfoamed Layer Smoothness Rating______________________________________N2 + 2.17 1-BestN2 - 2.42 2CO2 + 3.34 3Air - 3.92 4Freon 22 + 3.92 4Air + 4.25 5N2 (94%) + 4.34 6Freon 22 - 4.50 7N2 (94%) - 4.84 8CO2 - 5.42 9He2 + 63.80 10-Worst______________________________________ + Yes - No
It can be seen that the use of atmospheric gases produces varying degrees of smoothness.
Although the invention has been described as preferably applicable to polystyrene foam sheet material, the method is also applicable to utilizing atmospheric gases without a non-volatile blending agent to make foam polypropylene and polyethylene foam sheet material.
It can thus be seen that there has been provided a method of making polystyrene foam wherein the method utilized atmospheric gases as blowing agents which are inherent in the atmosphere; wherein the blowing agent is substantially entirely released when the polystyrene foam is extruded; wherein the melt can be cooled to normal process levels and not create high loading on the extruder or shear heat from high polymer viscosity; wherein the amount of shrinkage can be controlled as may be required for the ultimate use of the foam; and wherein the density and cell size can be controlled; and which utilizes conventional extrusion apparatus.
|Cited Patent
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|Method for producing biaxially oriented polystyrene heavy gauge sheet
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|Owens Illinois Inc
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|Showa Denko Kk
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|Reifenhauser Kg
|Apparatus for making laminated thermoplastic film
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|Oct 31, 1978
|Shin'Etsu Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha
|Process for preparing a tubular article of thermoplastic resin
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|May 20, 1980
|Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
|Process for tubular water-bath polypropylene films
|Jan 14, 1983
|Aug 7, 1984
|Sekisui Kaseihin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Sheet for forming sleeve and process for producing the same
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|Dec 4, 1984
|Owens-Illinois, Inc.
|Method of continuously producing heat shrinkable amorphous polystyrene foam layer
|Jun 14, 1990
|Jan 21, 1992
|Owens-Illinois Plastic Products Inc.
|Polystyrene foam sheet manufacture
|Citing Patent
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|Publication date
|Apr 16, 1996
|May 13, 1997
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Solvent for polystyrene, method for reducing volume of polystyrene foam and method for recycling polystyrene foam
|Oct 6, 1997
|Jul 20, 1999
|Owens-Illinois Plastic Products Inc.
|Polystyrene foam sheet manufacture
|Mar 10, 1998
|Jun 13, 2000
|Owens-Illinois Labels Inc.
|Plastic sheet base for packaging bacon
|Aug 15, 2007
|Sep 6, 2011
|Cryovac, Inc.
|Packaging product, process for making same, and product made therefrom
|Oct 24, 2005
|Feb 21, 2012
|Owens Corning Intellectual Capital, Llc
|Method of manufacturing polystyrene foam with polymer processing additives
|Jun 7, 2012
|Nov 11, 2014
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Polymeric material for an insulated container
|Oct 27, 2005
|Jan 13, 2015
|Multi-Color Corporation
|Laminate with a heat-activatable expandable layer
|Jun 18, 2012
|Jun 30, 2015
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Process for forming an insulated container having artwork
|Jun 18, 2012
|Aug 11, 2015
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Insulated sleeve for a cup
|Sep 15, 2014
|Aug 11, 2015
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Polymeric material for an insulated container
|Dec 13, 2013
|Oct 6, 2015
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Blank for container
|Jun 30, 2015
|May 24, 2016
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Insulative container
|Jan 22, 2014
|Jun 7, 2016
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Process for forming an insulated container having artwork
|Aug 18, 2014
|Feb 7, 2017
|Berry Plastics Corporation
|Polymeric material for an insulated container
|Jan 3, 2002
|Jul 25, 2002
|Wavin B.V
|Method for forming an article comprising closed-cell microfoam from thermoplastic
|Jun 3, 2004
|Jan 20, 2005
|Mccarthy R. Grant
|Top dressing for seedling containers
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|Apr 26, 2007
|Yadollah Delaviz
|Method of manufacturing polystyrene foam with polymer processing additives
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|Jan 31, 2008
|Wofford George D
|Packaging product, process for making same, and product made therefrom
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|May 1, 2008
|Emanuela Alexandra Weinbeck
|Crosslinked Polymer Foam Sheet and Process Therefor
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|Berry Plastics Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 12, 1996
|Certificate of correction
|Feb 2, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 14, 2000
Owner name: OWENS-BROCKWAY PLASTIC PRODUCTS, INC., OHIO
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-ILLINOIS PLASTIC PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011410/0852
Effective date: 19950105
|Dec 19, 2000
Owner name: OWENS-ILLINOIS LABELS INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-BROCKWAY PLASTIC PRODUCTS INC.;REEL/FRAME:011390/0009
Effective date: 20001212
|Jul 19, 2001
Owner name: AMERICAN FUJI SEAL, INC., KENTUCKY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-ILLINOIS LABELS INC.;REEL/FRAME:012002/0050
Effective date: 20010201
|Dec 30, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 9, 2004
Owner name: FUJI SEAL INTERNATIONAL, INC., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN FUJI SEAL, INC.;REEL/FRAME:015355/0521
Effective date: 20041018
|Feb 20, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Reviews of Avery Heights
Caring73961450 November 27, 2013
I visited this facility
I liked that fact that Avery Heights had transitions to different levels, as people needed it. It had cottages and a main building. It had a lot more people than where my aunt was now. However, you had to pay for you own electricity and they had electric heat, which was good for the residents. They go out shopping. They had a huge pool. They had an exercise area near the pool. They had an excellent restaurant and dining area. The food was good.
ncb123 November 02, 2011
I am a friend or relative of a resident
This establishment is wonderful. Everyone who is there enjoys it. I enjoyed the food. The staff was wonderful and the building was extremely well kept. They had a wonderful library for the residents and the books are rotated every 6 months, so new books are brought in. They have a Nintendo Wii which everyone loved. The only downside is the guest living quarters. They are far away from the home
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Avery Heights provides adult day care services in Hartford, CT. Services offered include organized daily activities in a community-based setting, transportation, meals, and professional supervision. Contact Avery Heights for more details on respite care services and rates.
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text: This will be for the ones good at maths. We all know the game Deal or No Deal where you get 22 boxes with different amounts of cash in them and you try and make the most money. My friends and I were having a (rather heated) debate about whether at the end you should stick or switch? I will explain... Let us assume that the banker is irrelevant and you have got down to two boxes with either 1p or £250,000 within them. Considering you have one box in front of you... ...do you stick or switch? I believe you should ALWAYS switch since it will drastically increase your chances; I will explain: At the beginning you have a 1/22 chance of picking the box with the £250,000 in. Therefore there is a 21/22 chance that the box with the £250,000 in is out in the boxes that you have not selected. Having whittled down the boxes you find yourself with two left one with 1p and the other with £250,000. Technically you should switch since the chances it's in the box NOT in front of you is 21/22. I believe this is just a scaled up version of the Monty Hall Problem. My friends are adamant it remains a 50/50 chance even though I'm adamant it's a matter of statistics. Any thoughts/want to argue the matter Edd


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Choosing a truck driving school in South Carolina is not an easy choice. Truck drivers want to choose the right trucking school at the right price that can offer high quality training and opportunity to new truckers. Find the trucking school in South Carolina that is right for you!
Review the list of truck driving schools in South Carolina below and find the one that will better prepare you for a truck driving career.
Truck Driving School Information
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People believes that love is like God which is in exist in each human being ,take birth when he feels it and imagine about that. For instance some people don't believe on god but some believes, equally some people thinks love is not in exist but who feels the love he will never say this, so who believes in love is feel like heaven and enjoy each moment of life called optimistic but who doesn't believe in love, feels negative thinking by the name of love is called pessimistic. Love mantra is used for that people, who don't want to lose their love and live in a long relationship, can't bear separation of love. If you have got so many frustrations in a relationship then no need to worry anymore. Love mantra gives you real solutions that will get rid of you forever from these love related issues. Cast of love mantra is the nectar for your problem.
Attraction of love is like attraction of magnet. The people you attract are the reflection of yours. Usually people attracted by them, having similar behavior. If you are affectionate, happy, smiling or optimistic, you will attract that kind of people who has similar qualities and conduct. And if you are of irritated, pessimistic or hesitant behavior you are more probably to attract by only that conduct of people .Magnet of love simply fills your heart with affection, joy, happiness and happy opinion. When you first fell in love you feel like wonderful and delightful. Mostly people wants to see that values and qualities in their love partner which they like and adopt in their life. In this situation Love Mantra helps them; by using this type of mantra any people can get their true love and attract them, they imagine and feels. Anyone can attract people by using love mantra which is the part of vashikaran mantra. .
Usually people use love mantra to get their love back. When people fall in love then they feel joy and happiness in their life. They never want to separate from their lover but when they face this type of situation in their life they can't bear that situation and feels like pessimistic, negative thoughts take birth in their mind .At that time they try to escape their relationship so go to the specialists and get love mantra for solving their problems. Specialists help these lovers by telling them love mantra like Vashikaran mantra. Love mantra affecting many people by resulting them in a positive manner.
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USET 2016-2017 Application form Eligibility Imp Dates. USET 2017 (Uttarakhand State Eligibility Test) will be conducting State Eligibility Test Examination at seven centre's in all over the Uttarakhand (Nanital, Haldwani, Pantnagar, Srinagar, Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee). Candidates must be fill up the online application form and submit it online mode. Uttarakhand State Eligibility Test for Lectureship (USET/USLET) 2017 full details here.
USET 2016-2017 Application form Eligibility Imp Dates
Latest Update:
Click here to Apply UKSSSC Samuh G 1767 posts Last Date 12 March 2017
Eligibility USET 2017 (USLET 2017):
- Candidate should have completed the Master degree from recognised board/university or its equivalence degree/diploma/certificate from affiliates to the AIU (Association of Indian Universities), New Delhi
- Candidate must have secure 55% marks (without rounding off) in Master Degree.
- Appearing candidates cannot apply for this examination.
- Candidate can appear for SET in the subject of their Post Graduation only. The candidate whose post graduation subject is not covered in the list of subjects in item no. may be appear in CBSE UGC NET/CSIR NET.
- NO upper age limit.
Read here: Click here Min. Qualifying Cut off Syllabus Question paper
USET 2016-2017 Application form Exam Pattern:
The Test will consist of three papers. All the three papers will consist of only objective type questions and will be held in two sessions as under:
- In First session, paper I contain 60 questions (50 to be attempted) and paper II contain 50 question (compulsory). Total time duration is 2 hours 30 minutes and 100 marks of each paper.
- In second session, paper III contains 75 questions (compulsory). Time duration will be given 2 hours 30 min and marks will be given out of 150.
Candidates should occupy their seats in the examination hall 20 minutes before commencement of the examination.
Paper-I, II and III will be based on the teaching/research aptitude of the candidate. It will be contain reasoning ability, comprehension, divergent thinking and general awareness of the candidate.
- All questions of Paper-II and Paper-III will be compulsory.
- A candidate who does not appear in paper-I, will not be permitted to appear in paper-II and paper-III
- Electronic gadget like calculators, Mobile phones, pagers etc. are not allowed in the Examination Room
- No Traveling Allowance (TA) will be paid to the candidates.
USET 2017 Subjects:
USET 2016-2017 Application form:
|Online Application Form will be available from
|End of March 2017
|Last Date of Application form
|End of April 2017
|Examination Date
|May 2017
|Answer key
|June 2017
|July 2017
Uttarakhand State Eligibility Test (U-SET)
Kumaun University, Nanital
The Hermitage, Nainital – 263 001


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Faced with an imminent return to competition by the once dominant Honda factory, the existing grand prix teams are about to vote for an amendment to the regulations governing engine specifications, which at present stipulate that no Formula One engine can have more than 12 cylinders. If they have their way, it would mean an end to the possibility that fans might once again be stirred by the noise of a 12-cylinder Ferrari, a sound echoing through the sport's post-war history.
At the moment, all the 22 cars in the field use 10-cylinder engines built in a V-shaped configuration, following a pattern established by Honda in the late 1980s. Six manufacturers - Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, Ford, Mugen, Peugeot, Supertec and TWR - currently supply the 11 teams. But now the teams fear that Honda's engineers are preparing a 12-cylinder engine whose performance would force them all to invest the tens of millions of pounds needed to follow suit.
The decision to change the rules - either by making 10 cylinders the upper limit, or by specifying that all engines must have 10 cylinders - will be taken strictly on commercial grounds, and is drawing an equivocal response from the men who design the cars and who like to think of themselves as working at the leading edge of technology. "As I understand it," Patrick Head, the technical director of the Williams team, said at the weekend, "this was raised at a meeting of team principals, on the basis of not allowing the companies with higher financial facilities and maybe technical capabilities to create a bigger performance gap than exists at the moment."
It would be "a pity", he said, to place further restrictions on technical variety. "But it depends who you are. There's probably a load of engineers up and down the pit lane who look upon the sport as being a competition of technical excellence, but there's also a load of team principals who want to make sure that their companies remain profitable. If you don't remain profitable, you don't stay in business. So the team owners have a slightly different view of what motor racing is all about than the engineers. And I suspect that the team principals will have more of a say in what happens."
A similar view came from Ross Brawn, Ferrari's technical director. "As an engineer, I don't think there's any justification for banning 12-cylinder engines," he said. "It's a commercial consideration, and that's all it is. I guess what happened is that the team principals got together, had a discussion about V12s, and they're all scared that someone else is going to do it and get a lead and then they're all going to have to develop a new engine. Our team supports the idea commercially, but there's certainly no engineering justification for it."
There was, he agreed, a certain irony implicit in Ferrari's approval, given the company's historic identification with 12-cylinder engines. "It would be nice to have Ferrari racing with a V12," he said, "and from time to time we've been tempted to have a go. But from a technical point of view, we just look at the best solution. We don't look at the history."
According to Craig Pollock, the principal of the new BAR team, the initiative came from Ferrari and Mercedes. "The way it was presented to me," he said, "was that there was a fear than an engine manufacturer would simply come in with a V12 that would blow everybody away. It appears they're worried about Honda coming in and having the capacity to do that."
Pollock refused to confirm strong rumours that he has agreed a deal with Honda for a supply of engines next year, and would only say that he had "no idea" about the Japanese manufacturer's reaction to a 12-cylinder ban.
Some interested parties are frank about their support for the move. "I think it would be a wise decision," Norbert Haug, the competitions director of Mercedes-Benz, said. "We'd all save a lot of money. If one manufacturer starts with a 12, probably all the rest have to join. And I think it's not going to make the show better."
Flavio Briatore, the boss of Supertec, which supplies engines to Williams, Benetton and BAR, argued that the ban would equalise the competition and provide better entertainment. "It's better to have one kind of Formula One engine for a few years, to give everybody the possibility of catching up and to spend less money," he said. "The spectators just want to see fighting between the cars."
The boss of the struggling Arrows team, Tom Walkinshaw, agreed. "If you're serious about saving money," he said, "you've got to stop the development of V12s before anyone has one. Several people are scheming them at the moment. We'd all have to design totally new cars. Once somebody's got one, it's too late."
The rules of Formula One have been progressively tightened, but throughout its history the engines that power the cars have come in all shapes and sizes, following whatever fashion happened to hold sway. There have been complex 16-cylinder engines from Auto Union and BRM, and relatively crude four-cylinder units from Vanwall, nevertheless good enough to win the inaugural constructors' championship in 1958, and from BMW in the early 1980s, a turbocharged device putting more than a thousand horsepower at the driver's disposal. There have been highly strung straight-eights from Alfa Romeo and Mercedes-Benz, and a flat-four from Porsche that looked like something out of a Volkswagen Beetle. And the fact that they all made different noises added a dimension to the sport's appeal.
Such a factor is unlikely to sway the men who own the teams, and are anxious to protect the profits that have placed them among the world's super-rich. More surprisingly, the marketing divisions of major companies like Ford, Fiat and Daimler-Chrysler (the new conglomerate parent of Mercedes- Benz) now seem less interested in demonstrating the superiority of their engineering innovations, which is the traditional argument for motor racing's right to exist, than in simply getting their names on the television screen, and in getting rid of any obstacle that might stand in their way.
Engineers like Head and Brawn automatically regret the application of technical limits. Other participants, like Walkinshaw, believe that even a standardised engine format offers the scope for technical ingenuity. "There's a lot to be explored in the construction of engines, the materials you use and so on," he said. "I don't think it'll inhibit the creativity of our designers one bit."
Craig Pollock, the newest voice among the team principals, stressed the important of fairness, while voicing a reservation. "If everyone has V10s, they're working from the same parameters. But it's a bit of a pity that we are cutting out the possibility of creating new technologies, because Formula One is meant to be the technological ultimate in motor sport."
Even the engineers recognise the need for restrictions. "It's naive," Patrick Head said, "to imagine that motor racing could do without continuous additional limits put on the technical specifications. Without some limitations, the cars would be going at such speeds that they'd be outperforming the circuits that we race on at the moment." And, according to Ross Brawn, the need to work within the regulations offers "the potential satisfaction of doing a better job than anyone else can do".
But the particular nature of the proposed ban appears to be motivated by something less noble than an interest in engineering creativity or human safety. "If you stay with the status quo," Patrick Head observed, "you save money." To the real adherents of this strange and complex sport, however, motor racing has never been about fairness, bean-counting or preserving the status quo.
- More about:
- Engineering
- Honda F1
- Manufacturing
- Ross Brawn


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Games Art – BTEC Level 3
This programme stands alongside Confetti's sister Games Technology programme to allow you to specialise and explore the elements of games development relating to the look and feel of a game, developing your drawing and design skills in 2D and 3D. Throughout the course, you will build a portfolio of your work, including environments, characters, animations and other games artefacts. The artistic and creative skills you hone will enable you to work towards an exciting career within specialist fields such as games or the broader creative industries.
Entry requirements and course duration
Duration: 2 Years
Entry requirements:
- 5 GCSEs grade 9-4 (A*-C) including English and maths
- An appreciation of, and passion for the subject with a level of practical experience and/or a Level 2 qualification in the subject area
Industry Week
As a Confetti student, you will also take part in Confetti's Industry Week where you'll meet a range of professionals within your field of interest, as well as other areas of the creative industries.
What you'll study
Term 1 - Core Art Principles
The first term will give you a solid grounding in the fundamental skills and practices of art and design, developing your toolkit which you will use throughout the course, including drawing skills, idea generation, digital image manipulation, animation and basic 3D modelling.
Term 2 - 2D Animation
Whilst you continue to enhance your skills in art and design, you will be introduced to graphic narrative production and concept art techniques. You will also be looking at 2D animation in more depth, giving you one of your first looks on the course at how assets can be created for 2D projects.
Term 3 - Games Story
You'll continue to flex your creative muscles through various forms of visual recording, art and design and 3D modelling. The last term of your first year on the Game Art programme will explore ideas, concepts and game story development.
Term 4 - Games Design
Developing upon your core understanding of art and design from the first year, the second year begins with you developing artwork and ideas for games with an emphasis on games design and the core elements of building a game from the ground up.
Term 5 - Final Major Project
Moving into Term 5, you will begin your Final Major Project where you are given the creative freedom to develop visuals for your own game ideas. You will be expected to produce a near-professional portfolio of artwork and specialist illustration for your game. This will be your chance to really concentrate on what you love whether that be character art, weapon design or environment art.
Term 6 - Portfolio Development
The final term concludes your development in the application of art and design with regards to Game Art, which will lead to your final portfolio of work. This will help secure your place in Higher Education or perhaps in the workplace. You will enhance your capability in managing projects and familiarise yourself with the types of complex workflow you will need to become accustomed to in the games industry.
After this course
Continue your journey with us, by studying our Foundation Degree in Games Art or Games Technology.
Alternatively, head straight into your career in a variety of roles, including 3D modelling & animation or concept art creator.
Job Facts
One in six of all UK graduate roles is now a creative job.
Creative industries in the UK grew by 8.9% in 2014 – almost double the economy as a whole.
The creative industries are worth a whopping £84.1 billion to UK economy every year.


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Compare Real Estate attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
Not yet reviewed
Avvo Rating: 7.2
I have been practicing law for over 20 years. I understand and appreciate the fact that clients look to me to guide them through dfficult times, exciting times and confusing times. I pride myself on being a trusted advisor for clients to whom I ...
Practice areas & skills: Real Estate, Land Use & Zoning, Estate Planning, Probate, Business
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Avvo Rating: 7.4
I am a Partner at Hill Wallack LLP where I am a member of the firm's Business & Commercial, Real Estate, Community Association Law and Trusts & Estates Practice Groups. I concentrate my practice on the representation of businesses and individuals ...
Practice areas & skills: Real Estate, Business, Commercial, Contracts & Agreements, Litigation
5.0 stars 1 review
Avvo Rating: 6.5
Review: "B"H One of the most efficient, knowledgeable, aggressive but wise lawyer I've ever seen. Excellent personality, compassionate person. Truly dedicated to his client. Could solve within hours a complicated case ...
Practice areas & skills: Real Estate, Family, Government
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Avvo Rating: 6.5
Review: "When I reached out to Mr. Gelade I found myself with only a half a day left to withdraw my purchase offer on a house that got a poor inspection report. He was able to review the 11 page contract, compose a legal withdrawa...
Practice areas & skills: Real Estate
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Avvo Rating: 7.0
Present Director/former officer Oxford Crossing Condo Association Present Director/former officer Bucks County Rescue Squad Former Director Bucks County Jewish Congregation Former Director/officer Huntingdon Brook HO Association interests-...
Practice areas & skills: Real Estate, Business, Probate, Commercial, Wills & Living Wills
3.5 stars 2 reviews
Avvo Rating: 6.7
Review: "Handled my difficult case well. Yes, it took 18 months and I didn't get everything I wanted but overall a good settlement. He's reasonable and smart. Always good to have a smart attorney so you don't waste ...
Practice areas & skills: Real Estate, Litigation, Personal Injury, Residential, Family
Get the legal help you need at a fixed price. No hidden fees or long-term commitment.
Real estate attorneys deal with the many laws and practice areas associated with land ownership issues. For example, a commercial real estate attorney knows which laws apply to commercial transactions for construction/development projects (such as condo construction), or land use/zoning projects (such as subdividing a parcel of land for development), or real property issues (such as financing a large land purchase). Likewise, residential real estate lawyers help you buy a home, or prevent you from losing your home in foreclosure. They also know how residential tenancy laws work and can advise you of your rights as a tenant. With so many types of real estate attorneys, it is important to find a specialist who does the work you need.


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The work of Lily Sarah Grace is made possible by the generous support of donors like you.
Teachers: create grants for your projects and apply for Lily Sarah Grace support.
Sponsor one of our PD's, Grants, Events & More!
Spread the word about LSG while raising the awareness for the arts in education!
Plan you own event to benefit LSG and help us grow!
Stay connected by following, liking, messaging and commenting.
We want to hear your voice too.
Submit your stories and share your knowledge.
The submission period for Stepping Stone Grants will be open through April 30, 2017. Please see the guidelines for Stepping Stone Grants below.
Applicants who receive funding can expect to be notified within one month of submission.
Stepping Stone Grant applicants should meet the following criteria:
The Project should utilize Arts-Infused Inquiry-Based Learning to teach focusing on the 5C's:


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'Gavin And Stacey' Star Joanna Page Reveals She's Expecting Her Third Child With James Thornton
'Gavin and Stacey' actress Joanna Page is pregnant with her third child. The 38-year-old revealed on Twitter that her two
'Gavin and Stacey' actress Joanna Page is pregnant with her third child. The 38-year-old revealed on Twitter that her two
Praise the lords of skincare, moisturisers for men are finally commonplace. But while the market may be overloaded with man-friendly
Children have a way of convincing their parents to make bad decisions. Such as feeding them ice cream before bed,
Rafael Nadal stopped a tennis match when he heard a distraught mum in the crowd who had lost her child.
Giovanna Fletcher revealed she is releasing her own parenting book to explore her "adventures of motherhood". The 31-year-old mum to
Children's laureate Chris Riddell, has been praised for calling on the government to investigate the closure of school libraries. Riddell
A three-year-old decided to draw black stripes all over her younger sister because she wanted to turn her into a
Kids will no doubt have already started writing their Christmas lists for Santa, so it's time to get ahead of
A parenting site has released its official top 100 baby names of 2016, from a survey of more than 70,000 parents.
The parents in nearly 1.5 million families* in the UK have never cooked with their children, according to a new study


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Nova Scotia Media Directory – Sport Nova Scotia
The News (formerly The Evening News) is a daily newspaper serving New Glasgow and Pictou County, Nova Scotia v t e TC Transcontinental Daily newspapers Amherst Daily New Glasgow News. Newspaper in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia Canada with local news and community events. Mondo Times is the worldwide news media guide with 33,000 media Square, Kimberly Clark, CUPE, The New Glasgow Evening News, CKEC Radio, Advocate Printing More Province of Nova Scotia Government. Government of Nova Scotia; Departments


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32,568pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
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Definition Edit
Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect.
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OSVR Hacker Developer Kit 1.4
|OSVR Hacker Developer Kit (HDK)
|Virtual reality headset
|Designed by
|Sensics and Razer
|Display Technology
|1200x1080 per eye[1]
|Head Tracking
|6DOF (3-axis rotational tracking + 3-axis positional tracking)
|Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android and Linux
|2x USB 3.0, HDMI, Audio out
|Official website
The Open Source Virtual Reality or OSVR is an open-source software project that aims to enable headsets and game controllers from all vendors to be used with any games. It is also a virtual reality headset that claims to be open-source hardware and use open-source software,[2] however as of October 2016 electrical hardware and firmware source files have not yet been made available.[3] The hardware source files that have been released so far are under a proprietary, source-available license.[4]
The headset is developed by Razer and Sensics.
The first model of the headset was introduced on January 2015 in CES.[5] Shipping to select developers started on July 2015.[6] Pre-ordering was opened to the general public by October and shipping started by November 2015.[7]
OSVR has two main and independent parts: open-source hardware and open-source software.
The hardware consist of virtual reality goggles called the Hacker Development Kit.
The open source software platform allows virtual reality developers to detect, configure and operate virtual reality devices across a wide range of operating systems. It is provided under the Apache 2.0 license.
The project is primarily sponsored by Razer Inc. and Sensics. Partners in the project include game developers Ubisoft and hardware manufacturers Vuzix.[8]
OSVR has requested help with creating Android Daydream VR Plugin.[9]
Some of the games with the support of OSVR:[10][11]
|This computing article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.