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American Heritage Girls return from historic trip to BSA Philmont
August 27, 2012 - 10:35 PDT
Cimarron, NM (August 24, 2012) - While young American Heritage Girls were horseback riding, shooting, and backcountry trekking at the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) Philmont Scout Ranch near Cimarron, New Mexico, their parents and leaders participated in a historic week of leadership training at the BSA Philmont Training Center.
For the first time in BSA- Philmont history, American Heritage Girls (AHG) leaders, staff and family members were invited to lead workshops and enjoy family programming at the unique BSA volunteer training center in the beauty of the Sangre De Cristo Mountains.
Approximately 125 AHG participants from across the nation attended workshops and participated in family programming. Workshop attendees from the BSA, AHG and other faith-based organizations were equipped to grow AHG and BSA Troops in their churches and communities while attending the week long AHG class.
AHG is a faith-based character development leadership program for girls 5 to 18 years of age. AHG offers more than 240 badges focused on life skills, leadership, service and spiritual development. The mission of AHG is to build women of integrity through service to God, family, community and country.
AHG is the fastest growing scouting organization experiencing 30-50 percent growth since its inception in 1993. AHG will celebrate its 17th year in operation exceeding 20,000 members and Troops in 47 states and 7 countries. AHG will celebrate by launching their first National Day of Service September 15.
In 2009, BSA presented AHG with a Memorandum of Mutual Support (MMS). AHG is the only all-girl scouting organization partnered with the BSA.
"The Philmont experience and the relationship with AHG and the Boy Scouts of America, allows a true family approach to Scouting. Now moms, dads, sisters and brothers can grow emotionally, personally, spiritually and physically through a scouting experience that encourages family involvement," says Patti Garibay, Executive Director and Founder of the American Heritage Girls.
Jay, a father, whose sons are BSA members said, "For years my sons had a place to learn leadership in an organization their faith is honored and celebrated. And I was seeking this same thing for my daughters. I found it in the American Heritage Girls."
Jay is now an AHG member and leader.
AHG has already been invited back to BSA Philmont in 2013 to continue to equip and encourage the growth of BSA and AHG Troops in the faith-based community.
For More Information
Jody Token, National Public Relations
Phone: 513-771-2025
American Heritage Girls
Jody Token - National Public Relations, 513-771-2025
BSA, Boy Scouts, scouts, scouting, pro-life, girl scouts, american heritage girls, youth
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Title: Living as Lenore
Author: Luna (aka Luna_del_Cielo on lj)
Fandom/Genre: Supernatural/Buffy the Vampire Slayer/
Cast of Characters: Tara/Lenore McLeod, Fergus McLeod/Crowley, Loki/Gabriel, Anya, Castiel, Eli, Dean, Sam, Scoobies
Rating: T
Summary: Willow tried to bring Tara back from the dead…and she did. Unfortunately, it happened to be in a body 340 years in the past.
This story will explore Lenore's life as a Prophetess, as a vampire, and finally as a woman struggling to figure out who – or rather, what – she is as her life turns full circle when she meets the Scoobies again.
Pairing(s): Undecided at this time…
Spoilers: BTVS S6E19 'Seeing Red', SPN S2E3 'Bloodlust'. There are also references to characters from S4 & S5.
Disclaimer: I do not own Supernatural or Buffy the Vampire Slayer. If I did then fewer people would have died in each of those shows :)
Notes: I was inspired after watching Supernatural Season 2 Episode 3 'Bloodlust' where Amber Benson (aka Tara from BTVS!) plays a vampire named Lenore. Yay! Crossover fun galore with this commonality! ;)
Sunnydale, California
May 7, 2002
One moment Willow's shirt was splattered with a red liquid. The next, Tara felt her world darkening into shadow. Time did not exist; all she knew was that she was in the presence of a long, blackened tunnel that led to a speck of pulsing light. Instinct urged her to head down the well-traveled road but her love for Willow kept her glancing over her shoulder. Tara was not sure where she was, but she could feel Willow calling for her. Pain laced her voice and sobs interrupted her words.
"Come on, come on. Tara…Tara…Tara! Come back to this world! I command it!"
The pulsing light disappeared like a snuffed candle and Tara felt herself encased in darkness. Something clutched her middle and she felt herself plunging downward…
Liberton, Scotland
May 7, 1672
Hot sweat dripped down Margaret McLeod's temple as panted from the exertion of childbirth. Her newly delivered babe's cries pierced the air and Margaret almost wept with joy – the birth had been painful, complicated, and she had feared that her babe may not have made it. Heavy-lidded eyes struggled to focus on her midwife Elspeth as she presented a tightly wrapped baby to Margaret.
"Tis a girl, as I predicted," Elspeth Blackie declared with a crooked smile. It was not often talked about openly, but Margaret knew that her cousin was a practicer of witchcraft; several months ago she had happily informed her that Margaret would finally receive the daughter that she had always wanted. After all, few women could be happy with only four boys and no daughters.
A sob, one that had been held inside her until the very moment, broke out as Elspeth laid the child - her child – in Margaret's arms. She gasped at the sight of her babe opening up her eyes and instantly Margaret felt the connection of motherhood with this new life in her arms.
"What'll you'll be callin' her?"
Margaret gave her daughter a gentle smile. "Angus and I decided on Eleanor…but we'll call her Lenore, like me mum."

subset: commoncrawl


text: The Suede is back! Once one of our most popular models, the Suede was discontinued for a couple of years, but Giant is returning it to the fold for 2016. The Suede 1 comes decked out with a removable basket, fenders, and an integrated rear rack. The Suede is designed to be an easy riding bike with pedal forward geometry, allowing you to put your feet on the ground while seated, yet still riding with the proper seat height. Stability and comfort reign supreme. We have only one of these left, and it's a size medium.


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(Newswire.net — April 20, 2016) — Canada's economic data has seen highs and lows in the run-up to the Bank of Canada's policy announcement and Monetary Policy Report. The expected 10.0k gain in March jobs was dwarfed by a robust 40.5 gain likely putting little shock value, to the BOC announcement. Ongoing improvement as the economy continues to rebalance between resource and non-resource sector growth should be sufficient for the Bank to leave policy unchanged next week and maintain a cautiously constructive outlook that leaves no change in policy as the base case well into 2017. The real driver of the strength of the Canadian dollar has been the price of oil, but a surprise by the BOC could be a factor in future movements of the Loonie.
The employment figures will be the final report before the Bank of Canada's announcement and MPR on Wednesday, April 13. A jobs report that is roughly in-line with projections for a modest total jobs gain and no change in the elevated 7.3% unemployment rate would fall in-line with the Bank's business outlook survey. That survey showed improved but still subdued sentiment overall, with sharply diverging regional perspectives that are tied to commodity trading sector and foreign demand exposure. Investment and employment intentions improved but remain modest. Hence, the take away is one of modest improvement that shows Canada's economy is moving in roughly the direction anticipated by the Bank at the time of the January MPR.
Of course, the outsized GDP report and sizable worsening in the trade balance to needs to be grappled with. The 0.6% surge in January GDP left an economy running faster than the most optimistic scenario for the month. Moreover, there were not any distortions or special factors behind the acceleration, just good old fashioned broad-based growth. The strong start to the quarter leaves Q1 on track for a 2.5% GDP clip that will easily outpace the BoC's 1.0% estimate from the monetary policy report. Additionally, the growth outlook for the year was lifted, with a 1.7% estimate now seen. Hence, the Monetary Policy Report should feature an upward revision to Q1 GDP and to the 2016 projection, with 2017 likely to be lifted as well. Fiscal stimulus will provide a further boost to the outlook, which the Bank will take into account.
Overall, there is a mixed bag of economic reports and developments going into the April announcement and MPR. These kinds of swings in monthly economic reports are not surprising for an economy in transition. The Outlook Survey's presumably steadier hand is likely closest to the mark, with its depiction of an improved but still cautious backdrop for business sentiment that tracks the gradual recovery scenario for the domestic economy anticipated by the Bank of Canada. While the Loonie may continue to improve alongside oil prices, a dovish bent by the BOC could change the trajectory very quickly.


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windowshield how to replace rubber gasket
Can;t anyone help me to replace the rubber fitting around my front windshield. Can someone tell me where to get the parts I need and how to do it myself. I am sick of going to wind shied places and having then tell me "Oh. they have to replace the windshield too." That's Bull ... I am 65 and this is the best vehicle I've ever owned in my whole life. The only time she didn't start was when she her battery was dead. I keep the oil changed and if I had a garage she'd be in there...but, I am poor and can't afford that luxury so. I am asking can someone tell me what I need to buy and how to install the rubber gasket myself? I've owned this car since she was brand new and have taken care of car. Thank you for any help and/or suggestions
1 Answer
You actually do need to replace the windshield as well. Just as when replacing the windshield, you have to replace the rubber fitting, which significantly drives up the cost.
Your Answer
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Although agriculture is Montana's largest industry, the facts about our food system illustrate a frightening disconnect between what we produce, and what we eat. The majority of the crops raised on Montana's sixty million acres of farm and rangeland are exported as bulk raw commodities, such as wheat, barley, and feeder calves.
Montana processes less than 9% of our agricultural products before they leave the state, and as a result, over 86% of the food we eat must be imported.
In this system, farmers have lost a significant measure of control over their products and consumers have largely lost access to fresh local food. Conversely, a sustainable Montana-based food system is a familiar vision. Seventy years ago food processing was Montana's number one employer, and 70% of our food was produced in state. Local markets help to avoid the global fluctuations that are beyond the control of communities and states. Montana's local food system must balance the benefits of serving our citizens with healthy local farm products as well as the benefits of some export markets.
AERO's programming encompasses several projects that expand sustainable agriculture in Montana, and focus on redeveloping local food systems to support both our rural and urban communities. Many AERO members employ the principles and practices of sustainable agriculture, and share their experiences and findings on the community level in order to protect natural resources and create profitable agricultural businesses.
How does AERO help redevelop community-based food systems in Montana?
- Abundant Montana: AERO created this PREMIER directory of farms, ranches, local food businesses, and agritourism opportunities over 20 years ago! Now online with an interactive map, the directory is a valuable resource for consumers and producers alike. Update or submit your listing here!
- Montana Farm to School: AERO is a member of the Montana Farm to School Leadership Team, working with school nutrition programs, community nonprofit organizations, school administrators, teachers, parents, farmers, ranchers, policymakers and state agencies to explore strategies for connecting children to their food sources.
- Grow Montana: AERO is a founding member of the statewide food policy coalition Grow Montana, which has conducted food systems research, developed Montana's institutional market for local foods, and helped support food and agricultural entrepreneurs around the state.
- Montana FoodCorps: AERO supports NCAT's Montana FoodCorps, which is a team of trained volunteers working on local food projects in 9 rural Montana communities. AERO helps network the FoodCorps team and provide them with the resources needed to continue their leadership in Montana's local food movement. Visit the Montana FoodCorps website to learn more about their exciting work.
- Farm to Cafeteria Manual for Montana: AERO and NCAT have also collaborated on a how-to guide for producers, foodservice, professionals, and local leaders interested in getting more fresh, local food into schools and other institutions
- Farmers Markets: AERO is currently updating our 2009 Starting a Farmers Market Guide on how to start a new farmers market and it should be available by the end of 2017. Additionally, You can find a list of Montana farmers markets here
- Clarifying Food Safety Regulations: AERO has helped Montana's state agencies identify and address some of the challenges farmers and ranchers face in navigating laws and regulations that pertain to marketing products directly to consumers.
- Expanding Opportunities for Poultry Producers: AERO has been a key partner with the Montana Poultry Growers Cooperative in the development of a mobile poultry processing unit. AERO also helped develop and publish the Montana Poultry Growers Mobile Processing Unit guide, and supports training and outreach for the MPU.
- Helena Community Gardens: AERO c0-founded the Helena Community Gardens (formerly the Growing Community Project), which is building community gardens within walking distance of every neighborhood in Helena, Montana.
- Farm Tours: Every year AERO holds farm tours across the state, typically in the summer and autumn. The aim of these tours is three-fold: to connect farmers and community members, to highlight innovative work on farms and ranches across the state, and provide field-based education to farmers and ranchers. Click here to learn about upcoming and past farm tours.
Resources available
- Building a Community Garden in Montana by Katherine Grear Hutchison is a manual containing tools, examples, resources and strategies for developing, funding and leading a community garden project in Montana. The manual is available to download as a PDF, or call us at (406) 443-7272 to order a hard copy notebook.
- Specialty Crops Funding: The Montana Department of Agriculture has developed a program to help enhance the competitiveness of specialty crops in Montana. For purposes of the program, specialty crops are defined as fruits, vegetables, peas and lentils, dried fruits, horticulture, and nursery crops (including floriculture).


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Published byIsabela Hoard Modified over 2 years ago
Peter Miranda Director, Idaho Microfabrication Laboratory Revision D /11/11
Topics Lab Etiquette General Equipment Information
General Lab Safety Rules Gowning Procedures Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous Gases Accidental Chemical Spill Containment Cleanroom Access IML Website Emergency Contacts Revision D /11/11
ET107 (cleanroom) & ET105 Layout
Class 1000 clean room - < 1000 particles greater than 0.5µm in size for a given cubic foot of air. in/out from ET105 Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Equipment Capabilities
Thin Film metrology Ellipsometer Nanospec Four point probe Optical profilometry Dry Etch DRIE etcher Asher Ion Mill CMP Wire Bonder Rapid Thermal Processor Various high powered microscopes Materials Science Research Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) & (FESEM) Electron Backscatter Defraction (EBSD) Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) Integrated Circuit Fabrication Oxide/Diffusion Furnace Photolithography Spin coater Contact aligner Thermal Ovens Wet bench processing Thin Film Deposition Thermal Evaporator Magnetron Sputtering Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Gowning Procedures
Cleanroom bunnysuits are intended to keep the cleanroom clean, not the wearer safe. They do provide an extra layer of protection that may protect against minor spills and splashes, however, when using dangerous materials, a plastic or rubber apron should be used. Do not enter gowning room with dirty shoes ie. mud, sand, etc. (use shoe covers located outside of cleanroom if needed. Put on hood (all facial hair must be covered with hood, mask, etc.) Put on bunny suit Put on shoe covers Put on gloves, safety glasses Blue (Nitrile) gloves are used ONLY for non-chemical operations Typical uses include working on vacuum systems, protecting substrates from contamination, operating microscopes, operating equipment. Because these gloves don't get contaminated with chemicals, you are permitted to operated door handles and lab equipment with these gloves. Yellow (Latex) gloves are to be used for all chemical operations. Latex gloves do NOT protect against all chemicals so additional gloves might need to be worn over the latex gloves for protection. Typical chemical operations are mixing acid solutions (except HF), using KOH, using etchants, using organic solvents or chemicals, etc. NEVER operate door handles or equipment while wearing yellow gloves. Residual chemicals on the gloves can contaminate surfaces and cause serious injury to future users. Sign-in to cleanroom logbook Place single-use gowning gear in hamper, if you are a frequent user of the IML, you can hang up your gear for the next time. A storage rack is located in the clean gowning are to enable limited (10 uses, or until shoe covers show particles) re-use for economic reasons. Revision D /11/11
General Cleanroom Etiquette
Rules and Guidelines for Personal Lab Behavior Drinking, eating and gum-chewing are not allowed in any part of the lab. Full cleanroom attire must always be worn while in the cleanroom. Be discrete in coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose. At the very least, turn away from the processing area and change your gloves before commencing processing. Minimize the amount of materials stored in the lab. All personal items must be labeled with your full name, and contact phone number. Acceptable Materials in the Cleanroom Cleanroom notebooks and cleanroom paper Wafers and tweezers (put away when not in use). Pens (preferably ball-point). Materials with smooth, hard surfaces which can be cleaned with alcohol wipes. The following materials are not considered cleanroom-compatible: Wood pulp-based paper products, which includes regular paper, tissues, cardboard, books, and magazines. Styrofoam products. Any powders. Erasers, pencils, felt-tipped pens (other than Sharpie markers). Anything that can easily shred or aerosolizes; i.e., anything that may serve as a source of particles. Revision D /11/11
General Cleanroom Safety Rules
No open toed shoes in ET105 or ET107. No shorts or skirts allowed in cleanroom. No loose long hair (hair must be pulled back in a pony tail) Know your safety exits. Know where the eye wash stations are. Know where the fire extinguishers are located. Report any safety concerns to the IML director. Exits Revision D /11/11
General Cleanroom Safety Rules
Never work alone in cleanroom when working with hazardous chemicals. Use the "buddy" system. Unlabeled chemicals are significant environmental and health hazards. When you make up a solution, remember to label it. When labeling a solution, you should include the following: Name of the material contained Primary hazard of the material Person responsible for the material Date of filling or preparation If your name, the substance, and a date are not present on any chemicals left out on the counters (specifically those in glassware), the chemicals will be disposed of. If any chemicals need to be left out on the counters for longer than 48 hours, the label should include the date prepared and the date the solution will be cleaned up. Be courteous and clean up you own chemicals in reasonable time frames. Leaving the lab Clean up after yourself. Leave stations neat and ready for the next person to use. Remove personal items from general-use areas after you are done processing. Label your work. Any materials you plan on taking out of the lab with you should be bagged to prevent contamination. In the gowning room: remove your bunnysuit from the bottom up: Booties - Put booties in the appropriate bin. Suit - Keep the sleeves, main body, and as much of the suit as possible off the floor. Revision D /11/11
Revision D /11/11
General Equipment Safety
Dangerous Light Sources: Plasma, Ultraviolet lamps UV Source on Mask Aligners, Pattern Generators Light from an Ar plasma in sputter deposition and ion etch tools Thermal Evaporator Smocks, gloves, face mask, eyewear. Wipe down all working surfaces when your done working on tool. Wet Bench Processing – Hazardous chemicals! Clean up area when you are done. Never leave unlabeled chemicals laying around. Wear chemical apron, face shield, gloves in addition to bunnysuit. SEM Moving parts - pinch points Dry Etch Cryo-tank, RF power CMP Smock, gloves, eyewear Moving parts – pinch points Revision D /11/11
CLEANROOM CHEMISTRY 101 Revision D /11/11
General Cleanroom Chemical Safety
Always review the MSDS sheets prior to using chemicals. Always wear PPE when working with chemicals. Always have a "buddy" present with working with hazardous chemicals. Never have more than one chemical out at a time on the wet bench. Never remove chemicals from the cleanroom. Never leave chemicals or chemistries out on the wet bench for extended periods of time. Always clean up your area when you are done using chemicals. Revision D /11/11
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is not required just because it makes you look GOOFY. It is there to give you added protection against any accidents that may occur while working in the lab. PPE is to be worn in addition to your bunny suit if you are working with chemicals. There are several different types of PPE but you should always wear what is appropriate for your task. Safety Glasses or Chemical Goggles Lab Coat or chemical apron Gloves Safety Glasses and Chemical Goggles Safety glasses and chemical goggles are not the same thing! Safety glasses protect your eyes from any type of flying debris. Chemical goggles can protect your eyes from flying debris. They also keep vapors, dust, and splashed chemicals from getting into your eyes. Revision D /11/11
General Cleanroom Chemical Safety (Glassware)
Prevent damage to glassware during handling and storage. Inspect glassware before and after each use. Discard any cracked, broken, or damaged glassware. Thoroughly clean and decontaminate glassware after each use. NEVER put HF acid into glassware (use plastic beakers!) Guidelines for disposing of broken glass: Do not pick up broken glass with bare or unprotected hands. Use a brush and dust pan to clean up broken glass. Remove broken glass in sinks by using tongs for large pieces and cotton held by tongs for small pieces and slivers. Place all the recovered broken glass into the "sharps" container. Revision D /11/11
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Acids
pH <7 Are typically soluble in water. Are corrosive. Form salts when mixed with bases. Turn litmus paper red. Litmus paper located above wet bench and inside toolbox. Burn organic tissues and/or inorganic materials. Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Acids
Acetic - CH3COOH Liquid and vapors cause severe burns to skin. Reacts vigorously with oxidizing agents and other acids (particularly nitric). Odor similar to that of strong vinegar. Incompatible with most other acids. Store alone! Chromic - H2CRO4 Liquid and vapors cause severe burns to skin. Corrosive to nasal passages. Contains a suspected carcinogen. Hydrochloric - HCL Highly corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. Repeated exposure causes erosion of teeth. Hydrofluoric - HF Liquid and vapors cause burns that may not be immediately painful or visible. HF attacks glass. HF looks like water and can kill in small amounts. Found in Buffered Oxide Etch (BOE). Use only in plastic containers. Nitric - HNO3 Highly corrosive to skin, mucous membranes and teeth. Highly reactive with acetic acid. Reacts explosively with combustible organic or other oxidizers. Use only in glass containers. Phosphoric - H3PO4 Liquid is highly irritating to skin. Vapors are highly toxic. Contact with most metals causes formation of flammable and explosive hydrogen gas. Sulfuric - H2SO4 Liquid and vapors are extremely corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. Generates heat upon contact with water. Reacts with acetic acid. Keep away from water. Citric - C6H8O7 Skin and eye irritation Revision D /11/11
Special Precaution on HF
Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is EXTREMELY dangerous. Be extra attentive when working with HF. HF is colorless and odorless; it looks and smells like water. HF is an ingredient in many oxide etches which are used to etch glass. Because of the danger, only trained personnel should pour HF. According to DuPont's MSDS. HF will: Penetrate skin. Attack (decalcify) bones. React with your body's chemicals to make poisonous salts. HF may: Kill if more than 5% of the body is exposed. Kill if ingested or inhaled. Depending on concentration, not cause pain for up to 24 hours after contact. Some of the symptoms of HF exposure are: Itching. Red or white discoloration of the skin. Pain within 24 hours after contact. Discoloration under fingernails or toenails. Treatment with Calcium Gluconate Gel Calcium gluconate gel is a topical antidote for HF skin exposure. Calcium gluconate works by combining with HF to form insoluble calcium fluoride, thus preventing the extraction of calcium from tissues and bones. Keep calcium gluconate gel nearby whenever you're working with HF. Calcium gluconate can be ordered through Life Safety Associates Calcium gluconate has a limited shelf life and should be stored in a refrigerator if possible and replaced with a fresh supply after its expiration date has passed. Use disposable gloves to apply calcium gluconate gel. Even after applying calcium gluconate, it is essential that a medical evaluation be made. Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Acid chemistry – Waste Disposal
Acid chemistry (including piranha), must be aspirated from their containers. An aspirator has a Teflon® tube through which it sucks a liquid from a container. Our Microfab wet sink has an aspirator. The fresh water plenum flush is automatically activated when an aspirator is turned on. The plenum flush adds water to aspirated waste, further diluting it. NEVER POUR ACIDS, BASES directly down a drain: Always use the aspirator. Never mix solvents with acids when aspirating – This is a potentially explosive combination! And remember AAA-Always Add Acid to water! Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Bases
pH > 7 Are typically water soluble. Are slippery. Form salts when mixed with acids. Turn litmus paper blue. Are corrosive. Burn organic tissues. Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Bases
Ammonium Hydroxide - NH4OH Irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Emits highly toxic vapors when heated. Potassium Hydroxide - KOH Sodium Hydroxide – NaOH Photoresist developers Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Bases – Waste Disposal
Aspirate chemical waste same as acids. Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Solvents
A solvent is a chemical substance which dissolves another substance. The most common solvent is water. Solvents are used extensively in the electronics industry. Compounds such as Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) and acetone are used to clean and dry wafers, glassware, equipment, and most working surfaces in the lab. In addition, solvents are the principle components of many process chemicals such as photoresist. Organic solvents react chemically with acids, producing a violent reaction. As a by-product of the chemical reaction, gases are released, as well as a great amount of heat. Therefore, acids and solvents and their vapors should never come into contact with one another. Organic solvents should never come in contact with oxidizers such as hydrogen peroxide and chromic etch. Oxidizers are a class of their own and will also react violently with organic solvents and acids. Major solvents and their abbreviations used in the IML: Acetone - ACE Isopropyl Alcohol - IPA Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate - PGMEA Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Solvents
Acetone-ACE Irritates eyes, nose and throat; headaches; skin dryness Isopropyl Alcohol-IPA Dries skin; irritates eyes, nose and throat; drowsiness Methanol Ethyl Lactate-Positive Photo Resist Combustible liquid; skin, eye, respiratory irritant; nervous system toxin Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Chemicals Solvents – Waste Disposal
Organic solvents such as chlorobenzene or TCA (trichloroethane) and photoresist, should never be aspirated or poured down the drain. Solvents must be poured into solvent disposal bottles. Never pour acid for disposal into a solvent waster bottle because a violent reaction may result. Make sure chemical disposal bottles are not overfilled. When a chemical disposal bottle is approximately 75% full: Loosely cap the bottle. DO NOT TIGHTEN THE CAP. This prevents accidental pressure buildup from breaking the bottle. Remove the label from the chemical disposal bottle. Enter the summary of contents to the peel-off label and place on the bottle. Chemicals for disposal placed in the Waste Chemical Cabinet must be labeled with contents and the name of the lab member. Placing unlabeled chemicals for disposal in this cabinet is a violation of lab policy, which may result in suspension from the Microfab. You must fill out the Chemical Disposal Manifest Sheet located on top of the disposal cabinet. The bottles are picked up by the BSU Environment, Health and Safety Department. Notify the Microfab office if the storage area is full. Use a safety carrier if the bottle is glass. Rinse bottles thoroughly 3 times under the fumehood. This will prevent exposure to volatile compounds while rinsing bottles. Wear a face shield and chemical resistant gloves while doing so. Once the bottle has been rinsed 3 times, black out the label with a marker. The scratched label indicates that the bottle has been properly rinsed. Collected in containers for pick up by Environmental Safety Services. Small incidental quantities should be rinsed down the drain with copious amounts of water. For questions about waste solvents, contact the lab manager. Do not dump solvents down the drains. It is very important to clean up solvent spills in order to minimize the fire hazard and the amount of vapors present in the lab. If you find a spill and can not identify it, contact the lab manager. The spilled chemical needs to be identified before it can be cleaned up. Revision D /11/11
Revision D /11/11
Accidental Chemical Spill vs. Unknown Liquid Substance
Small quantity of unknown liquid substance on floor or wet bench Treat all unknown liquid substances as an acid or base. NEVER ASSUME IT IS DI WATER! Test pH level with litmus paper and cleanup accordingly. Accidental Chemical Spill Small chemical spill (<4L) Clean up spill with chemical spill pillows or blankets. Spill pillows & blankets are designed to be very absorbent and neutralize acid spills. Dispose of waste in appropriate bin. Large chemical spill (>4L but less than 5gal) Notify lab manager at once! Leave the lab. For VERY large chemical spills (very large puddle of unknown liquid on floor Leave lab space immediately. Notify lab manager! Call 911. Use your best judgment; if the spill is going to put anyone else in the room and/or building in danger, act accordingly. Revision D /11/11
Chemical Spill Clean-up (only for trained personnel)
Small chemical spill Test spill pH with litmus paper if chemical is unknown before proceeding. Clean up spill with chemical spill pillows or blankets. Spill pillows & blankets are designed to be very absorbent and neutralize acid spills. Dispose of waste in appropriate bin. Large chemical spill Notify lab manager at once! Use chemical spill containment kit if possible before leaving lab. Leave lab immediately. For VERY large chemical spills, pull emergency fire alarm on your way out the door. Use your best judgment; if the spill is going to put anyone else in the room and/or building in danger, act accordingly. Revision D /11/11
HAZARDOUS GASES Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Gases Cryogens
Cylinders of both toxic and non-toxic compressed gases are in use throughout the lab. Only trained staff may handle any compressed gas cylinders. Gas cylinders must be chained and strapped down at all times. All liquid nitrogen containers must be approved by the Microfab staff. Precautions The large volume of gas produced from evaporation of a liquid can displace sufficient oxygen in a closed room to be dangerous (nitrogen asphyxiation). Ensure you have adequate ventilation for any operation consuming or transferring liquid nitrogen or helium. Do not spill on the floor. Repeated spills will cause accelerated mechanical damage to concrete, etc. Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Gases Compressed Gases
Cylinders should be stored in appropriately ventilated closets or in an open storage area. Store gases according to chemical compatibility . Do not place gas cylinders such that there is contact with electrical circuitry. Never use cylinders that cannot be identified positively. Inspect cylinder valves for damage or corrosion prior to use. If unsuitable for use, return to supplier Never lubricate or modify the cylinder valves. Do not put oil or grease on the high pressure side of any oxygen, chlorine or other oxidizing agent cylinder valve. A fire or explosion can result. Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Hazardous Gases Compressed Gases
Use toxic, flammable, corrosive, or reactive gases in fume hoods only. Post signs in the laboratory area when using any of these type gases. Never bleed cylinders completely empty. Leave a slightly positive pressure (30 psi) to keep contaminants out. (Never heat a compressed gas cylinder to "milk" out the last bit of gas. The base plug softens and it becomes a missile.) Remove the regulator from an empty cylinder and replace the protective cap. Mark the cylinder "empty" and place it in the appropriate location for pickup. Notify Microfab Staff. Never open a cylinder more than 1/2 to 3/4 of 1 turn. This way the cylinder can be turned off quickly in the event of an emergency. Review the MSDS sheets for the gasses that you are using. Many of the gasses are toxic. All high pressure gasses, regardless of toxicity, should be treated with respect. Before using any gas on any piece of equipment, verify that the gas that you think is connected is the one that actually is connected. Always wear safety glasses when handling compressed gases. Make sure all cylinders are properly labeled. Regulators, gauges, and hoses should not be interchanged among gases. Do not place any item on top of a cylinder that could damage a safety device or interfere with quick closing of a valve. Revision D /11/11
CLEANROOM ACCESS Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Access Proximity card access only.
Limited access through double doors between ET105 & ET107. Never leave doors propped open. Always report issues with the HVAC system (too hot or too cold) to IML Manager. Revision D /11/11
Cleanroom Information Tools
IML Website designed to be used as a reference guide for cleanroom operations. Safety procedures Equipment operating procedures General semiconductor processes Chemical inventory Cleanroom chemical data sheets IML Blackboard Website Available to all cleanroom users. Contains all safety documents including the cleanroom Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Revision D /11/11
Emergency Response Contacts (in order of contact)
Pete Miranda, Lab Manager x65713 or Paul Robertson, COEN Lab Coordinator, x65932 or Dick Sevier, COEN Safety Officer, x61022 or Jim Stevenson, COEN Staff Engineer, x65757 or Rex Oxford, interim COEN Facilities Manager, x65744 or Cal Gillis, BSU Environmental Health Officer, x63999 All MAJOR spills must be reported to the Boise Department of Public Works. Boise Department of Public Works Contact List Walt Baumgartner, Senior Environmental Specialist Mike Hunter, Pretreatment Program Director Revision D /11/11
Questions Revision D /11/11
Revision D /11/11
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eB1 390
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Final Fantasy X is the first title in this landmark RPG series to be released for the PlayStation 2. The main characters are Tidus, a star of blitzball (a hugely popular sport in the Final Fantasy universe) and Yuna, who has learned the art of summoning and controlling aeons, powerful spirits of yore. These two people of different backgrounds must work together as they journey through the world of Spira. This instalment of Final Fantasy has a distinctly Asian influence, bringing a fresh feel to the characters, music, settings, and story. Features include voice-overs for the first time in the series (utilising the "Facial Motion System"), high polygon, motion-captured player characters designed by Tetusya Nomura, and a camera that automatically adjusts its perspective to correspond with the movements of the characters, a feature now possible due to the title now being largely polygonal.
- Milestone role-playing game
- High polygon, motion-captured characters
- Camera automatically adjusts to character movement
- Voiceovers for the first time in the series
- Rotate characters in and out at any time
- Categories
- Platform, PlayStation 2, Games, Genre, Adventure
- Rating
- 3
- Title
- Final Fantasy X (10) - Platinum (PS2)
- Country
- South Africa
- Region
- Barcode
- 5060121825338
- Platform
- PlayStation 2
- Studio
- Square
Kieran, Hillcrest. 5 November 2008
The Final Fantasy series have always been epic in scope and FFX is no different. It tells the story of Tidus, a young man thrown out if his depth into another time, only to discover his home has been destroyed aeons ago. Meeting Yuna a young summoner he joins her on her journey to defeat the evil Sin who is responsible for the destruction of his own city of Zanarkand. With beautiful graphics, a lovely score, hours of gameplay and a truly epic storyline FFX will keep you enthralled for well over 80 hours of gameplay. Although often hailed as being one of the worst Final Fantasy's in years it is certainly by no means a bad game. Somehow the chracters dont quite connect with players as much as those of previous games but they are still likeable in their own way. The battle system is intuitive and easy to use and the Sphere Grid is a fun and innovative way to advance characters esp appealing to those people who enjoy more strategic gameplay. All in all FFX is still a great game and one of the best games available on the PS2


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text: Eyjolf 335pages on this wiki Add New Page Edit Classic editor History Talk0 Share Eyjolf was a Earl from Rogaland and a central ally of King Arnarson of Rogaland. Biography Edit Season 4 Edit He fought with King Arnarson against King Harald to protect his land and was defeated and as consequence he lost his earldom and probably died. Retrieved from "http://vikings.wikia.com/wiki/Eyjolf?oldid=30555" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Characters Male Characters Deceased Characters Mentioned Characters Viking Warriors Earls Add category Cancel Save


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The editorial and design team that produces ACR
Bulletin at the American College of Radiology has transformed stale, need-to-know
information into engaging, actionable content by creating infographics. Learn how you can too at AM&PÆs Annual Meeting,
June 27-29, 2016 in Washington, DC.
By Apryl Motley, CAE
Infographic has quickly become a new buzz word among
content creators. However, not all infographics are created equal. The
effective ones are more than just words and charts thrown together haphazardly. As
Meghan Edwards,
and Lyndsee Cordes, copy writer and managing editor, respectively, for ACR Bulletin at American College of
Radiology explain in this recent interview, infographics require careful
planning and positioning to be worthwhile for your audience.
Sidebar: Has your publication always used
infographics of some kind? Do you use them in the both in print and online?
since we came on board, weÆve worked to bring smaller, snackable pieces of
content to our publications. And infographics are one of the best ways to do
that. We design our infographics for both print and web, adapting as needed. Print infographics can spread over the entire page, but
digital ones need to be more vertical (so that they present well on mobile
devices). We make sure the design is relatively versatile so that when the time
comes to post, we donÆt have to spend toomuch effort remaking the graphic
for the web.
Has your use of infographics increased or stayed the same over the years?
WeÆve always been
interested in making the Bulletin graphically interesting. Our members
tend to be very visually-oriented and need to take information in quickly.
Because of that, weÆve always relied on images and infographics wherever we
that said, weÆve ramped up our use of infographics recently as weÆve acquired
better tools (like Adobe Creative Suite and our microsite). Another huge factor
has been our awesome designer JessÆ coming on board and taking over the design
of our infographics. Being able to work collaboratively with a designer makes
all the difference in the finished product.
Sidebar: From the editorsÆ perspective, what's most challenging
about identifying potential content for infographics?
tricky to pare down all the information. ItÆs also hard to get away from the
idea that infographics are only statistics. TheyÆre definitely the quickest to
visually take in information, but lots of other pieces of content make great
infographics. For instance, weÆre working on one in an upcoming issue about
leadership skills.
Sidebar: As a team, what goals/objectives did you
identify and agree upon for creating infographics? How do you generally work
together to ensure that your infographics achieve the goals that you want?
generally stick with the following criteria when deciding if information
warrants an infographic:
Would a graphic treatment make the information visually interesting and tell
a story?Could
we convey the infographic in both print and digital?Would this information make more sense in a different format?
As the editors are
gathering the information for the infographic, we come up with examples of how
the information might look and which connections need to be made visually. We
build in lots of time for concepting and review, same as we would an article.
Sidebar: What are three lessons learned/pitfalls that
you would suggest that others avoid in creating infographics for their pubs?
just add clipart to go with sentence-long pieces of information. Your art needs to be able to convey the
same information youÆd get across with
words. Find the right balance between words and
text.DonÆt just throw a bunch of statistics at
your designer and hope they can make sense of it graphically. Editors need
to identify topline information, takeaways, and connections between
information.DonÆt expect to use the same file in
print as online. People expect different things from content on the web, so
you need to adapt the format, design, and potentially the wording.
Learn more about the ACR Bulletin teamÆs approach to
developing infographics during their AM&P Annual Meeting session, The Big
Picture: What Your Designer Wishes You Knew about Infographics, on Wednesday, June 29, 1:15 ¢ 2:15 p.m.
Apryl Motley, CAE is a communications consultant and freelance writer.
She is a frequent contributor to Association Media & PublishingÆs Signature
magazine and a member of its Content Creation Committee.
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text:
6.4: Measures of Angle Pairs
Candace opened her math book and discovered this dilemma.
Candace is puzzled. Are you? Using equations and geometry can help you figure this one out. Pay attention and you will learn all that you need to know from this Concept.
Let's think about angle pairs. There are different types of angle pairs.
- Supplementary angles are two angles that form a straight line, and their sum is always \begin{align*}180^{\circ}\end{align*}.
- Complementary angles together form a right angle and have a sum of \begin{align*}90^{\circ}\end{align*}.
- Adjacent angles are next to each other. When they form a line, their sum is \begin{align*}180^{\circ}\end{align*}.
- Vertical angles are directly opposite each other. They are equal.
Take a look at this situation involving angle pairs.
Fill in the figure below with the angle measures for all of the angles shown.
First, notice that we only have one angle to go on. This angle measures 70 degrees. However, that is enough information to figure out all of the other angles in this diagram. We can use the information that we know about angles to figure the measures of these angles out.
We can write this equation.
Using our known information, we have figured out the measures of all of the missing angles.
Example A
Example B
Example C
Now let's go back to the dilemma from the beginning of the Concept.
If the two angles are complementary, then we know that the sum of the two angles is 90 degrees.
Let's write an equation to show that.
This is the answer.
- Parallel lines
- lines that are an equal distance apart and will never intersect.
- Intersecting lines
- lines that cross at one point.
- Perpendicular lines
- lines that intersect at a \begin{align*}90^{\circ}\end{align*} angle and form two or more \begin{align*}90^{\circ}\end{align*} angles.
- Angle
- the measure of the space formed by two intersecting lines.
- Straight angle
- is a straight line equal to \begin{align*}180^{\circ}\end{align*}.
- Angle Pairs
- the relationship formed by two angles.
- Complementary Angles
- two angles whose sum is \begin{align*}90^{\circ}\end{align*}.
- Supplementary Angles
- two angles whose sum is \begin{align*}180^{\circ}\end{align*}.
- Adjacent Angles
- angles that are next to each other.
- Vertical Angles
- angles that are diagonally across from each other.
Guided Practice
Here is one for you to try on your own.
Knowing this, we can write an equation.
Video Review
Complementary, Supplementary and Vertical Angles
Directions: If the following angle pairs are complementary, then what is the measure of the missing angle?
- \begin{align*}\angle{A}&=45^{\circ}\\ \angle{B}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{C}&=83^{\circ}\\ \angle{D}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{E}&=33^{\circ}\\ \angle{F}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{G}&=53^{\circ}\\ \angle{H}&= ?\end{align*}
Directions: If the following angle pairs are supplementary, then what is the measure of the missing angle?
- \begin{align*}\angle{A}&=40^{\circ}\\ \angle{B}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{A}&=75^{\circ}\\ \angle{B}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{C}&=110^{\circ}\\ \angle{F}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{D}&=125^{\circ}\\ \angle{E}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{M}&=10^{\circ}\\ \angle{N}&= ?\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}\angle{O}&=157^{\circ}\\ \angle{P}&= ?\end{align*}
Directions: Define the following types of angle pairs.
- Vertical angles
- Adjacent angles
- Complementary angles
- Supplementary angles
- Interior angles
Notes/Highlights Having trouble? Report an issue.
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Three years ago, my parents remodeled their 1974 home. They left one space off the list – the garage. My dad asked his contractor to put the old kitchen cabinets in his garage so he could use them someday. We have been asking him when he's going to remodel his garage for three years.
Two weeks ago (while my parents were out of town) my brothers, husband and I decided to tackle dad's garage project as a surprise father's day gift. My parents came home yesterday to an updated organized garage. I'm excited to report that both of my parents love what we did (trust me – we were nervous) and I'm also pleased to be able to show you the before and after photos along with some tips on how you can make this happen for your own space.
If you've read my blogs before, you know there is a way to organize every space and we used the same methods for my dad's garage as we would for any room:
1. Take all items out and sort them with like items (yard tools together, power tools, cleaning supplies, auto supplies, nails, screws, etc. My parents also keep camping chairs, paper towels, extra lumber, folding tables and lots of coolers in their garage.
2. Get rid of anything that is broken, hasn't been used in years and multiples. My dad is a saver so this was difficult. I threw away and or donated his broken weed eater (he had 2), a recalled de-humidifier, an old leather chair, 2 old kid's car seats, Styrofoam coolers and several empty cardboard boxes and plastic containers.
3. We hired a painter to paint the walls, cabinets and ceiling. As you can see in the photos, they started with dark paneling so lightening up the space was a must. I ordered new cabinet hardware online to update and refresh the old cabinets.
4. My brothers and husband are very handy so they built a countertop for the lower cabinets and installed peg board. They also ran (plug in) lighting and added two power strips to make electrical access easier for tools. On the walls, they added inexpensive hooks to hang ladders, power yard tools and a hanging strip for the rakes and shovels. I bought three new shelves and put them together (very easy) for the bulky items that would not fit into cabinets.
5. When we started putting all of my father's stuff back into the garage, we made sure everything had a proper home and all like items were together. For instance, all of his screws and nails are in clear plastic containers inside the same cabinet. Also in that cabinet are nuts and bolts. In a lower cabinet we put cans of paint. On the shelving, we got larger clear plastic bins to house auto supplies like oil, anti freeze, and oil funnel. In a different container we placed all the gardening supplies.
6. You may need to relocate some items that don't belong in the space. We put their folding table in their basement and a large picture frame in their storage closet inside.
***It's important to note that this process is about finding the right amount and size space for the particular items. You may need to move some items around a few times in order to find the perfect spot.
Now you can see there is enough room in the garage for all of my parents items and to park two cars. More importantly, the garage is now a space that is functional and my dad will want to work there. It also matches the remodeled inside of their home.
If you would like help with your garage or any space in your home, please contact us at 404-825-2105 or email@example.com.


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I remember, as a young Army captain in May 1982, during the Falklands War, being berated by the Special Boat Service's squadron sergeant major as we tried to carry out strange orders from Whitehall.
A hundred Argentine soldiers armed with heavy mortars and massive anti-tank guns were to be tricked into surrendering, through persuasion in Spanish using a loudspeaker system, and by firing over their heads. This madcap plan was thanks to the belief of some Ministry of Defence or Foreign Office intelligence official in London that the Argies might give up without fighting.
Our sergeant major stalked up and down in the darkness as we made futile attempts to carry out these orders, shouting in intense anxiety against the howling winds and hammering machine-gun fire: "This gentlemen, is not the way to do business." And now almost 20 years later, a mixed force of Special Boat Service men, plus some US special forces and SAS, find themselves embarrassingly marooned at Bagram airfield in Afghanistan, exposed to unnecessary danger thanks to yet another Whitehall cock-up. Some local warlords agree they were consulted, and declare themselves happy for this force to be in Bagram. But now a chorus of other factions is objecting.
The SBS is not getting involved with all this nonsense, but lying low and playing it with characteristic cool. But their position could become very difficult.
Back in Whitehall, those responsible are arguing about who is to blame. Foreign and Commonwealth Office officials say the MoD acted precipitously and should not have sent the troops in. But the MoD does not take unilateral decisions to send special forces into war zones. Prime Ministers do that, with FCO and MoD advice – in that order. In such sensitive operations, ministerial roles are very clear. The FCO is responsible for all in-theatre diplomatic activities – particularly if local clearances are needed. This process was not carried out properly.
More significantly, there does not appear to have been much consideration given to what the SBS force should do if local objections arose. Were they given any special rules of engagement to cover their current plight? It would appear not. But was this an unlikely scenario last week? Am I using over much hindsight? I think not.
The SBS's mission was to secure the airfield ready to receive 2 Para and 45 Commando, with 3 Commando Brigade's medical squadron plus the extensive logistical back-up such a force will require. The airfield may need repairs before use by a fleet of Hercules C-130 transporters, and the threat of unmarked minefields requires extensive clearance work before the planned force of more than a thousand troops can operate from there. The SBS will already have set up secure satellite communications links with London and Washington, and broadcast reports of the usability of the airfield's buildings, fuelling facilities and hard-standing areas for other aircraft – Apache tank-killer helicopters and Harriers for example.
But what is all this for? With tens of thousands of Northern Alliance troops milling around, there's no need for any more muscle to fight the Taliban. But as Alliance leaders rightly suspect, two battalions of Britain's elite troops are more than capable of limiting the extent to which armed force can be used among former allies for their own ends. However, attempting "peace enforcement" operations would be foolish, as foreign troops would inevitably become a common enemy – and as the Russians discovered, die in large numbers.
As the squadron sergeant major would agree, this is not the way to do business. It is an enormous and almost criminal wasted opportunity. Britain's peerless experience of counter-terrorism across the globe since 1945 has proved the over-riding need for military campaigns to encompass every action that takes place in the theatre of operations. The problem that transcends even the defeat of the Taliban, is the inexorable onslaught of winter – and the need to get food, medicine, clothing and shelter to many parts of Afghanistan. This is ideal for a military "hearts and minds" campaign.
But the non-governmental organisations want sole rights to the provision of aid. This doesn't just defeat a military "hearts and minds" campaign, but creates more unhappy factions. Lacking the ability to protect themselves, NGOs must make accommodations with warlords to get their aid through. They become politicised, and can even oppose aspects of the military campaign.
I had hoped that the SBS was being sent to Bagram to set up a reception centre with enough troops and equipment to enable humanitarian aid to be delivered as part of the military campaign. With food, warmth and shelter backed up by hard-edged security, frightened people feel less inclined to harbour dangerous men.
The author is an ex-paratrooper and special forces officerReuse content


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Kiva Lending Team: Audie's and Jenny's wedding
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We have set up this Kiva team in lieu of registering for wedding gifts. We really don't need any more kitchen gadgets, and prefer to spread the wealth of our love around the world via small loans to entrepreneurs like ourselves.
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Perseveranda received a loan from Jenny to purchase 2 calves for the ranch and planting of 2,000 new coffee plants.
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Tinderbox moth repellent blend 15ml
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The House is due to vote on term limits by the end of March. But the initial skirmishes have only served to highlight differences on an issue which may well turn public opinion against the very Republicans who rode it with such success last November.
The devil is in the detail over what limits should be introduced. The argument pits the fiery new intake of Republicans who favour a maximum of three or four two-year terms for Congressmen and two six-year terms for Senators, and others like the Speaker,Newt Gingrich who say six years is "too short a learning curve"; they favour a 12-year limit for House and Senate.
The quarrel extends much further than numbers, or even the Republican divide between pragmatists and radicals which bedevils party strategy on welfare reform. It concerns the very nature of a Congressman's job. Many experienced members of Congress have no desire to put themselves prematurely out of a job, even if polls suggest two thirds of voters favour doing precisely that.
The movement is stronger in the House, where advocates have formed the so-called Team 290 (after the number of votes required for the two-thirds majority needed for a constitutional amendment). In the Senate it is doubtful whether even half the 100 members favour the proposal. Voters in more than 20 states have signed on to term limits for their own legislatures. If Congress passes a measure applying them to itself, the required endorsement from 38 of 50 states will swiftly follow. If Congr ess refuses,the electorate could take its revenge as early as 1996.
Problems are mounting too for the constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget. It probably commands a two-thirds majority. But the price of passage will be abandonment by conservatives of their demand for a three-fifths "super majority" approvalin Congress for future tax increases.
Welfare reform is creating separate tensions, between spending-slashing ideologues who dominate on Capitol Hill, and Republican governors who want Congress to hand over responsibility and money for welfare management to the states themselves.
Centre stage remains Mr Gingrich whose capacity for attracting trouble is matched only by his ruthlessness in putting it behind him. The continuing row over his dealings with a publishing company controlled by the media tycoon Rupert Murdoch may prove the exception.
Mr Gingrich may have relinquished his $4.5m (£2.8m) advance from HarperCollins. But it now emerges that Mr Murdoch's chief Washington lobbyist attended a meeting between the two men on 28 November, and that they discussed Mr Murdoch's multi-billion dollar dispute over federal media regulations.
Both say nothing wrong took place. But Democrats have smelt blood, and may succeed in securing an independent counsel to examine the one-time book deal and various other controversial Gingrich initiatives.
- More about:
- Rupert Murdoch
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At Wander With Us we are Malta Enthusiasts.
We have taken the journey of discovery in Malta and come to love it more and more.
What started as a holiday has become a way of life and home.
Now we want to share our passion. Our passion is Malta. Come and wander with us.


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Everglades Day at Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
The 15th annual Everglades Day was held February 8 at Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge.
Audubon Society of the Everglades, located in Palm Beach County, is one of the main organizers of this family-friendly annual event. Over two thousand attendees enjoyed guided nature walks, canoeing, educational exhibits, a great line-up of speakers, and other fun activities.
Loxahatchee is home to Wood Storks, Everglade Snail Kites, alligators, bobcats, river otters, and lots of other wildlife. The refuge also serves as a Water Conservation Area and provides flood control for surrounding areas, and helps improve water supply in addition to providing important habitat for wildlife.
Thanks to the members of Audubon of the Everglades who help make this event such a great success!
If you missed the fun this year, you can still visit the refuge which is open daily from sunrise to sunset. Learn more about the refuge and plan your visit here: http://www.fws.gov/loxahatchee/visit.html


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Brian Urlacher
Former NFL Pro Bowl Linebacker
Career Highlights: One of the NFL's most dominant and popular linebackers, Brian Urlacher spent his entire 13-year career with the Chicago Bears. Urlacher was an eight-time Pro Bowler and was the 2005 Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year. A five-time All-Pro, Urlacher played in 182 career NFL games, starting all but two. He recorded a team-record 1,353 tackles, 41.5 sacks, 22 interceptions, 16 fumble recoveries, and 11 forced fumbles. Urlacher was the first Chicago defender to lead the team in tackles in his first four NFL seasons. In 2006, he played a pivotal role in helping the Bears to a 13-3 record, the NFC's top playoff seed and two post-season victories before losing to Indianapolis 29-17 in Super Bowl XLI. For those efforts, Urlacher was selected as the NFC's starting middle linebacker in the 2007 Pro Bowl and was named to the Associated Press 2006 All-Pro Team. Urlacher's other accolades include: Ed Block Courage Award (2012), Brian Piccolo Award (2007), AP and Pro Football Weekly NFL Defensive Play-of-the-Year (2005), Football Digest NFL Defensive Player-of-the-Year (2001) and AP NFL Defensive Rookie-of-the-Year (2000).


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Don't get caught in the hot summer sun without the Salt Life Cancun Short. Made of 4.4-oz., 100% cotton twill fabric, these shorts are soft, stylish, and extremely comfortable. A heavy enzyme wash helps the shorts become soft, while also providing a worn-in look that is popular nowadays. Front sash pockets allow for the storage of valuable items such as a cell phone or car keys. A drawcord at the waist allows for a precise fit and allows for adjusting when needed. These shorts are the perfect choice for warm summer days at the beach, lake, or anywhere you may go. Imported.


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KSU Notice To Pre-degree and Diploma On School Fees Payment 2016/2017
University Management has given approval to First Bank Plc to commence collection of 2016/2017 Academic Session tuition fees from Pre-degree and Diploma I students with immediate effect.
Payment is to be made as follows:
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Complex-trait analysis in plants
- Thomas Mitchell-Olds1Email author
DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-4-113
© BioMed Central Ltd 2010
Published: 20 April 2010
Two recent studies in Arabidopsis have identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by population- association and family-based studies, respectively, providing further data on the genetic architecture of complex-trait variation in plants.
Genetic variation for complex traits determines fitness in natural environments, as well as productivity of the crops that sustain all human populations [1]. Mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) has begun to identify the genes responsible for this variation [2], as well as the evolutionary factors that maintain quantitative variation in populations [3]. Central to our understanding is to elucidate the genetic architecture of complex traits, which incorporates both the magnitude and the frequency of QTL alleles in a population.
Population-based association studies
In plant populations, application of population-based association studies depends on the scale of linkage disequilibrium, which determines the degree to which molecular markers may be associated with the relevant phenotype. Optimal levels may allow resolution of QTLs to regions containing just a few genes. To resolve phenotypic effects among neighboring genes, GWAS take advantage of historical recombination events that have accumulated over thousands of generations in historical populations. However, it is difficult for association studies to identify QTLs that influence traits that are correlated with population structure, because many SNPs differ between populations. Failure to control for population structure results in false positives, whereas statistical methods to control for population structure, such as the mixed model, instead lead to false negatives.
The reasons for false positives and false negatives can be illustrated by a recent resequencing study [6] that examined nucleotide variation among 20 accessions of rice. Three historical lineages (indica, japonica, and aus) are differentiated by thousands of SNPs across the genome. Owing to their shared ancestry, members of each lineage share common SNP genotypes, that is, linkage disequilibrium among thousands of loci across the genome. This population structure occurs at neutral markers and at phenotypically important quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs), which are shared by group members as a result of ecological and agricultural selection. Failure to correct for population structure causes false positives because many neutral SNPs are correlated with trait differences among groups. In contrast, correction for population structure adjusts for neutral SNP differences, but also causes false negatives by 'controlling away' the QTNs responsible for differences between structure groups. These complications of population structure can be avoided by more focused GWA studies that use a single historical population, as in most human studies. Alternatively, family-based complex pedigrees eliminate the confounding effects of population structure through controlled crosses.
Arabidopsis has excellent resources for population-based QTL studies. Atwell et al. [4] performed GWAS with around 200 lines scored for more than 200,000 SNPs, examining 107 phenotypes relating to flowering, development, plant defense, and physiological traits. Because of high levels of population structure they used mixed-model analyses [7], which control for relatedness among individuals at several levels, reducing spurious correlations between markers and phenotypes. Genetically simple traits such as pathogen resistance or ion concentrations were resolved clearly, showing the power of this approach. For quantitative traits the significant results are enriched near known candidate genes, but often give complex peaks encompassing many genes, without identifying a best candidate. In contrast to human association studies and results from family-based studies in maize (discussed below), individual QTLs with a large effect on phenotype (large-effect QTLs) are clearly evident in Arabidopsis. The authors also conclude that mixed-model analysis may not control for linkage disequilibrium arising from selection, as might be expected for ecologically and agriculturally important traits.
Genotyped populations for GWAS are being developed in plant species other than Arabidopsis, such as barley, maize and rice. In addition, targeted association studies in non-model organisms are able to combine sequence data from candidate genes with information on population structure based on a few thousand markers across the genome [8].
Family-based QTL mapping
Family-based QTL mapping in complex pedigrees has advantages and disadvantages that are complementary to those of population-based studies (see Box 1). Unlike GWAS, QTL resolution in family-based studies is unlikely to approach the single-gene level, as linkage analysis is based on recombinations accumulated over a few generations during pedigree development. However, most pedigrees avoid the confounding effects of population structure, and therefore escape the false positives and false negatives that can plague association studies.
In their family-based study, Kover et al. [5] used the Arabidopsis Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) population. To develop this population, they crossed together 19 founding genotypes for four generations to increase the level of recombination, followed by six generations of self-pollination to develop 342 quasi-independent recombinant inbred lines. In comparison to population-based mapping, pedigree approaches can avoid complications of historical population structure, although QTLs cannot be resolved to regions of a few genes. Kover et al. [5] examined flowering time and other complex traits, and identified a number of QTLs near known candidate genes, including the flowering time genes FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C, which also were evident in the GWAS of Atwell et al. [4].
In regard to crop plants, family-based complex pedigrees are particularly valuable in maize (Zea mays), which has high levels of outcrossing and a large effective population size. This results in very low linkage disequilibrium, which decays within hundreds of nucleotides in most populations. Using current technology, it is prohibitively expensive to score polymorphisms at this density, so GWAS remain challenging in maize. A different type of family breeding design has been used in maize compared with Arabidopsis to produce a complex pedigree known as the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) population, developed by a large collaboration among maize geneticists [9, 10]. Twenty-five parents were each crossed to the fully sequenced B73 genotype, and 200 recombinant inbred lines were derived from each cross, giving 25 sets of lines, each set having a common parent.
A recent study [9, 10] examining flowering time in nearly 1 million plants from around 5,000 NAM recombinant inbred lines found that the genetic architecture of flowering time was highly polygenic. Around 50 loci appeared to contribute to variation in flowering time, with many loci showing small, nearly additive effects. This is in striking contrast to Arabidopsis and rice, where large-effect QTLs have been found in many studies [2, 4]. To some extent, this contrast may be less extreme than it initially seems. Large-effect flowering QTLs have been found in maize when researchers examine highly divergent parents, although QTL magnitude is sensitive to day length. Likewise, as sample sizes increase in Arabidopsis one anticipates that many small-effect flowering QTLs will be found. Nevertheless, these studies suggest that breeding system, effective population size, selective history, and population demography will influence the genetic architecture of complex traits. Combined population- and family-based QTL studies can begin to elucidate and explain these patterns of variation.
In summary, two complementary approaches to QTL identification are becoming available in model species and agriculturally important plants. Using genetically diverse founder populations, these approaches can elucidate the genetic architecture of complex traits, and estimate both the magnitude and frequency of QTL alleles.
genome-wide association study
Nested Association Mapping
quantitative trait locus
quantitative trait nucleotide
single nucleotide polymorphism.
I thank E Buckler, M Nordborg, and J Willis for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by award R01-GM086496 from the National Institutes of Health and award EF-0723447 from the National Science Foundation.
Authors' Affiliations
- Mackay TFC, Stone EA, Ayroles JF: The genetics of quantitative traits: challenges and prospects. Nat Rev Genet. 2009, 10: 565-577. 10.1038/nrg2612.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Alonso-Blanco C, Aarts MGM, Bentsink L, Keurentjes JJB, Reymond M, Vreugdenhil D, Koornneef M: What has natural variation taught us about plant development, physiology, and adaptation?. Plant Cell. 2009, 21: 1877-1896. 10.1105/tpc.109.068114.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Mitchell-Olds T, Willis JH, Goldstein DB: Which evolutionary processes influence natural genetic variation for phenotypic traits?. Nat Rev Genet. 2007, 8: 845-856. 10.1038/nrg2207.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Atwell S, Huang YS, Vilhjalmsson BJ, Willems G, Horton M, Li Y, Meng D, Platt A, Tarone AM, Hu TT, Jiang R, Muliyati NW, Zhang X, Amer MA, Baxter I, Brachi B, Chory J, Dean C, Debieu M, de Meaux J, Ecker JR, Faure N, Kniskern JM, Jones JDG, Michael T, Nemri A, Roux F, Salt DE, Tang C, et al: Genome-wide association study of 107 phenotypes in a common set of Arabidopsis thaliana inbred lines. Nature. 2010, doi:10.1038/nature08800Google Scholar
- Kover PX, Valdar W, Trakalo J, Scarcelli N, Ehrenreich IM, Purugganan MD, Durrant C, Mott R: A multiparent advanced generation inter-cross to fine-map quantitative traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5: e1000551-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McNally KL, Childs KL, Bohnert R, Davidson RM, Zhao K, Ulat VJ, Zeller G, Clark RM, Hoen DR, Bureau TE, Stokowski R, Ballinger DG, Frazer KA, Cox DR, Padhukasahasram B, Bustamante CD, Weigel D, Mackill DJ, Bruskiewich RM, Rätsch G, Buell CR, Leung H, Leach JE: Genomewide SNP variation reveals relationships among landraces and modern varieties of rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 12273-12278. 10.1073/pnas.0900992106.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kang HM, Zaitlen NA, Wade CM, Kirby A, Heckerman D, Daly MJ, Eskin E: Efficient control of population structure in model organism association mapping. Genetics. 2008, 178: 1709-1723. 10.1534/genetics.107.080101.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Weber AL, Briggs WH, Rucker J, Baltazar BM, de Jesus Sanchez-Gonzalez J, Feng P, Buckler ES, Doebley J: The genetic architecture of complex traits in teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis): New evidence from association mapping. Genetics. 2008, 180: 1221-1232. 10.1534/genetics.108.090134.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMullen MD, Kresovich S, Villeda HS, Bradbury P, Li H, Sun Q, Flint-Garcia S, Thornsberry J, Acharya C, Bottoms C, Brown P, Browne C, Eller M, Guill K, Harjes C, Kroon D, Lepak N, Mitchell SE, Peterson B, Pressoir G, Romero S, Oropeza Rosas M, Salvo S, Yates H, Hanson M, Jones E, Smith S, Glaubitz JC, Goodman M, Ware D, et al: Genetic properties of the maize nested association mapping population. Science. 2009, 325: 737-740. 10.1126/science.1174320.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Buckler ES, Holland JB, Bradbury PJ, Acharya CB, Brown PJ, Browne C, Ersoz E, Flint-Garcia S, Garcia A, Glaubitz JC, Goodman MM, Harjes C, Guill K, Kroon DE, Larsson S, Lepak NK, Li H, Mitchell SE, Pressoir G, Peiffer JA, Rosas MO, Rocheford TR, Romay MC, Romero S, Salvo S, Sanchez Villeda H, da Silva HS, Sun Q, Tian F, Upadyayula N, et al: The genetic architecture of maize flowering time. Science. 2009, 325: 714-718. 10.1126/science.1174276.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar


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Digue Ventoux is written by Bert Wagendorp for MatchBoox, illustrated by Sjaak Forest. Digue Ventoux for cyclists and contemplative sports enthusiasts and is about Wagendorp that mixes his dream to climb the famous Mont Ventoux with his own bike trip on the West Omringdijk. Think of your soul and not too often counter that inhibits.
Bert Wagendorp (1956) studied Dutch in Groningen. Started as a copywriter in advertising, he became a sports reporter at the Leeuwarden Courant. In 1988 he moved to De Volkskrant. For which newspaper he regularly beat the Tour de France and was a correspondent in London. In 2013 he released his novel 'Ventoux', an outright best seller. Furthermore Wagendorp co-founder of the literary magazine The Wall wheeler.