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Combined small angle X-ray solution scattering with atomic force microscopy for characterizing radiation damage on biological macromolecules
- Luca Costa†1, 9,
- Alexander Andriatis†1, 2,
- Martha Brennich1,
- Jean-Marie Teulon3, 4, 5,
- Shu-wen W. Chen3, 4, 5,
- Jean-Luc Pellequer3, 4, 5Email authorView ORCID ID profile and
- Adam Round6, 7, 8, 10
DOI: 10.1186/s12900-016-0068-2
© The Author(s) 2016
Received: 17 June 2016
Accepted: 6 October 2016
Published: 27 October 2016
Synchrotron radiation facilities are pillars of modern structural biology. Small-Angle X-ray scattering performed at synchrotron sources is often used to characterize the shape of biological macromolecules. A major challenge with high-energy X-ray beam on such macromolecules is the perturbation of sample due to radiation damage.
By employing atomic force microscopy, another common technique to determine the shape of biological macromolecules when deposited on flat substrates, we present a protocol to evaluate and characterize consequences of radiation damage. It requires the acquisition of images of irradiated samples at the single molecule level in a timely manner while using minimal amounts of protein. The protocol has been tested on two different molecular systems: a large globular tetremeric enzyme (β-Amylase) and a rod-shape plant virus (tobacco mosaic virus). Radiation damage on the globular enzyme leads to an apparent increase in molecular sizes whereas the effect on the long virus is a breakage into smaller pieces resulting in a decrease of the average long-axis radius.
These results show that radiation damage can appear in different forms and strongly support the need to check the effect of radiation damage at synchrotron sources using the presented protocol.
Keywordsβ-Amylase Tobacco mosaic virus Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Radiation damage
The most recent step forward in structural biology for characterizing large molecular assemblies is the integration of several complementary techniques to reach the goal of determining structures at atomic level. In this frame, it is essential to combine information from a variety of physical and chemical origins thus providing a solid basis to understanding molecular function. This recent development is known as integrative structural biology [1].
Among the different available techniques, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) presents unique advantages. SAXS applied to dilute solutions of proteins is a long established technique in structural biology. It gives ensemble reciprocal space information on the size and shape of macromolecules [2–5]. While the reconstruction of 3D models of proteins from solution scattering data is common, it is an ill-posed problem and typically requires additional constraints such as the maximal distance between two points in a sample D max [6–9]. SAXS data is sensitive to oligomerization or aggregation of biological samples. For example, radiation-induced aggregation has been observed with SAXS data for lysozyme, but without any change in folding topology [10]. Irreversible X-ray induced damage, essentially due to free radical formation in the sample at synchrotron sources, are a current limitation of SAXS experiments and often increase the amount of material needed [11] or require radiation protectant such as glycerol or cryo-cooling [12]. However, evaluation of post-SAXS experiment radiation damage on proteins is rarely performed because the allowable doses are highly sample-dependent, and must be determined on a case-by-case basis. A protocol to investigate such radiation damage at SAXS beamline is suggested in this work and makes use of the imaging capability of the atomic force microscope at nanometer resolution.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is beginning to make a large impact in the field of structural biology [13–17]. AFM uses a sharp tip located beneath a micro-cantilever that scans across sample molecules usually deposited on flat mineral substrates (e.g. Mica). It can give real space information about the size and shape of particles as well as their physical properties and behaviour in the measurement conditions. Typically, topographical resolution can reach sub-nanometer range when characterizing flat samples [15, 18–20] but it rises up to the nanometer range when measuring isolated biomolecules. The main advantage of AFM resides in its exceptional signal-to-noise ratio where the imaging of a single isolated particle is enough to determine its particular dimensions using standard or improved image processing methods [21]. Moreover, one of the main advantages of an AFM over scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy is that the sample can be kept in physiological conditions while imaging, such as a liquid buffer for proteins [22], a shared advantage with the SAXS technique. Complementarity between SAXS and AFM techniques allows cross validation thereby increasing the reliability and confidence in the results, and to obtain additional information such as electrochemical properties of a macromolecule based on its binding with surfaces for AFM images. However, to date there are only a few studies which combine these two techniques [23–27].
Here, we describe a protocol for the combined acquisition of bioSAXS and AFM data from the same sample with minimum delay taking advantage of the ESRF user facilities for both techniques. By using remaining (unexposed) sample from the bioSAXS acquisition and diluting it to the required concentration, depositing it onto an atomically flat surface for AFM imaging, the AFM data collection is achieved with no additional sample required over that needed for bioSAXS. Indeed, as little as 1 μL of the sample solution left in the sample changer was diluted 1000 times to a concentration suitable for AFM. With this method, the amount of solution leftover from SAXS is sufficient for many AFM images, which can be very useful in cases where each μL of solution takes large amounts of time and resources to produce. It is shown that AFM is a useful tool to evaluate the effects of radiation damage by evaluating changes to physical characteristics and electrochemical behaviour of irradiated samples. Such effects result in an increase of the apparent size or in a decrease of the average particle radius due to breakage. It is also shown that the AFM output can be employed as a constraint to interpret SAXS data, reducing ambiguity in the SAXS output. To evaluate the performance of the AFM-SAXS combination, two standard systems have been used: β-Amylase from sweet potato and the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a long rod shape plant virus.
Sample preparation
β-Amylase is a tetrameric enzyme of ≈ 200 kDa which catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose units (two glucose units) for starch. The known crystal structure of β-Amylase (PDB code 1FA2) [28] was used for comparison with experimental data. According to the reconstituted tetrameric structure of β-Amylase, the computed maximum bounding box of C α atoms has a size of 12.4 × 12.4 × 7.5 nm 3 and a radius of gyration of 4.14 nm (all atoms). A 5.5 mg/mL solution of β-Amylase protein from sweet potato (Product Number A8781, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was prepared by adding 3.75 mL of Tris equilibration buffer (50 mM TRIS-HCl, 100 mM KCl, pH 7.5, 5 % v/v glycerol, Sigma-Aldrich) and filtering with a 0.2 μm filter. The final concentration was verified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer at OD 280 (ε 1 % =17.7) [29]. For AFM, the solution was further diluted in Tris equilibration buffer without glycerol.
TMV forms a hollow rod-like structure of about 300 nm length and 19 nm diameter. The crystal structure of TMV was determined and refined by X-ray fiber diffraction [30]. The organization of TMV assembly has been widely studied using imaging techniques such as electron microscopy, AFM, and X-ray microdiffraction [31–34], and it is a common model system for image processing [35]. The regularity of the TMV structure simplifies the comparison of results out of single-image analysis on AFM images with those of other techniques. TMV particles were prepared as previously described [36]. The concentration was determined by spectrophotometric measurement at OD 260 (ε 0.1 % =3.1) at a value of 26 mg/mL. TMV dilution for AFM and SAXS was performed in deionized water.
Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS)
SAXS data collection was performed on BM29 at the ESRF [37]. 50 μL of sample solution was loaded into the automatic sample changer, with 40 μL used for the actual experiment. Scattering data of samples and buffers was acquired at one frame per second for ten seconds while sample was flowing through the capillary using the flow mode of the automated sample changer [38]. For AFM imaging of radiation damaged samples, the exposed samples were recuperated after exposure and followed the same protocol as the non exposed samples to facilitate comparison. The total flow time was 18 seconds. The X-ray beam energy was 12.5 keV and the beam size was 700 × 700 μm. The detector distance was 2.864 m. Data was collected at 20 °C. Intensity was normalized to absolute units using background-corrected water. The available q-range (\(q= \frac {4\pi }{\lambda } \sin \theta \)) was 0.025 nm −1 to 4.8 nm −1. Data reduction was done using the standard tools at BM29 yielding the 1D subtracted curves and initial processing to give feedback to the experiment [39, 40]. Extrapolation to zero concentration and determination of the model independent parameters (R g (radius of gyration), I 0 (Intensity at q = 0), molecular mass, etc.) and cross-sectional Guinier analyis done using PRIMUS [41, 42]. Comparison of known structures to the experimental data (β-Amylase) was done using OLIGOMER [41]. Fitting of geometric models (TMV) was done with Genfit [43]. Computation of model intensities was done using CRYSOL [44] while p (r) (pair distribution) analysis and cross-section pair-distribution using GNOM [42].
Radiation damage investigations were performed testing several irradiation times: 1) one second exposure, 2) standard exposure which corresponds to a total exposure of 10 s while flowing, 3) 5 min exposure, 4) 30 min over-exposure. For both latter exposures, the sample was flowing continuously back and forth through the beam. We have collected a total of 10 patterns for standard exposure and 6 patterns for 5 min and 30 min exposures. The comparison between SAXS and AFM data has been limited to standard, 5 min and 30 min exposures.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
AFM images were recorded in amplitude modulation (tapping) mode in liquid [45] with photothermal excitation on Cypher and piezo-dither excitation mode on a MFP3D (both Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, USA). Cantilevers used are the MSNL (triangular lever F, k = 0.6 N/m, F q =30 kHz in liquid, Bruker) and Olympus AC40 (k ≈ 0.1 N/m, F q =25 kHz in liquid, Olympus). Scan sizes were 10 μm ×10 μm, 5 μm × 5 μm, or 1 μm × 1 μm.
The scan rate was 2 lines per second, the image size was either 512 lines and 512 points per line or 256 lines and 256 points. The atomically flat surfaces were cleaved mica, cleaved mica ion-exchanged with Nickel, and cleaved highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Pre-treated mica was prepared by placing 40 μL of 10 mM NiCl 2 on a cleaved mica disk, incubating for 10 minutes, then rinsing with water and drying with nitrogen [46].
To deposit β-Amylase protein onto a surface, 40 μL of 1/1000 diluted solution (4 μg/mL) were placed on the surface and incubated for 15 min. The surface was then rinsed with 1 mL of buffer and covered with 40 μL of buffer for imaging in liquid.
To deposit tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), 40 μL of 1/1000 diluted TMV solution (26 μg/mL) was placed on the surface and incubated for a full hour before rinsing. The surface was then rinsed with 1 mL of water and covered with 40 μL of water for imaging in liquid.
To obtain a representative collection of AFM images, three different 10 μ m 2 areas were imaged randomly on a given sample. Within each area, three 5 μ m 2 random areas were chosen from which to characterize proteins. If necessary, 1 μ m 2 scans were made for areas of particular interest to provide higher resolution images. Image data treatment, such as flattening, was performed using Gwyddion [47] and/or DeStripe [48].
Statistical evaluation of isolated particles in AFM images
Previously flattened AFM height images were used in Gwyddion. When necessary additional flattening was performed to further reduce stripe noise. A grain particle analysis was performed with Gwyddion using the automated thresholding method of Otsu for all images except images of β-Amylase when deposited on bare mica in which case a classical thresholding method of 11–32 % was used instead. Grain size distribution was recorded using the major semiaxis of equivalent ellipse (called here long-axis radius). Ellipse was chosen instead of circle due to the elongated shape of TMV. Consequently, the same numerical measure has been used for β-Amylase and TMV. However, control data did not reach exactly a long-axis radius of 150 nm for TMV (as should be expected from its structure). This is likely due to the fact that the automated ellipsoid fit performed in Gwyddion does not distinguish TMV particles that are touching with each other. Average values were obtained from at least two AFM images for control and over-exposed conditions using the top 2 peaks of the grain particle distribution. Observations made with this criteria would also be valid if we took the top peak of the distribution. The reason to combine the top 2 peaks is that in several distributions, there is not a single major top peak and thus the "correct" value corresponding to such a distribution ought to be the average of nearby peaks. Values reported on figures are average +/− standard deviations.
Protocol for combining SAXS with AFM
When planning combined experiments, it is important to consider the effects of X-ray exposure, both short and long term, related to the bioSAXS experiment [11, 12]. BioSAXS data is routinely checked for short term variations during exposure and shows there is no variation on the length scales (low resolution size and shape) and time scales (1–10 s at dedicated facilities). Remeasured samples (hours/days after initial exposure) can show significant differences. It is for this reason and the favorable highly dilute state (1000 × dilution from bioSAXS) required for AFM that samples were measured by SAXS and only the remaining sample volume (not aspirated by the sample changer) was used for AFM. For studying the effect of radiation damage, samples exposed to the X-ray beam for measurements were recuperated and analyzed by AFM alongside the non-exposed controls. Due to the time needed to prepare the sample for AFM, the time between the two experiments was 20 minutes for β-Amylase and an hour for TMV.
AFM images were obtained with β-Amylase adsorbed on hydrophilic mica in liquid environment using the amplitude modulation (tapping) mode. No significant adsorption of β-Amylase has been observed on hydrophobic graphite (Data not shown). When β-Amylase was deposited onto mica, a uniform distribution of particles was observed, with an average height of 2 nm and an average long-axis radius of 1.87 nm which is smaller than expected from the diameter of β-Amylase crystal structure (Fig. 1 b). According to molecular sizes observed with AFM, it is likely that only monomers of β-Amylase are imaged by AFM.
SAXS data-collection and scattering-derived parameters
Data-collection parameters
Beam Geometry
0.7 mm ×0.7 mm at sample
Wavelength (nm)
q range (nm −1)
Exposure time
1 s per frame
Concentration, β-amylase
5.5 mg/mL
Concentration, Tobacco Mosaic Virus
26 mg/mL
Temperature (K)
Structural Parameters, β-amylase
Exposure time
1 s
10 s (standard)
5 min
30 min
I 0 (cm −1) [from Guinier]
0.135 ± 0.001
0.135 ± 0.001
0.133 ± 0.1
0.142 ± 0.001
R g (nm) [from Guinier]
4.14 ± 0.06
4.14 ± 0.06
4.16 ± 0.06
4.35 ± 0.13
I 0 (cm −1) [from P(r)]
R g (nm) [from P(r)]
D max (nm)
Porod volume estimate (nm 3)
Structural Parameters, Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Exposure time
1 s
10 s (standard)
5 min
30 min
I 0 (cm −1 x nm −1)
0.312 ± 0.003
0.325 ± 0.003
0.330 ± 0.003
0.317 ± 0.003
[from cross-sectional Guinier]
cross-sectional R g (nm)
[from cross-sectional Guinier]
I 0 (cm −1 x nm −1)
[from cross-sectional P(r)]
cross-sectional R g (nm) [from cross-sectional P(r)]
cross-sectional D max (nm)
Molecular-mass determination, β-amylase
Exposure time
1 s
10 s (standard)
5 min
30 min
Partial specific volume (cm 3 g −1)
Contrast (Δ ρ×1010 cm −2)
Molecular mass M r (kDa) [from I 0]
168 ± 1
170 ± 1
167 ± 1
178 ± 1
Molecular mass M r (kDa)
[from Porod Volume] [64]
Calculated molecular weight according to sequence (kDa)
Software employed
Primary data reduction
BM29 online data analysis [65],
1D data processing
p(r) analysis
Form factor fitting
Computation of model intensities
Computation of volume fractions of mixtures
At the ESRF beamline, it is not possible to perform ultra-small angle X-ray scattering experiments. Consequently, changes in length of TMV could not be obtained using regular SAXS data due to large size of TMV (≈300 nm long).
SAXS scattering provides reliable characterization of the average structural properties of biological macromolecules by measuring the scattering curve and interpreting it to determine model-independent structural parameters of molecules. Although 3D reconstructions of shape of macromolecules from scattering curves are possible, they are often not unique. Moreover, SAXS as a technique is able to visualize a wide range of dimensions depending on the X-ray energy and the angular range observed, but the maximum size observable for any given experiment is limited. For the standard setup at BM29 a q-range of 0.025 to 5 nm −1 can be observed which corresponds to a longest particle dimension of approximately 250 nm. As the long axis of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is in the order of 300 nm, this dimension could not be measured directly in the standard configuration of BM29. Fortunately, the observed scattering of the TMV is dominated by the circular cross-section of the cylinder, featuring the coat protein and RNA strand allowing direct comparison between SAXS and AFM. The AFM experiments confirmed the rod-like structure of the TMV sample with a cross-section of 17–18 nm. The cross-sectional radius of gyration was calculated as 6.3 nm assuming a rod-like structure. For a homogeneous disc of radius \(R, R = \sqrt {2} R_{g}= 8.9\) nm, which is in direct agreement with the diameter of 18 nm reported in literature [53]. It should be emphasized that the calculation of (cross-sectional) pair distance distribution function requires to find the correct maximum distance D max . In this work, this value was obtained from real space measurements with the AFM allowing a direct access to this parameter, thereby greatly reducing the ambiguity of the analysis. In the case of TMV, using the 18 nm diameter determined by AFM indeed allowed us to calculate the cross-sectional pair distance distribution function without bias.
Radiation damage [54] have been mostly investigated in X-ray crystallography where it was observed that radiation damage on proteins starts with the reduction of metal centers followed by elongation/scission of disulfide bonds and then decarboxylation of Asp and Glu side chains [55]. Moreover, such decarboxylation of acidic amino acids is also observed due to radiation damage with electron microscopy [56].
AFM imaging of single molecules has already been used to observe protective effect of ascorbic acid against double-strand breaks in DNA generated by reactive oxygen species [57]. In addition, AFM has also been coupled with Dynamic Light Scattering technique to help in understanding consequences of radiation-induced conformational change in chromatin structure. It was found that even at low dose (< 0.5 Gy) chromatin shows radiation damage as evidence by a change in hydrodynamic size that was likely due to single-strand breaks in DNA [58]. In SAXS, radiation damage most often present itself as aggregation [59]. Even with sample flow enable, radiation damage in lysozyme, evidenced by an increase in radius of gyration (R g ), still occurs as early as 250 ms exposure time [11]. At increasing dose on lysozyme, an increase in R g has been observed in relation to radiation damage [60]. Combining SAXS with UV/Visible absorption spectra revealed change in protein solution due to X-ray radiation on bovine serum albumine (BSA) as shown by an increase of R g from 3.3 to 5 nm [61]. However, it was also found that early effect of radiation damage was an increase of molecular size without any significant unfolding suggesting that radiation damage observed on BSA was compatible with the presence of radical activities [61]. Reduction in radiation damage has been obtained using Cryo-SAXS [12] or using time-resolved SAXS [62]. Besides, fast detection readout allows collection of SAXS before radiation damage occur [60].
In our study, AFM imaging of isolated molecules of β-Amylase revealed a tripling in size upon over-exposure to X-ray beam. From this result, two hypotheses are possible: agglomeration of several β-Amylase monomers or a tightening of β-Amylase tetramer upon X-ray exposure so that when imaged on mica the tetrameric form of β-Amylase is now stable and better preserved than β-Amylase without X-ray exposure. The second hypothesis appears more likely due to SAXS observation that no significant change in R g was observed upon over X-ray exposition of β-Amylase (Fig. 4 and Table 1), and that β-Amylase remains mostly tetrameric. Besides, it has been shown that one consequence of irradiation damage in synchrotron SAXS experiment was a change of the protein surface due to radical attacks leading to a greater attraction between lysozyme molecules and causing aggregation: a mechanism that could also be envisaged to multimeric proteins such as β-Amylase [10]. The current resolution of AFM does not allow imaging at the atomic scale on isolated proteins to identify more precisely what is the mechanism of such increase in size. In particular, knowing the convolution effect due to tip broadening in AFM images, it is not possible to attribute β-Amylase native tetramers on AFM controlled images (long-axis radius of about 3 nm). The only possible explanation is that only smaller structures are observed, mostly monomers whose presence is also detected by SAXS, for non irradiated β-Amylase while, upon X-ray exposure, AFM images show an expected size of tetrameric β-Amylase. At the moment, it is not possible to speculate about the presence of crosslink in β-Amylase upon X-ray exposure, as the resolution of AFM imaging does not allow such level of details.
Finally, it is striking that AFM imaging can indirectly distinguish between two conformations of tetrameric β-Amylase: native and X-ray over-exposed while SAXS data does not make a significant distinction.
Radiation damage in TMV particle is different from β-Amylase essentially due to the high aspect/ratio of TMV which is a rod-like of 300 nm long. TMV, as most plant viruses, are very stable molecular constructs that can resist harsh storage condition (dessicated) for several years. TMV is consequently a perfect sample for studying radiation damage as no degradation is expected to occur when deposited on mica [36]. Upon increasing exposure time in X-ray beam, a breaking of TMV is consistently seen. In this case, radiation damage on TMV resemble closely that obtained on DNA, i.e. breaking into smaller parts.
It is noteworthy that the imaging substrate surface has a significant importance in AFM. This is for instance brought forward by the comparison between bare mica and nickel pre-treated mica in this study (AFM data not shown). Indeed, TMV adsorption is more efficient on nickel pre-treated mica than on simple mica. However, no substrate is ideal due to the apparent contradictory requirement of strong fixation of biomolecules on a surface with low deformation of adsorbed molecules.
Surface charges of mica may affect the shape of deposited single molecules. For instance, a height reduction of 2 nm is observed when TMV is deposited on mica and imaged in air, while the height difference of TMV when imaged in liquid is close to 0.7 nm (manuscript submitted). However, such reduction in height has never been observed to be concomitant with a reduction of TMV length as observed in this study when TMV is exposed to X-ray beam.
Another difference between TMV and β-Amylase, is that with TMV radiation damage are detected with short exposure time whereas in β-Amylase radiation damage are mostly visible upon over-exposure time. However, a common behavior between β-Amylase and TMV upon X-ray beam exposure is their apparent change in molecular surface properties. Although it is only suggested for β-Amylase, it is clearly observed for TMV. Indeed, when native TMV is deposited on hydrophobic surface (HOPG) there is non uniform binding of TMV on HOPG whereas, upon X-ray beam exposure, TMV displays an increased uniformity in adsorption with HOPG. Because breakage of long TMV particles into smaller pieces, damaged TMV now exposes hidden buried surfaces. From the TMV X-ray structure, such hidden surfaces are known to be rather hydrohobic explaining the sudden increased affinity of irradiated TMV on HOPG. A clear benefit of AFM imaging is observed, first by looking at individual molecules, and second at global properties when changing imaging substrates. Consequently, if reasonable protein binding is observed on HOPG, it could be recommended to use hydrophobic surfaces for imaging X-ray exposed molecules, and thus detect easily the presence of radiation damage by looking at variation of protein binding on HOPG. Such apparent change in molecular surface properties has been already observed in case of lipid model membranes deposited onto silicon substrates in an in-situ X-ray - AFM combined experiment [63]. Both X-ray Reflectometry and AFM showed a deacrease of the membranes surface coverage after exposure to X-ray.
The combination of SAXS and AFM can be applied to a variety of different macromolecules and sample surfaces depending on characterization needs and sample properties. Taking advantage of the flexible user access to both the dedicated bioSAXS beamline (BM29) and ESRF surface science laboratory, these experiments can be undertaken on the same visit to the ESRF. AFM imaging requires around two hours and owing to the high dilution factor from SAXS to AFM no additional sample is needed for AFM in addition to SAXS. While SAXS provides rapid characterization of the average properties of a sample, AFM can be used to verify the homogeneity of the sample and provide measurements at the single particle level. As AFM gives direct measurement of single particles it is possible to use the AFM results as additional constraints for modeling purpose thereby extending the possibilities to interpret the SAXS data and reduce ambiguity in the results. The use of combined SAXS-AFM in one experimental visit is facilitated by the presented protocol which enables cross validation, and increased confidence in the conclusions which can be drawn from the experiments. Furthermore, combination of SAXS-AFM is well adapted to study effect of radiation damage on various type of biological samples. Radiation damage is a very complex process and can produce either a change of the protein surface or a breakage of long biological particles, as it has been shown in this work for β-Amylase and TMV, respectively.
Atomic force microscopy
Electron microscopy
European synchrotron radiation facility
Highly ordered pyrolitic graphite
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Small angle x-ray scattering
Tobacco mosaic virus
The authors acknowledge the 2015 GIANT international Internship and the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives programs. The authors warmly thank Chloe Zubieta for fruitful discussions and Francesco Spinozzi for advice on using Genfit.
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The authors declare they will make data available upon direct request from other researchers.
Authors' contributions
AA and LC acquired AFM data. AA, MB and AR acquired SAXS data. JMT, AA and JLP developed the AFM sample preparation protocols. AA, LC, MB, SWC and JLP treated AFM and SAXS data. AA, AR, JLP, MB and LC prepared this manuscript. AR, LC and JLP conceived this research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
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Kiko, Frank, Bam warn Duterte against De Lima's impending arrest
Liberal Party senators are worried that the Duterte administration would railroad the charges against Senator Leila de Lima.
Senator Kiko Pangilinan, Bam Aquino and Franklin Drilon have come out to defend De Lima on the plan to arrest her for protecting drug lords inside New Bilibid Prison.
The three senators, in a joint statements warned against the possibility of using criminal "as political tool, propaganda, and smokescreen or distractions for the public."
"Filing charges and issuing warrants of arrest without credible evidence or witness is illegal and unjust –whether ordinary Filipino or senator." they said
"We call on the Department of Justice to honor the rule of law and due process by supporting the Ombudsman's investigation, as they should have when its fact-finding investigation commenced in November 2016," they added
"We also call on the public to remain vigilant and to cultivate a discerning eye and a critical mind for truth and justice," said Pangilinan, Drilon and Aquino.
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Originally posted on FOX Sports | Last updated 7/13/13
New York Yankees star Alex Rodriguez struck out twice and went hitless Saturday in his latest minor league game, a day after declining to join the New York Yankees' Triple-A team. Rodriguez was 0 for 3 for Class A Tampa, dropping to 2 for 18 with one RBI and five strikeouts during his injury rehabilitation assignment. Rodriguez met Friday in the Tampa with Major League Baseball officials investigating the distribution of performance-enhancing drugs. With rain in the area, the Yankees wanted Rodriguez to travel to Buffalo, where Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre is playing this weekend, a person familiar with the plans told The Associated Press. Rodriguez told the Yankees he was too worn down to go, the person told the AP. The person spoke on condition of anonymity because no statements were authorized. The New York Post first reported the situation. Rodriguez had been scheduled to play third base in games Thursday and Friday for Tampa, but both were rained out. He wasn't seen by ...
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How long should a college admission essay beDate: 13.01.2017 / Reiting: 4.6 / Views: 708
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- MBA Admission Essay Ultimately, your college essay can be as long as you want it, DegreeDirectory: How Long Should College Application Essays Be? More Classroom Articles. Class Rank College Admission; College Application Essay; Admission Interview Tips; ideas and overall support can go a long way in helping your students write. Oct 11, 2008 a Cornell University Essay. On average, word wise, how long should How long should a college essay got admission in guttman community college. When you first begin to write an original college admission essay on a topic, particularly one with which you are not familiar, warming up the mind is important. What about the content of your college admission essay.
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The tightness of the turn-around time is obviously conditioned by the fact that even bureaucrats dream of holidays, and they want everything knocked on the head before summer starts to fade. This leads to not infrequent mistakes, so I felt almost sympathetic when a document arrived from the Quality Assurance Agency asking and answering the question "What is TQA for?" - obviously written by someone in the organisation who didn't realise that they stopped talking about TQAs (Teaching Quality Assessments) last year in favour of a different acronym.
My sympathy drained away like Alice's pool of tears, however, when I knuckled down and read the document, entitled "Graded Profiles: Interpreting the Numbers". To save any reader the trouble of wading through it, I shall attempt an English translation. Basically, the QAA set up a system of evaluating teaching in universities whereby teams of assessors go round assessing how departments teach and how institutions support teaching (these days, you have to say "teaching and learning" as though by some miraculous discovery the QAA had only just cottoned on to the fact that these words go together).
Points are awarded for success in six categories, so that a score of fours across the board will result in a total of 24, the maximum possible. Until recently, any score over 21 was held to be "excellent", but then the goalposts changed so now we're up to 22, not too difficult as institutions learned the ropes and worked out how to get the paperwork right. League tables sprang into being, with universities listing high scores all over the place and selling this evidence of excellence to any overseas student willing to pay the inflated fees.
But it now transpires that the QAA doesn't like its own system. "Does a number tell the whole story?" it asks. Not necessarily, it answers, a point so obvious that a five-year-old could have made it. You can get a 22, for example, with five sets of top marks making 20 and a two, which is pretty grim. This means the QAA is suggesting that what we now need is a system for deciphering the overall grades. We are commended to use a conversion table for this purpose, and tables and graphs are available from the agency direct. The purpose of this daft document, therefore, is to remind us that journalists have been using "crude and simplistic methods" to construct league tables and that this won't do. But the QAA set up this numbers system in the first place, you cry! Exactly so, and now they're trying to set up another numbers system to decode the first one, and we're all supposed to comment on it.
When I was younger, I was quite clear that the blame for social ills lay with Them, the ones in charge. I used to believe that They were corrupt and devious. Now, having joined the Establishment, I subscribe to the Cock-up Theory instead: They are often just plain incompetent. If Nato can start a war and sends in bombers without seemingly pausing to think about the results (thousands of displaced people, starving refugees, civilian casualties, world-wide opprobrium), it shows that no matter how many degrees, knighthoods, premierships or medals you are given, you can still be a complete fool. I once read somewhere that criminals and politicians have no sense of cause and effect, so that they fail to understand that if you do one thing, something else will ensue. I think we could add quality assurance agents to that list now, judging by the quality of thinking in this document.
Assessing the quality of teaching is a very good thing in principle because it reminds universities that they are accountable. Teaching assessment exercises can be very valuable and I am all in favour in principle. But setting up league tables and sending in teams of dullards to quibble about trivia is not the best way to assess anything, and to propose now that we need to start decoding the daft numbers game that the QAA set up in the first place really takes the biscuit.
You can just see what will happen next if this idea takes hold: it will be the QAA's equivalent of painting roses red to please the Queen of Hearts and playing croquet with flamingos.
The writer is Pro-vice-chancellor of the University of WarwickReuse content


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Property: The Fresh Glamour AccommodationAddress: Via Donnalbina 7 | Angolo via Monteoliveto Napoli, 80134, Naples, Italy
Region: Italy > Campania > Province of Naples > Naples > Pendino
Free Breakfast Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) Pets Allowed ( Dog / Pet Friendly ) Room Service Wheelchair access
Ranked #84 of 190 Hotels in Naples
Price Range (Based on Average Rates): £
Hotel Class:3 star — The Fresh Glamour Accommodation 3*
Number of rooms: 6
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- New and glamour Accommodation in Downtown close the historical center of Napoli, just few steps far from Decumani and Piazza del Gesu. Refined and sophisticated has 6 rooms all with balcony and private bathroom. Neapolitan breakfast buffet served every morning, docking station with the choice of music in every room.In an instant you'll find yourself in the best place of Napoli.I pad and wi fi free ... more less
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Ethanol returned to the old brickyard recently with the premier of the Ethanol fueled Hemelgarn Racing Dallara-Toyota-Firestone race car. Driver Jimmy Kite drove the car during the recent Miller Lite Carb Day Activities at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. During the ten-lap demo, he was able to drive at speeds exceeding 220mph using a blend of 50% Ethanol and 50% Methanol.
Ethanol Hemelgarn Racing is a new company formed by fitness magnate Ron Hemelgarn to develop Ethanol race cars and promote Ethanol use within the racing industry.
The Indy Racing League has announced that all cars competing in the 2006 Indy Car Racing Series will utilize a blend of 10% Ethanol blended with 90% Methanol, however in 2007 the fuel used will be 100% Ethanol. In the past, Methanol has long been the fuel of choice for Indy Series race cars. It replaced gasoline during the 70's as its reduced flammability made it a much safer fuel in the event of a crash.
The higher heat of combustion along with other differences in the characteristics of the fuel may require some tweaking of the engines but as Indy Series driver Paul Dana stated, "It's more of a software problem in this day of computer-controlled engines."
Recently, political pressure has been applied to NASCAR (National Association of Stock Car Racing) asking them to switch to ethanol-blended unleaded fuel. NASCAR race cars use highly toxic leaded gasoline which has been banned from highway use in the United States since 1975. However, by law, NASCAR is exempt from the ban on leaded gasoline. In April, Iowa Senator Tom Harkin and other members of the Senate Biofuels Caucus sent a letter to Brian France, Chairman of NASCAR asking that the racing organization switch to Ethanol based fuels blended with unleaded gasoline.
"NASCAR's first speedway was located in a rural area surrounded by farmland," wrote Harkin. "It is only fitting that NASCAR becomes a leader in promoting renewable fuels made from corn grown on family farms. A move to use ethanol by NASCAR would provide a benefit to its legions of fans by assisting the local economy and environment while increasing America's energy security and reducing our dependence on foreign sources of oil." The environmental organization Clean Air Watch added its voice to the senator's appeal asking Chairman France "If Kazakhstan can eliminate lead from gasoline, why can't NASCAR?" Based upon a search of the NASCAR website it does not appear that NASCAR officials have responded to the call for the elimination of leaded fuel.


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Date Night: Final Round - You Vote for it!
On May 27th the Heritage Centre will host a date night. The event will include a film, a meal, drinks and entertainment. Here is your chance to help decide the film for Date Night. It started with 16 films and now we are down to two films. Have your say now!
Our Visitors
Since it opened in 2005, thousands of visitors from all over the world have toured the Heritage Centre. Following are some of their comments:
"What a beautiful facility... You are so lucky to have this here.... What an amazing find! Truly wonderful stories and artifacts.… Love, love this heritage site… Best museum we've seen… Very cool learning about all the different immigrant and native cultures in the Red Lake area…. This is just amazing."
Come and experience it for yourself!
Like us on Facebook!
Hours of Operation
Fall/Winter Hours
Mon - Fri 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Sat/Sun/Holiday Closed
Summer Hours
Mon - Fri 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Sat 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Sun/Holiday Closed
*Summer hours begin after Victoria Day weekend and end on August 30th
Adult $3.00
Senior/Student $2.00
Children Free
Members Free
Click here to visit our contribution to the Ontario Museums Association's MON400 project on Franco-Ontarians. Featuring Red Lake stories!


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The Technology A novel integrated optical modulator based on a multi-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator has been developed at Tel-Aviv University. The device has superior performance in terms of linearity, dynamic range and implementation simplicity. Read More >
The Invention The All-optical imaging system allows for real time, on line imaging without having to adjust or align the system. The system's modified lens provides a high depth of field, namely, an extended region within which the image is kept in Read More >
The Invention The Super Resolving Imaging System is capable of increasing the effective diameter of the lens by a magnitude of between 4 and 16, enabling weight and cost reductions in an imaging system with no loss in output quality. The syste Read More >
The Invention Magnetic based sensors and memory elements based on the Extraordinary Hall Effect (EHE). Non-volatile memories can be constructed by utilizing anisotropic thin films resulting in stable hysteresis which can represent binary stat Read More >
Additional information can be provided upon request. Read More >
Technology The signal processing in a pulse-Doppler radar is typically based on pulse compression filter and discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Detection, measurement accuracy and good resolution require the transmission of train of pulses, where eac Read More >
Technology A new device where the active nanowire is not hard coded into the silicon but electrostatically engineered post fabrication. Schematically, the buried nanowire (BN) is a field effect device composed of a silicon region surrounded Read More >
Abstract A direct current (DC) to DC converter, including: input ports for receiving an input DC voltage; output ports for outputting an output DC voltage; a first matrix of capacitors and switches; a second matrix of capacitors and switches; Read More >
TechnologyAn add-on optical module for microscopes allowing for single frame and dynamic capture of amplitude and phase profiles of transparent or semi-transparent biological and non-biological samples. This easyto-use interferometric device is simpl Read More >
The TechnologyA bio-organic framework of mucin, controlling electronic interactions between two or more energetically interacting materials, is presented. The hydrophilic mucins act as a host material for introduced nano-sized hydrophobic dyes. Read More >


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Would this be a good rainy day activity?
Would this be a good sunny day activity?
Is this attraction free to the public?
Is gratuity suggested at this attraction?
Is there food available at this attraction?
Is a car required to access this attraction?
Is this attraction accessible using public transportation?
Is this attraction closed during certain parts of the year?
Is this attraction wheelchair accessible?
Does this activity require advanced planning, ticketing or bookings?
Thanks for helping!
Nice to see this station depot in its restoration status. Some historical information about the depot and Willcox. You can see a 13 minute video about the depot and town...
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Nice to see this station depot in its restoration status. Some historical information about the depot and Willcox. You can see a 13 minute video about the depot and town narrated by Rex Allen. Much of the depot now is used for city offices. If walking the old historical town, check out the depot.
In the heart of the Willcox Historic District and near the museum attractions this vintage rail station reminds me of those old westerns where the bad guys wait for the train and then terrorize everyone in town until our hero shows up to deal out justice. We watched a freight train buzz by with what seemed like hundreds of cars,...
Nice picture opportunity with a few railroad artifacts inside but the depot today is used for City of Willcox offices, so really not much to see. No cost to enter and look around.
Willcox hosts 2 Wine Country festivals each year in Railroad Park. There is a $15 fee for 6 tastings and a commemorative glass. There are numerous wineries in the area, with full bottles available for purchase at the festival. Food is also available onsite. Many of the locals are attired in colorful period dress - cowpokes and saloon girls. Rex...
This is a bit deceiving as it is not really a museum. It is however a great space as this old depot now houses town offices. There are a few piece written, and pictures, on the history of the depot and its evolution and restoration. It is worth checking out if you are investigating old town Willcox anyway.
there really is not a depot in town, there is a little area in the building where it shows some things about it, I had believed there was an actual museum of the depot
We saw it in the evening after it was closed -- it is the city hall and offices were closed for the day. Many rose bushes were blooming in gardens around the pale yellow depot.
Trains don't stop here any more. I have seen very few trains stop here. When I stay in Willcox I am 12 miles from town. I have to travel by depot to get to I 10. I have been stopped here for a train only once. People in town are friendly.
Great old train station! The street where the train station is is somewhat restored into the way it probably looked in the 1920s or 30s. Pretty neat. Rex Allen's horse, KoKo, is buried right across the street from his museum in a little park with a bronze of Rex and his guitar.
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Below is an abstract from a paper I wrote back in 2012 while I was in graduate school. The paper was entitled, "Sheep Led to Slaughter: How the Trayvon Martin case embodies the symbolic messages of Charles Burnett's Killer of Sheep." It will always serve as my tribute to Trayvon. If you don't know who … Continue reading My birthday & Trayvon Martin
In the City: City Winery Atlanta
If you are looking for something new to do in Atlanta then you have to check out City Winery. City Winery has dining and entertainment in one place. The night I went, we were there to see a comedy show. Yet, on most nights, there is a featured artist performing, typically live music. You … Continue reading In the City: City Winery Atlanta
In the City: I Love Pho
Some years ago, while working at the CDC, my coworkers were always boasting about the great restaurants on Buford Highway. This area is well known for many international food options to enjoy. The first time I took someone's advice to try a restaurant on Buford Highway, I was not impressed. The health department score was … Continue reading In the City: I Love Pho
In the City: Busboys and Poets
Last week I had the opportunity to try a new restaurant in Washington, DC. It is called Busboys and Poets. My cousin recommended that I check them out and after going, I see why she did. The place boasts positive energy and love, according to our server. They offer a host of food options. There … Continue reading In the City: Busboys and Poets
Christmas in Savannah
This year, I decided that the holidays would be spent very differently than what I am traditionally used to. For the Thanksgiving holiday, I spent time relaxing poolside in Orlando with family. I was not interested in slaving in the kitchen and then begging my kiddos to help clean up afterward. So, it worked out … Continue reading Christmas in Savannah
Date Night with Mary J. & Maxwell
Anyone who knows me knows that I am a huge Mary J. Blige fan. I love her music and her realness. She has never appeared to be the kind of celebrity to pretend to be something or someone she's not for the sake of record sales. Her music speaks to the masses, it's relatable, and … Continue reading Date Night with Mary J. & Maxwell
It's all about that Apple! – 5 things I discovered about myself hanging out at County Line Orchard
Picking apples off trees makes me feel peaceful. Stretching for that one apple that had the right glow, pigment, and seem to be the strength of the branch was not only rewarding but helped me to know that a prize possession isn't necessarily human. It can be a piece of fruit not tainted with shine … Continue reading It's all about that Apple! – 5 things I discovered about myself hanging out at County Line Orchard
In the City – Puerto Rico
Last week, I was blessed to be able to experience the beauty and culture of Puerto Rico. I met my sister and high school beat friend there. This trip was super special as we were all celebrating our birthdays together - Fabulous Forties! It was great to get away from the hustle and bustle of … Continue reading In the City – Puerto Rico
Meet Our Newest Family Member….Dawn
My original vision with this blog was to reach women everywhere with positive messages and to also give a platform to other women to feel that they had a place where they could speak out, inform, vent, and purge when it comes to all of the things that women deal with in life. This vision … Continue reading Meet Our Newest Family Member….Dawn
A couple weeks ago, CLS had the opportunity to attend the romantic comedy event, Punany Poets. Jessica Holter, founder and CEO of the Punany Project, began the show with a poetic introduction. Up next, we were provided an introduction to the show by Dheeaba, the longest running member of the Punany Project. Dheeaba helped audience … Continue reading CLS Attends Punany Poets Event


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- Internships /
- Marketing /
- Graphic Design
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243 Strafford Street
Worcester, MA
Posted: August 31 2016
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Position: Full-time, Paid
Always be on the alert for potentially fraudulent job postings online - never send money to a potential employer.
DescriptionHeadquartered in Worcester, MA, Bulbs.com launched in August 1999 with one simple
goal ... to be the online low-cost replacement lighting supplier. Years later, we've grown
into one of the nation's largest Philips Lighting distributors servicing over 175,000
businesses in over 300,000 locations.
Bulbs.com excels at meeting the lighting needs of multi-facility businesses in the
hospitality, retail, property management, manufacturing, health care, education and
government sectors, but can even help brighten your day at home, too. That's because
with our selection, ease and lighting expertise we never leave a single customer in the
Responsibilities• Design marketing materials for web and print
• Assist in the production of marketing emails
• Assist in the design of website landing pages
• Participate in brainstorming and creative meetings
Requirements• Comfortable working on Mac or PC
• Experience with Adobe CC: especially Photoshop, Illustrator,
and InDesign
• A creative mind and a good sense of humor
• Understanding of layout and current design trends
• Understanding of design for web and print
• Experience with Adobe Edge and Muse a plus
• Photography or video experience also a plus
SkillsRequired - Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Basic HTML
Preferred - Photography, Adobe Creative Suite, Video Editing, HTML + CSS


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Business-to-Business Gateway
Definition - What does Business-to-Business Gateway mean?
A Business-to-Business (B2B) Gateway is a part of a business IT architecture that connects internal resources to external ones. In general, a B2B Gateway links up in-house software processes to e-commerce platforms, or platforms featuring collaboration with partners or vendors.
Techopedia explains Business-to-Business Gateway
In many cases, a B2B Gateway is deployed at that point where company data enters the cloud. For example, it can connect an intranet managed in-house to various software as a service (SaaS) platforms delivered by vendors. B2B Gateways may utilize standard languages such as extensible markup language (XML), or "commerce XML" to integrate them into a greater service-oriented architecture, which helps to deal with inventory, business partnerships, supply chains and more.
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Suitsupply to Open at Scottsdale Quarter May 22
Suitsupply opens at the Scottsdale Quarter Thursday, May 22.
Attention men of Scottsdale: Your fashion game is about to get a serious boost.
That's all thanks to Scottsdale Quarter's newest retail addition, Suitsupply. Set to open on Thursday, May 22, this Amsterdam-based brand delivers a showroom of sharp suits at relatively mild prices (suits start as low as $399 online). But don't let the humble name fool you. Suitsupply is not your typical Men's Warehouse.
See also: Free People Now Open at Chandler Fashion Center
Offering quality Italian fabrics and seasonal lines that have been described by GQ as "practically a work of art" that cater to "real-life Mad Men", Suitsupply has secured the praises of publications like New York Magazine, Complex, and Esquire.
Upcoming Events
The Curious Incident of the Dog In the Night-Time
TicketsThu., Jun. 22, 7:30pm
Cheech & Chong
TicketsFri., Jul. 21, 8:00pm
Bring It! Live
TicketsSat., Aug. 12, 8:00pm
Steve Martin & Martin Short
TicketsSun., Aug. 13, 8:00pm
Halau O Kekuhi
TicketsSat., Apr. 28, 7:00pm
Still not impressed? Try this on for size. Designer, author, and overall fashion prophet Tim Gunn listed Suitsupply's brown suede monk strap shoes as one of the 12 must-have items in his wardrobe.
That's right. Tim. Freaking. Gunn.
While Suitsupply can currently be found in metropolitan areas throughout the U.S. such as New York and Chicago and internationally in countries including the U.K., Italy, and Germany, the new Scottsdale store will be 14-year-old company's first location in Arizona.
Suitsupply's 5,611-square-foot store will feature a showroom of suits, jackets, pants, shirts, shoes, and accessories as well as a private shopping room, an in-store tailor, and an outdoor terrace where customers can enjoy an espresso while waiting for alterations.
For more information and to check out the 2014 spring/summer collection, visit us.suitsupply.com.
Related Locations
15257 N. Scottsdale Rd.
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
15279 N. Scottsdale Rd.
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Get the Arts & Culture Newsletter
Find out about upcoming performances, exhibitions, openings and special events happening in the Phoenix art and theater scene.
In Case You Missed It
Upcoming Events
"MOVE Beyond"
TicketsSat., Jun. 10, 7:30pm
The Curious Incident of the Dog In the Night-Time
TicketsTue., Jun. 20, 7:30pm
The Curious Incident of the Dog In the Night-Time
TicketsWed., Jun. 21, 7:30pm
"Murder on the Movie Set"
TicketsFri., Jun. 2, 7:30pmpowered by goldstar
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No fishing gear or experience - No problem. Saturday, June 11th is Idaho's annual Free Fishing Day.
Idaho Fish and Game invites residents, nonresidents, as well as veteran and novice anglers of all ages to celebrate the day by fishing anywhere in Idaho without a license. Even though a fishing license is not required for this special day, all other rules, such as limits and tackle restrictions, still remain in effect. Make sure to grab a copy of the fishing regulations before you head out on the water.
Free fishing day does include salmon fishing; anglers do not need a license or salmon permit, but they are still subject to all bag and possession limits.
Staff and volunteers will be available at seven locations around the region to help novice anglers learn the basics of fishing. Contests, activities and prizes will be awarded during these events, and all locations will be freshly stocked with hungry hatchery rainbow trout. Look for an event near you and take a kid, friend or neighbor fishing. All events run from 9 a.m. to noon.
- Elk City - Karolyn's Pond
- Grangeville - Wilkin's Pond
- Pierce/Weippe - Deer Creek Reservoir
- Kooskia - Fenn Pond, 5 miles from Lowell on Forest Service Road 223.
- Lewiston - Mann Lake and Kiwanis Park Pond/Levee Pond
- Moscow/Troy - Spring Valley Reservoir
Contact the Clearwater Regional office for more information (208) 799-5010.


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Share your recipes and get real time responses about your recipes, photos and reviews.
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White cake soaked in sweet creamy coconut milk and smothered in whipped topping and flaked coconut. A real treat for those with a sweet tooth.
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All the music at Bundanoon DanceFest is LIVE, which makes it a wonderful experience for both dancers and musicians. The music is organised for each workshop by a lead musician whose biog can be seen here.
This is an important role in the organisation of the weekend and the success of the weekend depends on these wonderful people. The music is available as a PDF by clicking Download button. Sets marked with Soon will be up soon so keep checking. Each set is the basis for the workshop and the segment of the evening dance featuring that caller.
For musicians, attendance at the Bundanoon DanceFest costs a modest $30 to cover insurance and supper costs. You, and the callers of course, make the weekend happen for the enjoyment of the dancing community. You are welcome to join in the dancing at dance workshops and dances when your musical talents are not required, or alternatively retire to the warmth of the Hotel fireside and enjoy a musical session.
At the evening dances there will be a flow of musicians required with the particular caller's musicians taking front centre stage for that segment. Movement on and off needs to be streamlined so your cooperation is sought here.
Music will be added as lead musicians send the music.
Roger Gifford & Christine Ridgway
Scandinavian Polska Basics
Bruce Lemin Ballroom Dance
Tony Northey Scottish Country Dance
Colin Towns Dances from the ChessBoard
Mark Simmons That's Nae Scottish
Margaret & Bill Winnett Irish Set Dances
Coral Eden Peter Ellis Dances
Jim & Ingrid Rehle-Williams
Rheinlander & Zwiefacher Dances
Paul Carr Morris -From the Cotswolds to the Welsh Borders
Norm Ellis Something Borrowed, Something New
Madis & Tiina Alvre Estonian Dance
Colin Towns & June Staunton Taming the Waltz
Julie Bishop Contra
Mark Simmons Monaro Waltz Plus
Fran Robertson Blues Dance
Paul Carr Irish Set Dancing
Keith Wood Not 32 Bars


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Today we've launched the 2012 French for the Future National Essay Contest. The full site is someone else's, but the contest submission pages are built using CiviCRM.
The essay submission pages are actually implemented as event registration pages of CiviEvent, which isn't exactly what CiviEvent is built for, but was close enough and provides some nice functionality that other alternatives (e.g. a simple CiviCRM profile) wouldn't provide.
Before starting, my biggest fears were around the custom presentation bits. My first CiviCRM implementation was back in 2006, and ever since then, my standard wisdom for anyone using CiviCRM is that CiviCRM is great as a CRM, but less great in exposing itself on your website. Partly, that's because CiviCRM is CMS agnostic, so it can't use all the great tools that I'm accustomed to with Drupal (notably the forms api), but also because of the whole Smarty/QuickForm architecture, which was okay for the day, but now way behind the competition.
On the other hand, CiviCRM has put a lot of work into improving this aspect over the past few years. My personal favourite trick, ever since learning jQuery and having that available for CiviCRM pages, is to use it via the theme layer or a custom module for almost any cosmetic changes. It's cheap, easy, safe and powerful. But it won't do functionality changes - for that, the new hooks are a nice complement.
Another great example - the new ability to add multiple profiles to event signups. Breaking up the fields into groups (which have to correspond to separate profiles), is both sensible from a useability point of view, as well as backend organization.
What I hadn't experimented with so much was the multilingual option, which until recently (i.e. mysql 5.1) required very unsafe mysql permissions for the site. But after one earlier success, I jumped in and have been surprised all the way along - the functionality has been perfect, and the administrative tools more than adequate. Particular thanks to DaveD for pushing forward the new "Word Replacement" feature (but no points for changing the name from string replacement and hiding it in the options section, I almost didn't find it!).
So my report from this project is: awesome, and thanks. I had a highly detailed-oriented client, and could satisfy almost all her requests.
CiviCRM also was able to import previous year's data, and next we'll be setting up donation pages and testing CiviMail.


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Anthropocene: Edward Burtynsky, Jennifer Baichwal, Nick de Pencier
Wednesday May 3, 2017
8 pm
Baillie Court, Art Gallery of Ontario
Members $15 | Public $17 | Students $10
Tickets available online Thursday March 23
Join us for a conversation with renowned photographer Edward Burtynsky and acclaimed filmmakers Jennifer Baichwal and Nick de Pencier. They will be discussing their latest collaborative project—Anthropocene -- with AGO curator of photography, Sophie Hackett.
The term Anthropocene was coined in 2000 to describe the massive and irreversible effects that humans have had on the planet (from anthro, for "human," and cene, for "recent"). The collective's Anthropocene Project is a multidisciplinary investigation including an exhibition comprised of video, virtual reality and large-scale photographs; a feature documentary film which marks the third in a trilogy following Manufactured Landscapes and Watermark; a fine art book published by Steidl; and an educational website.
Edward Burtynsky is one of Canada's most respected and decorated photographers. Focused on global industrial landscapes, his images are featured in the collections of over sixty major museums around the world.
Jennifer Baichwal and Nick de Pencier have been making award-winning and internationally celebrated documentaries for over twenty years.
The AGO and the Scotiabank CONTACT Photography Festival present a landmark series of talks featuring leading international artists and thinkers reflecting on the history and future of photography and its impact on our culture.
Supported by
- Penny Rubinoff


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Our students can use their account already have for the Neptun system. Our employees can use their webmail login data provided by the IT Department of the SZIE.
You can apply now for an FAO Scholarship to study agriculture at Szent István University. More →
An Indian PhD and a Nigerian MSc student talk about their experiences in Hungary. More →
FAO scholarships are available for programs starting in 2016 September. More →
Scholarships for students living and studying in the Visegrad Countries. More →
The FAO Scholarship is live for the academic year 2014/2015. More →


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Hi there!
It's Treadmill Tuesday and I'm going to discuss hill workouts on the treadmill. Now I used to love running the foothills in Boise, Idaho when I lived there. Besides my friends there, that has to be what I miss the most about Boise. It was a quick 10 minute drive from my house to Tablerock (pictured below) and you felt so far away.
Hiking with my good friend Kelsey and her dog last May.
Stopping at the top of Tablerock to enjoy the view before running back down. My favorite part! If you look closely you can see that Noah has his red hiking shoes on. It's the cutiest thing when the dogs wear those plus it protects their feet from sharp rocks and glass. The shoes are Ruff Wear Grip Trex. They. are. awesome!
Unfortunately where I live now is some of the flattest land ever so I have to run "hills" on the treadmill. I was searching for some ideas which I posted links below but last night I created my own workout plan. I thought I would finish it on the fly while running because I was so tired last night. That didn't quite work out like I had hoped but I did get to test out my idea. I ran a total of 6 miles with an overall pace of 9:05. I updated the workout today and I'm calling it a Rolling Hills Treadmill workout. It has the same gist as the pyramid workout but instead of increasing pace we are increasing incline. I think I will alternative this workout with the Pyramid each Tuesday for a few weeks. I also plan to continue increasing the pace and incline to keep myself from hitting a plateau. This workout works for my speed and ability at the moment. Feel free to tailor it to meet your needs.
Other hill workouts:
Articles about hill running:
I read this article last week and thought I would share:
Question of the Day?
Do you live in an area you can run hills and if so have you tried them out?


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Best architecture HQ Wallpaper
Category: Architecture & Design
Constantly, positive architecture wallpaper image can assit you to break through your unhappy day. The brand-new, blazingly painted architecture wallpaper image have an affect on your atmopshere and makes feeling for you to be grateful. There are a lot of suggestions in pictures, but you can get few of them according to your mood and seducion. Why not to grab wallpaper image, up for evil days or really dispirited evenings and grab package of mood shfting pictures to have for your smart phone? We got millions of awesome, perfect resolution pictures to recommend from in order that you believably will be curious in.
This free wallpaper for your desktop. It has been viewed 0 times.
Added: 1357 days ago, wallpaper format is jpg and aspect ratio is 8:5.
Wallpaper size is 414 KB with 1920x1200.
The display resolution standard of computer or handheld screens for this wallpaper is: WUXGA
Wallpaper source: N/A
To Download or Set this Free architecture Wallpaper as the Desktop Background Image for your Laptop, Macintosh or Personal Computer, click on the wallpaper and you will see it in original size, then by the type of your browser choose:
Google Chrome: right click on wallpaper and select the "Save image as".
Mozilla FireFox: right click on wallpaper and select the "Set As Desktop Background" or "Save Image As".Set as background or Save picture as.
1) Right click on wallpaper and select the "Save Image As"
2) Right click on the saved file and click Set As Desktop Background.
Mac OS:
Right click on wallpaper and select Use Image as Desktop Picture.


text: George William Freund (1891-1978)/tree < George William Freund (1891-1978) 222,912pages on this wiki Add New Page Edit Classic editor History Talk0 Share Maintreedescendants George or Philipp Unknown (c1860-) George William Freund (1891-1978) Rose or Rosa Unknown (c1860-) Retrieved from "http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/George_William_Freund_(1891-1978)/tree?oldid=545873" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Hidden category: Tree pages