text:
Piracy and Robbery Against Ships in the Gulf of Guinea: 2015
Main Messages:
GoG: The Gulf of Guinea is the most dangerous region for seafarers with a rise in violence across the year and an increase in kidnap-for-ransom in the fourth quarter of 2015.
- States in the Gulf of Guinea region continue to increase maritime security and cooperation, but capacity is still lacking.
- The duration of kidnap and ransom incidents is consistent with 2014 (2 and 3 weeks of captivity) however, there has been a significant increase in violence including physical abuse and mock executions in 2015.
- Increased Nigerian law enforcement patrols have forced pirates to change their business model, and pirates have had to expand their range beyond Nigerian waters in search of targets.
Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea started 2015 with a series of violent, high profile incidents. By the first week of February, 6 people had already been killed in pirate attacks, 58 held hostage during hijackings, and 3 kidnapped.
These events set the stage for a year in which fewer incidents were reported—54 attacks as opposed to 67 in 2014—but with significant human costs.
The year began with significant uncertainty related to Nigeria's March 2015 presidential elections. The Niger Delta states, where many pirate gangs base their operations, were an important base of support for then-President Goodluck Jonathan. Key figures, such as Government Ekpemupolo—known more commonly as Tompolo—had indicated that trouble might be on the horizon should Jonathan lose the election. 1
Tompolo, a former Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta warlord, had secured a significant maritime security deal to provide patrol vessels for the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) through his company Global West Vessel Specialists Limited. This deal was procured with the support of the NIMASA Director General, Patrick Akpobolokemi, whose tenure was in jeopardy without Goodluck Jonathan's support. 2
The uncertainty of this arrangement, and the potential effects of regime change on maritime security provision, led some to forecast an increase in piracy events leading up to and following the election. 3
Incidents By Location
OBP aggregated incident reports to create as comprehensive an outlook as possible. The dataset excludes reports of incidents occurring while vessels were berthed and incidents not requiring the perpetrators to utilize a boat to approach the victim vessel. Of the 54 incidents recorded in OBP's dataset, 29 occurred within territorial waters, and are therefore not categorized as piracy under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The remaining 25 incidents occurred in international waters, but all fell within the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Gulf of Guinea states. While the nature of incidents within and without territorial waters may frequently be indistinguishable, the key element is jurisdictional. Incidents which occur outside of the territorial waters of a given state fall under universal jurisdiction, regardless of whether they happen within a specific state's EEZ.
Models of Piracy and Armed Robbery in the Gulf of Guinea
This report defines robbery as any incident in which the intent is to board the vessel and steal ship stores, equipment, and/or the crew's personal effects. The robbers are usually armed with guns, knives, or other light weapons. However, in some occurrences, particularly those within port or anchorage areas, the robbers may be unarmed. In these instances, they attempt to avoid the crew, steal items of interest, and then slip away undetected.
Incident Breakdown
Kidnappings made up the majority of successful incidents in 2015, followed by robberies. Only one successful incident of hijacking for cargo theft was recorded during the year. Gulf of Guinea pirates and robbers also significantly expanded the types of vessels targeted. While tankers were targeted in more than 50% of attacks in 2014, this percentage dropped to 18% in 2015.
In 2015, OBP recorded 18 instances of robbery and attempted robbery in the area of interest.
Robbery in Ports and Anchorages
Of the 18 robberies, 12 occurred in or near port and anchorage areas. Robbers were only reported to be armed in four of the dozen, and armed with a firearm in just one. Only two robberies in ports and anchorages occurred within Nigerian waters. In all, 226 seafarers were aboard the vessels targeted, 5 of whom were reportedly threatened.
Robbery at Sea
The remaining six robberies occurred at sea, outside of major ports and anchorages. Five of these six occurred within Nigerian territorial waters, mainly along the coast near small communities or river inlets, and only one in international waters. The latter incident, which involved MV Ocean Splendor, occurred more than 100nm off the coast of Ghana and was likely perpetrated by pirates seeking to hijack a tanker for cargo theft. The presence of firearms was reported in all but one of the robberies at sea, and incidents targeting local traffic were especially violent. OBP estimates that 160 seafarers were involved in these attacks in which many were assaulted and 13 died.
Hijacking for Cargo Theft
Only one vessel, MT Mariam, was successfully hijacked and had its cargo stolen, though there are several other instances in which pirates were likely attempting this type of attack.
There are a few possible reasons why the rate of hijacking for cargo theft dropped so dramatically from years past. The first is improved patrolling of Nigerian waters, which over the past few years has forced pirates to conduct attacks farther and farther from the coast. The second is the drop in oil prices, which has reduced the profitability of cargo theft.
While MT Mariam was hijacked within roughly 70nm of the Nigerian coast, it was later rescued by the Ghanaian navy. The pirates had hijacked the vessel and then siphoned the cargo somewhere in between the Nigerian and Ghanaian EEZs.
In total, attacks in the category of Hijacking for Cargo Theft and related incidents affected 42 seafarers and left 4 dead.
The Case of FV Lu Rong Yuan Yu 917
FV Lu Rong Yuan Yu 917 was flagged in Ghana and had a primarily Ghanaian crew, but was operated by a Chinese company and had Chinese officers. The pirates robbed the crew of their cash and valuables, and at one point made arrangements with another vessel to siphon off most of the diesel in the fuel tank. Before this could be carried out, the Togolese Navy intervened. The pirates forced all but four of the crew to jump overboard, forcing the Togolese vessel to stop and save the crew and affording the pirates a chance to escape. One seafarer was stabbed to death as he prepared to jump overboard, and three others drowned. With four Chinese crew left on board, the pirates steamed to the coast of Nigeria, off of Bayelsa state, where they released the vessel. The ordeal lasted 5 days in total.
Kidnapping for Ransom
The most concerning trend in 2015 was a significant rise in the percentage of incidents involving kidnapping, and a change in the types of vessels targeted. In 2014, 16% of the 67 total attacks had involved kidnapping for ransom. The majority of those incidents targeted small offshore supply vessels and tugs, though three incidents did involve small coastal tankers. By contrast, 15 of 54 incidents (28%) involved kidnappings in 2015. 13 of these attacks were successful. The kidnappers' targets and range expanded significantly as well.
In addition to attacking offshore supply vessels, pirates successfully kidnapped seafarers off of two small general cargo vessels, the supertanker MT Kalamos, and several floating production storage and offloading vessels (FPSOs). The targeting of merchant vessels, as opposed to small offshore supply vessels, has continued and accelerated in the first quarter of 2016.
Kidnapping for ransom incidents are heavily concentrated off of the Niger Delta region, particularly in areas with significant levels of offshore oil production. In most kidnapping incidents the pirates board the vessel after firing at the bridge to suppress any opposition and intimidate the crew, and then proceed to isolate the ranking officers and engineers, who net the highest ransoms. Time permitting, the pirates loot the vessel as well, sometimes spending a few hours aboard. They then escape with the three or four crewmembers who will be held onshore during negotiations.
This model provides a high return on investment for the pirates, yielding ransom payments as high as $400,000, as in the case of MT Kalamos, after holding the kidnapping victims for only a few weeks. On top of the monetary settlement, discussions with industry experts have indicated that the pirates often ask for other items, such as electronics, once a ransom amount is agreed upon.
The Case of MT Kalamos
One of the most high-profile incidents to occur in West Africa in 2015 was the attack on MT Kalamos. The Malta-flagged vessel was waiting at an oil terminal just off Bonny, Nigeria, with 23 crew on board when it was attacked by pirates. According to reports, pirates approached the ship by speedboat and the alarm was quickly sounded by the Kalamos captain, alerting the crew to retreat to the citadel.
Despite the presence of two armed guards on the ship, a pair of pirates boarded the vessel and were able to take two seafarers hostage. In the ensuing commotion, the Nigerian guards engaged in a shootout with the pirates, and one of the hostages was tragically shot and killed in the crossfire. The pirates were then able to escape with three members of the crew (two Greeks and a Pakistani).
During the escape, one crewmember was pushed overboard by the pirates, hitting the anchor chain and breaking both of his legs.4 While the kidnapped seafarers were eventually released, no one was ever arrested or prosecuted following this incident.5
We had hoped that they would plunder the ship and leave us, sail. However, that did not happen. In the end they decided to kidnap us. It was horrible because they had total control. There was nothing we could do.
From kidnap to rescue, victims are held for roughly three weeks, on average. They are frequently held on small islands in the Niger Delta in camps with other hostages, many of whom are local victims of kidnapping.
Though rarely communicated by international reporting institutions, violence and maritime crime in the riverine against local trawlers, ferries, and others are linked to events offshore.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that many of the gangs carrying out attacks against offshore support vessels and tankers at sea are the same as or are linked to the groups that kidnap local Nigerians. This indicates that incidents in the riverine are inextricably linked to incidents at sea, and therefore warrant greater attention by international actors.
Torture, Injury, and Death
Though there are few publicly available reports on the treatment the hostages receive, what little has been relayed indicates that kidnapped seafarers are beaten, tortured, made victims of mock executions, denied medical treatment, and fed limited rations.6 In the 13 successful kidnapping attacks that occurred in 2015, 25 regional seafarers and 19 international crewmembers were held hostage for ransoms. In the course of the attacks, four seafarers received minor injuries, four sustained major injuries, and six people, including one Nigerian maritime policeman, were killed; 329 seafarers were aboard vessels where their colleagues were kidnapped and some were killed.
While the anticipated spike in kidnappings prior to the March presidential election did not materialize, the elections dramatically impacted maritime security and will reverberate well into 2016. Most important will be the fallout from the sacking and indictment of former NIMASA head Akpobolokemi, the cancellation of Global West Vessel Specialists Ltd.'s contract, and the warrant for Tompolo's arrest.7 Despite an initial spike following President Muhammadu Buhari's election, the number of attacks steadily diminished through September of 2014. However, once it became clear that Tompolo's contract would not be continued, and that Global West was the target of an Economic and Financial Crimes Commission corruption investigation, the number of attacks slowly climbed through the end of the year.8
With 6 kidnapping incidents in the first quarter of 2016 alone, and a steady rate of attacks and kidnappings through the writing of this report, it is clear that efforts to combat piracy in the region have successfully reduced incidents of hijacking for oil theft, however, much more remains to secure seafarers from the threat of kidnapping.
Incidents of Piracy in the Riverine Areas of the Niger Delta
Though often overlooked in discussions of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, incidents of piracy in the riverine areas of the Niger Delta seem to be closely linked to piracy against commercial ships operating off the coast. This is particularly true of kidnapping incidents, as anecdotal reporting indicates that many of the local kidnapping victims are held on tiny islands in the Delta alongside kidnapped seafarers. OBP catalogued a total of 17 incidents in 2015 while researching piracy events in region.
The recorded incidents demonstrated a high degree of violence, as 16 Nigerians were killed and 24 kidnapped in the attacks, However, the recorded attacks are likely only a fraction of the total incidents that occurred in the region as there is a general reluctance to report.
According to former president of the Nigerian Trawler Owners Association, Margaret Orakwusi:
"It's just like the sea pirate attacks; most of the attacks are not being reported. Probably out of frustration by the owners of the vessels. You know when you continuously report and nothing is happening and the victims are not helped…"
Human Cost
While the total number of incidents in 2015 was less than in 2014, the human cost—both in terms of casualties and severity of incidents, as well as the aggregate number of seafarers affected—was higher. In all, 1,225 seafarers were aboard vessels involved in piracy or robbery incidents. Of these, 876 were aboard vessels fired upon or boarded by pirates. Just under half of the incidents recorded in 2015 involved the use of weapons. The criminals were armed with firearms in the majority (81%) of incidents involving weapons. Piracy attacks in the GoG are frequently characterized by heavily armed perpetrators who readily resort to violence. The danger is compounded when pirates are under the influence of drugs or alcohol during the attacks. This can make their behavior unpredictable, and has sometimes resulted in violent abuse.
They were aiming at us with machine guns. Right between the eyes. There was not any possibility to do anything. We had to adjust to them, it was the only chance to survive…
In total, 23 seafares were killed, 4 sustained major injuries, and 15 others received minor injuries. 44 were kidnapped, 11 threatened, and 58 were forcibly detained during hijackings for cargo theft, robbery, or use as a mothership. Robbery and kidnapping incidents caused the greatest number of casualties, particularly in incidents targetting local or regional traffic.
Psychological Impact
The threat of attack by pirates in West Africa is constant, and the insecurity is both psychologically and emotionally taxing for those working in the region. Vessels operating in the Gulf of Guinea often loiter in the region for extended periods of time, increasing the risk of an attack and inflicting a psychological toll on even the seafarers who do not fall victim to an attack. There is increasing evidence that the stress and abuse suffered by seafarers may have serious long-term effects. Analysis of the long-term impact of piracy on seafarers indicates that of those seafarers who were held hostage, up to 26% experienced some form of post-traumatic stress disorder.9
Friendly Fire
In addition to the threat posed by pirates, seafarers in the Gulf of Guinea may be concerned about the risks they face due to poor oversight of contracted security. Regulations regarding the use of armed guards vary throughout the region. There have been a number of instances in recent years where seafarers have been caught in the crossfire between pirates and embarked armed guards. When pirates attacked MT Kalamos on 3 February 2015, pirates boarded the vessel and grabbed two seafarers to use as human shields. Despite the captain's pleas to not shoot, the contracted security team engaged in a firefight with the pirates and killed one of the crewmembers.10 Ultimately, weak and inconsistent regulation forces seafarers to rely on unqualified but heavily armed guards.
Impunity for Pirates
Very few suspects were arrested for piracy-related crimes in the region, and no prosecutions were conducted. Absent prosecutions, seafarers have little incentive to report the crimes, especially as many of the crewmembers continue to work in the region following a piracy incident and may have to face their attackers again. This contributes to chronic underreporting in the region, further exacerbating endemic maritime insecurity.
Cost to Families
Lieutenant Nikos Dagre, the seafarer killed aboard MT Kalamos, had previously expressed great concern over his trips through the Gulf of Guinea, at one point saying, "There are very dangerous things there. I will not travel there again."11 Sadly his words proved prescient, and have continued to haunt his family. It is essential to remember that these seafarers have families and loved ones who shoulder their own burden of the human cost. Lieutenant Dagre's family related:
"We have waited four days and the body has still not arrived. We cry and are tormented by his death, and we don't know when his body will be here…..we cannot realize what happened from one moment to another. Our Nick was crazy about his child, a boy 2.5 years old, young, optimistic and full of dreams…"12
The impact of piracy on seafarers and their families demands adequate post-incident care and support for victims and their loved ones. While many international seafarer's organizations have focused attention on victims of Somali piracy, it is unclear whether seafarers in West Africa have access to similar care.
Impact on Regional Seafarers
While international seafarers are profoundly impacted by maritime insecurity in West Africa, local seafarers and fishermen also suffer greatly from regional piracy. It is difficult to obtain comprehensive reports on the number of attacks on local traffic, as statistics and the international community are focused primarily on attacks against large commercial vessels.13 However, local newspaper reports indicate that the passenger and fishing vessels that frequent the waters around Nigeria endured numerous attacks in 2015.
Nigerian maritime expert Captain Thomas Kemewerigha has said of the situation: "Pirates are having a field day on these vessels as the areas are not patrolled by the Nigerian Navy or NIMASA, hence leaving the seafarers on board these vessels, defenseless, which has in some cases lead to loss of lives and valuable properties of seafarers…"14
The incessant attacks have significantly impacted local industries that rely on the maritime space. In particular, the fishing industry has been devastated by piracy. According to the Nigerian Trawler Owners Association, industrial fishing companies lost nearly $596 million between 2003 and 2011 alone due to pirate attacks. The number of Nigerian fishing trawlers has fallen from 250 to fewer than 100.15 This has important implications for the country, as fishing is an important industry responsible for many jobs. According to the former head of the Nigerian Trawler Association, Margaret Onyema-Orakusi, "Piracy has decimated the fishing industry; 100,000 jobs have been lost and Nigeria now imports more than 80% of its fish."16
The pirate activity throughout Nigeria is not only impacting international traffic, it is also profoundly affecting important local industries, demonstrating the urgency of the piracy problem.
Economic Costs of Piracy and Robbery
OBP estimates the total 2015 costs related to piracy and armed robbery in the Gulf of Guinea to be $719.6 million.
Costs Related to Deterring Piracy
The international community, regional states, and the shipping industry incurred significant costs dedicated to combatting or preventing piracy through capacity building, naval operations, contracted security, and ship protection measures. Those costs are estimated to have totaled $635 million dollars for 2015.
Security provision in the Gulf of Guinea is not cleanly separated into traditional public security provided by navies and law enforcement agencies and private security provided by private security teams and services. Instead, it is best understood as a spectrum, moving from traditional public security, such as international naval efforts, to public-private partnerships, which provide escort and patrol vessels, administer secure zones, and facilitate embarked public security teams.
International Naval Activities
Foreign naval activities in West African waters generally comprise capacity-building and training, rather than law enforcement action. France maintains a continuous naval presence through Operation Corymbe, the US and UK navies operate in the region regularly, and others conduct patrols and exercises as well. In addition to the force presence, each year sees a host of training and capacity-building events. Major multinational exercises include: NEMO, a quarterly event under the auspices of Corymbe; Obangame Express, an annual maritime safety and security exercise led by the US; and AMLEP, the operational component of international capacity-building program African Partnership Station. OBP estimates the cost of these counter-piracy activities to be $8.4 million. These international efforts are designed to support regional navies, whose efforts form the front lines in combatting piracy in the region.
Information Sharing/Maritime Situational Awareness
Regional Naval Activities
During 2015 at least 55 Nigerian naval vessels were actively deployed in Nigerian waters. These vessels were joined by naval assets from various regional states, including Ghana, Cameroon, Togo, Benin, and Côte d'Ivoire. On average, OBP estimates that 11 regional naval vessels were on station at any given time, incurring corresponding counter-piracy costs of roughly $37.6 million. The true cost may be considerably higher, as some states and vessels do not consistently use the Automatic Identification System (AIS), or engage mostly in irregular patrols or specific incident response.
While most regional navies serve a dual naval and coastguard function, the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) is tasked with working alongside the Nigerian Navy to combat piracy—in fact, NIMASA's 2015 budget of $726 million was nearly double the Navy's $379 million.22 Given NIMASA's mandate, OBP estimates that roughly 30% of those funds are dedicated to maritime safety and security, implying around $218 million spent on counter-piracy efforts.
Public-Private Partnerships
In addition to patrols by traditional state security forces, there are a number of hybrid models at work in the Gulf of Guinea, with multiple public-private partnerships in place to augment state capacity. Their mandates include conducting patrols, operating secure zones, escorting commercial traffic, and protecting offshore oil facilities.
Escort & Patrol Vessels
Policy statements from Nigeria specify that operating escort vessels is the only security service permitted in territorial waters, though this does not appear to be true in practice. Several small fleets of these vessels run by companies like Specialized Vessel Services and Strickland Services Limited help bolster the Navy and NIMASA. In addition to patrols, these vessels provide security to vessels in transit to and from Nigeria, between secure zones and ports, and to riverine ports such as Warri, Onne, and Port Harcourt. Other private companies administer the secure zones, such as Ocean Marine Security Limited in Nigeria. These services are used in lieu of embarked armed guards, and tend to cost more per vessel. The relationship between these vessels and the Nigerian Navy is unclear, as there is significant overlap between their activity and that of traditional "NNS" Nigerian naval vessels. OBP analysis indicates that on average, 32 vessels are actively providing escorts, conducting patrols, and protecting secure areas.
OBP has broken the cost of these vessels into two categories: costs related to specific escort services and a more general operating cost for the constant security presence that these vessels apparently provide. This second category represents a minimum estimated operating cost, not the total contracted cost to the end user.
Security Escorts
Security Patrols
The operating cost of the roughly 32 privately-run patrol vessels identified as being operational at any given time is estimated to be between $128 and $146 million for 2015.
These vessels appear to provide a near- constant security presence, particularly around oil production infrastructure.
As such their services are assumed to be contracted annually, rather than per use like the OMS escorts listed above.
Secure Zones
In addition to the security measures already discussed, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria have each established "secure zones" near major ports.24 These are clearly demarcated areas where vessels can safely anchor to wait for a berth or conduct ship-to-ship cargo transfers.
In Nigeria, a private company provides the physical ships, maintenance, and logistics, and performs all scheduling and billing of clients, while the armed forces supply the security personnel and weaponry. In Ghana, the Ports & Harbour Authority is responsible for providing security patrols. In Benin and Togo, however, patrols are only conducted in response to incidents, and security is provided through embarked teams of public security service personnel. OBP estimates that operating these zones cost $8.2 million in 2015.
Embarked Contracted Maritime Security
Because Private Armed Security Teams (PAST) are prohibited by every littoral state in the Gulf of Guinea, embarked armed teams are drawn from a state's armed forces or law enforcement agencies, to protect the ship while it is in that country's waters. This arrangement—private contracting of public personnel—in theory enables commercial vessels to maintain security while allowing the coastal state to retain its sovereign monopoly on the use of force. However, only a limited number of private companies have obtained the MoUs authorizing them to contract such teams. Ship operators may also choose to hire unarmed advisors, usually to serve as liaisons between the crew and the embarked military team. OBP estimates that hiring these security teams and liaisons cost $196.8 million in 2015.
Ship Protection Measures
Active security measures such as embarked contracted security teams and use of patrol vessels are only available within territorial waters or in designated areas, and are intended to supplement other vessel protection measures. These Ship Protection Measures (SPMs) are laid out in the "Guidelines for Owners, Operators, and Masters for Protection against Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Region." The Guidelines suggest that vessels utilize the Maritime Trade Information Sharing Center-GoG (MTISC-GOG), implement SPMs such as enhanced watch-keeping and vessel hardening, and limit the use of AIS and lighting at night. Each vessel operator is responsible for conducting a vessel-specific risk assessment to determine the appropriate SPMs.
As with previous reports, OBP has compiled a list of some of the more frequently recommended and used SPMs to show the estimated average acquisition and implementation cost per vessel. Since piracy has been a recognized threat in the GoG for a number of years, OBP presumes that most ship owners who intend to do so have fitted their vessel with hardening measures already. As such, expenditures are primarily limited to refitting worn or damaged kit and equipping vessels new to the region. OBP estimates the cost of SPMs to be about $3.9 Million.25
Prosecution & Imprisonment
It continues to be difficult to calculate costs associated with prosecution and imprisonment of pirates in West Africa, as countries in the region do not release that data. OBP has thoroughly reviewed open-source documents and reports from counter-piracy institutions and has found no information about specific piracy prosecutions in 2015.
While there were high-profile arrests throughout the year, including the arrest of eight pirates from MT Miriam made by the Ghanaian Navy, there was no follow-up prosecution reported. West African nations generally do not have domestic legislation against piracy, which limits the ability of states in the region to prosecute incidents. Because of that, and in the absence of further information indicating prosecution of individuals for acts of piracy in 2015, OBP is unable to estimate a cost for this category.
Counter-Piracy Organizations
In recent years the international community has also developed a number of initiatives to support regional efforts to combat maritime crime.
Other Costs Associated With Piracy
In addition to costs dedicated to combatting or preventing piracy are those costs incurred as a result of piracy, such as ransoms paid to recover hostages, increased insurance rates, and higher labor costs. These costs are estimated to have been at least $84.9 million.
Ransoms Paid
Given the highly confidential nature of ransom negotiations, actual sums paid are rarely made public. Publicizing ransom payments can result in inflated ransom demands and expectations, further increasing costs and prolonging negotiations. Consequently, obtaining accurate information about sums paid, the amount of time victims were held, and even the total number of kidnappings is difficult. In order to estimate total ransoms paid in 2015, OBP used an average amount based on a range developed through discussions with experts involved in hostage recovery. In total, OBP estimates that $1.6 million in ransoms was paid to recover kidnap victims in the 12 incidents recorded below.
It is important to note that this $1.6 million is an estimate of only the monetary sums provided to secure the release of kidnapping victims. In addition to monetary compensation, pirate gangs may also ask for other items, ranging from alcohol to electronics, usually added in as the negotiations near a close. The monetary and non-monetary ransom sums are in turn only a fraction of the total costs associated with securing the release of kidnap victims. Not included here are the costs of a response team, ransom drop and security personnel, medical treatment, hotels, flights, and repatriation. In addition to these direct costs, there are other expenses related to the incident, including the opportunity cost for personnel involved in the negotiation and recovery work, damage to the vessel, lost charter fees, replacement crew wages, etc. All told a kidnapping incident incurs significant costs above and beyond the ransom itself.
Value of Stolen Goods
Robbery is the most basic and most ancient of piracy models. Often, robbery at sea is an opportunistic crime, and in many hijackings for cargo theft or kidnappings the perpetrators rob the vessel and crew of valuables as well. The value of stolen goods, whether ship stores, crewmembers' belongings, or both, is rarely reported. In all, OBP estimates the value of stolen goods and cargo to be roughly $400,000.
In 2015 there were eight incidents in which ships stores and equipment were stolen, resulting in roughly $45,000 worth of losses. In at least two of these incidents the crew was robbed as well. Between those two incidents and a third involving the theft of the crew's belongings in addition to the crude oil cargo, seafarers in the GoG were robbed of personal belongings worth an estimated $39,000.
The value of the 1,500mt of crude oil stolen in the MT Mariam incident is estimated to be $327,000.32
Labor Costs:
Hazardous Duty Pay
Seafarers working on ships traversing the Gulf of Guinea are recognized as incurring an increased personal risk due to the threat of piracy and armed robbery. As a result, several collective bargaining agreements developed through the International Bargaining Forum (IBF), International Transport Workers' Federation, and various national seafarers' unions have identified specific areas within which seafarers are entitled to additional pay, in addition to the right to refuse passage without penalty.33 Seafarers transiting the Gulf of Guinea IBF High Risk Area (HRA) in 2015 were entitled to at least $40.5 million.34
Captivity Pay
In the event that they are taken and held hostage, seafarers are entitled to captivity pay for the duration. This pay is estimated as the base wage plus 35%. In keeping with past reports, OBP assumes that only 40% of captured seafarers received the remuneration to which they were entitled. By this reckoning, seafarers kidnapped in 2015 collected approximately $79,000 in captivity pay.
Piracy Watch Overtime
A cost that hasn't been captured in previous years' data is the overtime accrued by seafarers standing piracy watch while transiting the HRA. Additional piracy watches are not only mundane, stressful, and physically taxing due to the longer hours, they are an added expense for the shipping company. If two additional crewmembers are on piracy watch it could cost as much as $865-$2,358 for a transit through the GoG War Risk Insurance Listed Area, or between $173 and $472 per day.
Insurance Costs
Hull War Risk Insurance
OBP utilized the reported additional premiums paid in 2014 by members of Hellenic War Risks Club (HWR) to generate an estimate of the total cost of War Risk Added Premiums (WRAPS) for transiting the GoG Listed Area in 2015.35 Assuming that the Gulf of Guinea accounted for 15% of all WRAPs in 2015, and that the change in net premiums was −5%, the calculations indicate the total cost of additional premiums incurred by vessels transiting the GoG Listed Area in 2015 were around $23.2 million.36
Cost of K&R Insurance
In addition to the war risk insurance premiums, a number of vessel operators take out kidnap and ransom (K&R) insurance as additional protection for their vessel's crew. OBP used data from interviews with maritime insurance experts to gauge the rate of use and cost per transit. The total cost was then measured against an assessment of the global K&R market to check for accuracy.
OBP estimates that in 2015, approximately 35% of all vessels transiting the GoG Listed Area bought K&R insurance at an average cost of $2,400 per transit, totaling $16.5 million. An alternative method of estimating the GoG K&R insurance cost is to assume that it makes up between 6% and 8% of the global market. The global K&R market is estimated to be between $250 and $300 million in net premiums. This indicates that the shipping industry in the GoG paid between $15 and $23.8 million in K&R insurance premiums.37 Our estimate of $19.0 million falls along the conservative end of this spectrum.
Cargo Risk Insurance
The threat of piracy in a given region may necessitate increased cargo insurance premiums. Cargo insurance, unlike Hull War Risk or K&R insurance, is not paid by the shipping company, but by the owners of the cargo. There is significant variation across the types of policies and what they cover, and the premium varies based on a number of factors. The nature of cargo insurance is such that a comprehensive estimate of the piracy-related costs is impossible. However, one can deduce whether or not the costs associated with this type of insurance were likely higher or lower than in the previous year based on the risk score assigned to the region by the Joint Cargo Committee in their Cargo Watchlists.38
- 1. Shola O'Neil and Bisi Olaniyi, "Tompolo: I Insist Nigeria'll Break if Jonathan Loses," The Nation, 30 January 2015, http://thenationonlineng.net/tompolo-insist-nigeria-ll-break-jonathan-lo....
- 2. Osaebekwin Aimola, "Tompolo: Evolution of an Ex Niger Delta Warlord," The Daily Times, April 2015, http://dailytimes.ng/tompolo-evolution-of-an-ex-niger-delta-warlord/.
- 3. World Maritime News Staff, "Pirate Attacks to Increase Ahead of Nigerian Elections," World Maritime News, 8 October 2014, http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/139110/pirate-attacks-to-increase-... .
- 4. Holly Birkett, "Crew Kidnap Highlights Security Shambles in Nigeria," Splash247.com, 19 March 2015, http://splash247.com/crew-kidnap-highlights-security-shambles-in-nigeria/.
- 5. Minas Tsamopoulos, "Thriller in Nigeria: Dead Greek Lieutenant, Pirate Attack," Prothema.gr, 2 April 2015, http://www.protothema.gr/greece/article/448762/nekros-ellinas-upoploiarh....
- 6. Background discussions with stakeholders; Post-incident interview by MPHRP with MT Maximus kidnap victim, 11 February 2016; Maritime Piracy Humanitarian Response Programme, "MPHRP Visit at Maximus Ship Crew Home," MPHRP.org, 12 April 2016, http://www.mphrp.org/news_details/index.php?NewsID=251.
- 7. Nikem Ikeke, "2 Weeks After: EFCC Arrests Sacked NIMASA DG," Naij.com, September 2015, https://www.naij.com/503437-efcc-arrests-past-nimasa-boss-2-weeks-buhari... ; "Buhari Sacks NIMASA DG," The Premium Times, 16 July 2015, http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/186798-breaking-buhari-sacks... ; David Rider, "Will Buhari Liquidate Tompolo's 'Navy'?" Maritime Security Review, 8 May 2015, http://www.marsecreview.com/2015/05/will-buhari-liquidate-tompolos-navy/ ; "Why I Refused to Honor EFCC's Invitation—Tompolo," The Premium Times, 12 December 2015, http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/195033-why-i-refused-to-hono... Clement Ejiofor, "Group Warns FG Against Arresting Tompolo," Naij.com, December 2015, https://www.naij.com/666926-group-warns-fg-plot-arrest-tompolo.html.
- 8. "Nigeria – EFCC to Arraign More Senior Officials as Corruption Investigations Continue," Africa – News and Analysis, 13 January 2016, https://africajournalismtheworld.com/tag/global-west-vessel-specialist-l... .
- 9. Base rate of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of 101 former hostages collected by Oceans Beyond Piracy as a part of a long-term impact study. Full report to be released in 2016.
- 10. Minas Tsamopoulos, "Thriller in Nigeria: Dead Greek Lieutenant, Pirate Attack," Prothema.gr, 2 April 2015, http://www.protothema.gr/greece/article/448762/nekros-ellinas-upoploiarh....
- 11. Kostas Nanos, "He was Afraid and Wanted to Return," The Nation, 2 August 2015, http://www.ethnos.gr/koinonia/arthro/fobotan_kai_ithele_na_epistrepsei_a....
- 12. Ibid.
- 13. Marc-Antoine Perouse De Montclos, "Maritime Piracy in Nigeria: Old Wine in New Bottles?" Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35 (2012): 531–541.
- 14. "ILO Expert Raise Alarm Over Incessant Pirate Attack on Trawlers," The Corporate News, 26 January 2016, http://www.thecorporatenews.com/news/local-news/ilo-expert-raise-alarm-o... .
- 15. Francis Ezem, "Strengthening Nigeria's Anti-Piracy War Through Enabling Legal Framework," The National Mirror, 6 November 2015, http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/strengthening-nigerias-anti-piracy-w....
- 16. Mary Harper, "Danger Zone: Chasing West Africa's Pirates," BBC News, 13 November 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30024009
- 17. Ndong Mba, "Letter dated 19 January 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Equatorial Guinea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General," UN General Assembly Security Council, 9 February 2015, https://disarmament-library.un.org/UNODA/Library.nsf/ff5ff1f8933ca8da852...$FILE/A%2069%20768-S%202015%2044.pdf
- 18. Estimate based on budgeted numbers
- 19. RMRCCs are estimated at two-thirds the cost of the MTISC-GoG
- 20. Sahara Reporters, "President Jonathan to Buy Executive Jet," Sahara Reporters, 23 December 2014, http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/23/president-jonathan-buy-new-executi...
- 21. Approximate costs identified through discussions with various stakeholders.
- 22. Federal Government of Nigeria, "Appropriation Act," Budget Office, http://budgetoffice.gov.ng/pdfs/2015appropriation/11.%20Defence%20Revise...
- 23. "Maritime Security in Nigeria and West Africa 2014," http://www.odin.tc/files/omspgs.pdf
- 24. "Risk Intelligence Security Report, Rev. 5," 1 November 2014 (on file with author).
- 25. This estimate is predicated upon an estimated 3,700–3,900 individual vessels operating in the Gulf of Guinea and a usage rate for razor wire, warning signs, and sandbags of 80%, as in the WIOR. The calculation further assumes that one-quarter of these vessels refitted in 2015.
- 26. This is based on the available online wholesale price of $3.55 per meter of galvanized concertina razor wire and an average vessel length of 230 meters and width of 35 meters, which is equal to 530 meters of razor wire to cover the entire exterior of the vessel.
- 27. The estimated number of sandbags is based on a reasonable estimation of sandbags required to construct three PCASP firing positions.
- 28. Council of the European Union, "Council Conclusions on the Gulf of Guinea Action Plan 2015–2020," http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/03/16-counci...
- 29. Ibid.
- 30. Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Ghana, "Launching of the European Union Funded West African Police Information System (WAPIS) and Inauguration of the WAPIS Data Centre in Accra," 9 September 2015, http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ghana/press_corner/all_news/news/2015/...wapislaunch.htm
- 31. Embassy of France in Cotonou, "ASECMAR: Training Session on the Action of the Sea State," 10 April 2013, http://www.ambafrance-bj.org/ASECMAR-session-de-formation-sur-l
- 32. 1,500mt is roughly equivalent to 7,050 barrels, at $46.385 per barrel, the average Brent Price for crude oil per barrel between 9 and 12 January: https://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=94&pid=57&aid=32 (barrels per MT) https://www.quandl.com/data/EIA/PET_RBRTE_D-Europe-Brent-Spot-Price-FOB-... (price per barrel).
- 33. "IBF LIST of Warlike and High Risk Designations, with Main Applicable Benefits as of 22nd February 2016," http://www.itfseafarers.org/files/seealsodocs/33553/IBF%20Warlike_High%2...
- 34. Based on an average daily crew cost of $3,442 derived from: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/dttl-er-challengeindustry-08072013.pdf. This is multiplied against an average IBF HRA transit time of 5 days, and the number of transits calculated for the area. OBP's transit calculations for the GoG IBF HRA are significantly lower than in 2014, and this is likely due to the manner in which the transits are calculated.
- 35. Hellenic War Risks, "Directors' Report and Consolidated Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 December 2014," http://www.hellenicwarrisks.com/fileadmin/uploads/hellenic/Docs/PDFs/201... 7.
- 36. Cost assumes the following: An average crew size is 21, with 12 seafarers eligible to stand additional piracy watches. Two additional seafarers stand watch during each watch of the day, resulting in a total of 4 hours of overtime each day for each of the 12 crewmembers (See Graham Gerard Ong-Webb, "Piracy, Maritime Terrorism and Securing the Malacca Straits," ISEAS 2006). Overtime is defined as shifts longer than 8 hours a day, resulting in over 48 hours a week, and is assessed at 1.25x base pay by the Maritime Labor Convention (http://www.itfseafarers.org/what_wages.cfm). The lower bound of the overtime cost is assessed by minimum wage as defined by the Maritime Labor Convention ($2.88 per hour) and the upper bound is assessed at the average hourly wage ($8) of seafarers assessed here: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/dttl-er-...
- 37. Hiscox Market Share in 2014: http://www.assicuro.nl/media/94.pdf; Maintained Market Share: http://www.hiscoxgroup.com/~/media/Files/H/Hiscox/reports/interim-report... K&R Premiums as a Share of Total Income: http://www.hiscoxgroup.com/~/media/Files/H/Hiscox/content-pdf/annual-rep... Size of the Global K&R Market, see: Derek Kravitz and Colm O'Molloy, "The Murky World of Hostage Negotiations: Is the Price Ever Right?" The Guardian, 25 August 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/25/murky-world-hostage-negotia... Growth Adjustment: http://www.hiscoxgroup.com/news/press-releases/2015/09-11-2015.aspx, http://www.hiscoxgroup.com/investors/five-year-summary.aspx
- 38. JCC Cargo Watchlists (106–129): http://watch.exclusive-analysis.com/jccwatchlist.html


text:
Discussion in 'Colorado Football Message Board' started by west coast, Nov 7, 2009.
EDIT: Sorry... double post.
What happened?
I was too busy watching the battle of the coaches who will be bagging groceries next year... That is, at the grocery store that they buy with their ginormous buyouts.
Anyways... What happened?
bull**** pi call but he threw an int anyway lsu-7-bama 3 at half
Separate names with a comma.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Whatever your reason for wanting to change your identity, the process will not be easy. Read below to learn the process of obtaining a new identity and starting life as a new person.
- Skill level:
- Challenging
Other People Are Reading
- 1
Spend some time thinking about who you'd like to become. What will your new job be? Where will you live? It is vitally important to have a good idea about all those points before you take any steps to change your identity.
- 2
Get yourself a new social-security number. The Social Security Administration will assign you a new number after viewing proof that you are a victim of violence or harassment by someone who knows your number and uses it to find you. If this applies to you, contact SSA, show proof of your situation and apply for a new number.
- 3
Get a new birth certificate, if necessary. Many desperate people will counterfeit a birth certificate. While this is very difficult and not recommended, you may be able to make one well enough to pass for identification to get a new driver's license. Some people search graveyards to find someone born near the time they were, and then apply for a birth certificate for that person and use it to get a new driver's license.
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Get a new driver's license. Many states only require a current utility bill and another form of identification to obtain a new license. Once you have got your new social-security card and birth certificate, you may be able to use them at your local Department of Motor Vehicles.
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Try every legal avenue first. Getting caught with forged documents is a federal offence.
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Save the products you like here
This product is out of stock. Customers interested in it also viewed these products
Giving a fashionable twist to ethnic wear is this black coloured kurta from Rangmanch by Pantaloons, owing to the beautiful thread embroidery on the side. The fine cambric construction makes this kurta highly comfortable and lends it exceptional softness. This kurta features an awadh neckline with 3/4th sleeves, which gives a chic look to it. This kurta can be paired with red coloured churidar and matching heels.
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text:
My son will be four in January. Last June I noticed this odd mark on his back, it was like a collection of goose bumps. When the summer was coming to an end, these small patches (size of the tip of my finger) were showing up on his thighs, upper chest and more on his back.
I went to the doctors and they said he has eczema (I have asthma). It sounded right but I look at photos and it looks nothing like it. Now my son just showed up with a HUGE patch on his side going from his back to the chest. I put lotion on it, but I just dont feel thats he has this condition. It doesn't bug him, and he doesn't itch it. But its a slight dark tint and just again little goose bump.
Before I go back to the doctors I would like some outside mom input on this. What does it sound like is it Eczema????
Asked by whoreallycares at 3:25 PM on Nov. 4, 2010 in HealthLevel 18 (6,335 Credits)
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Henson) gets an unpleasant surprise from her son's newest friend.
Rumer Willis guest stars as former hotshot singer Tory Ash, and their first encounter at the rehab facility doesn't go so well. It's clear from the clip that Cookie and Tory are not going to be BFFs.
RELATED: Rumer Willis Joins 'Empire'! Details on Her 'Volatile' New Role
"From what Jamal's told me, I'm surprised all the Lyon cubs aren't in rehab," Tory zings.
"Don't try me, little girl -- not today, please," Cookie responds, taken aback by Tory's fearlessness.
"Cookie, I could try but I think I'd rather wait and try Lucious instead," Tory fires right back.
RELATED: Demi Moore Is Joining 'Empire' as a Mysterious Character
It'll be a family affair for Willis on Empire, which has already been renewed for a fourth season.Read more at Entertainment Tonight


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Jerry Garcia's Wolf Guitar Headed To Auction
A key piece of Grateful Dead history is going on the auction block next month — for a good cause.
Jerry Garcia's legendary Wolf guitar will be sold to the highest bidder on March 14 at the Brooklyn Bowl in New York to benefit the Southern Poverty Law Center. Designed by Doug Irwin, Wolf made its debut on September 5, 1973, during a show Garcia played with Merl Saunders for the Hell's Angeles in New York. Wolf is also pictured on the cover of Garcia's 1974 solo album "Compliments," and Garcia last played it on February 23, 1993, in Oakland, Calif. It was modified over the years and Irwin retained ownership of the guitar through a legal dispute after Garcia's death in 1995, subsequently selling it via auction.
Jerry Garcia's iconic "Wolf" guitar is being auctioned off for a good cause :: https://t.co/cT0HsPUDUK pic.twitter.com/dCxF2VMfQq
— Relix Magazine (@RelixMag) February 10, 2017
The current owner is anonymous but says through Gurnsey's auction house that "playing this iconic guitar over the past 15 years has been a privilege. But the time is right for Wolf do to some good. My wife and I have long supported the efforts of the Southern Poverty Law Center, and if we ever needed the SPLC, we sure do need them now."
Wolf's brother guitar, Tiger, also designed by Irwin, is owned by Indianapolis Colts owner and guitar collector Jim Irsay, who lent it to Dead & Company for its 2016 tour.
Gary Graff is an award-winning music journalist who not only covers music but has written books on Bob Seger, Neil Young and Bruce Springsteen.


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Building AmenitiesAvg. rent (net):The rental averages are based on a basket of buildings within that market, according to grade and recent transactions and are a trend indicator only. The high figure is indicative of the average $/sqm for the high floors, and the low is indicative of the average $/sqm of the lower floors. Leasing deals negotiated in 'net' exclude outgoings, whereas 'gross' rents are inclusive of outgoings.$800 - $1000Avg. outgoings:$162Vacancy rate:13.5%Data from Colliers Edge.For information click hereMajor TenantsNabers energyAdditional information
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Dr Organic Aloe Vera Gel with Cucumber is rated out of 5 by 4.
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text:
ok i get where to put the resistor in, but what im confused is, is the probe going to be left into the uppipe? or do i take it out, and if so, what about the hole its going to leave behind? thanks guys
This is a discussion on 2.2K Ohm Resistor Mod within the Engine Modifications forums, part of the Tech & Modifying & General Repairs category; ok i get where to put the resistor in, but what im confused is, is the probe going to be ...
ok i get where to put the resistor in, but what im confused is, is the probe going to be left into the uppipe? or do i take it out, and if so, what about the hole its going to leave behind? thanks guys
ok quick testament for those who arent sure if they should do it,
i had a CEL like everyone else, i put the 2.2k ohm resistor into the plug, reset the ecu, and it works, takes less than 5 min. to do, and about a dollar. so its worth it. great mod guys.
Now that we're all starting to have to get emissions inspections, has anyone had trouble with either of these fixes (02/EGT) causing an OBDII emissions inspection failure. ie "sensor not ready" failures.
Love it or Hate it.......Just respect it
ok, i've read this a few times through now and i'm still a little confused on it. I understand that you remove the plug and replace it with the 2.2okm. The part i'm confused on is what should i insulate it with. THen what?
Last edited by kurtdaniel; 05-26-2009 at 01:32 AM.
I'm wondering... Doen't this mod affect on Air/Fuel or Timing? The EGT sensor readings isn't used to calculate the optimun timing or Air/Fuel ratios?
I have a catless uppipe now and the cell appeared. My car has a new map. I don't want to mess up the engine sending static readings from 2.2k ohm resistor instead the real data the EGT sensor must be sending.
Thanks for answering.
'02 WRX 4EAT, 311,000KMs/194,500Miles, Sold. Best car I ever had. '09 STi stage 1, hope this one will be good too...
Wow...this thread has been on here longer than I have.
ECU reflash is pretty much the standard way to accomplish this now.
"Bro ima get Bimota BB3 because expert. My parents have 911 turbo but awd won't let me launch, ima get 962 twin turbo Group C bro." -- SD_GR
Grandfather of the Bugeye Mafia
2013 Subaru BRZ Limited
2002 Subaru WRX Bugeyebrid Wagon -- SOLD
2002 Subaru WRX Sedan -- SOLD
Ok, so i'm about to go out and fix my CEL with the resistor mod, but the previous picture posted when this topic was first opened is gone and i was wondering if anybody had a picture of exactly where i need to put the resistor. And i bought this car last month not knowing if anything had been done to the up-pipe, so i don't know what was put in.
A.K.A. The Stig
"Some say, if he caught fire he would burn for 1000 days, and that the outline of his left nipple is exactly the same shape as the Nurburgring....all we know is, he's called The Stig" - Top Gear


text:
John Vallentin
|John Franks Vallentin
14 May 1882
Lambeth, London, England
|7 November 1914
(aged 32)
Zillebeke, Belgium
|United Kingdom
|British Army
|Years of service
|Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)
Royal Sussex Regiment
South Staffordshire Regiment
|Second Boer War
World War I
|Victoria Cross
John Franks Vallentin, VC (14 May 1882 – 7 November 1914) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Vallentin was the nephew of Brevet-Major John Maximilian Vallentin (1865–1901) and of the noted naturalist Rupert Vallentin (1859–1934). His grandfather Sir James Vallentin (1814–1870) was Knight Sheriff of London, and his cousin Archibald Thomas Pechey, the lyricist and author, adapted the family name for his nom de plume 'Valentine'.
He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 6th (Militia) Battalion of the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) in 1899, and promoted to lieutenant in the battalion on 25 July 1900. He served in the Second Boer War in South Africa where he was attached to the 3rd (Militia) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment. Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town with the other men of the Regiment on board the SS Wakool,[1] and arrived at Southampton the next month.
He later transferred to a Territorial Force battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment, and then to the Regular Army.
Vallentin was 32 years old, and a captain in the 1st Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place at the first Battle of Ypres for which he was awarded the VC.
On 7 November 1914 at Zillebeke, Belgium, when leading an attack against the Germans under very heavy fire, Captain Vallentin was struck down and on rising to continue the attack, was immediately killed. The capture of the enemy's trenches which immediately followed was in a great measure due to the confidence which the men had in their captain, arising from his many previous acts of great bravery and ability.[2][3]
- ^ "The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home". The Times (36804). London. 26 June 1902. p. 10.
- ^ "(Supplement) no. 29074". The London Gazette. 16 February 1916. p. 1700. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
- ^ CWGC entry
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
- VCs of the First World War - 1914 (Gerald Gliddon, 1994)
|This biographical article related to the British Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- 1882 births
- 1914 deaths
- People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
- South Staffordshire Regiment officers
- Rifle Brigade officers
- British Militia officers
- British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
- British Army personnel of World War I
- British military personnel killed in World War I
- People from Lambeth
- British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
- Royal Sussex Regiment officers
- British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
- British Army personnel stubs


text:
kira girard
mother of amazing dancer kalani hilliker. has been involved in some illegal activities. will actually cut you if you talk sh*t about her kid. chucks water bottles at people when fl*stered.
kira girard wasn't having dance mom jessab*tch's sh*t last night.
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a defect of the eye in which a person looks appealing and fit from a distance but upon closer view becomes less attractive. wow that girl got a fat *ss …wait, no she don't, it looks like a bag of rice puddin' up close. d*mn distancelexia!
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donald trump exploitation is a rare phenomenon that happens after a presidential election with donald trump vs hilary clinton. its where a bunch of people jump on the donald trump definition bandwagon on urban dictionary and where they try very hard to create definitions that will rack them likes in the thousands by m*ss herds […]
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the action of slaying every girl in yor town then moving on to the next dude that guy is bonswagging every chick in town the action of slaying every girl in yor town then moving on to the next town this guy alex was bonswagging every chick in town


text:
Volunteer for our MS Walk Reno 2017
Cause Areas
WhenSat Apr 29, 2017, 06:00 AM - 02:00 PM
WhereWingfield ParkSouth Arlington St.Reno, NV 89501
The National MS Society will be holding our annual Walk MS at Wingfield Park on Saturday, April 29, 2017 and would like for you to join us to help people living with MS and their families keep moving forward and celebrate hope for the future. Join the Movement and become a Volunteer on Sat. April 29, 2017 at Wingfield Park located at S. Arlington Dr. Reno, NV 89501 at the Amphitheater.
Volunteer opportunities include registration, staffing rest stops, set up/clean up, traffic control and more! Come out, volunteer, and help move us closer to a cure for MS! Please e-mail me at email@example.com if you are interested and would like to fill out the volunteer application.
- Organization
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- CSR / Volunteer Coordination
- Community Outreach
Good Match For
Teens People 55+ Group
Requirements & Commitment
- Must be at least 16
- 4-6 hours


text:
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J Jayalithaa, who is also the supremo of the AIADMK, on Monday changed eight candidates for the May 16 Assembly election in the state. The latest reshuffle is the eighth in the list put up by the ruling party and a total of 21 candidates have been changed so far. The last date of filing nomination for the election is April 29.
Assembly Polls 2016 Full Coverage; List of 62 seats going to polls on April 21
In West Bengal, on the other hand, Mamata Banerjee, the chief of the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC) said at a rally in Kolkata recently that if she had known about the Narada sting operation accusing a number of candidates in her party of corruption earlier, she could have given it a thought.
But since she had already finalised the names of her party's candidates (she announced the list on March 4, the day the Election Commission announced the election schedule), she could not do anything. [Why Murshidabad will be interesting to watch on April 21]
But if Jayalalithaa can reshuffle her candidate's list so often, why couldn't Mamata Banerjee?
Mamata had much time to replace tainted candidates but she didn't
The Narada sting operation issue was broken on March 14 while the last date of filing nomination for the third phase to be held on April 21, in which a number of accused TMC leaders are contesting, was April 4. Didn't Mamata Banerjee get time to replace those names all this while? The same goes with some of the remaining phases of the election as well. [What if Mamata loses this election?]
If Jayalalithaa or Nitish can change candidates, why can't Mamata Banerjee?
Banerjee certainly could have done it like Jayalalithaa or even Nitish Kumar, the chief minister of the neighbouring Bihar who asked an influential minister in his government to resign and also the party withdrew his candidature ahead of last year's Assembly election after a sting operation footage saw him allegedly receiving bribe. [As Kolkata polls approach, Mamata gets desperate to distance herself from tainted TMC leaders]
Two reasons why she cant: Reason 1: Mamata is too hasty in doing things
The TMC chief could not do this mainly because of two reasons. First, being mercurial in nature, Banerjee is known to take hasty steps in whatever issues she deals with. She, as always, was overconfident and arrogant when the charges surfaced against some of her party leaders, thinking the Opposition was too weak to take advantage of it.
But as the sting operation shows in the Opposition party camps went on for days, throwing pictures of one leader after another and a flyover came crashing down in Kolkata, revealing more about the syndicate---a vital cog in the machinery of party politics in West Bengal in all ages, Banerjee came under more pressure.
The TMC supremo should have taken things patiently and distance herself from the fiasco by ordering a probe at the very beginning and put a hold on the accused leaders' nomination. That would have sent a positive signal at least, no matter what the end result is. But the unpredictable and impatient TMC supremo burnt her own bridges to exit.
Reason 2: Mamata's party has very few leaders; party may collapse if she suspends so many candidates
The second reason why Banerjee couldn't do a Jayalalithaa is perhaps because her party has very few leaders and far too many opportunistic people. Cancelling the nomination of so many people at one go could spell disaster for her party noy just because she has no reserve faces to fall back on but also taking such a step would have validated the Opposition's claim that her leaders had indeed taken bribe two years ago when the sting operation was carried out. That could have seen the TMC implode just ahead of the elections.
Hence Mamata Banerjee continued to shield her party and its accused leaders, banking on her own image of honesty. But even that defence has a limited capacity and the long election in Bengal this year is seeing that slowly crumbling.


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July 17, 2012
I have 3 favorites so it's hard to pick one. Wicked, Chicago and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Love the music and just think they are fun shows.
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Hi. I'm Dawn. I live downtown and love going to shows at the Murat.
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Keep up with the latest news and events from Suzanne's campaign.
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text: On Mon, May 30, 2011 at 3:11 PM, Eric O LEBIGOT (EOL) < Eric.Lebigot@...> wrote: > > > efiring wrote: > > > > Is it correct that you want interactive mode, except that you want to > > control when drawing occurs, for purposes of efficiency? > Thank you for your interest in this question, Eric! > > The goal is to indeed control when drawing occurs, but also to not use > show() (because it cumbersome to have to close umpteen windows so as to > finish a Matplotlib program that opened lots of figures). (I checked the > examples that you referred to) > > It looks like Matplotlib forces either to use the interactive mode > (possibly > inefficient) or to use show() (possibly cumbersome). I wish that > Matplotlib > offers an alternative to this situation, but this looks less and less to be > the case. That's something I would like to suggest to the devs. > :-) > Question: would displaying a figure (or a group of figures), pausing to let you close them, and then continuing to the next figures more along the lines of what you want? That is certainly possible with matplotlib. Since v1.0.0, multiple calls to show() is allowed (although you may need v1.0.1 for certain backends to do this correctly). Furthermore, I think Eric Firing's point was that mpl is fully capable of doing what you want. The automatic draws are only done if the calls come through pyplot or pylab and if interactive mode is on. There might be a few minor exceptions to this rule, but those shouldn't cause significant overhead. If you call the drawing commands directly, then a refresh does not occur until you tell it to with a call to draw(). In pyplot, nearly all drawing commands have as the final step a call to a function called "draw_if_interactive()". This function does exactly what it says. Therefore, if you want interactive mode, but do not want a refresh after each pyplot command, then don't use the pyplot commands! Just use the objects' drawing commands (which is what pyplot calls). Also, note that matplotlib is hierarchical. You could call directly call draw() on each object you want re-drawn, but you don't have to. You can give a single call to a parent object that would call draw() for all of its children objects. So, a figure object has (among other things) axes objects as children. An axes object has (among other things) various collection objects from the plotting commands as its children. Maybe a look at some of the animation examples might be a good way to illustrate this. I would suggest looking at the older animation examples on sourceforge where the internals are all laid out. I hope this is helpful, Ben Root


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Volkswagen Passat 2006
2 Answers
Do you get anything when you turn the key to start? Clicking, or any noise from starter? If you get nothing at all, check the battery is charged or jump it. If still no start, recheck main fuse, starter relay, etc. If still no start check fusible links. If still no start consult a divorce attorney.
If he did that it is possible that the security system kicked in, try running the shut down procedure listed in the owners manual, hopefully what he did didn't damage the programming of the control modules, if the resetting the security system doesn't work then vehicle will need to be towed to a dealer and the programming reset. There is a tool that needs to be used that prevents damage to factory settings anytime any electrical work is to be performed.
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This area has easy access to downtown Boise as well as the interstate. Shopping is plentiful along Orchard Street and nearby VIsta Ave. The Boise Depot is a poular attraction which include the goldfish pond connected via a series of waterfalls. Boise Bench Homes for sale may seem a little more affordable due to the age of many houses but several high enc communities are going in this area with pricy home due to the view of the Foothills.
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The Boise Bench is bounded by Federal Way to the east, Cole Road to the west and Garden City to the north. The Bench is approximately 60 feet higher than downtown Boise to the northeast. Orchard Street is a major north-south thoroughfare in the neighborhood. The Bench is so named because this sudden rise, giving the appearance of a step, or bench. The Bench (or Benches, there are three actual benches in the Boise Valley) was created as an ancient shoreline to the old river channel. The Bench is home to the Boise Union Pacific Depot and older residential neighborhoods similar to those in the North End.
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This is the full research report for 220.127.116.11, which is an IP address.
Korea Telecom
Network Management Center
IP Manager
206, Jungja-Dong, Bundang-Gu, Sungnam, Gyunggi-Do, 463-711
Telephone: 8225006630
Fax: 82236745721
IP Manager
206, Jungja-Dong, Bundang-Gu, Sungnam, Gyunggi-Do, 463-711
Telephone: 8225006630
Fax: 82236745721
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text: Memories of Maple Leaf Gardens Add to ... CP Video Published Tuesday, Nov. 29, 2011 3:32PM EST Last updated Thursday, Jun. 21, 2012 10:36PM EDT Former Leafs player Tie Domi looks back on his last game at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens. The Gardens will reopen in the spring and house a Ryerson University athletic centre and ice rink. Watch More Video: Galchenyuk says Habs are 'shocked' after playoff elimination From hockey rink to basketball court in seven hours Van Riemsdyk says support for Leafs gives him 'goosebumps' Flames starting work for next season after playoff rout, GM says Canadian curlers prepare for world mixed doubles Dortmund attacker planned stock scam Patriots' Rob Gronkowski interrupts Sean Spicer Simon Whitfield 'proud' to join Canada's Sports Hall of Fame Tennis star Serena Williams appears to suggest she is pregnant Ex-NFL star Aaron Hernandez found dead in jail cell: officials DeMar DeRozan compares slow-starting Raptors to an old Buick Raptors coach says Lowry needs to be more 'aggressive' Babcock not worried about Leafs' stamina after overtime games Raptors 'more confident' heading into this season's playoffs Toronto businesses look to cash in on Leafs, Raptors playoff runs Connor McDavid calls NHL playoffs the 'same old hockey' Police scour scene of the Dortmund team bus blast Video: Player injured after blasts hit Borussia Dortmund team bus Maple Leafs, Canadiens prepare for NHL playoffs Aaron Sanchez says Blue Jays are 'excited' for home opener Comments Share via email Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on LinkedIn Print More Related to this Story Video: Inside Ryerson U.'s Maple Leaf Gardens renovation


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15.2: Gases
Lesson Objectives
The student will:
- describe the relationship between molecular motion and temperature in Kelvin.
- describe random motion of gaseous molecules and explain how their collisions with surfaces cause pressure on the surface.
- recognize that zero kinetic energy of molecules corresponds to
- joule
Gases are tremendously compressible, can exert massive pressures, expand nearly instantaneously into a vacuum, and fill every container they are placed in regardless of size. All of these properties of gases are due to their molecular arrangement and constant molecular motion.
Gases Readily Change Volume
Gases Exert Pressure
The constant random motion of gas molecules causes them to collide with each other and with the walls of their container. These collisions of gas molecules with their surroundings exert a pressure on the surroundings. When you blow up a balloon, the air particles inside the balloon push against the elastic sides of the balloon, causing the balloon to expand. This pressure is produced by air molecules pounding on the inside walls of the balloon.
When you look at the surface of a blown-up balloon, the balloon wall appears to be firm with no visible vibration or movement in its position. It is not apparent that the wall is actually being held in position by billions of collisions with tiny particles. If you place a book on its edge and tilt it over slightly so that it would fall, you can prevent the book from falling by tapping it very rapidly with your finger on the underside. Unlike the balloon surface, the book doesn't stay steady because you can't tap it fast enough to keep it exactly in one position. If you can imagine being able to tap it millions of times per second, you can see how the balloon wall maintains a steady position.
Gas Temperature and Kinetic Energy
These two videos contain a discussion of the relationship between absolute zero and kinetic energy (4a, 4f, 4g): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4sOfGKEaxs (4:03), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mgyp94TZdqQ (5:55).
Flaws in videos:
- statement that temperature is related to average molecular velocity rather than average molecular kinetic energy.
- statement that the carbon dioxide molecule has an angular shape rather than linear shape.
Lesson Summary
- Gases readily change volume, as they are both expandable and compressible.
- Collisions of gas molecules with their surroundings exert a pressure on the surroundings.
- The relationship between temperature and the average kinetic energy of molecules can be expressed as
- Zero molecular kinetic energy corresponds to 0 K.
Review Questions
- Ball
Ahas a mass of 4 daltonsand a speed of 16 metersper second. Ball Bhas a mass of 16 daltons. What velocity is necessary for ball Bto have the same kinetic energy as ball A?
- Suppose you blow up a balloon, tie off the opening, and place the balloon in a freezer for one hour. When you take the balloon out of the freezer, what will be the most significant difference in its appearance? What do you think will happen as the balloon sits out in the room for a while?
- Suppose you drive home from school on a hot day and check the pressure in your automobile tires when you get home. You find the tire pressure is over the manufacturer's recommended pressure, so you let some air out of the tires until the pressure is appropriate. What will the tire pressure be in the morning when you go out to go to school?
- Weather balloons are large balloons that are used to carry meteorological instruments up through the atmosphere and radio back measurements on weather conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and humidity, as it passes through many different altitudes. When these balloons are filled with helium before they are released from earth, they are only a little more than
10%the maximum capacity of the balloon. This provides enough lift to carry the instruments, but the balloon would have more lift if it were filled completely. Why don't they fill the weather balloons to maximum capacity?
- If molecules of
H2( molar mass=2), O2 (molar mass=32), and N2 (molar mass=28)are all placed in the same container at the same temperature, which molecules will have the greatest average kinetic energy?
- If molecules of
H2( molar mass=2), O2 (molar mass=32), and N2 (molar mass=28)are all placed in the same container at the same temperature, which molecules will have the greatest velocity?
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So you've fallen into a slump with running? Yeah, so have I.
I used to love running and I still really want to love running but my allergies this year have been horrendous. The last time I ran outside, I felt like I was dying. I've been trying to run on the treadmill, but it's just not fun. Now that my allergies are starting to subside, I think I can go out and run again but I need some re-motivation. So here are my 5 ways to get back into running!
1. New tunes. I love listening to music when I'm running, but I'm pretty sure I've been listening to the same playlist since I began running. So why not download some new songs you would love to listen to and not let yourself hear them until you go running. This way you are excited to get out there and listen to your tunes!
2. New Course. Every once in awhile, it's nice to have a change of scenery. If you've been running the same route for some time, head on over to mapmyrun.com and check out where other people in your neighborhood are running or make your own new route.
3. New Gear. Let's face it, new running gear is exciting. However, I'm not saying you should go out and spend a ton of money in hopes that it will motivate you to run. You need to earn it. Find something you really want, make a jar and pay yourself a dollar for every mile you run. The more you run, the faster it will take!
4. New Reads. There are so many blogs out there about running, written by people who love running! Other people's enthusiasm can be contagious. Check out Running Bloggers and catch the running bug!
5. New Races. It's good to have goals. Find a race your really want to run and sign up. The thought of having to run with a bunch of runners should make you want to train! Check out Running in the USA for a list of races in your area.
Now get out and run! Did any of these tips help you? Do you have any advice of your own?


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Baltimore Resturant Week: July 22-31
July 14, 2016 | windsor
Eat! Drink! Restaurant Week! Now is your chance to try eateries around the city offering special, prix-fixe menus designed to give foodies like us a taste at a discounted price! Try somewhere new, grab lunch instead of eating at your desk, have an evening out- because the price is right during restaurant week!
For more information about participating restaurants click HERE.
Don't forget to make your reservations in advance! Local eateries are booking fast!


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Architecture is definitely a political act.
Tags: | Peter Eisenman,Political,Act,Definitely,
Jail is definitely not cool. Education is.
Tags: | Ja Rule,Education,Jail,Definitely,
Jail is definitely not cool. Education is.
Tags: | Ja Rule,Cool,Jail,Definitely,
I definitely think cheerleaders have no fear.
Tags: | Ashley Tisdale,No Fear,Think,Definitely,
My mom is definitely my rock.
Tags: | Alicia Keys,Mom,Rock,Definitely,
I had a Hebraic wedding in New York, so I'm definitely Jewish.
Tags: | Amar'e Stoudemire,New,Jewish,Definitely,
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Krusell Boden Flip Cover for Xperia E4 - Yellow (90075)
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- Features
- Model specific cover with lid
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You'll Appreciate These Interesting Tips About Vitamins And Minerals
How does your body feel right now? Are you as energetic as when you were younger? Is it easy to get up in the morning? Are you fit and healthy? If you do not feel at the top of your game, you may need more vitamins and minerals. You will learn much more as you read further.
To make sure your workout routine is paying off the greatest rewards, take your vitamins daily. You'll feel better, look better, and burn fat at higher rates.
Make your diet more healthier and balanced by getting the proper amount of minerals and vitamins each day. You should eat fruits and veggies at least five times a day. You should also have adequate amounts of lean protein. If this is hard to do, consider adding a supplement.
Calcium helps you have stronger bones. Without vitamin D, your body cannot absorb calcium fully. It is possible to get the vitamin D required from sunlight, food and supplements. Each of these things is a good way to make sure your body will absorb calcium.
Supplements that contain fat should be taken with food, so schedule those doses around mealtime. Vitamins E, K and A are vitamins that do not absorb into the body without the help of food. They work best if the food you are eating them with contains fat.
A lot of us have body aches but don't know why we do. Instead of going to a doctor or a chiropractor to help with aches that are minor you should try vitamins and minerals out. Fish oils and vitamin E can help your muscles soften when they're bound up.
To help create red blood cells, iron is essential. Your red blood cells are responsible for oxygenating your entire body. Women are going to need a daily supplement that contains more iron, so women's vitamins are formulated according to this knowledge. If you feel exhausted all the time and have trouble breathing, you could be deficient in iron.
At a time when health care is expensive, promoting good health is important and adding daily vitamins is a good start. Any vitamins will certainly add to your healthy diet to improve the way you feel and make those visits to the doctor few and far between for only a few dollars each month.
Most of us try to eat the best we can, but a lot of us can't afford to eat well. Vitamins and minerals help to get rid of all of the lemart.vn toxins in your body.
The antioxidant, vitamin A, improves vision, boosts immunity and slows down aging. It may be toxic if too much is taken, so stay within the daily dosage that is recommended. That amount is 2300 IU, or International Units. Carrots, squash and leafy greens are great sources of vitamin A.
Whatever your health is today, you can improve it tomorrow. The next step is to establish a firm plan for taking your vitamins and minerals. Start today so you can feel better in the near futur


text:
Jan 16, 2015An international group of scientists has proposed a start date for the dawn of the Anthropocene - a new chapter in the Earth's geological history.
Jan 14, 2015Scientists have discovered one of the rarest minerals on Earth in a Wisconsin impact crater.
Jan 12, 2015New research finds methane in rock that had been buried deep underground millions of years ago.
Jan 5, 2015Processes in the deep Earth interior created the conditions for the glaciation of Greenland, researchers suggest.
Dec 20, 2014New research into an Icelandic eruption has shed light on how the Earth's crust forms, according to a paper published this week in Nature.
Dec 19, 2014A new study is helping to answer a longstanding question that has recently moved to the forefront of earth science: Did our planet make its own water through geologic processes, or did water come to us via icy comets from the far reaches of the
Nov 26, 2014A new review examines questions about the continental crust of Earth that could be relevant to habitability.
Nov 23, 2014New research looks at long-term meteorological and geological forces at work in Antarctica -- and may help understand natural forces on the surface of Mars.
Nov 21, 2014A team of researchers links new organic carbon species in deep fluids to the formation of diamonds — and life itself
Nov 9, 2014The Earth's ancient oceans held much lower concentrations of sulfate—a key biological nutrient—than previously recognized, according to new research.


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Does this restaurant accept reservations?
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Is this a Central European restaurant?
Is this an Eastern European restaurant?
Does this restaurant have waiters and waitresses?
Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
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Is this a Barbecue restaurant?
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Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Thanks for helping!
I can not say the best restourant-cafe in the city but I can easly say that Altyn Jam is the warmest.
Foods delicious.
Service better than others.
Prices average.
Outdoor garden is best for weekend breakfasts.
This place is a nice option for cafeteria style Russianesque fare. When the weather is warm you can sit outside, and it is rather nice to do so. The menu is mostly stuff that will fill your stomach and sit there all day, but it is also great comfort food. The service is not great and reminiscent of Soviet eateries,...
When you want a break from the oppressive heat, try an ice cream in this delightful comfortable place on Magtymguly Street!
I have been going to Altyn Jam for lunch for many times. Altyn Jam has some advantages I would like to share:
1) It is a good place to have a business lunch, since they have a tasty, fresh various types of soups, salads, and main dishes, which were prepared in the morning, so you just get there and quickly...
I have been going to Altyn Jam for almost three years on a regular basis. I have loved every thing and recommend it to anyone who goes to Turkmenistan. Go in gym clothes like me on a night after working out or with friends to the terrace in the spring, it is worth a trip. Some speak English and the...
nice prices, nice service, quiet place, everything is ok. I recomend to visit minimum one time, at least!
We had dinner with my colleagues at Altyn Jam and enjoyed it a lot. The menu offers wide choice of salads, pork, mutton, beef, chicken and fish dishes at quite moderate prices. Be careful while ordering your drinks as a couple of beers or a glass of wine can double or even tripple your check:)
The atmosphere of the place...
Ashgabat is an interesting city, and full of restaurants. BUT BE CAREFUL - if you're accustomed to having a glass of wine with your dinner. We were four people on our first night in the city, and went to this recommended restaurant for the beginning of our Central Asian holiday. The menu came, with prices for all the items except...
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