text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 5, 2001
|Filing date
|May 31, 2000
|Priority date
|Jun 25, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gangqiang Li, Thomas P. Doherty, Carl A. Myerholtz
|Original Assignee
|Agilent Technologies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (37), Classifications (5), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/104,754 filed on Jun. 25, 1998, now abandoned.
The present invention is related to apparatuses and techniques for ionizing or exciting samples to analyze the samples spectrometrically, and more particularly to apparatuses and methods for ionizing or exciting the samples with inductively coupled plasma and analyzing the ions and exited atoms with mass spectrometers.
The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) has been a powerful tool for analytical chemistry since it was introduced as an atomic emission source for optical spectrometry in the 1960's. In the ICP, radio frequency electrical energy is continuously coupled via a spiral load coil into an inert gas flow stream at atmospheric pressure. In a typical design, argon flows through a plasma torch made of three concentric quartz tubes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,958,883 (Turner)). The central gas flow, usually referred to the carrier gas flow because it is used to carry the sample to be ionized or excited, is usually 1 to 1.5 liters/minute, depending upon the characteristics of the sample. An intermediate gas flow of about 1 liter/minute, termed the auxiliary flow, is needed for confining the hot carrier gas and cooling. The outermost flow, termed the coolant gas, both sustains the plasma and protects the glass from melting from the high temperature. The coolant flow is generally 15 liters/minute with typical plasma torch designs.
The electromagnetic field induced by the radio frequency energy, which is typically at 27 MHZ or 40 MHZ, sustains a plasma in the gas. The plasma contains free electrons, ions, and excited atoms and molecules. A chemical sample, usually in a form of aerosol droplets, is introduced into the carrier gas steam through the central quartz tube into the plasma. The aerosol sample is vaporized and decomposed to atoms and small molecules, due to the high temperature of the plasma. Some of the atoms and molecules of the sample are further excited and ionized by the free electrons.
The ICP is a source suitable for coupling with an optical emission spectrometer (OES) since it produces a large number of excited and ionized atoms and molecules from a sample introduced into it (see, e.g., Wendt, R. H. and Fassel, V. A., Anal. Chem., 1965, 37, 920-922). In an optical spectrometer, the emitted light is usually sent to a wavelength dispersive grating and detected by a photodetector array. The output of the detector array is then electronically integrated for a certain time period. The ICP has also been coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS) (see, e.g., Houk R. S. et al., "Mass spectrometry of inductively coupled plasmas," Anal. Chem., 1980, 52, 2283-2289; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,760,253 (Hutton)). For mass spectroscopic detection, quadrupole mass filters are often employed. The chemical composition of the sample is determined by scanning the quadrupole filter within the mass range of interest. The description of the apparatuses and operation of ICP and spectrometers in Wendt, R. H. and Fassel, V. A., Houk R. S. et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,958,883, 4,760,253, supra, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,916 (Morrisroe), infra, are incorporated by reference herein.
One of the major drawbacks of using the ICP for chemical analysis is the high cost of instrument manufacture and operation. To obtain useful radiation or to generate ions for routine chemical analysis, the ICP source is usually operated at high power, in the range of 800 to 1600 Watts, depending upon the sample introduced, which results in a very high temperature within to the plasma. Generation of such a high-energy radio frequency waveform normally requires a specially designed electronic circuit with high power output, such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,916 (Morrisroe). When the ICP source or the spectrometer (SP) in an ICP-SP system is not functioning normally, repair is often difficult and expensive. What is needed is an ICP-SP analytical apparatus with low energy consumption and that costs less to manufacture, operate and maintain.
In the present invention, through modulating the operation of the ICP in an ICP-SP apparatus, in which an ICP is coupled to a spectrometer, a technique of reducing the power consumption of ICP spectrometers is provided, thereby reducing the need for cooling, as well as reducing the heat damage to the apparatus.
In one aspect of the present invention, an analytical apparatus contains an inductively coupled plasma generator (ICPG) and a spectrometer. The ICPG generates a plasma for forming ionic and excited molecular species from a sample introduced into the plasma. The spectrometer associated with the ICPG analyzes the ionic and excited molecular species formed in the ICPG. The spectrometer has an analysis mode wherein the ionic and excited molecular species are identified according to physical characteristics, e.g., mass-to-charge ratios or optical emission characteristics, to provide data on the species and further has a washout mode wherein the spectrometer flushes out interfering ions and molecules and provides no significant data on the sample. The controller modulates the ICPG to operate in power cycles, at each cycle the ICPG operates in an analysis period and a stand-by period. In the analysis period the ICPG operates at one or more analysis power levels to generate plasma to form the ionic and excited molecular species from the sample to correspond to the analysis mode of the spectrometer. In the stand-by period the ICPG stands by at one or more stand-by power levels lower than the one or more analysis power levels to correspond to the washout mode of the spectrometer.
This technique reduces the power consumption, hence the cost for both manufacturing and maintaining an inductively coupled plasma associated with a spectrometer. To reduce the power consumption of an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer, the full plasma power (the power needed to generate useful radiation or ion abundance for chemical analysis) is provided only when a sample is being introduced into the ICP and the spectrometer is recording a signal that reflects the characteristics of the sample. Such a decrease in the power dissipation would reduce or eliminate the need for water cooling, and would also reduce the need for forced-air cooling. A less complex and therefore less expensive radio frequency amplifier with a lower average output power can be used to provide power to this modulated plasma. Additionally, the flow rate of cooling gas through the plasma torch can be reduced when the plasma is at low power.
The following figures are included to better illustrate the embodiments of the apparatus and technique of the present invention. In these figures, like numerals represent like features in the several views.
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the system of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a modulation waveform for the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a modulation waveform in which the plasma power is turned to a very low value or completely off for a short time period.
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a modulation waveform for providing information on the concentrations of atomic and molecular species at different analysis power levels.
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment with step power changes in the analysis power level and with additional power modulation between a low plasma power level and an even lower or zero power during the stand-by period.
FIG. 6 shows the results of an exemplary run with pulsed plasma power in a ICP-MS analyzing a sample containing 5 elements (manganese, strontium, indium, barium and bismuth).
In the present invention, modulation of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) power to correspond to the time during which ions or excited atoms formed from samples are analyzed by a spectrometer downstream from the ICP allows the ICP to operate with less power during stand-by periods when samples are not being analyzed. In the following, ICP coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) is described as an illustration, however, it is to be understood that a person skilled in the art will be able to couple the ICP with other spectrometers capable of analyzing physical characteristics of ions, excited atoms and molecules, e.g., optical emission spectrometer (OES) and adapt the present invention to control the power of the ICP equally well.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation (with some block diagrams) of an embodiment of an analytical inductively coupled plasma-spectrometer (ICP-SP) apparatus for plasma power modulation coupled with the operation of a spectrometer. In the ICP-SP 100 of FIG. 1, an inductively coupled plasma generator (ICPG) 110 is coupled to a spectrometer 112 (e.g., mass spectrometer, optical spectrometer, and the like) via an interface 114. An example of a commercially ICP-MS is the HP4500PLUS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto, Calif., USA), which is a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Another example of a quadrupole MS is the ELAN6000 ICP-MS available from Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, Conn., USA). In this embodiment of ICPG 110, a plasma torch 116 (for example, a common "Scott Fassel" type about 18 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length, made of quartz) is used to heat the sample being introduced through the plasma torch 116 with a carrier gas 118. An auxiliary gas flow 120, typically an inert gas such as argon, confines the carrier gas 118 with the sample. An outermost coolant gas 122 flow, also typically an inert gas such as argon, protects the glass from being melted by the hot plasma 123.
The end of the plasma torch 116 that is proximate to the interface 114 is encircled by a load coil 124, which produces an oscillating magnetic field that sustains the plasma in the plasma torch 116. In this embodiment, the load coil 124 can be a common type with 2 to 4 turns of copper tube cooled by flowing water. The front end of the load coil 124 typically is grounded to reduce the plasma potential, although other grounding schemes can also be implemented by one skilled in the art. A radio frequency (RF) generator 126 generates a signal, which is amplified by a RF amplifier 128 that supplies the oscillating signal that powers the load coil 124. The load coil 124 can be connected to an impedance matching network 130 to ensure the load coil 124 and the plasma torch 122 present a proper load to an RF power amplifier 128. An RF power controller 132 controls the RF power amplifier to modulate the operation of the ICPG 110 such that ICPG operates in different powers levels corresponding to periods of analysis of sample and washout periods (which will be described below). The RF power controller 132 controls the power output by the ICPG 110. Such an RF controller can contain a processor (not shown in FIG. 1) such as an electronic digital computer, microprocessor, and the like, that can control the RF power amplifier. The processor can control the power output by the ICPG 110 by program codes that controls the steps of the process.
With a common solid state RF generator 126, the impedance matching network 130 usually consists of a variable shunt capacitor, and a variable serial capacitor under servomechanical control. However, the impedance matching network 130 is not needed when a free-running RF generator is employed. In an ICP-SP with a free-running RF generator, the frequency is controlled by the oscillating circuit of the RF generator and the plasma-load coil impedance. An example of a suitable RF power amplifier is one that can amplify, e.g., 27 MHZ to 40 MHZ, RF to a typical maximum power of 2000 Watts. The RF generator 126 can be a solid state or any resonant circuit that can generate the range of RF suitable for inductively coupled plasma generation. See, e.g., "Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry" 2nd edition, edited by Akbar Montaser and D. W. Golightly VCH Publishers, New York, 1992.
The RF power controller 132 controls the plasma power modulation. In a simple case, it can be just a function generator such as a HP 8112A function generator (Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo Alto, Calif.). As an example, in the HP4500PLUS inductively coupled plasma spectrometer, the power output is a linear function of the input of a 0V to 5V input results in an output of 0 W to 2000 W. In a more sophisticated case, the RF power controller 132 can be a computer controlled function generator that can produced a wide variety of waveforms as desired. Devices such as computers, microprocessors, RF generators, power amplifiers, are know in the art and a skilled person in designing control instrumentation for ICP will be able to implement control of the ICP based on the present disclosure.
Modulation of ICP Power
In one aspect of the present invention, the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is modulated such that the ICP operates at a lower power when a sample is not being ionized or excited for a downstream spectrometric analysis. For example, for an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS) using a quadrupole or other scanning mass filter, a sample measurement takes about 5 minutes to collect meaningful data, assuming that 30 elements are measured and that each element is measured for 10 seconds. Longer or shorter data collection time can be used, depending on factors such as the number of samples being run. Between samples there is a period of time, referred to as the "washout time," when the signal from a detector in the apparatus, e.g., ICP-SP 100, is not significant for inference on the nature of a sample. The washout time is the time period when sample-conduction lines and sample-preparation devices, such as those needed for desolvating the sample, are being flushed between samples. Such washouts are done, for example, to safeguard the spectrometer, e.g., MS, from generating unreliable signals due to samples cross-mixing or due to contaminants such as water. Such washout time typically last for a period of about 50 to 100 seconds, although a different washout time can be used. Therefore, in the example of the above quadrupole ICP-MS, between 67 and 83% of the time, according to the present invention, the ICPG must be operated at a plasma power level deemed suitable for ionizing or exciting the sample for the downstream MS analysis. However, during the remaining 17 to 33% of the time, the plasma power can be reduced to the minimum required to sustain the plasma, or it can be turned off.
As previously stated, in conventional ICP-SP apparatuses, cooling is needed to prevent the plasma torch and the interface from overheating. Furthermore, other parts of the ICP-SP apparatus need cooling as well. For example, the radio frequency amplifier is normally cooled by water (e.g., with a flow rate of 1 liter/minute for an ICP of about 1500 Watts). As shown in FIG. 1, since the load coil 124 is in close proximity with the plasma torch (torch 116), it too should be cooled, typically with a water flow of 0.2 liters/minute, to protect it from oxidation and corrosion damage. When the ICP source is coupled to a mass spectrometer such as one shown in FIG. 1, the plasma is brought very close to the interface 114 between the ICPG 110 and the spectrometer 112. Therefore, the interface 114 should be cooled, typically with a water flow of more than 1 liter/minute for a power level of about 1500 Watts. (At many laboratory locations, a chiller and water pump supply the cooling water in a closed loop in order to conserve water.) In addition, there are also many parts of the radio frequency power generation system that are cooled by forced-air fans. The need for all these cooling apparatuses contributes to the high manufacturing cost of the ICP-SP apparatuses, as well as the difficulty in maintaining the ICP-SP apparatuses in good working condition. The continuous high power consumption, the power required for cooling, and the continuous high flow of pure gas streams, e.g., argon, contribute to the complexity and cost of operating and maintaining conventional ICP-SP apparatuses. The cooling devices described above can also be used for the ICP-SP apparatuses of the present invention. However, by modulation of the ICP power in accordance with the present invention, the power consumption, and therefore the risk of heat damage, as well as cooling need, is reduced relative to conventional systems.
This modulation of the plasma power is particularly effective with simultaneous multichannel optical spectrometers and mass spectrometers, such as the time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS.) With the TOFMS, for example, the sample measurement can be done in about 10 seconds or less, but the washout time remains the same. Thus, in many cases, high plasma power is required for less than 20% of the time to ionize samples for downstream TOFMS analysis.
Preferably, the ICPG is modulated to operate in at least two modes: an analysis mode about (i.e., around and during) the time a sample is excited by adequate power to produce ions or excited atoms and molecules for downstream spectrometric analysis (e.g., MS, particularly TOFMS); and a stand-by mode in which the ICPG stands by, or rests at a lower power, about the washout time. Although the plasma can be turned off during the stand-by time, it is preferred that it be not turned off for an extensive period. If the plasma has been turned off for too long, it may be difficult to restart reliably on demand. Preferably, the ICPG is maintained such that it can be readily turned to full power for analysis of a sample. For example, in the stand-by period, the ICPG can be maintained at a power level (e.g., 400 Watts) higher than zero power but substantially lower than that needed to give meaningful signal to the sample, such as at less than half of the maximum power level used for ionizing the sample (e.g., 1600 Watts).
A further way to reduce power consumption is to control the ICPG during the stand-by period to go through a cycle of power levels, which includes a power level of about zero. For example, the ICPG can stand-by as it alternates (or cycles) between zero power and a power level (e.g., 400 Watts) higher than zero but substantially less than the maximum analysis power level (e.g., 1600 Watts). As a result, the ICPG does not stay in the zero power mode for a period long enough for the plasma to cool off extensively, thereby allowing the plasma to return to full power readily when needed. (See, for example, FIG. 5). Because of the tendency of the plasma to cool off quickly (less than a millisecond), it is preferred that this alternating swing of stand-by power level be an oscillation (as provided by, e.g., a computer, microprocessor, or an electronic oscillator) of sinusoidal, square, saw-tooth waves, and the like. The RF power controller 132 can be used to control the oscillation.
To operate the inductively coupled plasma-spectrometer (ICP-SP) efficiently, it is preferred that the apparatus be operated in analysis-stand-by cycles each including an analysis period and a stand-by period. Depending on the application, the stand-by period can be significant relative to the analysis time to save energy and reduce the cooling need or heat damage to the apparatus. In most cases where ICP is coupled to a spectrometer, the ICPG can be modulated such that the stand-by period is at least about 15% of an analysis-stand-by cycle. In many cases, such as when the spectrometer is TOFMS, the ICPG can be modulated such that the stand-by period is between about 15% and 90% of an analysis-stand-by cycle. It is to be understood that such exemplary ranges are given for illustration and are not to be interpreted as being limiting. Of course, if desired, the ICP can be turned to high power even when a sample is not being analysis by the ICP or the SP, as long as during part of the time during washout of the apparatus, the ICP is turned to a lower power. The ICP may be maintained at a higher power for cleaning, for example, as well as for other reasons.
When the ICP is operated at a medium (or intermediate) power, for example 800 Watts, often called the "cool plasma," one finds an increase in the number of molecular or polyatomic species: fragment species from incompletely dissociated molecules; oxides; argides; and species produced by molecule and atom recombination. The range of this medium power level is about 600 Watts to about 1000 Watts. This medium range can be compared with the stand-by period in which the power is typically no higher than about 600 Watts. Traditionally, such molecular species formed in the cool plasma often interfere with the measurement of atomic species, especially in ICP mass spectrometry. Some molecular species are more abundant at low plasma power, others at high power. However, according to the present invention, an advantage of the modulated plasma is that signals can be collected at several plasma powers, and the differences among the signals used to infer the concentrations of both the atomic species and the interfering molecular species. Knowledge of the concentrations of the molecular species is useful in providing information about origin of the sample. Such knowledge is important, e.g., for environmental chemistry, eco- and clinical toxicology, and the food and energy industries. Thus, during the analysis period of the ICP, a sample can be ionized or excited under two or more sequential analysis power levels for downstream analysis by the spectrometer.
Preferably, the controller that controls the ICP power can be set to automatically cycle between the various power levels in the analysis period and the stand-by period. It is understood that although for convenience sake the duration of a particular power level among detection cycles (which includes analysis period and a stand-by period) and the number of steps in each detection cycle remain the same, one can vary such durations and number of steps, especially the duration of analysis power levels.
For illustration purposes, FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 show examples of how the power level of ICP can be modulated for an ICP-SP apparatus. FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a modulation waveform (Model #1). A sample is introduced into the ICP to be ionized or excited for analysis. During the analysis time periods (t1), the plasma is turned to high power, which is usually about 1000 to 1500 Watts, and can sometimes be at 1600 Watts or even greater. The ions resulting from the sample ionizing in the ICP are passed into a spectrometer, e.g., a TOFMS for analysis. In the washout (i.e., stand by) time period (t0) of the ICP-SP, no generation of the analysis signal (i.e., meaningful signal corresponding to the analysis of a sample) is necessary so the plasma power can be reduced as low as possible. In this invention, it has been shown that an inductively coupled plasma can be sustained for a long time period even when the power fed to the load coil is turned down to a low maintenance power level of about 200 Watts to 400 Watts. If desired, the maintenance low power level can be as high as about 600 Watts. In a typical measurement cycle, for instance, the plasma power is turned to high plasma power (PH) at 1300 Watts for 1 second and then to low plasma power (PL) at 400 Watts for 50 seconds. This operation sequence is called "pulsed plasma" herein. By using such a pulsed plasma technique, the average power consumption (PA) in such a measurement cycle is approximately 418 Watts. During the stand-by period when the ICP is "powered down," the coolant gas flow can be reduced accordingly, for instance to 8 to 10 liters/minute. The plasma gas is therefore also "pulsed."
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a modulation waveform (Mode #2). It has been shown that the plasma power can be turned off completely for a short time period without extinguishing the plasma, e.g., a "turn off" time of 200 microseconds. Therefore, during the low power period, plasma power can be turned off for 200 microseconds before the power is turned up to a higher level again. In other words, the low power plasma can additionally be modulated, e.g., with a 50 kHz square waveform. Of course, a shorter turn off time can be used. Using the analysis time t1 of 1 second (at 1300 Watts) and washout time t0 of 50 seconds (at 400 Watts) as in Mode #1, the average plasma power PA consumption can be further reduced to approximately 222 Watts. Similar to Mode #1, the plasma cooling gas can be modulated in this mode.
FIG. 4 shows an example (Mode #3) of providing information on the concentrations of atomic and molecular species at different analysis power levels. This mode is intended not only to reduce the average plasma power, but also to obtain the sample composition with different plasma conditions. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 2 (Mode #1) in which a simple square waveform is used, a more complicated waveform is employed. For instance, a stage of medium plasma power (PM) is added. By operating the plasma in the medium power of about 600 Watts to 1000 Watts (cool plasma, analysis time period t2), information about molecular species can be obtained. Medium plasma power (PM) can be applied either before or after high plasma power. It is contemplated that more than two analysis power levels can be used to provide information on atomic and molecular species in the sample.
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment (Mode #4) with step power changes in the analysis power level and with additional power modulation between a low plasma power level and zero power during the stand-by period. In a detection cycle, there can be as many steps of plasma power change as required to obtain the desired atomic and molecular concentration information as well.
FIG. 6 shows the results of an exemplary run with pulsed plasma power. In this run, signals of 5 elements (manganese, strontium, indium, barium and bismuth, representing a wide range of ion masses) were collected with a power modulated plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer. In this example, the ICPG taken from a HP4500PLUS inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometer is coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. During the low power period (about 600 Watts from 0 to 850 milliseconds), no ion signal was observed. When the plasma was switched to high power (about 1300 Watts from approximately 850 milliseconds to 1600 milliseconds), the ion signal of all masses reached a stable level within about 100 milliseconds. The time between data points is 20 milliseconds. In the analysis period, 55Mn is less abundant than the others and 58Sr is more abundant than 55Mn. The plot shows that no apparent mass dependence in the rise time of the signals.
Although the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be understood that a person skilled in the art can make modifications within the scope of the invention. For example, although the embodiments described in details involve mass spectrometers, one skilled in the art, based on the present disclosure, will be able to couple ICPG with other spectrometers (such as optical emission spectrometers, spectrometers combining MS and optical emission) and control them to operate with pulsed plasma such that during the washout time lower stand-by power level(s) can be used. An example of a commercially available ICP-OES is PLASMA 400 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer available from Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, Conn., USA.
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Owner name: AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., CALIFORNIA
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In case you were wondering what Nicholas Cage gets up to of an evening, he sometimes likes to spend the night at Dracula's castle.
Idris Elba – who worked with the actor on 2007's Ghost Rider – recalled the truly remarkable anecdote during a recent Reddit Ask Me Anything.
"Nic Cage came back one day on set, and he came down to set and he looked a little bit tired, a little bit – kind of like he'd been up all night," wrote Elba.
"So I was like, 'Hey Nic man, how you doing man' and he said, 'I'm alright' and I said, 'You seem a little spoked out' and he said, 'Yeah man, I went up to Dracula's castle... the ruins up in the mountains, and I stayed the night' and I said, 'What?! Why?' and he said 'I just had to channel the energy, and it was pretty spooky up there.'[sic]"
"We were shooting in Romania, Transylvania, and he just went up there to spend the night, as you do," continued Elba. "And then he walked away."
Possibly to harness his newfound supernatural "energy" or to spend further time studying the undead.
A-List Vampires: They just don't seem to be getting any older
A-List Vampires: They just don't seem to be getting any older
1/14 Pharrell Williams (2014)
Ah, Pharrell. The original A-list vampire...
2/14 Pharrell Williams (2003)
... Looking uncannily similar in the face 11 years previously.
3/14 Joseph Gordon-Levitt (2013)
Inception star Joseph Gordon-Levitt has always been the possessor of youthful looks...
4/14 Joseph Gordon-Levitt (2004)
... But seriously? This picture was taken nine years ago. There has been absolutely no transition from boy to man. Just a life-long man-boy.
5/14 Halle Berry (2012)
Halle Berry is renowned for her glowing skin. And, obviously, she's a good actress and all that...
6/14 Halle Berry (2001)
... But this is her 11 years previously. Has her face been locked in a time warp?
7/14 Ewan McGregor (2014)
You'd think time would have taken its toll on McGreggor after all that Train Spotting jazz...
8/14 Ewan McGregor (1999)
... But 15 years prior to this point, he looked absolutely identical.
9/14 Elijah Wood (2014)
Is it possible to separate man from Hobbit, we wonder? Possibly not...
10/14 Elijah Wood (2001)
... As here he is 13 years before wearing a face just as smooth and looking just as Hobbit-like.
11/14 Will Smith (2014)
All jokes about Scientology aside...
12/14 Will Smith (1997)
... You've got to hand it to Smith and co. The inter-galactic self-preservation thing seems to be working out for them. Here's Will Smith looking absolutely no different 17 years ago.
13/14 Liv Tyler (2013)
Liv Tyler is definitely an elf in real life...
14/14 Liv Tyler (1999)
... Because that's the only way we can explain her age-defying face. Well... Almost.
Of course this is not the first time Cage has been associated with vampires.
In 2011, online entrepreneur Jack Ford demanded $1million for a photograph, which he claimed proved the actor was a vampire.
The image, taken in 1870, showed a man who bore a resemblance to Cage and was put on sale on eBay, alongside the following caption: "Original c.1870 carte de visite [a type of small photograph] showing a man who looks exactly like Nick Cage," it read.
"Personally, I believe it's him and that he is some sort of walking undead / vampire… who quickens / reinvents himself once every 75 years or so.[sic]"
"150 years from now, he might be a politician, the leader of a cult, or a talk show host."
Disappointingly, Cage denied the accusations on the Late Show With David Letterman.
"There is a resemblance, but, how can I be polite about this," he said. "It's a slowed down version of me... Now look, I don't drink blood and the last time I looked in the mirror I had a reflection."
So to clarify, Cage is not a vampire, he just likes to visit them at night like any other regular person.Reuse content


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Author Luncheon
The Author Luncheon featuring Dawn Tripp is presented by the Junior League of Greenwich in partnership with Diane's Books. Ticket includes lunch and a copy of the author's latest book, Georgia: A Novel of Georgia O'Keefe. Members and friends are welcome!
May 3, 2016, 12pm-3pm
Innis Arden Golf Club, 120 Tomac Ave, Old Greenwich, CT
To purchase a ticket to this outstanding event click HERE.


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Is this restaurant appropriate for Kids?
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Thanks for helping!
We spent 1 night in this cozy refugee on our way to the Tre Cime. The biggest thanks to Carolina!! She was so helpful , giving a lot of useful information and good suggestions! We hope to come back in winter :)
Very nice hut with good service, although the welcome could be warmer (dont really feel you are in Italy…). Good breakfast.
We spent one night here and also enjoyed dinner and breakfast in the restaurant. I have a gluten allergy and they were very accommodating to my needs. We took the ski lift (approximately $8/person if I remember correctly?) up from Misurina Lake. You can also walk up if you want a more intense hike. We left the car in the...
I had wonderful stay in this place after long and wet hiking day! Comfortable beds with clean bed linen and soft duvets! Dinner was very nice and tasty! So I do recommend the place! It is small so best to book in advance!
Had lunch here on walk in the mountains above misurina a nice very
great family service with great food definitely worth a visit.
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This Action Office desk by George Nelson for Herman Miller features a walnut roll-top over a laminate desk surface and aluminum frame, four shallow wood-front drawers, painted sides, and metal dividers for files at the back of desk surface. It is also wired with internal outlet and signed with round metal tag.


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I have also been doing some more work on my wholesale site. It really should be up soon now!
Does any of you girls sell on consignment? I have gotten two request for this earlier this week, but I don't really know if I should do it. Maybe I don't have enough inventory to do it. I have a lot (my Etsy shop is getting close to 200 items!), but I don't have more than one of a lot of those. What are your experiences with consignment? And how much of the profits does the shop gets to keep?


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Sterling Silver Small Rope Bracelet
Product code: 3926478 £14.99 Previous price £24.99
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Styled in fresh, smooth sterling silver, this feminine small rope bracelet is finished with a lobster clasp fastener. An easy to wear accessory, designed to go with anything.
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Sterling Silver Small Rope Bracelet is rated out of 5 by 1.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Anonymous from A very sophisticated looking bracelet I purchased this as one of my Daughter's Christmas presents and when it arrived, it so much nicer that how it looked in the photograph. I'm sure she will be very pleased with it.
Date published: 2016-12-14


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Tom Morley – Irish Trad Fiddler
Master fiddler and teacher Tom Morley Shows and Tell's about the art of Irish Trad Fiddling.
Jonathan Yudkin has become know as the "go to" guy for some of the biggest enntertainers in Nashville. Jonathan has toured with Dicky Betts, Robert Earle Keene, and John Hartford, with whom he won two Grammys.
Megan Lynch Chowning's brand new album featuring 14 old and new fiddle tunes (four of which are medleys so really, it's more like 18 tunes…) played in a way you've rarely heard in the last few decades – completely solo!
This month's print version of iFiddle Magazine is sure to help you play better. Tom Morley, Jonathan Yudkin and Megan Lynch Chowning are some of the best fiddlers on the planet and they're sharing their knowledge.
Thanks for supporting iFiddle Magazine and all the fiddlers featured in all the issues! Every 2 months iFiddle Magazine brings you world class fiddlers demonstrating the skill and talent they have, and without a doubt, some of the best interviews anywhere.
Without the support of fans like you, iFiddle Magazine would simply fade away into the sunset. So thanks again, and if anyone has comments, suggestions or feedback, drop me a line here: http://www.ifiddlemag.com/suggestions/
And don't forget to visit the facebook site to find out what's going on: FACEBOOK


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Win a prize package from Tennis Express & Athletic DNA!
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Playing your best golf on a Tuesday morning, therefore, can be frustrating. It was on that day last week that Colin Montgomerie, in his first round since the US Masters last month, overwhelmed Darren Clarke in a practice match. The Scot shot a 63 and something similar today may be needed for Montgomerie to win the Benson and Hedges International.
If not, Clarke has the chance of revenge in the most satisfying way possible. He lost pounds 20 earlier in the week but the first prize on offer today is pounds 125,000. The pair are tied at 10-under par with the Italian Massimo Florioli and would have been joined on the same mark by Philip Price had the Welshman not found the water at the 17th and taken a triple bogey eight. Instead, Gary Evans and Patrik Sjoland are the nearest challengers, one stroke behind. Clarke and Montgomerie will contest the final pairing today with the five-time European No 1 rueing the putting tip he gave Clarke on Tuesday, as well as the more generous advice about his career he has offered in the past.
"Darren has improved mentally in the last two years," Monty said. "We get on well and tomorrow should be fun. I had the option at the Ryder Cup of playing with Darren or Thomas Bjorn. I chose Darren and Ian Woosnam chose Thomas and it worked out all right."
Montgomerie was not as accurate from tee to green as he had been earlier in the tournament but still only dropped one shot in his 69. Now all he has to do is improve his last round stroke average at the Oxfordshire - he has shot 84 and 81 in the past two years.
"The last two Sundays here have been horrific," he said. "But that will not be on my mind. If the weather stays as it is and I don't break 80 then there really will be something wrong."
But the Scot is not surprised at his fast return to form - a necessity given this week's Volvo PGA Championship at Wentworth - after a four-week break. "This is my job and I am relatively good at it," he added. "I'm not stale. I am very fresh, my mind is at ease and I am thinking straight. Both this event and next week are tournaments I have not won, I want to win and probably should have won in the past."
The main activity in Clarke's round of 67 was compressed into seven holes, starting at the seventh. There his five-iron second shot crawled on to the front of the green at the par-five. By holing the putt, from 80 feet, it brought the Ulsterman an eagle three. Birdies followed at each of the next two holes from more modest distances of six and four feet but his only blemish occurred at the 10th. A poor drive left Clarke in the rough from where he got a flyer with his second shot. His first putt from 30 feet came up three feet short and he missed the par-saver.
Two more birdies at the 11th and 14th left Clarke happier with his round. "This is what I am looking for," he said. "I've been knocking on the door for some time but I want to keep challenging as often as possible." Last year, when the 29-year-old finished fourth on the order of merit, he had nine top-10 finishes but did not add to his two previous wins on the European tour.
During the US Masters, where he tied for eighth with Montgomerie, Tiger Woods and Justin Leonard, Clarke played with Gary Player, who later suggested he lost some weight. "It is something I am always careful about, even before he said that," Clarke said, before adding as an aside: "I am scared to get on the scales."
In contrast to his friend Clarke, a frustrated Lee Westwood was considering withdrawing last night due to an eye infection which has disrupted his tournament.
Westwood was stung on the left eye on Thursday and it was aggravated on Friday when a fly got trapped in the same eye. Yesterday the 25-year-old from Worksop was given eye drops before he started the round and he had to call for more at the 12th tee.
A double-bogey at the 14th hole was contained in his 77, dropping the Ryder Cup player to one over par, five shots adrift of the 17-year-old Walker Cup player Justin Rose, who scored a 72. "My vision was blurred and it is hard to concentrate when your head is throbbing," Westwood said. "I'm off to the doctor now. I couldn't see out of the left eye and that makes it quite difficult to play golf. Whenever I turn to the top of my backswing the ball is distorted. That makes it difficult to concentrate."
Jamie Spence, who had to give up his Cup Final ticket after making the cut, unveiled his Arsenal shirt after putting out on the 18th green. The first news he received of his team's first goal came just before he thinned his approach to the last green. "I couldn't calm down," he said. But he was finished in time to catch Nicolas Anelka's Wembley winner.
- More about:
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The last England cricket captain to win an Ashes series on Australian soil makes himself comfortable at a corner table in The Norfolk, his excellent local restaurant in Enfield, Middlesex. The Norfolk has an unapologetically old-fashioned menu - jellied eels, sole meunière, beef stroganoff, that sort of thing - which pleases Mike Gatting, perhaps because there is something vaguely old-fashioned about him, too. He is an English beef-and-brawn classic no less than the menu, and in an age of sinewy, streamlined sportsmen, it is good to see those gigantic forearms again.
The maître d' knows him well, which comes as no great surprise: Gatting's formidable appetite has not waned in recent years. It may even have waxed.
But he has never minded the jokes. When conversation turns, after a long and mighty lunch, to his famous dismissal by Shane Warne in 1993, the so-called "ball of the century", he chucklingly reminds me of what Graham Gooch once said, that he'd never have let it bounce had it been a cheese roll.
There is so much to talk to Gatting about, but really only one overriding question: might his success in the Ashes, which was kindled in Brisbane 20 years ago next week, offer any useful tips on how to beat the Aussies in their backyard? In a way there are some encouraging parallels between then and now.
Gatting, like Andrew Flintoff, ran an inclusive dressing-room. He had learnt from his own unhappy early touring experiences with England, with the senior men pulling rank, that the younger guys needed to be made part of the gang.
Like Flintoff, he had a shrewd éminence grise at his shoulder: Mickey Stewart rather than Duncan Fletcher. Like Flintoff, he had a talismanic all-rounder, in the beefy form of Ian Botham. Never mind that in Flintoff's case, it's himself. If he manages his own contributions as cleverly as Gatting handled Botham, who responded with a first-innings 138 in the first Test at Brisbane, then England might confound the doom-mongers predicting that Australia will regain the Ashes at a canter. And that's something else that Gatting had in common with Flintoff: a pessimistic English media.
Martin Johnson, of this very newspaper, notoriously suggested that there were only three things Gatting's England side couldn't do: bat, bowl or field.
"Martin was right in the sense that we hadn't been playing well," he says, "and yet we had people like Gower, Botham, Lamb, Dilley, and the two best spinners in the world in Edmunds and Emburey. The real big bonus for us was Philip DeFreitas. We knew about Gladstone [Small], we knew about Fozzy [Neil Foster], but Daffy was quite special."
For all England's strength in personnel, Gatting's first notable ally was a coin. "I was glad I lost the toss in Brisbane, because we ended up batting, which we might not have done, and then managed to get through the first day only losing two wickets. We lost another two very early on the following day, but who did we have coming to the crease? Botham and Gower. You couldn't ask for any more than that."
Gower had been earmarked to bat at No 3, but Gatting decided on the first morning that the pair of them should switch. Again, it is a lesson that Flintoff and Fletcher might heed: batting orders need not be set in stone. "I'd been batting [first-wicket down] at Middlesex and was quite happy with it, and David didn't seem to be in good form. You don't protect players like David, but if there was a little less shine on the ball, he would be the ideal one to capitalise on it and at the same time build up his own confidence.
"The other thing was that we caught all our catches. I'm not sure we dropped one in the entire series, and that was very significant.
"This England team has to hold its catches. It's a must. But more than anything, it's about their discipline. That's where the Australians are so strong: Glenn McGrath, for instance, whose bowling is so tidy. But England have talent and courage, and if they're as disciplined as the Australians, I think they'll retain the Ashes."
Twenty years ago, it was Gatting himself on the receiving end of advice from grizzled old-timers. He had been captaining Middlesex for a couple of seasons, and had skippered a Grade Cricket side in Sydney, but leading England out in Brisbane was a different proposition. However, he also had the invaluable pedigree of having played in the 1981 Ashes under the cerebral leadership of Mike Brearley, already a hugely influential mentor at Middlesex.
"When I was about 19, Brears came up to me in the middle of a session and said, 'What do you think?' I said, 'What do you mean?' He said, 'What do you think we should do, who should we bowl next?' He obviously felt I was drifting a bit and wanted me to concentrate more on the game. But more than that, asking me at the age of 19 what did I think we should do, all of a sudden he's got me as a bloke. After that I'll walk through walls for him. And it made think about the game in case he asked me again, so it was clever on two counts. The way he worked with people was phenomenal."
Of Gatting's own merits as a captain, my colleague Angus Fraser has told me that of all the men he played under - among them Gooch, Gower, Mike Atherton and Alec Stewart - "Gatt" was the best. "Work was work and play was play," Fraser summarised. "And he seemed to have a knack of making bowling and field changes at just the right time."
Gatting does not noticeably swoon with pleasure when I pass on Fraser's encomium: one, he is too long in the tooth to submit to flattery, and two, he is too busy spearing some deep-fried courgettes. But he concedes that there were times when he got it right, not least during Australia's second innings in the fourth Test in Melbourne when Allan Border was beginning to cut loose.
"Gladstone Small was bowling and it was a question of, do we have a third slip or a gully? In the end John Emburey went to third slip, and two balls later AB's had a big wind up at it, slashed it hard and only Embers could have caught it, getting up high with his left hand. It was a brilliant catch and, really, that particular wicket was what won the Ashes. I thought that if someone was going to go hard at the ball, it was more likely to go to the slips as there was a bit of bounce in the wicket, and Gladstone was bowling at a goodish pace. It was a hunch. Mike Brearley always said captaincy is about acting on your hunches, not thinking too much about them."
Gatting concedes that, had the current England captaincy been in his gift, he would have given it to Andrew Strauss, not to Flintoff. "Flintoff's like Botham, in that he can play a huge part with both bat and ball, but there's huge responsibility on his shoulders even without the captaincy. Not being captain enabled Beefy to stay out of the spotlight. It gave him time to wind down after a Test match. For that reason I would have given it to Strauss.
"Freddie did a great job in India and he will be fine if the off-field responsibilities are properly shared, giving him plenty of time off. But if not, it will be a problem."
Another potential problem, Gatting thinks, is the relatively little time England have to acclimatise to the fierce Australian summer. "We'd been there almost a month playing warm-up matches and we'd got used to the heat, or at least to dealing with it. It's not the same now. They don't want to be away from home for too long." Gatting says this matter-of-factly, not scornfully, but the charge of namby-pambyism is implied. "Brisbane is very, very humid," he adds, "and there's no hiding from the sun, so the bowlers have to be really well looked after and keep rehydrating. It's tough."
All of which compounds the achievement of 20 years ago, winning in Brisbane by seven wickets. And even more satisfying for Gatting than seeing the English doom-mongers being force-fed humble pie, was seeing the Aussies being hammered by their own media.
"I honestly believed that the Aussies thought that all they would do was turn up, bowl and we would lose. But the response from the Australian press was amazing. They seriously caned their players, I think because they were a little red-faced themselves at having been so confident. Their players never really recovered either, because our boys never really let them. That's another thing you have to do with the Aussies. Once your foot's on their throat you've got to keep it there. That's what we did [drawing the second and third Tests, then winning the fourth to take an unassailable lead] and their press couldn't quite cope with it."
It is nice to think that the Australian press might again be taken unawares by Pommie supremacy these next few weeks, but in a sense the Ashes will begin with the English foot back on Aussie throats. It is still only 14 months since a certain open-top bus tour through Trafalgar Square. On the other hand, memories of the golden summer of 2005 might be as burdensome as they are beautiful for Flintoff and his team. Can they play as well as that again? You have to assume that some of the players are wondering.
Gatting picks out Steve Harmison as a source of particular uncertainty. "I would like to see more consistency from him and the only way he can do that is by doing more work in the nets. When he's consistent he's a match-winner, and I think you can learn consistency."
Might Harmison have benefited by playing more for his county, I wonder? "Well, central contracts have been a good thing, but I think they have tipped the balance too far [away from the counties]. I also think that central contracts should be for players who are fit. I don't think Simon Jones warranted one. What he warranted was support from the ECB, saying, 'We are going to pay all your medical bills. Get yourself fit and as soon as you are fit you can have your contract back'."
And what of a rather slower member of the England attack, Monty Panesar? "I think he's going to be brilliant. I mean, what he has done so far is quite special, really. When was the last time a young spinner went to India, bowled against some of the best players of spin, in their own country on their own pitches, and bowled something like 35 overs, taking 2 for 90? You have to say he is very special. As for his fielding, he's already improved.
"And I think Duncan is good with players who need to improve in certain areas. He challenges them mentally to prove that they can work hard at it." So Gatting does not subscribe to Geoffrey Boycott's belief that Fletcher has had his day? "That's Boycott saying something mischievous to remind us all that's he's still alive and kicking. He's played the game long enough to know that if you've got an Ashes series and World Cup coming up then to sack the coach is suicidal."
By the time the conversation has embraced Shane Warne and his old nemesis Shakoor Rana, the light is fading over Enfield and Gatting needs to get home to prepare himself for a Middlesex groundsmen's dinner at Lord's, at which he is speaking. Will he declare himself too full, after a hefty lunch, to eat dinner? Probably not.
Whatever, the groundsmen are lucky to have him, for he remains one of the most respected England captains of recent times.
And yet, he captained England to victory only twice in 23 Tests. Happily, those two wins came in Brisbane and Melbourne. That's all it takes, Freddie, that's all it takes.
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Today I return to Owarimonogatari, for the inconsistent but ultimately satisfying Shinobu Mail. Stuck at the end of a broadcast run and crunched by SHAFT's generally over-ambitious scheduling, Shinobu Mail definitely suffers in the visual department, but it's still a very rewarding arc in terms of character and theme. Some of the peaks of this arc count among the franchise's peaks in general, Kanbaru's argument with Shinobu and Araragi's phone call with Senjougahara among them. Even in a less consistent arc, it's hard to keep this series down.
You can check out my full review over at ANN, or my episode notes below.


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Boiler Manufacturing Facilities
We are a state of the art industrial boiler manufacturer and when you visit our manufacturing floor, the difference is immediately evident. Everything is clean. Everything is streamlined. Everything is compartmentalized. Everyone is focused on the job they have to do.
In short, if you didn't see the boilers, you wouldn't believe it was a boiler plant.
The reason is simple. As an advanced and innovative company, we are committed to building our facility based on the very latest in proven manufacturing principles.
Stacks in assembly process at the Cushing facility.
We identified and segmented departments, then developed our own processes to bring everything together in the most efficient way possible. There are no "clusters" or crisscrosses – only straight lines and logical transitions. Each department works as a tight team with clearly-defined goals. There is no waste. The results for us? Reduced man hours, higher productivity and happier employees. The results for our customers? Superior quality and incredibly fast delivery times.
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- Hem saw
- Radial drum/tube sheet drill press
- Membrane welder
- Tube bender
- Submerged arc welders
- Iron worker
Cushing, OK Plant
- ASME code certified, high bay
- 68,250 sq. ft. facility
- Three 50-ton cranes in center bay
- Two 20-ton cranes in adjacent bay
- Large Pyramid rolls
- Computer-operated plasma cutting table
- Plate shear
- Press brake
- Hem saw
- Submerged arc welders
- Iron worker


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Web Analysis for Lospogliarello - lospogliarello.com
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lospogliarello.com is 5 months 6 days old. It is a domain having .com extension. This website is estimated worth of $ 8.95 and have a daily income of around $ 0.15. As no active threats were reported recently by users, lospogliarello.com is SAFE to browse.
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|Daily Unique Visitors:
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Estimated Valuation
|Income Per Day:
|$ 0.15
|Estimated Worth:
|$ 8.95
Search Engine Indexes
|Google Indexed Pages:
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|Google Backlinks:
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Safety Information
|Google Safe Browsing:
|No Risk Issues
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Social Engagement
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Website Inpage Analysis
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Websites Hosted on Same IP (i.e. 18.104.22.168)
Noxia Technologies - Home page
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Target: ns20.ovh.net
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Registry Domain ID: 2075043772_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
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5315 $90.00
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The pattern is identified as "Homeric" or "Etruscan" and is derivative of the Aesthetic Movement. It typically has hammered surfaces and irregular shapes, and also incorporates classical figures reminiscent of "Medallion"... Click for details
Cliff Nunn - Antique Silver and Decorative Arts
20170102-01 $65.00
Bruce Cherner Antique Silver
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5286 $145.00
5285 $145.00
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The company was known for its outstanding Art Nouveau designs in both silver and jewelry, and this follows in that mode. The motif incorporates flanking violet blossoms embossed on front and back sides of the lid, with trailing, wispy leaves framing central reserve... Click for details
Cliff Nunn - Antique Silver and Decorative Arts
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Cliff Nunn - Antique Silver and Decorative Arts
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An estate piece dating from the first part of the 20th century, the bottle itself is high quality cut glass fitted with a substantial all silver cap that is 1 1/4" high and 1 7/16" in diameter.... Click for details
Old Friends
2757f $55.00
Other marks include the company name and "lion, anchor, G" emblem, "Sterling," and the model number "60."
While fitting in the "mid century modern" period, and having the clean lines of that category, it is more truly Chippendale in style. It has a repeating rib design that appears beaded on the rim.
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It has a matte finish surface with knurled margins and a bright cut leaf and scroll design.
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Made by Gorham, whose "lion, anchor, G" emblem is stamped on the inside, it is model number "673" which is also imprinted on the interior, along with the word "Sterling."
Dating circa 1880, it is Aesthetic or Eastlake in style, engraved in a pattern that is part foliate and part stylized.
It has a fancy, feathered script, "HMR" monogram.
The... Click for details
Old Friends
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The first factor that stands out is that they are made of solid sterling silver. Grape shears typically have steel cutters, while these are clearly marked on the backside of the lower blade "Howard & Co.," the date "1892," "New York," and "Sterling." To be sure, they do have darkened... Click for details
Old Friends
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This example of his work is a 1 3/4" diameter, 1" high, weighty at just over 1.0 T. oz., napkin ring.
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Buying an electric car?4 February 2016
Originally published by Wayne Cunningham on cnet.com on February 3 2016- http://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/electric-vehicle-buying-guide/
Top picks
Premium: Tesla Model S
With up to 270 miles of range, a variant that hits 60 mph in under 3 seconds and a lithe, attractive body, not only is the Model S an excellent electric car, it competes well with premium gasoline-powered cars.
Affordable: Nissan Leaf
Purpose-built as an electric car, the Nissan Leaf can go up to 107 miles on a charge. It is also widely available, giving it an edge over electrics sold only in a few markets.
The electric car
Despite range inferior to gasoline-powered cars, electric cars are working for the daily-driving lives of a few hundred thousand people in the US. Freedom from gas stations and low running costs are two prime reasons you might want to consider an electric vehicle (EV).
Owning an EV requires changing your range expectations from internal combustion (IC) cars. The Nissan Leaf can go up to 107 miles on a full charge, a much shorter range than the 400 or 500 miles of a typical IC car, but how many trips do you take that are longer than 100 miles? And where you need to hit a gas station to fill up an IC car once or twice a week, charging an EV at home means you have can have full range every morning.
Many major automakers offer an EV model, but many are not available nationwide. A number of models, such as the Chevrolet Spark EV, are only available in states that mandate automakers offer zero emission vehicles. More aggressive EV makers, such as Tesla Motors, offer nationwide sales.
Segment overview
Automakers can fit an electric drivetrain into any type of vehicle, but this nascent market focuses on passenger cars. The range runs from the Tesla Model X, a roomy crossover SUV, down to the Smart Electric Drive, a tiny, two-seater hatchback. Among the middle ground for size, you will find the Mercedes-Benz B-Class and Kia Soul Electric.
A majority of EVs offer seating for five, with room for cargo, following the typical IC-based passenger-car model.
One important factor to consider with body type is whether the EV was built specifically for an electric drivetrain, or whether it was an IC-intended car that was converted into an EV. The Tesla Model S, for example, was designed as an EV, with the entire chassis built to hold its battery pack and drive motors integrated at the axles. As such, the battery pack doesn't intrude in the cabin, and there is no legacy accommodation for an IC drivetrain.
Compare that with the Ford Focus Electric where Ford put an electric motor under the hood to drive the front wheels, and placed the battery pack at the rear, where the gasoline tank would normally fit. Because the Focus wasn't initially designed as an EV, the battery pack intrudes on the cargo space.
Some EVs born of IC designs do better at packaging their electric drivetrains. The subcompact Chevrolet Spark EV offers the same interior space as standard IC Chevrolet Spark.
Power versus fuel economy
Driving an EV is a unique experience, as the accelerator feels more directly in control of the output than with a gasoline engine. Where a gasoline engine turns at an ever-changing ratio relative to the speed of the car, an EV's motor typically delivers a direct connection between your foot on the accelerator and the car's response.
That feeling comes from the much greater energy efficiency of an electric drive, which converts over 90 percent of electricity into kinetic energy. Combustion engines only manage to send about 35 percent of fuel energy to the wheels.
This energy efficiency lets Tesla give certain versions of the Model S acceleration from zero to 60 mph in under 3 seconds, and even the little Chevrolet Spark EV hits 60 in just 7.9 seconds. However, where we are conditioned to think of engine horsepower in traditional cars, the electric motors of EVs aren't really as important as their battery packs.
Automakers measure battery capacity in kilowatt-hours, but you don't need to focus on that specification when shopping for an EV. The estimated range and charging times, both directly related to the battery capacity, are all you really need to know. The Tesla Model S' maximum range of 270 miles has gone unchallenged among current EVs. Tesla achieves that range partly by giving the Model S a huge 85 kilowatt-hour battery pack. That's an expensive investment, but given Tesla's premium pricing, that cost is easier to absorb than less-costly models. More typical of EVs is the Kia Soul Electric, its 27 kilowatt-hour battery giving it an EPA-estimated range of 93 miles.
Unfortunately, lengthy charging times exacerbate EVs' limited range. If you plug a Fiat 500e into a standard 110-volt outlet in your garage, it will take 24 hours to fully charge the batteries. However, plug it into a 240-volt charging station at home and it will only take 4 hours. Charging stations have become relatively cheap and easy to install, plugging into the same power source as a clothes dryer. If you buy an EV, you will also want to get a charging station.
One bright note, on a mile-per-mile basis, electricity costs substantially less than gasoline, although EVs typically cost more to purchase initially than comparable IC cars, even after federal, state and local incentives are factored in.
Tech and safety
Where dashboard touchscreens and navigation come as options in their IC equivalents, EVs often get more advanced dashboard electronics as standard. The Kia Soul Electric benefits from a navigation system that you would have to option up in a standard Soul model. One feature to look for in EV navigation systems is a listing of public charging stations, so you can plug in while shopping or get an emergency boost if you need a few more miles.
The reason automakers give EVs more advanced electronics is partly buyer expectations, catering to a more tech-savvy crowd, and also to enable information displays and controls for the electric drivetrain. Likewise, EVs usually get uniquely designed instrument clusters that show a power usage gauge instead of a traditional tachometer.
One key feature to look for in an EV's dashboard electronics is the option to schedule charging times. The Nissan Leaf lets you plug in the car and set it to begin charging the battery at a specific time, say 1 a.m. to 6 a.m., taking advantage of less expensive off-peak electricity rates.
In addition, many EVs include a telematics service, reporting their charge status over a dedicated data connection. You can access that information through a Web site or smartphone app, and even initiate charging remotely.
As with other new cars, expect EVs to offer USB ports connected to the stereo and Bluetooth hands-free phone systems as standard.
Driver assistance features are of limited availability among EVs today, having much to do with the limited number of models. However, not only can the Tesla Model S be had with systems that keep it in its lane and maintain distance from slower traffic ahead, it also proved incredibly durable in crash tests, achieving five-star ratings for every National Highway Safety Transport Agency category.
Top EV picks
The undisputed king of the EV set, and an exceptional car compared with its gasoline-powered competition, is the Tesla Model S. Designed from the ground up as an electric vehicle, the Model S takes advantage of its cabin space, offering seating for five plus two optional third-row child seats. A large tablet-style LCD in the center of the dashboard shows connected features such as music apps, Google Maps and even a browser, while range comes in at up to 270 miles for the top model. But at a base price of $70,000 before incentives, the Model S is aimed at well-heeled buyers. As an alternate, the $50,000 Mercedes-Benz B-Class uses a Tesla-sourced electric drivetrain and retains premium brand cache, but has limited regional availability.
For a more affordable option, we suggest the Nissan Leaf, at a base price of $30,000. Nissan has been very aggressive in marketing the Leaf, entering the market before other EV offerings. While the base model only offers 84 miles of range, it can be optioned up to 107 miles, and it comes with DC fast-charging capability. To be honest, we also like the Kia Soul Electric and Chevrolet Spark EV as more affordable electric cars, but our pick goes to the Leaf because it is available nationwide.
Watch for the Chevrolet Bolt, introduced in January of 2016. It promises 200 miles of range and a price around $38,000 before incentives. If its specs hold true, it will likely replace the Leaf as our affordable pick.
You may get sticker shock looking at the manufacturer prices of EVs, especially compared with equivalent-sized IC cars. However, the federal government offers a tax incentive of up to $7,500, and some states offer their own tax reductions and perks. In California, solo-driven EVs get to use carpool lanes, which can greatly reduce commute times.


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Herringbone 270cm x 180cm Rug - Grey
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Brighten up any space with a quality contemporary rug at a price you won't be able to ignore! Featuring a durable, non-allergenic and sustainable design, this is one home addition you won't regret!
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- Materials: 100% sisal
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We've recently had eczema awareness week and now we have eczema awareness month which gives us much more time to raise awareness for this dreadful skin complaint that is not contagious and not curable. All through the month of October the National Eczema Association is working hard to raise awareness about Eczema with various activities and publicity. You too can help, let us show that we care! Spreading the Word The aim for eczema awareness month is to spread the word as far and wide as … [Read more...]
October is Eczema Awareness Month
October 2, 2013 by Leave a Comment


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Boca is becoming one of America's Great Cities
We are all building it together. Our contribution is the opening of GourmetPhile, a gorgeous new gourmet store that takes fine food to the next level. For those who find joy in sublime tastes, we offer:
– Petrossian, the preeminent caviar
– Kusmi of Paris, the finest tea in the world
– a selection of world award winning cheeses you can't find anywhere else
– expertly curated wines picked with food pairings in mind
– high level tastings with highly regarded sommeliers
– the most beautiful and the most delicious chocolates in the world
– the finest European sausages and hams, rich pates, salmon, spreads and chutneys
– gift baskets to die for – build one from anything in the store, with floral accents!
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text: Restaurants Hot Deals Member To Member Deals Narrow search by: Keyword: Results Found: 35 View On Map new search Sort by: A-Z Print Contact these Businesses 30Boltwood Exceptional Amherst dining offering farm-to-table cuisine and farm-fresh local ingredients. Indoor and outdoor seating and private rooms available for a preferable environment to all. 30 Boltwood Ave. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 835-2011 Rafters Rafters is a family friendly dining restaurant and Sports Bar. 422 Amity St. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 549-4040 Yankee Candle Village Stroll through the Bavarian Christmas Village, the Nutcracker Castle, and our home store. Enjoy fabulous candles, home decor and holiday shopping. Savor freshly-made fudge and other sweet treats in our fudge shop. Dip your own candles and watch history brought to life in our candlemaking museum. Open daily, 10-6. Come for the candles, stay for the fun! 25 Greenfield Rd. South Deerfield, MA 01373 Map (877) 636-7707 Chandler's Restaurant at Yankee Candle Village Valley's ''Most romantic restaurant!'' Lunch, dinner, excellent wine cellar. 25 Greenfield Rd. South Deerfield, MA 01373 (877) 636-7707 Ginger Garden The finest of Chinese and Japanese cuisines, featuring authentic Chinese dishes. We also have a separate dining room perfect for large parties. 351 Northampton Rd. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 256-6666 Johnny's Tavern Casual restaurant featuring farm to table product. Able to accommodate small functions in private dining area. 30 Boltwood Walk Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 230-3818 Paradise of India North Indian Cuisine. 87 Main St. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 256-1067 TOP Kabab Kebabs are the most popular traditional food in Iran and between Persians. Here in TOP Kabab we try to deliver you the best Persian Kabab experience. 35 Boltwood Walk Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 253-2000 Hangar Pub & Grill Boned/Boneless wings, wraps, salads, sandwiches, ribs and beverages. Call in or eat in! 181D University Dr. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 549-9464 The Taste Thai Cuisine Serving authentic Thai food in the place you can call ''Thai home.'' 25 N. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 256-5421 Hillside Pizza Restaurant specializing in organic and local foods, Whole Sale Catering; Raising funds for our community through our Fundraising Program. 173 Russell St. Hadley, MA 01035 Map (413) 585-0003 Chez Albert Chez Albert in now open at our new location at 178 North Pleasant Street in Amherst MA, right down the road from the old location. 178 N. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 253-3811 Judie's Restaurant Popovers, creative, eclectic, American fare, kid's menu, full liquor. 51 N. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 253-3491 Bread & Butter 68 Cowls Rd. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 230-3123 El Comalito We specialize in authentic, homemade Mexican & Salvadorian food from our kitchen to your table! Outside/inside diningOur food is available for takeout or delivery. We look forward to serving you! 460 West St. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 259-9999 Esselon Cafe Specials are prepared fresh dailyMany ingredients from local and organic farmersSeasonal specialties like ice creamMany vegetarian and vegan friendly menu optionsKids menu optionsIndoor and outd 99 Russell St. Hadley, MA 01035 Map (413) 585-1515 Bueno Y Sano The best burritos anywhere! 1 Boltwood Walk Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 253-4000 BridgeSide Grille Pub, Grille, Soups, Sandwiches, Entrees, Salads, appetizers, Local ingredients, full bar, outdoor seating and patio. 9 Amherst Rd. Sunderland, MA 01375 Map (413) 397-8101 Sunset Grill & Pizza 150 Fearing Street Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 835-0568 Goten of Japan 104 Old Amherst Road Sunderland, MA 01375 Map (413) 665-3628 The Pub Family friendly restaurant, serving lunch, dinner, and Sunday Brunch. The Pub's menu offers Award Winning Burgers, Seafood, Fresh Salads, Weekly Specials, and Prime Rib on Fridays. 15 E. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 549-1200 Bruno's Pizza pizza restaurant delivery or take out amherst ma 01002 363 Main St. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 256-0222 Bistro 63 at the Monkey Bar Local Mediterranean, French, Nouvelle Cuisine in the center of Amherst, MA. 63 N. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 259-1600 The Works Bakery Cafe We believe that when we buy good, healthy vegetables, meat and dairy products it creates demand that helps family farmers do more business. And that's better business for us all. 48 N. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 835-0561 Panda East Chinese, sushi bar. 103 N. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 256-8923 Antonio's Pizza Antonio's offers pizza by the slice from a large variety in downtown Amherst. 31 N. Pleasant St. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 253-0808 Lumber Yard Restaurant Located in the heart of the Emily Dickinson Historic District, serving an inviting array of American contemporary cuisine. 383 Main St. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 253-4200 Lhasa Cafe Authentic Tibetan cooking. 159 Main St. Northampton, MA 01060 (413) 586-5427 Osteria Vespa Cuisines of Northern Italy and the Mediterranean 28 Amity Street 1G Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 230-3194 The University Club & Restaurant UMass Amherst's fine dining eatery. 243 Stockbridge Rd. Amherst, MA 01003 (413) 545-2551 The Lord Jeffery Inn The Lord Jeffery Inn invites you to make your reservation now for your New England wedding, social event, meeting, vacation, or campus visit. Join us as we celebrate our past and embrace our future at our Amherst, Massachusetts Inn. 30 Boltwood Ave. Amherst, MA 01002 Map (413) 256-8200 Amherst Brewing Co., Inc. A full-service brewpub located in Amherst, MA. A variety of brews is offered including seasonal, current regulars, and cask offerings. The ABC has pool tables, a full kitchen, large bar and plenty of restaurant seating. The menu has traditional pub fare to unusual, and also includes vegetarian and gluten-free options as well. Brewery tours can be made by appointment. 10 University Dr. Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 253-4400 Mi Tierra 206 Russell St. Hadley, MA 01035 (413) 478-2228 Texas Roadhouse 280 Russell Street Hadley, MA 01002 (413) 584-0100 Taste of Persian Kabab, LLC 31 Boltwood Walk Amherst, MA 01002 8609774759 Business Directory Events Calendar Hot Deals Member To Member Deals Job Postings Contact Us Weather