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Earmark Grant Evaluation: An Introduction and Overview May 2005 Presented by: Nancy Hewat, Senior Project Manager Public Policy Associates, Inc. 119 Pere Marquette Drive Lansing, Michigan 48912-1231 (517) 485-4477 www.publicpolicy.com
Presentation Topics uThe evaluation requirement for earmark grants uEvaluation overview – or – "Where's the upside?" uPlanning the evaluation uLogic modeling uThe evaluation process for earmark grants Please don't hold your questions!
The Evaluation Requirement
Each grantee must … uConduct or commission an evaluation uSubmit evaluation plan uUse the evaluation template uSubmit evaluation report shortly after completion of project activities
Evaluation Overview – or – "Where's the upside?"
Evaluation is a mindset … uWe are all evaluators uEvaluation is continuous uEvaluation looks forward, not just backward uInvolves organizational learning uMeans people working together
Program evaluation is... uThe systematic collection of information about the subject of the evaluation uUsed to make decisions about organization's or program's: 4 Creation 4 Improvement 4 Effectiveness
Evaluation allows you to examine... uWhat's working well uWhat is not uHow to improve There is no bad news, only news!
evaluation showing results improve program/ project quality (learning from experience) futurepastpresent Evaluation looks in two directions
Evaluation requires comparison... 4of the same group over time pre- and post-tests trends in community-level data 4of two comparable groups l at one point in time l over time 4of your group to a larger group l county compared to state
Our Approach: Utilization-Focused Evaluation uFocuses on intended uses and intended users uIs inherently participatory and collaborative by actively involving primary intended users in all aspects of the evaluation uLeads to ongoing, longer-term commitment to using evaluation logic and building a culture of learning in a program or organization
Benefits of Evaluation uProgram/organizational improvement uAccountability to funders and others uPlanning uProgram description for stakeholders uPublic relations uFund raising uPolicy decision making Evaluation has lots of upside!
Planning the Evaluation
Elements of the Evaluation Plan uWho conducts the evaluation? 4Internal or external? 4Experienced or novice? uWhen do they do it? 4Along the way or after the fact? uHow much do they do? 4The level of intensity must fit the project 4Too much diverts resources, too little leaves unanswered questions uWhat exactly do they do? 4Six major steps
Evaluation Steps 1. Specify goals2. Establish measures 3. Collect data 4. Analyze data 5. Prepare reports 6. Improve project
Step 1: Specify Goals uThinking about goals 4What are you trying to accomplish? 4What would success look like? 4What is the difference between the current state of affairs and what you are trying to create? uExample of a goal statement: "Increase incomes of low-income families in the region through training for entry-level jobs that have career ladders leading to good jobs."
Step 2: Establish Measures uDetermine performance measures 4Must be quantifiable 4Data must be available, reliable, and valid uExamples of measures: Process: Number of trainees Outcome: Skill and credential gains Impact: Wage increases and promotions
Step 3: Collect Data uIdentify data sources, such as: 4Administrative records 4Surveys, interviews, focus groups 4Observation uGather data 4Design the instruments and procedures for collection 4Conduct data collection periodically uRecord data 4Organize data 4Create data base 4Verify data Remember the measures!
Step 4: Analyze and Interpret Data uSort and sift: organize data for interpretation 4Cross tabs 4Modeling uConduct data analysis to look for: 4Changes over time 4Progress relative to goals or standards 4Differences between groups uTest preliminary interpretation This is the most creative step.
Step 5: Prepare Reports uDetermine reporting schedule uReport preliminary findings to key stakeholders and other audiences uGather reactions uIncorporate reactions uFinalize reporting products Different audiences need different types of reports.
Step 6: Improve Project uDeliver reporting products internally uFacilitate strategic and operational planning uImprove processes and results A good evaluation will be more valuable to you than to DOL!
Logic Modeling
Does the project hang together? uAre the expected outcomes realistic? uAre there enough resources? uDo the customers like the product? uDoes the organization have the right skills? Logic models help answer these questions.
A Simple Logic Model Things needed to run the project: People, stuff, money, etc. What you do: Market, recruit, design, train, place, etc. Direct results of activities: Training completers, credentials awarded, etc. Changes caused by the project: Jobs, wages, promotions, etc. InputsActivitiesOutputsOutcomes
Logic Models Focus on Outcomes Mission Concise statement of purpose Goal Broad statement of desired outcome Objective Measurable statement of an expected outcome over a period of time Performance Measures Ongoing quantitative indicators of objective outcome achievement
The Evaluation Process for Earmark Grants
Use the DOL Tools u"The Essential Guide for Writing an Earmark Grant Proposal" u"Evaluation Template for Earmark Grantees" (to be provided later)
Earmark Grant Evaluation: An Introduction and Overview May 2005 Presented by: Nancy Hewat, Senior Project Administrator Public Policy Associates, Inc. 119 Pere Marquette Drive Lansing, Michigan 48912-1231 (517) 485-4477 www.publicpolicy.com
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Word of the week: train-spotter
1 n a person whose hobby is to, well, spot trains. They stand in railway stations or on bridges and note down the types and serial numbers of any trains that go past. I was fortunate enough to be in Reading Station one afternoon while a train-spotting convention was in town; the place was a sea of bright yellow reflective jackets and they had video cameras set up on each platform. Perhaps it's a social thing. Anyway, the term was made a household one by Irvine Welsh's excellent book, Trainspotting, which is not about spotting trains. 2 n nerd. Stemming directly from the prior definition, this word has come to mean anyone who is a little too engrossed in one particular none-too-interesting subject, and probably a virgin.
Weekly Word
Get a British word a week in your inbox. Amaze your friends. Offend your relatives.
There's a book!
Of course there's a book. You should find out more about it somehow. If only there was a way.

subset: commoncrawl


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Senior Accountant
Finance | Redwood City, CA | Temporary
Turn delivers real-time insights that transform the way leading advertising agencies and marketers make decisions. Our cloud applications and Internet-scale architecture work together to provide a complete picture of customers, execute cross-channel campaigns, and connect with a worldwide ecosystem of over 100 partners. Turn is headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in Amsterdam, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Hamburg, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney and Sao Paolo. For more information, visit turn.com or follow @turnplatform.
Interested in what it's like to work at Turn? Listen to what our employees have to say at: http://www.turn.com/working-at-turn/
The Senior Accountant is responsible for providing systematic support in the Fixed Assets, Inter-company transactions, month-end close, and fluctuation and actual versus budget analyses. The qualified person should be detail-oriented and able to prioritize tasks in a face-paced environment. Providing these services in an effective and efficient manner and ensure reports are accurate and up to date.
- Primary responsibility is to prepare financial processing and supporting schedules for fixed assets,
Inter-company monthly close procedures
- Analyze operating and prepaid expenses to ensure they are recorded appropriately on a monthly basis
- Prepare monthly account reconciliations
- Assist with analyzing financial statements on a monthly basis and report on variances
- Assist with financial and statutory tax filings
- Assist with preparing tax returns and corporate reporting requirements
- Assist in documentation and monitoring of internal controls
- Other projects as assigned
- Bachelor's or higher degree in Accounting or Finance
- Strong understanding of accounting theory
- 5+ years accounting/finance experience; CPA a plus, but not required
- Experience in the digital advertising industry preferred
- Highly detail oriented and organized in work
- Ability to meet assigned deadlines
- Excellent communication and interpersonal skills with a customer service focus
- Ability to act and operate independently with minimal daily direction from manager to accomplish objectives
- Proficiency with email and Microsoft Office applications, excellent Excel skills
- Ability to work cooperatively and collaboratively with all levels of employees, management, and external agencies to maximize performance, creativity
- Major ERP system experiences required. Microsoft Dynamics Great Plains, Oracle E Business Suite 12, FRx reporting experiences a plus.
Location: Redwood City Office
In addition to our great environment, we offer a competitive base salary, bonus program, stock options, employee development programs and other comprehensive benefits. Please send a cover letter along with your resume when applying to the position of interest located at Turn.com. We are an Equal Opportunity Employer. No phone calls and no recruiting agencies, please.


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Ibis Paris Gennevilliers
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Restaurant
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Bar/lounge
- Pets allowed
Photos of Ibis Paris Gennevilliers
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- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
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- Pets allowed
TripAdvisor Reviews Ibis Paris Gennevilliers
Travel Blogs from Gennevilliers
Week 2
... work so I caught the bus over to the Marais to buy some tea from Dammann in the Place des Vosges. A really beautiful shop with a huge selection is tea. Three different types for 45 euro ($70!!) and a walk back to hotel de Ville to catch the bus home for a little rest before we went out. Caroline (Tim and Steph's daughter) 30th. A little surprise party at Paolo's about 20 odd friends and family and a Methuselah of champagne to kick things off. ...
The pickpocket incident
... won't work later in this story, but for now, trust me. Found the steps up to the church pretty easily (follow the crowds) and decided to take the funiculaire, to save my toe the stress. Waited through about three trains until there was room. The train just before mine had two teenage boys in it when it came back down who got off on the entrance side and then proceeded to squeeze back into the train with the others. It was completely obvious what they were up to; you ...
Rough night. Rainy morning but Paris still looks great in the rain. Spent all morning booking my seat on the Eurostar. Had to use my Visa card eventually as the Cash Passport didn't seem to work. No sign of my free ticket so I will try and remember to ask on the train. Went out to see Notre Dame using my pretty new umbrella. A long queue as usual, but ...
What a difference a day makes
... the super markets in foreign countries. The French freshly squeeze their orange juice on site and buy it in containers that way. The cheese .... Omg the cheese. Amazing. We stocked up on a few bits and pieces and as per usual went a bit overboard with the food. Had some delicious banana and Nutella crepes from one of the street side creperies that are everywhere with their gigantic jars of Nutella on ...
Eurostar to Paris
... were horribly crowded but we ended up at the correct station. The station was huge and was inside a shopping mall. Rhonda finally found a sortee (exit) and it was luckily the correct one. We had a very short walk to the flat. It is on the 5th floor of a walkup. We made a short trip around the block to get our bearings and had some pizza. Now doing a little laundry after Rhonda found some directions ...


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Where the hell did the antimatter come from? That's what atmospheric scientist Joseph Dwyer has been trying to figure out for the past six years, after his research plane accidentally flew through a thunderstorm into a cloud of antimatter in 2009. He's planning to do more research on thunderstorms. http://goo.gl/bybWGB #tech
More from


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Need a group/meeting discount? Request a group rate for Pulaski TN
With a stay at Home2 Suites by Hilton Huntsville/Research Park Area. AL in Huntsville, you'll be convenient to Bridge Street Town Centre and Sci-Quest North Alabama Science Center.


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Great women of our own time
Thérèse of Lisieux
Doctor of the Universal Church
On October 19, 1997, St. Thérèse of Lisieux was officially declared a Doctor of the Church. This recognition of Thérèses soundness as a teacher has consequences for the ordination of women. For St. Thérèse had a profound longing to be a priest and so, implicitly, gave testimony to her deep Catholic sense that women too can and should be ordained.
It is well known that Thérèse ardently desired to be a priest. In her Story of a Soul we hear her make this beautiful prayer to Jesus:
Moreover, this was not just a passing wish. It was something that had become part of her inner spiritual life. Among the testimonies from the process of her beatification there is a long and detailed statement by her sister, Sr. Céline Martin, in which she declares that Thérèse never abandoned her conviction that she was called to be a priest.
Angela Selawa
|She was born in Poland in 1891. When she was 16 she moved into a home in Cracow as a domestic servant. She became a Francisan tertiary. She was active in evangelising the family she lived with and her fellow servants in the area. During the war she served in a hospital, attending and comforting the injured soldiers. She died in 1922.
Anna Inguscio
|She was born from Swiss parents in Catania, Italy, in 1938. She married Marcello. Anna was a Protestant but through her husband became a Catholic. Together they looked after handicapped people. They opened their house to seriously ill people, the poor, the paralytic and the homeless, who received shelter in their home. She died in 1986.
|social carer
Carla Ronci
|Born in 1936, in Torre Pedrena, she was 15 when she met a group of Ursuline nuns who looked after abandoned children. She became a seamstress and was involved in Catholic Action in her town. She tried her vocation as a religious, but fell ill. She returned home and spent her life teaching sewing and involved in Catholic Action.
Carolina Palladini
|She was born into a poor family in St Lorenzo, Italy, in 1895. She did not have a proper education. She married and desired children, but did not have any. She was inspired by the Spirit of St Francis. She discovered that some children were too poor to make their First Holy Communion, so she made it her lifes work to provide for them.
Edel Quinn
|She was born at Greenane, County Cork, Ireland in 1907. She had a very happy childhood. She took a job as a secretary at a tile works. She was going to enter the Poor Clares, but she developed tuberculosis. She knew she would not live long, but became a member of the Legion of Mary and went to work in Africa where she died in 1944.
Elisabeth Tasca Serena
|She was born in northern Italy in 1899 to poor farm labourers. She married and had twelve children. She had to work hard in the fields as well as bringing up her children. Whenever possible she found time for daily Mass and for prayers. She educated herself in her later years. She wrote hundreds of letters with spiritual advice. She died in 1978.
Fiorella Bianchi
|Fiorella's life spanned the great depression and the Second World War (1930-1954). Earning her keep as a secretary, she studied theology privately. She touched many people's lives by the centres she set up for Christian Girls and for Christian Mothers. After the war she organised food distribution to the poor and relief for the evacuees.
Gianna Molla
|Born in 1922 at Magenta, Italy, Gianna was involved in Catholic Action. She became a medical doctor. She specialised in looking after mothers and children. She married and had four children. Her final delivery in 1962 produced a life-threatening situation. She chose not to have an abortion and died as a consequence.
Hildegard Burjan
|Doctor in Philosophy & Economics, and married with one child, Hilde settled in Vienna (1883-1933). She converted to Catholicism and founded Caritas Socialis which revolutionised social apostolate. It provided shelter for the homeless, day clinics, employment agencies for the poor, convalescent homes and support for unmarried mothers.
Josefa Girbes
|She was born in Algemesi, in Spain in 1820. Well versed in the art of embroidery, she privately studied faith and spirituality. She started a project to teach young girls the art of embroidery, while also guiding them in their spiritual life. Her workshop grew out to provide both practical skills and spiritual formation for future mothers. She died at 71.
Madeleine Delbrel
|Born into a middle class atheist family in 1904, she found God at the age of twenty by reading and prayer. In Paris she became an active supporter of Mission de France, an attempt to evangelise men and women labourers. She won awards for her poetry and writing. She formed a Gospel community of laywomen dedicated to work among the poor.
Maria Carolina Scampone
|Maria was born near Naples in 1887. She married and had five children. Her husband died. As a widow living in utter poverty, she supported her family by doing menial and casual work. She suffered great hardship trying to help her children find their way. During World War II, the Germans put her in a concentration camp. She always thought of other people first. She died in 1951.
Marianna Biernacka
|Marianna, born in Czokalo in 1888, was a farmers wife who had two children. When German soldiers in 1943 arrested her son Stanislaw and daughter-in-law Anna to execute them in retaliation for the death of German soldiers in a nearby village, she asked the soldiers to allow her to take Annas place since she was pregnant. They agreed. Marianna and her son were shot.
Marica Stankovik
|She was born in 1900 in Zagreb. She came from a good family and throughout her youth she was involved in Catholic organisations. She became the President of the Union of Croatian Female Youth. She was also a great writer and encouraged others to deepen their understanding of their faith. For this she was imprisoned by the communists.
social leader
Matilde Salem
|She was born into a wealthy family at Aleppo in 1904 She married but had no children. Her husband died at an early age and she devoted herself and her wealth to the service of others. She gave her home away and became involved in every form of charity and social reform, ranging from the Red Cross to the support of young delinquents.
Edith Stein
|Edith had a brilliant mind She was awarded her PhD title Summa Cum Laude. Born of Jewish parents she became interested in Catholicism. After her conversion, Edith spent her days teaching, lecturing, writing and translating. She joined the Carmelites in 1935. She was arrested by the Nazis and sent to the gas chambers in Auschwitz in 1942.
Pauline Vanier
|She was born to wealth in Montreal, in 1887. She was well educated and married her husband George in 1888. They had four children. They were a deeply spiritual couple. During the War she worked for the Red Cross. Her husband became Governor General of Canada, but she gave her whole life to helping others.
Rosa Giovannetti
|She was born in 1896. She was an exceptional cello player, giving concerts all over Italy. During the First World War she cared for migrants and fugitives. She established an organisation named the Circle of the Female Youth of Catholic Action. She also worked as a catechist. In her final years she suffered terribly through ill health till she died in 1929.
Rose Prince
|Rose (1915-1949) belonged to an Indian Tribe known as the Carrier Nation. Her father was a chief of the clan. Through a childhood accident her back was damaged and she was deformed. When she finished school she stayed on with the sisters working for them. She was taken ill and died of tuberculosis. Her body was exhumed and found to be perfectly preserved.
for her
Satoko Kitahara
|Satoko was born in Tokyo (1929-1958). During the war she became a worker at the Nakajima aircraft factory. She became a Christian and dedicated herself to serving the poor in a shanty village called Ant Town. She would collect junk and other rubbish and then sell it to provide money and food for the poor. She died among her special people.
Victoria Diez de Molina
|She was born in Spain in 1903. From early youth she exhibited talents at painting. She decided to become a teacher. She joined the Teresian Association and put her Catholic faith into action as a teacher. She set up a Catholic Action group. During the Spanish Civil War she was taken away by the communists and executed by shooting (1936).
and martyr
Victorina Rivara-Perazzo
|Born in Buenos Aires in 1867, she married Rafael Perazzo when she was 19 years old. They had three children. Victorina was a good wife, but when her husband died she embraced a more simple life style modelled on Don Bosco. She worked with the poor and especially with children. She used her wealth to establish schools for the poor children. She died in 1957.
Virginia Blanco
|Virginia began life in Cochabamba in 1916. In spite of her family being rich and well established, she focused her energies on helping others. She was a gifted religious education teacher in a number of local highschools. She established soup kitchens in her own home, for the poor. She founded the Womans Youth Action and became president of the diocesan council. Died 1990.
Wilhelmina Ronconi
|She was born in Pesaro in 1864. Her parents died when she was still a minor, but her guardian sent her to the best schools. She became a teacher. She was interested in the welfare of blind students. She was a poet and writer. All her life was devoted to helping others to grow in faith but also to bettering themselves through education. Died 1936.
|Why sponsor a 'saint'?
|What do we mean with 'saints'?
|The rationale of our sponsorship scheme
|What do you gain by sponsoring a 'saint'?
|What is the procedure of sponsoring?
This website is maintained by the Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research.
The Institute is known for issuing academic reports and statements on relevant issues in the Church.
Dear visitor, you are welcome to use our material. However: building up and maintaining this site costs money. We are a Charity and work mainly with volunteers, but find it difficult to pay our overheads. Please, become a Friend or support us with a donation. Also, as some of you recommended to us, we are exploring how to generate income by advertising. Please, support us in this effort and send us your suggestions.
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We were gaga for gold in our March fashion shoot, and now we're hunting down the accessories and items to get the look.
See also: 13 Fun Accessories For Art Week
Get more fashion picks in your inbox and sign up to our weekly newsletter.
See also: Shop The Shoot: The Gold & The Glamorous


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What would life be like without a toilet?
Wednesday, July 10th, 2013
After helping NI Water support World Toilet Day back in November and finding out just what life would be like without a toilet, Primary Five pupils from Windsor Hill Primary School in Newry were inspired to raise £300 for WaterAid.
This will help to support the many people across the world that don't have a safe place to go to the toilet.
NI Water's Outreach and Learning Officer, Anna Marshall explained, "Living in Northern Ireland we all take clean, safe toilets for granted. But for many, the reality is very different.
"Approximately 2.5 billion people across the world don't have access to adequate sanitation resulting in the spread of disease and pollution.
She added, "The money raised by the pupils of Windsor Hill will go a long way in helping WaterAid to invest in improving sanitation for some of the poorest communities in which they work."
Would you like to advertise your business on Newry Times and reach thousands of people every day? Contact the Newry Times office on 028 4062 6520 or email Paul: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Brady 113290, Legend: Chevron Symbol (Pack of 10 pcs)
Sorry, this item is no longer available.
Search our site to find another great deal. But hurry! With our low prices, we sell out fast!
Please note: BLINQ sells products in multiple conditions (new, open box, refurbished, etc). Not all reviews are reflective of the condition that you may purchase.
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- Retailer needs to move overstock, open box & refurbished inventory.
- BLINQ receives inventory and professionally inspects each item.
- Condition is determined, with only the best items passing inspection.
- Item is heavily discounted on BLINQ.com to sell quickly.


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Cultivators have been chopping down swaths of woodland to make space for more natural product trees in the condition of Michoacan, the world's avocado capital.
"The sniffling doesn't stop when they are treating," said Carmona, a stocky 36-year-old mother of two who works at a little supermarket in Jujucato, a town in the heart of avocado land.
In the 15 years that Salvador Sales has been educating in Jujucato, he has seen his understudies catch increasingly breathing and stomach issues.
"We trust this is brought about by the items used to shower the avocado plantations," said Sales, who trusts that the wind blows the compound vapor into the homes of his understudies.
Around 40 percent of the world's avocados are developed in Mexico, and the majority of those originate from the range around Jujucato and Lake Zirahuen.
Avocados involve nearly 137,000 hectares (340,000 sections of land) of land in Michoacan, as per state government figures.
Half of those plantations were planted in timberlands after the land was purchased through questionable legitimate means, as per Jaime Navia, leader of a rustic innovation NGO called Gira.
Deforestation is developing at a pace of 2.5 for each penny for each year, as indicated by Gira.
Mild climate in the district takes into account year-round development of avocado, a natural product that started in Mexico and is stacked with vitamins, proteins and solid fats.
While there is a solid nearby request, generation has taken off alongside the avocado's regularly developing worldwide offer, and woodlands have paid the cost.
Specialists caution that the chemicals utilized as a part of mountain plantations might spill down into ground water, streams, waterways and lakes, and hence bringing on diseases among the populace.
Alberto Gomez Tagle, a specialist on nature in the Lake Zirahuen area, which incorporates Jujucato, said numerous groups that depend on the lake water may as of now be experiencing the impacts of concoction spillover.
One lakeside town approached specialists for help when occupants started to experience the ill effects of liver and kidney issues that did not exist until "the avocado plantations extended and a wide range of pesticides were utilized," Gomez Tagle said.
Authorities and a few makers are endeavoring to end the development of plantations in woodlands.
Since August, powers have recouped 100 hectares of land and confined many individuals working in fields that had attacked backwoods.
A mark is being made for avocados sold in stores with the goal that buyers can distinguish those from plantations that don't hurt the earth.
Avocados had their first "blast" in the 1970s, however generation truly took off in an uncontrolled route into the woods in 2000, said Navia of Gira.
Outside interest for avocados have become reliably in the previous decade, particularly from the United States - Mexico's greatest exchange accomplice - and nations like Japan, as per central government figures.
In 2003, avocado fares came to about $60million (£48million), an assume that shot up to $1.5billion (£1.2billion) by 2015. Avocado deals to Japan went from $40million (£32million) to $106million (£85million) in a similar day and age.
Michoacan has been known as of late for grisly conflicts between opponent medication groups, which have additionally moved into the avocado exchange, authorities said.
A portion of the avocado agriculturists that attacked the backwoods are 'sorted out wrongdoing' individuals, a state government official told AFP, focusing on that the powers had recovered some of that land.
There are even avocados developed as high as 2,600 meters (8,500 feet) above ocean level, "despite the fact that they aren't that beneficial," said Navia.
One hectare of avocados creates by and large around $5,400 (£4,300) every year.
Mexican avocado packers as of late went on strike for a couple days to dissent the low pay they were getting this season, which ranges from between $1.8 (£1.45) and $2.6 (£2.08) per kilo.
The brief strike brought about a worldwide avocado value climb.


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Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC)
Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC) is insurance to assist international students meet the costs of medical and hospital care which they may need while in Australia. OSHC also includes ambulance cover and limited pharmaceutical reimbursements..
It is a student visa requirement that students must obtain Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC) for the proposed duration of their student visa.
The International Office will organise OSHC for overseas students arriving in Melbourne, following acceptance of course and payment of OSHC fees. This will be stated on the offer letter provided by Melbourne Polytechnic.
Medibank Private is the preferred OSHC provider for Melbourne Polytechnic. Further information about Medibank Private OSHC can be found at www.medibank.com.au/oshc
Maintained by Web Developer and Administrator, M&CC.
Last Modified: 12th August 2015


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Millionaire investors are very bullish on overseas markets and continue to have faith in the US economy. » Read More
By: Nick Penzenstadler | Steve Reilly | John Kelly
Trump's companies own more than 400 condo units and home lots whose sale could steer millions of dollars to Trump, according to USA Today. » Read More
By: Kathleen Elkins
"It was pretty anti-climatic," says Chris Reining. » Read More
By: Robert Frank
Home sales softened in Palm Beach during the first quarter, but nearby markets got stronger. » Read More
Reverse mortgages help seniors stay in homes and cut expenses and are more flexible than mortgages or equity loans.
Windfall? Go slow, work with experts, figure out how much you can spend and then stay on track.
Annuities often get a bad rap. Here's a primer on the pros and cons of these retirement-income vehicles.


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buckthorne, King George, Virginia
buckthorne, King George, Virginia 22485 - final 5 lots of 42 originally,,price of 150,000 is package of all 5 lots, ,lots 10, 42, 36, 33, 32...
Listing Courtesy of American Realty & Land Co., Inc.
"We've worked with Debbie Dogrul Associates twice to buy and sell our homes over the last 5 years. It is amazing how quick they can sell your home and find the one you always dreamed of, no matter what the market is doing. Their professionalism, responsiveness, and customer service is off the charts. I would never use another realtor in the Northern Virginia area."


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Brookline GROWN
"More than 50% of our food comes from a 7-mile radius" they boast on their website. A great little store to get a wide variety of local items, including all of Cauldron's products!
Volante Farm Store
Needham, MA
Farm Fresh Produce and Local Foods
Volante Farm is a fully functioning local farm with a wide array of homegrown produce. Their store is spectacular with shelves and shelves of local products, homemade items like pies, sandwiches, and salads, and on top of that they have a wonderful selection of local and craft beers as well as fine wines. Don't miss your chance to grab a jar of Cauldron food and check out all the wonderful things they have to offer.
Siena Farm Store
South End, Boston; Boston Public Market
Local Produce Available in Boston
Siena Farm store sells the produce from their local farm in Sudbury. They also sell local products such as Cauldron Fermented Foods! Find them in either of their two locations in the South End, or at Boston's fantastic new Boston Public Market near haymarket, where you can find all sorts of wonderful local foods.
Boston Public Market
Siena Farm Store, South End, Boston
Milk and honey
Salem, ma
Local Foods for the North Shore
This lovely store carries a wide variety of local and green products, including of course Cauldron Fermented Foods! If you are north of Boston don't miss out on this shop!
Simpson Spring Bottling Co.
Easton, MA
America's Oldest Bottling Company
Simpson Spring is a family owned and operated company that provides pure bottled spring water and all-natural hand-mixed soda in a variety of classic flavors. The Spring itself dates back to 6000 BC according to their website. And they were the first to realize the potential of bottling this special resource. Now they sell not only their own products but a variety of local products, including Cauldron! This wonderful place is worth a trip for a tour or for a farmer's market!
Wildflower Pantry
Brighton, MA
Local Products in Boston
Wildflower pantry offers a nice variety of local products, including Cauldron products! Stop in for a cup of coffee and browse the shelves for unique and delicious products to inspire your cooking!


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Mandarin Oriental, Kuala Lumpur, features stylish rooms with iPod docks and DVD players. The hotel offers an infinity pool and 10 dining options. It has tennis/racquetball courts and a spa.
Mandarin Oriental is between the famous Petronas Twin Towers and the lush gardens of Kuala Lumpur City Park. The hotel is approximately 28 miles from Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
Air-conditioned rooms have luxurious marble bathrooms with toiletries and separate showers and bathtubs. A 42-inch flat-screen TV, minibar and tea/coffee making facilities are included.
A range of cuisines including Western, Chinese and Japanese dishes are available at the hotel's restaurants. Refreshing drinks and cocktails are available at Sultan Lounge, Casbah and Lounge on the Park.
Hotel Rooms: 643
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High number of accidents among children in pre-school have been reported in various countries. However despite efforts to minimize them, a recent research study reveals that accidents among children continue to persist. The purpose of this book is therefore to highlight the effects of an in-service safety-care workshop for teachers on children''s accidents in pre-schools. Results of the in-service workshop show positive effects of in-service training of teachers'' on children''s accidents. However, time lapse after in-servicing of teachers seemed to interfere with their ability to minimize accidents among pre-school children. It is therefore recommended that parents with children in pre-schools and other stakeholders should ensure that teachers are in-serviced regularly in child safety-care so that they can retain techniques on accident prevention acquired during in-servicing. This book will be especially useful for parents with children in pre-school, teachers, school managers and school curriculum developers, to help them ensure maximum protection against accidents among pre-school children who are the main beneficiaries in the study.


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Tensas Parish Duck Hunting Property Auction
Monticello, Louisiana
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Ted Jacobs Estate Farm & Personal Property/Equipment Auction
Ashland, Ohio
This is an auction
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Poplarville, Mississippi
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Trophy whitetail property! 129.87 acres
Columbia Township, Iowa
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As reported in The Independent last month, bottles of amyl nitrite and similar drugs face a ban following a successful court case to outlaw their sale. Earlier this month, the law was changed to make poppers, which can be used to treat angina, only available on prescription.
But the Department of Health yesterday announced that its inspectors, local authority's trading standards officer, and the police, are to target shops selling poppers, particularly in red-light districts. They are also keen to stop American manufacturers from supplying British outlets. The move follows a campaign by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society which argues that the chemicals in poppers can kill and may be linked to a type of cancer - Kaposi's sarcoma - that people with HIV sometimes develop.
The drug, which costs about pounds 4 for a small bottle contains the chemicals amyl, butyl or isobutyl nitrite. The effects of inhaling it include a euphoric rush and enhanced orgasm.
The drug is particularly popular among gay men and is available from sex shops, clubs and mail order.
- More about:
- Chemicals
- Manufacturing
- Pharmaceuticals


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Professor Matthew Burton PhD MA MBBCh DTM&H MRCP FRCOphth
- Matthew Burton's Contacts
- Room 394
- Keppel Street
- London
Matthew Burton is an ophthalmologist. He qualified in medicine from Cambridge University in 1994. His post-graduate training was in Oxford and at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. From 2001 to 2004 he worked as a clinical research fellow at the LSHTM on a Wellcome Trust funded trachoma research programme based at the MRC Laboratories in The Gambia. He was subsequently based at the Department of Ophthalmology, KCMC Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania from 2008 to 2012.
Matthew's main research focus is on trachoma. This has involved a range of projects on the control and pathogenesis of this blinding infectious disease. Studies have included several clinical trials on the management of trichiasis, longitudinal studies on the impact of mass azithromycin treatment and a range of studies investigating the immunopathogenic response that leads to the scarring complications of this infection.
Matthew is also involved in research into fungal and bacterial corneal infections in India, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in Kenya and the development of smartphone based applications for eye care.
Matthew holds a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship in Clinical Science which supports research on the control and pathogenesis of blinding trachoma in Ethiopia and Tanzania.
He is a Professor within the International Centre for Eye Health at the LSHTM and an Honorary Consultant Ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital.
Matthew teaches on the MSc in Community Eye Health and the Tropical Ophthalmology Short Course in London and the East African DTM&H in Moshi.
Research areas
- Bacteria
- Clinical trials
- Disease control
- Human genetics
- Epidemiology
- Immunology
- Immunopathology
- Opthalmology
Disease and Health Conditions
- Eye diseases
- Infectious disease
- Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
- Trachoma
- South Asia
- Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only)
- Ethiopia
- Gambia, The
- India
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
Other interests
- Blindness Prevention
- Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- International Eye Health
- Microbial Keratitis
Selected publications
Posterior lamellar versus bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery for trachomatous trichiasis in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial.
Habtamu, E.; Wondie, T.; Aweke, S.; Tadesse, Z.; Zerihun, M.; Zewudie, Z.; Kello, A.B.; Roberts, C.H.; Emerson, P.M.; Bailey, R.L.; Mabey, D.C.; Rajak, S.N.; Callahan, K.; Weiss, H.A.; Burton, M.J.;
Lancet Glob Health, 2016; 4(3):e175-84
Topical fluorouracil after surgery for ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Kenya: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Gichuhi, S. ; Macharia, E. ; Kabiru, J. ; Zindamoyen, A.M. ; Rono, H. ; Ollando, E. ; Wachira, J. ; Munene, R. ; Maina, J. ; Onyuma, T. ; Sagoo, M.S. ; Weiss, H.A. ; Burton, M.J. ;
Lancet Glob Health, 2016; 4(6):e378-85
Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based Visual Acuity Test (Peek Acuity) for Clinical Practice and Community-Based Fieldwork.
Bastawrous, A.; Rono, H.K.; Livingstone, I.A.; Weiss, H.A.; Jordan, S.; Kuper, H.; Burton, M.J.;
JAMA Ophthalmol, 2015; 133(8):930-7
Surgery versus epilation for the treatment of minor trichiasis in ethiopia: a randomised controlled noninferiority trial.
Rajak, S.N. ; Habtamu, E. ; Weiss, H.A. ; Kello, A.B. ; Gebre, T. ; Genet, A. ; Bailey, R.L. ; Mabey, D.C. ; Khaw, P.T. ; Gilbert, C.E. ; Emerson, P.M. ; Burton, M.J. ;
PLoS Med, 2011; 8(12):e1001136
Absorbable versus silk sutures for surgical treatment of trachomatous trichiasis in ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial.
Rajak, S.N. ; Habtamu, E. ; Weiss, H.A. ; Kello, A.B. ; Gebre, T. ; Genet, A. ; Bailey, R.L. ; Mabey, D.C. ; Khaw, P.T. ; Gilbert, C.E. ; Emerson, P.M. ; Burton, M.J. ;
PLoS Med, 2011; 8(12):e1001137
The conjunctival transcriptome in scarring trachoma.
Burton, M.J.; Rajak, S.N.; Bauer, J.; Weiss, H.A.; Tolbert, S.B.; Shoo, A.; Habtamu, E.; Manjurano, A.; Emerson, P.M.; Mabey, D.C.; Holland, M.J.; Bailey, R.L.;
Infect Immun, 2010; 79(1):499-511
Re-emergence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection after mass antibiotic treatment of a trachoma-endemic Gambian community: a longitudinal study.
Burton, M.J.; Holland, M.J.; Makalo, P.; Aryee, E.A.; Alexander, N.D.; Sillah, A.; Faal, H.; West, S.K.; Foster, A.; Johnson, G.J.; Mabey, D.C.; Bailey, R.L.;
Lancet, 2005; 365(9467):1321-8
A randomised controlled trial of azithromycin following surgery for trachomatous trichiasis in the Gambia.
Burton, M.J.; Kinteh, F.; Jallow, O.; Sillah, A.; Bah, M.; Faye, M.; Aryee, E.A.; Ikumapayi, U.N.; Alexander, N.D.; Adegbola, R.A.; Faal, H.; Mabey, D.C.; Foster, A.; Johnson, G.J.; Bailey, R.L.;
Br J Ophthalmol, 2005; 89(10):1282-8
- → View all Professor Matthew Burton 's publications


text:
New Balance 1210v2 Trail Run Shoe Women's
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Strict Standards: Declaration of C_DataMapper_Driver_Base::define() should be compatible with C_Component::define($context = false) in /nas/content/live/axisphilly/wp-content/plugins/nextgen-gallery/products/photocrati_nextgen/modules/datamapper/class.datamapper_driver_base.php on line 609
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When I was a kid, my sisters went through a period where they liked to stage tea parties. They would lay out toy cups and plates and insist I join them for some nice tea and cake. Only there was no tea and there was no cake. Just empty plates.
Call it a failure of imagination, but I never saw the point of it and I was not the perfect guest.
In life, though, we do not always have the option of saying "This is stupid" and walking away.
Which explains the strangled statements of thanks from city and school district officials for the "financial aid package" offered by Harrisburg last week. The quotes are intentional.
The district – seeking to plug a $300 million hole in its budget – went to the Capitol and asked for $120 million. The Corbett administration responded by offering a wonderful buffet of aid that included a heavy dose of empty promises and wishful thinking, but little hard cash. To be exact, about $2 million.
To summarize, the governor pretended to help us and we pretended to be grateful.
Now, it is time to move on to the reality portion of the proceedings.
The reality is that the district does not have anywhere near the money needed to sustain its day-to-day operations. Even when you add in the city's share — $30 million – and the ifs-ands-and buts package hobbled together by the state (a combination of loans and a one-time infusion of federal money) it only comes to $125 million.
Next year the situation will improve a bit. As part of the state aid package, the governor has generously decided to allow Philadelphians to tax themselves. A one-point increase in the sales tax was enacted in 2009 to help the city through the Great Recession was due to expire in June 2014. Corbett has proposed making it permanent, a move that will yield $120 million a year for the district.
Sorry for this blizzard of numbers. Theses recipes for imaginary cake can get complicated. But the bottom line is that the district is far from its goal of raising the $300 million it says it needs to rescind the 3,800 layoffs it made last month.
It says here in the script that this is the time when the district turns to the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers and says: Now it is your turn to make sacrifices (read: concessions).
But things went askew in the first two acts. The mantra of Superintendent William Hite has been that each party needed to make "shared sacrifices" to heal the district. The city's share was $60 million; the state's $120 million, the teachers union another $120 million-plus.
But, the city's share fell short because the state legislature wouldn't pass Mayor Nutter's plan to impose a $2-a-pack cigarette tax in the city. And the state's plan fell short because the state didn't want to give $120 million.
In effect, Hite must now turn to the union and say: Well, we got screwed by the city and screwed by the state and so we are going to have to screw you even harder! Sorry about that!
Somehow I don't think the teachers, not at all happy with the idea of givebacks to begin with, are going to rally around that message.
To raise the money needed, the union would have to agree to life-changing concessions. Even if teachers took a 10 percent cut in pay and agreed to pay 20 percent towards their health benefits, it would not raise enough money to fill the gap. Add the combo of state and city aid, plus major concessions by the teachers, and it would total about $100 million less than the magic $300 million the district says it needs this year.
The hammer Hite does have is the fate of the 3,800 laid off workers, many of whom are PFT members. If the PFT wants them back, it will have to truly sacrifice. It does not have the option of saying "This is really stupid," and walking away because its existing contract with the district expires at the end of August.
If we wished, we could discuss all day the reasons why the district is so short of cash. Over our imaginary tea and cakes we could agree that it is due mostly to a retreat of the state and federal government from support of basic education. And we could lament that fact and shake our heads sadly and perhaps shed a tear over the unfairness of it.
But, we may have to realize that this is the new normal. That the odds of additional aid cascading from these sources are remote, certainly in the near term. And, finally, we may be forced to admit that the district we have today – in terms of size and expenditures – exceeds the money available.
This is a structural defect that will only worsen over time. The shortfall will repeat itself – again and again – until the deficit totals $500 million or even $1 billion.
This has to be dealt with today. Given the retreat of the state, dealing with it will be painful and difficult for the remaining parties involved. The teachers will have to sacrifice more; the city will have to pay more. The district will have to rethink its definition of basic services, even when it comes to such items as busing and policing.
There is no alternative.
On second thought, there is one other choice, and it is a tempting one if you are the district.
You could make some changes, get a few concessions and pretend they are enough. Announce that the crisis is over; resume business as usual and move on. In others words, hope that more aid will materialize sometime in the future, spend money you don't have, let the deficit pile up and don't worry about the consequences.
Then sit down and have some tea and cakes.
Education financial distress Gov. Corbett Philadelphia public schools state aid to public schools Superintendent William Hite


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Penetration capacity of the wood-decay fungus Physisporinus vitreus
© Fuhr et al.; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 17 September 2012
Accepted: 30 January 2013
Published: 27 March 2013
Bioincising is a biotechnological process for improving the permeability of refractory wood such as Norway spruce heartwood using the wood-decay fungus Physisporinus vitreus. The degradation of the bordered pit membranes by P. vitreus in its first stage of wood colonization enhances the uptake of preservatives and wood modification substances, whereas the strength of the material is not significantly reduced.
We propose to study bioincising by means of a mathematical model, because many factors affect the growth and effects of P. vitreus in Norway spruce in such a complex way that an evaluation of the optimal incubation conditions (i.e. water activity, temperature or pH) is very expensive or even not possible solely using laboratory experiments.
Using a hyphal growth model we demonstrate here for the first time how to optimize bioincising by linking the microscopic growth behavior of P. vitreus with macroscopic system properties of the wood. Moreover, we propose universal measures of wood-decay fungi, i.e., penetration velocity, penetration work and penetration capacity, which may figure as measures for the efficiency of wood colonization. For example, our simulation shows that an increase of the hyphal growth rate (i.e. changing the incubation conditions) from 1 to 2 μm·d-1 results in an increase of the mycelium's growth velocity from 0.8 to 1.75 μm·d-1 and an increase of the penetration capacity from 0.5 to 0.6 10-3·mm2·d-1 using a pit degradation rate of 2 μm·d-1.
Information about the penetration velocity, penetration work and penetration capacity is of significance for both its biotechnological use and the study of the colonization strategy of wood-decay fungi in general.
KeywordsFilamentous fungus Fungal colony Mycelia modeling Bioincising Picea abies Bordered pit
Using a discrete modeling approach called the fungal growth model (FGM), in previous studies the metabolism of P. vitreus (Fuhr et al. 2011b) and the effect of the wood tissue on its growth (Fuhr et al. 2011a) have been analyzed, whereas the penetration behavior was not studied in detail until now (Figure 1). Thus, the focus of this work is to study the rule of the bordered pits to obtain a complete modeling framework covering all relevant effects for the optimization of the permeability of bioincised wood sample.
The degradation of the bordered pit membranes in its first stage of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) wood colonization might be the main reason for the significant increase of the permeability of treated wood (Schwarze et al. 2006). This biotechnological process, which is termed bioincising, can be used to improve the uptake of wood preservatives and wood modification substances (Schwarze & Schubert 2009; Schwarze & Schubert 2011). In this context several studies concerning P. vitreus addressed the anatomy of treated Norway spruce wood (Fuhr et al. 2011a; Lehringer et al. 2010; Stührk et al. 2010; Fuhr et al. 2012), the influence of environmental factors to its radial growth rate (Fuhr et al. 2011b; Schubert & Schwarze 2009; Schubert et al. 2010) and the alteration of wood properties (Spycher et al. 2008; Schwarze et al. 2008; Lehringer et al. 2011a; Lehringer et al. 2011b). Despite their potential, the methods mentioned are unable to illustrate the influence of microscopic effects such as the pit degradation rate on the macroscopic behavior of the fungus, because wood is an opaque material and the in vivo observation of processes inside a wood sample has not been possible until now. Therefore, we propose the use of mathematical models to study and optimize the penetration behavior of P. vitreus, since its growth behavior was successfully simulated by FGM, even in complex physical and chemical structured environments (Fuhr et al. 2011a).
The pits are valve-like structures between the voids within the wood (i.e. pores or lumens) and regulate the transport of nutrients in the tree. For example, in the living wood (i.e. sapwood) of Norway spruce the bordered pits are permeable for liquids. Whereas, in the dead part of the tree (i.e. heartwood) they are closed and lignified (Liese & Bauch 1967). It is this closing, called aspiration, of the bordered pits that makes efficient treatment of this wood species impossible without energy- and cost-intensive technical processing.
The degradation of the bordered pit membranes in their first stage of growth appears to be a common strategy of wood-decay fungi to colonize softwoods (Schwarze et al. 2006; Liese & Schmid 1961; Daniel 1994; Green et al. 1995; Green & Highley 1997). The size, structure and distribution of bordered pits is a significant factor for the accessibility of wood tissue both for fluids and fungal hyphae (Rayner & Boddy 1988). The time required by a hypha to penetrate through a bordered pit either by the support of pressure or enzymes (i.e. pit penetration time) obviously influences the ability of the mycelium to colonize a refractory wood such as Norway spruce heartwood.
Pit degradation : Pit degradation rates α c (enzymatic, Eq. 3 ) and α p (pressure, Eq. 7 ) evaluated for the pit penetration times τ = τ c = τ p = 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 days
Pit penetration time [d]τ
Pit degradation rate [μm/d]
α c (κ= 0.2)
α p (β1= 0.175, β2= −1.5)
Specimen material
The white-rot basidiomycete Physisporinus vitreus EMPA 642 was cultivated in 9 cm Petri dishes on 2% malt extract agar (MEA) at 23°C and 70% relative humidity (RH). After 2 weeks we placed sterilized (121°C, 20 min and 2 bar vapor pressure) Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) samples with a size of approximately 10 mm (longitudinal) × 2 mm (radial) and 10 mm (tangential) on the mycelium. The faces of the samples, with the exception of one radial tangential face, were sealed with a topcoat (Nuvovern ACR Emaillack, Walter Mäder AG, Killwangen, Switzerland) by brushing, so that the P. vitreus colonized the wood via the unsealed side in a longitudinal direction (Figure 2a).
Light microscopy
After 10 days of incubation at 23°C and 70% RH we cut thin sections of approximately 30 μm thickness from the wood samples using a microtome as shown in Figure 2b. We stained the fungus with lactophenol blue, took mosaic images with a pixel size of approximately 0.65 μm × 0.65 μm using a Zeiss LSM 510-NLO (Figure 2c) and analyzed the images by digital image processing (Figure 2d).
Hyphal growth model
Model parameters : typical model parameters used throughout this work
[l L , l T , l 0 ]
[2.5, 0.08, 0.04]
Density of nutrient point
Diameter of bordered pit
Mean hyphal growth rate
Mean edge length
Growth cut-off length
Growth cut-off angle
Growth costs
[0, 0]
Pit initial nutrient
Pit initial degradation rate
α I
Pit degradation rate
α C
Pit opening
Apical branching threshold
β t
Lateral branching threshold
β s
Initial number of pellet
n k 0
Initial number of tips
n s 0
Initial nutrient concentration
n n 0
3/2*β t
Edges, nodes and tips form the mycelium of the fungus, whereby the position of the nodes is restricted to the position of the nutrient points as shown in Figure 7b. The characteristic growth of the fungus P. vitreus, which degrades the initially closed bordered pit membranes in its first stage of wood colonization, is simulated by a pit-to-pit growth of the hyphae. Thereby the mean growth rate of a hypha is given by μ. The evolution of the mycelium is driven by key processes such as the uptake and transport of nutrients, branching and polarization of the hyphae.
At each iteration step m of the algorithm the mycelium may grow by one edge. Thereby the length of the new edge and the angle measured to its predecessor is restricted by the growth cut-off length ξ and the growth cut-off angle θ. The mean edge length is λ. Each extension of the mycelium costs the fungus a specific amount of nutrients depending on the length of the edge. The fungus accumulates these nutrients in the nodes by degrading the pits at each time step initially for m = m 0 by α I and for m > m 0 by α c , where m 0 is the time when a new node is created at a pit. Branching occurs if the amount of nutrients at a node exceeds a certain level β t (at a tip node) and β s (at an interior node). A tip node is a node with one edge, whereas an interior node has more than one edge.
where F j , the amount of nutrients at point (j) and κ ∈ [0,ν], denotes a specific pit opening threshold. Details about the model construction are given in (Fuhr et al. 2011a).
The simulation begins by placing n k 0 starting nodes, called pellets, with an initial nutrient concentration n n 0 on the longitudinal face of the wood specimen (Figure 7a). All pits are initially closed (i.e. F j > κ) and their initial amount of nutients is ν. The unit of the resource that sustains fungal growth, called pit nutrient, is given in micrometers (μm), because we prefer to express the fungal activity (Eq. 1) with a measure, which is observable in laboratory experiments, e.g. holes in the torus of the bordered pits (directly) or a permeability (indirectly). However, the pit nutrient, given in micrometers, can be converted into other quantities of interest. For example, the mass of degraded lignin may be calculated by multiplying the pit nutrient by the degraded area given in μm2 times the density of the lignin given in microgram per volume [μg/μm3].
Analytical growth model
where μ ij is the growth velocity of a hyphae (i.e. hyphal growth rate) within a tracheid measured between the points (i) and (j) (see Figure 7a), l S is the length of the shortest path and τ is the pit penetration time, i.e. the time required for a hypha to grow through a bordered pit. Generally, there are two modes of pit penetration by a hypha. In the first case the torus is eroded by enzymes, e.g. P. vitreus (Schwarze et al. 2006). Whereas, in the second case a hypha breaks through the torus by mechanical pressure, e.g. blue stain fungi (Liese & Schmid 1961), which is typically indicated by cracks in the lignified torus. We indicate the mode of penetration by lower indices, i.e. enzymatic erosion (c) and pressure (p).
where D is the diameter of a bordered pit and κ ∈ [0, 1] is an opening threshold. Thus, D · κ is the diameter of a hole, which is prerequisite for a vegetative hypha to penetrate through the torus. α c is the pit degradation rate, given in μm·d-1, to dissolve the torus.
For example, a hypha bores a hole into a cell wall by α p = 0.25 μm per day. After approximately 2.12 days the diameter of the hole is approximately 0.53 μm (Eq. 4). This hole size corresponds to a penetration time of 2.12 days (inserting d = 0.53 μm into Eq. 5). Thus, the time of fungal activity at the cell wall is equal to the penetration time and therefore the hypha is able to grow through the bored hole. We directly obtain the penetration time τ p of approximately 2.12 days by inserting α p = 0.25 into Eq. 7.
Penetration velocity, work and capacity
Obviously, the penetration capacity of a fungus strongly depends on factors such as temperature, water activity and pH, the microclimate, the presence of wood preservatives and other factors, since wood decay-fungi are sensitive to their environment. The scalar П Q may figure as a measure for the efficiency of a specific fungus to colonize a certain wood tissue.
For simplicity, throughout this work, we use the terms 'penetration work' and 'penetration capacity' for the specific penetration work and penetration capacity using the total amount of degraded pit nutrients as the quantity of interest.
Growth pattern
After 10 days of incubation, we observe that the fungus starting from the unsealed longitudinal face penetrates approximately 10 mm into the wood sample (Figure 2d). This corresponds to a penetration velocity of approximately 1 mm·d-1. The morphology of the growth front is characterized by hyphae growing at different rates (i.e. leading hyphae). The density of the mycelium at the unsealed end is much higher than on the growth front. We measure that a hypha crosses 3–4 tapered ends from the unsealed to the opposite face.
Figure 3 shows the evolution of the mycelium over a time span of 36 hours for κ = 0.5 and 1.0 (see Eq. 1) using the model parameters of Table 2. The system consists of 20 tracheids with 1070 pits in total. The fungus begins growing from the left longitudinal face and fixed boundaries are imposed to all faces. For κ = 1.0 the fungus grows without any resistance by the pit membranes and after approximately 32 hours the first hypha reaches the longitudinal face on the right side, whereas the fungus requires in the second case (i.e. κ = 0.5) approximately 42 hours for the same distance. The total hyphal length of the mycelium is approximately 130 mm for both conditions, whereas the number of tips is approximately 350 and 500 for κ = 1.0 and 0.5 respectively. In addition, the model shows that for κ = 0.5 P. vitreus requires approximately 15 per cent more nutrients to reach the right longitudinal face.
Penetration velocity
Figure 4 shows the velocity of the mycelium v f (Eq. 8) evaluated for hyphal growth rates between 0.5 and 5 mm·d-1 and pit degradation rates between 1 and 4 μm·d-1 (Eq. 3) using the model parameters of Table 2 and the tracheid framework of Figure 7a. The system consists of 2 (longitudinal) × 10 (tangential) tracheids and fixed boundaries are imposed to all faces. The fungus begins growing from the lower longitudinal face and the velocity is evaluated by measuring the time of the mycelium between points 1 and 3. The numerical results of these experiments are shown in Figure 4 by the symbols ○ (α c =1 μm·d-1), □ (α c = 2 μm·d-1), Δ (α c = 3 μm·d-1) and × (α c = 4 μm·d-1).
We observe that the penetration velocity v f increases with increasing values of μ and α c . For example, at a hyphal growth rate of μ = 0.5 the relative difference between the penetration velocity at α c = 1 and α c = 4 is smaller than 1, whereas at μ = 5 the difference is larger than 2. The influence of the pit degradation rate on the relationship between the hyphal growth rate and the penetration velocity seems to be nonlinear. It would be interesting to know more about this relationship, because the hyphal growth rate depends on environmental factors and may allow us to optimize the process of bioincising. Thus, the next two paragraphs develop such a relationship.
The solid lines in Figure 4 show Eq. 11 using Eq. 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d and N t = 2.65, q=3 and p=0.5. The velocity of 1 mm·d-1 measured from the experiment of Figure 2d corresponds approximately to hyphal growth rates μ (α c ) = 0.66 (4), 0.73 (3), 0.84 (2) and 1.14 (1) mm·d-1. The pit degradation rates α c = 1, 2, 3 and 4 μm·d-1 correspond to pit penetration times τ c = 2, 1, 0.67 and 0.5 days (Eq. 12a) and pit degradation rates by pressure α p = 2.77, 0.87, 0.44 and 0.27 μm·d-1 as shown in Table 1.
Penetration work and penetration capacity
Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the penetration work W N (Eq. 9) and the penetration capacity П N (Eq. 10) of P. vitreus measuring as quantity Q the amount of degraded nutrients given in micrometer. Since we measure the penetration depth in millimeters, the unit of the penetration work and the penetration capacity are 10-3·mm2 and 10-3·mm2·d-1 respectively. A penetration capacity of 1.0 10-3·mm2·d-1 means that the growth front of the mycelium penetrating 1 mm·d-1 into the wood degrades 1 micrometer pit membranes in total. We use the same simulation setup as in Figure 4. We observe that the penetration work decreases with increasing hyphal growth rates, whereas the penetration capacity increases with increasing hyphal growth rates. In addition, higher pit degradation rates result in a higher penetration work and penetration capacity.
The growth of physisporinus vitreus
The penetration behavior of P. vitreus into Norway spruce heartwood is supposed to be characterized by a stepwise capture of wood tissue (Fuhr et al. 2011a), because the aspirated and lignified bordered pits hinder the expansion of the mycelium (Figure 2). Only the degrading of either the bordered pits or the cell wall enables the fungus to grow from one tracheid to another. Thereby the ratio between the velocity of the hypha within the tracheids (i.e. hyphal growth rate) and the pit degradation rate is of interest, because this ratio influences the density of the mycelium, the number of tips in the system and the penetration velocity of the growth front as shown by our simulations (Figures 3 and 4).
Rays are not considered in the model, because they affect fungal growth in radial direction. The present study focuses on the penetration of the mycelium in longitudinal direction as shown in Figure 3.
Penetration velocity
The FGM assumes that the hyphal growth rate (μ) and the pit degradation rate (α c ) are the key factors for the colonization of Norway spruce wood in its first stage of growth. Using the analytical model (Eq. 11), we are able to quantify the influence of both factors on the penetration velocity of P. vitreus. The results suggest that a doubling of the hyphal growth rate enables P. vitreus to reduce the pit degradation rate by a factor 4 (Figure 4), to reach a penetration velocity of 1 mm·d-1 (Figure 2d). The hyphal growth rate is mainly influenced by the water activity, temperature and pH (Schubert et al. 2010), whereas the effect of environmental factors on the ability of P. vitreus to penetrate the bordered pits is unknown. Thus, changing the incubation conditions offers an optimization of the bioincising process (see next section 'Optimization of bioincising').
The measured hyphal growth rates between approximately 0.5 and 1.5 mm d-1 (Figure 4) are in good agreement with in vivo experiment of P. vitreus at standard conditions (Stührk 2011) and therefore confirm our model assumption. We are able to estimate for the first time the pit degradation rate of P. vitreus. Our simulations in combination with laboratory experiments show that the pit degradation rates (α c and α p ) are approximately 1 to 4 and 0.3 – 8 μm d-1 for a penetration either by enzymes or by pressure (Table 1).
The penetration time τ p is based on the of the experiments of Bardage and Daniel (1998). However, the influence of environmental effects such as temperature and pH on the penetration behavior of hyphae of white-rot fungi such as P. vitreus in wood may not covered by the experiments of Bardage and Daniel (Bardage & Daniel 1998) and may limit the extension of our model besides standard conditions. Thus, more quantitative and qualitative experimental studies about the penetration of hyphae through pores are needed.
Optimization of bioincising
We use a discrete modeling approach to study the biotechnological process of bioincising, because such a model provides information about the effects of P. vitreus, e.g. the amount of degraded pits, and therefore enables an optimization of the bioincising process. For example, our simulation shows that an increase of the hyphal growth rate from 1 to 2 μm·d-1 results in an increase of the growth velocity of the mycelium from 0.8 to 1.75 μm·d-1, a decrease of the penetration work from 1 to 0.75 10-3·mm-2 and an increase of the penetration capacity from 0.5 to 0.6 10-3·mm2·d-1 using a pit degradation rate of 2 μm·d-1 (Figures 4, 5 and 6). A penetration work of 1 to 0.75 shows that, for the tracheid framework given in Figure 7a, the growth front of the mycelium penetrating 1 mm into the wood degrades approximately 1 to 0.75 micrometer pit membranes in total (see Figure 5). Thereby, a penetration capacity of 0.5 to 0.6 10-3·mm2·d-1 indicates that the growth front of the mycelium penetrating 1 mm·d-1 into the wood degrades approximately 0.5 to 0.6 micrometer pit membranes in total, which is a measure for the permeability of the wood (Fuhr et al. 2011a). Moreover, the penetration capacity may figure as a measure for the efficiency of wood-decay fungi to colonize wood, since a high pit degradation rate may facilitate the capture of their resource. Thus, it would be interesting to measure and compare various penetration capacities from several wood-decay fungi, e.g. choosing as quantity of interest the biomass, amount of degraded pits or permeability.
The last step would be an optimization of bioincising on a larger scale using the modeling framework as described above. On a macroscopic scale, the influence of the distribution of pellets, which are the inocula on the surface of wood blocks, is of interest because the penetration velocity of P. vitreus in radial (i.e. rays) and longitudinal (i.e. tracheids) direction is much higher than in tangential direction. Thus, combining environmental factors with the amount and distribution of the inocula on the wood surface will help assist designing incubation conditions that are required to induce a certain degree of wood permeability by P. vitreus.
Authors' information
There are no relevant information about the authors for the interpretation of the article.
Swiss federal laboratories for materials and technology
Fungal growth model
Malt extract agar
- pH:
Potential hydrogenium
Relative humidity.
The authors gratefully acknowledge J. Hehl (ETH Light Microscopy Center) for helpful discussions on image processing and express their gratitude to the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF No. 205321–121701) for its financial support.
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After months of corruption scandals, political violence and economic decay, the Philippines is holding legislative elections on Monday that are critical to the new government.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, head of a diverse coalition that pushed Joseph Estrada from office on Jan. 20, needs a victory to claim a mandate of her own.
Mr. Estrada, accused of receiving $82 million in kickbacks and payoffs, is rallying the opposition from his jail cell. His supporters stormed the presidential palace on May 1, and 6 people were killed in the violence. That caused Mrs. Arroyo to declare a ''state of rebellion'' for a week and claim emergency powers.
An opposition victory would give legislative power to candidates that the government accuses of having plotted a coup, and could herald years of deadlock. It could even force presidential elections ahead of schedule.
Mrs. Arroyo is trying to push through tax reform and privatization, a narrower budget deficit and help to the poor. She also seeks peace talks with Muslim separatist guerrillas in the south and with Communist insurgents, two problems that plagued previous governments.
More than half the Senate seats and the entire House of Representatives, as well as 17,600 municipal and provincial posts, are being decided. About 36 million people have registered to vote.
Political violence has already left more than 50 people dead. Today Representative Marcial Punzalan Jr. was shot and killed as he stepped from his car to attend a rally south of Manila, the police said, making him the highest-level candidate killed in the election campaign.
Mrs. Arroyo rose to power on a backlash against Mr. Estrada. Her coalition ranges from far left to far right, and includes liberals and conservatives, Christians and Muslims, soldiers and former Communist rebels, and free-traders and protectionists. It is uncertain how firmly it can hold together.
The depth of Mr. Estrada's support now is hard to gauge.
But his arrest and the recent unrest have raised the chance of more sympathy for the government, said Mahar Mangahas, a political analyst. And pollsters predict that Mr. Estrada's wife, Loi Ejercito, could win a seat, helping to repair her husband's tarnished image.Continue reading the main story