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Published Airpower Journal - Winter 1998
Dr. John Hillen
AS WITH MOST of its history, the United States military has recently been involved in many more operations other than war (OOTW) than wars.1 Since World War I, airpower has been, more or less, an integral part of those many operations. Indeed, earlier this year, the principal military challenge to the United States and its allies was how to respond to Yugoslavias heavy-handed repression in the province of Kosovoand airpower has been the military tool of choice thus far. Multinational air exercises were conducted over Albania and Macedonia on 15 June 1998 in an effort to dissuade Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic from using more excessive violence on his own citizens. This attempt at coercive diplomacy through the air had to be particularly subtle, because the same signals meant to cow Milosevic were not intended to embolden Kosovar separatist groups such as the Kosovo Liberation Army. This set of signals was quite nuancedall implicitly coercive and all meant to be received via airpower. It appears at this point that the United States is exhausting its airpower options in Kosovo before considering other types of intervention, not because of airpowers proven track record in coercive diplomacy, but because, as Eliot Cohen has written, airpower, like modern American courtship, offers instant gratification without commitment.2
Be that as it may, the application of American airpower does represent a serious commitment and has been an important facet of OOTWs since they were called small wars by the Marine Corps.3 The question under consideration here is the relevancy of airpower doctrine to OOTWthe impact or lack thereof of one on the other. This is a wholly different question from the relevancy of airpower to OOTW, although empirical judgments made from those experiences are used throughout this article to inform the first question. In those instances (airpower in OOTW), the impact of airpower remains significant but becomes less decisive in OOTW as one moves along the spectrum of conflict away from war and towards peacetime uses of the military (figs. 1 and 2). However, to hold to this is not to agree with military theorists such as Martin van Creveld, who are dismissive about airpower in low intensity conflict or OOTW. Van Creveld fantastically maintains that in a world where almost all wars are fought not between states, but within them, many if not most of [airpowers] elements have become useless and obsolete.4
It is important to note that the diminishing returns from airpower in OOTW apply to the coercive elements of airpower onlythe elements addressed by much or most of airpower theory and doctrine. Other elements of American airpower, such as transportation, logistics and supply, intelligence collection, command and control (C2), reconnaissance and surveillance, and psychological operations (PSYOP) have proven decisive in many OOTWs in which the United States could not use coercive airpower. For instance, the Air Forces 193d Special Operations Wing (PSYOP), which deployed to Haiti prior to the 1994 invasion, may have contributed more to the initial success of that operation than any other air asset. Nonetheless, for the most part, this article takes the significance of those manifestations of airpower for granted and concentrates instead on airpower doctrine as it applies to the use of force.
*This article was originally presented as a paper at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)/VII Inc. Conference on Dueling Doctrines and the New American Way of War, held in Washington, D.C., 2426 June 1998. Special thanks to Halley Guren of Duke Universitys School of Public Policy for research assistance in the preparation of this paper.
In the main, the article finds that airpower doctrine, inasmuch as it exists as a body of doctrine for OOTW, is spare but well balanced and relevant. The problem areas for doctrine are more likely to lie in standard OOTW doctrine, which is either flawed in some way to begin with and many times ignores airpower as well.
Source: Adapted from Army Vision 2010 (Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army, November 1996), 5.
The temptation in an article such as this is to paint a rigid Douhet-redux portrait of airpower doctrine. OOTW would then be portrayed as an impossibly subtle, terrifically nuanced, and tremendously sophisticated diplomatic endeavor that the inflexible application of airpower could never affect in productive ways (e.g., Curtis LeMay solutions to the Brcko corridor problem). Select bits from airpower doctrine, especially Air Force doctrine, would be juxtaposed against the emotive complexities of certain OOTW missions as a demonstration of trying to fit a square peg into a round hole.5
In fairness to both sides and with a nod to intellectual integrity, the article does not do this. Instead, one must recognize that airpower, shared as it is by all the services, has an amorphous doctrine that is flexible and sophisticated enough to have great applicability to OOTW. Moreover, OOTWs are not such a Gordian knot of intensely deep human complexities that the application of coercive airpower in many different ways cannot make a decisive difference in OOTW. In other words, blowing something up from the air (or threatening to) can sometimes make an immense differenceeven in a humanitarian relief exercise. This is a fairly rare circumstance, though, and all services (and Special Operations Command [SOCOM]), which together make up and share airpower doctrine to a certain degree, recognize that the principles of OOTW are very different from the principles of war (e.g., restraint, perseverance, and legitimacy as opposed to offensive, surprise, and mass). All services (although some not as much as others) also recognize that airpower plays a key role in OOTW. For instance, the one-hundred-page Army field manual on peace operations mentions airpower only five very brief times, and only two of those references are about the coercive application of airpower.6 Given the perceived importance of Apache helicopters to recent peace operations, I would hope that the Army is updating this doctrine.
Source: Adapted from Army Vision 2010 (Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army, November 1996), 5.
All this makes for a curious state of affairs in terms of airpower doctrine and OOTW. The military community seems generally to appreciate the fundamental impact of airpower on OOTW and vice versa. Nonetheless, appreciation is not strategic and operational understanding codified in doctrine. In the main, airpower doctrine applied to OOTW is sound but spread around the services and the joint level in bits and pieces, thereby lacking the coherency that regular OOTW doctrine has achieved. The holes in the doctrine also match in many ways the dilemmas airpower has experienced in OOTW over the past few years, but causality is tough to pin down. It would be quite a stretch to say that good doctrine formulated before Bosnia and Somalia might have precluded some of the problems discussed below. For the most part, doctrine has learned from experience as much as experience from doctrine.
US joint doctrine specifies 16 different OOTWs:
Arms Control
Combatting Terrorism
Counterdrug Operations
Enforcement of Sanctions/Maritime Intercept Operations
Enforcing Exclusion Zones
Humanitarian Assistance
Ensuring Freedom of Navigation and Overflight
Military Support to Civil Authorities
Nation Assistance/Support to Counterinsurgency
Noncombatant Evacuation Operations
Peace Operations
Protection of Shipping
Recovery Operations
Show of Force Operations
Strikes and Raids
Support to Insurgency7
This article cannot possibly treat the airpower dimension of all these operations in detail but makes some observations on several that are the most relevant to the US military in recent years. Moreover, the article focuses on an extended discussion of peace operationsspecifically, the role of airpower in peacekeeping and peace enforcement, areas that have caused much angst for the United States and its allies over the past five years.
Enforcement of Sanctions
Sanctions have been a popular foreign-policy tool for American decision makers, and it is the militarys duty to enforce them. Most recently, airpower has been used extensively to enforce sanctions in the Balkans and the Persian Gulf. Such use of airpower is usually selectively employed, in that an air quarantine is difficult to achieve because the enforcement is an all or nothing proposition. . . . Shooting down an aircraft may be the only way to truly enforce an air quarantine, but that action may not be morally or politically acceptable.8 This is an example of a political intent/rules of engagement (ROE) issue discussed below. Current doctrine is weak on other strategic issues that arise in regard to this mission. These include C2 problems with partner states or organizations (unilateral sanctions are rare) and force-management/readiness problems stemming from the protracted, indecisive, andmany timesmonotonous nature of this task.
Enforcing Exclusion Zones
No-fly zones have been another hot arrow in the diplomatic quiver in recent years. US airpower has established and enforced them in the Balkans, northern and southern Iraq, and elsewhere. Other than some multinational C2 issues involved (below), they are not a doctrinal enigma. However, in Bosnia and northern Iraq, the concept of air-exclusion zones was stretched to deny movement on the ground to certain military forces. The heavy-weapon exclusion zones established by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) around Sarajevo and Bihac are an example, as is the virtual demilitarized zone established in 1991 north of the 36th parallel in Iraq to protect Operation Provide Comfort. The enforcement of these zones, an implicitly coercive activity, has sometimes compromised the neutrality of peacekeepers on the ground and has caused friction between passive peacekeeping on the ground and peace enforcement from the air. This is discussed in greater detail below.
Humanitarian Assistance
Suppression of enemy air defenses and other coercive airpower used in coordination with humanitarian assistance operations can be a double-edged swordand proved so in Bosnia and Somalia. On the one hand, it can protect humanitarian assistance; on the other hand, such protection can politicize the relief aid and compromise its neutrality. A particular weakness yet to be seriously addressed by airpower doctrine is the coordination of airpower supporting humanitarian assistance with the many nongovernmental organizations (NGO)/private voluntary organizations (PVO) or other agencies (such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]) that will be part of the relief effort. This is also discussed below.
Show of Force Operations/Coercive Diplomacy
One should note the principal doctrinal dilemma. On the one hand, shows of force rely on implicitly coercive signals that are blunt and might not be suited for the more nuanced diplomatic strategies often needed in OOTW. On the other hand (as in the Philippines in 1989), shows of force will often communicate martial intent in a constructive way. The enduring problem is that the initiative of action remains in the hands of the belligerents although this is no different from other OOTWs. More problematic from a cultural viewpoint is that these operations suggest an overall strategy of indecisive, graduated pressurea much-maligned way of doing business in the Vietnam War.
Strikes and Raids
Doctrinally, these are the most straightforward of all OOTWs with respect to airpower. More than any other OOTW listed, standard airpower war-fighting doctrine applies, although a competent body of specialized doctrine exists for these types of operations.
Peace Operations
Peacekeeping, for reasons of strategic culture, was for many years an unknown science as far as the American military was concerned. Classically defined, it required impartial and passive troops working with the consent of the belligerentsall qualities for which the US military of the past 50 years was not well known. Nonetheless, its basic tenets have come to be appreciated and even put into practice by the US military in the past several years. The military has also moved forward on putting into practice and formulating a doctrine (in that order) for peace enforcement. Unlike peacekeeping, peace enforcement makes less of the need for all-out neutrality and allows for the measured use of coercive force to shape the behavior of recalcitrant belligerents. Even so, observers such as James Corum maintain that within the context of a peace-enforcement operation, however, the US military and other air forces have often exhibited a doctrinal vacuum.9
But the search to fill that vacuum has caused a fundamental disconnect between most of the world and the US military concerning the compatibility of these tech- niques with one another. For its part, joint and other US military doctrine maintains that peace enforcement and peacekeeping can be used simultaneously or even mixed in the same missions. Joint Pub 3-07, Joint Doctrine for Military Operations other than War, states that noncombat MOOTW may be conducted simultaneously with combat MOOTW, such as HA [humanitarian assistance] in conjunction with PEO [peace enforcement operations].10 The Navy War College even created a hybrid sort of operation called an inducement operation, in which peacekeepers use coercive force with the lightest touch possible in the hope that the parties on the ground will, in the end, assent to the UNs mandate.11 Most allies, however, vigorously maintain that the use of active force by peacekeepers or air forces operating in support of their mission is a Rubicon that, once crossed, completely compromises the mission.12 This issue came up constantly in Bosnia from 1993 to 1995, with the United States alone trumpeting its role as enforcer from the air and all other allies greatly resisting the idea of NATO-UN as an air/ground, active/passive team.
This became an especially contentious issue when in the summer of 1995, US air strikes on targets in the Bosnian Serb capital of Pale precipitated the Serb shelling of Tuzla (71 civilians killed) and the taking of hundreds of UN peacekeepers as hostages. It became an article of faith at NATO that peace enforcement and peacekeeping did not mix, contrary to US doctrine. The NATO secretary-general stated, I do not believe that we can pursue decisive peace enforcement from the air while the UN is led, deployed, and equipped for peacekeeping on the ground. If we have learned anything from this conflict, it is that we cannot mix these two missions.13 The deputy commander of the UN peacekeepers added that there can be no gray area, no overlap of peacekeeping with peace enforcement.14 A similar dilemma was at work in Somalia, where resentment and misunderstanding between American forces and UN peacekeepers came to a head over the use of US airpower (helicopters and fixed wing) in an active campaign against one side in the Somali conflict.
Many countries in the UN mission in Somalia (the French and Italians in particular) felt that they and other UN peacekeepers would pay the price when the US peace-enforcement effort and heavy use of coercive airpower backfiredwhich it did. As Dr. Mats Berdal wrote of that mission and Bosnia, coercive force used in conjunction with peacekeeping techniques tended to obfuscate the basic distinction between peacekeeping and enforcement action . . . and highlighted the particular risks of attempting to combine the coercive use of force with peacekeeping objectives.15
Airpower doctrine, for OOTW and otherwise, has lagged behind fast-moving developments in the US OOTW experience. As a result, it must grow to cover certain points of friction.
Strategic Coherency
OOTWs often lack a coherent link between military means and political ends. For instance, in the current attempt at coercive diplomacy over Kosovo, how exactly can the United States apply airpower to bring about the complex political solution desired? As John Bolton said at the CSIS/VII Inc. Conference on Dueling Doctrines in June 1998, the Air Force will have to drop autonomy bombs instead of independence bombs on the Kosovars.16 In other instances, US airpower is asked to assist in the fulfillment of mandates well beyond its control. This was very much the experience in Bosnia, where military commanders grew increasingly frustrated by the gap between mandated ends and the means at their disposal.17 Wartime commanders usually have the operational freedom to create the conditions under which they will succeed. OOTW commanders do not. They must operate in the environment that they are given (although the good ones can shape it somewhat). In addition, the aforementioned argument over the compatibility of peacekeeping and peace enforcement often strains strategic coherence.
Institutional Coordination
Strategic coherence becomes more difficult to achieve when different institutions in charge of various facets of an OOTW are pursuing different political agendas. Adm Leighton Smith has much to say about the coordination of political guidance between the UN and NATO. Airpower doctrine is not fully cognizant of the character, nature, and core competencies of various international organizations with whom US airpower will have an association. For instance, airpower doctrine treats US airpower in the US-led multinational task force to Somalia (199293) the same as independently used US airpower supporting the UN mission to Somalia (199394). But the wholly different political character of these organizations greatly changed the circumstances and conditions under which airpower was used, even though US air units did not see a sea change in chain of command or operating procedures at their level. These issues go well beyond the C2 difficulties discussed below. US doctrine has not fully explored the political character and military competencies of organizations such as the UN and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in airpower doctrine, as well as the role of NATO or US-led coalitions as airpower subcontractors.
Command and Control
Admiral Smiths paper for the CSIS/VII Inc. Conference on Dueling Doctrines joined many reports in properly criticizing NATOs and the UNs dual-key approach to the C2 of NATO air forces operating in support of UN peacekeepers in Bosnia.18 One report euphemistically referred to the C2 system as constructed (fig. 3) as a shambles.19 Other OOTWs (notably Somalia) experienced similar C2 problems, some caused by institutional coordination, some by normal multinational C2 difficulties (such as standard control procedures and clear chains of command), and other problems experienced completely within the US military community. For instance, in Somalia the 3d Marine Air Wing found that it did not have the trained personnel or facilities to operate as the airspace control agency for the unified task force that deployed there from December 1992 to May 1993.20
Source: David S. Albert and Richard Hayes, Command Relationships for Peace Operations (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1995), 63.
Other Multinational Issues
Differences in force structure, interoperability, training, doctrine, modus operandi, and strategic culture can greatly affect airpower coalitions above and beyond multinational C2 issues. Airpower doctrine should not only reflect the flexibility with which US airpower must be prepared to act in many multinational settings, but also indicate that paradigms other than complete US dominance of multinational airpower operations should be explored.
NGO/PVO and Other Agency/Player Coordination
Almost all OOTWs have as players an enormous and diffuse array of national agencies, international agencies, NGOs, and PVOs. Many of these groups are tremendously influential and sometimes are even the lead agency for tasks involving the use of US airpower. Admiral Smith has much to say about his experience with UNHCR in Bosnia in this regard.21 The operation to Somalia also uncovered similar disconnects between US airpower authorities and agencies or NGOs with whom they had to comprehensively coordinate operations (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross). This complex area, which land power works extensively through civil affairs and other specially trained units, is not well covered in airpower doctrine at all. Airpower must be prepared to accommodate lead agencies other than the military or even another US government organization. The day may soon come when a Birkenstock-wearing NGO representative is a key member of the joint force air component commanders (JFACC) staff.
Rules of Engagement
ROE issues return to the debate over the mix of peacekeeping and peace enforcement. US doctrine, searching for a way to make the mix work, looks for some criteria of proportionality in the application of coercive airpower to peacekeeping-type operations. By definition, proportionality is relative, and standard ROEs are particularly hard to pin down in complex post-cold-war peacekeeping environments. Even the famously simple four nos (no bandits, no technical vehicles with crew-served weapons, no Somali-manned checkpoints, and no visible weapons) ROE in Somalia could not be enforced from the air without considerable and daily debate over individual cases that, by necessity, often had to be solved by hours of haggling on the ground. Many observers blame the heavy-handed application of US airpower in pursuit of Somali disarmament for the several dozen UN and US deaths and other troubles that followed for the UN operation in Somalia.
Airpower doctrine is hard to pin down completely because it belongs to all services, SOCOM, and the joint level.
Airpower doctrine is hard to pin down completely because it belongs to all services, SOCOM, and the joint level. Spread as it is over many manuals, it does not comprehensively cover airpower employment in OOTW. What doctrine does exist, however, is fairly sound but dated (one finds hardly a word about the role of attack helicopters) and not fully cognizant of some overriding political difficulties that profoundly affect military operations. In other words, to paraphrase Clausewitz, although OOTW and airpower have their own grammar, their logic is the logic of the politics of the various organizations undertaking OOTW. Indeed, joint doctrine for OOTW recognizes the overwhelming primacy of political factors in OOTWmuch more so than in war. It is particularly important, then, that airpower doctrine reflect the political imperatives that drive OOTW and that create friction in the areas outlined in this article.
1. The Congressional Research Service estimates that the US military has been used in over 250 interventions abroad, of which only five have been declared wars. CRS Report 96-119F, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 17981995, 6 February 1996, 125.
2. Eliot Cohen, The Mystique of American Airpower, Foreign Affairs, JanuaryFebruary 1994, 16.
3. See NAVMC 2890, Small Wars, 1940.
4. Martin van Creveld, The Rise and Fall of Air Power, MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 8, no. 3 (Spring 1996): 81.
5. On the one hand, in the Air Force case, very little of OOTW is addressed in the following documents: Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st Century Air Force (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Air Force, 1997); and Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2, Global Engagement: Aerospace Power Organization and Employment, draft, Spring 1998. On the other hand, the limited space allowed to OOTW offers lucid and coherent doctrine and is supplemented by other doctrine, such as AFDD 2-3, Military Operations other than War, October 1996.
6. See Army Field Manual (FM) 100-23, Peace Operations, December 1994.
7. See Joint Publication (Pub) 3-07, Joint Doctrine for Military Operations other than War, April 1993, ix.
8. AFDD 2-3, p. 8.
9. James S. Corum, Airpower and Peace Enforcement, Airpower Journal 10, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 13.
10. Joint Pub 3-07, p. 1-6.
11. Don Daniel and Bradd Hayes, Securing Observance of UN Mandates through the Employment of Militia Forces (Newport, R.I.: US Navy War College, 1995), 6.
12. See the British field manual Wider Peacekeeping (London: Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1995), which wholly, totally, and completely takes the opposite doctrinal stance from Joint Pub 3-07 on this issue. Such disagreement is very unusual for close allies.
13. Secretary-General Willy Claes, NATO, statement to the North Atlantic Assembly, Washington, D.C., 18 November 1994.
14. Maj Gen J. A. MacInnis, presentation to the Application of Law of War Rules Conference, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 57 December 1994.
15. Mats R. Berdal, Whither UN Peacekeeping: An Analysis of the Changing Military Requirements of UN Peacekeeping with Proposals for Its Enhancement, Adelphi Paper no. 281 (London: Brasseys for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1993), 76.
16. John Bolton, presentation to the CSIS/VII Inc. Conference on Dueling Doctrines and the New American Way of War, Washington, D.C., 2426 June 1998.
17. I address this issue in my book Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military Operations (Washington, D.C.: Brasseys, 1998), 16871 and 21114.
18. Adm Leighton Smith, USN, Retired, Relevancy of Air Power in Military Operations other than War (paper presented at the CSIS/VII Inc. Conference on Dueling Doctrines and the New American Way of War, Washington, D.C., 2426 June 1998).
19. Hillen, Blue Helmets, 16165.
20. Corum, 15.
21. Smith.
Dr. John Hillen (AB, Duke University; MA, Kings College, London; DPhil, Oxford University) is the Olin Fellow for National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a former Army officer who served with the 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment in the Persian Gulf War. A contributing editor at National Review magazine, Dr. Hillen is the author of Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military Operations and numerous articles in Foreign Affairs, Orbis, Strategic Review, Joint Force Quarterly, Parameters, and many other periodicals.
The conclusions and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author cultivated in the freedom of expression, academic environment of Air University. They do not reflect the official position of the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, the United States Air Force or the Air University.
[ Back Issues | Home Page | Feedback? Email the Editor ]


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The government won't back the idea of a statue of V D Savarkar in Marseilles, France, even as the BJP pitches for a memorial to mark 100 years of the Hindutva icon's escape from a British ship near the French port.
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The plan was floated by Hindutva organisations in 2000 and the mayor of Marseilles had agreed to a half-bust. Some BJP MPs had raised the issue with External Affairs Minister S M Krisha and in Parliament.
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Hemingway once stayed at this beloved former hotel and Swedish cultural center, which sat shuttered for nearly a decade. It was reborn in 2014 and has... Read More
I love the architecture of this hotel; the Novotel can be described with one word: light. It has very large windows and fantastic views of the city... Read More
When the first property of the expanding Only You brand opened in 2012 in the heart of trendy Chueca, it became a magnet for Madrileños, who filled its... Read More
The Palacio Ca Sa Galesa hotel, in the majorcan town of Palma, is steeped in history. The 1576 building's 12 rooms and suites are furnished with... Read More
Swaggering onto the scene, the Hospes Palau de la Mar announced Valencia's coming of age. An avant-garde group of designers and architects... Read More
This hotel, once a 13th-century hospital, is next to Santiago's cathedral. Read More
One of the best budget chains in Spain, Petit Palace has four great outposts in Barcelona. At all of them, the beds are comfy, most of the rooms have... Read More


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log perch
Definition of log perch
: a darter (Percina caprodes) about six inches long found in lakes and streams about Lake Superior especially southward and eastward
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made in Qatar
ADGS is a Research and Development company founded in Qatar. ADGS develops keystroke dynamics (biometric) security systems for governments, banks, oil industry and large companies. It has developed HADUN/BLUP long-range data communication systems. ADGS SIRGA system helps manage emergency situations for the Civil Defense. ADGS is conducting researches in the field of emergent behavior, replicating biological behaviors in groups using Artificial Intelligence: this brings A.I to autonomous mobile systems like robots, autonomous cars and some advanced defense systems.
ADGS is conducting investigations in the field of natural disaster rescue, with a new technology to localize survivors under several layers of rubble.
ADGS also works on innovative and extremely energy-efficient chemical and physical processes to produce drinking water from highly polluted, contaminated or sea water.
Relying on highly secured layers U.S Government-approved built-in WebDNA, ADGS develops advanced web systems allowing a safe and modern experience for the users. WebDNA technology has been chosen by services at the University of Stanford, the Texas University, the M.I.T, the U.S Government and companies like Chrysler, Coca-Cola, Disney or Kodak.
ADGS delivers comprehensive IT services ranging from custom Web Presence to development of complex software applications. Combination of business domain knowledge with technology competence and innovative methodologies allows to deliver high-quality, cost-effective results.
ADGS has strong partnership and bilateral cooperation agreements with laboratories, universities and foundations (CPIC, UTN, FUNDESCO….)
HASSAN AL ANSARI, President, is also the founder of ADGS. Educated in France, he is a qatari businessmen who's goal is to make ADGS a major Technological company in the Gulf region, produce innovative solutions to practical problems and develop their commercial application. Investing in promising technologies, surrounded by a competent and experienced team, Hassan has a long-term vision where Qatar plays a major role as technological exporter of new technologies.
GERHARD BRODIL, Marketing and Communication consultant, from Austria, is a specialist in business engineering. He served as a counsellor to a Member of the European Parliament and coordinator of European Affairs both in industry and national politics. He works in the field of business development. He is globally operational as VP Human Resources and International HR Executive for a number of Italian multinationals. Gerhard provides consultancy on Management and HR issues to multinational ADGS clients.
CHRISTOPHE BILLIOTTET, General Manager of ADGS, educated as a fighter pilot in the french Air Force, has a 25 years experience with internet technologies, security, software engineering, database systems and business re-engineering. Before that he was a CEO of WebDNA Software Corporation (USA), and CEO at Zarcrom Industries Corporation (USA) and has been President of Zarcrom S.A.S (France). He is a member of ADGS Board.
What is BioType?
BioType is a software that collects keystroke data and uses mathematic and statistics to vectorize the data to build a "profile" that allows to identify, authenticate and compare user's patterns.
How does it work?
BioType software collects keystroke dynamics, analyzes them using in-house mathematical and statistical algorithms and authenticates users just by the way they use a keyboard. It is a bit like "graphology in the computer age". It has been extensively tested and has proved to be reliable and robust.
Non intrusive, no hardware
Compared to other biometrics, keystroke biometrics has desirable properties due to its user-friendliness and non-intrusiveness. Keystroke dynamics data can be collected without a user's cooperation or even awareness. Unlike other biometrics, the temporal information of keystrokes can be collected to ascertain a user using only software and no additional hardware.
Continuous user validation
This argument stems from observations that similar neuro-physiological factors that make written signatures unique, are also exhibited in a user's typing pattern . When a person types, the latencies between successive keystrokes, keystroke durations, finger placement and applied pressure on the keys can be used to construct a unique signature (i.e., profile) for that individual. For well-known, regularly typed strings, such signatures can be quite consistent. Thus, Biotype offers a way to continuously validate the legitimate identity of a user. As long as user interaction with the system through input devices persists, keystroke pattern can be constantly monitored and reevaluated.
ADGS innovative, tokenless authentication system delivers strong security through a combination of keystroke dynamics, behavioral and environmental characteristics to minimize identity theft, web fraud and other system vulnerabilities. Password are vulnerable: they can be stolen, lent, shared, hacked.... but the way a user types on a keyboard is unique. It is not anymore what you type, but how you type. BioType software solution creates a unique personal security pattern that recognizes authorized users while keeping hackers out.
ADGS BioType is truly innovative for securing accesses, ensuring imposters masquerading as the valid user are unable to access private or corporate information.
BioType adds an invisible biometric layer that can be implemented into any existing system access, from the Microsoft Windows system to a simple webpage on the internet. Users do not change anything to their login habits, while allowing a control center to transparently certify a user identity in real time. BioType is based on the concept of behavioral biometrics, or neuromuscular behavior.
Keystroke patterns are harder to reproduce than written signatures. With security systems allowing only a limited number of erroneous input attempts before locking down the account, integration of BioType leaves random password guessing attack obsolete, and stolen credentials entirely insignificant, since successful possession of the secret key is only a mere condition of the entire authentication chain.
BioType is ideal for National Security, Administration, Military, Banks, Oil Companies and more generally, companies with needs to identify and certify users to protect their sensitive information.
Psychological state detection and future developments
Free text keystroke dynamics refers to the habitual patterns or rhythms an individual exhibits while typing on a keyboard input device. These rhythms and patterns of tapping are idiosyncratic, in the same way as handwritings or signatures, due to their similar governing neurophysiological mechanisms.
Although keystroke dynamics is governed by a person's neurophysiological pathway to be highly individualistic, it is also influenced by his or her psychological state. As a "behavioral" biometrics, typing exhibits instabilities due to transient factors such as emotions, stress, drowsiness or early stage of neurodegenerative diseases. ADGS is currently developing methods to detect, classify and report these states of mind.
What is AquaMunda?
AquaMunda means "Pure Water" in latin. AquaMunda is a new water purification process that does not rely on evaporation Multi Stage Flash ((MSF) or Multi Effect Distillation (MED), or reverse osmosis (RO), which are the three usual technics. Instead, AquaMunda purifies the water at molecular level by using chemical processes
How does it work?
Without chemical or physical processes, many substances could not be removed from wastewater.
If the wastewater contains water-insoluble substances or colloids, for instance, sedimentation, centrifugal separation become necessary to achieve efficient wastewater treatment. In order to retain solids we employ a two step centifugation process to obtain an ultra clarification of the wastewater. Our centifugation filtration process can achieve separation of nearly 100% of the solids and the stratification of liquid phases differing in 10% of density value.
Clarified water now can go through chemical treatment. Chemical treatment alters the chemical water conditions to a degree where harmful substances dissolved in the filtered water can be separated more easily. Many chemical reactions are involved in this process, precipitation, ionic exchange, flocculation, adsorption, UV and Gamma treatment and advanced oxidation processes.
We designed the chemical process to make the pollutants molecules unstable (for example, making them vibrate with gamma radiation) and easily degradable. Unstable molecules ionic bonds become weaker and by the presence of specific ionic compounds new bounds are formed resulting in new molecules. This means that harmful compounds are treated to become inocuos new compounds that can be extracted from water.
The widely known problems of the membrane technologies like bacterial infection, clogging filters with decreasing permeability, etc. do not exist with AquaMunda.
AquaMunda is a hydraulic system built inside a 20' or a 40' container and designed to purify, recycle and make drinking water from any type of contaminated or polluted water (city sewage, polluted river, sea water, water with hydrocarbon contamination, animal greases, hormones, AOXs, taladrinas, heavy metals, chemical contamination or biological contamination…)
The drinking water AquaMunda produces follows the NSF/ASI United States norms and the ISO 9000 / ISO 14001 European norms.
Energy: AquaMunda used 10 to 20 times less energy than conventional systems; 260 Watts is enough to produce one cubic meter of drinking water. It is easy to make it completely autonomous using solar panels. AquaMunda can operate without any CO2 emission.
Yield: The incoming volume is transformed, in real time, in two different volumes: the mass of solid particles (i.e salt, heavy metals which may or may not be used in an industrial process) and the treated water, with a yield of 90 to 95% compared to a generous 50% for the other technologies. The treated water is left free of micro-organisms, fungi, bacteria, algae, and other organic contaminants. In the future, AquaMunda will also be able to produce Oxygen and Hydrogen at an extremely low cost.
Size of the equipment: a unit producing 100 cubic meter of drinking water per hour can be built inside a single 40' container.
Mobile water desalination units provide emergency water supply wherever and whenever needed. The units can be easily moved (via air, land, or marine transport) and deployed to drought stricken and water stressed areas. Mobile desalination units provide a very flexible way of supplying potable water to communities by hooking-up to existing municipal water storage and delivery systems. They can also be quickly and easily decommissioned or moved to other locations should drought conditions ease.
Mobile systems can also be used almost everywhere and it is offering islands, touristic agglomerations, industrial sites, sea vessels, areas stricken by natural disasters, etc. instant clean drinking water made out of seawater.
Costs: The very low operational costs of AquaMunda is partly due to the very low level of energy needed to operate the system, but also the low labour costs and the very limited service and maintenance needed.
Potential customer of AquaMunda
Nahuel González is Researcher on distributed systems, emergent behaviour, security and biometrics. Research and Development specialist in the gaming industry. He collaborates with national agencies to prevent tax fraud. Specialist on keystroke dynamics analysis in free text as a reliable authentication technology. Specialist in Artificial Intelligence and Big Data.
Alejandro Pedro Yaya has a Master Degree in Civil Engineering and Software Engineering, is an experienced advisor in technical innovation management and technological transfer processes. Specialist in National Defense and Security. Leader of groups of research and development for innovative services, particularly in Artificial Intelligence and data extraction from Human Language.
Gustavo Heredia is a Political and legal advisor for more than ten years on problems concerning technological transfer processes for oil, gas and energy companies. Specialist in National Defense and Security.
Specialist in Big Data applied to Defense. Researcher at National Defense College in Argentina and Consultant at Airport Security (PSA)


text: Singles Going Single #200 - Cotton Mather 7\" (1993, Biffco) • Genre : Pop New Wave Dance • Year : 0 • Label : • On demand! (album available 128-320kbs)* #/by GROVER Release code: ODI2158617 Added on 27-10-2014, 19:36 You want this album? link doesn't work? report us from your account! Release Info: Singles Going Single #200 - Cotton Mather 7\" (1993, Biffco) Hard to believe, but the Singles Going Single series has reached it's 200th installment. The original plan for SOS was to share 45s from artists that I owned exactly one single from - that, and I was going to limit to one-hundred installments. After hitting the "100" mark in 2009 with a Stray Tapes 7" I determined there was more than enough records in my collection to do another round of one-hundred. Well. since I haven't come close to running out of wax, I'm still going to be sharing singles regularly, but most likely without the "Singles Going Single" prefix in the title. To anyone I've confused over the years with the somewhat esoteric SOS concept, I apologize. I thought I'd sunset said "prefix" with a bit of a bang, namely the first Cotton Mather single. The record may not be of huge significance, even to the most dedicated fans, given that both "Payday" and "Miss Information" appeared on their debut album Cotton is King, in the same incarnations from what I'm able to derive. Still, I can't think of a better introduction to CM's deft songcraft, which for a few exceptions was without peer in the mid '90s power pop strata. Judging by how the band is gauged in hindsight, you'd think Cotton Mather only had one album to their credit, 1997's Kontiki (recently reissued in an expanded edition). As wondrous an album as Kontiki was, Cotton is King was just as prodigiously inspired and advanced for a band of such a young stature, and in many ways more immediate. Anyway, I'm not here to sell you Cotton Mather records. Just listen and love. Both tracks ripped straight from vinyl.A. PaydayB. Miss Information This album(s) is currently available for download only with a Premium account. To get a premium account, click here


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These are the ultimate treat!
¾ cup sugar
1 teaspoon cinnamon
½ teaspoon salt
¼ teaspoon each: nutmeg, allspice, and cloves
1 egg white
2½ teaspoons water
8 cups pecan halves
¾ teaspoon edible gold leaf
Preheat oven to 275 degrees. Combine sugar, spices, egg white, and water in a zipper bag. Add pecans, and coat well. Spread on lightly greased, foil-lined cookie sheet. Sprinkle with gold leaf. Bake for 50–55 minutes. Stir occasionally. Remove and cool on wax paper.
Yield: 8 cups


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Filter Results:
Publication Year
Publication Type
Publication Venue
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Learn More
- Ivana Truccolo, Chiara Cipolat Mis, +12 authors Paolo De Paoli
- Journal of Cancer Education
- 2015
In Italy, educational programs for cancer patients are currently provided by the national government, scientific societies, and patient advocate organizations. Several gaps limit their effectiveness, including the lack of coordinated efforts, poor involvement of patient feedback in the planning of programs, as well as a lack of resources on innovative… (More)
- Maurizio Mascarin, Ivana Truccolo, Elena Byther, Daniela Capone, Caterina Elia
- Journal of Cancer Education
- 2014
Following the model of other international oncology units, a framework was developed to create a special unit for adolescents and young adults (Youth Area) within a cancer research hospital in Italy by defining relevant parameters to improve personalized healthcare delivery and the reduction of the impact of the disease on 14–24 year old patients. The… (More)
- C. Cipolat Mis, I. Truccolo, +7 authors P. De Paoli
- BMC health services research
- 2015
BACKGROUND Educational intervention represents an essential element of care for cancer patients; while several single institutions develop their own patient education (PE) programs on cancer, little information is available on the effective existence of PE programs at the level of research and care institutes. In Italy such institutes--Istituti di Ricovero… (More)
- Elisabetta Poltronieri, Ivana Truccolo, Corrado Di Benedetto, Mauro Castelli, Mauro Mazzocut, Gaetana Cognetti
- Journal of experimental & clinical cancer…
- 2010
BACKGROUND The Open Archive Initiative (OAI) refers to a movement started around the '90 s to guarantee free access to scientific information by removing the barriers to research results, especially those related to the ever increasing journal subscription prices. This new paradigm has reshaped the scholarly communication system and is closely connected to… (More)
- Mauro Mazzocut, Ivana Truccolo, +5 authors Carlo Tasso
- Journal of medical Internet research
- 2016
BACKGROUND The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among cancer patients is widespread and mostly self-administrated. Today, one of the most relevant topics is the nondisclosure of CAM use to doctors. This general lack of communication exposes patients to dangerous behaviors and to less reliable information channels, such as the Web. The… (More)
- Mauro Mazzocut, Marialuisa Antonini, +5 authors Carlo Tasso
- 2014
Introduction: Web users have turned into information producers who share with others contents and opinions. The literature reports that patients use the Web for searching health information, and also for sharing their feelings and experience with others experiencing the same condition. Peer-to-peer communication has relevant effects on patients' decisions… (More)
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Nasty babe double ended by strangers as hubby films
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Find a recipe
The secret to good whipped cream
To get good whipped cream, you have to use fresh cream with 30% fat, such as Paysan Breton Heavy...Read more
Milking cows by Paul Durand
As a cooperative brand, Paysan Breton has the privilege of providing opportunities for its farmers...Read more
Our cooperative identity
Learn more about Paysan Breton, a cooperative brand supported by its 7,000 dairy farmer members.
Proud of its Breton roots, Paysan Breton manufactures simple and traditional products full of flavour.
Contact us
Do you have a question about our brand
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Product Description
Product Description:
The Windsor Bench Teak Set forms part of the excellent Brackenstyle range of contemporary garden furniture, perfect for anyone seeking durable and stylish outdoor furnishings for the garden patio or terrace.
Seats 4 Adults Comfortably
Made From Grade A Teak
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The Windsor Bench Teak Set TK-Set16, is on sale today. Buy online (You save £234.00) on the RRP. With our price promise, we are dedicated to delivering the best value to our customers. If you can find this product cheaper elsewhere, let us know.
Got a question? Contact us about the Windsor Bench Teak Set TK-Set16 or other LB Outdoor Leisure products. Our team are ready to help.


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© The Financial Times Ltd 2017 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.
Chris leads the reporting of economics in the newspaper and on FT.com. He covers international economic trends and the British economy as well as contributing to FT.com's Money Supply blog. He won the Royal Statistical Society's prize for excellence in journalism in 2008.


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Ranking of Best Actress in the 5th Asian Awards
Log in to copy items to your own lists.
Fan Xu
Actress, Tang shan da di zhen
Takako Matsu
Actress, Kokuhaku
Do-yeon Jeon
Actress, Hanyo
Jeon Do-yeon spent five years starring in television dramas before achieving instant star status with her film debut opposite Han Seok-gyu in The Contact. She has since gone on to take a wide variety of roles, from her performance as a schoolgirl in Harmonium in My Memory to that of a wife having an adulterous affair in Happy End...
Michelle Yeoh
Actress, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Born as Yang Zi Qiong in the mining town of Ipoh, in West Malaysia, in the lunar year of the Tiger, Michelle is the daughter of Janet Yeoh and Yeoh Kian Teik, a lawyer and politician. She is of Han Chinese (Hokkien) descent, and spoke English and Malay before Chinese. A ballet dancer since age 4, she moved to London...
Rinko Kikuchi
Actress, Pacific Rim


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Medical pro needed in Louisville KY
Expand Messages
- Hi all,
 My name is Kevin and I am starting an
ASHA HELP group in Louisville KY. A HELP group is a
support group for people living with Herpes. One
requirement of the American Social Health Association is I
need to have a medical advisor. This person can be an
RN, LPN, Nurse Practitioner, Physician's Assistant or
an MD. They don't nessecarily have to be
knowledgable of HSV but willing to learn. They need not attend
our meetings but I would prefer one that will attend.
We will have meetings twice a month. It doesn't pay
anything but can be very rewarding. If any of you are in
the Louisville area and would like to volunteer or
know of someone who would. Please contact me at
kirvin2@...
 Thank you very much.
 Kevin
- --- In nursing2@y..., deborah_leigh <no_reply@y...> wrote:
> Well, being one that believes we have to accept SOME responsibilityin
> for our own actions, how about not keeping this woman pregnant when
> there is a history of severe post-partum depression? Have heard on
> more than one occassion that he, the husband, has some complicity
> this tragedy. Kinda like giving an alcoholic keys to the familyleave
> car. If he was so sure that things were not right, why did he
> this woman with her children?the docs that she didn't seem right but the docs said she was...he
> i don't like this new group thing...anyway...he states that he told
says they even said she was ok and they were the medical people...he
was in the process of finding someone else...and his mom stayed with
her and watched the kids...don't know what happened...why she wasn't
there...who knows...maybe she told him she was on birth control....i
don't have all the answers...they stated that in her case all that
could have gone wrong in her case...did....
> --- In nursing2@y..., rehabrn_2000 wrote:
> > Also...lane...Rusty yates...the husband of the
> > yates woman who killed all her kids....has been on talk
> > shows stating it was the hmos.....and the system...he
> > kept telling the docs that things weren't right and
> > they stated they were ok...many things happened and he
> > had to go to the less expensive insurance...what do
> > you think of all this...he says if she had been put
> > on the right meds...this wouldn't have
> > happened...but they kept saying things were ok...and they were
> > the medical professionals so in turn he thought it
> > was ok...but he did question them....many times...
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


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Hello :)
A Blond has wrotee this and ze followingg ^o^
I hope you all like my storys (that Im starting)
Here are some things I like. .. .
Bruno Mars
Justin Bieber
+more. . .
RaNdOm StUfF:)
Mexico >.<
I dye my hair. . .AlOt
Writing ;)
Making People Laugh (i tend to do it alot.)
Im dumb :/
Your still reading . . . I like you 10% more now xD
Well anyways my name is amy, call me Beans :)
I <3 puppies
I'll add moree laterr I dont feel likee typin anymoree
Buh Byee
P.S. I fan bak...... Only if your kool
- I'll tell you when I get there :D
- JoinedFebruary 3, 2012
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YoMama1232 Mar 24, 2012 12:21AM
Thnks @TheOrangutanView all Conversations
Story by PeanutButter >.<
- 1 Published Story
2 Reading Lists
- Reading List
- 1 Story
- Reading List
- 1 Story


text:
Austin's 30th annual South by Southwest music festival kicked off on Tuesday, and though the bulk of the celebration has yet
In 2015, at least 23 transgender people were murdered in America. Beyond the struggle for basic human rights — like
It's difficult to believe, but we're now farther removed from the release of Metallica's psychotherapy-bred St. Anger in 2003 than that
Earlier this week, news broke that the heirs of late soul songwriter Ed Townsend had officially taken legal action against
This has been another year of reconciliations and breakups for the Smashing Pumpkins' Billy Corgan. After reconciling with ex-bassist D'arcy Wretzky,
Netflix still towers over its streaming competitors with its original programming and deep library. But like every other man-made service,
Yasiin Bey Announces Two New Albums Before Retirement, Unveils Tame Impala and Mannie Fresh Collaborations
Earlier this year, on a pre-Life of Pablo audio statement posted on Kanye West's website, Yasiin Bey (formerly Mos Def)
Shortly before the end of his life, David Bowie was working on a multitude of projects. In addition to the
As the old saying goes: a rising TIDAL of Lemonade lifts all boats. Thanks to the rising floodwaters that be Hurricane
The further from their peak we get, the crazier it feels that Guns N' Roses ever happened. The Los Angeles-bred


text:
Corporate Partners
MassCUE Corporate Partners share MassCUE's mission and are interested in supporting MassCUE at a higher level. By partnering with MassCUE, our Corporate Partners have increased their exposure to influential educators across the state and are making it possible for our members to benefit from their services.
Their inclusion does not mean that we endorse their company or products. However, we do encourage school districts to contact them to learn more about their company.
Please join us in thanking our partners!
Special Note: Each year MassCUE has 8 Corporate Partners. If your company is interested in becoming a Corporate Partner for 2017-2018 please email Shelley Chamberlain, Executive Director.Print this page


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TISSUE BANKING: Standards, Procedures, and Applications
Tissue Banking: History Prior to 1980's, very few active tissue banks existed. –Apart from corneas, storage of human tissue was not common –Tissues for transplantation were scarce –No professional standards and government control meant that effectiveness were uncertain
Tissue Banking: History Introduction of Immunosuppressant drugs in the 1980's led to: –Successful organ transplants –Public support and effective organ donation programs –Paved the way for use of cadaver tissue donations. –Increased availability of tissue allografts –Tissue banks combined with organ and tissue procurement agencies (COPA, UNOS)
Tissue Banking: History Early Tissue Banking –Originally managed by surgeons, had many quality control problems –Poor stored tissue quality –Very little disease testing –Poor tracking of tissue sources TMS Involvement Improved Quality of Work –ABO, Rh typing –Improvements in source tracking –Better quality storage equipment –Reputation of blood banking improved community relations and donor pool
Tissue Banking: History Government Regulations of Tissue Banks –In 1993, an Interim Rule was implemented by the FDA –Allowed FDA inspection of tissue banks, ability to recall and destroy unsuitable tissues –FDA requirements focused on assuring safety of tissue for transplant, accuracy of medical history and records, proper processing and storage of tissue.
Tissue Banking: History Increasing Surgical Demands For Allografts –Demand for bone in hip replacements, femoral head allografts, mending acetabular and femoral defects. –Demands for cadaver skin in burn patients exceeds supply in US, skin imported from Europe to meet demands.
Tissue Banking: Applications Apart From Blood, Banked Tissues Include: –Bone, frozen, freeze-dried, and de-mineralized –Corneas –Heart valves –Tendons –Skin –Haematopoetic Tissues, bone marrow and cord blood –Dura mater, ear ossicles, and cartilage, to a lesser degree
Tissue Banking: Applications Growth In Tissue Banking –300,000 bone allografts made annually –40,000 corneas transplanted annually –20,000 cadaveric organs transplanted annually –50,000-100,000 vials of powdered bone in dental practice annually
Tissue Banking: Applications Common Clinical Uses For Banked Tissue –Bone allografts used in spinal fusion surgery –Tendon allografts for knee ligament replacement –Heart valves for treatment of congenital heart defect in children –Viable and non-viable skin dressing for burn patients –Powdered bone used in dental repairs –Hematopoetic stem cells and marrow used to replace bone marrow
Tissue Banking: Standards Process required for Safe Tissue Transplantation –Donor's medical and social history – next of kin, physicians, hospital records –Donor blood microbiological testing Serologic PCR –Physical examination of cadavers tattoos needle marks other indications of risky lifestyle –Review of autopsy exam results. –Aseptic tissue retrieval.
Tissue Banking: Standards Requirements For Donor Selection –National Blood Service require: HIV 1 & 2 Hepatitis B & C serologic testing for syphilis –Non-mandatory tests: CMV, Hepatitis G, and HTLV I & II Various Testing Methods Used to Detect Viruses –Hepatitis B testing for surface antigens –HIV and Hepatitis C detect presence of antibodies to virus –ELISA used for HIV, may not detect donors in seroconversion –PCR used to detect HIV viral nucleotide without depending on antibody response – more sensitive and specific
Procedures: ABO, Rh ABO & Rh Typing –Major ABO mismatching can cause rapid graft rejection due to damage by ABO antibodies, causing endothelial damage and thrombosis –ABO matching is important to the success of all vascular tissue grafts – liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and pancreas ABO/Rh Typing Not Needed For Non-Vascular Tissue Grafts –Fascia –Bone –Heart Valves –Skin –Corneas
Procedures: HLA HLA A, B, and Dr Loci are Matched For: –Kidneys and other soft organs when time permits –Bone marrow –Peripheral blood stem cells –Second cornea grafts HLA Matching Not Needed For Non-Viable Tissue –Bone –Tendon –Fascia –Cartilage –Epidermal Dressing
Procedures: Bone Collection Collection Procedures –Fresh, autologous bone taken from illiac crest, reduces risk of disease transmission –Allograft bone also collected when conditions make autologous collection in impractical –Can be frozen or freeze-dried, and stored at room temperature for five years –Freeze dried bone is processed to remove marrow and blood, treated with alcohol, and irradiated, resulting in decreased risk of disease transmission –Demineralizing bone makes proteins and growth factors readily available, promoting healing
Procedures: Skin Collection Collection Procedures –Allograft skin used as dressing in deep burn patients –Layers of skin 0.015 inch thick are removed –Skin can be stored at 2-8 O C for up to 14 days, in a nutrient and antibiotic broth media –Skin frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen freezer, or at –70 O C. –Tissue stored using Dimethylsulfoxide, 15% Glycerol, or Phosphate Buffered Saline and another Cryoprotective Agent –Thawing depends on freezing media used, some have cytotoxic effects at higher temperatures
Procedures: Skin Collection Many Factors Affect Quality Of Skin –Delay in post-mortem collection reduces viability of tissue –Autolytic and enzymatic degradation of tissue allows for enhancement of bacterial load Secondary Concern Is Surface Contamination –Skin primarily collected in mortuary or funeral home. Proper Aseptic Retrieval –Use of sterile drapes –Decontamination of Skin –Operating room techniques –Use of sterile collection containers and instruments
Procedures: Skin Collection Normal Skin carries both residual and transient normal flora –Normal flora reduced by transport at low temperatures in a sealed container –Normally placed in an antibiotic transport solution –Transport solution similar to medium used to grow tissue cultures, helps maintain viability of graft
Procedures: Heart Valve Collection Collection Procedures –Allografts do not require anticoagulation therapy like mechanical grafts. –Whole Heart aseptically collected in Operating Room or at autopsy. –Aortic and pulmonary valves removed. –Placed in DMSO, frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage
Procedures: Infection Control Diseases Transmitted By Transplants: –HIV transmitted by bone and solid organ transplants –Hepatitis transmitted by bone, bone marrow, and other organs –Tuberculosis transmitted by bone and heart valves –Prion diseases transmitted by corneas and dura mater –Rabies has been transmitted by corneas Incidence of Fungal and Bacterial Diseases –Occasionally of donor origin –More commonly, acquired during tissue procurement, processing, or storage
Procedures: Infection Control Sterilization of Banked Tissues Antimicrobial mixtures used must be effective against bacterial and fungal contamination Ohio Valley Tissue and Skin Center – 0.4 mM L-glutamine, 100 units penicillin, 100 g streptomycin, 200 g kanamycin, 8 mg gentamycin, and 100 g nystatin. "Reina Sofia" Cordoba Spain – 50 g/ml tobramycin, 50 g/ml co- trimoxazole, 50 g/ml vancomycin, 50 g/ml amphotericin B In clinical trials, both mixtures were 100% effective against normal flora gram-positive bacteria and had varying degrees of effectiveness against gram-negative and drug resistant gram-positive bacteria. Against Candida sp., the Reina Sofia mixture was 100% effective, while the OVTSC mixture was shown to be ineffective on all trials.
Procedures: UNC Hospitals Frozen Skin at UNC: –UNC Hospitals use tissue banked by OVTSC for skin allograft –Tissues ordered and distributed by the Transfusion Medicine Services –Tissue stored in -70 Degree Celsius Freezer –Collected in 2x8 and 3x8 strips, ordered by square foot ABO, Rh, HLA at UNC –UNC requires ABO/Rh type match on all tissues and organs –HLA match done pre-transplant on kidneys only –HLA match done post-transplant on heart, liver, lungs, and other organs, due to need for rapid transplant of these organs
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241 Last modified August 22, 2016.
How we know
We know it because of relativity.
Assuming the photonic construct of mass we can predict the phenomenon of relativity. The equations that describe relativity naturally develop from the postulate ( 1 ) that mass is made of photons and postulate ( 2 ) that space and time behave in the classic sense. Relativity phenomena is observed and measured in accord with the equations that naturally develop (above). No need to re-do the math; these are the well known Lorentz transformations.
This is not a new thing. Seldom published, the fact that a photonic construct of mass would produce relativity phenomena in classic space-time stands and has been known for at least a hundred years. Any scientist who wishes to ponder will immediately see that a photonic construct of mass would cause relativity in a classic universe. H. Ziegler realized this in 1909. He said to Max Planck and Albert Einstein, If one thinks about the basic particles of matter as invisible little spheres which possess an invariable speed of light, then all interactions of matter-like states and electrodynamics phenomena can be described and thus we would have erected the bridge between the material and immaterial world that Mr. Planck wanted."
Too bad Max and Albert paid him no mind.
Now, if the photonic construct of mass is not the reality of how nature is built, how in the world could there be the phenomenon of relativity ? Relativity phenomena is a reality; the photonic construct of mass is a reality; the photonic construct of mass is the cause of relativity. Nature could not possibly be otherwise given what we observe.
We know it because E = MC2
The mass-energy equation really demands a photonic construct of mass. Otherwise weird transformation ideas must be developed to explain why it is that mass and energy readily convert from one to the other. Given the photonic construct of mass, mass must necessarily yield up its electromagnetic energy when it comes unglued. Nature could not possibly be otherwise.
Modern scientists are hampered by an idea that crept into scientific thinking in the last few decades; that energy is not a thing in itself but is only a property that real things may possess. This idea makes thinking about mass-energy conversions very difficult; much easier to dump that absurd notion and consider energy a thing that can convert to mass; just like mass is a thing that can convert to energy.
We know it because of the way an electron strikes a target.
We can predict precisely an electron's path through space but even when knowing the path precisely, we cannot predict precisely where on a target an electron will strike. Since electrons are comprised of photons they will be absorbed or reflected by a target depending upon the phase-state of photons comprising target elements. In-phase or out-of-phase states will react differently. The impact point will be that point were the momentary phase relationships of the target best fit those of the projectile electron. Out-of-phase points tend to reflect; in-phase points tend to absorb etc.
We know it because of the wave behavior of the elementary particles.
The photonic construct of mass predicts interference patterns when particles interact because particles made of light must necessarily produce interference patterns just as light produces interference patterns.
If the photonic construct of mass is not reality this phenomenon is not predicted nor explained. It is one of those queer things about the mainstream faithful beliefs that just keep getting more queer as they make up strange new ideas to explain them.
We know it because light bends in gravity twice as much as it should.
Einstein predicted that light would bend twice as much as it should in a gravity field. This was measured soon after Einstein predicted it.
This is consistent with a photon construct of symmetric electric and magnetic fields. When the photon's path is bent the symmetry of the electric and magnetic fields is broken because the area of the outside of the bend is greater than the area of the inside of the bend. This observed positive feedback of photons must necessarily be the result of an electromagnetic force field; because that is the only kind of field known to be in a photon. We can predict then that bending the path of a photon produces an electromagnetic field. We can then predict that this is the source of the charge on the elementary particles. Coincidence?
We know it because Planck's constant is a constant.
Electromagnetic wave length may be varied smoothly over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The shorter the wave length, the greater the energy. Scientists assumed until Max Planck showed otherwise that the energy in a given wave length was variable by increasing the amplitude of the wave just as one might increase the amplitude of a water wave or a sound wave. Max Planck showed that the electromagnetic amplitude of any given wave length of light was a constant value. This value was the same for all wave lengths of light. This little twist in the way we view Planck's constant predicts the phenomenon of gravity. Coincidence ?
We know it because all massive particles can be reduced solely to electromagnetic fields.
Theory predicts and observations show that every particle of mass can become an electromagnetic field. This would really be weird if the particles were not made of electromagnetic fields. This fact alone should be proof enough; especially so since there is no evidence and has never been any evidence that contradicts the photonic construct of mass. Coincidence ?
We know it because colliding electrons and positrons can produce every known particle of mass.
There is no particle of ordinary mass that we cannot create by slamming together electrons and positrons. Some super massive short lived particles require more energy than we can presently generate in electron-positron accelerators but there is no reason to suggest that these particles could not also be created. How could this possibly be so if the particles were made up of other than the electromagnetic fields created by the colliding electrons and positrons. The new particles can't possibly come from the colliding particles because most are much more massive than the colliding particles. The total mass of all the particles generated in the collisions adds up to much more than the mass of the colliding particles. Coincidence ?


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text: We went here during our stay in Cergy. The food was decent- we had pizza and a cheese plate and desserts. The server was a bit standoffish, but I related this to the fact we spoke minimal French and while he spoke English I'm not quite sure he felt comfortable with it. My biggest complaint is that we specifically asked... More


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Alphotel Stocker
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Itself feel fine tells to enter pleasant rooms and to let wrap completely from the sunny atmosphere …! Already in the reception you are warmly received with us. The day rooms provide rest and good taste.
Finally, there! Outdoors amusing views and many active ideas … Inside pleasantly homy comfort, hearty hospitality, and time to the enjoyment … in complete silence of the world!
And by now we of the nightmare hotel Stocker are glad to be allowed to spoil you during the nicest days of the year.


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Adovia Exfoliating Facial Sea Salts
Hello everyone!
I was super excited to be able to test out this facial exfoliator! I had been using one my mom bought and it was starting to react funny with my skin. I put make up on every day and it is really important to me that my skin doesn't get clogged with residue from it. So I had been in the market for a good exfoliator. On top of all of that my skin is kind of tricky. It rarely gets pimples but certain products really bother my skin.
This exfoliator from Adovia met all of my needs! I have been using it for about a week now and have noticed a tremendous difference in my skin! I remember after I first used it I told my mom I felt like I had a whole new face- it was that amazing. And I stand by that original comment! I haven't broken out and my skin feels healthy and clean.
I had noticed that the only ingredient in the product was Dead Sea Salt. I asked my mom about it because I was surprised there was nothing else. I thought can't I buy sea salt from the grocery store for really cheap and have the same experience? It turns out- you can't! Mom said that the special part is that it is Dead Sea Salt- meaning it comes from the dead sea! She said there are a few skin care lines that use this salt and it is much better than all of the rest. She mentioned that supposedly this is how Cleopatra kept her skin great. Well, I don't know about Cleopatra, but I know that my skin feels wonderful!
Adovia writes that this product is for those with oily skin. However if you have dry skin to mix it with olive oil or with Adovia's cleanser! This container gives you 2 months supply for only $19.00 and I really do think it is worth it!
The directions are simple: Apply to a clean wet face and massage gently! I do it right in the shower after I have washed my make up off! It works out so perfectly!
Buy it from Amazon, currently free shipping!
Don't believe me?


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292 Boom Rock Rd, Ohariu Valley, Wellington, New Zealand 6037
+64 4 478 9587
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In the early 1920's, Captain John Eastwick set sail from the United Kingdom in search for farming opportunties in New Zealand. By 1925 he had purchased and settled upon Papanui Station, a 3000 acre sheep and beef farm on the west coast of Wellington.
With 8km of rugged coastline and unparalleled views over the Cook Strait, this incredible backdrop also provided a number of challenges for farming on the harsh landscape.
In 1997, Jonny Eastwick, the third generation of Eastwick's to grace the land and the visionary behind Boomrock, took a leap of faith in diversification to build a stunning Lodge 750ft above sea level. In the following years, the vision broadened to include some of New Zealand's most innovative and exciting activities.
With two additional venues including The Track (an asphalt car testing circuit) built in 2002 and The Bunkers (an outstanding claybird shooting facility) built in 2009, Boomrock now entertains over 10,000 guests a year.


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Pas de Calais
General Directions: Queant is a village 25 kilometres south-east of Arras. The Cemetery is on the western outskirts of the village on the road to Riencourt-les-Cagnicourt.
Queant was close behind the Hindenburg Line, at the South end of a minor defence system known as the Drocourt-Queant Line, and it was not captured by British troops until the 2nd September 1918.
On the North side of the Communal Cemetery was a German Extension of nearly 600 graves (1916-1918), now removed; and the British Extension was made by fighting units, on the far side of the German Extension, in September and October 1918.
There are now nearly 300, 1914-18 war casualties commemorated in this site. Of these, a small number are unidentified.
The cemetery covers an area of 1,011 square metres and is enclosed by a flint and rubble wall.
The cemetery was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens & George Hartley Goldsmith
Victoria Cross:
Lieutenant Samuel Lewis Honey, VC, DCM, MM, 78th Bn. Canadian Infantry (Manitoba Regiment), died of wounds 30/09/1918 aged 24, row C. 36. Son of the Rev. George E. Honey and Metta B. Honey of Lynden, Ontario.
Citation: An extract from the London Gazette, No. 31108, dated 3rd Jan., 1919, records the following: "For most conspicuous bravery during the Bourlon Wood operations, 27th September to 2nd October, 1918. On 27th September, when his company commander and all other officers of his company had become casualties, Lt. Honey took command and skilfully reorganised under very severe fire. He continued the advance with great dash and gained the objective. Then finding that his company was suffering casualties from enfilade machine-gun fire he located the machine-gun nest and rushed it single-handed, capturing the guns and ten prisoners. Subsequently he repelled four enemy counter-attacks and after dark again went out alone, and having located an enemy post, led a party which captured the post and three guns. On the 29th September he led his company against a strong enemy position with great skill and daring and continued in the succeeding days of the battle to display the same high example of valour and self-sacrifice. He died of wounds received during the last day of the attack by his battalion."
Casualty Details: UK 161, Canada 112, New Zealand 3, Total Burials: 276
Latest additions to the site | Belgian Cemeteries WW1 Index | French Cemeteries WW1 Index | Turkish Cemeteries WW1 Index
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Sir: Jonathan Fenby's analysis ("Hong Kong hears the drumbeat quicken", 14 August) quotes an unnamed Hong Kong-born Chinese as saying:
Whatever you think of the regime in Beijing the fact is that, as Chinese, we are going home in 1997. We may not like what we find, but then, who asked us if we liked what the British brought?
This is a well-known and widely held view, but it omits two important facts.
The first is that, historically, Hong Kong was almost unpopulated when the British annexed it in the early 19th century; there was a small village of fishing people, although many passing sailors and fishers called to replenish water supplies. There was little more in Kowloon and the New Territories - a few farming and fishing villages. The second is that most of the Chinese who left China to work and live in Hong Kong chose to do so - some to escape the Chinese communists, others to seek a better life or to make money. The man whose view was quoted could easily have been the son of one of these, in any category.
It is worth considering that when the British, for whatever dubious or even despicable reasons, occupied the territory, there was next to nothing. The British and the Chinese together turned this unpromising pig's ear into a silk purse and stuffed it with gold. The Chinese Communists should be grateful.
Yours faithfully,
James Nation
Winchester, Hampshire
- More about:
- Beijing
- China
- Fishing
- Hong Kong (chn)


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Eva Alfredsson*, Jonas Månsson** and Peter Vikström* * Tillväxtanalys, Östersund ** Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö
Growth Analysis Swedish Agency for Growth Policy Analysis – Growth Analysis Under the direction of the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications. Our Mission - Sustainable economic development & competetivness using policy analysis, evaluations and policy intelligence
From Sustainable development to green economy Rio 1992 - Sustainable development through sustainable patterns of producction and consumtion Rio+20 2012 – Green economy and poverty reduction The concept of green economy doeas not replace Sustainable development but "rests on the recognition that achiving sustainability rests almost entirely on getting the economy right"UNEP 2011
Greening the economy – Adressing negative external effects "bads" Peak everything, 1750 – 2000 Population - red CO2 – blue GDP - red Loss of tropical rainforest and woodland – green Water use – light blue Paper consumption – yellow Species extinction – green Motor vehicles, black Fisheries exploited Ozone depletion – grye Foraign investment – dark grey Source: New Scientists
Measuring productivity accounting for environmental efficiency The main objective is to apply Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to analyse "eco-productivity" i.e. to account for both desired and undesired outputs using register data The paper and pulp industry is a suitable case –Several other studies –Relatively homogenous production –Relatively well documented (no small companies)
Modeling alternatives Key-figures approaches –Ecco-efficiency is a name used for different ratios between good and bad production (Barba-Gutierrez et.al, 2009; Lin et.al 2010; Fernandez-Viñé, 2010; Wang et.al., 2010; van Caneghem et.al. 2010; Whan and Côté, 2011; Wursthorn et.al 2011; Yang et.al 2011) Production economic approaches –Environmental efficiency uses economic production theory [Pittman, 1983; Färe et.al (1989); Keilback, 1995; Lovell et.al, 1995; Brännlund (1995); Hetemäki (1996); Hailu and Veeman 2000, 2001; Bruvoll et.al (2003); Korhonen and Luptacik, 2004; Kousmanen and Kortelainen 2005; Picazo-Tadeo, 2005; Kortelainen and Kuosmanen 2007; Färe et.al 2007; Zhang et.al 2008; Larsson, 2008; Brännlund (2008); Bye et.al, 2009; Färe et.al 2010, Macpherson et.al 2010; Picazo-Tadeo et.al 2011; Picazo-Tadeo, 2011]
Modeling idea - Economic production theory There exist a possibility to substitute between different inputs/outputs Efficient = units that produce most, given inputs (output based) alternatively, units that uses the least amount of inputs to produce a given output (input based) Problem in our case –The production consist of a mixed objective function Maximise production/revenues/profits Minimise pollution
Production economic approaches Ignore pollution. Early studies of the industry Use pollution as an input rather than an output [Pittman, 1983; Keilback, 1995; Lovell et.al, 1995; Hailu and Veeman 2000, 2001; Korhonen and Luptacik, 2004; Kousmanen and Kortelainen 2005; Kortelainen and Kuosmanen 2007; Zhang et.al 2008; Larsson, 2008; Bye et.al, 2009; Picazo-Tadeo et.al 2011] Directional Distance Function [Chung, Färe and Grosskopf (1995, 1997), Picazo-Tadeo, 2005; Färe et.al 2007, Färe et.al 2010, Macpherson et.al 2010, Picazo-Tadeo, 2011]
Research questions 1.How much can the pollution be reduced, given unchanged production levels of pulp and paper? 2.How much can the production of pulp and paper increase, given unchanged level of pollution? 3.If desired and undesired production is equally important (but opposite direction), how large is the inefficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry? 4.How much do environmental regulation cost in terms of not produced pulp and paper. (What would the production be if it was free and costless to get rid of pollution?)
Data Official statistic 2000 – 2007 Output Desired = Real value of pulp and paper production Undesired = CO2 in 100 ton, SO2 in ton Input Number of employee Buildings and land (long run capital) (real SEK) Machinery (medium run capital) (real SEK) Energy (TWH) Raw material (real SEK)
Results - How much can the pollution be reduced, given the production of pulp and paper? (Pollution reduction perspectives)
Results - How much can the production of pulp and paper increase if the level of pollution is kept constant? (Growth perspective)
Results - If desired and undesired production is equally important (but opposite direction), how large is the inefficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry?
Q4. How much do environmental regulation cost in terms of not produced pulp and paper. (What would the production be if it was free and costless to get rid of pollution?)
Results - How much do environmental regulation cost in terms of not produced pulp and paper. (What would the production be if it was free and costless to get rid of pollution?)
Conclusion and concluding remarks In this paper we present one method to study eco-efficiency taking into account both desired output in production and negative output The goal is to extend and apply the model on another industry, e.g. transport It is however clear that the Swedish environmental account data is lacking in precision. Therefore development work has been initiated with SCB On the agenda is also to try to measures of productivity in terms of Malmqvist indexes that enables to distinguish between technical progress and efficiency gains over time.
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