text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 4, 1990
|Filing date
|Sep 21, 1988
|Priority date
|May 8, 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John S. Kelly, Henrick K. Gille
|Original Assignee
|Unitek Corporation, Ceradyne, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (44), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (117), Classifications (4), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 861,240 filed May 8, 1986 now abandoned.
Orthodontic treatment of improperly positioned teeth involves the application of mechanical forces to urge the teeth into correct alignment. The most common form of treatment uses orthodontic brackets which are small slotted bodies configured for direct cemented attachment to the front (labial) or rear (lingual) surfaces of the teeth, or alternatively for attachment to metal bands which are in turn cemented or otherwise secured around the teeth.
A resilient curved arch wire is then seated in the bracket slots, and the arch wire is bent or twisted before installation whereby the restoring force exerted by the seated resilient wire tends to shift the teeth into orthodontically correct alignment. Depending on the shape of the arch wire (both round and rectangular cross sections are in common use) and the orientation of the bracket slot, it is possible to apply forces which will shift, rotate or tip the teeth in any desired direction.
Stainless steel is in many ways an ideal material for orthodontic brackets (and associated tooth bands if banded attachment is used) because this metal is strong, nonabsorbent, weldable, and relatively easy to form and machine. A significant drawback of metal appliances, however, relates to cosmetic appearance when the patient smiles. Adults and older children undergoing orthodontic treatment are often embarrassed by the "metallic smile" appearance of metal bands and brackets, and this problem has led to various improvements in recent years.
One relates to development of adhesives, bracket bases, and techniques for direct cemented attachment of brackets to at least the anterior teeth which are prominently displayed when smiling. Direct cementation eliminates the need for metal toothbands which are a major factor in the metallic-smile problem. Part of this has included development of smaller brackets which are less obtrusive.
Another area of improvement lies in use of lingual brackets which do not show at all from the front. These are not suitable for many situations.
Still another area of improvement involves use of nonmetal materials for the brackets. Plastic orthodontic brackets have come into relatively common use, but plastic is not an ideal material because it lacks the structural strength of metal, and is susceptible to staining and other problems. Some of these problems are solved or alleviated by ceramic materials which have recently been proposed for orthodontic appliances. Both the plastic and ceramic materials present a significantly improved appearance in the mouth, and often the only visible metal component is a thin arch wire which is cosmetically acceptable. It has been proposed to use sapphire or other crystalline material for brackets but transparent ceramics have undesirable prismatic effects and single crystal appliances are subject to cleavage. Other ceramic brackets have been largely opaque so that they either do not match tooth color or require coloring which is uneconomic.
This invention is directed to a ceramic bracket which achieves further cosmetic improvement by having a translucent quality which picks up the color of the underlying tooth to make the bracket blend with the tooth. From the appearance standpoint, the translucent bracket is a significant improvement over both transparent and opaque brackets of nonmetallic construction.
The improvement of this invention relates to orthodontic appliances formed from a polycrystalline ceramic material which is translucent, rather than transparent or opaque. A presently preferred ceramic material is obtained by pressing and sintering ceramic powder which is preferably aluminum oxide. The grain size of the polycrystalline ceramic is in a preferred range of 2 to 50 microns and more specifically 10 to 30 microns. The ceramic body is a nonporous single-phase polycrystalline material with an optical transmittance for visible-light wavelengths in the range of from 20 to 60% and preferably 20 to 40%. The body is of a neutral color which, taken in combination with the important property of translucency, makes the appliance nearly invisible when viewed against the tooth from a relatively short distance. The preferred ceramic material has a modulus of rupture of at least about 40,000 psi to insure adequate strength of the appliance.
FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of an orthodontic bracket made according to the invention.
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary orthodontic appliance in the form of an orthodontic bracket 10. The bracket has a base 11 suitable for either direct bonding to a tooth, or attachment to any kind of mounting fixture. A tooth-facing surface 12 of the base 11 is preferably conventionally concavely curved about both a mesiodistal axis and an apical axis to match the natural convexity of the tooth labial surface, but other curvatures can be used to accommodate lingual bracket positioning.
A bracket body 13 extends from the base 11 to define bracket tie wings 14 for ligature anchorage, and a mesiodistally oriented arch-wire slot: 15 extending from an outer body surface 16 into the bracket body. The presence or absence of tie wings (of either single- or twin-wing configuration) is not a feature of the invention, and the base and arch-wire slot may be angulated as desired to minimize or eliminate torquing or other bends of the arch wire.
The term "orthodontic appliance" is herein used in a broad sense to include any device intended for mounting on a tooth, and used to transmit to the tooth corrective force from an arch wire, spring, elastic, or other activatable force-applying component. Similarly, the term "arch-wire slot" is used broadly to designate any bracket structure which receives or couples with the force applying component. The term is thus intended to include such equivalent structures as a buccal tube which receives a facebow or similar device.
The orthodontic appliance is translucent since it is a polycrystalline article made of a ceramic material, preferably alpha aluminum oxide. It is important that the ceramic has a high degree of optical transmittance in the visible spectrum, but also that it diffuse the light passing through the appliance. As is well known, human teeth have a broad range of color (quantified, for example, by the commercially available Vita shade system covering the range A1 through D4), and to make the improved orthodontic appliance effectively "disappear" when in place, it should assume the color of the underlying tooth. Thus, the ceramic material should be neutral, and neither add color to the light passing through nor subtract color by appreciable absorption. Aluminum oxide is particularly suitable since its optical transmittance is substantially constant throughout the visible spectrum and it therefore does not change the color of light passing through.
It has been proposed to use transparent sapphire or single crystal aluminum oxide for orthodontic appliances. This material is grown in the form of a single crystal or closely aligned bicrystals having a cross section close to the desired cross section of the appliance. The crystal is grown in rods which are sliced to the size of individual appliances. These can then be cut and shaped to their final form by abrasive grinding. The idea was that the highly transparent appliance would show the tooth color. Such a transparent appliance also has refractive effects and does not fully achieve the desired result. Teeth are neither glossy nor opaque and a transparent appliance may still be quite noticeable.
More significantly, the crystalline material is subject to cleavage under loads that occur in the course of orthodontic treatment. Essentially, point forces of very high magnitude are applied to orthodontic appliances by loading of the associated arch wire and tie wings, and also during chewing. These high point loads can initiate cleavage along crystallographic planes of the sapphire resulting in breakage. A significant shortcoming of crystalline aluminum oxide is a consequence of its manufacturing. Single crystals or large bicrystals or the like may be grown to near net shapes by a modified Czochralski method. However, grinding may be required to form the base, the arch wire groove or other surfaces. The grinding introduces surface imperfections which can have a devastating effect on strength. Cracks initiating at such imperfections propagate through the crystal resulting in breakage at abnormally low stresses, well below the stresses one would expect.
Further, growth of crystalline sapphire and subsequent machining operations to complete the orthodontic appliances are costly operations with little prospect of manufacturing economies. Growing crystalline sapphire is quite slow, and meeting the quantities required for commercial embodiments may not be feasible.
It is desirable that the appliance be translucent rather than transparent. Light passes through a transparent ceramic in a straight line. Thus, when a crystalline sapphire is placed on a printed page, the text can be read through the crystal. In a translucent material, a large proportion of light passes through the crystal but not in a straight path. Optical irregularities in the bulk material cause the light passing therethrough to be refracted, reflected, and otherwise scattered so that it is diffuse. One could not read this printed page through a completely translucent material.
Translucence is a relative property of a material. This can be visualized by considering water to which milk is added. When a few drops of milk are added to the water, it becomes cloudy or milky. The formerly completely transparent water is now somewhat translucent in that a portion of the light transmitted through the solution is diffused by scattering from the milk particles. As more milk is added, more of the light is diffused until it becomes impossible to read through the solution. Further, the solution takes on the color of the milk as more light entering the front of the solution is backscattered by the milk particles and less is reflected from whatever surface is behind the solution. When the solution is slightly cloudy an overwhelming proportion of the light emitted from the face of the solution is reflected from the surfaces behind the solution and a minor proportion is backscattered by particles of milk within the solution.
It is significant that the translucence be a bulk property of the material rather than a surface effect. Some light diffusion can be obtained by roughening a surface as, for example, with frosted glass. This is not completely satisfactory in an orthodontic appliance, however, since the surface is continually wet, and the principal change in the index of refraction occurs at the air-liquid interface which is nearly smooth. Further, it is undesirable to have roughened surfaces on orthodontic appliances because of the adhesion of substances in the mouth. As pointed out above, rough surfaces may also have imperfections which serve as a source for initiation of cracks. Since ceramics do not have the ductility of metals, roughness can significantly degrade strength.
To minimize the contrast between the appliance and the tooth, it should have the same color as the tooth. Color is perceived due to light reflected from a surface. One could form a spectrum of appliances to match the range of natural tooth colors, but the cost and inconvenience would be undesirable. It is better to see the tooth color itself, as seen through a translucent appliance.
In order for the orthodontic appliance to assume the color of the underlying tooth, it is important that sufficient light seen from the front surface of the appliance attached to the tooth be light that has been transmitted from the tooth surface, that the tooth color is not overwhelmed by light backscattered from optical irregularities within the appliance. In other words, a substantial amount of the incident light should pass through the appliance, albeit diffused, to the base for reflection off of the tooth surface, and then be retransmitted through the appliance to be emitted from the front surface. Since the appliance is translucent rather than transparent, a portion of the light is backscattered by the internal optical irregularities in the appliance. The backscattering is preferably minimized since the backscattered light tends to be white and will almost invariably be different from the tooth color. Further, by using a translucent ceramic appliance, all of the optical properties of the tooth are mimicked. Teeth are not opaque and considerable attention has been devoted to achieving limited translucence in materials used for prostheses to mimic the replaced or repaired tooth. Such concern is alleviated by a translucent appliance since light transmitted through the tooth as well as that light reflected from the front, is, in turn, emitted unchanged from the translucent appliance.
The amount of visible light transmitted through the polycrystalline ceramic used to make the appliance is in the range of from 20% to 60%, and the light backscattered from internal optical irregularities within the appliance is in the range of from 40% to 80%. Preferably the transmitted light is in the range of from 20% to 40% and the backscattered light is in the range of from 60% to 80%. This translucence is measured by in-line transmission of light through a specimen 0.5 mm thick, the light being in the wavelength range of from 0.4 to 0.8 microns. This translucence assures that the light seen from the front surface includes sufficient light that has been reflected from the tooth surface to take on the color of the underlying tooth.
The translucence measurement is made by illuminating a sample 0.5 mm. thick with a collimated beam and measuring the proportion of light emitted at the opposite surface of the sample in the direction of the collimated beam. Since the light is scattered by the optical irregularities within the sample, a small proportion may be transmitted in the direction of the incident beam and a large proportion scattered in other directions. This is to be distinguished from a transmittance measurement where much of light is absorbed by the medium through which it passes. The scattering is desirable in the orthodontic appliance since it conveys the color of the underlying tooth and diffuses it without prismatic effects. Aluminum oxide has little absorption and the limited absorption is uniform throughout the visible spectrum so that no color change is introduced.
In a preferred embodiment, translucence is obtained in an orthodontic appliance by forming it from a polycrystalline ceramic that is inherently transparent. By polycrystalline is meant that the appliance is made of a ceramic having a multiplicity of randomly oriented crystals self-bonded together. That is, the adjacent crystals are separated by a grain boundary of the same material as the crystals, rather than being cemented together by a different material. The pressed and sintered product is chemically homogeneous. The polycrystalline ceramic has a single phase and substantially zero porosity to maintain a high degree of optical transmittance. It is preferably made of high purity ceramic such as 99.95% alpha aluminum oxide.
The appliance may have a small amount of residual porosity. It appears that the polycrystalline aluminum oxide has a density of at least 99.5% of the theoretical density of single crystal alpha aluminum oxide. It is not known if this difference is residual porosity or a consequence of decreased density of the arrays of disorder along the multiplicity of grain boundaries in the fine grained polycrystalline material.
The average grain size of the polycrystalline material is larger than the wavelength of visible radiation so that it retains a high degree of transmittance without interference effects. The grain size is small enough that crystallographic cleavage will not propagate through the thinner sections of a representative orthodontic appliance. Preferably the grain size is no more than 10% of the thickness of the thinnest section of the appliance, and most particularly less than 6% of the thinnest section. The thinnest section that bears any substantial load might, for example, be a gingival tie wing. This thickness is many times the average grain size. Thus, any line through the appliance would encounter a plurality of crystals or grains.
A preferred orthodontic appliance is made by pressing and sintering aluminum oxide. The parts are fabricated by pressing powder to a desired shape and sintering the pressed compact at temperatures close enough to the melting point of the aluminum oxide that the ceramic coausces and densifies. In one such manufacturing technique, high purity aluminum oxide powder is placed in the die cavity of a high-pressure hydraulic press. Submicron size particles are used. This provides an active sintering process and allows one to achieve substantially theoretrical density in the sintered compact.
The die has a cavity with a cross section corresponding to the desired cross section of the appliance being formed. The arch wire groove in the appliance may be completely or partially formed in this operation, or may be ground later. A punch having the cross section of the die cavity is pressed into the powder in the cavity at 10,000 to 20,000 psi to tightly pack it. In a preferred embodiment, a lateral slide is also employed for forming the curved base of the appliance. Such punches, dies, and slides are conventionally used for pressing a broad variety of metals or ceramics to desired shapes. Preferably, multiple die cavities are used in commercial operations for high productivity. Alternatively, such powder may be placed in a latex mold and isostatically pressed at 20,000 to 45,000 psi to form a green compact. In still another technique the green compact is made by "injection molding" the powder by conventional means at about 15,000 psi.
After pressing the powder, the green compact, which is rather fragile, is ejected from the die or mold. To give the compact some green strength, a small amount of a temporary organic binder such as a paraffin wax or polyethylene glycol may be included by coating particles with the binder. From 1.1% to 13% by weight of binder may be applied by milling the organic binder with the ceramic, either dry or in a solvent such as hexane in the case of a wax, or water or alcohol in the case of polyethylene glycol. Such wax vaporizes in subsequent operations and, if desired, a conventional vacuum dewaxing step can be included. Binder can be removed by heating to temperatures of 400 to 600� C. in vacuum or up to atmospheric pressure.
The compact is sintered at temperatures from 1750� C. to 2050� C. for 30 to 60 minutes in a hydrogen atmosphere. At such sintering temperatures, aluminum oxide so that the original particles of aluminum oxide powder coalesce together and form a dense polycrystalline article having an average grain size in the range of from about two to fifty microns. The time and temperature should be controlled so that the average grain size in the completed orthodontic appliance is in this range for high optical transmittance and strength. If the average grain size is less than about two microns, optical effects due to adjacent grain boundaries may interfere with good light transmission through the appliance. If the average grain size is larger than about fifty microns, strength may be reduced due to the greater distances through which cracks may propagate before encountering a grain boundary. Preferably the average grain size of the polycrystalline ceramic is in the range of from ten to thirty microns for optimum transmission of light and strength with reasonable processing conditions and times.
If desired, the appliance can be "HIPed" (hot isostatic pressed) to increase its density. Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) is a relatively recent advance in high density pressing of metals and ceramics. In such a press, isostatic pressure is applied while the part being HIPed is heated to the sintering temperature. The combination of high temperature and high pressure compacts the part to have substantially zero porosity.
In the case of alpha aluminum oxide, orthodontic appliances are HIPed at a pressure in the order of 15,000 psi, and heated to a temperature of about 1750 to 2050� C. for a period of up to an hour. The sintering temperature is a little below the melting point of alpha aluminum oxide.
The sintered polycrystalline aluminum oxide orthodontic appliance is translucent. The in-line optical transmittance through the polycrystalline alumina is in the range of from 20 to 60% and preferably 20 to 40%. Light passing through the appliance is, however, diffused by the translucent polycrystalline aluminum oxide. It appears that the optical transmittance in an in-line transmittance test through 0.5 mm thickness of polycrystalline aluminum oxide having a density of about 99.5% of theoretical density, an average grain size of about 20 microns and a surface roughness of about 5 microinches RMS is about 53%.
The reason light passing through the polycrystalline aluminum oxide is diffused is not completely known. Since the material is polycrystalline, adjacent crystals have different, largely random crystallographic orientations. This results in variations in index of refraction along any straight-line path through the appliance. Small refractive effects may occur at grain boundaries, resulting in a multiplicity of internal scattering locations. The grain boundaries are sites of crystallographic imperfections and these arrays of imperfections may also have different indexes of refraction which deflect light in a multiplicity of directions. Further, even though the ceramic after sintering has substantially zero porosity, traces of residual porosity may remain in grain boundaries or other locations in the finished product. Such traces of porosity would have a pronounced effect on light transmission, with resultant scattering and diffusion of light passing through the polycrystalline material. It is probable that a combination of these effects is involved in producing the desired degree of translucence in a pressed and sintered aluminum oxide orthodontic appliance.
It is significant that the appliance has a high degree of optical transmittance, which is believed due to the self bonding of high purity aluminum oxide in the polycrystalline material. It has been proposed in the past to form ceramic orthodontic appliances by pressing and cementing aluminum oxide powder. In that technique, aluminum oxide powder is commingled with other ceramic materials having a lower melting point than the aluminum oxide. The mixed powders are pressed in a hydraulic press and the resultant green compacts are sintered at about the melting temperature of the other ceramic phase. The resultant liquid bonds the aluminum oxide particles together, forming a relatively dense and strong ceramic. This liquid phase bonding is often referred to in the jargon as "sintering" whereas it is more properly referred to as "cementing", since the individual aluminum oxide particles are cemented together by a second ceramic phase. The aluminum oxide may not recrystallize in this process.
As a result of such processing, an orthodontic appliance is milk white. It may not be opaque since the inherent transparency of components used in the manufacture will commonly let some light be transmitted through such an appliance. Liquid phase cementing may occur in porcelains, for example, and they have a slight degree of translucence. The degree of optical transmittance is, however, quite low and most of the light seen is reflected or backscattered from the surface in view. This results in a milky white appearance where the ceramic has its own "color" albeit white. Such color cannot, of course, match the range of colors in human teeth. Colorants have been added to dental prostheses to match adjacent teeth. The cost of having an inventory of orthodontic appliances to match the color range in teeth is prohibitive.
In addition to the translucency achieved by the optical irregularities mentioned above, other ways of diffusing light or inducing translucency in a transparent polycrystalline ceramic material may be employed. As mentioned above, translucency may occur due to random changes in crystallographic orientation of the small grains in the polycrystalline material. It may be due to arrays of imperfections and grain boundaries or the like. Diffusion may occur due to traces of porosity remaining in the ceramic. If desired, translucency may be induced by doping the ceramic with tiny amounts of other substances that serve as scattering sites; many impurities tend to diminish transparency of crystalline ceramics. Imperfections may be produced by radiation or ion bombardment. The degree of translucency is more significant than the technique for achieving translucency.
Although aluminum oxide is a preferred material for construction of a translucent orthodontic appliance, other materials may be employed. Aluminum oxide is desirable since it is strong, hard, transparent, has neutral color, is inexpensive and readily available. If desired, up to about one percent magnesium oxide may be added to the aluminum oxide for aiding in sintering and enhancing strength of the aluminum oxide. Translucent orthodontic appliances may also be fabricated of polycrystalline magnesium-aluminum spinel (MgAl2 O4), zirconium oxide, yttrium aluminum garnet, zirconium silicate, or other strong transparent crystalline materials.
The preferred material for the polycrystalline ceramic orthodontic appliance is high purity alpha aluminum oxide. A purity of 99.95% aluminum oxide is desirable for maximum strength and complete freedom from chromatic effects. Commencing with such pure material increases the tolerance for contamination which may occur in manufacturing operations, although reasonable measures should be taken to avoid introduction of impurities.
A significant reason for using ceramic for forming an orthodontic appliance is the mechanical properties of many ceramic materials. This can be distinguished from the relatively low order properties available in organic materials such as plastics which may also be translucent. It is preferred that the ceramic material have a modulus of rupture of at least 40,000 psi and preferably at least 60,000 psi. A modulus of elasticity of at least 20�106 psi and a hardness of at least 7 on the Mohs scale are also preferred. Modulus of rupture is probably the more significant mechanical property in the brittle ceramic materials used for fabrication of translucent polycrystalline ceramic orthodontic appliances.
A ceramic orthodontic appliance is secured to a tooth with an adhesive substance. Good bonding of the adhesive to the base of the appliance is important so that it can withstand high occlusal forces and the stress of orthodontic correction. Controlled roughness of the base of the appliance may therefore be desirable to enhance bonding strength of the adhesive to the appliance.
As mentioned above, a polycrystalline ceramic orthodontic appliance may be made by compressing powder in a die. A cross slide is used in the die to form the curved base of the appliance. It is preferred to form the face of the slide with controlled roughness to produce a desired roughness on the base of the appliance. In particular, it is desirable to form tiny pyramidal projections on the face of the slide for forming pyramidal pits in the appliance base. Such pyramidal protrusions may be ground on the face of the slide or formed by electrical discharge machining. Roughness of the base may also be provided in parts made by isostatic pressing or injection molding by control of the mold surface.
Other surfaces of the orthodontic appliance should be smooth. Smoothness is promoted by employing polished dies and punches in the pressing operation. The surfaces may be smoothed by grinding, ultrasonic or abrasive polishing after sintering. Conventional flux polishing may also be used. In one such technique the appliance is immersed for up to thirty minutes in molten flux: at a temperature in the range of 850 to 900� C. An exemplary flux has about 51% by weight LiBO2, 13% Li2 B4 O7, 20% LiF, and 16% Al2 O3. Residual flux can be removed with aqueous HF. A surface having a roughness of up to three to five microinches RMS is preferred.
The pressing and sintering technique for forming a polycrystalline ceramic article from ceramic powder can result in an orthodontic appliance with rather precise dimensions. Precision is enhanced by careful control of the pressing operation for forming green compacts and the mix of particle sizes in the ceramic powder. The sintering operation inherently causes shrinkage from the green compact to the finished article. The proportion of shrinkage can be known from carefully controlled particle size, mold geometry and pressure in green compact pressing. Care in these conventional techniques can produce finished orthodontic appliances well within acceptable tolerance limits. The most critical tolerance on the orthodontic appliance is the arch-wire groove. If desired the groove may be ground into the appliance after pressing and sintering. Such grinding can be expedited by pressing in an undersized groove that is enlarged to the final desired configuration by grinding.
Polycrystalline aluminum oxide of high density and suitable translucency and strength for making orthodontic appliances in practice of this invention may be made by a variety of vendors including Ceradyne, Inc., Santa Ana, California; Coors Porcelain, Golden, Colorado; and the Lucalox division of General Electric Company, San Francisco, California.
An alternative manufacturing technique may be used in the initial forming of the green compact of aluminum oxide powder. Powder mixed with a small amount of temporary binder can be extruded in a bar with a cross section close to the desired cross section. This bar can then be sliced to form individual appliances, either before or after sintering. Parts of the appliance, such as the base, may be machined on such an extruded appliance, either before or after sintering.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 1, 1932
|Oct 9, 1934
|Charles Edward Boyd
|Method of producing orthodontic band brackets
|Sep 10, 1934
|Jun 23, 1936
|Charles Edward Boyd
|Method of producing orthodontic band brackets
|Jan 6, 1959
|Mar 1, 1960
|Melvin Wallshein
|Orthodontic brackets
|Apr 25, 1961
|Mar 20, 1962
|Gen Electric
|Process for producing transparent polycrystalline alumina
|Jan 3, 1961
|Mar 20, 1962
|Gen Electric
|Transparent alumina and method of preparation
|Jun 30, 1961
|May 4, 1965
|Zahnfabrik Wienand Sohne & Com
|Ceramic artificial teeth and method of their manufacture
|Mar 1, 1963
|Jun 21, 1966
|Broussard Garfford J
|Orthodontic appliance
|Aug 15, 1967
|Jan 28, 1969
|Pearlman Lawrence
|Adjustable orthodontic device
|Oct 1, 1964
|Sep 2, 1969
|Nat Res Dev
|Dental materials
|Aug 15, 1967
|Feb 24, 1970
|Etengoff Milton
|Orthodontic bracket-band construction
|Oct 25, 1968
|Nov 24, 1970
|Nat Res Dev
|Dental restorations
|Feb 24, 1971
|May 8, 1973
|Corning Glass Works
|Tetrasilicic mica glass-ceramic method
|Dec 20, 1973
|Jan 6, 1976
|Andrews Lawrence F
|Reinforced orthodontic bracket
|Jan 31, 1977
|Jul 4, 1978
|Sterling Drug Inc.
|Hydroxylapatite ceramic
|Apr 12, 1976
|Apr 8, 1980
|Parmatech Corporation
|Manufacture of parts from particulate material
|Aug 3, 1978
|Aug 12, 1980
|Zulauf Inc.
|Orthodontic appliance
|Aug 9, 1978
|Aug 26, 1980
|Melvin Wallshein
|Ceramic orthodontic bracket
|Jul 20, 1978
|Aug 4, 1981
|Perdent, Gmbh
|Dental prostheses
|Jan 28, 1980
|Sep 8, 1981
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Durable, polishable direct filling material
|Jun 23, 1976
|Nov 24, 1981
|Melvin Wallshein
|Orthodontic bracket with protective insert or liner
|May 12, 1980
|Jan 12, 1982
|Melvin Wallshein
|Multi-purpose orthodontic bracket
|Feb 18, 1981
|Mar 23, 1982
|Hans Scheicher
|Ceramic dental implant
|Apr 11, 1980
|Mar 30, 1982
|Zulauf Inc.
|Orthodontic appliance
|Jan 29, 1981
|Dec 21, 1982
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Methods for producing adhesive bonds between substrate and polymer employing an intermediate oxide layer
|Sep 17, 1981
|May 3, 1983
|Ehrnford Lars E M
|Method of producing a composite resin, preferably for use as a dental material
|Apr 15, 1982
|Jun 14, 1983
|Blendax-Werke R. Schneider Gmbh & Co.
|Dental restorative material
|Jan 21, 1981
|Jul 12, 1983
|Ehrnford Lars E M
|Method for restoring a tooth
|Jun 10, 1982
|Oct 25, 1983
|Dentsply Research & Development Corp.
|Broad spectrum light curable dental compositions
|Apr 30, 1982
|Feb 14, 1984
|Corning Glass Works
|Glass-ceramic dental products
|Oct 28, 1981
|Feb 14, 1984
|Kanebo, Ltd.
|Dental restorative composition
|Jul 27, 1982
|Jul 17, 1984
|Smith Dennis C
|Orthodontic attachments
|Dec 3, 1984
|Oct 1, 1985
|Pentron Corporation
|Dental restorative material
|Apr 23, 1984
|Jun 17, 1986
|Johnson & Johnson Dental Products Company
|Crystalline alumina composites
|Jun 12, 1985
|Jan 27, 1987
|Johnson & Johnson Dental Products Company
|Crystalline alumina orthodontic bracket
|Feb 20, 1964
|Nov 17, 1966
|Dr Gerhard Mueller
|Verfahren zur Befestigung kieferorthopaedischer bzw. orthodontischer Apparate sowie abnehmbaren Zahnersatzes mittels sogenannter >>attachments<< und Vorrichtungen hierfuer
|Title not available
|Aug 6, 1970
|Mar 25, 1971
|Alexo Corp
|Vorrichtung zur zahnorthopaedischen Behandlung
|Jun 2, 1973
|Jan 3, 1974
|Amalgamated Dental Co Ltd
|Vorrichtung zum regulieren der zaehne
|Nov 28, 1975
|Jun 8, 1977
|Company Inc A
|Reinforced tooth clasp support with tie wings - has reinforcement core embedded into less rigid non-metallic support material
|Apr 4, 1979
|Feb 28, 1980
|James Morris Reynolds
|Jul 15, 1983
|Feb 1, 1984
|Dennis Clifford Smith
|Orthodontic attachments
|Apr 22, 1985
|Nov 6, 1985
|Johnson & Johnson Dental Products Company
|Orthodontic bracket consisting of monocrystalline alpha-alumina
|Apr 22, 1985
|Nov 21, 1985
|A Company Orthodontics
|Crystalline alumina orthodontic bracket
|Title not available
|Fabrication of Translucent Al 2 O 3 by High Pressure Sintering; Y. Ishitobi, et al. Ceramic Bulletin, vol. 56, No. 6 (1977), pp. 556 558.
|Fabrication of Translucent Al2 O3 by High Pressure Sintering; Y. Ishitobi, et al. Ceramic Bulletin, vol. 56, No. 6 (1977), pp. 556-558.
|Hot Working of Aluminum Oxide: II, Optical Properties, W. H. Rhodes, et al., Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 58, No. 1 2, pp. 31 to 34.
|Hot-Working of Aluminum Oxide: II, Optical Properties, W. H. Rhodes, et al., Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 58, No. 1-2, pp. 31 to 34.
|Paper By C. A. Bruch, Preparation of Translucent Alumina From Powder; pp. 1 to 19.
|Refraction and Dispersion of Synthetic Sapphire, I. H. Malitson, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 52, No. 12, Dec., 1962, pp. 1377 to 1379.
|Some Optical, Thermo Optical, and Piezo Optical Properties of Synthetic Sapphire, M. A. Jeppesen, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 48, No. 9, Sep. 1958, pp. 629 to 632.
|Some Optical, Thermo-Optical, and Piezo-Optical Properties of Synthetic Sapphire, M. A. Jeppesen, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 48, No. 9, Sep. 1958, pp. 629 to 632.
|Table 2.16. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Sapphire; W. H. Kohl; Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, p. 86.
|Table 3 2, Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Alumina, Chemical Rubber Company Handbook of Materials Science, C. T. Lynch, 1974, pp. 358 361.
|Table 3-2, Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Alumina, Chemical Rubber Company Handbook of Materials Science, C. T. Lynch, 1974, pp. 358-361.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 27, 1987
|Nov 12, 1991
|Tomy, Inc.
|Orthodontic device
|Apr 6, 1992
|Aug 3, 1993
|Sachdeva Rohit C L
|Orthodontic bracket
|Nov 14, 1991
|Sep 7, 1993
|Dentaurum J. P. Winkelstroeter Kg
|Shaped bodies of transparent, polycrystalline alumina
|Jun 24, 1992
|Jun 7, 1994
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Fiber reinforced orthodontic appliance and method of manufacture
|Apr 22, 1993
|Jul 12, 1994
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Packaged dental article
|Jun 19, 1992
|Oct 11, 1994
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Adhesive for packaged orthodontic appliance
|Oct 25, 1993
|Oct 25, 1994
|Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company
|Ceramic orthodontic bracket with archwire slot liner
|Nov 29, 1993
|Nov 22, 1994
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method and apparatus for debonding ceramic orthodontic brackets
|May 13, 1993
|Jan 10, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Orthodontic bracket with archwire slot liner
|Apr 11, 1994
|Jul 4, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Packaged dental article
|Nov 29, 1993
|Aug 8, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Ceramic orthodontic bracket with debonding channel
|Jul 9, 1992
|Aug 15, 1995
|Hirsch Advanced Ceramics Gesellschaft M.B.H.
|Orthodontic device with a ceramic tooth attachment
|Feb 14, 1994
|Aug 29, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method of manufacturing orthodontic appliance having reinforcing fiber preform
|Oct 7, 1993
|Sep 5, 1995
|Tyszblat; Michele
|Completely ceramic dental prosthesis based on alumina/magnesia spinel and a process for its manufacture
|Aug 23, 1994
|Nov 19, 1996
|American Orthodontics
|Orthodontic appliance
|Jul 15, 1994
|Nov 19, 1996
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Adhesive for packaged orthodontic appliance
|May 11, 1994
|Apr 8, 1997
|Mors; Wayne A.
|Orthodontic bracket and system
|May 31, 1995
|Aug 5, 1997
|Cdb Corporation
|Plastic orthodontic component part and method of forming
|May 4, 1995
|Sep 2, 1997
|Fogerty; Bruce A.
|Orthodontic shield and method of making
|Mar 15, 1995
|Dec 2, 1997
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co.
|Light-transmissive orthodontic bracket wth alignment and indentification marking
|Jul 25, 1994
|Jan 13, 1998
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic assembly with reinforcement structure
|Apr 28, 1993
|Sep 7, 1999
|Gac International, Inc.
|Titanium orthodontic appliances
|Jun 28, 1999
|Jun 5, 2001
|Kyocera Corporation
|Biomedical article made of alumina ceramics
|Dec 2, 1999
|Jul 24, 2001
|Advanced Products, Inc.
|Orthodontic component, in particular a bracket with an insert element
|Oct 31, 2000
|Nov 5, 2002
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Hand instrument for debonding orthodontic brackets
|Mar 5, 2001
|Nov 19, 2002
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic appliance providing enhanced adhesive cure
|Aug 31, 2000
|Nov 19, 2002
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Method of making a dental mill blank and support stub assembly
|Jun 25, 2001
|Apr 29, 2003
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic bracket with recessed attachment and method for making the same
|Nov 13, 2002
|Sep 30, 2003
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Dental mill blank and support stub assembly
|Dec 28, 2001
|Nov 18, 2003
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic appliances including polycrystalline alumina-based ceramic material, kits, and methods
|Feb 22, 2002
|Jun 1, 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic appliance providing enhanced adhesive cure
|Apr 10, 2002
|Sep 7, 2004
|Tp Orthodontics, Inc.
|Epoxy resin bonding pad for a ceramic orthodontic appliance
|Mar 4, 1999
|Oct 5, 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Fluoropolymeric orthodontic article
|Dec 28, 2001
|Apr 12, 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Co.
|Polycrystalline translucent alumina-based ceramic material, uses, and methods
|Dec 18, 2001
|Mar 14, 2006
|Pentron Ceramics, Inc.
|Methods of producing dental restorations using CAD/CAM and manufactures thereof
|Jun 10, 2004
|Dec 26, 2006
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic appliance with removable insert
|Dec 8, 2003
|Mar 20, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Ceramic orthodontic appliance with archwire slot liner
|Nov 8, 2004
|Jun 26, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic systems with resilient appliances
|Feb 2, 2005
|May 6, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Pre-torqued orthodontic appliance with archwire retaining latch
|Jul 2, 2004
|Mar 16, 2010
|Nicholson James A
|Shape memory self-ligating orthodontic brackets
|Jul 10, 2007
|Mar 30, 2010
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Narrow ceramic self-ligating orthodontic bracket
|Oct 27, 2005
|Apr 13, 2010
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket with frangible cover mechanism
|Jul 24, 2007
|Jun 14, 2011
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic appliance with encoded information formed in the base
|Aug 26, 2005
|Mar 13, 2012
|Tosoh Corporation
|Orthodontic bracket and process for producing the same
|Dec 19, 2008
|Jul 10, 2012
|Tosoh Corporation
|Process for producing an orthodontic bracket
|Aug 13, 2009
|Aug 28, 2012
|Ormco Corporation
|Aesthetic orthodontic bracket and method of making same
|Sep 7, 2007
|Aug 28, 2012
|Rmo, Inc.
|Reduced-friction buccal tube and method of use
|Sep 29, 2006
|Sep 18, 2012
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic bracket with brazed archwire slot liner
|May 26, 2011
|Feb 19, 2013
|Rmo, Inc.
|Self ligating orthodontic bracket having a rotatable member
|Mar 4, 2009
|Apr 16, 2013
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Method of manufacturing translucent ceramic and orthodontic member
|Mar 15, 2010
|Jul 16, 2013
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket having an archwire channel and archwire retaining mechanism
|Apr 12, 2010
|Nov 5, 2013
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket with frangible cover mechanism
|Aug 13, 2009
|Nov 19, 2013
|Ormco Corporation
|Aesthetic orthodontic bracket and method of making same
|Aug 27, 2012
|Nov 19, 2013
|Rmo, Inc.
|Reduced-friction buccal tube and method of use
|Dec 17, 2007
|Mar 18, 2014
|Thommen Medical Ag
|Method for the production of a dental implant
|Feb 14, 2013
|Mar 25, 2014
|Rmo, Inc.
|Self ligating orthodontic bracket having a rotatable member
|Oct 9, 2013
|Aug 19, 2014
|Rmo, Inc.
|Reduced-friction buccal tube and method of use
|Mar 24, 2014
|Feb 24, 2015
|Rmo, Inc.
|Self ligating orthodontic bracket having a rotatable member
|Feb 8, 2013
|Mar 17, 2015
|Rmo, Inc.
|Customized orthodontic appliance method and system
|Jul 11, 2013
|Sep 29, 2015
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket having an archwire channel and archwire retaining mechanism
|Aug 22, 2011
|Jan 10, 2017
|Geoffrey P. Morris
|Coated dental articles and related methods of manufacture
|Jun 18, 2015
|Jan 31, 2017
|Rmo, Inc.
|Method for producing a customized orthodontic appliance
|Aug 14, 2014
|Feb 7, 2017
|Rmo, Inc.
|Reduced-friction buccal tube and method of use
|Dec 18, 2001
|Oct 24, 2002
|Carlino Panzera
|Methods of producing dental restorations using CAD/CAM and manufactures thereof
|Jun 20, 2003
|Apr 15, 2004
|Orthoarm, Inc.
|Self-ligating orthodontic bracket
|Jun 10, 2004
|Dec 15, 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic appliance with removable insert
|Jun 10, 2004
|Dec 15, 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic brace with polymeric arch member
|Jul 2, 2004
|Jan 5, 2006
|Nicholson James A
|Shape memory self-ligating orthodontic brackets
|Nov 8, 2004
|May 11, 2006
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic systems with resilient appliances
|Nov 8, 2004
|May 11, 2006
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Methods of orthodontic treatment
|Nov 17, 2004
|May 18, 2006
|Hofman Gerald R A
|Elastomeric dental article with a protective fluoropolymer layer
|Nov 17, 2004
|May 18, 2006
|Naiyong Jing
|Nonelastomeric dental article with a protective fluoropolymer layer
|Feb 2, 2005
|Aug 3, 2006
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Pre-torqued orthodontic appliance with archwire retaining latch
|Dec 14, 2006
|Jun 14, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic articles with silicon nitride coatings
|Dec 14, 2006
|Jun 14, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic articles with zirconium oxide coatings
|Jun 21, 2007
|Oct 25, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic systems with resilient appliances
|Sep 20, 2006
|Mar 20, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic elements and other medical devices with a fluorinated polymer, and methods
|Sep 29, 2006
|Apr 3, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic bracket with brazed archwire slot liner
|Jun 19, 2008
|Oct 9, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic brace with polymeric arch member
|Jul 10, 2007
|Jan 15, 2009
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Narrow ceramic self-ligating orthodontic bracket
|Aug 29, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Yoshiki Oshida
|Orthodontic brackets
|Dec 19, 2008
|Apr 23, 2009
|Tosoh Corporation
|Orthodontic bracket and process for producing the same
|Mar 4, 2009
|Sep 10, 2009
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Method of manufacturing translucent ceramic and orthodontic member
|Aug 13, 2009
|Mar 4, 2010
|Ormco Corporation
|Aesthetic orthodontic bracket and method of making same
|Aug 13, 2009
|Mar 4, 2010
|Ormco Corporation
|Aesthetic orthodontic bracket and method of making same
|Dec 17, 2007
|Apr 1, 2010
|Thommen Medical Ag
|Dental implant and method for the production thereof
|Apr 9, 2008
|May 27, 2010
|Pospisil Jirina V
|Ceramic orthodontic bracket with improved debonding characteristics
|Nov 12, 2009
|Jul 8, 2010
|Ormco Corporation
|Surface Treated Polycrystalline Ceramic Orthodontic Bracket and Method of Making Same
|Mar 13, 2009
|Jan 20, 2011
|Holger Hauptmann
|Method for making a dental blank, a press and a system for making dental blanks
|May 13, 2011
|May 22, 2012
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket
|May 13, 2011
|May 22, 2012
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket
|May 13, 2011
|May 29, 2012
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Oct 29, 2013
|Jan 27, 2015
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Jan 17, 2013
|Apr 7, 2015
|Rmo, Inc.
|Dental instrument for a self-ligating orthodontic clip
|Oct 26, 1991
|Apr 29, 1993
|Winkelstroeter Dentaurum
|Orthodontisches hilfsteil
|Dec 14, 2006
|Oct 23, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Co., St. Paul
|Kieferorthop�dische Artikel mit Siliciumnitridbeschichtungen
|Dec 14, 2006
|Nov 6, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Co., Saint Paul
|Kieferorthop�dische Artikel mit Zirconiumdioxidbeschichtungen
|Sep 17, 2007
|Jun 25, 2009
|3M Innovative Properties Co., St. Paul
|Kieferorthop�dische Elemente und andere medizinische Vorrichtungen mit einem fluorierten Polymer
|Jun 22, 1993
|Dec 29, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Fiber reinforced orthodontic appliance and method of manufacture
|Jul 9, 1992
|Jun 12, 1996
|Hirsch Advanced Ceramics Gesellschaft m.b.H.
|Orthodontic device with a ceramic tooth attachment
|Oct 13, 1995
|Apr 24, 1996
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Aesthetic plastic orthodontic bracket with load bearing framework
|Nov 28, 1994
|May 31, 2000
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Ceramic orthodontic bracket with debonding channel
|Aug 26, 2005
|Oct 1, 2008
|Tosoh Corp
|Orthodontic bracket and process for producing the same
|Jan 23, 1996
|Sep 19, 1996
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Translucent orthodontic bracket with visible markers
|Aug 29, 1997
|Mar 11, 1999
|Fogerty Bruce A
|Orthodontic shield
|Jul 20, 2000
|Mar 1, 2001
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Ceramic dental mill blanks
|Feb 8, 2001
|Sep 13, 2001
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Hand instrument for debonding orthodontic brackets
|Feb 22, 2002
|Sep 12, 2002
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic appliance providing enhanced adhesive cure
|Mar 29, 2002
|Jan 3, 2003
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic bracket with recessed attachment and method for making the same
|Apr 14, 2005
|Jan 5, 2006
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic brace with polymeric arch member
|Dec 14, 2006
|Jun 21, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic articles with silicon nitride coatings
|Dec 14, 2006
|Aug 16, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Co
|Orthodontic articles with silicon nitride coatings
|Dec 14, 2006
|Jul 5, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic articles with zirconium oxide coatings
|Dec 14, 2006
|Sep 20, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Co
|Orthodontic articles with zirconium oxide coatings
|Sep 17, 2007
|Mar 27, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Orthodontic elements and other medical devices with a fluorinated polymer, and methods
|May 20, 2010
|Nov 25, 2010
|Pbd, Patent & Business Development Ag
|Polycrystalline ceramic orthodontic component
|Aug 22, 2011
|Mar 8, 2012
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Coated dental articles and related methods of manufacture
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 8, 1991
Owner name: 3M UNITEK CORPORATION
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:UNITEK CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:005853/0126
Effective date: 19881024
|May 11, 1992
Owner name: CERADYNE, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CARDEN, ROBIN;REEL/FRAME:006605/0251
Effective date: 19920504
|May 19, 1992
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 28, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 29, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 1, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Sep 3, 2004
Owner name: WACHOVIA BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, NORTH CAROLIN
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:CERADYNE, INC.;CERADYNE ESK, LLC;ESK CERAMICS GMBH & CO. KG;REEL/FRAME:015074/0158
Effective date: 20040818


text:
A recent headline that caught my eye about something that "could change flying forever." Turned out to be a new airline seatback tray table (which I must admit sounds good thanks to a strategically-placed groove for your iPad).
LISTEN: Airfare expert Rick Seaney's tips on saving.
I mention this to show that headlines can sometimes be a little misleading like another I saw recently – about how airfares have risen a 12 percent over the past few years. Fact: Not everyone has been (or will) pay such dramatically higher prices.
How to save money when you book airfare
Passengers Paying More
Voluntary premium-payers: Some passenger voluntarily pay more because convenience is worth it to them. We're talking about non-stop flights or waiting until the last minute to buy a ticket or perhaps an early boarding fee. These things can significantly add to the cost of a ticket but to some people, it's worth it. Such extras also raise fare averages.
Smaller city passengers: In recent years, travelers in smaller cities have been hit with the double whammy of discontinued routes (or fewer flights) and the resulting higher airfares. Nothing personal, just the new business model called No More Empty Middle Seats; such capacity-cutting has helped airlines regain their financial health so don't look for this to change any time soon, if ever.
Passengers Paying the Same (or Less)
Larger, competitive hub dwellers: If you live in New York or Los Angeles, getting to the airport is probably far more of a pain that purchasing tickets. Hubs offer plenty of competition which keeps fares down. The best deals year-round are hub-to-hub flights with flying times of 90 minutes or so, which includes routes like Dallas to Houston, New York to Boston, Miami to Tampa and more). In fact, these routes are so competitive that they are largely unaffected by traditional price hikes during holidays.
Smaller but highly competitive city dwellers: Boston and Denver are extremely competitive with the cheap fares to prove it. Plus every now and then an airline will focus on a route and offer deals to build it up; JetBlue's inexpensive fares between New York and Charleston, S.C. are an example.
Save Money: Where and How You Fly Matters
There are several ways to save on your next flight, but here are some of the more important ones.
- Fly in and out of large airports: It may involve a longer drive but the saving may be worth it.
- Avoid non-stops: This isn't always true but often connecting flights can save you money (and sometimes, a lot of money).
- Shop on Tuesday: Tuesday afternoons at about 3 p.m. eastern time will provide you with the most cheap fares available. Book by Thursday though, as most deals expire within 48 hours.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thursday 14 January 1932
It was Thursday, under the sign of Capricorn. The US president was Herbert Hoover (Republican).
Forbidden, directed by Frank R. Capra, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1932
while The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck was one of the best selling books.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
Or have a look at the whole 1932.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 14 January 1932 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last 30 days ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 14 January 1932!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 14 January 1932 ?
- Day of St. Basil the Great in Eastern Orthodoxy, January 1 on the Julian Calendar.
- Feast of Divina Pastora, in Barquisimeto, Venezuela.
- Makar Sankranti in India. The event is marked by flying kites. Also Pongal in South India.
- New Year's Day in Eastern Orthodoxy, see Julian Calendar.
- Festum Asinorum, medieval burlesque festival celebrating the Flight into Egypt.
Famous Birthdays:
- Caterina Valente: Paris, France -- Singer (Entertainers).
- Harriet Andersson: Stockholm, Sweden -- Actress (Cries & Whispers).
- Antonio Maspes: .
- Don Garlits: American race car driver and engineer.
- 1st totalisator (to record racetrack bets) in US installed, Hialeah
- Horse racing legend Eddie Arcaro won his 1st race
Make this date unforgettable
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 14 January 1932 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
CD and DVD Birthday Cards
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?


text:
Authors: William O. Straub
A very elementary overview of the original Kaluza-Klein theory is presented, suitable for undergraduates who want to learn the basic mathematical formalism behind a revolutionary idea that was proposed one hundred years ago, yet today serves as the template for modern higher-dimensional particle and gravity theories.
Comments: 7 Pages. Fixed typos in Eqs. 6.2 and 6.3
Download: PDF
[v1] 2014-06-27 17:28:05
[v2] 2014-06-28 09:35:05
Unique-IP document downloads: 1001 times
Add your own feedback and questions here:
You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful.


text:
- Anonymous
- Serbia, Male, 25-30
- Novice Nomad
- 1 review
I am very satisfied with the service, cleanliness. Location is good, everything is near. There was good wifi connection in the room :) we haven't heard club music like other people, that was good. The only thing i font like is the lack of "family atmosphere" because the hostel is so big you dont get to see other people. But I will deffinitely come here again next time :)
- rebiscoito
- Brazil, Couple, 25-30
- Novice Nomad
- 6 reviews
The hostel is HUGE and the walls of our double bedroom were a bit thin, so when the guy next door was arriving, it felt like he was trying to break in our room, it was super scary. They have a club inside and although they close the hostel with a gate, I had the impression that people from the club could easily find a way to go up the rooms with the lift. It doesn't feel like a hostel, the decoration is a bit tacky. But the location is good and the room had a nice view and tv. Staff was just ok.
Hostelworld Mobile Apps
Book on the go with the new Hostelworld mobile apps.


text:
NFL Concept Uniforms (2017)
For some NFL teams it seems like their uniforms are constantly changing, while others could definitely...
All 32 NFL Teams Redesigned Uniforms
@JesseAlkire has put his spin on all 32 NFL Teams' uniforms. The original pictures can be seen...
Super Bowl 50: The Force Awakens Hype Video
Super Bowl Episode 50: Peyton Strikes Back The Denver Broncos & Carolina Panthers matchup was just begging...
More Broncos
Super Bowl 50 – Broncos vs Panthers Official NFLRT Madden 16 Simulation
It's time to start a new tradition… Super Bowl 50 will represent the first...
- Posted January 26, 2016
2015 NFL Schedule Wallpapers
To download: Make sure you are using your phone browser, click the images or links...
- Posted September 8, 2015
Madden 16 Covers
Everybody is aware of the Madden Curse, but many still hope for their favorite...
- Posted July 8, 2015
Lynden Trail Interview and Player Breakdown: The most interesting man in the draft
Lynden Trail Ht: 6'7″ 269 lbs Vert: 32.7″ Broad Jump: 117″ 40 Yard Dash:...
- Posted April 16, 2015
2015 NFL Mock Draft by @codiki
This 2015 NFL Mock Draft by @codiki is the first guest article to be published...
- Posted January 12, 2015
NFL Disney Logos
@ak47_studios on Instagram created all 32 NFL teams' logos as Disney characters and they...
- Posted November 5, 2014
NFL QBs on Tinder
What if you stumbled across your favorite NFL QBs Tinder profile? Rob Fee made...
- Posted November 2, 2014


text:
Discovering a gown that compliments your distinctive physique shape is important. This boils all the way down to realizing your physique kind and choosing the model of gown that suits you best. Your wedding ceremony gown procuring experience is certain to be a stress free affair if you have a clear thought of your physique kind and what suits you. The initial step to take before shopping for a wedding gown is to spend an ample time to plan for the gown you want to have. Determining the form of your physique can be the primary step before shopping for a wedding gown. Many women are likely to overlook this aspect and end up regretful after their civil union as a result of their robe made the wedding less perfect. To choose a wedding gown, corresponding to Wedding Beach Outfit Ideas 2014, is usually a strained and engaging activity for a bride to conquer. Spend a minimum of six months of discovering, listing, and then make collaborations with the designer on how you need your robe should be done.
Often lady simply wants to look extra beautiful than ever before on their wedding ceremony day. Wedding Beach Outfit Ideas 2014 is a well-liked at the moment and they are available within the retail stores if you're thinking of saving cash then shop online. You possibly can either visit the retails stores to browse wedding ceremony dresses or you may go surfing and you would find a plethora of various deals. You should look your finest on the happiest day of your life therefore try to be dresses within the most interesting of the garb. There are a selection of dresses accessible available in the market and here we've listed a few of them for you to select from. It's best to give your physique kind a critical thought although you may contemplate yourself to be perfect. While highlighting your good areas wear a robe that will conceal any imperfections in your physique or figure. You need to be in fixed contact with your tailor and make it possible for might be accessible to make any minor size modifications within the gown that you will be sporting in your wedding.


text:
The free, 4 Step Self Hypnosis Challenge is on now. Experience a better you now. More details here.
Important Information
After many years and thousands of hypnosis sessions, Stephen is no longer taking new client appointments at the Queen Elizabeth Health Complex!
He does however remain very much involved in the world of hypnosis and helping people achieve success with it. Here are your options to contact and benefit from Stephen's expert hypnosis help.
Ways to contact and work with Stephen:
If not now -when?
If not here - where?
Down Load 4 Free Self- Hypnosis Mp3s that will:
Teach you self hypnosis, and
to finally achieve YOUR goals
Let me know now who to send the free mp3s to in the form below:


text:
14977 Creek Edge Drive, Holland 49424
See more homes for sale in Holland, MI
This property has been Sold!
04/15/2016 at $310,000
Here is the most affordable home in Timberline Acres. This 1 owner, open concept, 4 bedroom, 3 1/2 bath ranch has new carpet and fresh paint and nearly 2700 square feet on finished living space. You'll enjoy the open feel of 9' foot ceilings on the main floor along with 10' tray ceiling in the living room. The kitchen has stainless steal appliances and a custom tile back splash. The generous main floor master suite includes walk-in closet. The view out the lower level has a bedroom, full bath and a 44'x 15' family room. Other nice features include a covered back porch, main floor laundry, and oversized garage. Move in with confidence of a 1 year home warranty and knowing even the snow plowing is paid for the season! Owner is a Licensed Realtor in the state of Michigan.
Property Information
- Status
- Sold
- Address
- 14977 Creek Edge Drive
- City
- Holland
- Zip
- 49424
- County
- Ottawa
- Township
- Park Twp
- Possession
- At close
- Total Finished SqFt
- 2,676
- Above Grade SqFt
- 1,623
- Garage Desc.
- 2, Attached
- Water
- Public
- Sewer
- Public
- Year Built
- 2007
- Taxes
- $3,938
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 19X12 1st Floor
- Bedroom2
- 11X10 1st Floor
- Bedroom3
- 11X11 1st Floor
- Bedroom4
- 13X11 Lower Floor
- Bath
- 13X10 1st Floor
- Dining
- 10X15 1st Floor
- Family
- 44X15 Lower Floor
- Kitchen
- 10X12 1st Floor
- Laundry
- 7X7 1st Floor
- Living
- 16X16 1st Floor
- Basement
- Full Basement
- Cooling
- Central
- Heating
- Forced Air, Natural Gas
- Acreage
- 0.4
- Lot Dimensions
- 116x150x53x150
- Appliances
- Dishwasher, Dryer, Garbage Disposal, Microwave, Oven, Range, Refrigerator
- Fireplace Desc.
- Gas Log, Living
- Features
- All Window Treatments, Ceiling Fans, Ceramic Floor, Garage Door Opener, Home Warranty, Laminate Floor
- Exterior Materials
- Vinyl, Wood
- Exterior Features
- Deck(s), Porch(es)
Listing Video for 14977 Creek Edge Drive, Holland MI 49424
Mortgage Calculator
Listing Broker
Listing Courtesy of Coldwell Banker Woodland Schmidt
Office Address 466 E 16th St
Listing Agent James R Barry
Listings last updated: . Some properties that appear for sale on this web site may subsequently have been sold and may no longer be available.
Our Michigan real estate agents can answer all of your questions about 14977 Creek Edge Drive, Holland MI 49424. Real Estate One, Max Broock Realtors, and J&J Realtors are part of the Real Estate One Family of Companies and dominate the Holland, Michigan real estate market. To sell or buy a home in Holland, Michigan, contact our real estate agents as we know the Holland, Michigan real estate market better than anyone with over 100 years of experience in Holland, Michigan real estate for sale.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site appears in part from the IDX programs of our Multiple Listing Services. Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Real Estate One includes the name and address of the listing broker where available.
IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
All information deemed materially reliable but not guaranteed. Interested parties are encouraged to verify all information. Copyright© 2016 MichRIC LLC, All rights reserved.


text:
Our Simply the Best Loyalty Programme is almost here - starting on the 1st of March. Ask your rep or telesales for a copy of the brochure and you can be on your way to earning vouchers and being in the draw for fantastic prizes.
Congratulations to our prize winners for Taste of Summer
Masterfoods Draw
- Better Quality Pies
- Kebabillicious
Nestle Draw
- @ the Beach Cafe Levin
- Milky Way Foxton
Mrs Macs Draw
- Lazy Lizard Cafe
Shore Mariner Draw
- Kwang Chow Mount Maunganui
Premier Draw
- Lukes Kitchen
Took 0 milliseconds


text:
- Mushroom Hunting (and Cooking) Lessons from an Expert Forager
- Pot-au-Feu: The Ultimate French Comfort Food
- Top 10 Food Moments Every 'Girls' Fan Will Remember
- Potage Parmentier: The Perfect Potato and Leek Soup in Any Language
- 5 Reasons Why Pie Is the Best
- Where to Eat While You Bet on March Madness in Vegas
- What It's Like to Eat Six Bowls of Ramen in a Single Day
- 3 Bittersweet Drinks to Make with Amaro di Angostura
- 8 Unexpected Ways to Top a Pizza
- Everything You Need to Know About Oolong Tea
Where to Eat Pizza in Brooklyn, by Neighborhood
- Mushroom Hunting (and Cooking) Lessons from an Expert Forager
- Pot-au-Feu: The Ultimate French Comfort Food
- Top 10 Food Moments Every 'Girls' Fan Will Remember
- Potage Parmentier: The Perfect Potato and Leek Soup in Any Language
- 5 Reasons Why Pie Is the Best
- Where to Eat While You Bet on March Madness in Vegas
- What It's Like to Eat Six Bowls of Ramen in a Single Day
- 3 Bittersweet Drinks to Make with Amaro di Angostura
- 8 Unexpected Ways to Top a Pizza
- Everything You Need to Know About Oolong Tea
You'll need this for your next pizza crawl.
New York pizza's supreme greatness has long been established, and each borough has its own claims to the fame. Here, we're breaking down the best of Brooklyn's best, old and new, by neighborhood. Just because we think you deserve it.
Williamsburg, Greenpoint and Bushwick
At Emmy Squared, in Williamsburg, the focus is pizza that plays by the four major rules of the Detroit style: It should be baked in a pan and served in squares; have a crisp, almost fried cheesy crust; be airy in the middle and not too dense; and the sauce should be ladled on in stripes after baking.
Cooking at Manhattan's BLT Fish would not seem like the first step toward making great pizza. But Mathieu Palombino found that he liked specializing in one kind of food. And he loved pizza. So he traveled from Italy to California, tasting pies and perfecting a bready, well-salted crust for Motorino in Williamsburg and for a second outpost in the East Village.
Made with aged mozzarella and San Marzano tomatoes, the New York slice at Williamsburg Pizza embodies a classic in every way. Chef Nino Coniglio teamed up with pizza-lover Aaron McCann to create this sensation—with slices fired up in a gas oven and served on paper plates—that shows no signs of slowing down. Don't forget to order a grandma slice, too.
A century-old wood-burning oven and a chef with Sicilian heritage are to thank for the consistently charred-to-perfection pies that are turned out at Best Pizza. Housed in a former bakery, this pizzeria offers up well-tuned versions of the classics. And a kale pie.
The eponymous Paul Giannone channeled his life-long pizza obsession into this popular Greenpoint spot. The expansive list of creative pies includes the fan-favorite Hellboy, topped with pools of fresh mozzarella, soppressata picante, a sprinkling of Parmigiano Reggiano and a finishing drizzle of Mike's Hot Honey. Meatless diners take heart: vegan options emerge from the massive wood-fired oven too.
This hipster hangout has the requisite industrial setting (it's in an old garage in Bushwick) and the irreverent flourish (there's an army green military tent out back). It also has exquisite pies like the Crispy Glover, topped with guanciale and breadcrumbs, along with excellent plates like the juicy lamb breast.
Prospect Heights, Clinton Hill, Crown Heights and Bed-Stuy
This beloved spot by Francine Stephens and Andrew Feinberg is best known for its brick oven-fired pizzas—most notably the clam, chilies and parsley pie. Plus, the neighborhood staple does its best to use seasonal, locally-sourced ingredients.
At Emily, the original Clinton Hill restaurant from Emily Hyland and her husband Matt, you'll never be sorry if you order a pizza. The menu is split up into The Reds, The Pinks (vegetarian vodka sauce), The Greens (tomatillo sauce) and The Whites. The Emily, a white pizza with mozzarella, pistachios, truffle sottocenere and honey, might just be our top pick.
Get Your Tickets to Brooklyn Food & Wine at Barclays Center!
Revered as Crown Heights' best pizza, you can expect Neapolitan brick oven pizzas with a crispy crust. Chef/owner Ron Brown apprenticed in the art of Neapolitan pizza-making with the Naples, Italy company from which he bought Barboncino's wood-burning oven.
Located in a 100-year-old former bar, liquor store and auto parts shop, Speedy Romeo uses a hardwood-fired Italian pizza oven to expertly char its pies. With unique names like The Dick Dale (speck, pineapple, provel, grilled scallions) and The Dangerfield (pork and veal meatballs, ricotta, bechamel, garlic chips), both your mind and mouth will be amused.
Carroll Gardens
Thin crust is the word at this Carroll Gardens neighborhood haven. Diners are encouraged to bring their own wine and beer and indulge in brick oven pizzas and gooey calzones. Just remember to bring cash!
From pizza legend Patsy Grimaldi come classic and specialty coal-oven pies that you don't want to miss. Named affectionately after Patsy's mother, Juliana, the place has Italian roots running deep. With four classics and six special pizzas, Juliana's keeps it simple and delicious.
Midwood, Gravesend and Coney Island
Long before the Neapolitan pizza wars of 2009, Domenico DeMarco was turning out exceptional pies, like his stellar plain cheese pizza and the baby-artichoke pizza—just a few reasons why this Midwood pizzeria is still among the city's best.
Since 1939, L&B Spumoni Gardens has been pleasing crowds with its iconic Sicilian square pizza. It's simply a Brooklyn must, as is the signature Spumoni ice cream.
Coney Island's thin-crust, coal-oven pizza joint has been serving pies to the masses since 1924. With dough made daily, the spot is still family-run and popular as ever.


text:
Our business is research, consulting, and programme support. Our consultants have experience in a broad range of disciplines, in particular:
Space Systems: spanning a multitude of studies conducted in the fields of Earth observation satellites, telecommunication satellites, and navigation systems, as well as combinations thereof - such as for vessel tracking systems and fleet management. Earth observation is a particular strength, both in the public and private sectors, and across a diversity of applications.
Telecommunications and Internet: including market and technology trends, and regulatory issues.
Geographic Information Systems: in particular their applications for use of remotely-sensed and environmental data for both commercial, military, and governmental use.
Global Environment: our experience includes technical analysis in support of policy development - for example considering data requirements for treaty verification, PR support for high profile publications and materials, and conference planning and assistance.
Defence: much of our work has been conducted for, or in association with, military organisations and is related to defence applications, such as ocean surveillance or high resolution imagery collection for intelligence purposes.


text:
Billy Ocean is an English recording artist who had a string of R&B international pop hits in the 1970s and 1980s. He was the most popular British R&B singer-songwriter of the early to mid-1980s.
After scoring his first four UK Top 20 successes, he accumulated a series of transatlantic successes, including three U.S. number ones.
video live


text:
Once upon a time, John and Jane both decided to pursue their dream career. Both went on to study the same degree, which would help them get in-depth knowledge and get closer to their goals. A few years later, John and Jane got great jobs in the same company. However Jane is now John's BOSS! Now how did that happen? Watch the 2:58 video, to find out.
Enter your email address below and we'll keep you up-to-date with articles, features and course news.
Thank you for downloading our prospectus. The file should begin downloading shortly, but if your download has not yet begun, click here to begin downloading now.
Join our mailing list
To keep up-to-date you can join our mailing list below and we'll keep you informed of all the exciting news, events and developments at Arden University.


text:
Since 1990, Capital Senior Living has grown to become one of the largest senior living providers in the United States. With a goal of offering affordable housing and an enriched lifestyle to thousands of seniors, our dedicated team of professionals succeeds in providing quality care in each of our unique communities. From the thoughtfully designed community features, apartment amenities and floorplans, to our exceptional services and myriad of recreational opportunities, you may just find that we have thought of everything.
Click to see what we have to offer
Get the extra care you need with the independence you desire.
Read articles on senior living and go behind the scenes in our communities.
Find out how to become a member of the Capital Senior Living team.
Exercise and diet are the foundations of a healthy lifestyle — whether you're younger or more mature. But if you're older and have limited mobility or suffer from chronic ailments such as arthritis or osteoporosis, a consistent fitness routine is still possible with our tips from an expert.


text:
Mr. Hamilton was the photographer for our annual group photo for a Professional organization that I belong to. He arrived in a timely manner that allowed him to survey the location, set up his equipment. At the appointed hour, he quickly directed us into our positions and began shooting. He was courteous, friendly and very easy to work with. Working with 100 plus professional women can be quite trying on a person's patience. His sense of humor made us feel more relaxed. He was very easy to work with. What I especially liked, was his ability to make minor adjustments to the photograph on the spot. The minor changes we requested him to make, greatly pleased the majority of the members of the group and thus, increased the number of people who purchased the picture. We are looking forward to working with him again. I highly recommend him.
Valley High Village Sacramento, CA Portrait Photographers
YP - The Real Yellow PagesSM - helps you find the right local businesses to meet your specific needs. Search results are sorted by a combination of factors to give you a set of choices in response to your search criteria. These factors are similar to those you might use to determine which business to select from a local Yellow Pages directory, including proximity to where you are searching, expertise in the specific services or products you need, and comprehensive business information to help evaluate a business's suitability for you. "Preferred" listings, or those with featured website buttons, indicate YP advertisers who directly provide information about their businesses to help consumers make more informed buying decisions. YP advertisers receive higher placement in the default ordering of search results and may appear in sponsored listings on the top, side, or bottom of the search results page.
1. Picture People
7621 Laguna BlvdElk Grove, CA 95758
From Business: Visit our portrait studio in Elk Grove for family portraits, holiday portraits, or photos for any occasion. We deliver high-quality portraits in about an hour - s…
2. Picture This Photography
9470 Windrift LnElk Grove, CA 95758
3. Express Portraits
Horrible!!!!!! Very disappointed! I had them take pictures of my 18 month old. They were very unprofessional, horrible personalities, horrible pictu…
4. HP Photography Studio
I have been taking my family here for over 2 years for various events including Easter, Thanksgiving/Christmas, and birthdays. I continue to come ba…
5. vision 21 Photography
8700 Elfin CtElk Grove, CA 95758
6. Pf Studios
8211 Bruceville RdSacramento, CA 95823
7. Lifetouch Portrait Studios
3159 Dwight RdElk Grove, CA 95758
8. Ponce's Portraits
9471 Madrid WayElk Grove, CA 95758
9. Prestige Portraits
3159 Dwight RdElk Grove, CA 95758
From Business: Your senior year is significant. With over 80 years' experience, Prestige Portraits by Lifetouch has a rich history of quality photography and a deep commitment t…
10. Vazquez Foto Video
7239 East PkwySacramento, CA 95823
11. New Star Portraits
6260 Mack RdSacramento, CA 95823
12. Rainbow Studio
6930 65th St Ste 115Sacramento, CA 95823
13. Krystal Clear Photography
7487 Shelby StElk Grove, CA 95758
14. Burritt & White Elk Photo
53 Omaha CtSacramento, CA 95823
15. Michelle Richardson Photograph
4801 Laguna BlvdElk Grove, CA 95758
16. Bruce Robinson Photography
9157 Elk Grove BlvdElk Grove, CA 95624
17. Two Friends Pet Photography
Serving the Sacramento Area.
From Business: Two Friends is the creative partnership of two individuals -- Hope Harris and Sharon Adlis. Sharing a love for animals, photography and design, we work together t…
18. KMB Photography
Elk Grove, CA 95758
19. Photography by Lisa Diane
Lisa was hired to take pictures of my daughter's Quinceanera event. She is so talented and creative. Thank You Lisa for giving me the gift of capt…
20. Sacramento Photography Studio
Sacramento, CA 95838
21. Heather Leggett Photography
Sacramento, CA 95825
From Business: Children and Family portraits. I also do commercial work and sell personal work.
22. Capitol Portraits
Don't use this one hour photo. Pick any of the other ones on Stockton towards Florin, or on Florin and 65th. The photographer is very dishonest an…
23. California Images
9034 Napa Valley WaySacramento, CA 95829
24. Thomas Photography
9255 Lamprey DrElk Grove, CA 95624
25. Usp Unlimited Sports/ Studio Photography
8698 Elk Grove Blvd Ste 3-box173Elk Grove, CA 95624
26. Unforgettable Portraits
8696 Elk Grove BlvdElk Grove, CA 95624
27. Fine Focus Photography
PO Box 546Elk Grove, CA 95759
28. Unforgettable Portraits
8962 Elk Grove Blvd # 3Elk Grove, CA 95624
29. Jennifer Moon Photography
8101 Halladale CtSacramento, CA 95829
30. Lewis Image
9654 Walnut AveElk Grove, CA 95624
From Business: We are a husband and wife team! Photographing people, weddings, events, children and infants. "Life Captured" We provide a classy, yet fun and memorable photograp…
My fiance and I hired Allison to be our photographer for our upcoming wedding! From the start she has been wonderful to work with! She is very personable and was accommodating with our busy schedules, something I am so thankful for! We had an engagement shoot with her a few weeks ago and had a blast! She made us both feel very comfortable and offered lots of suggestions for posing, etc. I also love her work and photography style! We were able to see a sneak peak of our engagement photos and instantly loved it! Her photos are timeless and I can't wait for her to shoot our wedding!
Ron Musser Photography is the best. Last year I hired him for a special session in San Fransisco. His landscapes are magical, but where he really shines is black and white portraiture. My brother and I recently had portraits taken for our mother for Mothers Day. Our Mother was extremely happy with our portraits and contact Ron for a family session. Todd and Troy Leon Sacramento, Ca
I have been taking my family here for over 2 years for various events including Easter, Thanksgiving/Christmas, and birthdays. I continue to come back because this man does a wonderful job taking family photos. Each time we go, we always get something different yet NICE. We plan on going again for my wife's 43rd birthday, and we absolutely look forward to it!
Ron Musser Photography recently shot a modeling portfolio for me. The session was fun and enjoyable, his professionalism was fantastic. His knowlegde of posing techniques and ability to bring out the best of me was wonderful. i would highly recommend him to seasoned models as well as those just starting out. Grace Hue, Beijing China
John and Donna have taken photos of my children for many years. They have never taken a bad photo. I appreciate their patience and keen eye. Each year I can count on excellent wallets photos to give to family. P.S. Each year the school yearbook looks great thanks to Swentowsky!
Christopher Kight Photographers does a wonderful job. His special backgrounds for the various holidays really ad to the resulting photographs. One year at Easter he even had live little bunnies to catch my son's interest, so he got some with great smiles.
Bill Smith took photos for my twins graduating from high school. They worked with them to get a good deal - (since I had two at once!) and took a wide range of poses. In the end, I got good quality photos - and nice graduation announcements.
Pictures came out great but even with an appointment they were running behind a lot and it took forever to get customer service! Photographer was willing to work with a busy 2 year old though! Good patience!
Lisa was hired to take pictures of my daughter's Quinceanera event. She is so talented and creative. Thank You Lisa for giving me the gift of capturing photos of my daughter.