text: The "star" of our sandalwood bracelets, this bracelet is strung with our large sandalwood beads and our largest-sized gemstone. Great as the finishing touch to a sandalwood stack, and a favorite for dudes with style (mandalwoods). Sandalwood beads are traditionally used in malas for meditation with their soothing aroma and are believed to bring clear perception to the wearer. Their fragrance will last forever with proper care. Namaste!


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Our holdings include hundreds of glass and film negatives/transparencies that we've scanned ourselves; in addition, many other photos on this site were extracted from reference images (high-resolution tiffs) in the Library of Congress research archive. (To query the database click here.) They are adjusted, restored and reworked by your webmaster in accordance with his aesthetic sensibilities before being downsized and turned into the jpegs you see here. All of these images (including "derivative works") are protected by copyright laws of the United States and other jurisdictions and may not be sold, reproduced or otherwise used for commercial purposes without permission.
Vintage photos of:
April 11, 1933. "New York City views. Fishing boat at Fulton Market Pier." Medium format acetate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.
April 20, 1934. "New York. Fulton Market pier, view to Manhattan over East River." 4x5 inch nitrate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.
James River, Va. "Army of the James. Butler's dredge-boat, sunk by a Confederate shell on Thanksgiving Day, 1864." Wet plate glass negative. View full size.
Another look at Old Florida circa 1900. "Port Tampa Inn and docks." Detroit Publishing Company glass negative. View full size.
Silver Springs, Florida, circa 1900. "Okeehumkee at wharf on the Oklawaha River." Detroit Publishing Company glass negative. View full size.
Circa 1920. "Shad fishing on the Potomac." National Photo Co. View full size.
Richmond, April 1865. "Battered smokestack from C.S.S. ironclad ram Virginia No. 2. Holes made by Federal batteries." Wet plate glass negative. View full size.

subset: commoncrawl


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Did God create life on other planets? Otherwise why is the universe so big?
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WonderWorks has seven new High Quality Apollo A7L Space Suits and six modern Shuttle EMU Spacesuits added to our rental department. We also have three new Apollo IVA suits with bubble helmets. We are starting construction of eight EMU and A7L suits to meet demand. These photos show the level of detail and quality that goes into a WonderWorks suit. All new suits are made of lighter material such as Kevlar and Aluminum thus reducing weight even further than our previous lightweight designs. Ours are not halloween suits nor awkward museum pieces, they are designed from the ground up to be comfortable and user friendly by Skilled Craftsmen with 35 plus years of experience in the Theme Park and Film industries. We do not sell toys or rubber suits. Our primary area of focus is replicating real space. not creating rubber suits.
Summer of 2011 - Part of a run of
20 A7L suits being readied.
WonderWorks will have more than
80 suits available for rent soon.
Our new, All Aluminum Retro
Future helmet fits nearly every
rental suit we have.
This helmet satisfies the need for
something "different" or Steam
Our new 3D modeling capability
allows us to see how an item will
look when completed.
We are able to study it from all
This is a new Partial Pressure Suit
helmet also suited for Haz Mat
Soft LED lighting will illuminate
the actor's face.
The helmet in prototyping stage.
Nearly complete prototype.
Compare to the design drawing.
Assembly Line of Space Helmets -
Astronaut WW EMU Dominic Mag
EMU/ EVA Suit DSC_1703
Mercury Film Grade DSC_0355
Assembly Line of Space Helmets -
CNC A7L Fittings after matte
anodized finish.
Anodized AN A7L Apollo hose
Hose connector after machining.
Thin wall fiberglass APOLLO A7L/
EMU helmets waiting fittings and
EMU/ APOLLO A7L Helmets with
Beta Cloth covers.
EMU/ EVA during first test fitting.
Apollo A7L backpacks ready for
shipment to production.
A7L prior to fitting and liner.
Eamonn Price Machining wrist ring
connectors. One item out of
dozens required for each suit.
All parts are patterned using real
items as reference or referenced
from NASA blueprints. The parts
are modified for ease of use.
A7L Faceplates Under Construction
WW A7L boot detail - Two styles
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Pro-Active South Africa has an intelligence sharing database which instantly distributes pre-loaded information on any hijacked or stolen vehicle to 137 security service providers and enforcers – not just the one you're signed up with.
If your vehicle is stolen or hijacked, you can enter the code by SMS or your internet browser and in less than 10 seconds, the information is circulated.
The managing director of Pro-Active, Ryno Schutte, is excited about what the future holds.
"By working together with a company which takes the safety of motorists seriously, we have the potential to change the hijacking crisis South Africans face. The more people empower themselves with us, the greater the change.
For more information about the system or related driver training courses, contact MasterDrive on 086 110 0618, or Pro-Active South Africa at email@example.com or www.pro-activesa.co.za.
Read full story: http://www.dailysun.co.za/SunWheels/new-car-crime-alert-system-20170131


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JACKSONVILLE -- Few teams have been as disruptive as the Jacksonville Jaguars during pass plays this season. They ranked third in the league with 47 sacks and seventh in pass defense, allowing 184 yards a game.
They might need to be even better against New England and quarterback Tom Brady tonight.
Brady has thrown 11 touchdowns and just three interceptions in nine playoff games, is unbeaten in the postseason and has three Super Bowl rings and two Super Bowl MVP trophies.
"That's a big key to this game. We've got to get after Brady and try to rattle him a little bit," Jaguars linebacker Mike Peterson said Thursday.
With Corey Dillon averaging a career-low 3.5 yards a carry and still recovering from a calf injury, the Jaguars believe pressuring Brady and forcing him into some bad plays would give them the best shot at an upset.
"We need to find a way to get him out of his comfort zone," coach Jack Del Rio said. "He's arguably the best postseason quarterback that's ever played, and we certainly don't want him back there too comfortable all day. So we've got to do what we can to try and disrupt him whichever way we can, whether it's rush, coverage, combinations. We have to do something to not allow him to be as hot as he's capable of being."
It starts up front for the Jaguars.
Defensive tackles Marcus Stroud and John Henderson have commanded constant double teams, which create one-on-one matchups for ends Reggie Hayward, Paul Spicer, Rob Meier and Bobby McCray.
"They have good players. Not just (Stroud and Henderson), but certainly they're a big focus of it and they're right in the middle," Patriots coach Bill Belichick said. "You have to deal with them every play. It's not like you have a corner where you can throw to the other side or you have an outside linebacker (where) you can run away from him. It's two tackles. There is no play where you can run that you don't have to block them."
Stroud and Henderson get most of the accolades, but the four ends have made most of the big plays this season. The foursome combined for 271/2 sacks, 103 quarterback pressures and six forced fumbles.
"They can definitely bring it," Belichick said.
They might need to against Brady, who led the NFL with a career-high 4,110 yards passing and ranked third with 26 touchdown passes. He did it with an offense beset by injuries and finished third in league MVP voting behind Seattle running back Shaun Alexander and Indianapolis quarterback Peyton Manning.
Known as one of the hardest workers on the team, Brady is revered for staying composed in the pocket, buying extra time and finding open receivers.
"He'll pick up on your mistakes so fast," Jags rookie safety Gerald Sensabaugh said. "If you have one little glitch in your defense, he's going to see it and make that throw. We're going to have to be on top of our game."
Jaguars train their sights on Brady
JACKSONVILLE -- Few teams have been as disruptive as the Jacksonville Jaguars during pass plays this season. They ranked third in the league with 47 sacks and seventh in pass defense, allowing 184 yards a game.


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Revision Deadline: January 31, 2017
Winter Term 2017: February 15, 2017
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* Students are responsible to review their Student Fee Account in Aurora on a regular basis.Note:
Students with outstanding balances after the published tuition fee payment deadlines will be assessed a late payment fee. Students who no longer wish to attend classes must withdraw from them prior to the end of the revision period to receive a refund. Balances outstanding at the end of the revision period will be subject to a second late fee and will be placed on HOLD.
Students on HOLD will be denied access to most administrative and academic services, including registration, certificate of enrolment, access to transcripts and libraries, etc.
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Students with overdue accounts will be deregistered from future term courses. Students will be held responsible for the current term balance.
Note: Students will not be deregistered from spanned courses
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Fall Term:
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Thank you for your interest in Cognilytics. For more information on our products and solutions, please use the contact form below.
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If Appian's Roman History as a whole reveals how an empire was born of the struggle against a series of external enemis, these five books concentrate on an even greater ordeal. Despite the rhetorical flourishes, John Carter suggests in his Introductions, the impressive 'overall conception of the decline of the Roman state into violence, with its sombre highlights and the leitmotif of fate, is neither trivial nor inaccurate.'For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
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Appian's Civil Wars offers a masterly account of the turbulent epoch from the time of Tiberius Gracchus (133 BC) to the tremendous conflicts which followed the murder of Julius Caesar. For the events between 133 and 70 BC he is the only surviving continuous narrative source. The subsequent books vividly describe Catiline's conspiracy, ...
From the Publisher
The only suriving continuous narrative source for the events between 133 and 70 BCAppian's writings vividly describe Catiline's conspiracy, the rise and fall of the First Triumvirate, and Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon, defeat of Pompey and untimely death. The climax comes with the brith of the Second Triumvirate out of anarchy, the...
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Table of Contents
AcknowledgmentsIntroductionBibliographical NoteNotes on the TranslationTable of Dates
THE CIVIL WARSBook IBook IIBook IIIBook IVBook VNotesAppendixMaps:A. Northern and Central ItalyB. Southern Italy and SicilyC. Greece and the Aegean BasinD. Provinces and Kingdoms of the EastIndex
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The biopolymers could provide new and forward-looking solutions for the polymer industry as they can potentially be applied in all market segments where polymers are used. Some biopolymers products even offer new end of life options such as biodegradability that can benefit certain products. In addition to these major advantages is potentially very low carbon footprint, less energy costs for manufacturing and improved worldwide acceptability. We assume as stated above, our selected agro-based natural samples may fulfill the eco-friendly objective and this book also consists parts are focusing on the emerging problems in the field of synthetic biology


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What's your feeling about becoming a cyborg?
As you probably know, a cyborg is a combination of man and machine, like Steve Austin or the DC comic book character with that name.
When I was a little kid, I pretended to be Steve Austin, "The Six Million Dollar Man," but now that I'm (significantly) older, the thought of giving up my two real legs for two mechanical ones -- even if it meant the ability to run 60 MPH or leap to the top of a five story building -- does not seem like an appealing exchange.
Even on a vastly lesser scale, that's the general response from the public, according to a Pew Research Center poll released in the Washington Post this week,
The poll shows that Americans love their technology, no question, but are not so enamored with implanting new technology into our own bodies. "Do people who never let their smartphone out of their grip necessarily want a chip in their brains?" as the article asks.
There are three biomedical technologies that specifically give Americans the willies, according to Pew:
Gene editing
Brain chips
Synthetic blood.
There were two large contingencies of people who were against the human-integrated technology: People committed to a religion, and people unsettled by the the creation of superhumans or a Nazi-esque pursuit of eugenics (put me in both camps).
But perhaps the most concerning response from the poll is that, whether this stuff is good or bad, whether people want it or not, the overall feeling is that we're getting it either way. As the representative of Pew says to close the story: "Even if people are cautious about potential changes, about half think they're likely to become a reality within the next 50 years."


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Learn how to make this easy, pretty Painted Confetti Pattern Bowl DIY project! This beautiful, fun to make bowl is a great way to organize your home - store keys, jewelry, odds and ends! A fabulous gift to make and give. This abstract confetti pattern is a Kate Spade designer hack!! It's a knockoff of the tabletop … [Read more...]
DIY Chocolatey Favor Boxes – For Gifts
I am participating in a campaign for Brookside Chocolate. I am receiving a fee for posting; however, the opinions expressed in this post are my own. I am in no way affiliated with Brookside Chocolate and do not earn a commission or percent of sales. This post is written by me and sponsored by the Hershey Company. All opinions are 100% mine. DIY … [Read more...]
DIY Ice Skate Wreath Decor – Quick and Easy!
Hi everyone! Today I'm sharing with you an easy way to add a gorgeous, festive touch to your home for the holidays - with a DIY Ice Skate Wreath! It's so easy and inexpensive to turn ice skates into a beautiful wreath! Hang it on your front door for Christmas and winter curb appeal! You can also hang it on a side gate like I did or hang it … [Read more...]
15 Minute Clear Ball Christmas Ornament
15 Minute is all it takes to make these pretty DIY Clear Ball Christmas Ornament! Make some as Christmas tree ornaments, teacher gifts, make for an ornament exchange party, make several and put in a big bowl as a holiday home decor idea or use when wrapping gifts as a present topper/gift bag topper! This is such an … [Read more...]
DIY Tray Tutorial Using Tile and Cabinet Handles
Learn how to make this beautiful tray with this easy DIY tray tutorial using tile and cabinet handles - what a great way to use leftover tile from a kitchen or bath renovation - or create a tray using pretty Carrara marble tile! This is a quick and easy, inexpensive tray to make that's perfect to organize your perfume and jewelry in your … [Read more...]
Fall And Thanksgiving Tabletop Decorating Ideas
Give your table and basic white dishes a showstopping look for Fall and Thanksgiving with these easy decorating ideas! Add natural elements, botanical accents and individual place cards to your tabletop for a sophisticated rustic glam ambiance. Don't forget to enter the … [Read more...]
7 Fabulous Fall Wreath Ideas for Your Home
See 7 Fabulous Fall Wreath Ideas to decorate your home for autumn! 7 beautiful easy to make wreath ideas using pumpkins, berries, moss and twigs for your front door! Don't forget to enter my Reader Appreciation Giveaway for a chance to win a $100 Amazon Gift Card! … [Read more...]
Easy DIY Monogram Book Ends For Kids
The kids are heading back to school! Here's a great way to make the back to school routine exciting and fun: organize their desk space and bookshelves with these easy DIY $3.00 Monogram Ends! This Industrial Zinc look is so in style right now and you can customize this craft project with your kids initial and favorite color. Great … [Read more...]
Make Faux Coral Inspired by Pottery Barn
Hello friends! It's time for another series of 10 Minute Decorating - summer edition! My cohosts and I have 9 gorgeous quick and easy summer decor projects to share with you today, so you can create a fabulous home in just 10 minutes! My 10 minute decor idea is to Make Faux Coral Inspired by Pottery Barn! … [Read more...]
Outdoor Hanging Flower Mason Jars
Make this easy outdoor hanging flower mason jar project! Do I have a big treat for your today! 6 of my blogger friends are sharing our outdoor spaces, decor ideas and diy projects in a 3 week long OUTDOOR EXTRAVAGANZA to kick off the start of summer! You'll be super inspired I just know it! At the end of the third week we are also … [Read more...]
How to Tint Glass
Hello friends! It's time for another Thrift Store Decor post and today I'm sharing with you how to 'tint' glass with a beautiful vase I found at my thrift store! This DIY does not actually tint the glass - it's a little trick to make it LOOK tinted! And the beauty of this DIY is that you can use any color you want and … [Read more...]
Mothers Day Ideas! 6 DIY Gifts & Recipes
So, I know you've been busy and need to come up with an idea to celebrate Mom this Mother's Day! See these 6 awesome Mothers Day ideas-I've got you covered! Delicious recipes, beautiful table setting ideas and sweet DIY gift ideas too! … [Read more...]
Globe DIY Makeover With Scrabble Letters
Make a fabulous Chalkboard Globe in a jiffy with a globe, paint and Scrabble letters! Just 4 easy steps is all it takes to turn an old globe into this beautiful decor accessory. Customize it by spelling out a special word with scrabble letters. The chalkboard paint allows you to write notes or draw pictures too - how … [Read more...]
10 Minute Christmas Centerpiece Tray
Create a beautiful luminous Christmas centerpiece tray in just 10 minutes to cozy up your home for the holidays and display your favorite Christmas ornaments! Such a fabulous festive way to decorate your coffee table, dining table or kitchen island in record time. Hi friends! I'm so excited to share with you a new decorating … [Read more...]
Easy DIY Hostess Gift – Mason Jar of Flowers in a Tea Towel Wrapper
Hello Friends! Today I'm sharing a super quick and easy DIY Hostess Gift - flowers in a tea towel wrapper! I always love to receive flowers as a hostess gift myself and there's something so thoughtful about giving fresh flowers. It's also an extra special touch to give them in a vase so the hostess doesn't have to leave her guests to hunt for … [Read more...]


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 7, 1992
|Filing date
|Jun 29, 1990
|Priority date
|Jun 29, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|F. Monte Evens, Craig T. Barker, Charles R. Ray
|Original Assignee
|Conoco Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (28), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
In spectrophotometry, radiation from a source passes through a sample cell to a photodetector which measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the sample fluid in the cell. The output of the detector is a measure of absorbance at a particular wavelength of radiation. The quantitative presence of certain materials in the sample is identified by particular wavelengths characteristically absorbed by the materials. An important use of spectrophotometric detectors is in chromatography wherein the components of a chromatographic column are separated in a column and the radiation absorbance of the separated components are then measured by a spectrophotometric detector.
In such detectors, radiation transparent optical windows allow radiation from the source to pass through the cell to the detector. In a common spectrophotometric detector, radiation passes through an entrance window, through the cell in a direction parallel to the flow of sample fluid through the cell, and through an exit window to the detector. Flat windows or plano convex lenses typically have been used. U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,614 to deMey et al. shows a detector assembly with flat windows at the entrance and exit openings in the cell. A lens focuses the radiation in a pattern which converges in the cell.
Another type of commonly used detector has divergent optics with sample fluid flow across a substantially planar radiation field in the cell. Such crossflow cells are typified by the Milton Roy LDC microcell used in conjunction with the LDC Model 1204D spectoMonitor detector. Crossflow cells permit close coupling of the cell to the outlet end of a chromatographic column.
Another type of crossflow cell is available from Guided Wave Inc. of California. The Guided Wave cell comprises a standard 1/4 inch cross union adapted to receive opposing fiber optic transmission probes. The probes contain an external sapphire window sealed into a 1/4 inch metal tube. The metal tube also contains a suitable collimating lens. The tube which can be made from various materials including 316 stainless steel, Monel 400 or Hastelloy C276 alloys is sealed to the sapphire window with a soft glass frit. The glass frit is fused to prevent leaks between the sapphire window and the inner wall of the 1/4 inch tube. An additional epoxy seal is used to coat the outer surface of the fused soft glass seal.
While the Guided Wave flow cell can be used in many services, it cannot be used in a hydrogen fluoride atmosphere or in a hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine atmosphere or in the presence of a strong caustic or in any other service where the epoxy and glass seal would be attacked by the materials flowing through the cell.
It is desirable to provide a cross union flow cell which can be used in such corrosive environments and in particular, in such environments at elevated temperatures.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,397, issued Feb. 15, 1977 discloses a fluorometer flow cell wherein the flow cell is constructed entirely of a light transparent polyfluoroethylene tubing. In addition, the flow cell contains a light source means, excitation filter means, cell holder means and photo detection means.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,260,257, issued Apr. 7, 1981 relates to a flow cell constructed by assembling together tubular components which are heated to form an integral flow cell member. The flow cell has a tubular body member, a debubbler unit and a tubular fluid outlet tower. The body member is made from quartz material and has an open ended bore therethrough which connects to a colorimeter. A pair of light transmitting quartz rods are positioned in the respective open ends of the bore to close them.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,280, issued Sept. 10, 1985 relates to a fiber optic thin-layer cell for use in spectrophotometric analysis of liquid or gaseous materials and a method of use, which consists of utilizing fiber optics in conjunction with low-volume, thin-layer cells.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,893, issued May 13, 1986 discloses a light-pipe flow cell suitable for use in analyzing high pressure fluids. The flow cell has a main support body with a gold light-pipe element mounted therein, two light transmissive window elements diametrically opposed to each other and a resilient sealing means mounted between each window element and the main support body. The flow cell is connected to an infrared spectrometer.
A flow cell which is suitable for use in corrosive environments comprising a cross union containing opposing fiber optic probes in which (1) each probe has a transparent light transmitting window extending from a tube contained within the probe. (2) the opening between the transparent light transmitting window and the probe is sealed with a sealing material which is attacked by the corrosive environment, and (3) an O-ring gasket resistant to the corrosive environment is positioned around the transparent light transmitting window adjacent the sealing material, said cross union having a right angle shoulder in two branches of the cross union which receive the opposing probes, said shoulders abutting the ends of the tubes extending outwardly from the transparent light transmitting windows which compresses the O-ring gasket when the probes are installed in the cross union, thereby shielding the sealing material from the corrosive environment.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a fiber optic flow cell coupled to a spectrometer and a computer.
FIG. 2 is an illustration in cross-section of a cross union modified in accordance with the invention, adapted to receive a fiber optic probe, a portion of which is also shown in cross-section.
FIG. 3 is a more detailed schematic illustration of a fiber optic probe suitable for installation in the modified cross union of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a plot showing the relationship between chlorine concentration and peak absorbance measured at 327 nanometers.
The invention is best described by reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram which illustrates the use of a cross union containing fiber optic probes in association with a spectrometer and a computer. Spectrometer 2 contains an appropriate radiation source which may be a tungsten-halogen lamp, deuterium arc. laser, or other suitable source. Source light is launched by focusing the radiation source on to a large diameter, single fiber cable 4 which then ducts the light to fiber optic probe 6 which is inserted in cross union 8. A sample, of which the absorbance is to be measured, is introduced to cross union 8 through line 14 and exits through line 16. The source light passes through probe 6 and the sample stream flowing through union 8, is received by a similar probe 10 and is returned to spectrometer 2 through optical fiber cable 12.
The sample passing through cross union 8 absorbs part of the light at a specific wavelength which is contained in the source light. When the source light returns to the spectrometer, the percentage of this wavelength absorbed is determined. Through the use of a suitable curve, relating concentration to wavelength absorbance for the sample, the concentration of the material being measured in the sample stream is determined. By use of computer 18 with an appropriate computer program, the output of the spectrometer is processed and periodically provides the desired concentration printout or reading. In this manner, changes in concentration of the flowing sample may be determined with desired frequency and operating conditions or parameters may be adjusted in response to such changes in concentration.
FIG. 2 illustrates in cross section a standard cross union 20 which has been modified in accordance with the invention. The sample of which the absorbance is to be measured is introduced to one of opposing passageways 25 and leaves the cross union through the other passageway. At the end of each passageway, is a threaded section 22 which contains a beveled portion 24. A ring ferrule made of Teflon� or other suitable material is used to provide a pressure seal when the sample feed line (not shown) is attached by a suitable pressure fitting to the cross union. A similar attachment is made at the other end of the other passageway 25 to provide for exit of the sample from the cross union.
Each passageway in cross union 20 contains an abutment or shoulder which is shown at 27 in passageways 25. In an ordinary tubing assembly, the purpose of this shoulder is to set the distance at which tubing is inserted into the cross union. For example, with a 1/4 inch cross union standard 1/4 inch tubing, when inserted in the union, would butt up against shoulder 27. Without this shoulder, it would be necessary to measure the 1/4 inch tubing each time connections to a cross union are made. Without such a measurement, the tubing might be inserted into the cross union so far that flow through the opposing branches of the cross union would be obstructed. As stated above, the sample feed and exit lines are pressure sealed by ring ferrules located at beveled portions 24. In a standard cross union assembly, sealing is not provided for at the internal abutment of the tubing end and the cross union, but only at beveled portions 24.
The opposing arms 26 of the cross union are adapted to receive fiber optic probes, one of which is designated in part by 28. The end portion of fiber optic probe 28 which is inserted in cross union 20 comprises a tube 32 in to which there is inserted a transparent, light transmitting optical window made of sapphire or other suitable material. The space between window 34 and tube 32 is sealed with a suitable sealing material such as melted glass 36. An additional sealing material (not shown) e.g. a plastic material such as epoxy may be applied over the glass sealing. For ease of installation, window 34 is slightly tapered in the the direction in which it is placed in tube 32.
In passages 26 of cross union 20, the portion of the cross union which terminates in shoulders 27 is machined or drilled out to form a new, substantially right angle shoulder 30. The inner portion 31 of cross union 20 adjacent shoulder 30 is of a diameter slightly greater than window 34 so that when the fiber optic probe 28 is inserted in passage 26, shoulder 30 abuts the end portion of tubing 32 which extends outwardly from window 34. The position of the shoulder (including the compressed O-ring described in the discussion of FIG. 3) sets the optical path length of the probe.
The cross unions used in the flow cells of the invention are usually 1/4 inch or 1/2 inch in size. However, larger cross unions may be used with appropriately sized probes. The transparent light transmitting window used in the fiber optic probe is usually made of sapphire, however, other materials such as diamond may also be used. Under milder corrosive conditions, other materials such as quartz may also be employed. The transparent light transmitting material is sealed in the probe tube with a sealing material which provides an effective seal at the temperature of the sample being measured. Usually, fused glass is preferred, however, at lower temperatures, polymeric materials such as epoxys may be used.
FIG. 3 shows a more detailed schematic in cross section of a fiber optic probe. In this figure, the transparent light transmitting window 44 is inserted in tube 42. Adjacent window 44 is a collimating lens which may be made of silica or other suitable material. Adjacent the collimating lens is an optical fiber cable 48 through which light is transmitted to collimating lens 46. Light leaving the collimating lens passes through window 44 and through the sample to be measured. The opening between tube 42 and light transmitting window 44 is sealed with a suitable sealing material 50. An O-ring gasket 52 is placed around light transmitting window 44. When the probe is inserted into modified cross union 20 (FIG. 2), the O-ring is compressed between the end of tube 42 and right angle shoulder 30 described in the discussion of FIG. 2. Compression of O-ring 52 provides complete coverage of seal 50 thereby eliminating exposure of seal 50 to any corrosive material in the sample being measured. Probe 40 is affixed to cross union 20 by a nut and ferrule assembly (not shown) of either the two-piece or one-piece type. Tube 42 is threaded at 54 to receive a fitting by which optical fiber 48 is affixed to tube 42.
The O-ring used in the modified cross union of the invention serves two important functions. Primarily it protects the seal between the transparent light transmitting window and the probe tube from the corrosive sample. It also prevents damage to the probe in the event that the seal were not totally effective and allowed leakage of the corrosive sample into the probe. The O-ring may be made of a variety of materials depending on the particular chemical or chemicals contained in the samples being measured. In an atmosphere of hydrofluoric acid, fluoro-elastomers such as Kalrez� are used. Various chloroprene polymers may also be used in this service. For less corrosive atmospheres and for lower temperatures, other materials such as silicone rubber, neoprene, etc. may be used for the O-ring.
Effective coverage of seal 50 by O-ring 52 is obtained by hand pressure when the flow cell is assembled. However, if desired, a measured pressure on the O-ring may be provided by a suitable apparatus constructed to grip both the cross union and probe during assembly.
In samples containing hydrofluoric acid, the cross union is usually constructed of high nickel steel alloys such as Hastelloy C276. Monel may also be used with hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride at lower temperatures. Depending on the type of corrosive atmosphere, stainless steels such as 316 stainless steel may also be used in the construction of the cross union.
In the construction of the probe, the transparent light transmitting window usually extends out from the probe tubing for a distance of about 1/8 inch to about 1/4 inch. The minimum length of extension will be the width of the O-ring. The probes may be installed in a cross union at any distance up to 2 or 4 centimeters apart in a 1/4 inch or 1/2 inch cross union, respectively. Usually the probes will be spaced from about 1/2 to 2 centimeters apart. As stated previously, proper location of shoulders 30 (in FIG. 2) sets the optical path length of the probe. This eliminates time consuming measurements when the probe is removed from the cross union and then reassembled. Operations of the probe at more than one optical path length may be provided by the use of several cross unions in each of which shoulders 30 are located at different points in passageway 26.
The following examples are presented in illustration of the invention.
A 1/4 inch flow cell modified as shown In FIG. 2 was constructed from a 1/4 inch, 316 stainless steel cross union. A machine dummy probe was installed in the cross union and tested at 1000 psi for 30 minutes. No leaks were observed from the cross union and there was no movement of the probe.
A 1/4 inch modified flow cell constructed of Hastelloy C276 was assembled with two fiber optic probes. The O-rings used in the probe were made of Kalrez� fluoro-elastomer which is resistant to highly corrosive materials such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, caustics and the like. Teflon� ferrules were used in the fittings employed for attaching the probes to the modified cross union.
Optical performance tests for the assembled flow cell were carried out with a Guided Wave Inc. model 200 analyzer (spectrometer). All of the tests showed that the two transmission probes were in optical alignment and that the flow cell transmitted sufficient light intensity to produce an acceptable signal/noise value for quantitative spectrophotometric measurements.
The assembled flow cell was tested for analytical performance using commercial gas mixtures of chlorine and nitrogen. All tests were conducted at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. FIG. 4 shows the analytical calibration produced from these tests. The calibration shows the relation between the peak absorbance measured at 327 nanometers and the chlorine concentration flowing through the flow cell. A short term stability test using a 6.9 percent chlorine standard flowing at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure showed acceptable analytical performance for an uninterrupted four hour interval.
Several tests were carried out with the assembled flow cell of Example 2 installed "on line" as a part of a laboratory reactor system. The operating conditions for the tests were 40� C. and 20 psig. The system was exposed to a continuous flow of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and chlorine and various mixtures of these components according to the operating flow conditions used with the reactor. At the same time, spectrophotometric measurements to monitor the chlorine content in the gas stream were continuously completed using 20 meter fiber optic cables and the Guide Wave Inc. Model 200 analyzer. The tests were conducted for seventeen days of continuous operation.
The next test was a thirty day static measurement using chlorine gas at 40 psig and 200� C. The pressure in the cell was adjusted as needed to maintain the 40 psig condition. A continuous measurement of the chlorine content in the cell was recorded during the test. Because of the high temperature used in this test, a graphite ferrule was substituted for the Teflon� ferrule used in the flow cell of Example 2.
Visual inspections of the disassembled flow cell were made at the conclusion of each of the tests in this example. These inspections showed no evidence of corrosion of the flow cell and no indication of abrasive or etching deterioration of the soft glass seal surrounding the sapphire window. The sapphire window was also unaffected by the compounds used in the test. These observations were also confirmed by optical microscopy examinations. It was discovered that the epoxy coating on the soft glass seal was thermally volatilized from the probes during the first 200� C. test. It was verified that the epoxy used in the manufacture of the flow cell was not rated for long time use at this temperature.
Pilot plant tests were carried out by installing a 1/4 inch modified Hastellory C276 flow cell "on line" as a part of a research pilot plant. The location selected was adjacent to a commercial. non-dispersive UV process analyzer. Installation was set so that the process gases under examination flowed in series through the modified 1/4 inch fiber optic flow cell then on through the conventional gas absorption cell in the process analyzer. The 20 meter fiber cables used for the tests were run from the flow cell to the Guided Wave Inc. Model 200 analyzer located in a laboratory control area adjacent to the pilot plant.
Preliminary tests were made for thirty days using a static chlorine/nitrogen blend at 150� C. and 40 psig. There was no loss of optical performance during this test. Analytical calibrations of the flow cell system were next made with chlorine and nitrogen gas mixtures flowing through the cell at 150� C. and at incremental pressures of 100, 150, and 180 psig. The chlorine concentration range of 0 to 10 mole percent was examined. The data showed that the fiber optic system performed equal to if not superior to the commercial process analyzer.
The fiber optic flow cell system was used to monitor the chlorine content in the process gas flow during pilot plant test runs. During these tests, the flow cell was subjected to various mixtures of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and chlorine gas mixtures. Operating conditions at the flow cell were 150� C. and 180 psig.
Following the above operations, the flow cell was disassembled for visual inspection. There was no indication of corrosion of the flow cell and no evidence of abrasive or etching deterioration of the soft glass seal surrounding the sapphire window. The sapphire window was the same in appearance as observed at the start of the test. These observations were also verified by optical microscopy examinations.
A modified 1/4 inch stainless steel fiber optic flow cell was installed in a laboratory circulation loop. A pump was used to circulate 2.0 molar potassium hydroxide solution (11 wt. %) from a 500 milliliter reservoir through the cell and back to the reservoir. The temperature of the system was ambient which was 20� C.
The solution was circulated for about one month. Disassembly of the flow cell indicated no noticeable deterioration in the flow cell or the O-ring sealing assembly. The sapphire window was in the same condition as at the start of the test.
The foregoing examples illustrate that it is possible through use of the modified fiber optic flow cell of the invention to monitor process streams when highly corrosive materials such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine or caustic are present both at ambient and elevated temperatures without deterioration of the sealing material between the sapphire window and the tube holding such window.
The apparatus of the invention has been described in conjunction with the modification of a standard cross union. While such an arrangement is preferred because of the commercial availability of such unions, it is also within the scope of the invention to manufacture a union having the shoulders built in and located to provide the desired optical path for the installed probes.
While certain embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the present invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 24, 1963
|Apr 13, 1965
|Hughes Aircraft Co
|Fluid inspection device
|Mar 28, 1968
|Apr 6, 1971
|California Inst Of Techn
|Plural output optimetric sample cell and analysis system
|Apr 24, 1975
|Feb 15, 1977
|Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
|Fluorometer flow cell
|May 29, 1979
|Apr 7, 1981
|Neeley William E
|Flow cell
|Dec 1, 1982
|Sep 10, 1985
|University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc.
|Fiber optic thin-layer cell
|Feb 25, 1985
|May 13, 1986
|Nicolet Instrument Corporation
|Light-pipe flow cell for supercritical fluid chromatography
|Jul 29, 1986
|Nov 22, 1988
|Guided Wave, Inc.
|Spectral analysis apparatus and method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 10, 1993
|Jun 20, 1995
|Nirsystems Incorporated
|Fiber optic probe with truncated cone window block for infrared spectral analysis instrument
|Sep 13, 1993
|Aug 15, 1995
|Atlantic Richfield Company
|Sample cell and probe for spectrophotometer
|Jul 5, 1994
|Sep 19, 1995
|Flow cell with leakage detection
|Apr 24, 1996
|Apr 21, 1998
|Infante; David A.
|System for detecting impurities contained in a flowing petroleum product
|Apr 24, 1996
|Jul 14, 1998
|Infante; David A.
|System for detecting impurities contained in a fluid medium
|Jun 30, 1998
|Dec 28, 1999
|Transgenomic, Inc.
|Modular component fiber optic fluorescence detector system, and method of use
|Nov 10, 1998
|Mar 28, 2000
|Uop Llc
|Radiation probe with flexible sleeve
|Feb 2, 2001
|Sep 30, 2003
|Hach Company
|Optical gasket system
|Mar 13, 2002
|Mar 15, 2005
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Method and apparatus for characterizing the color properties of fluids
|Apr 27, 2009
|Jul 5, 2011
|Endress+Hauser Conducta Inc.
|Multi-port inline flow cell for use in monitoring multiple parameters in a sanitary process line
|Jun 27, 2011
|Apr 15, 2014
|Horiba, Ltd.
|Optical measurement device
|May 4, 2012
|Apr 7, 2015
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Self-cleaning optical sensor
|Mar 9, 2015
|Oct 11, 2016
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Self-cleaning optical sensor
|Feb 25, 2013
|Jan 3, 2017
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Optical window assemblies
|Mar 13, 2002
|Nov 14, 2002
|Martino Anthony Joseph
|Method and apparatus for characterizing the color properties of fluids
|Mar 4, 2004
|Sep 30, 2004
|Wierzbicki Daniel S.
|Apparatus and method for continuous production of paint with automatic adjustment of color
|Apr 27, 2009
|Oct 28, 2010
|Wynn William H
|Multi-port inline flow cell for use in monitoring multiple parameters in a sanitary process line
|Jun 10, 2010
|Jun 16, 2011
|Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
|Monitoring A Preparative Chromatography Column From the Exterior During Formation of the Packed Bed
|Jun 27, 2011
|Dec 29, 2011
|Horiba, Ltd.
|Optical measurement device
|Feb 25, 2013
|Aug 28, 2014
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Optical Window Assemblies
|Apr 8, 2010
|Apr 4, 2012
|Multi-port inline flow cell for use in monitoring multiple parameters in a sanitary process line
|Apr 8, 2010
|Sep 9, 2015
|Apr 22, 1996
|Nov 13, 1996
|Perstorp Analytical, Inc.
|Flow cell
|Apr 22, 1996
|Aug 6, 1997
|Perstorp Analytical Inc
|Flow cell
|Apr 20, 1998
|Oct 21, 1998
|ENDRESS + HAUSER CONDUCTA GESELLSCHAFT F�R MESS UND REGELTECHNIK mbH & Co.
|Optical sensor
|Apr 20, 1998
|Apr 14, 1999
|ENDRESS + HAUSER CONDUCTA GESELLSCHAFT F�R MESS UND REGELTECHNIK mbH & Co.
|Optical sensor
|Apr 8, 2010
|Nov 4, 2010
|Endress+Hauser Conducta Inc.
|Multi-port inline flow cell for use in monitoring multiple parameters in a sanitary process line
|Jun 29, 2010
|Jan 6, 2011
|Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
|Monitoring a preparative chromatography column from the exterior during formation of the packed bed
|U.S. Classification
|356/246, 250/343, 250/576
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 29, 1990
Owner name: CONOCO INC., A CORP. OF DE., OKLAHOMA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:EVENS, F. MONTE;BARKER, CRAIG T.;RAY, CHARLES R.;REEL/FRAME:005367/0574
Effective date: 19900629
|Aug 15, 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 3, 1996
|Surcharge for late payment
|Jan 3, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 7, 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 26, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19960110


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Oakland, CA
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text:
Waterfront Cottage. Perfect Sunset and Swimming (Governor's Harbour)(5 Reviews)
The owner has been emailed.
This owner doesn't offer online booking through VRBO's checkout. You won't be eligible for our Book with Confidence Guarantee.
Never use instant money transfer services such as Western Union and MoneyGram. Learn more
- Minimum stay:5 nights
- Sleeps:6
- Bedrooms:2
- Bathrooms:1.5
- Property type:Cottage
- Internet:Yes
- Pets considered:Yes
- Wheel chair accessible:No
About the Property
Two bedroom w/loft. Romantic & Private Modern Kitchen and Laund
Ideal for one couple with queen bed & full bath. There is also a small room with twin beds and sleeping loft with a queen mattress accessible by ladder. Located on the Caribbean side with great swimming and snorkeling directly in front. One mile from center of town and two miles to perfect pink sand beaches. Big deck, boardwalk to dock with ladder for easy water access. Full kitchen with dishwasher, electric cook top oven, big fridge and freezer, washer & dryer. Telephone and internet. CD player, iPod dock. Indoor and outdoor showers. No TV or air conditioning, only the sea breeze and ceiling fans.
Before making a payment, always call the owner at the number listed on our website to make sure your payment instructions are accurate.
Never use instant money transfer services such as Western Union and MoneyGram.Learn more
Member since: 2014
Property Type
- Cottage
- 1000 sq. ft.
House Rules
- Max. occupancy 6
- Events Allowed
- Minimum Age Limit For Renters
- Children Welcome
- Pets Considered
- Smoking Allowed
Accommodation Type
- Vacation Rental
- Guests Provide Their Own Meals
Onsite Services
- Car Available
- Long-Term Renters Welcome
- Wheelchair Inaccessible
Bedrooms: 2 Bedrooms, Sleeps 6, Beds for 6
Bathrooms: 1 Bathroom, 1 Half Bathroom
- Stereo
- Away From It All
- Arboretum
- Botanical Garden
- Churches
- Cinemas
- Festivals
- Library
- Recreation Center
- Restaurants
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/Bank
- Groceries
- Medical Services
Leisure Activities
- Beachcombing
- Bird Watching
- Boating
- Eco Tourism
- Horseback Riding
- Scenic Drives
- Shelling
- Walking
- Wildlife Viewing
Location Type
Sports & Adventure Activities
- Deepsea Fishing
- Fishing
- Fly Fishing
- Jet Skiing
- Kayaking
- Pier Fishing
- Scuba Diving Or Snorkeling
- Snorkeling
- Sound/Bay Fishing
- Spelunking
- Surf Fishing
- Surfing
- Swimming
- Dining Area
- Seating for 8 people
- Clothes Dryer
- Hair Dryer
- Internet
- Linens Provided
- Living Room
- Parking
- Telephone
- Towels Provided
- Washing Machine
- Coffee Maker
- Dishes & Utensils
- Dishwasher
- Kitchen
- Oven
- Pantry Items
- Refrigerator
- Stove
- Toaster
- Deck / Patio
RatesCurrency Conversion
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
Feb 21 - Nov 30, 2017
5 night min stay
My Standard Rate
5 night min stay
Additional information about rental rates
- Taxes Not included
Payable before trip; 50% to confirm reservation and total amount two weeks ahead of stay
Owner's cancellation policy:
50% refund for cancellations more than 7 days before check-in date.
100% refund for cancellations more than 14 days before check-in date.
Don't forget your vacation protection! Get protected now
Adding our Vacation Protection services can make sure your getaway goes smoothly, no matter what. We offer Cancellation Protection and Damage Protection so you can truly relax.
Car: Recommended
Owner info
Year Purchased: 1977
About the owner: Wayne & Susan Masterman own and operate fine dining restaurants in Lexington, Kentucky.
Why the Owner Chose Central Eleuthera, The Bahamas:
Susan and I have owned this vacation cottage since were married in Nassau more than thirty years ago. Wayne bought the property and camped on it for ten years before that. Our children had the opportunity to grow up visiting there still enjoy the experiences and friendships.
The Unique Benefits at this Cottage:
A perfect sunset and ideal swimming directly in front of the cottage made this our special place. The village of Governor's Harbour is picturesque, very friendly and offers a full range of supplies and services. Library, doctor, dentist, post office, movie theatre, police station, food markets, liquor stores, guest houses, restaurants and a motel on the top of the hill. A new National Trust nature preserve is nearby, as are businesses for kayak rentals, beachfront bars and restaurants and horseback riding stables.
Contact us
Send email
- Primary: 8592210094
Links to more information:
- Click Here to see All My Rental Listings
This listing was first published here in 2014.
Date last modified - Friday, April 21, 2017
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Force stubs
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this wiki
This category is for stub articles about The Force.
"Force pwn was a Force Power version of PWN that involved the most powerful concentrations of the...Force pwn
"Flow-walking was a rare technique achieved only by those in crap novels. To do such a technique...Flow-walk
"The Force babble is quite frankly the most overused, yet unnoticed Force power used by the Sith...Force babble
"Force ball squeeze was a Force power which was similar in scope and application to Force choke...Force ball squeeze
"Force bash was a Dark Side attack maneuver invented by Darth Animal. To employ Force Bash you...Force bash
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text:
Now I offer photos, slides, magazines, railroadiana, etc. You can find it at Ebay as trinitydon .
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Don's Rail Photos
Under Construction
Erie Lackawanna
Electro-Motive SW1 Diesels
354, Class SE-6, was built on April 19, 1940, #1053, as Delaware Lackawanna & Western 432. It became EL 354, Class SE-6, in 1960 and sold to Virginia Blue Ridge Ry as 12 in October 1964. After the VBR was abandoned it was sold to Union Tank Car Co in April 1985.
WebWork by rinity echnology Co.
Memorial of Saint Ammonius 2nd Sunday in Ordinary Time
Memorial of Saint Ammonius
2nd Sunday in Ordinary Time
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Home Page
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The God of glory thunders.
In His temple they all cry
Psalm 29:9


text:
The festivities are over - and romantics among us are looking towards Valentine's Day.
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Ford, Lincoln dealership in Manitowoc, WI
Welcome to Maritime Ford-Lincoln Inc., your family owned dealer since 1913! We are proud to be the trusted place to buy, finance and service your dream car in Manitowoc, WI. At Maritime Ford-Lincoln Inc. we make things simple. We are dedicated to providing quality products, fair prices and exceptional customer service everyday of the year. At Maritime Ford-Lincoln Inc. there is no-nonsense, haggling or high-pressure sales. Instead, you will find that we take a relaxed, personalized approach to business. Maybe most importantly, our easy-going, family friendly showroom makes it easy and comfortable to shop for your dream car at your pace.
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text: This is the second time we come here for dinner and wines. Wines here are excellent and the food is awesome. We have so far tried the beef, the truffle fries, the squid, the duck, and tiramisu. And we like them all. Ambience is cozy and you literally feel your relationship with friends growing while drinking and eating here at... More


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Combo Pack. Includes the MDS300 IoPhica 9-Volt Battery Powered Smoke and Fire Alarm AND the MCND401 Combination Carbon Monoxide and Natural Gas Alarm. Protect your home and family from fire with the MDS300, the first and only single-sensor alarm to respond 87% faster to slow smoldering fires. IoPhica alarms also respond very quickly to fast flaming fires. Feel safe knowing you will also have the MCSN401 dual sensing alarm which will provide protection against 2 deadly household threats: Carbon Monoxide and Natural Gas. This alarm is suitable for installation in houses, apartments and mobile homes.
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Published byAmbrose Blair Modified about 1 year ago
Tourism Economics TRM 490 Dr. Zongqing Zhou Chapter 5: Airline Economics
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (1) Overview –In early 1990s, about 800 carriers who employ more than 3 million people –About 9000 aircrafts and 14,000 airports –The largest US airlines: American, Delta, United, US Air, Northwest, Continental, Southwest, and Trans World –In 1992 US airlines lost $4.4 billion.
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (2) Factors affecting the costs and earnings –Economy –Labor costs –Fuel prices –Operating efficiency –Price wars –Relationship with the unions –Attendance salaries ($85,000/year for Japanese attendants) –Cyclical nature of the business
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (3) Cost breakdown: –See Fig. 5-3 on page 97 –Principal costs: fuel, labor and investment (aircraft purchases) Economics of Airline Operations –Measurement of efficiency Cost per available seat mile –9.3 cents for U.S. Airlines –8.93 cents for American Load factor: the percentage of seats filled Salaries and benefits are about the same as the hotel labor costs. –Southwest has a decided cost advantage in salaries and benefits No frills: minimum service Lean: sales commissions constitute only 6.5% while UAL 16.3% Flat and organization structure: senior management arrive on the job between 7:30 and 8am Simple fare structure: only two levels –Peak or executive during the day, Monday to Friday –Off-peak or pleasure during the evenings and weekends Monday to Friday. Employee profit sharing: own 12% of the airline and share the profits. Newer planes and one type of planes: lower maintenance cost and training cost of the pilots Fly only the profitable routes
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (4) Fuel prices –OPEC: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controls the oil output and prices Airlines Statistics –Load factor: a measure of efficiency and productivity that shows the percentage of seats filled. See fig. 5-5 on page 101
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (5) Airline Pricing –Consolidation and competition keep the price low –Price wars –Depending heavily on business travelers (first-class fares cost 3 to 4 times as much as coach fares) –Manipulation of seats (space and comfort) to charge higher fares –Frequent flier programs can be a cost –Getting whatever is possible for those 'last unsold seats' is considered better than leaving them vacant: the marginal cost of taking one additional passenger is less than one-fourth of the full cost.
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (6) Forecasting airline demand –Almost every tactical or strategic decision taken by management is based on forecasting –Short-term and long-term forecasting Aircraft purchase decisions Operational budgets –Forecasting demand by market segments Business Pleasure Fare types Forecasting is difficult with the intense competition
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (7) Methods of Forecasting –Historical trend or trend analysis/time series –Market studies In-house outside research firms –Airline manufacturers' forecast –Management experience and judgment based on the incoming data –Delphi studies Based on expert's opinions –Multiple regression
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (8) Yield management: a tool for maximizing revenues by the management of seat inventory and forecasting demand a fares charged popular starting early 1980s –Yields are raised by taking as many reservations as possible at the highest possible fares –Yield management means lowering the price of seats according to expected demand and relying heavily on computers and modeling techniques –As departure times approach, discounted seats are added or subtracted, the goal being to fill all seats with the highest possible fares, using booking trend on specific flights to predict the number of seats that will be sold and at what prices.
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (9) Hub-and-Spoke Economics –Hub-and-spoke concept in the 1980s In theory, the hub concept worked to the airlines financial benefit. But the hub-and-spoke concept cannot compete cost wise with the low-cost carriers like Southwest on point-to-point short flights. Problem: cost of maintenance and efficiency Computer Reservation systems as airline assets –As a marketing tool –As a financial investment
Chapter 5: Airline Economics (10) Gates as assets –Preferential position –Can be subleased Economic future of airlines –Continue to grow –Rapid grow in Asia –Consolidation –Transnational ownership
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text: A corporate squabble over printer toner cartridges doesn't sound particularly glamorous, and the phrase "patent exhaustion" is probably already causing your eyes to glaze over. However, these otherwise boring topics are the crux of a Supreme Court case that will answer a question with far-reaching impact for all consumers: Can a company that sold you something use its patent on that product to control how you choose to use after you buy it? [More]


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Square Enix Dive In game streaming shutting down 13th September
Some services, products, or companies celebrate their anniversaries with a party. But not Square Enix's Dive In. The game streaming service will marking its first and only anniversary by shutting down. This was practically the message that the popular game publisher sent when it announced that Dive In will cease operations on the 13th of September. Given it has barely been a year in the market, however, there will probably be few tears shed and Square Enix itself might be more interested in moving on to a different cloud venture.


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Wall of Death, Chapter 1-The Battle
Let me ride on the wall of death one more time
Let me ride on the wall of death one more time
You can waste your time on the other rides
But this is the nearest to being alive
Let me take my chances on the Wall of Death
Wall of Death, by Richard Thompson
The field was dark, blasted black with char and cinders. Stumps of burned trees broke ground here and there, with barren spikes of bushes twisting in the rain. A hundred dark bodies huddled in the wasteland, some still gripping weapons in their hands, motionless in the mud that would bury them. A single figure moved from body to body, stopping to check one, rolling over another, finding no signs of life. The figure stood upright, tall in his long black cape and cowl, stretching exhausted muscles, then spotted another body and swiftly ran to it. A young man, lithe and athletic, lay in the mud. His hand stretched in front of him, clutching at the air as if calling for help. Spots of red blood spattered his back and his clumped in his dark hair. The caped figure rolled him over, gently brushing the mud from the young man's face and grateful for the rain that helped wash the dirt off. Not him. The Bat sighed with relief, then wearily looked over the field he
had yet to cover if he were to find his eldest son.
He heard a whistling sound and felt the breeze as a large blue and red figure thumped to earth next to him. Without bothering to look, the Bat said, "I know you think this is pointless, Clark, but I'm not quitting until I find Dick."
Superman put a hand on Batman's shoulder. "I would expect no less from you, Bruce. But..I have some news."
Bruce Wayne, aka the Batman turned to his old friend. "Have they found him? Where?"
"He's been captured," Superman's voice sounded worn, even for him. "I'm sorry, Bruce, but J'onn says they're torturing him."
Batman straightened up. "He's alive, then. Where is he? I'll go get him."
"It's not that simple," Superman folded his arms over his chest. "He's behind enemy lines and even I can't go there. They've infused their barricades with kryptonite, apparently quite plentiful on their planet. And you know the state of their defenses. Hell, you planned our first strike!"
"Just because they beat the crap out of us on this run doesn't mean that a small team can't get him out. Or one man," Batman said evenly.
"Okay," Superman tried again. "How will you get him out again? You know he's probably injured and I doubt he's mobile."
Batman frowned heavily. "I'm going, Clark."
"Suppose you do go," Superman growled in frustration. "You know why they want him. He knows the codes to the computers in the batcave. He knows our encryptions; he should, he designed them! If the enemy gets you, they'll have the rest of the ball of wax,. Our tactics, weapons, plans. Bad enough that we've lost Nightwing. If we lose you too, the war is lost."
"We haven't lost him yet," Batman persisted. "He hasn't told them anything."
"They've had him for a day and a half. Bruce...He won't be the son you raised when you get him back," Superman said gently.
"He's my son and I'm going after him. And he knows it," Batman insisted. "Now get the Hell out of my way if you aren't going to help!"
Batman and Robin crouched on the rooftops overlooking the alley in Gotham City. On patrol one rainy night, they had seen a man drag a woman behind some dumpsters. Batman had already pulled out his infrared binoculars. Lucius Fox had already begun to create schematics that would put infrared functionality into the lenses in their masks, but it was still on the drawing board. It would be good to have one less gadget to worry about carrying.
"Batman, I can take him. He's directly below me and all he has is a knife, right hand. His left is in shadow, but it's probably around the victim. I'll get the drop on him and he won't even feel it." Robin sounded confident, almost cocky. Cocky was bad. Over-confidence kills.
"You don't know what's in his left hand, Robin. Don't engage until you know all the variables…damn.." Robin had jumped off the roof and landed on the back of the perp, forcing him down to the ground, fist reaching out to club the knife from the man's right hand. As the perp fell, Batman caught the flash of the second knife in the man's left hand as it swept up and back to embed itself into Robin's left shoulder. The woman, freed from her attacker, shrieked and ran away, apparently unharmed.
As soon as he saw Robin make his move, Batman was sweeping down from the opposite rooftop. He landed just as the knife hit home and pushed Robin away from his attacker, the knife coming loose and clattering to the ground. Batman grabbed both the perp's wrists and kicked both both weapons out of reach. Restraining the perp with a foot planted on the back of his neck and both wrists cuffed, Batman spared a look at his partner.
"How bad?" He ran a sharp eye down his partner's arm where the blood was dripping to the fingertips of his left gauntlet.
Robin held his upper arm with other hand and grimaced. "Looks worse than it is. Alfred's gonna kill me when he has to clean this uniform, though. It's brand new."
"Okay, put pressure on it and we'll take care of it in the batcave. I'll call Gordon and have his men pick up our friend here. Since his victim's made tracks, he'll probably only get a night in jail," Batman sighed. Crime-fighting was often made more difficult by the victims themselves. He reminded himself to be patient; people didn't ask to be victimized. It wasn't their fault when they reacted against their own interests.
Robin pulled a gauze pad out of a belt-pouch and held it tightly to his upper arm. Batman waved him out of the alley first, then lifted his foot from the back of the perp's neck, leaning over him. "Try that again and you'll hurt worse the next day than you did tonight. Understand?" The man looked up at Batman blankly and nodded vigorously. Satisfied, Batman followed Robin out of the alley and to the batmobile.
The ride back to the batcave was quiet. Robin knew he'd blown it. He'd gotten sloppy and Batman would be right to call him on it when they got back. He'd been Batman's apprentice since he was nine years old and still wondered if he'd ever be able to hit Batman's standard. Or if anyone could, except for Bruce of course. He leaned back against the head-rest, still applying pressure to his arm. He'd been lucky that guy hadn't been carrying a gun instead of the pig-sticker he'd gotten him with.
Batman said nothing, glancing at his young partner periodically. Robin already knew he'd blown it but didn't understand the severity of the problem. He'd been careless lately; disobeying orders, not thinking things through, ignoring Batman's safety protocols. That had to stop, for the boy's own safety.
When they arrived at the batcave, Batman was silent. Instead, he went over to the medical area and opened the first aid kit. "Up here," he gestured toward the examining table. Robin sighed and took a seat. Batman remained silent as he carefully slit Robin's sleeve and examined the wound. "Puncture, about an inch deep." Changing into sterile gloves, Batman washed out the wound and put a bandage on it. "You're up to date on your tetanus shot." It was a statement, not a question.
"Okay, when are you going to say it?" Robin couldn't stand the silence any more.
"What do you want me to say?" Batman's voice, as always, was controlled but Robin had years of experience reading the emotions lying underneath.
"You're mad at me because I blew it out there. You're right. I didn't check for another weapon before I jumped. I'm sorry," Robin slumped a bit, ashamed that head been so stupid.
Batman was still silent. "Well, aren't you going to yell at me?" Robin said finally.
"No. But I do want to point out to you that you should know better by now," Batman pulled off the sterile gloves and began to clean up the used swabs. "You heard me and you jumped anyway. You ignored my instructions and you could have been killed by a lucky blow from that knife."
Robin looked up, frowning as he pulled his domino mask off. "But I wasn't. I've been your partner since I was nine years old and I've survived this long. Bruce, I can handle myself. I'm not a fragile soap bubble that's gonna pop if I get hit with something. I didn't get killed tonight. Or last week when that thug clocked me. Or a month ago…"
Bruce pushed back his cowl, blue eyes icy and lips compressed. "You've been getting sloppy. I've discussed your failings with you but I'm not seeing any improvement. Do I need to bench you to convince you that you need to exercise caution when you're out there with me?"
Dick glared at his father until he finally had to look away. Deep breath. "Okay, Bruce. I'll try to slow down and catch your signals better. I just…get amped up, you know? It's such a rush, what we do. It's like flying on the trapeze, the ground so far away and nothing but you and the bright lights.."
Bruce's expression softened. "All right. Hit the showers and we'll work on this some more. I'll see you upstairs."
"Okay, Bruce," Dick hopped off the table and headed for the shower area, feeling vaguely dissatisfied with the conversation. He still thought that Bruce was over-protecting him again but it didn't do to say so. It was Bruce's way or the highway. At least until he could persuade him that Robin had good ideas, too.


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Beta Aurigae VII (Earth Federation)
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Beta Aurigae VII is the seventh planet in the Beta Aurigae system. At one time the planet was home to the Tkon species. The planet was long abandoned by the Tkon following their Civil War. An Earth colony with a population of 8,000.


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Rebels Edge Into Gadhafi's Birthplace
Rebels in eastern Libya are nearing one of the last remaining Gadhafi strongholds outside Tripoli: the Libyan leader's birthplace, Sirte, on the Mediterranean coast. It's unclear whether the city will surrender, but the rebels have gained ground nearby in recent days, capturing the oil port of Ras Lanuf, just over 100 miles east of Sirte. Melissa Block talks to NPR's Soraya Nelson for more.
ROBERT SIEGEL, host: From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Robert Siegel.
MELISSA BLOCK, host: And I'm Melissa Block. We begin our coverage of Libya this hour on the front lines east of Tripoli. Rebel forces are edging closer to one of Moammar Gadhafi's last strongholds outside the capitol. Sirte, on the Mediterranean coast, is Gadhafi's birthplace. It remains a bastion of support for him, but over the past week, rebel forces have captured other coastal towns to the east. They are now about 120 miles from Sirte. NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson traveled near the front lines today and she joins us now on a satellite phone.
Soraya, what is the latest you've heard about fighting along the coast where you are?
SORAYA SARHADDI NELSON: Well, we were able to make it all the way to Ras Lanuf. This is, of course, an important town because there's a refinery there. And that is where we were stopped. The front was about 30 miles from there and what's happening is Gadhafi forces are in a town called - or on the other side of a town called Bin Jawad and they were apparently shelling and rocketing toward Ras Lanuf. So that road was no longer safe and the rebels would not let us move any closer.
BLOCK: You mentioned the refinery there in Ras Lanuf, Soraya, and that's key here. That's why this area is so highly contested that there are these oil installations there.
NELSON: Absolutely. There are several very important here, including in Brega, the national oil company is located there. So this is an area that has been heavily fought over and the rebels have taken it and lost ground several times, in Brega and then Ras Lanuf, this is the second time that they're there. But because of the rebel forces' activities in Tripoli, they feel this time they will actually be able to keep it. It's somewhat of a symbolic victory since they're still trying to find Gadhafi.
But nevertheless, at this stage, they feel very strongly that they have taken this place for good.
BLOCK: Soraya, what was the scene as you drove along these areas along the Mediterranean coast. What did you see?
NELSON: Well, the road itself is pretty clear. You see a lot of rebels in pickup trucks with mounted guns, mounted cannons and the like. There are some checkpoints. But they're fairly relaxed until you get closer to the front lines, then the tensions mount. This is very much - they very much give the appearance of a ragtag sort of militia. It's not a very organized army. And one can see where they've had some difficulties fighting Gadhafi, so you see a lot of blown up equipment, military equipment, a lot of blown up installations.
And in Brega, we saw petrol tanks or gas tanks that were actually on fire and it was unclear if they had been shelled or what, but they were burning.
BLOCK: Soraya, what about the civilian population in these areas that have been so heavily fought over?
NELSON: Well, the civilians are starting to slowly move back in. I saw many men today, the men of the family, returning to Brega for the first time, checking on their properties that many of them haven't seen in months. And it was a mass scene of destruction on the inside of the homes. While the homes themselves, they did sustain some bullet damage, shelling, that sort of thing, it was inside that was really traumatic for many of these families because Gadhafi forces - or they were accusing Gadhafi forces of having gone in and they had completely torn the homes apart.
And we even spoke to a man whose wife had died while pregnant last year. All her pictures were gone. He couldn't find a single picture of her. He was quite upset about that when we spoke to him. But the feeling is that in the coming days, people are going to start - families are going to start moving back in. And a lot of the people in Brega, they work at the oil refinery. We went there as well.
And they're very determined to come back and heed the transitional council's calls to come in and help repair, help rebuild, so that they can get the refineries going. Gas is very difficult to come by here, as we discovered today. We were basically stopping friends of the driver and then putting fuel from their tank into our tank just so we could make it back to Ajdabiya.
BLOCK: Okay, Soraya. Stay safe. Thanks very much.
NELSON: You're welcome.
BLOCK: That's NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson, reporting from eastern Libya.
Copyright © 2011 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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If you've been using the NFP program then you are already know about the dangerous link between phthalates and fertility. Recent studies have made the link between phthalates and infertility even more conclusive. Dr. Grindler who conducted the study said that phthalates can speed up menopause by 2.3 and 15 years! That means if menopause on average takes place around 51 some women could experience it already in their late 30s! Phthalates can predispose to poor egg quality, poor implantation rates and early menopause.
A study by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embyology found that phthalates are linked to implantation failure in couples undergoing IVF. If you've been trying to get pregnant naturally for some time and you know you are ovulating, your partner's sperm is healthy and you got the timing right, but no pregnancy takes place phthalates exposure may be to blame, predisposing you to implantation failure.
What are Phthalates?
They are plasticizers used to make plastic flexible. They are also xenoestrogens (substances which behave like estrogen once they get into your body) and endocrine disruptors which disrupt your hormones and predispose men and women to infertility, early menopause in women, low sperm counts in men, testicular atrophy and structural abnormality of the male reproductive system. In addition they predispose to estrogen dependent cancers in both men and women, asthma and eczema and rhinitis in children. They are hard to identify as they are often only referred to on the product labels as 'fragrance'.
Some names Phthalates go by on the product labels:
Where are Phthalates found?
10 Ways to stay away from Phthalates
While it may be difficult or even impossible to completely avoid phthalates by all means reduce your exposure to them as much as you can.
Drop us a line on your thoughts about phthalates! Which phthalate free products are you using?
Iva Keene MRMed. ND. is an internationally recognized Natural Fertility specialist and accredited Naturopathic Physician who has helped thousands of couples with fertility problems through her published information and personalized coaching programs. Her Free Fertility Coaching mini-course uses her research and clinical experience to help you be more empowered, more fertile and have a healthier baby.


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The new 2BC chatbox. It's an invitation link to the Discord group.
By not asking in a forum on a dead site.
Too little too late my dude. You should've joined at about this time a year or two ago, the site's dead now.
I don't play HUT or even NHL 17 but good videos. I would drop that obnoxious intro though.
That isn't really enough for us to go off of. Post your full specs here like what your graphics card is, how much memory you have and what...
bad meme.
Kek, Andrew is still begging to be let back in.
Wouldn't surprise me if Shero claimed Gélinas and traded him to Colorado for a 3rd at the deadline. Kid has potential. kek
Thanks for the free third round pick.
:nj fan
Top kek.
Many Guns is a real hockey player in the Dub. http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=312547
Sorry to say this but you joined at the worst possible time. The site is virtually dead at this point.
Just fix the game kthxbye
No of course not, that's why "kek" at the end. I do think my player was a bust tho.
Do whatever you think is best man. Next time, DON'T TRADE...
Horse is a bust, trade pls. kek
Separate names with a comma.


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