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Chased (Chase Brothers Series #3)by Lauren Dane, Aletha George (Narrated by)
Marc Chase is a confirmed bachelor and lover of women—lots of them. He's determined not to fall head over heels the way his brothers have. Until he kisses Olivia Davis and realizes head over
Liv Davis has just about given up on her happily ever after. Burned by love more than once, she's beginning to think Mr. Right isn't in the cards for her.
Marc Chase is a confirmed bachelor and lover of women—lots of them. He's determined not to fall head over heels the way his brothers have. Until he kisses Olivia Davis and realizes head over heels may not be such a bad thing after all.
Can Liv open her scarred heart for this younger ladies' man? She loves Marc more than she can begin to admit but she's terrified of being rejected again. Marc faces a challenge greater than he's ever faced before: making a woman believe he's more than just a great bedmate—making her believe he's in it for good.
In the end it will all come down to two days in a hotel and a bet. Can they both win?
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9781452663784
- Publisher:
- Tantor Media, Inc.
- Publication date:
- 07/15/2013
- Series:
- Chase Brothers Series , #3
- Edition description:
- MP3 - Unabridged CD
- Product dimensions:
- 5.30(w) x 7.40(h) x 0.60(d)
Read an Excerpt
By Lauren Dane
Samhain Publishing, Ltd.Copyright © 2007 Lauren Dane
All right reserved.
Chapter One"Hey there. Whatcha doing in here?"
She nearly jumped out of her skin when Marc spoke behind her as she left the building on the side away from the crowds. "Jeez, give a girl a heart attack!"
"Sorry. I ran to my truck to grab a blanket. It's getting a bit cold. Should have known. It is mid-April."
He made no move to leave though. Standing there, staring at her mouth in the moonlight.
"Do I have sugar on my lips?" She felt slightly guilty for eating the popover and made a promise to herself to go and grab Bill a piece of something sweet.
He stepped forward and she had no place to go, the wall was at her back. "I don't know. Do you?" he murmured, his body just shy of touching hers.
"I ... uh." Before she could say anything else so spectacularly witty, he closed the last inch between them, his hand moving to cup her cheek.
"You're one of the most beautiful women I've ever seen. I've always thought so. Soft. You smell good too."
"Marc ..."
His lips brushed hers, just the barest hint of pressure but within a breath, that soft touch exploded and need so dire it scared her, welled up and swallowed her whole.
It must have been the same for him because he angled his mouth and went in for a real kiss this time. A skillful combination of teeth, tongue and lips all working to devastate her defenses. Her fingers gripped his shoulders, digging into the muscles, registering the softness of the sweater he was wearing.
His taste bloomed through her, spicy, delicious. It made something deep within her ache for a moment, seize and then warm all over. A soft moan escaped her and he swallowed it eagerly.
His hands, large and capable, held her hips, the tips of his thumbs stroking over the naked skin just beneath the hem of her sweater, just two inches shy of the bottom slope of her breasts.
That's what snapped her out of it, the longing, the yearning to reach down and move his hands up over her breasts and arch into his touch. She let go of his shoulders, sliding her palms down to push him back gently.
"Holy moley," Marc breathed out.
She nodded.
"When can you leave? We can go get a late drink somewhere or you could come to my place." Marc brushed a thumb over her bottom lip and she shivered.
"I'm here on a date, Marc. God, I shouldn't have done that." Especially because it awakened something deep inside her, a recognition that freaked her out. It was something she couldn't afford to feel. He wasn't capable of giving it back.
"Of course you should have. Olivia, this thing, that kiss has been brewing between the two of us for a long time now and you know it. We can go to dinner another night. I'm sorry for suggesting you dump your date. I know you're too kind to do that."
"I can't have dinner with you, Marc. Not tonight, not tomorrow night."
"Okay, well then come to my apartment. I'll make you dinner after I've had you three or four times." He grinned and she groaned, pushing him back so she could move away from the wall. She felt cornered in more ways than one. She vowed to eat a cupcake that very night. Two even. This addiction to dangerously handsome men without an ounce of desire to commit would be the death of her.
"There'll be no having!"
"Oh now, Olivia, don't be offended. I didn't mean it to sound crass."
She shoved a hand through her hair. "No, not that. I'm not offended. I'm flattered. Confused." Panicked, scared, freaked, aroused and a dozen other things it would not pay to feel. "But it can't happen, Marc. Not ever."
He narrowed his eyes at her. "You're joking. Olivia Davis, that was the single most hottest kiss I've ever shared with a woman and you were on fire in my arms. I felt your nipples through your sweater. You wanted me, you can't deny that."
Oy. "I'm not denying that. Yes, yes there's chemistry but there are too many reasons to not give in."
He put his hands on his hips. "Like what? You're single, I'm single. We're attracted to each other and you know we're going to be hot in bed together."
"Marc, you're too young for me. I'm six years older than you are. And," she held up her hand to silence him, "I've just recently decided that I'm done with casual relationships. I am not going out with another man who thinks of women as a box of chocolates and he has to sample every one. I want something real, something lasting and that's not what you want. I'm not judging you, Marc, but I want a relationship. I want to end up married."
He paled so much she could see it in the moonlight. She laughed tightly. She'd known it but it hurt to see his reaction anyway.
"See? Even the word freaks you out. You and I are friends. We really are and I like that. I like you. But this can't be more than a friendship, spectacular kiss or not. Now I have a date who'll be wondering where I am and you do too if I'm not mistaken. I'll see you on Monday when I come to work out."
She hurried off before she changed her mind.
Watching her walk away, Marc slammed his fist into his thigh in frustration. Friends? After that kiss? His lips tingled with her taste, his cock throbbed, pressing against the fly of his jeans.
"Too young my ass," he mumbled, heading back to where Becky Sue waited for him. It wasn't like Liv was old. She was gorgeous and totally in shape. He knew that for sure. He'd seen her body enough as he worked with her over the last month.
Images of her stretching and sweating assailed him until he pushed them firmly out of his mind or he'd go find her and fuck her against the trunk of the nearest tree. God, he wanted her bad and he knew she wanted him too. That was the kicker. This artificial barrier she'd created over their age difference was just dumb and she was using it to keep him away.
As he turned the corner he saw her with Bill, head tipped up, body leaning into his as they watched the sky. As if Marc had called her name, she turned toward him. Her gaze caught his for long moments until she let go and returned her attention to the fireworks.
Frustrated, he glanced back toward the blankets where Becky Sue waited with Cassie, Shane, Maggie and Kyle. He smiled when he caught Kyle placing his palms over Maggie's growing baby bump. They were good together.
He froze a moment. Marriage? Liv said she wanted long term. Said she wanted to get married. Okay, so he wasn't too young to have a nice fling with her but he was definitely not interested in marriage. Yikes. No, he'd go back to being her friend, sport a few furtive fantasies about bedding her and continue on with his happily unencumbered life. Marriage was for suckers and he was most certainly not a sucker. Yeah, sure.
Excerpted from Chased by Lauren Dane Copyright © 2007 by Lauren Dane. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Meet the Author
Lauren Dane is the New York Times and USA Today bestselling author of many novels and novellas in a variety of genres, including the Bound by Magick novels, the Cascadia Wolves series, and the Chase Brothers series.
Aletha George grew up in a home surrounded by romance-shelves of it, Avon, Ballantine, Harlequin-and the classic movies of the 1940s and '50s. She is a passionate reader, writer, and audiobook narrator.
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews
I enjoyed this book! I have read most of Lauren Dane's books and this one is good!
The book was hard to get through. I like more action in the books I read. There really wasn't much at all going on with the characters except sex and that was boring. It did have one place that was heart touching and that saved the book. All in all I was disapointed because the first two were good.
First time reading this author and I loved the first series of the Chase Brothers. I could not put this book down, I had to buy the rest of the series. Bought the rest of the books on Saturday and just finished the lost one. Read the first book and I promise you, you will want to buy the rest.
Love this series
Hmmmm. There is a great deal of telling more than showing in this book on the emotionial level and in character development and it kept me for completely engage in the romance. I also felt that while Liv was forced to own up to her issues, Marc got away with not doing that in a real way and that made this book less satisfying than it could have been. It is still a nice read in the series. The last book is actually my favorite though. If you like small town romances with close families, you will enjoy this one.
I have enjoyed all the Chase books so far, but this one has been my favorite so far. Marc was an amazing character, loving kind and strong. I am glad he never gave up on Liv.
Really no plot to speak of. Great sex scenes. Not a re-read for me.
It was an ok book deff not as good as books 1&2. Liv was awful.Gota love Marc tough.
Excellent Book!!


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Kylie Jenner is one of the famous American reality television personalities and models. She was born on 10th August 1997 in LA.
Check out the enticing pictures of Kylie Jenner here.
Time magazine selected her in the list of Top 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014. In the photo sharing app Instagram, she is one of the top 10 most followed celebrities.

subset: commoncrawl


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As you know, I've been pretty much absent for a couple of weeks. I've been crazy busy with cake orders, the end of baseball season and school and everything else in between. I had a total of 11 orders between the last two weekends. I'm so thankful! But that also means less time to spend on my blog. I have to say that I've been missing it and sort of feel guilty. I have a feeling such will be the case the rest of the summer. I'd like to get back to my Frugal Friday's at least because I know a few of you were looking forward to it. So, this is what I've been up to.... I didn't take pics of all of the work since some was repeat of other cakes and plain cupcakes.
Wednesday, June 30, 2010
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Bag issue more than money, jobs
I was disappointed to hear about the Los Angeles decision [to ban plastic and paper bags], but just as disappointed to hear our responses, as they mainly dealt with money and jobs. The public doesn't want to hear these arguments, and they just add fuel to the image of big corporations saying what they have to say to maximize their profits, executive bonuses, etc. That's why the Los Angeles City Council's May 23 vote was 13-1.
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My son is a wild man. I get comments all the time about his energy level from family to complete strangers. He wants to do his own thing, he wants to be independant.... he breaks all the rules and this positive reinforcement stuff does not work. He is currently in preschool and has had some rough days there. I started offering him a sticker after school (it's only 2.5 hrs) for having a good day. It works... but the moment he gets his sticker he is a heathen. I praise him up and down when he shows good behavior... he gets warnings and time out for bad behavior. It doesn't phase him. It's like he doesn't believe me when i tell him why he can't do certain things. His preschool teacher told me today that he is very smart and could do Kindegarten - 1st grade type work.... but his behavior is hard to manage. I realize he is only 3.... but he really is hard to handle.Answer Question
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The long wait is over! Finally, the national costume of Miss Universe Philippines Maxine Medina was revealed at the preliminary compitition.
Thursday evening, the 65th Miss Universe preliminaries took place at Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay City where 86 candidates of the prestigious competition flaunted their different national costumes, long gowns and swimsuits.
The crowd got loud as Medina walked wearing her national costume which was inspired by the Vinta, a traditional boat in Mindanao. Her gorgeous dress was paired with a coral reef head dress.
Medina's gown costs more than P1 million due to the south sea pearls which accented her attire.
Not only that, Medina slayed the runway as she wore her swimsuit and long gown.
What do you think of Maxine Medina during the preliminaries? Will the Philippines have a back-to-back win at Miss Universe? Share your thoughts with us!
Watch the video posted by PEP.ph below!
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Tuesday, April 4, 2017
Avocado: scientific review of possible health benefits
Abstract (as presented by the authors of the scientific work):
"Hass avocados, the most common commercial avocado cultivars in the world, contain a variety of essential nutrients and important phytochemicals. Although the official avocado serving is one-fifth of a fruit (30 g), according to NHANES analysis the average consumption is one-half an avocado (68 g), which provides a nutrient and phytochemical dense food consisting of the following: dietary fiber (4.6 g), total sugar (0.2 g), potassium (345 mg), sodium (5.5 mg), magnesium (19.5 mg), vitamin A (43 μg), vitamin C (6.0 mg), vitamin E (1.3 mg), vitamin K1 (14 μg), folate (60 mg), vitamin B-6 (0.2 mg), niacin (1.3 mg), pantothenic acid (1.0 mg), riboflavin (0.1 mg), choline (10 mg), lutein/zeaxanthin (185 μg), phytosterols (57 mg), and high-monounsaturated fatty acids (6.7 g) and 114 kcals or 1.7 kcal/g. The avocado oil consists of 71% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and 16% saturated fatty acids (SFA), which helps to promote healthy blood lipid profiles and enhance the bioavailability of fat soluble vitamins and phytochemicals from the avocado or other fruits and vegetables, naturally low in fat, which are consumed with avocados. There are eight preliminary clinical studies showing that avocado consumption helps support cardiovascular health. Exploratory studies suggest that avocados may support weight management and healthy aging."
Covered topics (the letter size corresponds to the frequency of mentioning in the text):
Conclusions (as presented by the authors of the scientific work):
"In the context of a healthy diet, consumption of avocados can fit into a full range of healthy eating plans (e.g., DASH diet plan). According to NHANES data, the average avocado consumption is one-half fruit, which provides for a nutrient and phytochemical dense food consisting of significant levels of the following: dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K1, folate, vitamin B-6, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, choline, lutein/zeaxanthin, phytosterols, and MUFA rich oil at 1.7 kcal/g. This caloric density is medium-low because an avocado is about 80% by weight is water (72%) and dietary fiber (6.8%). Unlike the typical fruit, avocados contain a very low sugar content with only about 0.2 g sugar per one-half fruit. There are eight preliminary avocado cardiovascular health clinical studies that have consistently demonstrated positive heart healthy effects on blood lipids profiles. This is primarily because of avocado's low SFA and high-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA) content, but its natural phytosterols and dietary fiber may play potential secondary cholesterol lowering roles. Avocados also have a diverse range of other nutrients and phytochemicals that may have beyond cholesterol vascular health benefits. In particular, avocado's potassium and lutein may help promote normal blood pressure and help to control oxidative/inflammatory stress, respectfully. The consumption of avocados with salads or salsa increases the bioavailability of carotenoids multi-fold, which may add to the potential health benefits. More comprehensive avocado clinical research is underway to significantly expand the scientific understanding of avocados in cardiovascular health, weight management, blood glucose control and healthy living."
Full-text access of the referenced scientific work:
Dreher ML, Davenport AJ. Hass avocado composition and potential health
effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):738-50. doi:
10.1080/10408398.2011.556759. Review. PubMed PMID: 23638933; PubMed Central
Prof. Atanas G. Atanasov (Dr. habil., PhD)
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 17, 2010
|Filing date
|Oct 1, 2002
|Priority date
|Nov 27, 2001
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Peter A. Barany, Denis J. D. Fauconnier, Laurence C M-J Lautier
|Original Assignee
|Alcatel Lucent
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (23), Classifications (12), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/333,629, entitled "Intra-RTP Packet Unequal Error Protection for Voice Over IP in a Wireless Telecommunications Network," filed Nov. 27, 2001; and of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/378,794, entitled "Mechanism for Signaling the Usage of Intra-RTP Packet UEP at the Physical Layer for UMTS Packet-Switched Voice Service Using AMR Speed Codec," filed May 8, 2002, both hereby incorporated by reference.
Packet data networks are widely used to link various types of network elements, such as personal computers, servers, network telephones, Internet appliances, and so forth. Examples of packet data networks include private networks (such as local area networks or wide area networks) and public networks (such as the Internet). Common forms of communications between network elements across packet data networks include electronic mail, file transfer, web browsing, and other exchanges of data. More recently, with the increased capacity and reliability of packet data networks, audio communications (such as voice communications), video communications (such as video conferencing), and other forms of real-time interactive or streaming communications are becoming more common in packet data networks. Traditionally, packet-data networks have been implemented on wired networks.
With advancements in wireless communications networks, efficient packet-switched communications in wireless networks have also become possible. Traditionally, wireless communications networks have been implemented as circuit-switched networks. In a circuit-switched network, a channel between two end points (e.g., two mobile stations) is occupied for the duration of the connection between the end points. Such a connection is optimal for communications that are relatively continuous, such as speech. However, circuit-switched networks are not very efficient for packet-switched communications such as e-mail, web browsing, and the like.
Several packet-switched wireless protocols have been proposed to provide more efficient packet-switched communications between a mobile station and a packet data network, such as an Internet Protocol (IP) network. One such protocol is the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol, which complements existing GSM (Global System for Mobile) communications systems. Other technologies that build upon GPRS are the Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) technology (also referred to as Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution or EDGE) and EGPRS COMPACT (or EDGE COMPACT) technology, which offer higher data rates and complement GSM and IS-136 systems. Another type of wireless network that can support efficient packet-switched communications is a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) wireless network, which is based on the Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) protocol.
Circuit-switched wireless technology is a relatively mature technology that employs various techniques to enhance reliability and performance of circuit-switched communications of speech. For example, according to UMTS, unequal error protection (UEP) of speech bits is used to achieve optimum mean opinion scores (MOS) when using adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech codecs. Although such mechanisms have been provided for circuit-switched speech communications, the same does not hold true for packet-switched speech communications in a wireless network. As a result, optimum performance of packet-switched communications of speech and/or other forms of real-time data in wireless networks may not be readily achievable.
In general, an improved mechanism is provided to enhance the protection of speech data and/or other forms of real-time data in packet-switched communications in a wireless network. For example, according to one embodiment, a method of performing packet-switched communications in a wireless network includes forming a packet containing speech data, with the packet defined according to a protocol for packet-switched communications. The method further includes separating the packet into plural portions, and applying unequal error protection to the plural portions of the packet.
Other or alternative features will become apparent from the following description, from the drawings, and from the claims.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these details and that numerous variations or modifications from the described embodiments may be possible.
Referring to
The base stations 14 are coupled to one or more radio network controllers (RNCs) 18. In one embodiment, the RNC 18 is coupled to a serving GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) support node (SGSN) 20. The SGSN 20 controls the establishment, processing, and termination of packet-switched communications with mobile stations 16. The SGSN 20 is in turn coupled to a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 22, which acts as the gateway between the wireless network 11 and the packet data network 24.
For communications with a device coupled to a circuit-switched network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 30, a media gateway/media gateway controller 28 is provided. The media gateway 28 converts between packet-switched data and circuit-switched data.
Operations of the mobile stations 16, RNC 18, SGSN 20, and GGSN 22 are according to a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) standard. UMTS is based on the wideband code-division multiple access (W-CDMA) technology. Although reference is made to UMTS in the described embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited in scope to only UMTS wireless networks, since other embodiments can employ other types of wireless protocols that support packet-switched communications. In general, techniques according to some embodiments are applicable to any wireless protocol that supports packet-switched communications of data, including packet-switched voice or speech calls, packet-switched video and voice calls, web browsing, electronic mail, file transfer, text chat, and so forth. One type of packet-switched voice or speech communications is voice-over Internet Protocol (Voice-Over-IP) communications. Examples of other technologies that support packet-switched communications include CDMA 2000, 1xEV-DO, 1xEV-DV, and so forth.
Packet-switched communications, such as those provided by IP, are unlike circuit-switched communications that provide a dedicated end-to-end channel portion (e.g., a time slot or other channel) for the duration of a call session. In contrast, packet-switched communications are based on a connectionless internetwork layer. Packets or other units of data injected into a packet data network may travel independently over any path (and possibly over different paths) to a destination point. The routing of such packets is based on addresses contained in the header of the packets. Aside from IP, other types of packet-switched communications protocols are also included within some embodiments of the invention.
There are two versions of IP, with one being IPv4 described in RFC 791, entitled "Internet Protocol," dated September 1981. Another version of IP is IPv6, described in RFC 2460, entitled "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification," dated December 1998.
With voice-over-IP communications, data (including speech data) is carried in IP packets that are transmitted over a network path. An IP packet generally includes a header portion as well as a payload portion to carry the actual data. The header portion usually contains control information and address information. Further, to support communications of speech or other real-time data, each IP packet contains speech or other real-time data embedded in an RTP (Real-Time Protocol) packet. An RTP packet encapsulates real-time data, such as speech data, into the payload section of the RTP packet. RTP is described in RFC (Request for Comments) 1889, entitled "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications," dated January 1996.
One of the issues associated with communications over the air interface making up the wireless link between a mobile station 16 and an RNC 18 is that the presence of noise or weak signals can cause errors to occur in data communicated over the air interface. To avoid such errors, convolutional or channel coding, interleaving, and/or other techniques can be applied to reduce the likelihood of such errors.
According to one embodiment, unequal error protection (UEP) and unequal error detection (UED) are applied to speech data contained in packets communicated over the air interface. Unequal error protection refers to the application of different convolutional and channel coding and/or interleaving techniques to different portions of the packet. More generally, a different "protection technique" (such as a coding technique or interleaving technique) is applied to different portions of the packet. The application of different protection techniques to different portions of a packet is referred to as "intra-packet" unequal error protection (UEP).
Thus, according to some embodiments, a packet formed by an endpoint of packet-switched communications is divided into separate portions, with a different protection technique applied to each portion. In other words, for a packet divided into multiple portions, several different protection techniques are applied to the multiple portions of the packet. For example, if the packet is separated into four portions, then up to four different protection techniques can be applied to the four different portions. The multiple portions of the packet are then communicated over a physical data channel in the air interface to the other endpoint.
As described in further detail below, a packet contains speech or other real-time data that can be categorized into multiple different classes, with one class of data being more sensitive to error than another class of data. The protection technique selected to protect a given portion of data depends on the class to which the portion of data belongs.
In wireless communications that involve voice, video, or other forms of real-time data, coder/decoders (codecs) are used. To enhance flexibility and robustness, adaptive multi-rate (AMR) codecs are used. An AMR codec enables the varying of the coding rate of real-time data. In the mobile or wireless context, as a mobile station moves closer to a base station, a higher codec rate can be set so that a larger quantity of voice or other real-time data can be processed. This is possible due to radio frequency (RF) signals increasing in strength as a mobile station moves closer to the base station, thereby making it possible to use less robust forward error correction, which in turn makes it possible to use a higher codec rate. However, as a mobile station moves away from a base station to the edges of a cell, a lower codec rate is used (since weaker RF signals require more processing/forward error correction).
More generally, a decision to change the AMR codec rate is based on power control measurements, which provide an indication of signal strength. Also, the decision to change the AMR codec rate can also be based on indications of congestion or lack of congestion in the wireless network 11 or packet data network 24. For example, such indications can be in the form of RTCP (Real-Time Control Protocol) reports. RTCP, which operates in conjunction with RTP, provides feedback on the quality of data distribution of a network.
The AMR codec has been adopted by UMTS for use in packet-switched communications that contain speech or other forms of real-time data. In one example, an AMR codec supports multiple encoding modes with bit rates between 4.75 and 12.2 kilobits per second (kbps). In one implementation, the sampling frequency used by an AMR codec is 8,000 hertz (Hz) and the speech encoding is performed on 20-millisecond (ms) speech frames. Another type of AMR codec is the AMR wideband (AMR-WB) codec, which is also a multi-mode speech codec that supports nine wideband speech coding modes with respective bit rates ranging from 6.6 to 23.85 kbps. In one implementation, the sampling frequency used by an AMR-WB codec is 16,000 Hz and the speech processing is performed on 20-ms frames. Although example numbers are used above for speech codec rates, sampling frequencies, and frame sizes, it is noted that different numbers can be used for other embodiments.
An RTP packet, which encapsulates real-time data, has a header portion and a payload portion. In one embodiment, the RTP payload has a particular format for the UMTS AMR codec. The RTP payload format includes a payload header, a table of contents, and speech data (in descending order of sensitivity and/or importance). The RTP payload header includes a codec mode request (CMR) field, which has a plurality of values that correspond to multiple AMR codec modes. The table of contents contains an F field to indicate whether or not the current speech frame is followed by further speech frames in the RTP payload; an FT field, which is the frame type indicator; and a Q field, to indicate whether or not the RTP payload is damaged.
The content of the RTP payload produced by an AMR codec is separated into multiple classes or categories. In one embodiment, the RTP payload is separated into four classes: the control information class, class A, class B, and class C. Intra-packet UEP is applied to the RTP packet so that the different portions (associated with different classes) of the RTP packet have different protection techniques.
Tables 1-10 below show examples of various packets that contain speech data. In the following examples, it is assumed that each packet is an RTP/UDP Lite/IPv6 packet. UDP Lite is a reduced feature version of UDP. UDP is described in RFC 768, entitled "User Datagram Protocol," dated August 1980. A version of UDP Lite is described in the following article: draft-larzon-udplite-04.txt, entitled "The UDP Lite Protocol," dated Jan. 24, 2002.
In one embodiment, one UMTS AMR codec speech frame or SID (silence descriptor) frame is carried in each RTP packet. Also, in one embodiment, it is assumed that octet-aligned operation with CRC (cyclic redundancy check) is employed by the AMR codec. The formats and modes of operation described with respect to the RTP packets referenced in this discussion are provided for purposes of illustration only. Such formats and modes of operation are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Other embodiments can employ other types of packet formats and modes of operation.
Table 1 shows an RTP/UDP Lite/IPv6 packet for an UMTS AMR speech codec in the 12.2 kbps mode of operation. The table has 32 columns of data. In the example, rows 1-9 of Table 1 contain the RTP/UDP/IP header. The first row of Table 1 is the row containing the following pieces of information: version, traffic class, and flow label. Row 9 contains the following information: synchronization source (SSRC) identifier. Other information of the RTP/UDP/IP header, including a payload length, a next header field, and the source and destination addresses, is located between row 1 and row 9.
Rows 10-18 contains the RTP packet payload. The RTP packet payload contains the payload header information, including CMR, R, R, R, R, F, FT, Q, P, P, and CRC, all in columns 0-23 in the row 10 of Table 1. The information after the payload header includes speech bits 0-243. The speech bits are separated into three portions corresponding to three different classes: class A, class B, and class C. In one example, the class A speech bits start at column 24 of row 10 and continues to column 8 of row 13. All speech bits starting from column 9 of row 13 are categorized into either class B or class C.
The payload header information and the class A speech bits are the most sensitive to errors. Therefore, the protection techniques applied to the payload header information and the class A speech bits are stronger than the protection techniques applied to the class B and class C speech bits. The term "stronger" when applied to protection techniques indicates that the protection technique provides superior protection against errors caused by various sources, such as noise, weak signals, and so forth.
For the AMR codec, the 12.2-kbps codec mode results in the RTP packet payload containing 244 bits of speech or other real-time data (bits 0-243). Table 2 below, provided for purposes of example only, summarizes the number of speech or other real-time data bits for other AMR codec modes.
AMR Codec
Total Number
of Speech Bits
Class A Bits
Class B Bits
Class C Bits
4.75 kbps
5.15 kbps
5.90 kbps
6.70 kbps
7.40 kbps
7.95 kbps
10.20 kbps
12.20 kbps
Table 3 below shows an RTP/UDP Lite/IPv6 packet for a UMTS AMR speech codec operating at 10.2 kbps mode. As with the packet shown in Table 1, the first nine rows of Table 3 contain the RTP/UDP Lite/IP header information. The header of the RTP payload is in the columns 0 through 23 of row 10, while the class A speech bits start at column 24 in row 10, and continues to column 20 in row 12. The remaining speech bits are class B and/or class C speech bits.
Tables 4-10 below similarly illustrate the content of RTP/UDP Lite/IPv6 packets for a UMTS AMR speech codec operating in the following modes, respectively: 7.95 kbps mode, 7.4 kbps mode, 6.7 kbps mode, 5.9 kbps mode, 5.15 kbps mode, 4.75 kbps, and SID (silence frame) mode.
In each of Tables 4-10, the RTP payload header is in row 10, at columns 0-23. In Table 4, the class A bits start at column 24 in row 10 and continue to column 2 in row 13.
In Table 5 below, the class A bits start at column 24 in row 10 and continue to column 20 in row 12.
In Table 6 below, the class A bits start at column 24 in row 10 and continue to column 17 in row 12.
In Table 7 below, the class A bits start at column 24 in row 10 and continue to column 14 in row 12.
In Table 8 below, the class A bits start at column 24 in row 10 and continue to column 8 in row 12.
In Table 9 below, the class A bits start at column 24 in row 10 and continue to column 1 in row 12.
In Table 10 below, there are no class A bits, just class B and C bits that start at column 24 in row 10, and continue to column 31 in row 11.
Above the MAC layer 104 is a radio link control (RLC) layer 106, which provides a radio-solution-dependent reliable link. The RLC layer 106 provides the following services to higher layers: transparent data transfer service; unacknowledged data transfer service; and acknowledged transfer service. The services in the control plane are referred to as signaling radio bearers (SRBs). The services in the user plane are referred to as radio bearers (RBs).
Further layers are defined above the RLC layer 106, including a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer 108, which is responsible for header compression and decompression. Further, according to some embodiments of the invention, the PDCP layer 108 is also capable of performing subflow differentiation to support the application of different protection techniques for different subflows that contain different types of information in the RTP packet, as discussed above.
The architecture of
Four signaled radio bearers (SRB1, SRB2, SRB3, and SRB4) communicate control signaling between the RRC module 110 and the RLC layer 106. Four dedicated control channels (DCCH1, DCCH2, DCCH3, and DCCH4) are defined between the RLC layer 106 and MAC layer 104 for carrying control information. The mapping between SRB1-SRB4 and DCCH1-DCCH4 is as follows:
The information carried on DCCH1-DCCH4 is communicated on a dedicated channel DCCH1 between the MAC layer 104 and the physical layer 102. The physical channel for carrying control signaling is DPCCH (dedicated physical control channel), which is communicated over the radio interface between the mobile station and the RNC.
In the user plane, the bearer traffic is carried in the DPDCH (dedicated physical data channel) over the air interface. The information carried in DPDCH is mapped to the following dedicated control channels communicated between the physical layer 102 and MAC layer 104: DCH2, DCH3, DCH4, DCH5, DCH6, and DCH7. DCH2-DCH7 are mapped to dedicated traffic channels DTCH1-DTCH6 (communicated between the MAC layer 104 and RLC layer 106) according to the following:
In addition, radio bearers RBa (a=5-32), RBb (b=5-32) and RBc (c=5-32) communicate bearer traffic between the RLC layer 106 and the PDCP layer 108. Note that in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, RBb is separated into four PDCP subflows, referred to as PDCP subflow #1, PDCP subflow #2, PDCP subflow #3, and PDCP subflow #4. The mapping between DTCH1-DTCH6 and Rba, RBb, and RBc is as follows:
DTCH1 ⇄ RBa
DTCH2 ⇄ RBb/PDCP subflow #1
DTCH3 ⇄ RBb/PDCP subflow #2
DTCH4 ⇄ RBb/PDCP subflow #3
DTCH5 ⇄ RBb/PDCP subflow #4
DTCH6 ⇄ RBc
RBa is used to carry control information for packet-switched communications, such as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) signaling, DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) signaling, and DNS (domain name server) signaling. Signaling according to other protocols can be used in other embodiments for establishing packet-switched sessions (such as packet-switched calls) on a packet-switched network.
The radio bearer RBb associated with PDCP subflow #1 is used to carry the payload header, table of contents (including CRC), and class A speech bits. RBb associated with PDCP subflow #2 is used to carry class B speech bits. RBb associated with PDCP subflow #3 is used to carry class C speech bits (including any required padding bits). RBb associated with PDCP subflow #4 is used to carry the RTP/UDP/IP header information. Finally, RBc is used to carry RTCP packets.
The number of channels and signals illustrated between the various different layers or modules of the radio interface shown in
As shown in
Next, the mobile station sends (at 204) an Activate PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context request to activate a primary PDP context. RBa is assigned when the primary PDP context is activated. The primary PDP context also defines a default QoS profile, with the primary PDP context associated with one or more RBs to carry data that is subject to the QoS specified in the primary PDP context.
After the primary PDP context has been activated, a SIP registration procedure is performed (at 206). The SIP registration procedure is performed with a SIP proxy 32 (
After SIP registration, the mobile station can initiate a packet-switched call by sending a call setup message (at 208), such as the SIP INVITE request. The call setup message is sent to the SIP proxy, which forwards the call setup message to a destination terminal.
Next, the mobile station initiates (at 210) activate secondary PDP context procedures to activate one or more secondary PDP contexts with different QoS profiles. In the example of
After the secondary PDP contexts have been activated, further SIP call setup messages are exchanged (at 212) between the mobile station and the SIP proxy. After all appropriate SIP messages have been exchanged, an RTP bearer path is established (at 214). In the RTP bearer path, IP packets containing RTP payloads are exchanged between the mobile station and an endpoint with which the mobile station has established a communications session, such as a packet-switched voice call session.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, each of the mobile station and RNC is configured to apply intra-packet UEP (at 216 in the mobile station and at 218 in the RNC). The application of intra-packet UEP allows for superior radio communications performance across the air interface. In some embodiments, intra-packet UEP is performed at the physical layer in each of the mobile station and RNC.
In one example implementation, octet-aligned operation with CRC is employed. Further, one UMTS AMR codec speech frame or SID frame is contained in each RTP packet. Note that these features are provided as examples only, as other embodiments can have other arrangements.
In each RTP packet, information is separated into different groups, with unequal error protection applied to the information in the RTP packet. This is accomplished by grouping the information in some order (e.g., descending order) of sensitivity (such as the grouping shown in Tables 2 and 4-10 above). The strongest degree of channel encoding is applied to the most sensitive speech bits. Also, interleaving is applied to provide unequal error protection.
Further, in addition to intra-packet UEP, error concealment of lost speech packets (by use of speech substitution or muting) can be performed. Additionally, unequal error detection (UED) can be applied to certain speech bits, such as class A bits (but not class B or C bits), by protecting the class A bits with CRC (cyclic redundancy check) bits.
To enable intra-packet UEP according to some embodiments, a default UEP mode of operation with predefined parameter settings for RTP payload format for the UMTS AMR speech codec is used. In one example, the default UEP mode has predefined parameter settings according to Table 11 below, in which plural payload lengths are mapped to corresponding AMR codec modes.
RTP packet payload length (bytes)
UMTS AMR speech codec mode
12.2 kbps
10.2 kbps
7.95 kbps
7.4 kbps
6.7 kbps
5.9 kbps
5.15 kbps
4.75 kbps
Instead of the default UEP mode with the predefined parameter settings of Table 11, the information needed by the mobile station and/or RNC to map the length of an RTP payload to a specific PDCP subflow and TFCS (transport format combination set) is provided during call setup. Such information is similar to that contained in Table 11, except that the packet payload lengths corresponding to different AMR speech codec modes are different than those set forth in Table 11.
Table 11 above is referred to as a lookup table to map a payload length to an AMR speech codec mode. Assuming that an RTP bearer path has been set up (214 in
The RNC determines (at 304) the payload length of each packet received over the GTP tunnel. Note that due to variations in the length of the IP header and/or RTP header, the overall length of each IP packet can change. If the length of the RTP header increases from a standard length of twelve bytes, the RNC can determine the longer RTP header length by examining the "CSRC" field in the RTP header to see how many CSRC identifiers have been added. Also, an IPv6 packet can contain extension headers. This is determined by the RNC by examining the "next header" field to see how long the IPv6 header is. The "payload length" field of the IPv6 header includes extension headers in its length count. Therefore, the length of the extension header has to be subtracted out from the "payload length" field in the IP header to determine the actual length of the RTP payload.
Once the payload length has been determined (at 304), the payload length is mapped (at 306) to an AMR codec mode according to Table 11. Once the codec mode is known, the RNC is able to set (at 308) the appropriate TFCS. Note that each codec mode is associated with a corresponding TFCS. The TFCS that is activated depends on the active codec mode. The activated TFCS determines how the different portions of the packet are routed over the PDCP subflows and channels across the multiple layers of the radio interface shown in
The different portions of the RTP packet (including the RTP/UDP/IP header information, the payload header, table of contents, class A speech bits, class B speech bits, and class C speech bits) are routed (at 310) over the appropriate PDCP subflows on the radio bearer RBb. Different protection techniques (including channel coding and interleaving) are applied to the different portions of the RTP packet. The data is transmitted on the downlink to the mobile station to the physical data channel (DPDCH). In some embodiments, a transport format combination indicator (TFCI) is communicated over the air interface so that the receiving end (the mobile station) is able to map the TFCI to an appropriate TFCS to perform flow differentiation (routing of the portions of the RTP packet across corresponding channels and radio bearers).
The foregoing discussion with respect to
Based on the payload length, the mobile station accesses (at 406) the lookup table (similar to Table 11) to determine the AMR codec mode. Based on the lookup table, the mobile station is able to route (at 408) the bits of the RTP packet over the appropriate PDCP subflows on RBb. Next, at the physical layer of the mobile station, intra-packet UEP is applied (at 410) to the outbound data. The outbound data is transmitted (at 412) on the physical data channel (DPDCH) over the uplink. Also, in some embodiments, the mobile station sends the TFCI to the RNC.
Data transmitted by the mobile station or RNC is received by the RNC or mobile station, respectively, over the air interface. In some cases, a TFCI is communicated with the data sent over the physical data channel. At the receiving end, the mobile station or RNC maps the TFCI to a TFCS. Based on the TFCS, the physical layer 102 of the mobile station or RNC is able to route the RTP packet portions over the appropriate ones of DCH3, DCH4, DCH5, and DCH6. Data On DCH3-6 are transported to the upper layers through DTCH2-DTCH5, respectively, and over PDCP subflows #1-4 to the PDCP layer 108.
In other embodiments, a TFCI is not sent with data. Instead, "blind detection" is performed in which all possible decoding is tried to identify the one with the least error.
According to some embodiments, UDP Lite is used as the transport layer protocol to support intra-packet UEP at the physical layer of the mobile station or RNC. UDP Lite has the following benefits when compared to regular UDP. Regular UDP defines a checksum that covers the entire datagram or packet, or nothing at all. For IPv6, the UDP checksum is mandatory and cannot be disabled because the IPv6 header does not have its own checksum, unlike in the IPv4 header. Therefore, with regular UDP and IPv6, if the checksum fails, the receiving application discards the entire datagram.
Generally, for packet-switched call sessions involving speech or other real-time data, AMR and AMR-WB speech codecs are better equipped to deal with errors in the RTP payload, such as by using speech frame and SID frame substitution, otherwise known as error concealment. This type of error handling is superior to losing the entire packet by discarding the entire packet. Therefore, by using UDP Lite, a checksum with optional partial coverage of the packet can be defined. In one implementation, the checksum coverage field as defined by UDP Lite can be set to indicate that the UDP Lite checksum covers the UDP Lite header, and the payload header and table of contents field of the RTP payload for either AMR or AMR-WB speech codecs. In other words, the class A, B, and C speech bits of the AMR/AMR-WB speech codec are not covered by the UDP Lite checksum.
If the UDP Lite checksum fails, the entire datagram is discarded. Note that the UDP Lite checksum fails only if there has been an error in the UDP Lite header, the RTP header, and the payload and table of contents field of the RTP payload. These are critical control information needed to properly process the RTP packet. Note that the packet is not discarded if there has been an error in the class A, class B, or class C speech bits, which enables the AMR or AMR-WB speech codec to implement error concealment by speech frame and SID frame substitution.
Another issue associated with the use of UDP Lite is that currently, UDP Lite does not have its own protocol identifier to distinguish a UDP Lite packet from a regular UDP packet. Unfortunately, there is currently no standardized way for an originating end point to indicate to a terminating end point that UDP Lite is the transport layer protocol for RTP. Therefore, if a terminating endpoint does not support UDP Lite, it will simply return an ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6) Destination Unreachable message to the originating endpoint upon receiving an RDP/UDP Lite/IPv6 packet. To address this situation, a new optional parameter in SDP (Session Description Protocol) is used. One example version of SDP is described in RFC 2327, entitled "SDP: Session Description Protocol," dated April 1998. The use of the optional parameter can be used to indicate the usage of UDP Lite as the transport layer protocol for RTP during SIP call setup.
In some implementations, intra-packet UEP at the physical layer is separated into two categories, referred to as UEP_1 and UEP_2. UEP_1 is the intra-packet UEP at the physical layer that is designed to optimize speech codec error concealment functionality, which can result in as many as five PDCP subflows. The five PDCP subflows carry the following five pieces of information: RTP/UDP Lite/IPv6 compressed headers (covered by UDP Lite checksum); payload header and table of contents (covered by UDP Lite checksum); class A speech bits; class B speech bits; and class C speech bits. If desired, the class A speech bits can be combined with the payload header and table of contents information into one subflow, resulting in four instead of five subflows on RBb.
UEP_2 is the intra-packet UEP at the physical layer that is designed to make it possible to provide UDP at the physical layer for the RTP/UDP Lite/IPv6 compressed headers and the payload header and table of contents for the RTP payload. This would result in as many as three PDCP subflows that carry the following pieces of information: RTP/UDP Lite/IPv6 compressed headers (covered by the UDP Lite checksum); the payload header and table of contents; and the class A, B, and C speech bits.
Depending upon how the GTP tunnels are configured, the RNC, SGSN, and GGSN may need to support UDP Lite, in addition to support of UDP Lite by the endpoints (such as two mobile stations, a mobile station and an endpoint connected to the packet data network 24, or a mobile station and the media gateway connected to the PSTN). For example, if the tunnels between RNC and SGSN and between SGSN and GGSN are configured with IPv4 as the network layer protocol and regular UDP as the transport layer protocol, then the regular UDP checksum can be turned off. In this case, use of UDP Lite is not needed to support intra-packet UEP. However, if the tunnels are configured with IPv6 as the network layer protocol, then UDP Lite is needed to support intra-packet UEP, as discussed above.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the content of the activate secondary PDP context request message can be expanded to indicate that the originating mobile station desires to use UDP Lite as the transport layer protocol for RTP. In response to the activate secondary PDP context Request that contains such an indication of the desire to use UDP Lite, each of the RNC, SGSN, and GGSN can respond with an activate secondary PDP context Accept message to notify the mobile station that such entities are able to support UDP Lite.
Whether intra-packet UEP can be used is based on capabilities of the endpoints of a packet-switched call involving a mobile station and another mobile station, an entity connected to the packet-data network and the media gateway connected to the PSTN. In the call flow, it is determined (at 502) if the originating mobile station supports UDP Lite. If not, then neither UEP_1 nor UEP_2 shall be performed (at 504). However, if the originating mobile station does support UDP Lite, the call flow next determines (at 506) if the originating mobile station has requested usage of UDP Lite as the transport layer protocol for RTP during the SIP/SDP call setup. If not, then intra-packet UEP is not performed at (at 508). However, if the originating mobile station did request usage of UDP Lite, then the call flow determines (at 510) whether or not the terminating endpoint supports UDP Lite. If not, then UEP_1 and UEP_2 are not performed (at 512).
However, if the terminating endpoint does support UDP Lite, it is determined (at 514) whether or not the terminating endpoint has accepted usage of UDP Lite. If not, then neither UEP_1 nor UEP_2 is performed (at 516). However, if the terminating endpoint does accept usage of UDP Lite, then it is determined (at 518) whether or not the originating mobile station has requested usage of the default mode (as discussed above) during SIP/SDP call setup. If the originating mobile station has not requested usage of default mode, then UEP_2 is performed (at 520). However, if the originating mobile station has requested default mode, then it is determined (at 522) whether or not the terminating endpoint accepts usage of default mode. If not, then UEP_2 is performed (at 524). However, if the terminating endpoint accepts usage of default mode, then UEP_1 is performed (at 526).
Whether intra-packet UEP is performed thus depends on whether a predetermined transport layer is supported, requested, and accepted by endpoints of the call session. The flow described above for
Instructions of the various software routines or modules discussed herein (such as the modules or layers in the radio interface as well as other modules or routines in each mobile station or RNC) are stored on one or more storage devices in the corresponding systems and loaded for execution on corresponding control units or processors. The control units or processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, processor modules or subsystems (including one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers), or other control or computing devices. As used here, a "controller" refers to hardware, software, or a combination thereof. A "controller" can refer to a single component or to plural components (whether software or hardware).
Data and instructions (of the various software modules and layers) are stored in respective storage units, which can be implemented as one or more machine-readable storage media. The storage media include different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories; magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks; other magnetic media including tape; and optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs).
The instructions of the software modules or layers are loaded to each device or system in one of many different ways. For example, code segments including instructions stored on floppy disks, CD or DVD media, a hard disk, or other interface device are loaded into the device or system and executed as corresponding software modules or layers.
While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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Owner name: NORTEL NETWORKS LIMITED, CANADA
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|Jul 12, 2007
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Preparing for the new Equality Framework for Local Government Angela Mason National Adviser, Equalities and Cohesion IDeA 20 th January 2009
Why a new Equality Framework for Local Government? New Equality Framework for Local Government (EFLG) has been designed to build on existing work Will allow authorities to migrate their achievements under the original Equality Standard (ESLG)
Why a new Equality Framework for Local Government? Simplified: less process, more outcome focused approach, fewer action points, emphasis on self assessment and peer challenge Proportional and relevant: will enable authorities to take account of local needs and circumstances Common performance framework for compliance: integrating the public duties on race, disability and gender
Why a new Equality Framework for Local Government? Relevance: relates to new performance framework for local government and Comprehensive Area Assessment Aspiration: highlights role of local authorities and partners in challenging inequality in their communities
Key principles of the equality framework Proportionality Mainstreaming and synergy with local government functions and new performance framework Evidence base for CAA and organisational assessment Self-assessment and peer challenge Makes a difference to performance and people
The new Equality Framework The new framework will consist of three levels –Developing –Achieving –Excellent There will be five areas against which authorities can measure their performance
The new Equality Framework Knowing your community – equality mapping Use of local and national data to understand the profile of communities and to measure inequalities and the life chances and opportunities of different groups, in order to identify priority outcomes that can shape strategic planning and service delivery. Collected on the basis of not only peoples race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age, but also other relevant demographics, such as socio- economic, health and education status, availability of transport and whether communities live in a rural or urban setting. It will identify peoples needs, not just the equality strands or background. Data has to be understood and analysed, not just collected.
The new Equality Framework Place shaping, leadership, partnership and organisational commitment Understanding the importance of equality in visions of place and working with partners to challenge inequality. The Framework is designed to give local authorities and partners, greater freedom to determine local priorities and shape the future of an area. Strategic leadership – both political and managerial – is key to improving equality outcomes. Important for authorities to work in partnership with other public service providers and voluntary sector to identify inequality and work together to achieve equality outcomes.
The new Equality Framework Community engagement and satisfaction Involving equality groups in decision making, and assessing satisfaction. Communities of place are not always synonymous with communities of interest, so will be important to have structures in place that involve the latter in corporate decision making, service planning and workforce planning with a particular focus on the needs of those whose circumstances make them most vulnerable.
The new Equality Framework Responsive services and customer care Providing personalised services that meet the needs of people from differing backgrounds, reflecting differing needs in commissioning and procurement, measuring access.
The new Equality Framework A modern, diverse workforce Measuring diversity of the workforce, setting appropriate objectives to improve performance, equal pay and flexible working.
New broader definitions of equality Uses the definition of equality set out in the Equalities Review which emphasises equal life chances for all. Includes the groups that now have legal protection and other vulnerable groups – such as looked after children, Gypsies and Travellers. Encourages authorities to think about equality outcomes.
Equal life chances The Equalities Review proposed a new definition of equality based on substantive freedom or equality of life chances in the central and valuable things in life. This is based on fundamental freedoms derived from human rights frameworks. Life chances are considered against ten headings or domains. Substantive freedom covers - inequality of outcome - inequality of process - inequality of autonomy
The 10 domains longevity- including avoiding premature morality physical security- including freedom from violence and physical and sexual abuse health- including both well-being and access to quality health care education- including the ability to be creative, acquire skills and qualifications and access to training and life long learning standard of living- including being able to live with independence and security, nutrition, clothing, housing, warmth, utilities, social services and transport productive and valued activities- including access to employment, positive experience in the workplace and ability to care for others individual and family life and social life- including self development, independence and equality in relationships and marriage participation, influence and voice- including participation in decision making and democratic life identity expression and self respect- including freedom of belief and religion legal security- including equality and non discrimination before the law and equal treatment within the criminal system
Smarter working The Framework is intended to help local authorities comply with other requirements. These include: compliance with the public duties on race, gender and disability customer service excellence good practice on community cohesion and migration evidence for the CAA.
How the Framework will operate The Framework describes the characteristics of an authority at each level – Developing, Achieving and Excellent. Against these characteristics it lists actions against each of the five areas of the performance framework. A How was this done column gives examples of evidence that would demonstrate performance against these indicators, these are illustrative examples not a mandatory list of actions.
Continuous improvement Provides a framework for continual improvement and a mechanism for mainstreaming and improving equalities performance across the whole authority. Should act as a shared framework for improving equalities performance across both, service specific, as well as corporate, policy and decision making and delivery structures and mechanisms.
Continuous improvement Collect Equality Information, Data, Consult, Assess Set Equality Priorities and Objectives Monitor, and Evaluate Achieve and Review Equality Outcomes
Migration Authorities who have reached levels 1 and 2 will be treated as Developing. Those that have achieved level 3 will be treated as Achieving. Authorities at level 4 will be treated as Moving towards excellence (transitional stage). Those at level 5 as Excellent.
Transition time scales Authorities can rely on their migration status for two years, and will then be expected to progress to the next level of the Framework. Authorities who have been assessed under Peer Challenge can rely on the assessment for three years.
Self-assessment and peer review Want to encourage critical self-assessment and Peer Challenge rather than external auditing which is more expensive and does not contribute to learning within the sector. The Peer Challenge has already been developed for Level 3 of the ESLG. Peer Challenge for self- assessment will be required for authorities wishing to achieve the Achieving and Excellent levels of the Framework. Authorities who have successfully undergone a Peer Challenge will be awarded a recognition kite mark.
Self-assessment and peer review A key feature of the new Framework is that it is less prescriptive than the ESLG. Therefore, to maintain common standards of improvement that are nationally recognised, the Peer Challenge will also perform an essential moderating function.
Presentation and lay out
Help with the Framework es@t – intend to revise the es@t tool to support the Framework. Regional Improvement and Efficiency Strategies – most RIEP Strategies have included a commitment to improve Councils performance against the ESLG. IDeA equality consultants – IDeA have approved equality consultants, they will undertake a programme of training on the new Framework so that authorities can access high quality consultancy advice.
Timetable End January publish final draft of EFLG January, February training for peers and consultants March launch of EFLG Publication of EFLG status report Announcement of EFLG Scrutiny Board New equality electronic self assessment tool available (es@t) EFLG Local Government Chronicle supplement
further information IDeA Knowledge website www.idea.gov.uk/diversity Equality Standard Community of Practice www.communities.idea.gov.uk
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Dolce & Gabbana
Black Dolce & Gabbana Silk Knit Lace Satin Trim Pleated Pencil Skirt
This sexy Dolce & Gabbana pencil skirt can be worn in a variety of ways. Constructed of a silk knit textile with contrast satin trimmings. Lined with silk. Features lace detail throughout. An unexpected pleated hem adds interest. Exposed back zipper with hidden button closure. Size: 40
Made in: Italy Color: Black Content: 60% Silk, 38% Cotton, 2% Spandex. Lining: Silk. Condition: Pre-owned. This item is in good condition. Several small pulled threads on knit lace detail. No other signs of wear and tear.
Measurements & Sizing
- Total Length: 22.5"
- Waist: 26.5"
- Hips: 31.5"
Returns & Shipping
Luxury Garage Sale guarantees that all items sold on our site are 100% authentic. All products we accept are inspected for brand-specific guidelines and are put through a rigorous authenticity test process.
LGS is not affiliated with Dolce & Gabbana. We guarantee this Dolce & Gabbana item to be authentic. Dolce & Gabbana® is a registered trademark of Dolce & Gabbana.
Item #: 117044


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He says that tongue-in-cheek. That's because Morneau can play only two short tunes of no more than 30 seconds total on the rare occasion he picks up the guitar that sits in his office at Resurrection Catholic Parish.
"It's just a spoof," Morneau said of his musical aptitude. "I can do a few chords. It's a pretty limited repertoire — very short."
Fortunately for Morneau, the longtime pastor at Resurrection and the auxiliary bishop emeritus for the Catholic Diocese of Green Bay, he can take a seat in the pews at his parish and let a group of professional musicians entertain the crowd Tuesday night.
Pat Surface and the Boundary Water Boys are coming down from the upper reaches of Minnesota to play a free benefit concert in the sanctuary at Resurrection, starting at 6:30.
Bp. Morneau celebrates 50th anniversary as a Catholic priest
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This Dump-and-Bake Shrimp Etouffee is an easy dinner that cooks entirely in one dish and requires only 10 minutes of prep! It's a perfect Southern Cajun seafood dinner for Mardi Gras!
Southern Peach Salad with Green Goddess DressingJump to Recipe
My Southern Peach Salad with Green Goddess Dressing is the salad of the summer! This fresh mixture is bursting with flavor and a variety of textures, thanks to the sweet and juicy peaches, crunchy pecans, tangy blue cheese, and creamy avocado. Top it all off with a easy fresh herb dressing, and you'll never want another mediocre iceberg wedge again!


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Wed., Jan. 16, 2013, 4:28 p.m.
Idaho man indicted in mother's slaying
A federal grand jury indicted an Idaho man for first-degree murder Tuesday.
The indictment alleges that Kenneth D. Broncheau, 48, of Winchester, shot and killed his mother, Carol Haskell, on the Nez Perce Indian Reservation on June 21, 2012, according to the U.S. Attorney's Office.
Broncheau was detained at the scene. He is currently in the custody of Nez Perce Tribal Police awaiting trial.
The charge of first degree murder is punishable by life in prison and a maximum fine of $250,000.
The case was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Nez Perce Tribal Police, Idaho State Police, and the Lewis County Sheriff's Office.
You must be logged in to post comments. Please log in here or click the comment box below for options.comments powered by Disqus


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Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression.
TERKEL, Studs.
Place Published: New York
Publisher: Pantheon
Date Published: 1970
Description: 462pp. 8vo, brown cloth, d.w. rubbed on edges and with a small tear. New York: Pantheon Books, (1970).Jacket: Y
Binding: hardcover
Condition: very good
Language: English
Type: Books
Book ID: 240078


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Every byte of data traveling on the US Signal network moves fast. But when you add Quality of Service (QoS), your important data moves to the head of the line every time. QoS is available throughout the USS IP network core and from the customer premises if US Signal places customer premises equipment (CPE). Add QoS to a switched or routed service and get the benefits of an enhanced Service Level Agreement.
During peak digital rush hour, QoS divides traffic into four classes:
For VES, MPLS VPN and DIA services delivered using Ethernet access types, customers must mark traffic as dictated by traffic needs. Specific bandwidth profiles are not available. For MPLS VPN and DIA services delivered using serial TDM connections – or MPLS VPN and DIA services provided in conjunction with Managed Router service – customers can choose from three templates based on their traffic patterns. Each template is designed to address a different traffic structure, dictated by the general service types customers are using.
For traffic without 802.1Q tags, US Signal provides traffic prioritization based on the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) field in the IP Header. Customers must mark all IP packets with the correct DSCP value to gain the advantage of the US Signal QoS features.
For traffic with 802.1Q tags, US Signal provides traffic prioritization based on the 802.1p Class of Service (CoS) field in 802.1Q tagged frames. Customers must mark packets with the desired CoS value in the 802.1p field for all 802.1Q tagged traffic to gain the advantage of the US Signal QoS features.
The table below details customer DSCP and CoS values for each traffic Class:
QoS-enabled traffic within the contracted port speed will be prioritized as follows:


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Lewis Hamilton would like us to believe Sunday's title showdown is just another race. Perhaps we should take such a comment with a considerable pinch of salt, because it is hard to imagine the Brazilian Grand Prix will be a normal, run-of-the-mill affair for the 23-year-old driver. After all, the championship is on the line, just as it was a year ago when Hamilton missed out by a point.
But Hamilton appears more relaxed than this time last year as he carries into Sunday's race a seven-point lead over Felipe Massa.
"It's quite a bit different," said Hamilton. "That is simply because last year we came here and I'd had one bad race, so it was all a bit hectic. The pressure of being at the last race was on me and perhaps it got to me. But this year I feel it's just another race. We've come from a great race in China and I know here we will be just as strong, if not a little bit stronger."
And as for pressure, that is all relative according to Hamilton as, again, he would like us to believe what he is experiencing right now is no different to when he competed for his first kart title at the age of eight. "It's similar to every championship," he said. "It is just another race, and that is the way you have to approach it. It's the way I've done it in the past, but it's exciting. It is great for the fans, the media, the team, everyone."
Hamilton simply has to finish in the top five to become champion, and naturally that drew questions as to his target – the win, or a solid points finish as McLaren could still take the constructors' title.
"There is no conflict of interest," Hamilton said. "It is quite simple, we are here to win, but the fact we don't have to – it is not do or die – is a weight off our shoulders."
Hamilton has also dismissed the possibility of underhand tactics wrecking his title ambitions. "I believe every driver here is a great sportsman," he said.
- More about:
- Felipe Massa
- Formula 1
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There are only a handful of seats available for our preconference workshops on API and Security topics, so we will be closing registration very soon due to capacity limitations. Please register today if you haven't yet!
As a reminder, these workshops are full day hands-on labs so it's a great learning opportunity for your teams. Below is a summary of the workshop descriptions:
Topic 1
Developing and Managing APIs with Adobe ColdFusion API Manager
This full day preconference lab will cover API development with a focus on REST based APIs. It will include an overview of Adobe ColdFusion API Manager and walk through configuration of the environment, and various features available to create and manage APIs.
Topic 2
This full day hands-on training session will focus entirely on the topic of security as it relates to web developers, reviewing examples of how vulnerabilities are exploited and how to mitigate these vulnerabilities within your code.
Both of these full day preconference labs will have prerequisites and will require students to bring their own laptops for use. Further details on what will be covered and prerequisite information will be provided soon.
Register today here: https://cfsummit.adobeevents.com/register/
4 Comments to "Adobe ColdFusion Summit 2016 Preconference Workshops almost Sold Out!"
Jun 13, 2016 at 4:48 PMAny chance we could get hold of this content (paid or otherwise) after the conference online so that those living in the future ;-) on the other side of the world can get some of this CF goodness?
We miss out on 90% of Adobe's content over here :-(
Elishia Dvorak
Jun 15, 2016 at 10:35 AMDawesi, we are trying to ramp up more training for other regions as well as North America. Where are you located? I don't know if we could make this same lab available, but we can let you know via the blog about remote training opportunities in the future.
Jen T
Jul 21, 2016 at 12:40 PMIs there a list of the conference concurrent sessions that will be offered? I'm interested in attending but I need to be able to show what types of things I'd be learning to get it approved by my company.
Jul 22, 2016 at 7:03 AMEarly bird pricing should be active until the sessions become available on the website. Your asking for people to sign-up for something they may or may not be interested in based on the sessions they want to see. When the guess work is gone, so is the leap of faith pricing.


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This is the full research report for 188.8.131.52, which is an IP address.
China Unicom Heibei Province Network
China Unicom
ChinaUnicom Hostmaster
No.21,Jin-Rong Street
No.21,Jin-Rong Street, Beijing,100033
Telephone: 861066259764
Fax: 861066259764
Kong Lingfei
No.21,Jin-Rong Street
Beijing,100033, P.R.China
Telephone: 8631186681601
Fax: 8631186689210
188.8.131.52 is the IP address you have a ran a report for on April, 24, 2017.
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It is 7:49 AM CEST when you ran this report for 184.108.40.206 here on our website, IP-Adress.com. When it comes to 188.8.131.52, you can trust that if we have IP Whois information available for it, we will display it further below to assist in your research of this IP address. Feel free to run another search for 184.108.40.206 or a different search.
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Explosive Trump Press Conference
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ByDiscovered by Player FM and our community — copyright is owned by the publisher, not Player FM, and audio streamed directly from their servers.
Eight days before he officially takes office, the incoming President Donald Trump took aim at the intelligence services for allegedly leaking information relating to him, blasted media organisations as 'garbage' and peddlers of 'fake news', denied there would be any conflict of interest between his office and his business empire and fired warnings to big pharma companies and the motor industry once again. Dan Lippman, reporter with Politico and co-author of Politico Playbook, gives his highlights. It is not just President elect Trump who is upset with a major corporation, India's external affairs minister Sushma Swaraj is on the warpath too, with the internet giant Amazon the subject of her ire. Anahita Mukherji, former assistant editor at The Times of India, tells us why. A Bangladesh court has issued a judgement, requiring doctors to type their prescriptions or write them in block capitals. In an age when so many of us have access to computers, is handwriting really still an important skill, and if so are we any good at it? Jan Olsen, an occupational therapist in Maryland and the founder of Handwriting Without Tears, a teaching programme in the US is here to tell us why it is. The BBC's Roger Hearing is joined by Parag Khanna, author of the new book Technocracy in America: Rise of the Info-State, and August Turak, entrepreneur and author of The Business Secrets of Trappist Monk. (Photo: President-elect Donald Trump speaks at a news conference at Trump Tower in New York City. Credit: Spencer Platt/Getty Images)
384 episodes available. A new episode about every 10 days averaging 55 mins duration .


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UMM News Service
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Pieranna Garavaso, professor of philosophy, has received the University of Minnesota, Morris Faculty Distinguished Research Award. Established in 2000, the award recognizes sustained research/artistic productivity of a Morris faculty member over the course of a career.
The University of Minnesota, Morris Circle of Nations Indigenous Association (CNIA) will hold its 33rd Annual CNIA Powwow on Saturday, April 8, in the http://www.morris.umn.edu/map/?building=753 " data-saferedirecturl=" https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.morris.u
MORRIS, Minnesota - The University of Minnesota, Morris Theatre Discipline will close out its 2016–17 season with Roald Dahl's classic children's story James and the Giant Peach . Public performances are on Friday, April 7, at 7 p.m. and Saturday, April 8, at 1 p.m. in the Raymond J. Lammers Proscenium Theatre.
The University of Minnesota, Morris Music Discipline announces its Visiting Jazz Artist (VJA) Program.
Homecoming 2016 The University of Minnesota, Morris invites alumni, students, faculty, staff, and community members to participate in this year's Homecoming celebration, October 7—9. Homecoming festivities include athletic events, reunions, performances, and more. For more information, please visit morris.umn.edu/homecoming or call 320-589-6066. Tres Vidas
MORRIS, Minn - The 2016–17 University of Minnesota, Morris Performing Arts Series continues with The Lincoln Trio on Saturday, Oct. 1. The ensemble will perform at 7:30 p.m. in the...
The 2016—17 University of Minnesota, Morris Performing Arts Series will open with juggler extraordinaire Mark Nizer at 7:30 p.m. Saturday, Sept. 17. in the Student Center's Edson Auditorium. World-class juggling, outrageous humor, and a live 4D performance: Nizer is sure to wow the crowd with his sensational act. Described by Performance Magazine as "nothing less than brilliant," Nizer's performance—the only live 4D show out there—offers a unique, one-of-a-kind experience.
Public events at the University of Minnesota, Morris
The University of Minnesota, Morris welcomes new faculty who will fill positions of recently retired faculty members as well as positions that were in transition in the last year.
UMM Fair Booth The University of Minnesota, Morris will have a booth at the Stevens County Fair, Aug. 11 to 14. Stop by for a chance to win prizes. Morris Area Farmers Market The next Morris Area Farmers Market (MAFM) will take place on Thursday, Aug. 18, from 3 to 6 p.m. in the Morris Public Library Square (102 East Sixth Street). MAFM sells locally grown, fresh produce every Thursday throughout the growing season.


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Cordyceps militaris is a species of mushroom in the family Clavicipitaceae which has been used in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine for centuries. These interesting parasitic fungi usually use insects and arthropods as hosts. As their mycelium grows, it takes over the host's tissues and long club-like fruiting bodies eventually emerge individually or in cluster form. Cordyceps Militaris is just one species in the family, but is well-known for its aggressive takeover of its host as well as for its purported health benefits.
Cordyceps Militaris historically has been used as an aphrodisiac, and was first documented in a 15th-century Tibetan text. However, Cordyceps militaris Mushroom Capsules today are used for a variety of health issues.
Cordyceps militaris Mushroom Extract uses extend well beyond its reputation as a libido booster. Research shows that Cordyceps militaris Mushroom Capsules can be taken to aid in the following areas of health:
Cordyceps militaris Mushroom Capsules contain compounds including cordycepin, which are metabolized and then affect various physiological processes as listed above. Most active chemical constituents of the mushroom are found in the fruiting body portion.
For more information, see Examine's article or the Wikipedia article on Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris)
Since most of the active compounds can be found in the fruiting body versus the mycelium, which is more akin to the roots of a tree, it is important to buy Cordyceps militaris Mushroom Extract from a supplier that uses high-quality manufacturing processes.
Many brands, including some of the most popular, trusted ones, use practices that ultimately deliver an ineffective product. To save money and speed up the process, manufacturers will often grow the Cordyceps militaris Mushroom mycelium on a bed of grain, and then grind the two together and package it before the fruiting body has a chance to develop. That means consumers are missing out on most of the active compounds.
Nootropics Depot and Nammex provide only organic whole fruiting bodies with low starch content, no pesticides, and the correct percentage of beta-glucans. This not only follows FDA guidelines but ensures our customers receive an effective nootropic compound.
Beta-Glugan (β-Glucan) content: 30%
Cordycepin content: .3% by HPLC
Product contains either a 60ct. or 180ct. jar of Certified Organic Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris) mushroom extract 500mg capsules.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Get insight about other customers' experiences by reading our Cordyceps militaris Mushroom Extract reviews below.
This is probably the most effective thing I've tried so far in my nootropics research. I didn't expect these non-lab created natural substances to be so effective, but they are. I hate inconvenience/I'm lazy so these capsules are the best choice for me.
I get great energy and motivation when I take these. It combines very well with the GS-15-4 ginseng extract to really get productive. My usual problem is getting focused and motivated to start working on things--these really help with it. Seems to give a slight uplift to mood as well. I usually run in the morning and taking the Cordyceps/Ginseng combo amps my energy level up during exercise.
Some other things I've tried with Cordyceps:
Teacrine - A bit too intensely stimulating with a full dose of Cordyceps, half dose is fine
Phenylpiracetam - Stimulating but gave me anxiety
Unknown on 12th Jan 2017
I was blown away a how effective these capsules were. I take one when I wake up, and I am stimulated, focused, and in a good mood all day. I never knew mushrooms could be so effective. This is going to be a staple for me for a long time. If you are curious, try this! You will not be disappointed. Randall Wade on 20th Oct 2016