text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 11, 1998
|Filing date
|Nov 20, 1995
|Priority date
|Feb 25, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Larry T. Taylor, James Rancourt
|Original Assignee
|Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (42), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of the patent application having U.S. Ser. No. 08/199,875 filed Feb. 22, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,978, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/022,118 filed Feb. 25, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,846, the complete contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. This patent application is also a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of the patent application having U.S. Ser. No. 08/320,902 filed Oct. 11, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,003, the complete contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention is generally directed to non-toxic substitutes for mercury for use in a variety of applications. More particularly, the invention is directed to certain gallium alloys that have desirable properties for use in electrical switches, temperature sensors and thermometers, pressure sensors or pressure activated switches, pumps and filters, liquid mirror telescopes, fluid unions, slip rings, medical devices such as bougies and sphygmomanometers, dental amalgam, and in a wide variety of other devices and materials.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Mercury is used extensively in switches and sensors. In a common switch application, liquid mercury is positioned inside a fluid tight housing into which a pair of spaced apart electrodes extend. Depending on the physical orientation of the housing, the liquid mercury can provide a conductive pathway between the electrodes or the positioned such that there is an open circuit between the electrodes. An important physical attribute of mercury is that it remains fluid throughout a wide temperature range. This attribute allows mercury to be used in many different environments and in environments with constantly changing temperature parameters. Another important physical attribute of mercury is that it has significant surface tension and does not wet glass, metal or polymer surfaces. However, mercury is toxic to humans and animals. As such, finding non-toxic alternatives to mercury that have comparable performance characteristics would be beneficial.
Two examples of prior art references which discuss gallium alloys as non-toxic substitutes for mercury in switch applications include U.S. Pat. No. 3,462,573 to Rabinowitz et al. and Japanese Patent Application Sho 57-233016 to Inage et al. Both documents identify gallium/indium/tin alloys as being potentially useful. Gallium has the advantages of remaining in the liquid phase throughout a wide temperature range and has a very low vapor pressure at atmospheric pressure. Combining other metals with gallium can depress the freezing point for the composition below that of gallium alone (29.7�). Rabinowitz et al. states that a 62.5% gallium, 21.5% indium, and 16% tin composition forms a eutectic that has a freezing point of 10� C. The Japanese Patent Application to Inage asserts that adding 1-3.5% silver to a gallium/indium/tin eutectic can lower the freezing point closer to 0� C.
It would be advantageous to identify an alloy which has a freezing point below 0� C. in order for the eutectic to be used in the largest and broadest possible number of applications.
Neither Rabinowitz et al. nor Inage et al. discuss "wetting" problems encountered with gallium alloys. Rather, they suggest that the gallium alloy can be used in an envelope made of a material that is not wetted by gallium. As will be discussed below, gallium oxide, which is readily formed in gallium alloys, has the disadvantage of wetting many different surfaces.
It is an object of this invention to provide a gallium alloy that has performance properties at least as good or better than mercury in a wide variety of applications.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a metallic material for use as a mercury substitute containing gallium, indium, zinc, and copper, which has a solidification temperature below 0� C.
It is another object of this invention to provide a superior method for producing devices and materials such as temperature sensors and thermometers, pressure sensors or pressure activated switches, pumps and filters, liquid mirror telescopes, fluid unions, slip rings, bougies, sphygmomanometers, dental amalgam, and a wide variety of other devices which utilize gallium or gallium alloys.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an apparatus which will allow those devices which employ gallium and gallium alloys to be prepared without oxidation of the gallium during and after the fabrication process.
According to the invention, processes and apparatuses have been developed which enable production of mercury substitutes using gallium and gallium alloys without oxidation of the metal occurring during or after fabrication. Gallium alloys have many of the same attributes as mercury, similar flow characteristics, and the like. Therefore, the gallium based metallic materials can be used as a substitute for mercury in a wide variety of applications including use in an electrical switch or sensor, use in temperature sensors and thermometers, use in pressure sensors or pressure activated switches, use in pumps and filters, use in liquid mirror telescopes, use in fluid unions, use in slip rings, use in medical devices such as bougies and sphygmomanometers, use as a dental amalgam, and in a wide variety of other uses. It has been discovered that gallium alloys are extremely prone to oxidation and that even slight oxidation of the metal will be detrimental to the performance of the mercury substitute. In addition, it has been discovered that incorporating small amounts of bismuth within specified ranges in a gallium alloy effectively suppresses the freezing point of the gallium alloy to near 0� C.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for filling a device housing with gallium or a gallium alloy;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged side view of a dispensing line showing that the gallium or gallium alloy is protected during dispensing by an anti-oxidant and an inert atmosphere; and
This invention is particularly related to gallium and gallium alloys as a non-toxic substitute for mercury. It should be understood that a wide variety of metals can be combined with gallium to practice the present invention (e.g., silver, gold, lead, thallium, cesium, palladium, platinum, sodium, selenium, lithium, potassium, cadmium, bismuth, indium, tin, antimony, etc.).
Gallium/indium/tin alloys have proven to have particular potential as a mercury substitute. Gallium/indium/tin alloys are commercially available from Johnson Matthey at 99.99% purity (62.5% Ga, 21.5% In, and 16% Sn). Typically, the primary component of the gallium/indium/tin alloy is gallium and it constitutes approximately 60-75% of the composition. Indium is generally incorporated in the composition at level of 15-30% and tin is incorporated at a level of 1-16%. A practical problem with gallium, indium, tin and other potential constituents of low melting alloys is the propensity of the constituents to form surface oxide layers. These materials must be kept under a nonoxidizing atmosphere at all times to obtain optimum electrical and physical properties from the alloy. Further, if the surfaces of the constituents have oxidized the oxide results in the need for more vigorous alloy preparation methodologies.
A problem with the gallium/indium/tin alloy is that it has a freezing point of approximately 11� C. While this freezing point is lower than gallium alone (29� C.), many mercury applications require performance at or below the freezing point of water (0� C.). Adding small quantities (less than 5%) of other non-toxic elements such as lithium, sodium, rubidium, silver, antimony, gold, platinum, cesium and bismuth to the gallium/indium/tin alloy provides a mechanism for depressing the freezing point of the alloy. However, experiments have demonstrated that the quantity of the additive needs to be controlled to achieve freezing point depression.
Table 1 lists the compositions of a plurality of alloys that have been prepared and their physical state at 4� C.
TABLE 1______________________________________% Ga % In % Sn % Ag % Bi Physical state______________________________________62.5 21.5 16 solid61.99 25 13 solid67.98 20.01 10.5 1.51 liquid59.52 20.48 15.24 4.76 solid67.99 20 10.5 1.51 solid68.10 19.9 10.5 1.1 0.4 liquid67.98 20.02 10.5 0.75 0.76 liquid67.98 20.01 10.5 0.38 1.13 solid______________________________________
The freezing point data for the compositions shown in Table 1 were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. Table 1 demonstrates that the Ga/In/Sn/Ag alloys described in the Inage et al. Japanese Patent Application do not necessarily depress the freezing point below 4� C. Rather, it was observed that most of these compositions began to solidify at 5� C. and were completely solid at 4� C. Table 1 also shows that gallium alloys that include a small amount of bismuth remain liquid at 4� C.
One particular formulation (68% Ga, 20% Sn, 10.5% In, 0.75% Bi, 0.75% Ag) was found to have a freezing point near -4� C. This determination was made in a salt/ice water bath. In principle, the reduction in freezing point of the water bath induced by the addition of impurities (salt) is the operating principle for the preparation of low melting alloys. That is, the intentional addition of impurities to a pure compound or to a mixture of compounds reduces the melting point of the host material. The general direction of the preparation of novel alloys involves the addition of minor amounts of additional ingredients; less than approximately 10% on a weight basis. Also, the crystal structure and atomic size of the additional ingredients are preferably different from these properties for the host matrix. This helps to insure that crystallization of the host alloy is inhibited.
An additional property expected for the low melting alloys is a lower bulk electrical resistivity than mercury metal. This is based on tabulated data that shows that all of the major ingredients of the claimed low melting alloys are approximately twenty times more conductive than mercury metal. Finally, the density of the low melting alloys is approximately one half the density of mercury. This provides for a potential weight savings in weight-sensitive applications.
The preferred alloy for use as a mercury substitute in the present invention contains gallium, indium, zinc, and copper. Metallic materials or alloys which contain these metals and have solidification temperatures below 0� C. have been prepared. These metallic materials have the following attributes:
electrical conductivity (can conduct both AC and DC current); solidification temperature near -10� C.; very high boiling point; very low vapor pressure at room temperature; and similar flow characteristics to mercury. These metallic materials were prepared by weighing out each component individually, and adding the component to a single Erlenmeyer flask. Gallium was first weighed into the flask in the amount desired. The precise amount of each additional component was determined according to the following equations: ##EQU1##
After introduction of all components into the flask, aqueous base was added to the flask. Good results were achieved using 50 mL of 30% NaOH; however, it should be understood that other aqueous bases could be used in the practice of this invention such as KOH, NH4 OH, and the like. The primary function of the aqueous base is to clean the metals and enable the prue metals to interact. The liquid base also provides an inert environment for the metals. Gallium and indium dissolve in aqueous base, but zinc and copper do not. It has been observed that when the combination of metals and aqueous base are stirred in a loosely stoppered flask at room temperature (15�-35� C.) for short periods of time (e.g., 5-30 minutes) the contents of the flask become liquid in character and have both an aqueous phase and a metallic phase.
The metallic phase includes the "metallic material" or "alloy" of the present invention, and it is obtained by drawing the aqueous phase off of the metallic layer, transferring the metallic component to a test tube, and subjecting the metallic component to a heat treatment. Preferably, the metallic component is heated under a nitrogen atmosphere, or similar inert environment, so that the metallic material does not become oxidized.
The heating schedule employed was as follows: 8� C./min to 100� C.; hold at 100� C. for 10 minutes, increase temperature at 8� C./min to 450� C.; hold for 4 hours at 450� C.; then cool to room temperature at approximately 3� C. The heat treatment can likely be varied in the practice of this invention. For example, higher temperatures for shorter periods of time, or lower temperatures for longer periods of time may be used to make the quaternary metallic material of this invention. All that is required is for the heat treatment to be sufficient for forming a metallic material or alloy from the combined metallic components. After cooling to room temperature, aqueous base is preferably added to the metallic material to remove any black oxide film that might have formed during handling of the material.
The heat treatment yields both a liquid product and a solid product. The mass ratio of the product depends on the composition of the formulating mixture. The amount of each product can be ascertained by first drawing off the metallic liquid into a previously tared vial followed by weighing. The solid residue is then isolated, dried, and independently weighed. For example purposes, Table 2 provides the conditions used for synthesis of the mercury replacement material according to this invention along with the approximate weights for the components.
TABLE 2______________________________________Typical Conditions for Synthesis of MercuryReplacement MaterialWeight of Ga 38 gWeight of In 11 gWeight of Zn 0.5 gWeight of Cu 1.0 g50 mL of 30% Aqueous basePre-purified Nitrogen gasHeat at 300-450� C.Liquid product 45 gSolid residue 5 g______________________________________
Table 3 presents the theoretical weight percent values for a metallic material produced with the components presented in Table 2.
TABLE 3______________________________________Theoretical ValuesComponent Percentage______________________________________Ga 75.1In 21.81Zn 1.00Cu 2.00______________________________________
Table 4 presents the elemental analysis from a duplicate study of five liquid product (A-E) prepared according to the above technique with the composition presented in Table 2, as well as the elemental analysis of the residual solids (AA) isolated from liquid product A.
TABLE 4______________________________________Elemental AnalysisComponent A AA B C D E______________________________________Ga 76.8 63.6 77.5 73.6 76.8 76.7In 22.5 9.69 21.1 25.3 22.3 22.5Zn 0.98 1.12 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.96Cu 0.01 20.3 0.0003 0.002 0.24 0.15Total 100.29 94.705 99.0 99.752 100.0 100.205______________________________________
Table 5 presents the solidification temperatures for the five liquid products identified in Table 4.
TABLE 5______________________________________Solidification Temperature Measurements A B C D E______________________________________Solidification -10 -9 -10 -10 -11Temperature (�C.)______________________________________
Tables 2-5 demonstrate that the quaternary metallic materials, which include gallium, indium, zinc and copper in specific weight percent combinations, can be prepared in a manner which produces a product having a solidification temperature below 0� C. The preferred metallic materials of this invention will have a solidification temperature ranging between -1� C. and -15� C. Table 4 demonstrates that only a very small percentage of copper starting material becomes part of the metallic material, and the remainder is separated as part of the residual solids. However, tests have demonstrated that including the copper in the quaternary metallic material is important to achieve optimum solidification temperature suppression. Tables 3 and 4 also show that the weight percentage of zinc in the metallic material is close to the theoretical value that the weight percentage of gallium and zinc are higher than the theoretical value. This is due to much of the copper component not becoming part of the metallic material.
The weight percentages of the components in a Ga-In-Zn-Cu metallic material according to this invention may vary from those achieved with the products A-E in Table 4, yet still result in a metallic material with a solidification temperature below 0� C. Varying the weight percentages of the four components in the final metallic material is achieved by adjusting the relative weights of the individual components when they are combined in the aqueous base. Preferably, the weight percentage of each component in the Ga-In-Zn-Cu metallic material falls within the ranges specified in Table 6.
TABLE 6______________________________________Weight Percentage Range Ga 70-80 In 20-29 Zn 0.05-5 Cu 0.0001-1______________________________________
Most preferably, the weight percentage of each component in the Ga-In-Zn-Cu metallic material falls within the ranges specified in Table 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________Preferred Weight Percentage Range Ga 72-78 In 20-26 Zn 0.1-1 Cu 0.0001-.3______________________________________
Gallium alloys have many of the same attributes as mercury, such as high vaporization temperature (>2000� C.), similar flow characteristics, and the like. Therefore, the gallium based metallic materials can be used as a substitute for mercury in a wide variety of applications including use in temperature sensors and thermometers, use in pressure sensors or pressure activated switches, use in pumps and filters, use in liquid mirror telescopes, use in fluid unions, use in slip rings, use as a dental amalgam, and in a wide variety of other uses.
Experiments have shown that gallium and gallium alloys such as those described above are readily oxidized when exposed to ambient air. Oxidation changes the color of the alloy from highly reflective to a dull grey. The dull grey color may be considered aesthetically objectionable by consumers that are used to handling mercury. More importantly, oxidation drastically changes the performance characteristics of the alloy in the switch. Specifically, the oxidized alloy may have a higher electrical resistance. Initial experiments demonstrated that a number of different materials would be wetted by oxidized gallium alloys including glass and high density polyethylene. However, subsequent experiments demonstrated that when oxides of the metal components in the gallium alloy were removed and formation of oxides during and after switch fabrication were prevented, the gallium alloy would not wet the switch housing materials. Thus, proper handling of the gallium alloy can make the material useful as a conducting fluid in an electrical switch with no treatment of the switch housing. This observation has not heretofore been observed by any other group. In fact, substantial wetting problems with gallium and gallium alloys may explain why these materials have not been commercially used as a substitute for mercury.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of an apparatus designed to prepare sensors (thermometers, etc.) and other devices that will employ gallium and gallium alloys. Gallium and other metals will be dispensed at dispensing station 16. The metals can be combined together at the dispensing station 16 or dispensed separately from individual containers. The metals may be in solid or liquid form at the dispensing station 16. If in solid form, the gallium alloy will be formed by heating the metals after they have been deposited in device capsule 18. Likewise, if separate dispensers are used for each metal (tin, indium, bismuth, etc.), and the metals are in the liquid state, the gallium alloy will be prepared after the metals are deposited in the capsule 18 by heat treatment. Heat can be applied to the metal within the capsule using conventional heating techniques, irradiation techniques, or by other means. Alternatively, it has been found quite practical to create the alloy prior to its being dispensed from the dispensing station 16 into the capsule 18.
In addition, despite the fact that the melting point of indium is 157� C. and the melting point of tin is 232� C., we have formed low melting alloys from these elements with gallium at low temperature. Specifically, if each of the ingredients is first treated to remove the metal oxide surface layer (using base (NaOH), for example), then alloy can be prepared at just above room temperature (near 30� C., the melting point of gallium) in a short period of time. We view the gallium as essentially a "solvent" for the other ingredients. Forming the gallium alloys at a temperature just above room temperature is preferable, since heat treatment can result in some waste of the material.
The capsule 18 can be made from a wide variety of materials including polymers, glasses, ceramics and metals. The inside of the capsule 18 can be pre-filled with an inert atmosphere, evacuated by vacuum pressure, and/or can be pre-treated with an anti-oxidant, an acid or base wash, or with a polymer coating. Fluoroalkyl acrylate polymer coatings available from 3M have been found to be less likely to wet than some untreated materials. Silicone coatings also work well.
However, the chief requirement to prevent wetting of the capsule 18 is to prevent oxidation of the gallium alloy itself. Oxidation has a significant impact on switch performance. The metals dispensed at dispensing station 16 should be pretreated to remove oxides prior to the metals being deposited in the capsule. Oxide removal can be accomplished by a number of different procedures. For example, each of the metals in the gallium alloy can individually be exposed to an acid or base wash, or be exposed to some other chemical or physical or mechanical procedure for removing oxides. Alternatively, the gallium alloy can be created first and then be exposed to chemical, mechanical or physical processes that remove oxides.
Experiments have been conducted with both HCl and NaOH as wash solutions for the metals in the gallium alloy. The metals are washed simply by mixing the metals together with HCl or NaOH. Although HCl will remove oxides from gallium, indium and tin, it has been found that HCl has the disadvantage of reacting with the metals to form metal chlorides. The presence of metal chlorides in the gallium alloy is detrimental to switch or sensor performance. It has been observed that switches prepared with gallium/indium/tin where each ingredient was pretreated with HCl, have resulted in switches where the switch housing was coated with a hazy white material. Conversely, when the metals in the gallium alloy were treated with NaOH, reaction products of the metals with the NaOH were not created. It is expected that a wide variety of different acids, bases, and other compounds can be used to remove the oxides from the metals in the gallium alloy, and the use of NaOH and HCl should be considered merely exemplary.
An intentional, low level of metal oxide on the surface of the low melting alloy may be beneficial to switch performance in some applications. In such an application, the tiny metal oxide particles would serve to reduce the amount of liquid-solid contact between the alloy and the housing. This can render the alloy more responsive than a conventional alloy. Aluminum chloride, for example, has been used in specialty mercury switches. However, in all cases, the level of metal oxide in the gallium alloy should be kept extremely low to prevent surface wetting problems and preferably should not exceed 1% by weight of the alloy and is most preferably less than 0.1% by weight of the alloy.
After oxides have been removed from the metals in the gallium alloy, further oxidation of the metals should be avoided. FIG. 2 shows that an oxidation inhibiting medium 20, which can simply be excess NaOH or the like, can be positioned on top of the gallium alloy 22 at the interface with air to prevent oxidation of the gallium alloy 22 prior to its being dispensed from dispenser tube 24. Other production techniques can be used to separate the gallium alloy from ambient air while it is being dispensed.
FIG. 1 also shows that the capsule 18 and conduit 30 (or conduits-not shown) connected with the dispensing station 16 are connected with a purge station 26 and a vacuum and fill station 28. It is important to understand that oxidation of gallium and gallium alloys occurs very rapidly. Therefore, using an apparatus which prevents oxide formation during dispensing is particularly advantageous. The vacuum will draw ambient air out of the capsule 18 prior to its being filled with gallium alloy. In this way, gallium will not react with ambient air inside the capsule when it is dispensed. The purge station 26 preferably clears the conduit 30 and capsule 18 with an inert gas such as nitrogen or evacuates the conduit and capsule. In this manner, any gallium alloy in the conduit 30 will be protected from oxidation. After gallium alloy is installed in the capsule 18, an inert gas such as hydrogen or argon is added to the capsule 18 such that no air remains in the capsule 18 upon closure by welding 32 or other closing technique. Hydrogen is a less expensive gas to fill the capsule 18; however, argon may be preferred since it is superior to hydrogen at extinguishing arcs. Helium may also be useful.
A prototype dispensing system has been constructed and has been used to reproducibly build devices which use the mercury substitute of the present invention. The dispensing station has a reservoir to hold approximately 400-ml of low melting alloy. The alloy is stored beneath a layer of aqueous base. Below the reservoir are two spaced apart tapered ground glass stopcocks with a graduated tube therebetween. The graduated tube is connected to a vacuum source and is evacuated prior to delivery of the alloy from the reservoir. A housing that is to be filled with the gallium alloy is affixed to the delivery tube of the apparatus and it too is evacuated. The lower stopcock allows a measured amount of alloy (e.g., some or all of the alloy in the graduated tube) to be dispensed through the delivery tube into the housing. The housing is backfilled with hydrogen gas and is subsequently sealed. Finally, while the device is being removed a nitrogen purge is initiated. The nitrogen purge fills the delivery tube with a nonoxidizing, dry atmosphere. In this way, the interior surface of the delivery tube is kept clean and dry. Further, if any alloy remains in the delivery tube it does not oxidize. This equipment is a simple prototype version of an apparatus that can be built to construct large quantities of a variety of devices using mercury substitutes. It also lends itself to automation.
The mercury substitute may be used in temperature sensors and thermometers, pressure sensors or pressure activated switches, pumps and filters, liquid mirror telescopes, fluid unions, slip rings, medical devices such as bougies and sphygmomanometers, and used as a dental amalgam, and in a wide variety of other applications. A bougie is a flexible cylindrical instrument used for calibrating or dilating constructed areas in tubular organs. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. In non-electrical applications which utilize a housing (e.g., bougie, sphygmomanometer, etc.) the gallium alloys of the present invention should be handled in a manner as described above which prevents oxidation of the alloy. Specifically, the alloy should be treated with an oxidation inhibiting medium, and preferably should be installed in the housing under conditions which avoid contact of the alloy with air (e.g. under nitrogen, etc.). In other applications such as liquid mirrors and dental amalgams, the mercury substitute is not exposed to air until after it has been dispensed.
While the invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|75/715, 423/111, 423/127, 141/64, 75/688, 423/115, 200/233, 423/131
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 20, 1995
Owner name: VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY,
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|Oct 8, 2002
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Effective date: 20020811


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Tags: China, US economy, trade deficits, currencies, yuan, dollar, economic warfare, balance of payments, US foreign policy
Tag Archives: US economy
As US News Media Practices Denial, Red Flags of Economic Collapse Still Apparent
To hear Big Media tell the story, 2014 has been a stellar year for the American economy. The Stock Market is roaring and passed the eco-fantasy-land high water mark of 18,000 just a few days ago, Christmas spending is up, we are told and so forth. But the colossal size of America's swelling debt looms over our children, grand children and their children as well. There are a few news bloggers out there who are willing to publish actuality RE: the American economy.
Historically, nations which are sinking into the mire of mega-debt often turn to war to try to reverse their fortunes. War is a luxury which Americans well know we can no longer afford, literally. It's bankrupting the wealth and resources of the greatest nation on earth. But some see the signs that a fresh new war is exactly what many banking cartel elites desire to have happen. Since we are perpetually at war somewhere in the Mideast, we turn instead to events in Russia, where indicators speak that only the collapse of the ruble will halt Putin's Ukraine adventurism. It just so happens [ ahem ] that the recent plunge in oil prices has sent the ruble into a tailspin. I happen to feel that the oil price slide was not accidental, just a hunch. And I am keeping my eyes on Russia and Turkey in 2015.
We're told in American news broadcasts that the unemployment rate has fallen to it's lowest number in 18 years. Yet the numbers of shaggy homeless people holding up signs at street corners, wandering along highway medians pulling everything they own in a grocery cart, or accosting my vehicle every time I drive into town, are greater today than they were last month or last year.
Boarded up windows in haggard blighted buildings are obvious driving through town, where large retail sales spaces right on the main drag sit empty for months and months. "For Rent" and "For Lease" signs dot the urban downtown landscapes of nearly every small town on the Oregon coast. Ask anyone out here and they will tell you: It's a struggle to find work, and it's a struggle to keep it. Good jobs are sparse and when they appear thousands apply.
If you are inclined to question the "official" unemployment numbers that media outlets like CNN keep spouting, stop by http://shadowstats.com and have a look around. It's an eye opener.
You might want to also stop by http://x22report.com/ and check out their material. Click here to listen to a recent report from Dec 24 in mp3 format.
Another good site for an outside independent opinion of what's happening in America's economy is http://www.marketoracle.co.uk. I have linked to one of their recent posts and cited an excerpt below.
2015 Predictions: U.S. Dollar to Collapse?
U.S. Dollar Collapse? USD Index Trend Forecast 2015
Excerpt: "Global Money Printing Central Banks Crime Syndicate
Contrary to the way the financial world may be presented in the mainstream media, the Fed is at the head of the global central banking crime syndicate cartel that runs the show Don Vito Corleone style, where should any foreign central banks get out of line will soon be in for a currency markets massacre as they see their currencies soar or collapse against the dollar and thus destroying their ability to export to the worlds largest consumer market which many economies are addicted to drug addicts style or manage inflation, as the official policy of the U.S. since the midst of the cold war has been to control the worlds financial system by means of operating a continuous large trade deficit, as I have covered at length several times over the years such as in my article of October 2010 (12 Oct 2010 – USD Index Trend Forecast Into Mid 2011, U.S. Dollar Collapse (Again)?).
For many years the Fed had been effectively inflating the whole world as I covered the dynamics of as long ago as in March 2011 – U.S. Dollar and Stock Market Trend Relationship, Currency and Real Wars"
Tags: US economy, economic collapse 2015, jobs, metals, oil prices, federal debt America 2105, devalued currency, dollar value 2015
#BREAKING: Controlled Demolition of the US Dollar & Mysterious Banker Deaths EXposed
Preface: I began to suspect back in the fall of 2008 that something very ominous was afoot with the US banking system, the Federal Reserve and Wall Street. It looked to me exactly like a well planned "slow motion controlled demolition of the US dollar" over the past 5-6 years by Illuminati Elites working within the US government, Wall Street, and the biggest US banks. This was all taking place during the Obama presidency, during which time the national debt has been run up higher than at any time in US history, and now teeters at more than 17 trillion dollars, an unthinkable, unimaginable sum of money, a debt so huge, it can never be paid off – EVER.
My gut would rumble with each new bizarre development during the sudden and spectacular events of the fall of 2008, when according to a complicit media, [most of which is owned by conglomerates of the same Illuminati Elites who were orchestrating events], our own economy and thus the word economy, nearly collapsed entirely, due to a rash of sour mortgage investments. We were all told that only a sudden and massive bailout by American tax-payers would immediately stop the chain reaction of defaults that was happening, stop the financial bleeding and save the US economy.
Beginning there, in the fall of 2008, distinguished guest Douglas J. Haggman of Northeast Intelligence Network who spoke on Coast radio last night, explains why he believes that an ongoing controlled demolition of the US dollar is now underway, leading to the eventual collapse of the dollar and the introduction of a new NWO global currency. This show is probably one of the most important Coast shows I have listened to in decades, and I wanted to share it. This link is to the entire two and one half hour long show, so set the time aside and give this intelligence expert serious attention. I believe every tax paying American ought to hear what he has to say.
Here's the show.
See also:
DHS Insider: Obama's cyber warriors & preparing for collapse
Excerpt: RE: How the Cyber Warriors for Obama work online to discredit truth researchers, independent conservative journalists and alternative news reporters;
"The instructions seemed very specific. Infiltrate web forums, collect screen names, avatars, and posters' tag lines, and attempt to resolve these to their actual identities. I read one paragraph that listed circumstances when the "asset" was only to monitor but do not disrupt without authorization. There was another section titled "Divert, Disrupt and Destroy," listing "how to's" in certain cases.
There was also a section on maintaining a social media presence, and another on the most effective use of Twitter.
Lastly, there was a "reference section," which included statistics, specific language to use to marginalize different posters, and effective methods to discredit people while maintaining a sense of legitimacy.
It was surreal, to say the least.
Oh, one more thing that's important. As I said, these "kids," or young people I believe, are known collectively as "Cyber-Warriors for Obama." The subheading was "And the truth shall set you free." Truth? Really? They were hired on their hacking abilities, or more precisely on their abilities to make postings through proxy servers and effectively use alternate identities and multiple e-mail addresses. Their purpose is to spread disinformation, not truth.
There were also motivational statements on various pages, including one that referred to Obama as the "Pharaoh of the Internet," which I thought was an odd characterization.
But what's important is that suddenly, through the use of Internet aliases, multiple e-mail addresses, and screen names, a project that employs 3,575 people will have the appearance and effectiveness of maybe 10,000 or more different people."
Also … Google: "Cyber-Warriors for Obama Project"
World Bank Whistleblower: Fiat Currency US Dollar Is Now Worthless, Will Crash
An honest former official at the World Bank opens her mouth and speaks, stuns the world, and causes this author to wonder: How long will this woman be alive before she is permanently silenced?
This video news report via RT.com news is about a month old, but I feel that what Karen Hudes is saying is VERY MUCH worth hearing. It needs to be shared as well. I was especially interested in hearing Karen's comment's about an international "super-entity" which she stated now owns al of the major media outlets of the world, 60% of all market shares and 40% of all hard assets. If this is true then this "super-entity" now effectively controls the assets of the nations of the world. Is she referencing the Illuminati? She made some staggering statements about vast sums of wealth and assets being transferred to the Vatican during this interview, which is jaw-dropping over all.
Ms. Hudes also made an absolutely staggering comment about the amount of gold bullion now in storage in Hawaii by the Bank of Hawaii: 170,000 tonnes, more than the [supposed estimated ] world supply of gold bullion.
Feel free to share.
Related Video Report:
Tags: dollar collapse, US economy, financial collapse, Obama presidency, Obamacare, World Bank, Karen Hudes, federal deficit, price of gold, price of silver, financial collapse, US banking cartel, corruption, international economy, Vatican, fleecing of America, financial manipulation world markets, financial corruption, Jesuits, quantitative easing, Federal Reserve, Bank of Hawaii, precious metals, Bank for International Settlements, BIS, LIBOR, usury, fiat currency, hyper-inflation, SEC, Security and Exchange Commission
Related articles
- 'Dollar valueless, about to crash' – World Bank whistleblower (endtimeheadlines.wordpress.com)
- 'Dollar About to Crash', 170,000 Tons of Gold Held in Secret Hawaii Vault – World Bank Whistleblower (silverdoctors.com)
- 'Dollar Valueless, About To Crash' – World Bank Whistleblower (libertycrier.com)
- World Bank Whistleblower makes Startling Confession – Karen Hudes #N3 (fromthetrenchesworldreport.com)
- "Congress All Bribed" – World Bank Whistleblower (sott.net)
- World Bank Whistleblowing with Karen Hudes (truthfrequencyradio.com)
- Exclusive: Whistleblower Exposes World Bank Corruption (ftmdaily.com)
- Karen Hudes ~ U.S. Not A Super Power And Not Credible Anymore [Video] (shiftfrequency.com)
BREAKING: Chase Bank Bans International Wire Transfers, Limits Withdrawals
Video news report by Christopher Greene c/o AMTV alternative news:
The news story appeared yesterday on October 16th, and cites an official letter from Chase Bank dated October 9th to their business customers, informing them that as of November 17th they will no longer be able to do international bank transfers.
In addition, Chase is implementing a $50,000.00 "monthly cash activity limit" on business accounts. I find this a very ominous development. If you are a large business customer and you bank with Chase, you might want to consider getting the better part of funds needed to run your business operations OUT of the bank before November 17th. I frankly don't see how a run on Chase bank could NOT happen with a letter like this going out.
I wonder what Chase knows that we don't know … [ yet]?
See also:
See also http://www.infowars.com/chase-bank-limits-cash-withdrawals-bans-international-wire-transfers/
Tags: banking, Chase Bank, US economy, dollar value, Christopher Greene, dollar collapse, infowars.com, Paul Watson, international banking, US financial crisis, economic collapse
Related articles
- EDGE of the ABYSS: Chase Bank LIMITS Cash Withdrawals, BANS International Wire Transfers (sgtreport.com)
- Chase Bank Limits Cash Withdrawals, Bans International Wire Transfers (americankabuki.blogspot.com)
- MUST WATCH!! Chase Bank Prepares for BANK RUNS, Limits Cash Withdrawals $50K (disclose.tv)
- DEVELOPING NOW — Chase Bank Limits Cash Withdrawals, Bans International Wire Transfers… (redflagnews.com)
- Chase Bank Initiates Capital Controls, Limits Cash Withdrawals & Bans International Bank Wires! (silverdoctors.com)
- Chase Bank Limits Cash Withdrawals, Bans International Wire Transfers (aconservativeedge.wordpress.com)
Ron Paul: "We're Broke and Already Over the Fiscal Cliff"
Tags: Obama re-election, Ron Paul, US economy, economic collapse, political opinion, US politics
Related articles
- Ron Paul: 'We are already over' the fiscal cliff (thehill.com)
- Ron Paul: "Pure Democracy Is Dangerous"… When It's Purchased (zerohedge.com)
- Ron Paul: We're Broke and Already Over Fiscal Cliff – Bloomberg – Nov. 8, 2012 (dailypaul.com)
- Ron Paul: We're Already Over The Cliff (shofar37.wordpress.com)
- Ron Paul: We're Already Broke and Over the Cliff! (wealthwire.com)
- Ron Paul: Election shows U.S. 'far gone' (dprogram.net)
- The Ron Paul Effect: How the GOP Threw the Election By Disenfranchising Ron Paul Supporters | THE JEENYUS CORNER (jeenyuscorner.com)
- Drudge top right column: Ron Paul: Election shows U.S. 'far gone' (dailypaul.com)
- Ron Paul: We're Already Over The Cliff (personalliberty.com)
- Ron Paul Elected Ruler Of Planet Inhabited By 1 Billion Tiny Ron Pauls (theonion.com)

subset: commoncrawl


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Ultrasonic Frequency 40,000 Hz Material Stainless Steel SUS304 Tank Capacity 10 L Timer 1-30minutes, Digital timer Power Supply AC 100 ~ 120V, 50 / 60Hz AC 220 ~ 240V, 50 / 60 Hz Ultrasonic Power 200W Heating Power 200 W, Digital Heating Unit Size 330 x 270 x 310 mm ( L x W x H ) Tank Size 300 x 240 x 150 mm ( L x W x H ) Package Size 430 x 365 x 420 mm ( L x W x H ) N.W. 8.2 kg G.W. 9.0 kg ***Don't buy others' fakes. Only buy from Gowe Industrial can enjoy after-care service.***
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An original 'one-of-a-kind' painting... painted with love, precision and passion! Built up over several layers of acrylic on boxed canvas. Painted over two seasons; One of several pieces I begun last year and have now gone back to complete. The background being rolling hills in their various shades - inspired by the beautiful Devon countryside where I live. On to that base painting, using a wide variety of mark marking techniques, is a joyous explosion of bright and beautiful nature... to elicit a smile!Certificate of authenticity included.
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Acrylic painting by Helen Elliston
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Property brokered by
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Hugo Moguel
+501 223-2427
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Hugo Moguel
+501 223-2427
Email Agent
Property DetailsLocated in one of Corozal Town well-known neighbourhoods sits this 3 Bed, 2 Bath, two-storey Home with a ground floor apartment along Phillip Goldson Highway in Santa Rita.
Home offers 1,689.61 sq ft on a fully fenced lot. Property measures 65 ft (19.81m) street frontage x 123 ft (37.49m) deep. The Ground Floor counts with a Living Room, Dinning Area, Kitchen, 1 bedroom, 1 Bath, 1/2 Bath and a complete apartment (single room/bath & kitchen).
An internal stair leads to the Top Floor where 2 bedrooms, 1 Bath and a spacious verandah is available. Home holds t...]]>
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Additional Property InformationThis single family listing located at Phillip Goldson Highway, Santa Rita Road, Corozal Town has three bedrooms and two bathrooms. The property is currently availible at $247,500.
Includes features like all utilities , driveway , easy access , garage .
This property is presented by Hugo Moguel of VISTA Real Estate based in Belize.


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* I am conducting a little experiment. On Monday's I will be posting commentary on a Current Event of my choice by which I will proceed to rip someone a new poop hole. It may be fun. I might be sued. But I will always be entertaining. So, welcome to… MONDAY MADNESS join the party! […]
Well, like you said on my blog … we have to be related! (Gee, I've never had a younger sister before!) There was just too many questions that were never answered, and too much sensationalism by the news channels for this to be answered easily. Like you, I have no idea, but the man upstairs will decide in the end.
I don't mind being called the 'little sister' as long as I can be boss. Hahaha
it's big news, even up here in Canada.
All over the world I think. Hope you're having a great time and I CAN'T WAIT TO FIND OUT HOW THE HOUSE SALE IS GOING.
Race is/was a big part of this case. Race, guns, paranoia, vigilanteeism, and the first problem is the cops seemed to phone it in and accept the story of the killer without doing a full investigation.
Painful and uncomfortable as it is, we need to talk about these things and think about them.
The police did phone it in- didn't they. Is there more to say or has it all been said and no one is listening? I just don't know.
Yes, the issue was not one they could completely define in the media, to give it a name that tied in to other news in the past. But for a white mom of a black child – the theme hits home.
It's a situation that will give everyone an opportunity to listen/think/ and act with conscience in the future- I hope.
Yeah. I couldn't figure the race issue either. Especially since the media kept bringing up white as the other race.
George Zimmerman is as white as President Obama (one white parent)- but no one refers to our President as White do they. The parsing of words can be very revealing.
Well said, it's all about bias….so the media does color it, even if it does not admit it. Wrote on something similar in my post today too.
The irony is that the MEDIA loves to scold the public but exercises it's bias on a daily basis.
I don't have the answer either, but the whole thing makes me sick. A kid – that's what he was – a kid is dead & the guy who killed him walked free. I understand how legally this may be allowable, and I don't fault the jury per say because nobody wants to condemn a person to jail if they aren't completely convince of their guilt, but there is something wrong with the system when something like this can happen.
Justice is a process not a result. I think the thinking (feeling) is that Mr. Zimmerman had no consequences.
I haven't been following as close as everyone else seemed to be. I did not like the beginning black/white issue it was made out to be. I did not like how while campaigning Obama rushed to take a side and said it was a b/w issue and Zimmerman is Hispanic. How do you get a fair trial when campaigners take a side? I thought it was a political agenda trial in its beginning; right to carry arms and defend self.
So, in addition to having great taste, being a great writer, and having one of my favorite blogs- you're also an intelligent divergent logical thinker. I knew we were sisters.
In the end Trayvon Martin died due to another person's stupidity. That person should be held liable to some degree. I don't care if they are purple with green stripes, you kill someone you need to be held accountable. I don't know if FL dropped the ball again, or what the deal is but there seems to be a pattern that has occurred in that state and they need to look at their judicial system and get their heads out of their asses.
Several times today if said, "Justice is a process not a result", and the problem here is ACCOUNTABILITY. I genuinely thank you for taking the time to comment on what is a VERY sensitive subject Alyson.
This comment has been removed by the author.
Zimmerman's father is a former magistrate judge & very white. His mother, Gladys, is a former school teacher. I'm not sure where the Hispanic-ness comes in. I grew up smack dab in the middle of black vs Hispanic gang turf wars in/outside Chicago circa 1995. Do other cities/states really not have the ongoing race issues between these minorities?? I know the prison system definitely does and wasn't surprised at all by what I saw reported. But maybe that's because I grew up with kids like both Trayvon & George ~ trying to rep for their 'hoods and keep the other kinds of people out.
Update: His mother is Peruvian. At any rate, unless both guys were the same ethnicity it was always going to be about race, regardless which races they were.
I believe your last sentence sums it up, thank you very much.
Get this woman a talk show! You would be refreshing on TV compared to what's on there now.
Hahahaha. No, you gone on. Actually, I'd LOVE a talk show. Tune in every Monday for a departure from the pleasantries of my usual posts.
Love this post. And can I also say, What the heck was that with Obama getting involved? Since when does a president speak out on a murder trial when it's one victim? What about all of the white, hispanic, asian people who are murdered everyday? Where was his outrage then?
It is almost unheard of. Tragedy seems to be ala carte these days.
Oh yeah, and I applaud you for being willing to take on this topic. Thank you!
Why Thank YOu. I'm testing a new 'voice' on Mondays. Some of my family & friends have asked me to 'be real' a bit more. So glad your reading!
An act of stupidity. That's what it comes down to, in the end. One guy with a gun and a very stupid moment.
I do think the legal system dropped the ball over and over again. Maybe for this, and many other reasons (2000 election comes to mind), Florida needs to be demoted from state status until it finally gets itself sorted. I don't imagine that will play well in Miami, huh?
And Al Sharpton never met a photo op he didn't love. The man's a dirtbag.
And…. Jesse Jackson, and Chuck Schumer, and…..


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An Open Source vector graphics editor, with capabilities similar to Illustrator, CorelDraw, or Xara...
Created by Inkscape
Great program, does things that Illustrator can't but it does fall over or die with bigger files.
Pros: colour picker way better than Illustrator
Pros: brilliant tiled clones feature
Pros: auto trace image more sensitive than illustrator
Pros: Love the spray gun!
Pros: easier path simplify and path manipulation tools
Pros: Easy resize document! Just try this in Illustrator....
Cons: no pressure sensitivity yet (illustrator brought this in years ago)
Cons: Can't handle big vector files, dies on some operations.
Cons: Funky SVG format.
Cons: Path manipulation (boolean / join / difference / exclusion etc not always predictable. Sometimes have to use layers to work - sometimes not.
Is not usable on macbook pro as the UI and canvas is blurry.
I downloaded this application on two separate occasions and on two different machines. The first was on my personal Mac to see how the freeware compared to Illustrator. When it bugged out on my Mac I assumed it was because I was using a roundabout way to get it to run and that was the problem. Fast forward to over a year later and I downloaded it again on a PC for work related projects. Turns out my original assumption was incorrect and this program is buggy all the way through.
The interface looks outdated
Handling is terrible
Guides don't lock
Objects don't snap
Crashes all the time
The layers feature is a pain to navigate
are just a few among a number of problems with this software. I worked with it for 3 months and was never able to over come these issues. If its just a learning curve its a big one.
It's impossible to get the professional quality work from this application that you can get with Illustrator. If you need a vector program for work or school, its no contest. Save yourself time and headache. Invest in illustrator.
It also doesn't configure itself. Sadly you have to do that manually. And much of the problems have been solved. Especially the crashing one, it's much more stable now, and even automatically saves.
But the layers features is still indeed more clunky.


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Network for Good's mission is to increase charitable giving from individuals and decrease the cost of fundraising for nonprofits by providing the public with an easy, safe and efficient way to give to the charity of their choice and by enabling nonprofits to engage supporters through low-cost, online fundraising solutions.
Throughout the United States
Mr. Scott Case
Mr. Robert Deily
Crisis, Disaster, Issue, Internet, Giving, Volunteering, Advocacy
Also Known As
See more addresses
Main Address
1140 Connecticut Ave NW Ste 700
Washington, DC 20036 USA
Philanthropy / Charity / Voluntarism Promotion (General) (T50)
Fund Raising and/or Fund Distribution (W12)
Community Improvement, Capacity Building N.E.C. (S99)
IRS Filing Requirement
This organization is required to file an IRS Form 990 or 990-EZ.
How does this organization make a difference?
Self-reported by organization
Since 2001, Network for Good has processed over $1.4 billion for over 125,000 nonprofits. We build the capacity of small and mid-sized nonprofits across the philanthropic community by sharing fundraising tips, conducting capacity building trainings and webinars and disseminating the latest research and best practices through blog posts and newsletters.
Self-reported by organization
What are the organization's current programs, how do they measure success, and who do the programs serve?
Program 1
Online Giving Services
Network for Good envisions a world where there are compelling opportunities to give back at every person's fingertips.
Network for Good powers good causes through an innovative giving platform that securely and efficiently distributes thousands of donations from individual givers to their favorite charities each year. We believe small and mid-sized nonprofits have big missions and deserve access to the technology and services that enable their success.
Program long term success
To create a more giving society by making it compelling, easy and convenient to support any charity, anytime, anywhere
Program success monitored by
Nine key performance indicators
Program success examples
Not available
Philanthropy, Voluntarism & Grantmaking
Population(s) Served
General Public/Unspecified
Self-reported by organization
Five powerful questions that require reflection about what really matters - results.
Throughout the United States
Social Media
External Reviews
Source: greatnonprofits.org
The review section is powered by Great Nonprofits
Financial information is an important part of gauging the short- and long-term health of the organization.
Sign In or Create Account to view Revenue and Expenses information
The people, governance practices, and partners that make the organization tick.
Mr. Scott Case
Mr. Robert Deily
Timothy "Scott" Case is a technologist, entrepreneur and inventor and was founding CTO of Priceline, the "Name Your Own Price" company that was one of only a handful of startups in US history to reach a billion dollars in annual sales in less than 24 months. As Chief Technology Officer, he was responsible for building the technology that enabled Priceline's hyper-growth.
Most recently, Scott co-founded Main Street Genome, a startup focused on developing a software representation of the entire Main Street Economy.
In 2011, Scott was named founding CEO of the Startup America Partnership, and now serves on the board of Up Global where he invests his energy to support high-growth startup communities in the U.S. and around the world.
Prior to joining the Startup America Partnership, Scott served as CEO of Malaria No More, where he worked to inspire individuals and institutions in the private sector to end deaths caused by malaria. Previously, Scott helped build a portfolio of intellectual property at the Walker Digital and is a named inventor on dozens of U.S. patents including the underlying portfolio for Priceline. Scott also co-founded Precision Training Software, a software company that developed the world's first PC-based simulated flight instructor and photo-realistic flight simulator.
Scott Case
Main Street Genome
GuideStar worked with BoardSource, the national leader in nonprofit board leadership and governance, to create this section, which enables organizations and donors to transparently share information about essential board leadership practices. Self-reported by organization
Does the board conduct a formal orientation for new board members and require all board members to sign a written agreement regarding their roles, responsibilities, and expectations?
Has the board conducted a formal, written assessment of the chief executive within the past year?
Have the board and senior staff reviewed the conflict-of-interest policy and completed and signed disclosure statements in the past year?
Does the board ensure an inclusive board member recruitment process that results in diversity of thought and leadership?
Has the board conducted a formal, written self-assessment of its performance within the past three years?


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You missed it This great deal for New Face New Body is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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Spring dresses and pastel suits are making an appearance around the D -- many receiving but a quick touch-up to restore them to wrinkle-free condition. Iron-ically, giving new life to your skin can leave you much more hard-pressed. But at New Face New Body, $99 is linen itself to a wrinkle-free face with one fractional laser skin-resurfacing treatment (a $600 value). This non-ablative treatment will smooth out the signs of aging as a technician targets problem areas in a 30- to 60-minute treatment, erasing wrinkles, sun damage, acne scarring, and stretch marks-- all while tightening skin. Healing time is minimal, as this treatment will leave you fresh-faced for upcoming events after your procedure. And at 84% off, the price won't leave you steamed.
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|24 Aug 2015, 03:07
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Sign up for Equitymaster's free daily newsletter, The 5 Minute WrapUp and get access to our latest Multibagger guide (2017 Edition) on picking money-making stocks.This is an entirely free service. No payments are to be made.
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Share markets in India finished on a strong footing tracking positive trend in global markets after the market's favored candidate, Emmanuel Macron, won the first round of the French presidential election.
SAIL has reported a 26.2% YoY increase in the topline while the bottomline reported a loss of Rs 7.94 billion.More Views on News
Rohan and Kunal present you the discussions with professor Sanjay Bakshi in his virtual classroom.
Why HDFC Bank beat the Sensex by nearly 3 times.
The link between the Indian economy and the stock market is weak, and the stock market is not a reflection of the Indian economy.
An elephant and six blind men will tell you more about the markets than any financial newspaper or channel.
The MFU platform offers ease, convenience, and speed of transacting in various mutual fund schemes.More


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|May 5
|Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire
|Jul 13
|The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
|Sep 3
|The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire
|Sep 4
|The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of Manfred, King of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti
|Sep 20
|The Great Prussian Uprising among the old Prussians begins against the Teutonic Knights
|Oct 24
|Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself
|Oct 24
|The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France; the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site
|Oct 24
|Qutuz the third of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt in the Turkic line from 1259 until his death in 1260. It was under his leadership that the Mamluks achieved success against the Mongols in the key Battle of Ain Jalut. Qutuz was assassinated by a fellow Mamluk leader, Baibars, on the triumphant return journey to Cairo. Although Qutuz's reign was short, he is one of the most popular Mamluk sultans in the Islamic world and holds one of the highest positions in Islamic history
|Feb 2
|Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz were Roman Catholic, Dominican martyrs killed by Mongols during the Second Mongol invasion of Poland in 1260. As homage to the deaths of these martyrs, Polish Dominican friars were given special dispensation allowing the usage of red belts in their habits
|Feb 19
|Boniface of Brussels 19 February. His relics are at the Kapellekerk and at La Cambre Abbey. He is also known as Boniface of Lausanne
|May 12
|Constance of Toulouse the daughter of Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse and his second wife Beatrice of Béziers.
|Aug 20
|Jaromar II Prince of Rügen a Danish nobleman. He was the ruling Prince of Rügen from 1249 until his death
|Oct 7
|Albert I Duke of Saxony a Duke of Saxony, Angria, and Westphalia; Lord of Nordalbingia; Count of Anhalt; and Prince-elector and Archmarshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Even though his grandfather Albert the Bear had held the Saxon dukedom between 1138 and 1142, this Albert is counted as the first


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Miss Adria 2017Build Your Brand! Showcase your company to multicultural audience from 7 countries.
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Westbrook Pool & Spa Co
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1918 Hits
According to the American Heart Association, Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is the most common type of irregular heartbeat. The top chambers in the heart actually quiver due to abnormal firing of electrical impulses. AFib is a serious medical condition that can increase risk of stroke.
A person with AFib may have no symptoms at all or may experience:


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Welcome to 8tracks radio: free music streaming for any time, place, or mood. tagged with Snow White, disney, and disney princess. You can also download one of our free apps to enjoy internet radio on your favorite device.
Published July 13, 2014 by galllifrey
fairest in the land
Published July 13, 2014
Published August 06, 2016 by disneykhaleesi
Fairy Tale OTP Series: Snow White and the Prince
Published August 06, 2016
Published September 06, 2014 by prouvairet
Tremble for my beloved.
Published September 06, 2014
Published October 31, 2015 by autisticwillsolace
Twisted Princess: Snow White
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Skin W H I T E as S N O W ⊛ A Snow White Mix
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no ordinary wings
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Whether at home, in a nursing home or a hospice – people in need of care should always get the best care possible. Thereby, carers have to pay attention to individual factors like a different cultural background for example. REHACARE.com shows why this is so important by the example of some culturally sensitive projects in our Topic of the Month April: intercultural care.
That people see the positive skills of others first, and not their shortcomings – that is Katrin Sickerts heartfelt wish. But also traveling is very high on her wish list. She can laugh about many things – and she does it happily and loud. Why compliments and appreciation are important to her and what kind of role for pupils she has in mind, she tells us at REHACARE.com.
Literature should be accessible to all – including people who depend on texts written in Simple English. A project in Frankfurt, Germany, now wants to make this possible. REHACARE.com spoke with Hauke Hückstädt, the director of the Literaturhaus Frankfurt (English: House of Literature Frankfurt) about the "Frankfurt, deine Geschichte. Literatur in Einfacher Sprache" (English: Frankfurt. This is your story. Literature in Simple Language) project.


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I witnessed my first motorcycle accident aged 13 in 1976. David demanded to race his 1958 vintage 150cc single-cylinder James Captain against my 1967 Raleigh Wisp. It was ostensibly futile. The James was feeble by modern standards, but it still produced a lot more power than my moped. The difference was that my brakes worked.
We lined up on a closed strip of Tarmac leading to an old railway yard. A narrow 300-yard straight ended in a sharp right-hand bend bordered by a dry-stone wall. David's twin fired the starting gun (his air rifle) and I led for 250 yards, but I could hear the James thundering behind me.
Approaching the corner, I braked and David roared past. He lost control and smashed his leg against the wall before ricocheting back on to the road in a mess of steel and blood. He was barely conscious.
Stupid stunts like that on MOT failures with dead brakes and non-existent suspension were how many of my generation learnt to ride. Modern teenagers have a better option. For prices starting not far above £100 they can buy mini-motorbikes with ventilated disc-brakes and monoshock suspensions. Until recently it filled my heart with joy to see so many motorcyclists of the future enjoying themselves on these educational toys.
Sadly, the Government does not regard them as toys. Sunk deep in its addiction to the twin stereotypes of the fragile child and the feral adolescent it perceives mini-motorcycles as threatening. Either they will injure their users or terrify the public. Ergo, they must be stopped.
At first this crusade against enjoyment contented itself with warnings that mini-motos may only be ridden on private land, and lectures from police officers asserting that the machines are anti-social and "can be lethal". Next, police forces began using new powers to crush bikes they found being "ridden illegally or irresponsibly". Now one of New Labour's finest wants to go further.
In the Commons last month, Chris Bryant MP tabled a Ten Minute Rule Bill that would introduce compulsory registration for all off-road motorcycles. It would require about 250,000 machines kept for private use to complete the same formalities as road legal vehicles.
As Craig Carey Clinch of the Motorcycle Industry Association points out: "The scheme would be expensive, legally complex and ineffective. Implementation would cost money which would be recouped largely from people who are not part of the problem, rather than those that are already committing multiple offences."
These are the idiots who ride their mini-bikes on public roads, in parks or along canal towpaths. I find the most effective response is to laugh at them. Anyone over 5'4" looks daft on a mini-motorcycle. But if humiliation does not, work police powers are already ample.
Mini-bikes used on public roads without registration plates and insurance contravene road traffic Acts. Riding in parks and on footpaths is illegal. All that is required to prevent such abuses is enforcement of existing legislation. Bringing charges against a motorcyclist with number plates requires exactly the same amount of labour as apprehending one without.
Granted, Ten Minute Rule Bills are the parliamentary equivalent of graffiti. But they allow MPs to express support in principle, and the hysteria about mini-motos is such that I can easily imagine the Government adopting Mr Bryant's proposal. Then the cost of owning mini-bikes will rise, potential motorcyclists will be deterred and teenagers can go back to harming themselves on lumps of rusting junk. Tremendous.Reuse content


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You missed it This great deal for Impact Dance Centre is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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back by popular demand:
Impact Dance Centre
Four Kids' Dance Classes
- Save 50%
- 30 purchased
100% recommendedin LivingSocial customer ratings
This studio on South Adkins Way offers a family-friendly environment for students of all ages to develop their technique, teamwork, motivation, and self-esteem:
• $20 ($40 value) for four kids' dance classes
• Classes for all interests -- from jazz to hip-hop
• Kids as young as 18 months can participate
"They are great to work with. My lil' girl loves them!" - LivingSocial Member
Why You'll Love It
A local extension of the STARS National Dance Program, this studio provides a high-quality dance curriculum for dancers of all experience levels.Wood-sprung floors provide a strong defense against stress-related injuries, while enthusiastic instructors lend their expertise to 45- to 90-minute sessions that range from kindergarten-level ballet to advanced hip-hop. Along with jazz, tumbling, acrobatic, lyrical, and musical theater, the schedule offers boot camps and Mommy/Daddy & Me classes.
Impact Dance Centre's Website
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON April 30, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON May 4, 2014


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For the best healthcare for your needs, choose a doctor who specializes in your medical condition.
Check to see that this provider treats your medical condition.
Check to see that this provider performs the procedure that you need.
Check to see if your provider has any malpractices, board actions, or sanctions.
Learn more about where this provider went to medical school, residency, and more.
Check to see what languages this provider and/or staff speak.
View memberships and affiliations associated with this provider.
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Linton II to family and friends is 5 out of 5
I offer a special thank you to all of those who submitted a review. Your positive story may offer the hope to someone else who needs just a little encouragement to make the call for help.
If for any reason you were not completely satisfied with our office, call and speak with me directly. My goal is to help every patient who walks into my office. If I cannot help directly, then I can refer to...more