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Deeplinks Blog posts about PATRIOT Act
With each recent revelation about the NSA's spying programs government officials have tried to reassure the American people that all three branches of government—the Executive branch, the Judiciary branch, and the Congress—knowingly approved these programs and exercised rigorous oversight over them. President Obama recited this talking point just last week, saying: "as President, I've taken steps to make sure they have strong oversight by all three branches of government and clear safeguards to prevent abuse and protect the rights of the American people." With these three pillars of oversight in place, the argument goes, how could the activities possibly be illegal or invasive of our privacy?
Skype has long claimed to be "end-to-end encrypted", an architectural category that suggests conversations over the service would be difficult or impossible to eavesdrop upon, even given control of users' Internet connections. But Skype's 2005 independent security review admits a caveat to this protection: "defeat of the security mechanisms at the Skype Central Server" could facilitate a "man-in-the-middle attack" (see section 3.4.1). Essentially, the Skype service plays the role of a certificate authority for its users and, like other certificate authorities, could facilitate eavesdropping by giving out the wrong keys.
Questions for Comey: Former Top DOJ Attorney Who Oversaw NSA Spying Under Bush is Nominated to Become Next FBI Director
Current Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director Robert Mueller's term is expiring (again), and the Senate Judiciary Committee will be holding a hearing to question the nominee to replace Mueller, James Comey.
Yesterday, the Guardian released two previously-classified documents describing the internal "minimization" and "targeting" procedures used by the NSA to conduct surveillance under Section 702. These procedures are approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) on an annual basis and are supposed to serve as the bulwark between the NSA's vast surveillance capabilities and the private communications of Americans.
People around the world have joined EFF's call to stop the National Security Agency's mass surveillance of ordinary people, and now you can show your support with our revamped NSA spying t-shirt for members! EFF's original 2008 design depicted the collaboration of AT&T with the NSA - a reference to our Hepting v. AT&T and Jewel v. NSA warrantless wiretapping cases. Now we see the NSA's glowering, red-eyed eagle using his talons to plug into all of your data. Join or renew your EFF membership today to help unplug big brother!
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text: So, this will be the first year I've ever had to train in the cold and snow. Didn't take long to figure out bumpers turn very hard. Seems to be causing her to chew, roll, cigar, just not holding them well. I have not forced yet but she held nicely prior to the cold hitting. I really feel it's the frozen bumpers. Are some dummies better for cold weather training?

subset: commoncrawl


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Insects are gross and big ones are disgusting and really big insects are impressively disgusting.
We had the Ackley and Mustafar lava flea.
But we have not had the main characters ride the insects like they rode banthas and dewbacks .
I have just noticed my 1/6 scale dewback and out of the corner of my eye I had imagined it being a giant green praying mantis. What a disgustingly awful toy that would make huh?


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A young boy walks the railroad tracks with a delusional girl who lives alone in an old house. A poet reunites with his mother at the bottom of the sea. A wealthy, restless sorority girl is drawn to a working-class writer. And an elderly woman living with relatives who have come to despise her presence. These are the plots of works by a playwright most known for Laura Wingfield's glass creatures and Stanley Kowalski's mournful "Stella!" But that playwright, Tennessee Williams, created a large body of works that aren't often produced, and to celebrate his hundredth birthday, Portland Stage Company is staging a lyrical, beautifully produced pastiche of four of them. Sally Wood directs an ensemble of four actors in this world-premiere gathering of short plays, entitled Hidden Tennessee.
Audiences enter the theater to a projection of Williams's complete, intimidatingly long bibliography on the back stage wall, and shortly after the lights go down, we hear recited excerpts from his famously poetic stage directions, and see his words typed out in projection. This overture lovingly conjures both the span and texture of his life and work, before the cast gathers to speak ensemble-style of Williams's publications, awards, first use of the name "Tennessee," and other watershed moments in his career. These biographical interludes form the connective tissue between the four short plays of the show.
All four works have appeared on stage — three were originally written as one-acts, and one as a short story — but never in this particular theatrical constellation. Act one begins with This Property Is Condemned (which became a 1966 film with Robert Redford and Natalie Wood), in which a young boy, Tom (Justin Adams), gains a troubling glimpse into the poverty and illusions of a young orphan, Willie (the marvelously gamine Sarah Lord). The next one-act, Steps Must Be Gentle, channels Williams's own struggles with an overbearing mother, who did not approve of his work or homosexuality, into the very similar circumstances of American poet Hart Crane (Adams). In this experimental piece, published in 1980, only three years before Williams's death, Crane (who jumped off a steamship and died at the age of 32) reunites with his mother (Maureen Butler) at the bottom of a blue and diaphanous sea (Anita Stewart's set design is once again evocative).
Act two opens with an enactment of the short story The Field of Blue Children. Beautiful, rich Myra (a radiant Courtney Moors) is of a social stratum that doesn't generally mix with folks like Homer (Adams), who is working to put himself through college, and whose hands she watches intently crimping the pages of books. Their coming together rouses the transcendent emotionality of that age, manifested in a gorgeous climax when Homer leads Myra through the night to a field of blue flowers. Finally, the last piece of the show addresses the uneasy failures and insecurities of old age, when Aunt Rose (Butler, with wrenchingly sensitive pathos) has outstayed her welcome in rural Mississippi with her niece (Moors, who is sensual and nuanced, fluctuating between cruelty and guilt) and nephew-in-law (Adams).
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Courtney starts her sophomore year of high school
SPOKANE, Wash. - The first day of school is fast approaching, and a new school year deserves a fresh start.
That is just what this week's Wednesday's Child is getting, with the help of some new friends
In just a couple of weeks, Courtney starts her second year of high school.Courtney starts her sophomore year of high school
"It's a bigger school, with a lot more people and older kids, so, I'm a little nervous," Courtney said.
Courtney is a friendly young lady who lacks confidence, but is willing to try new things.
She likes hanging out with friends and read.
She also likes to watch wrestling; Jeff Hardy is her favorite wrestler.
And she loves animals, especially horses.
"I think they're very pretty, and they're fun to ride and you just have to know how to be gentle with them so that they don't freak out," she said.
Courtney would love to be adopted into a family with horses, or with access to them.
A mom and dad would be great; she'd like to be the only child at home.
Mostly, she'd just like to be stable
"I could stay in one place for the rest of my life pretty much and not have to keep moving, 'cause I'm tired of moving," Courtney said.
Staying in the Spokane area would be best for Courtney.
She hopes to keep in contact with her biological father and she doesn't want to leave her friends.
This young lady would bring a lot to a family
"I'm kind and I have a really good heart and I try to be nice," she said, "I'm really caring, I care about animals and I think I have a really good heart."


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Gopherlongbeards wrote:I'm just as excited as I am the night before a spring hun
Gopherlongbeards wrote:Saturday I called a flock of 11 jakes in to about 15 yards. Unfortunately they were on the wrong side of the fence, and wouldn't cross.
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Alternate name: Mackerel Jack
Family: Carangidae, Jacks view all from this family
Description The Pacific jack mackerel,Trachurus symmetricus (also known as the Californian jack mackerel or simply jack mackerel), is an abundant species of pelagic marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is distributed along the western coast of North America, ranging from Alaska in the north to the Gulf of California in the south, inhabiting both offshore and inshore environments. The Pacific jack mackerel is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 81 cm, although commonly seen below 55 cm. It is very similar in appearance to other members of its genus, Trachurus, especially Trachurus murphyi, which was once thought to be a subspecies of T. symmetricus, and inhabits waters further south. Pacific jack mackerel travel in large schools, ranging up to 600 miles offshore and to depths of 400 m, generally moving through the upper part of the water column.
The Pacific jack mackerel is classified within the genus Trachurus, commonly known as the horse mackerels or jack mackerels. Trachurus is part of the jack family Carangidae, a group of Perciform fish in the suborder Percoidei. Recent genetic studies have divided the Carangidae into four subfamilies, with the genus Trachurus falling into the 'Caranginae' (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the 'scads' of the genera Decapterus and Selar.
Dimensions Up to 32" (81 cm).
Habitat Open ocean, Ocean or bay shallows, Estuaries, tidal flats & salt marshes.
Range California, Northwest, Western Canada, Alaska.


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Aiwa HP-EC101 Ear Clip Headphones (Black/Carbon Color)
Less is more with AIWA's "shellz" ear clip-type headphones. Choose from a variety of colors (gray, pearl white or blue) or go for the glitter. Exciting look, exciting sound.
Jelly Bud Earphones
Amazing jelly earbuds!!! Each is made from silicone and has a in-ear design that is made to fit in your ear! Perfect for Ipods, MP3 players, etc! Each comes in either pink, blue, or black and a 48 inch cord. Excellent sound quality and WAREHOUSE DIRECT! These are CLEARANCE items that are selling for far cheaper that they would at ANY store. Don't be fooled by the cheap Ebay rip offs with...


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My ability to dress nicely for work apparently stops at my waist. Well, kind of nice anyway, since I rarely iron my shirts. When it comes to pants, the "worn" parts of distressed jeans becomes actual holes after a while. Big surprise!
On a totally unrelated note, I wish I had a bright orange coffee cup like that.


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Compensable Time: For What Time Must An Employee Be Paid? - The Maryland Guide to Wage Payment and Employment Standards
All of the time an employer requires an employee to be at work is compensable time, whether or not the employee is officially "on the clock". This includes time driving in the employer's truck from worksite to worksite during the day. It also includes time driving from the shop to the work site at the beginning of the day and returning to the shop at the end of the day, if the employer requires the employee to report to and return to the shop. Some examples of illegal practices include the following:
Example 1: An employee is required to report to work at 7:30, but is not paid for the time before punch-in at 8:00.
Example 2: An employee is not paid for the time she is required to clean-up the employer's shop at the end of the day.
Note: A tipped employee who spends more than 20 percent of the employees work time performing non-tip producing duties directly related to their tipped occupation shall be paid by the employer at least the minimum wage for that time. (Code of Maryland Regulation (COMAR) 09.12.41.19.)


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Somebody mention Chips? I like the kettle cooked Lays!
Old geezer wakin up from his nap regards!
There are a least two types of RFID devices, passive and active. Active devices have a battery and transmit a signal to receivers. Passive devices have a unique shape or design that reflects a correspondingly unique pattern when scanned with a RFID reader. These last a long time and do not need a battery. You could embed passive RFID chips in children at birth containing unique identification information. They could be read by readers the person walks through/near, or by a hand held scanner. These have the limitation that you must be in close proximity to a reader to track the child. They should last for life but may migrate to other parts of the body where readers might not pick them up as readily.
To the original question, NO, if I had kids, I can't imagine allowing them to carry one of these around.
Last edited by HPL; 02-28-2013 at 07:21 PM.
Any doctrine that weakens personal responsibility for judgment and for action helps create the attitudes that welcome and support the totalitarian state.
(John Dewey)
Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your own reputation; for 'tis better to be alone than in bad company.
(George Washington)
Gig'em Aggies!! BTCO'77HOO t.u.!!
Ahhh implanting the citizenry with chips starting at childhood. Creepy....
Julie R., Hope Springs Farm
Chesapeake Bay Retrievers since 1981


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5 Palo Alto Square
Los Angeles, California 90017
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Commercial Litigation and 2) Intellectual Property
|Law School
|UCLA School of Law
|Admitted Year
|University of California, Los Angeles (B.A., 1995;
|Most recent firm
|Kirkland & Ellis LLP
|Relevant Jobs
IP Secretary / Paralegal
USA-CA-Los Angeles
Seek an IP Secretary / Paralegal for a full-time position at our Los Angeles office. 2+ years Patent Prosecution experience required; Patent Litigation experience is a plus. LHDK&W is an inter...
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Employment Litigation Associate - 2-5 Years Experience
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LTL Attorneys LLP (LTL) is an AV-rated litigation boutique serving some of the most recognized corporations in the world. Our Downtown Los Angeles office is in immediate need of an employment litiga...
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Paralegal Duties: Calendar hearings, discovery and motion deadlines. Propound and respond to Discovery. Conduct legal research on Lexis Nexis. File court documents through Lexis Nexis File & Serve Xpr...
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A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Benjamin P. Smith is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Litigation Practice. He is a trial lawyer with a particular focus on high-stakes disputes in the biotechnology, medical device, and internet industries.


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The Heart-Check Food Certification Program's nutrition requirements for certification are based on the sound science of the American Heart Association regarding healthy dietary recommendations including food categories, specific product ingredients and nutrient values.
To be certified, a product must meet specific nutrition requirements. The Heart-Check program has seven different categories of certification, and each category has a different set of nutrition requirements. All products must also meet government regulatory requirements for making a coronary heart disease health claim. When a product is close to exceeding the limits for fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fat or sodium, independent third-party lab testing is conducted to verify that it meets our nutrition requirements.
Most nutrient requirements are per FDA/USDA RACC amounts (RACC = Reference Amount Customarily Consumed or "standardized serving size"). Some are per additional or other measurement amounts as noted with an asterisk below. Main Dish and Meal Products do not have RACC amounts.
*Measurement amounts in addition to or instead of RACC.
Additional Resources:
- See these nutrition requirements in a PDF chart.
- See the Sodium Limits by Category.
- See the list of Heart-Check certified foods.
The American Heart Association Heart-Check Food Certification Program is designed to help consumers make informed choices about the foods they purchase. The nutrition requirements are food-based and intended for healthy people over age two. The Heart-Check program is not a dietary solution for any particular condition or disease. People with medical conditions or dietary restrictions should follow the advice of their healthcare professionals.
Food manufacturers participating in the program pay administrative fees to the American Heart Association to cover program operating expenses. No donations are used to support the program.


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I'll be getting those Cantina aliens for sure. I've been wanting figures of those guys since the late 70's. Especially the Landspeeder dealer (Wioslea) - freakin' cool.
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Target West Hollywood had a lone SW Transformers TIE Bomber/TIE Pilot yesterday. Pricing has gone up 10% though, so I passed.
Darth Vader is becoming the Mickey Mouse of Star Wars.
Kylo Ren - came from Space Brooklyn, although he moved to Space Williamsburg before it was trendy.
The use of a lightsaber does not make one a Jedi, it is the ability to not use it.
Received Indy Wave 4 (Temple of Doom) today in the mail (ordered from RazorsEdge). Incredible figures - Hasbro really kicked butt on this wave (and the Last Crusade wave). Highly recommended by Snags (if you manage to find them).
Still looking for an opener set so if anyone happens to find them, please stash me a set (condition doesn't matter).
-Good Old Snags
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I had the misfortune of being in Panorama City tonight, including WalMart. Luckily, I found two Coruscant Landing Clones, but no Saleucami's.
They had lots of the latest comic packs, tons of Indy pegwarmers, and a brand new island display that was all boxed up: labelled IJ, Hulk, Spiderman Combo Display. I tried to sneak a peak, but couldn't get through the cardboard.
I was able to take from the pallets a box of the exclusive Marvel Legends. The case had already been opened. Everything was there, except Crossbones (the coolest figure of that wave, in my opinion) but I did get the human torch variant.
I also got the new Universe Deluxe transformers: Ironhide and silverstreak. Ironhide is just awesome! (didn't care for the other red car).
I never scored anything at that crappy store until today.
That store saw a lot of action today! I was there this afternoon and picked up two complete sets of the Marvel Legends exclusives (a set for me, a set for Sentry) although I only purchased one of the Torches for myself. The Torches are packed 50/50.
I wonder what's in that combo display... might have to go back again tomorrow and find out!
What: SW and other collectibles garage sale
Who: hosted by Mawhonic7 (OC rebelscummer), featuring other fellow OC/LA scummers (swspiffy, ShadowTrooper, DarthCitrix, me)
When: Sat. October 11, 2008 at 9am
Where: 20381 Lake Forest Drive, Lake Forest, CA 92630 (cross streets are Lake Forest and Vista Terrace)
Notes: sale will be outside in Mawhonic's office complex, he plans on bringing Simpsons, Futurama and DC items too. Questions? Call Eric at 949-300-4217. A pre-sale meeting will be held this Sat., and finer details will be hammered out.
Why: Because you MUST obey your master..........
This is just great. The WM exclusive wave is out and I have yet to find any of the Red Hulk Target wave other than Black Spiderman. If these are still being found, please stash. Thanks.


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Beryllium - Science or Public Relations?
Beryllium is a remarkable metal. It is stiffer than steel, lighter than aluminum, and causes chronic beryllium disease at very low levels of exposure. It is also causes cancer in humans. There is no evidence of a safe exposure level. Beryllium has long been employed in nuclear and defense operations, and is now being used in bicycle frames and other consumer products.
The current OSHA workplace exposure standard was developed in a 1948 discussion held in the back seat of a taxi by two Atomic Energy Commission scientists - for this reason it is known as the "taxicab standard". This standard is widely acknowledged to be insufficiently protective, and workers exposed to levels below the standard have developed beryllium-related disease.
There is a currently a national discussion underway on the hazards of beryllium. The National Academy of Sciences will soon issue a report, requested by the Air Force, on protecting Defense Department personnel exposed to beryllium. The EPA has announced that it is revising its beryllium risk assessment document, and OSHA is moving, albeit at glacial pace, to replace the taxicab standard.
Brush Wellman, the nation's leading beryllium producer, waged a thirty year campaign to defend the taxicab standard and to dispute any study that identified beryllium as a carcinogen. The efforts to defend the taxicab standard are the subject of a recent paper in the journal Public Health Reports "Beryllium's Public Relations Problem: Protecting Workers When There is No Safe Exposure Level" by SKAPP's David Michaels and Celeste Monforton. These efforts, along with the campaign to discredit studies showing beryllium's cancer causing properties, are also described in greater detail in David Michaels' new book Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health (Oxford University Press 2008).
Marc E. Kolanz, CIH, Brush Wellman's Vice President for Environmental Health and Safety, has written a letter to the editor of Public Health Reports responding to Michaels and Monforton. Much of the letter is simply a presentation of Brush's current interpretation of beryllium-related scientific questions--questions that are only tangential to the Michaels and Monforton paper. However, Mr. Kolanz also asserts that Michaels and Monforton's version of the history of the knowledge and public policy concerning the prevention of beryllium-related disease, and the role of the U.S. beryllium industry, is "inaccurate and incomplete."
In their paper, Michaels and Monforton wrote:
In the face of increasing evidence about the toxic effects of their products, the beryllium industry also turned for assistance to the public relations (PR) firm, Hill and Knowlton. This firm has gained much notoriety for its now well-known efforts in manufacturing and promoting scientific uncertainty for the tobacco industry.
Mr. Kolanz disputes this:
"The best example of the authors' skewed presentation of industry communications is their emphasis on the Hill and Knowlton (H&K) professional media relations proposal submitted to Brush Wellman. Contrary to the authors' statements, we did not hire Hill and Knowlton nor implement its proposal." (emphasis added)
In their reply to Mr. Kolanz's letter, Michaels and Monforton provide several primary documents showing that Hill and Knowlton worked for Brush and that the PR firm billed Brush for public relations work:
- an invoice sent by the public relations firm to Brush (with accompanying note);
- the H&K public relations program proposal
- an internal Brush memo talking about materials needed for the H&K initiative;
- a letter from Brush to H&K providing "supporting information for the PR program";
- a series of letters developed by H&K for Brush to send to its customers reassuring them of the safety of beryllium; and
- copies of letters sent by Brush Wellman that include much of the text provided by H&K (with copies sent to H&K).
We believe that readers will want to see the original documents that illuminate the beryllium industry's public relations efforts. To facilitate this, we have posted and linked to many of the key documents in the original Michaels and Monforton paper below, and we've posted links to documents cited in the reply to Mr. Kolanz (including the Hill and Knowlton documents) here.
* * * * *
The following case study was originally published in Public Health Reports (Jan/Feb 2008) as "Beryllium's Public Relations Problem: Protecting Workers When There is No Safe Exposure Level" (PDF of article; PDF of Brush response and Michaels/Monforton reply)
In a dramatic announcement on a national television news magazine in April 2000, Bill Richardson, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) acknowledged that his agency collaborated with the beryllium industry to defeat a 1975 attempt by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to reduce workers' exposure to beryllium, a collaboration that was brought to public attention in a 1999 investigation by Toledo Blade reporter Sam Roe (1).
"Priority one was production of our nuclear weapons," Richardson stated. "[The] last priority was the safety and health of the workers that build these weapons" (2).
The Secretary's declaration was remarkable; rarely do the most senior officials in government admit deception that resulted in death and disability of its own citizens. Yet, for those in the public health community, the Secretary's candid announcement was long overdue. Scores of workers employed in the production of nuclear weapons had been diagnosed with Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD), a progressive and irreversible inflammatory lung disease, and there was increasingly powerful evidence that CBD was associated with exposure at levels below the permissible exposure limit in place at the time. In response to this evidence, the beryllium industry waged a concerted campaign to delay a more protective workplace exposure standard. Eventually, when the scientific evidence became so great that it was no longer credible to deny that workers developed CBD at levels permitted by an outdated exposure limit, the beryllium industry responded with a new rationale to delay promulgation of a more protective standard.
In the television interview, Secretary Richardson described how DOE was changing course, lowering the level that triggered protection for beryllium-exposed workers in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex from 2.0 ug/m3 to 0.2 ug/m3. The agency's new Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program was designed to provide further protection for workers from a substance so insidious that no safe level of exposure has ever been established.
The DOE rule covers only workers employed in the nuclear weapons complex. Although OSHA has acknowledged the inadequacy of its present workplace beryllium exposure standard, which generally applies to workers in the private sector, the agency has not updated it. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have estimated that there are between 28,000 and 107,000 private-sector workers potentially exposed to beryllium in the U.S.; all but 1,500 of these workers are employed outside the primary beryllium industry (3).
This case study presents a history of the knowledge and public policy concerning the prevention of beryllium-related disease, focusing primarily on the role of the U.S. beryllium industry in shaping the policies of the regulatory system. A similar investigation has been performed in the United Kingdom (4). The present study is based on a review of documents and on the personal knowledge of one of the authors, who, as Assistant Secretary of Energy for Environment, Safety and Health, directed the agency's efforts to issue a stronger beryllium exposure limit and develop a program to provide compensation payments to workers with CBD. Some of the documents cited were obtained from government files and others were provided by attorneys who obtained them in litigation.
The First Beryllium Workplace Exposure Limit
The first significant industrial use of beryllium occurred in the 1930s, in the production of fluorescent lamp tubes. Soon after the metal was first introduced, at least 45 workers from fluorescent lamp factories in Massachusetts developed a form of chemical pneumonitis now known as Acute Beryllium Disease (ABD); some died from the disease (5). It quickly became apparent that workers could not safely work with beryllium without respiratory protection.
Beryllium's importance grew dramatically with the Manhattan Project—the secret initiative to construct atomic weapons—and the subsequent growth of the nuclear weapons industry, fueled by the Cold War. This lightweight metal is a vital component of nuclear weapons. Beryllium slows down the speed of neutrons released when the uranium atom is split in the atomic chain reaction; this action facilitates the splitting of more atoms, thereby increasing a weapon's power or "yield". In the early years of U.S. nuclear weapons production, workers at and community residents living near production facilities developed beryllium disease. Although most of these cases among workers and community residents could be attributed to private facilities that supplied materials to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), rather than to the AEC's own facilities, the agency recognized that the situation was sufficiently serious to threaten the agency's ability to produce nuclear weapons.
Coming soon after the success of the Manhattan Project, the AEC had a group of very capable scientists who had virtually invented the field of radiation protection (6). The agency focused its attention on beryllium, funding numerous studies at laboratories and universities throughout the country. In many ways, the AEC had no choice but to tackle the problem directly. Because the weapons complex was now the nation's primary consumer of beryllium products, the AEC tacitly assumed responsibility for researching the health perils the valuable metal posed. In a 1947 report, entitled "Public Relations Problems in Connection with Occupational Diseases in the Beryllium Industry," the AEC openly acknowledged problems of both "obvious moral responsibility" and public relations, the latter exacerbated by the fact that, unlike the remote research and bomb-making facilities, some of the beryllium-processing factories were located in more populous areas. The 1947 report states bluntly that,
"There is no doubt at all that the amount of publicity and public indignation about beryllium poisoning could reach proportions met with in the cases of silicosis or radium poisoning."
It also noted that the industry was already reporting problems recruiting workers "because of local prejudice . . . engendered by actual and rumored experience with beryllium poisoning" (7).
Most importantly, AEC environmental health specialists developed a standard for limiting beryllium exposure. To avoid this public relations problem, the agency applied the standard in its own facilities, and incorporated mandatory adherence to the standard into its contracts with manufacturers from which it purchased beryllium products.
The history of the AEC beryllium standard is legendary. According to one version, it was developed in a 1948 discussion held in the back seat of a taxi by Merril Eisenbud, an AEC industrial hygienist, and Willard Machle, a physician who was a consultant to the firm building the Brookhaven Laboratory in Long Island, New York. In his autobiography, Dr. Eisenbud reports that he and Dr. Machle selected 2 ug/m3 (two micrograms of beryllium in each cubic meter of air) for workplace exposures and 0.01 ug/m3 for community exposures "in the absence of an epidemiological basis for establishing a standard"(8). Instead, the scientists used what Herbert Stokinger of the U.S. Public Health Service later described as "crude analogy"(9).
The AEC tentatively adopted these exposure limits in 1949, and then reviewed them annually for seven years before permanently accepting them (9). OSHA later adopted the 2 ug/m3 limit when it first issued workplace exposure limits in 1971. While the story of the "taxicab standard" has been often retold, a recent reviewer of the historical data has suggested that the workplace standard was actually selected on the basis of feasibility rather than Eisenbud's calculations (10).
In 1948, the 2 ug/m3 standard was a great step forward. It was very stringent for its time, and its acceptance was probably aided by two factors. The first was that it addressed a severe problem: the human cost of beryllium disease was so great that it truly threatened the AEC's mission. Second, nuclear weapons production was well funded, essentially a cost-plus operation in which the participating companies were assured a healthy profit. For the most part, the weapons plants were "government-owned, contractor-operated." They were run by private employers with the U.S. government reimbursing their costs, plus an additional percentage awarded as profit. The largest U.S. manufacturer of beryllium products was Brush Wellman; Brush (as it often was called) was both a vendor to the U.S. government and a contractor, operating a government-owned facility for the AEC in Ohio from 1950 to 1956 (11).
The standard was a great success; ABD virtually disappeared and few new CBD cases were diagnosed. But it was not long before questions arose about the level of beryllium exposure necessary to cause CBD.
Was the First Beryllium Workplace Exposure Limit Adequately Protective?
In 1952, Harriet Hardy, a pioneering occupational physician who had investigated some of the earliest cases of beryllium disease for the Massachusetts Division of Industries, established the Beryllium Case Registry (BCR) at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Previously, Dr. Hardy had been a consultant to the AEC, assisting in the investigation of beryllium disease among workers at the nuclear weapons laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Dr. Hardy received funding for the BCR from the AEC to collect ABD and CBD case reports, to track the disease and to aggregate a sufficient number of cases to conduct epidemiologic analyses (12-14). As of 1972, the BCR had recorded at least 20 CBD cases among workers who started employment after 1949, the year the AEC standard was adopted (15). By 1975, that number had risen to at least 36 (16), suggesting the disease might be occurring in workers whose exposure was below the 2 ug/m3 exposure limit. Moreover, CBD had been diagnosed in people with no workplace exposure to the metal, including individuals who simply laundered the clothes of workers, drove a milk delivery truck with a route near a beryllium plant, or tended cemetery graves near a beryllium factory (15).
Although the acute illness was seen typically among workers exposed to very high levels of soluble forms of beryllium, the distribution of the chronic form of beryllium disease did not follow the usual exposure-response model seen for most toxic substances, and CBD was seen among workers and community residents without substantial exposure histories. As early as 1951, Sterner and Eisenbud recognized that exposure levels were not correlated with CBD severity, and hypothesized an immunological susceptibility(17).
Evidence gathered by the BCR supported the theory that CBD risk was mediated by an immunological susceptibility. In 1966, Beryllium: Its Industrial Hygiene Aspects was published under the direction of the American Industrial Hygiene Association for the AEC. Dr. Stokinger, the editor of the text, asserted:
"Numerous cases of the chronic disease have occurred from exposures to seemingly trivial concentrations of a beryllium compound that at higher levels produced no effect; no dose-response relationship appears to hold" (9). (emphasis added)
It was becoming increasingly clear that the classic dose-response relationship did not apply to this metal, and that it might not be possible to identify a threshold below which no CBD cases would occur.
In these early years, the community cases were evidently viewed as anomalous, or the result of episodes of high exposure. CBD incidence among workers did drop dramatically with the reduced exposure associated with the AEC standard, leading to contemporary speculation that the 2 ug/m3 exposure limit might be overly conservative (9,18). The failure of these experts to recognize CBD in people with limited beryllium exposure may have been caused by limitations in contemporary diagnostic measures, or simply the absence of people with limited exposure.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, CBD case reports involving workers whose exposures were below 2 ug/m3 continued to emerge. In 1974, for example, representatives of NGK, a Japanese beryllium producer that also operated a U.S. facility, traveled to the U.S. to meet with U.S. beryllium industry executives. The Japanese delegation brought a report of five CBD cases that had occurred among workers exposed below the 2 ug/m3 limit (19,20). Similar cases occurred at U.S. plants, including four cases among workers at a single metal refinery who were consistently exposed to beryllium below 2 ug/m3 (21).
In parallel to the development of knowledge on the causation and natural history of CBD, scientific evidence on the carcinogenic nature of beryllium emerged in the 30 years following the end of the second world war. The evidence became sufficiently strong enough that in September 1975, the Director of NIOSH notified OSHA: "…there is ample scientific evidence that beryllium in all likelihood represents carcinogenic risk to man"(22) OSHA had been considering a rule to protect workers exposed to beryllium, and with this validation from its sister research agency, OSHA officially proposed a workplace beryllium standard in 1975 (16). Following the political decision to shelve that proposal, federal efforts to strengthen worker protection from beryllium became dormant.
While OSHA halted its efforts to strengthen the beryllium standard, NIOSH continued to conduct epidemiologic studies on cancer risk associated with beryllium exposure. Studies by NIOSH researchers found elevated risk of lung cancer among beryllium factory workers(23,24) and among cases on the BCR (25). Although the scientists consulting for the beryllium industry have disputed this evidence (26-29), both the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the U.S. National Toxicology Program have classified beryllium as a human carcinogen (30-31).
It is now understood that CBD is initiated by an immune system response to beryllium particles; the adverse health effects of beryllium exposure begin well before the disease can be diagnosed with a chest x-ray or pulmonary function test (32). The first published reports of CBD diagnosed using the blood lymphocyte proliferation tests (BeLPT) appeared in 1983 (33). By the end of the decade, the diagnostic techniques had progressed significantly, allowing clinicians to more easily identify individuals with beryllium sensitization (BeS), an immunologic condition that is a precursor to CBD (34-35).
Using the BeLPT as a screening tool, researchers have found CBD prevalence rates ranging from 0.1% to 4.4% among beryllium-exposed workers in the nuclear weapons, ceramics, primary beryllium manufacturing, metal machining, and copper-beryllium alloy industries, with BeS prevalence in these groups from 0.9% to 9.9%. In most of these surveys, workers identified through the BeLPT as beryllium sensitized then were given clinical evaluations to determine whether they had CBD. Depending upon the workplace, the CBD rate among workers with BeS ranged from 9% to 100% (36-48).
Among these studies are several that have diagnosed CBD or BeS among workers who had been reported to have had only bystander exposure to beryllium, including administrative workers and security guards (40,41). Clinical follow-up studies have suggested that individuals with BeS progress to CBD at a rate of 6% to 8% per year in the first years of follow-up. However, it is not known if all individuals with BeS will eventually progress to CBD, and the majority of BeLPT positives do not appear to develop CBD after five to 10 years of follow-up (49).
Public Relations in Lieu of Science
The accumulating evidence of adverse health effects associated with beryllium exposure created a challenge for the beryllium industry. If government agencies formally designated beryllium as a carcinogen, or as a substance for which there is no safe exposure level, the economic consequences for the industry could be significant. The industry's customers would be more likely to pursue substitutes for the lightweight metal (50-52).
The beryllium producers decided to take a proactive approach to shaping the interpretation of the literature on the health effects of beryllium. Aspects of the program were detailed in a 1987 internal Brush Wellman memo, with the subject line: "Proposed program for filling need for new and accurate beryllium health and safety literature." The memo by Martin B. Powers, a retired Brush executive who was a consultant to the company, and Dr. Otto P. Preuss, Corporate Medical Director, warned:
"…the literature on Be published in the last twenty years has been very damaging. The literature is constantly being cited, either to our doctors at medical meetings in rebuttal of the Brush experience, or by potential customers as the cause of their unwillingness to use our products. Federal Government regulatory agencies, such as OSHA and EPA, publish much of this material and then in the absence of good data, cite these erroneous documents to support regulatory activities."
"What is needed to combat this situation is a complete, accurate and well written textbook on Be health and safety. It will have to be financed by Brush (or Brush and NGK?) and the bulk of the work done by Marty Powers and Otto Preuss. To be fully acceptable and credible, however, it will have to be published under the auspices of some not-for-profit organization such as a university or medical group. …In addition to the book, we should have a number of medical papers published in prestigious medical books"(53).
Beryllium: Biomedical and Environmental Aspects was published in 1991; its editors were a respected academic physician, along with Martin Powers and Otto Preuss (54).
In the face of increasing evidence about the toxic effects of their products, the beryllium industry also turned for assistance to the public relations (PR) firm, Hill and Knowlton (55). This firm has gained much notoriety for its now well-known efforts in manufacturing and promoting scientific uncertainty for the tobacco industry (56,57). In its proposal explaining to Brush Wellman how it could help, Hill and Knowlton echoed the AEC PR problem memo of 1947:
"Beryllium undoubtedly continues to have a public relations problem. We still see it cited in the media, as well as in our conversations with people who should know better, as a gravely toxic metal that is problematic for workers….We would like to work with Brush Wellman to help change these common erroneous attitudes. We envision a public relations program designed to educate various audiences…to dispel myths and misinformation about the metal"(58).
Hill and Knowlton proposed to prepare
"an authoritative white paper on beryllium…[that] would serve as the most definitive document available on beryllium."
The PR firm also suggested projects to engage outside scientists in independent review of Brush Wellman materials,
"to nurture relations with the Environmental Protection Agency," and "to challenge all unfair or erroneous treatment in the media to set the record straight" (58).
Appended to the letter was a document in which Hill and Knowlton boasted of their experience assisting other corporations who faced regulatory difficulties stemming from their production of hazardous products, including asbestos, vinyl chloride, fluorocarbons, and dioxin, although no mention was made of the firm's work for cigarette manufacturers. Matthew Swetonic, the staff person proposed to direct the PR campaign, had been a key player in Hill and Knowlton's campaign on behalf of a cigarette manufacturer to convince the public that nonsmoker exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was harmless (59) and to "create a favorable public climate" to assist in defeating lawsuits filed by smokers with lung cancer (60). In addition, Swetonic had previously performed PR work for Johns-Manville, the asbestos producer, and had been the first full-time executive secretary of the Asbestos Information Association, an organization founded by the asbestos industry to counter the evidence of that mineral's deadly properties (61).
Once hired, it appears that Hill and Knowlton sought to reassure Brush Wellman's customers of the safety of beryllium. The firm drafted a letter for Brush to send to its beryllium ceramic customers, asking them to "consider these facts":
"—No occupational cases of Be disease have developed since the 1940s when the standards first were put into effect."
"—No occupational cases of Be disease have ever been found when exposure was at or even near standards"(62).
The files reviewed for this case study do not reveal whether this letter was sent.
Challenging the Evidence
By the late 1980s, the continued diagnosis of workers with CBD or BeS, many of whom had relatively modest beryllium exposure histories, raised concerns among health and safety professionals who previously believed the 2 ug/m3 taxicab standard was adequate to protect workers from CBD. Dr. Eisenbud, who first proposed that standard and who later served as a consultant to Brush Wellman, notified the company in 1989 that "he did not feel that he could defend the 2 microgram standard any longer"(63).
The rising number of CBD cases also contributed to an increase in litigation. Brush Wellman management recognized that a change in the OSHA standard could be used in legal suits brought by sick workers. "Maintaining the existing [OSHA] standard is fundamental to successfully defending against any product liability litigation," a Brush official asserted in 1989 (63). This effort was an integral part of Brush Wellman's Health, Safety and Environment Strategic Plan in 1991:
"Employ legal means to defeat unreasonably restrictive occupational and emission standards and to challenge rulemaking and other regulatory activities that seek to impose unreasonable or unwarranted changes. Resist an attempt to make the existing occupational exposure standard of 2 micrograms/cubic meter, as measured and calculated by Brush, more restrictive. The standard is safe, it is one of the most stringent standards, and it is fundamental to our product liability defense"(64).
Recognizing that there was no evidence of a safe level of exposure to beryllium, in 1991 DOE began the process of lowering the beryllium exposure limit to reduce workers' risk of developing CBD. The change was opposed by the beryllium industry, whose position is summarized in this excerpt from a 1992 Brush Wellman letter to DOE:
"We regret that DOE apparently still intends to abandon the existing standard of over 40 years standing with no evidence, either that the existing standard is unsafe or that the new proposed standard affords any greater degree or [sic] safety. The NIOSH recommendation of 1977, which fortunately no one ever adopted, of 0.5 micrograms, introduced an element of confusion that can only be compounded by DOE's proposed introduction of a third number. A proliferation of numbers as "standards" can only weaken the acceptance, and therefore, the efficacy of the individual protection afforded. Confusion is never in the best interests of the worker" (65).
Progress on a more protective rule was also impeded by opposition within DOE. The offices responsible for manufacturing nuclear weapons production argued that money spent protecting workers would mean less money for their arms production. The debate continued for several years, leaving the rule in limbo.
Despite the institutional obstacles, DOE's safety officials continued to promote the proposed rule, hoping eventually to secure a new, more protective exposure limit. The health and safety office sponsored a series of public forums to gather information on beryllium's health effects. At one session, Brush Wellman's Director of Environmental Health and Safety asserted (according to DOE's minutes of the meeting):
"Brush Wellman is unaware of any scientific evidence that the standard is not protective. However, we do recognize that there have been sporadic reports of disease at less than 2 ug/m3. Brush Wellman has studied each of these reports and found them to be scientifically unsound" (66).
This was the industry's primary argument; subsequent studies have demonstrated that the underlying logic to the argument was flawed. It was not difficult to go back into the work history of anyone with CBD and estimate that at some point, the airborne beryllium level may have exceeded the exposure limit. Even if no evidence for overexposure was found, it was assumed that exposure had occurred because the worker had developed CBD. Brush Wellman did this, and then reasoned that the 2 ug/m3 must be fully protective because everyone who had CBD must have at some point been exposed to levels above the exposure limit.
Although flawed, this tautological construct served as the basis for the defense of the 2 ug/m3 exposure limit. Talking points prepared for Brush Wellman executives advised:
"You may be asked in some fashion whether or not the 2 ug/m3 standard is still considered by the company to be reliable. Your answer should be as follows:
(1) Experience over several decades has, in our view, demonstrated that levels of airborne beryllium within the OSHA threshold limit value afford a safe workplace.
(2) In most cases involving our employees, we can point to circumstances of exposure (usually accidental), higher than the standard allows. In some cases, we have been unable (for lack of clear history) to identify such circumstances. However, in these cases we also cannot say that there was not excessive exposure"(67). (emphasis in original)
This position, however, could not be maintained indefinitely. As DOE provided medical screenings to more workers, the number of CBD and BeS cases continued to grow, reaching several hundred by the middle of the decade (68). Moreover, the growing literature reporting cases of CBD associated with low levels of exposure undermined the claim that the old standard was safe (69). Scores of beryllium-exposed workers who had developed CBD filed civil suits against Brush Wellman, alleging that the firm failed to disclose information about the material's toxicity. Continued denial of the relationship between low-level exposure and CBD was unlikely to be a successful strategy to oppose either the claims raised by sick workers or the attempts by DOE and OSHA to strengthen their beryllium exposure limits. Instead, Brush Wellman asserted that not enough is known to adequately prevent CBD from occurring. If true, then the industry might avoid liability in CBD litigation.
In 1998, Brush Wellman and NIOSH embarked on a collaborative research initiative, conducting medical surveillance of beryllium-exposed workers and examining the beryllium-CBD relationship. The research partnership has been a productive one, producing findings that have substantially contributed to our understanding of CBD (70).
In December 1998, DOE officially proposed a rule to protect workers from CBD, including an action level of 0.5 ug/m3 (25% of the OSHA exposure limit), and asked for public comment on the proposal (68). Brush Wellman no longer asserted that the old exposure limit was effective in preventing CBD, but instead advocated for the position that not enough is known to adequately prevent CBD from occurring. During a public hearing on DOE's proposal in February 1999, a Brush representative offered this new rationale for the agency to delay issuing a new rule. He testified that "important research is underway which may provide a scientific basis for a revision to the occupational standard for beryllium," pointing to studies on particle size, particle number, and particle surface area (71).
Brush Wellman turned for assistance to Exponent, Inc., a U.S. firm that provides scientific and technical support to polluters and manufacturers of dangerous products (72). Exponent, Inc. is a leading practitioner of product defense, a specialization whose objective is to help corporations reduce their regulatory burden and defeat liability claims that arise in the civil justice system (73-74). With Exponent's assistance, in September 1999, Brush Wellman convened a conference, cosponsored by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), to bring "leading scientists together to present and discuss the current information and new research on the hazards posed by beryllium"(75). At the time of the conference, DOE was a few months away from issuing its final rule and OSHA had signaled its intention to revise its outdated standard. The paper summarizing the proceedings, entitled "Identifying an Appropriate Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) for Beryllium: Data Gaps and Current Research Initiatives," advocated the same position that DOE officials heard earlier in the year—specifically, that more research is needed on the effects of particle size, of exposure to beryllium compounds, and of skin exposure to CBD risk. Although it is not uncommon for a scientific paper to call for additional research, this paper went further, advocating postponement of any changes in the workplace beryllium-exposure standard:
"At this time," the paper concludes, "it is difficult to identify a single new TLV [threshold limit value] for all forms of beryllium that will protect nearly all workers. It is likely that within three or four years, a series of TLVs might need to be considered. … In short, the beryllium OEL could easily be among the most complex yet established" (75).
In December 1999, DOE completed its rulemaking, mandating that protection from beryllium exposure be triggered at 0.2 ug/m3 rather than the 0.5 ug/m3 level the agency had proposed some months earlier (76). In its rule, DOE relied on the standard industrial hygiene measure of exposure: full-shift concentration by weight of airborne beryllium. The government's responsibility is to protect public health using the best available evidence. More research was, and is, needed, but because the relationship of CBD to beryllium particle size, number of particles, and surface area was, and remains, poorly understood, the officials responsible for protecting the health of beryllium-exposed workers determined that new policy should not be delayed until this research was completed.
New Evidence, But No New OSHA Standard
Once DOE prepared to issue a proposed rule, OSHA recognized an opportunity to update its own beryllium standard. In written comments to DOE, OSHA's Assistant Secretary acknowledged in 1998 that the current OSHA exposure limit was inadequate, writing
"… we now believe that our 2 ug/m3 PEL does not adequately protect beryllium-exposed workers from developing chronic beryllium disease, and there are adequate exposure and health effects data to support this [DOE's] rulemaking."
The letter continues by citing existing data:
"… cases of chronic beryllium disease have occurred in machinists where 90 percent of the personal exposure samples found levels of beryllium to be below the detection limit of 0.01 ug/m3. … Viewed from OSHA's regulatory perspective, these DOE study results document risk of sensitization to beryllium of 35-40 per 1,000 workers and risk of chronic beryllium disease to machinists of 94 per 1,000" (77).
Despite these assertions, OSHA did not promptly propose a rule to protect beryllium-exposed workers. When President George W. Bush's Administration took office in 2001, the commitment to regulate beryllium was dropped from OSHA's formal regulatory agenda. Instead the agency announced that it needed more information before deciding how to proceed (78). As of the summer of 2007, OSHA still had not proposed a new standard (79).
The scientific knowledge on the risks associated with low-level beryllium exposure continues to accumulate. In the few years since DOE reduced its beryllium exposure limit, researchers have published numerous epidemiologic studies that provide additional evidence that OSHA's 2.0 ug/m3 standard does not prevent CBD (41,43,47,48,80,81). In 2005, after reviewing the accumulated evidence, the ACGIH issued a draft Threshold Limit Value of 0.02 ug/m3, a reduction of two orders of magnitude from the current OSHA standard (82). Similarly, in 2006, a literature review and editorial supported by Brush Wellman acknowledged that the current OSHA exposure limit "provides insufficient protection for beryllium-exposed workers"(83).
Fear of litigation no longer distorts the debate over the adequacy of the beryllium exposure limit, as most civil litigation involving CBD in the U.S. ended in 2001, following the enactment of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Act in 2000. This legislation provides a federal payment of $150,000 plus prospective reimbursement of medical expenses to individuals with CBD who worked for a DOE or AEC contractor or vendor, irrespective of whether they worked directly on products being manufactured for nuclear weapons. To be eligible for this compensation, an individual with CBD must drop legal actions against the government or its contractors or vendors. Since its inception, the program has provided more than $100 million in compensation payments to workers with CBD and their families and has relieved the beryllium industry of a sizable financial liability.
Beryllium exposure continues to be a public health concern at downstream facilities, which are not involved in the primary production of beryllium products, and in communities adjacent to beryllium-processing facilities. In 1999, the diagnosis of a sentinel CBD case in a metals recycling plant in Quebec, Canada, resulted in the diagnosis of 31 additional cases at three metals plants (84). It also prompted a survey that identified 2,789 workplaces in which beryllium was used, including 63 golf club manufacturers and 15 bicycle manufacturers in that province (85). There were also eight new cases of community-acquired CBD reported in the U.S. between 1999 and 2002 (86).
At present, it is not possible to identify an occupational exposure limit that will prevent all cases of CBD (87). Beryllium must therefore be considered a substance for which there is no safe exposure level. It would be prudent public health policy for manufacturers to substitute a less toxic material for beryllium whenever possible. However, in those products and processes in which there is no adequate substitute for beryllium, such as the production of nuclear weapons, exposure should be reduced to the lowest level technically feasible.
Lessons for Policy Makers
The primary lessons of this case study are not new, but bear repeating because they are too often forgotten or ignored. The first is that the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. In the first decades following the reduction in beryllium exposures in the early 1950s, relatively few new CBD cases were diagnosed. This is likely attributable both to improved working conditions and the limitations of the diagnostic methods available at the time. With the development of the BeLPT, many new cases were diagnosed, no doubt including cases that would not have been previously recognized as CBD.
There were indications before the advent of the BeLPT that the 2.0 ug/m3 exposure limit was not fully protective. With the diagnosis of CBD and BeS in an increasing number of workers with low exposure, this conclusion became more difficult to avoid. As this evidence accumulated, the beryllium industry had a strong financial incentive to challenge the data, and to oppose regulatory action that would result in a lower exposure limit. It appears this incentive shaped the interpretation given to scientific evidence by scientists employed by the beryllium industry.
This, then, is the second lesson of the case study: The interpretation of scientific data by those with financial incentives must be discounted. Scientists employed by the beryllium industry defended the "taxicab standard" long after it was correctly recognized as inadequate by independent scientists. In particular, work by scientists employed by firms specializing in product defense and litigation support must be seen for what it is: advocacy, rather than science.
The study illuminates the practice of "manufacturing uncertainty", the strategy used by some polluters and manufacturers of hazardous products to prevent or delay regulation or victim compensation (74,88). The public health paradigm requires using the best available evidence to protect the public. By the early 1990s, the accumulated evidence was sufficient for public heath officials to justify a more stringent workplace beryllium exposure limit. In response, the industry manufactured and magnified uncertainty, producing a series of arguments to explain why the old standard should not be changed. Subsequent research has shown that DOE's 1999 regulatory changes were well-justified, and that a more protective exposure limit is likely preventing CBD and saving lives.
Finally, the findings of this case study underscore the importance of considering the hazards associated with a toxic material through the entire life cycle of the product. While primary producers of beryllium products may be capable of controlling exposures in their own facilities, it is unlikely that most secondary users and recyclers have the expertise, resources, and knowledge necessary to prevent beryllium disease in exposed workers and residents in the communities in which they are based. As a result, it would be prudent public health policy to end the industrial use of beryllium, except in those uses where substitution is not possible.
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David Michaels served as an expert witness in a civil suit involving chronic beryllium disease.
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37. Kreiss K, Wasserman S, Mroz MM, Newman LS. Beryllium disease screening in the ceramics industry: blood test performance and exposure-disease relations. J Occup Med 1993;35:267-74. (PubMed abstract)
38. Kreiss K, Mroz MM, Newman LS, Martyny J, Zhen B. Machining risk of beryllium disease and sensitization with median exposures below 2 micrograms/m3. Am J Ind Med 1996;30:16-25. (PubMed abstract)
39. Stange AW, Furman FJ, Hilmas DE. Rocky Flats beryllium health surveillance. Environ Health Perspect 1996;104(Suppl 5):981-6.
40. Kreiss K, Mroz MM, Zhen B, Wiedemann H, Barna B. Risks of beryllium disease related to work processes at a metal, alloy, and oxide production plant. J Occup Environ Med 1997;54:605-12. (PubMed abstract)
41. Stange AW, Hilmas DE, Furman FJ, Gatliffe TR. Beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease at a former nuclear weapons facility. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2001;16:405-17. (PubMed abstract)
42. Newman LS, Mroz MM, Maier LA, Daniloff EM, Balkissoon R. Efficacy of serial medical surveillance for chronic beryllium disease in a beryllium machining plant. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:231-7. (PubMed abstract)
43. Henneberger PK, Cumro D, Deubner DD, et al. Beryllium sensitization and disease among long-term and short-term workers in a beryllium ceramics plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001;74:167-76. (PubMed abstract)
44. Deubner D, Kelsh M, Shum M, Maier L, Kent M, Lau E. Beryllium sensitization, chronic beryllium disease, and exposures at a beryllium mining and extraction facility. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2001;16:579-92. (PubMed abstract)
45. Sackett HM, Maier LA, Silveira LJ, et al. Beryllium medical surveillance at a former nuclear weapons facility during cleanup operations. J Occup Environ Med 2004;46:953-61. (PubMed abstract)
46. Welch L, Ringen K, Bingham E, et al. Screening for beryllium disease among construction trade workers at Department of Energy nuclear sites. Am J Ind Med 2004;46:207-18. (PubMed abstract)
47. Schuler CR, Kent MS, Deubner DC, et al. Process-related risk of beryllium sensitization and disease in a copper-beryllium alloy facility. Am J Ind Med 2005;47:195-205. (PubMed abstract)
48. Rosenman K, Hertzberg V, Rice C, et al. Chronic beryllium disease and sensitization at a beryllium processing facility. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1366-72.
49. Newman LS, Mroz MM, Balkissoon R, Maier LA. Beryllium sensitization progresses to chronic beryllium disease: a longitudinal study of disease risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:54-60. (PubMed abstract)
50. Brush Wellman Ltd. Letter to Draper MH. 1992 Apr 3.
51. Brush Wellman. Supplementary documentation of Brush Wellman briefing outline on Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1977. Bates No. BF 0009665-9677.
52. Hanes H, 1992b. Memorandum to Rozek R. Subject: environmental and government affairs; 1992 Jun 19.
53. Powers MB, Preuss OP. Memorandum to Gulick JE. Subject: proposed program of filling need for new and accurate beryllium health and safety literature. 1987 Jan 23.
54. Rossman MD, Preuss OP, Powers MB. Beryllium: biomedical and environmental aspects. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1991.
55. Hill and Knowlton, Inc. Monthly invoice to Brush Wellman. 1986 Nov 17.
56. Brandt AM. The cigarette century: the rise, fall, and deadly persistence of the product that defined America. New York: Basic Books; 2007.
57. Glantz SA, Barnes DE, Bero L, Hanauer P, Slade J, editors. The cigarette papers. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press; 1996.
58. Marder H, Hill and Knowlton. Letter to Gulick JE, Vice President, Planning and Administration, Brush Wellman Inc., 1989 Feb 21 RD006548-554.
59. Swetonic M. Memorandum to Allen P, RJR Nabisco, 1987 Jul 23.
60. RJR Nabisco (no date). Public relations plan: liability litigation
61. Asbestos Textile Institute, 1973. About the speaker: Matthew M. Swetonic. Addendum to meeting minutes for Asbestos Textile Institute general meeting. 1973 Jun 7; Arlington, Va.
62. Marder H, Hill and Knowlton. Memorandum to Bob Rozek. 1989 May 1. MD008133-8144.
63. Rozek RH, Vice President, Corporate Development, Brush Wellman. Presentation regarding Governmental and Environmental Affairs activities. 1989 Sep 11. D101448-87.
64. Rozek RH, Vice President, Corporate Development, Brush Wellman. Brush Wellman, Inc. Health Safety and Environmental Action Plan. Presentation at the Board of Directors Meeting; 1991 Jun 25. BF 001197-246
65. Hanes H, Vice President, Environmental and Legislative Affairs, Brush Wellman, 1992. Letter to Weitzman DJ, Office of Health Physics and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Energy (US); 1992 Jan 10.66. Beryllium Public Forum, Department of Energy (US). 1997 Jan 15
67. Pallum JJ, Brush Wellman. Memorandum, 1991 Dec 10: Meeting notes—December 6, 1991—BLTT program, Redraft of exhibit B: efficacy of the 2 microgram per meter standard. NR001744
68. Department of Energy, Office of Environment, Safety and Health (US). Chronic beryllium disease prevention program; 1998, 63 Fed Reg 66940.
69. Wambach PF, Tuggle RM. Development of an eight-hour occupational exposure limit for beryllium. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2000;15:581-7. (PubMed abstract)
70. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (US), Board of Scientific Counselors. Report from the Subcommittee on Beryllium Research. 2002 Oct 2.
71. Kolanz M, Director of Environmental Health and Safety, Brush Wellman, Inc. Public testimony at the Department of Energy public hearing on proposed chronic beryllium disease prevention program; 1999 Feb 11.
72. Exponent, Inc. Form 10K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2004
73. Exponent, Inc. Form 10K for fiscal year ended December 29, 2006.
74. Michaels D. Doubt is their product. New York: Oxford University Press; 2008.
75. Paustenbach DJ, Madl AK, Greene JF. Identifying an appropriate occupational exposure limit (OEL) for beryllium: data gaps and current research initiatives. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2001;16:527-38. (PubMed abstract)
76. Chronic beryllium disease prevention program: final rule. Washington: Department of Energy (US); 1999. 64 Fed Reg 68854.
77. Jeffress CN. Letter to Peter Brush, Acting Assistant Secretary, Department of Energy (US). 1998 Aug 27.
78. Occupational exposure to beryllium: request for information. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2002; 67 Fed Reg 70707.
79. Semiannual regulatory agenda. US Dept of Labor; 2007. 72 Fed Reg 22827.
80. Kelleher PC, Martyny JW, Mroz MM, et al. Beryllium particulate exposure and disease relations in a beryllium machining plant. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43:238-49. (PubMed abstract)
81. Madl AK, Unice K, Brown JL, Kolanz ME, Kent MS, et al. Exposure-response analysis for beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease among workers in a beryllium metal machining plant. J Occup Environ Hyg 2007;4:448-66. (PubMed abstract)
82. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Beryllium and compounds: draft threshold limit values documentation. 2005.
83. Borak J. The beryllium occupational exposure limit: historical origin and current inadequacy. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:109-16. (No PubMed abstract)
84. Robin JP. Beryllium health surveillance: the Quebec experience in the copper recyling industry. Presentation at the International Beryllium Research Conference; 2005 Mar 8; Montreal.
85. Tremblay J. Problematic beryllium: current situation in Québec. Presentation at the International Beryllium Research Symposium ; 2005 Mar 8; Montreal.
86. Rossman MD. History of beryllium disease. Presentation at the International Beryllium Research Symposium; 2005 Mar 8; Montreal.
87. Kress K, Day GA, Schuler CR. Beryllium: a modern industrial hazard. Annu Rev Public Health 2007;28:259-77. (PubMed abstract)
88. Michaels D, Monforton C. Manufacturing uncertainty: contested science and the protection of the public's health and environment. Am J Public Health 2005;95 Suppl 1:S39-48.


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:: Biography ::
Being influenced by the old school Chicago hard house scene, Caffeine always remains true to his roots. He has been playing for well over a decade throughout the United States and Europe. He has had weekly residencies at almost every one of Chicago's top clubs. He was a true pioneer in exposing the Chicagoland area to many domestic and internationally acclaimed artists. He is also an accomplished producer working with the most respected producers worldwide. Prepare to get Caffeinated!!!

Location: Chicago, Illinois
Genre: Hard Dance / Hard House / Hardstyle
Record Label: Hard Dance Nation
Affiliation: Corson Agency / Hard Dance Nation
General Manager: Leo Corson
Current Location: Chicago, IL


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The golf meet with Maysville has been rescheduled for Monday, April
4th. The bus will leave at 3:05. 4-4
Athletes who want to order patches for winter sports need to see Mr.
Elbert this week. 4-6
All MAP tests and Stanford Achievement tests will be administered on
Wednesday, April 6th and Thursday, April 7th. See your teachers for a more detailed schedule. 4-7
A Josten's representative will be here on
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text: Infobox:Deidara Stats 6,306pages on this wiki Add New Page View source View form History Talk0 Databook Ninjutsu Taijutsu Genjutsu Intelligence Strength Speed Stamina Hand seals Total Third 5 3.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 4.5 4 3.5 32 Retrieved from "http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Infobox:Deidara_Stats?oldid=277823" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Hidden category: Character stats


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Alternate name: Dense Gayfeather, Marsh Blazing Star
Family: Asteraceae, Aster view all from this family
Description Native herbaceous perennial; clump-forming.
Habit: upright, slender, leafy, rigid; single or multiple ridged stalks.
Height: 1-6.5 ft (30-195 cm).
Leaf: thin, arching, concentrated at the base, smaller and fewer above; to 5-14 in (120-350 mm) long, 1/8-1/2 in (2-10 mm) wide.
Flower: tall terminal brush-like spike, 6-12 in (15-30 cm) long; crowded with small, round, shaggy flowerheads, disks with no rays, each to 3/4 in (18 cm) wide, purple to pink to white, held directly on the stem. Upper flowerheads bloom before lower ones.
Fruit: light brown capsule, 1/8-1/4 in (3-6 mm) long.
Flower July to September.
Flower July - September
Habitat Native to moist meadows, prairies, marsh edges; now naturalized in other moist open places, roadsides and disturbed areas.
Range Native to eastern and central North America, from Quebec and Massachusets south to Florida; west to Ontario, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. Now widely cultivated for cut flowers and as an ornamental; escaped from cultivation and naturalized in some areas.
Discussion The species name describes the elongated inflorescence, with its crowded, stalkless flower heads. The protruding styles give the flower an overall feathery appearance, hence its also known as dense gayfeather, florist gayfeather, marsh gayfeather, prairie gayfeather, marsh blazing star.
Exposure Preference Sun.
Native Distribution New Jersey to Michigan & Illinois, s. to Florida & Louisiana; naturalized northeastward
Site Preference Moist, wood openings; mesic prairies; marsh edges
Soil Preference Moist, average soils. pH 5-6.
Wildlife Value Butterflies frequent Liatris spp.


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Toggle: English / Spanish
Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. If the blood flow is blocked, the heart is starved of oxygen and heart cells die.
The medical term for this is myocardial infarction.
Myocardial infarction; MI; Acute MI; ST-elevation myocardial infarction; Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
A substance called plaque can build up in the walls of your coronary arteries. This plaque is made up of cholesterol and other cells.
A heart attack may occur when:
The cause of heart attack is not always known.
Heart attack may occur:
Many risk factors may lead to the development of plaque buildup and a heart attack.
A heart attack is a medical emergency. If you have symptoms of a heart attack, call 911 or your local emergency number right away.
Chest pain is the most common symptom of a heart attack.
The pain can be severe or mild. It can feel like:
The pain most often lasts longer than 20 minutes. Rest and a medicine to relax the blood vessels (called nitroglycerin) may not completely relieve the pain of a heart attack. Symptoms may also go away and come back.
Other symptoms of a heart attack can include:
Some people (the elderly, people with diabetes, and women) may have little or no chest pain. Or, they may have unusual symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and weakness. A "silent heart attack" is a heart attack with no symptoms.
A doctor, nurse or other health care provider will perform a physical exam and listen to your chest using a stethoscope.
You will have an
Coronary angiography may be done right away or when you are more stable.
Other tests to look at your heart that may be done while you are in the hospital:
Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart.
You may be given drugs to break up the clot. It is best if these drugs are given within 3 hours of when you first felt the chest pain. This is called thrombolytic therapy.
Some patients may also have heart bypass surgery to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. This procedure is also called open heart surgery.
After several days, you will be discharged from the hospital.
You will likely need to take medicines, some for the rest of your life. Always talk to your health care provider before stopping or changing how you take any medicines. Stopping certain medications can be deadly.
While under the care of your health care team, you will learn:
Strong emotions are common after a heart attack.
All of these feelings are normal. They go away for most people after 2 or 3 weeks.
You may also feel tired when you leave the hospital to go home.
Most people who have had a heart attack take part in a cardiac rehabilitation program.
Many people benefit from taking part in support groups for people with heart disease.
After a heart attack, you have a higher chance of having another heart attack.
How well you do after a heart attack depends on several factors such as:
If your heart can no longer pump blood out to your body as well as it used to, you may develop heart failure. Abnormal heart rhythms can occur, and they can be life-threatening.
Most people can slowly go back to normal activities after a heart attack. This includes sexual activity. Talk to your health care provider about how much activity is good for you.
Anderson JL. ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and complications of myocardial infarction. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 73.
Antman EM. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: pathology, pathophysiology, and clinical features. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsever; 2011:chap 54.
Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsever; 2011:chap 56.
Kushner FG, Hand M, Smith SC Jr, King SB 3rd, Anderson JL, Antman EM, et al. 2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients WithST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention(updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2009 Dec 1;120(22):2271-306. Epub 2009 Nov 18.
Wright RS, Anderson JL, Adams CD, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2007 Guideline). A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Cardiovascular Angiograpy and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1920-1959.
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The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


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Hearing aids in Livermore, CO
We found 17 hearing clinics with 106 reviews within 60.1 miles of Livermore, CO. Show clinics near me.
Featured hearing professionals near you
Independent Audiology - Fort Collins & Wellington
3725 Cleveland Ave Unit I Wellington, CO 80549
Daniel Knudsen, Au.D.
Daniel has over 25 years experience in hearing healthcare. Before purchasing Independent Audiology, (read more)
All About Hearing
1124 E Elizabeth St Ste E101 Fort Collins, CO 80524
Cheryl Hadlock, AuD
Licensed Doctor of Audiology Cheryl Hadlock has been a board certified audiologist since 1993. She (read more)
Advanced Hearing Services, LLC
2001 S Shields St J2 Fort Collins, CO 80526
Susan Baker, BC-HIS
Susan has been helping people with their hearing needs since 1999 when she began working at Advanced (read more)
Sound Relief Hearing Center - Fort Collins
4703 E Boardwalk Dr Ste B2 Fort Collins, CO 80525
Christine Russell, AuD
Christine Russell has been serving Northern Colorado's audiology needs since 2009. She (read more)
Hearing and Balance Clinic
2121 E Harmony Rd Unit 350 Fort Collins, CO 80528
Meghan Abraham, Au.D., CCC-A, FAAA
Meghan Abraham earned her Doctorate from ATSU in Mesa, Arizona and her Master's Degree in (read more)
Community Hearing Center, inc.
1186 Graves Ave Unit B Estes Park, CO 80517
Wendy Koenig, Au.D., CCC-A, FAAA
Wendy Koenig, is a doctor of audiology. She is a Colorado native and graduated from high school in (read more)
Hearing Rehab Center - Greeley
2018 35th Ave Unit A Greeley, CO 80634
Jacki Reider, AuD, FAAA
With her doctorate in audiology from the University of Florida, Dr. Jacki Reider has been an (read more)
Hearing Rehab Center - Longmont
2318 17th Ave Unit H Longmont, CO 80501
Jamie Gilgren, AuD, ABA
Dr. Jamie Gilgren has been practicing audiology since 2002, after earning her doctorate in audiology (read more)
Family Hearing Center - Boulder
3059 Walnut St Boulder, CO 80301
Christopher Schweitzer, Ph.D., FAAA
Christopher Schweitzer, Ph.D., F-AAA (Board Certified Senior Audiologist) has a long background (read more)
Boulder Valley Hearing Center
4745 Arapahoe Ave Ste 130 Boulder, CO 80303
Joy Thom, MA, CCC-A
Audiologist Joy Thom has been with Boulder Valley Hearing Associates for over 25 years. She earned (read more)
Peak ENT and Voice Center
403 Summit Blvd Ste 204 Broomfield, CO 80021
Jerilyn Dutton, AuD
She is a highly qualified audiologist specifically trained to attend to the hearing challenges of (read more)
Additional professionals near you
Hearing Rehab Center - Fort Collins
Call: (303) 731-2552
View Clinic Details
All About Hearing
Call: (970) 744-4478
View Clinic Details
Hearing Rehab Center - Loveland
Call: (303) 872-8415
View Clinic Details
Wyoming Hearing Clinic, LLC
Call: (307) 274-9655
View Clinic Details
Hearing & Tinnitus Center of Estes V…
Call: (970) 577-6449
View Clinic Details
Family Hearing Center - Lafayette
Call: (303) 731-4847
View Clinic Details


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Four CNC Turning Centers for Small- to Medium-Sized Workpieces
Hardinge has added four turning centers in its GS series: the GS 42MS, GS 51MS, GS 150MS and GS 200MS.
New Product: 11/2/2012
Related Topics:
Related Suppliers
Hardinge has added four turning centers in its GS series: the GS 42MS, GS 51MS, GS 150MS and GS 200MS. These small-frame machines are designed to turn small- to medium-sized workpieces. Expanded functionality enables the machine to accommodate complex parts in a single setup while increasing throughput and reducing cycle time.
Both the 42MS and 51MS machines feature collet-ready main spindles, while the 150MS and the 200MS models feature three-jaw chucks. The 42MS and 150MS are equipped with an A2-5", 6,000-rpm main spindle, while the 51MS and 200MS offer a larger A2-6", 5,000-rpm main spindle. Subspindles, live tooling, C axis and Fanuc 0i-TD controls are standard on all models.
Options include parts catcher, part probe, tool probe, chip conveyor, and servo or hydraulic tailstock.
Editor PickSliding Headstock Lathes Feature Low-Frequency Vibration
Eastec 2017: Marubeni's Citizen Cincom L20 sliding headstock lathes are now available with Low Frequency Vibration (LFV).


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Family: Laridae, Gulls and Terns view all from this family
Description ADULT summer Has pale gray upperparts, black crown and nape, and white underparts. In flight, wings appear almost uniformly white except for dark edges to underside of primaries. Bill and legs are black. ADULT winter Similar, but head is white except for gray streak from behind eye to nape. JUVENILE Similar to winter adult, but back, upper wings, and crown have faint brown feathering. Legs and bill are dark reddish.
Dimensions Length: 13-15" (33-38 cm)
Habitat Local breeding species, nesting on beaches on Atlantic and Gulf coasts and present mainly Apr-Aug. Seen regularly during migration on Gulf coast, wintering from there south to coasts of South America.
Observation Tips Fairly easy to see near Atlantic coasts in spring and summer, where it often feeds over salt marshes and coastal fields rather than open water.
Range New England, Florida, Mid-Atlantic, Texas, California, Southeast
Voice Utters a kerr-wick call.
Discussion Robust, pale tern with controlled flight and relatively deep bill. Does not plunge-dive like other terns and habits are more terrestrial, often hawking insects and picking prey from surface of ground. Sexes are similar.


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Cozy Condo--Quick Trip Downtown
Størrelse125 ft²
- Internet/WIFI
- Køkken
- Air condition
- Vaskemaskine / tørretumbler
- Parkering tilgængelig
- Morgenmad
- Håndklæder
Oversigt over boligen
|Brandywine Street Southeast, DC 20032 Washington, USA
|Privat værelse
You're using my bedroom while I am away and my roommate, Glen, will be taking good care of you. You will feel like you are at home here.
The apartment is located in a residential neighborhood and public transportation abounds. Unfortunately, there are not any restaurants or markets within walking distance, but you may use the kitchen to cook your own food. It's only one block from several bus lines and shuttle service to the green-line metro.
It is also only 5 minutes from Bolling Air Force Base, 10 minutes to the National Harbor and 20 minutes to the National Mall/Downtown.
Before you leave, my guests will be gifted with a unique souvenir as it is our custom. Enjoy Washington.
HusreglerYour payment includes self-serve breakfast, TV in your room, and wireless internet. You may use laundry for $3 per load of wash and dry.
No smoking allowed.
Security deposit of $100.
|Højeste antal nætter
|3 uger
|Check-in efter
|Check-in før
|Check ud før
Anmeldelser af denne bolig
Great Apartment. I didn`t see Denise when I stay at her Apartment, but Glen was everytime available. I found the envirometn not so nice, but I didn`t have any problemes there.
we had the most incredible stay with Denise and her friend Glen. The minute we'd entered the appartement, we felt at home. Denise is a very open person and she really shares her home with the guests. Glen is always there to help, too. It is like having a family to rely on, in case you need it. The appartement / kitchen / bathroom are very clean and neat and cosy. I can recommend a stay anytime!
Thank you Denise for letting us stay at your home sharing it with us and for having so much fun with you and Glen. Felt as if I've known you guys for a long time. Hope to see you both again? Maybe next time in Germany????
I had a splendid time spending my time in DC at Denise's. Staying at her place made my stay in DC so much better than any hotel could have done so. I got a real taste of living in America and I wouldn't have traded it for the world.
The house is nice and clean and the kitchen is superb! Bus stops are around the corner and you're at a metro station within 15 minutes to go the National Mall (which will take you another additional 15 minutes). The neighbourhood is quiet and looks lovely.
If I'm visiting DC again, I would go here again in a heart beat. Thanks for the lovely stay!
My stay at this wimdu location was very nice. I can recommend it to people who appreciate a stay in a lively suburb of Washington DC where they can experience more from daily life than only the City. My stay was wonderful, which I owe for a big part to my wonderful host!
- Kvalitetssikrede boliger
- Alle værter verificeres via telefon
- Sikker betaling med SSL-kryptering