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Saving the Bay through education, advocacy, litigation, and restoration.
Ron Holter and his son Adam have boosted the profitability of their family dairy farm by switching to grazing, which also helps reduce pollution in the Bay. Photo by Tom Pelton/CBF Staff
Many of the Chesapeake region's dairy farms have gone out of business over the last two decades. Competition from industrial-scale dairies in the West and Midwest have made it hard for small family farms to survive. The trend has been: Get big, or get out.
But on the idyllic, rolling pastures of a 200-acre farm in Frederick County, Maryland, Ron Holter has found a way to keep his fifth-generation dairy business going. He is one of about 50 dairy farmers in Maryland who are boosting their profitability by going back in time.
Instead of confining his 100 cows in a steel building and feeding them a corn and protein mash, Ron and the others are taking the seemingly radical step of letting their animals live outside and feed themselves by eating grass.
"Cows eating grass—ruminants of any kind, eating grass—is the natural way, the God-created way, for these animals to live. They are not created to eat grain," Holter said, as he tended his cows with his son, Adam, 22, a sixth-generation dairyman. "You care about their welfare because they are living beings. They are not robots."
Holter is an instructor in the Maryland Grazers' Network, a program organized by CBF that encourages farmers to teach other farmers about the virtues of management intensive grazing. In this system, farmers regularly shift cows from one fenced-in paddock to another to keep the grass and animals healthy. The Grazers' Network recently expanded into Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
Grazing tends to be better for water and air quality than conventional farming. Compared to corn farms and concentrated animal feeding operations, pastures reduce sediment runoff to nearby streams by 87 percent. Our environment also benefits from less fertilizer runoff and reduced ammonia air pollution. Moreover, dairy from cows that graze have more Omega-3 fatty acids, which is good for the heart health of consumers.
But grazing isn't just better for the world—it's also better for the bank accounts of farmers. A University of Maryland study found that Holter's farm (as an example of grazing) saves save about $1,400 per cow per year compared to a standard dairy farm, including less money for feed, labor, and veterinary expenses.
Not all farmers have embraced the switch away from confining cows, which became the norm after World War II. Some farmers, for example, complain that it would be hard to convert their corn fields to cow pastures, because they have millions of dollars invested in corn-harvesting machinery.
Grazing treats the farmers more humanely too. Employees of many conventional dairy farms work around the clock, 365 days a year. But because grazing is less labor intensive, Ron Holter gets Christmas off and a lot more time to spend with his family.
Going back to the future has produced gifts for Ron's family and for everyone else—the preservation of the Holters' 1889 homestead and cleaner water for the streams that feed the Chesapeake Bay.
The Maryland Grazers Network is a mentorship program that pairs experienced livestock, dairy, sheep, and poultry producers with farmers who want to learn new grazing skills. The Grazers Network Project Team provides technical assistance and includes experts in pasture and forage management, financial management, marketing, and funding resources. Developed by Clagett Farm and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF), the Network is a collaboration of CBF, University of Maryland Extension, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Download the brochure (PDF, 108 KB, 2pgs)
For more information, contact Michael Heller at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Grazers Network also provides funds for the Amazing Grazing Directory which lists 120 grazers in Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and West Virginia.
You will begin to receive Bay updates from CBF soon.
In the meantime, join the Bay-friendly conversation on Facebook and Twitter!
View Our Annual Report
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Bids & Proposals | Privacy Policy
© 2017 Chesapeake Bay Foundation.All Rights Reserved.
The Chesapeake Bay Foundation is a nonprofit,tax-exempt charitable organization underSection 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law.


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I just dont get it why they didnt mention to put transistors between it in the playground
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This bag contains authentic Amaretti Di Saronno from Italy. Lazzaroni Amaretti Di Saronno cookies are slowly and carefully baked according to the original and secret recipe...$45.80$45.80Add to cart
Lady Fingers, also called "Boudoirs", are light, crispy and sweet sponge cakes. They are used in many French and Italian dessert recipes such as Charlottes and Tiramisus. It...$17.50$17.50Add to cart


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Keith can speak for himself. But, there is only one true God. There is only one way to heaven, accepting Jesus Christ as your savior. Our post-modern society wants to believe that all paths lead to heaven. That is a lie out of the pit of hell! Truth is not relative.
Still clinging to my God and my guns,


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So let me get this straight ... the OIG at the Department of Justice has cleared the head of the Department of Justice?
Somehow I don't think this is really over.....
unfortunately, it probably IS over.... this administration will commit whatever crimes necessary to achieve re election.
And that will include burying this story and clearing Holder.
"I'm gonna lean up against you, and you lean up against me. That way we don't hafta sleep with our heads in the mud"Forrest Gump, 1994
One legislator explained it as: "...passengers charged with speeding; driver exonerated."The report said: "We reviewed the wiretap affidavits in both Operation Wide Receiver and
Operation Fast and Furious and concluded that the affidavits in both cases included information that would have caused a prosecutor who was focused on the question of investigative tactics, particularly one who was already sensitive to the issue of 'gun walking,' to have questions about ATF's conduct of the investigations," the report said.
Horowitz (the IG) repeated that claim Thursday, saying: "If you were focused and looking at the question of gunwalking you would read these reports and see many red flags."
Rep. Jason Chaffetz, R-Utah, said Holder's testimony from earlier this year was a "direct contradiction" to that.
Holder said at the time: "I've looked at these affidavits. I've looked at these summaries. There's nothing in those affidavits as I've reviewed them that indicates that gunwalking was allowed. Let's get to the bottom line -- so I didn't see anything in there that would put on notice a person who was reviewing either at the line level or at the deputy assistant attorney general level, that you would have knowledge of the fact that these inappropriate tactics were being used."
Gowdy said that in light of that testimony, the IG's conclusion was "startling."
But a Justice Department official said Holder's statements to Congress were accurate, noting that, "the affidavits do not explicitly and clearly say gun-walking" and claiming the IG report doesn't allege that either. (What the IG said was that any smart prosecutor should have seen the significance. Sort of like Clinton saying he didn't have sex with that woman? Depends on your "interpretation.")
Gowdy also questioned how employees under Breuer were being disciplined while Breuer so far has not been in any serious way.
"How does he escape discipline?" Gowdy asked.
The IG report criticized Breuer for not notifying Holder about Operation Wide Receiver, the prior Bush-era gunwalking investigation, when he first learned about it in 2010.
Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012...#ixzz272CiaG45
"Know in your heart that all things are possible. We couldn't conceive of a miracle if none ever happened." -Libby Fudim
I don't use the PM feature, so just email me direct at the address shown above.
It appears that the OIG was allowed to go only so far up the DOJ chain of command. So Lanny Breuer at the DOJ is criticized only for not telling his immediate boss Holder about Wide Receiver. Wide Receiver? Lanny Breuer knew about Fast and Furious. What about that operation?
From CBS News today:The shootout involving Gamez had been reported by CBS News on 11/27/12, but the fact that a gun found at the scene was from the Fast & Furious operation was just reported today.Another weapon from the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives agency's controversial Operation Fast and Furious was recently recovered at a Mexican crime scene, CBS News has learned. Congressional investigators say the crime scene was likely where a recent shootout took place between reported Sinaloa drug cartel members and the Mexican military, in which Sinaloa beauty queen Maria Susana Flores Gamez and four others were killed.
According to Sen. Charles Grassley, R-Iowa, the Justice Department did not notify Congress of the Fast and Furious firearm recovery in November, even though Grassley has requested an accounting of weapons that surface from the case. During Fast and Furious, ATF allowed more than 2,000 weapons, including giant .50-caliber guns, to fall into the hands of Mexican drug cartels and other criminals. Other so-called "gunwalking" operations by ATF let hundreds more guns hit the street. Most of them have never been recovered.
The latest known recovery is a Romanian AK-47-type WASR-10 rifle. It was picked up at a crime scene Nov. 23 in Ciudad Guamuchil, Sinaloa, Mexico. That's the same area and weekend of the shootout involving Flores Gamez's death. A trace report shows the rifle was purchased by Uriel Patino, the Fast and Furious suspect who allegedly bought more than 700 weapons while under ATF's watch. Records show Patino bought the rifle and nine other semi-automatic rifles at an Arizona gun shop March 16, 2010.
Grassley has sent a letter to the Justice Department requesting more information, and asking whether the officials were planning to notify Congress "that a Fast and Furious weapon had been recovered."
The Justice Department provided no immediate response to CBS News.
"Know in your heart that all things are possible. We couldn't conceive of a miracle if none ever happened." -Libby Fudim
I don't use the PM feature, so just email me direct at the address shown above.
Fast & Furious is over. Much the same as Iran-Contra is over...JD
One cannot reason someone out of something they were not reasoned into. - Jonathan Swift
Just for the heck of it, do a search on
"fast & furious mexican massacre"
Read & learn..............
Stan b & Elvis


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Salesforce leverages the power of our people and our products to reduce the impact that we and our customers have on the planet. From how we deliver our products to our focus on renewable energy, we incorporate sustainability into all aspects of our business. Read more in our most recent sustainability report.
We work hard to reduce our impact
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Watch Graham Smith, CFO of Salesforce, talk about how our cloud computing model and our products help the environment.
Our cloud computing model is 95% more efficient than on-premise IT deployments.
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We've set high environmental standards for our business.
Read our Environmental Policy for the details.
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Betty Crocker sugar cookie mix makes these holiday cookies delicious, and your own cutters and decorations make them a family tradition.
Use any fun, holiday sprinkles instead of the green sugar to sprinkle over the vanilla chip glaze.
You can use larger or smaller cookie cutters than the ones called for in the recipe. Bake larger cookies 1 or 2 minutes longer; bake smaller cookies 1 or 2 minutes less time. Always check cookies at the lowest range in the bake time given.
If you don't have any vanilla chips, any frosting or glaze recipe will work—it will just take longer to set up.
Instead of the resealable food-storage plastic bags, I often use disposable piping bags.
© 2017 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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By Bobby Harrison/NEMS Daily Journal
JACKSON – Gov. Phil Bryant said if there is no agreement on Medicaid by July 1 he will try to run the agency without a legislative appropriation or reauthorization, and, essentially, dared anyone to take him to court to stop him.
"As head of the Governor's Division of Medicaid, I will do all I can to continue and to provide Medicaid to the citizens who qualify in the state of Mississippi," the first-term Republican said Wednesday after a tourism event at the Capitol. "That is my legal argument. If someone wants to challenge me in court, what is their argument?"
Bryant said he had an obligation to ensure the thousands of elderly residents on Medicaid in nursing homes are not "thrown out on the street."
The 2013 legislative session ended without Medicaid being funded for the new fiscal year, which begins July 1, or being reauthorized past June 30.
Democrats in the House successfully blocked funding and re-authorizing demanding a vote on expanding Medicaid to cover those earning up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level, or about $15,000 annually, as is allowed under federal law. Speaker Philip Gunn, R-Clinton, blocked that vote.
The governor said he would call a special session when Democrats will agree to fund and re-authorize the program.
Read more in Thursday's NEMS Daily Journal newspaper.


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What does it mean to be emotionally drained?
kgb answers » Local & Lookup » Definitions & Word Origins » What does it mean to be emotionally drained?
Monday, February 06 2012Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/emotional
Top 10 questions Definitions & Word Origins
- What does "walk among the birds" mean?
- What does the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity's ZAX symbol mean?
- What does code 71 mean when a police officer say it over a scanner.
- What is the technical term for alchohol?
- What's the difference between a principal and a dean?
- Wht. Was. The. "sammies" in. World. War. 1
- What language does the word kuekuatsu come from
- how do they fullabuster in congrass
- What is ddWESTdd mean?
- What is a definition of administrative evil?


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Xbox Game Pass "close to launch," to leave testing next week
Apr 20, 2017 | 5 Comments
Publisher Atlus has unveiled a sound and visual book preorder bonus for Code of Princess.
The extra features artwork from famed designer Kinu Nishimura and music from ACE's soundtrack.
The upcoming side-scrolling beat-'em-up/action RPG is coming exclusively to the 3DS this fall. It supports 1-4 players and includes online multiplayer, co-op quests, and a versus mode.
Take a look at the teaser trailer below.
Follow @wita on Twitter for tales of superheroes, plumbers in overalls, and literary adventures.


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Interventional Radiologist
Conditions Treated:
About Me
I am an interventional oncologist, a type of interventional radiologist who uses image-guided, minimally invasive techniques to perform procedures to treat cancer. Rather than making a surgical incision, I perform procedures using miniaturized instruments, many of which are small enough to be used through a needle or catheter. Because of these innovations, many of the procedures I perform use only sedation, without the need of a breathing tube or an overnight stay.
The first experience most patients have with an interventional radiologist is during either a biopsy (to diagnose cancer) or a mediport placement (to begin chemotherapy). Unlike open surgical biopsies, which require a surgical incision, the biopsies I perform are done using a tiny acupuncture-like needle. Nearly all patients go home the same day, and a diagnosis is usually made within two to three days after the biopsy. During mediport placement, I work with each individual's body and needs to place a mediport that allows effective delivery of chemotherapy through a small, cosmetically pleasing device.
I am recognized nationally and internationally for my expertise in image-guided thermal ablation of tumors, a technique that involves heating or cooling tumors to temperatures that kill tumor cells while preserving the surrounding normal tissue. I lecture extensively on thermal ablation, and have published papers on the subject. In addition, I am the principal investigator on a study investigating the mechanisms by which thermal ablation kills tumor cells. I have a particular interest in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, and am a member of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Soft Tissue Sarcoma Disease Management Team. As a member of this team, I collaborate with the best minds at Memorial Sloan Kettering to ensure I am providing the optimal therapy for sarcoma patients.
My goal as an interventional oncologist is to provide the best patient-care experience possible. Because interventional radiology procedures are performed using image guidance, an important component of each clinic visit is to review the new scans that guide your care. I demand excellence of myself and my staff, and I focus on providing care that is appropriate, thoughtful, and best serves the needs of my patient.
- Clinical Expertise: Thermal Ablation of Tumors; Tumor Embolization; Mediport Placement; Image Guided Biopsy; Central Venous Access Placement
- Languages Spoken: English
- Education: MD, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis)
- Residencies: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Fellowships: Weill Cornell Medical College; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Board Certifications: Interventional Radiology; Diagnostic Radiology
Visit PubMed for a full listing of Joseph P. Erinjeri's journal articlesPubmed is an online index of biomedical articles maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health.
Clinical Trials
As home to one of the world's top cancer research centers, Memorial Sloan Kettering is typically involved in more than 900 clinical trials at a given time. Currently, clinical trials focused on the conditions I treat are enrolling new patients. If you're interested in joining a clinical trial, click to learn about the trial's purpose, eligibility criteria, and how to get more information.Learn more
Most major health insurers offer plans that include MSK as one of their in-network providers. If MSK is in-network, it means all our doctors are too. Medicaid and New York State Medicare also provide benefits for care at MSK.Learn more


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Two-Door Nightstand
Affordable and attractive with its paneled doors and iron hardware, this rustic nightstand is ideal for next to your bed or next to a couch. Hand made in Mexico of solid pine, it has a distressed finish. The southwest style blends well with any decor. There's a drawer to keep small items secure and a lower cabinet for larger items.
Please Choose an Item
This charming rustic furniture piece has been produced with care using a combination of new, kiln-dried ponderosa pine and genuine wormwood accent planks between 50 and 250 years old. It is finished with a rich, honey-colored furniture wax to bring the wood grain to life. All iron and hardware is hand-forged with a distressed, rust-colored finish. Every piece is 100% solid wood (no laminates, particle board, or veneers), carries a one-year warranty, and unlike other on-line stores we try to keep all items in constant stock for delivery to your home or office in just 2-3 weeks.
Two-Door Nightstand
2010-04-06 I just want to let you know my tables came today and they are beautiful and there is nothing wrong with them.
"I just want to let you know my tables came today and they are beautiful and there is nothing wrong with them. It was a pleasure doing business with you."
Marion B.; Colebrook, CT
Two-Door Nightstand
2010-01-10 I just wanted to let you know that I did receive the nightstand today.
"I just wanted to let you know that I did receive the nightstand today. I am very pleased with it and I thank you very much for your professionalism. I would definitely order from your company again. I was very happy with the service received from you and your company."
Alice G.; Bellmore, NY
Two-Door Nightstand
2009-10-09 My order arrived this afternoon and I am so pleased with the nightstand.
"My order arrived this afternoon and I am so pleased with the nightstand. Thanks for your help it arrived in wonderful time and condition. Will definitely recommend your site to others. Thanks again!"
Carol S.; Clay Center, KS
Two-Door Nightstand
2009-07-16 My husband and I purchased an armoire, night stands, and a bible stand from your company early this year.
"My husband and I purchased an armoire, night stands, and a bible stand from your company early this year. Of course, I had a specific look in mind for our newly built home that would have to match my pine log bed. After a very exhausting internet and furniture store search for just the right furniture and being ready to give up, I stumbled onto your website on my last search thru the internet. The customer service staff that took care of me was so friendly and helpful - EVERYTIME I called.
The furniture arrived on time and is beautiful!!! It fits perfectly. I am EXTREMELY pleased with my purchases thru La Fuente Imports and have recommended your company to all of my friends and family - practically anyone who'll listen. Thank you for all your help."
Adena D.; Indianapolis, IN
Two-Door Nightstand
2009-06-15 My nightstands have arrived and they are beautiful!
"My nightstands have arrived and they are beautiful! I already have the San Francisco Armoire and they match perfectly. Thank you so much for your prompt and perfect service. I have recommended you to my friends and everyone loves your site. I will be sure to be ordering more from you!"
John F.; Scotts Valley, CA
Two-Door Nightstand
2009-04-27 I LOVE my table!
"I LOVE my table! It is so beautiful! Thanks so much for the great service and the beautiful craftsmanship. It was above and beyond what I expected!"
Robin E.; Fort Mill, SC
Two-Door Nightstand 6
Why Shop at La Fuente Imports?


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Your cart is empty now. Please add some products to your cart.
Varilight Dimension Screwless iridium Black, Flex Outlet Plate with Black insert. Please Note: The Iridium Range has a special coating on the plates, which is fine for all bulb types EXCEPT CFL LIGHTING, which produces a petrol effect on the plate. Please choose a different range if using CFL lamps/bulbs.VARILIGHT Flex Outlet Plates like all our products are designed to meet the latest European Safety Legislation.The Flex Outlet Plates can be used in a number of different environments for many different types of appliances (e.g. an electric towel rail).Make sure there is no contact with water, wet areas should be avoided, and the switch be put outside of these rooms.
-Height (mm):86
-Width (mm):86
-Max Load 13 Amps
-Fits in a 25mm Deep Wall Box
-This product is a bespoke product, so can only be returned if faulty.
-To clean product we recommend only using a microfibre cloth.-Wiring Accessories PDF-Screwless Fitting PDF
There are currently no any reviews about this product.
There are currently no any question about this product.
All orders are packed & shipped from our HQ in West Sussex the same day you order, if in stock and ordered before 12pm GMT Monday to Friday. That's just how we like to roll!


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Topic: DAILY REMINDER FOR OPRAH LETTERS
I am thinking it would be good to have a daily reminder (until Sept 15th deadline) to get your letters to Sophie and me. We have many new friends joining us daily and we want them to have a chance to make us heard! Remember, Patients e mail their letters to Sophie and Caretakers can e mail their letters to me. Lets GO Fun Seekers!
Any suggestion I offer is intended as friendly advice based solely on my own experience. Please consult your doctor for professional guidance.


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I would like to set up the arduino to write to a new file for each reading.
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100% cotton backing - 100% wool embroidery
Hand embroidered honeycomb fabric on front and white back. Cirrus pillow comes in 3 different colors.
Spectacular pentagon shaped side table from Eichholtz. Featuring a charcoal oak veneer top and triangular shaped legs on black nickel finish, the unique design on the pentagon side table will amplify the beauty of any room adding a higher level of sophistication.
Vintage brass finish
The Eichholtz Matrix lantern is artistically modern, yet extremely elegant. The brass finish wire frame lantern portraits the famous puzzling cube challenge. Create an expressive entrance with the Matrix lantern.
6 Bulbs (not incl.) Max. 40W: Incandescent E14 or comparable CFL- BUY BULBS HERE
Download Assembly InstructionsView full product details
Mirror glass
A star on your wall. Yes, the Eichholtz Prisma wall mirror will brighten your home. The star shaped wall decor is completely covered with mirror glass. Add the Prisma mirror as a final touch to reflect elegance in your decor.View full product details
Antique brass finish | clear glass
Inspired by Eichholtz's love for sophistication and uniqueness, this lantern is timeless. Crafted from antique brass finish, the Residential round lantern features clear glass held by the brass finish frame and chain that will bring luxury into your home.
3 Bulbs (not incl.) Max. 40W: Incandescent E14 or comparable CFL- BUY BULBS HERE
Download Assembly InstructionsView full product details


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Description & Highlights
Energy Star Black Refrigerator and Microwave Combo
The Avanti Microwave / Refrigerator Combo is the original 3-in-1 combination appliance that offers the convenience of a refrigerator, freezer and microwave combined into a single, compact, energy-efficient unit. People rave about the sleek, innovative design, which maximizes capacity and functionality in a minimal amount of space. The Avanti Microwave / Refrigerator Combo is perfect for hotel rooms, college residence halls, assisted living facilities, government offices and business offices.
For added usefulness, add the Avanti Amperage Overload Protector on your order. This part (model AC-3, sold separately) keeps the Amperage of the Avanti Microwave / Refrigerator Combo under 10 Amps at all times, allowing the combo to be run on a 10 Amp circuit (Many dorm rooms and older buildings have 10 Amp circuits). It also allows the MICREF BL to be run on only one plug. An included connecting bracket can be used to fasten the two products together, enhancing stability.
Shipping:The MICREF BL ships with an Avanti refrigerator (RA3116BT), an Avanti 0.7 cu. ft. Black Digital Control Microwave (MO7192TB), and a bracket. Please note: the refrigerator, microwave, and bracket ship separately.
- Refrigerator/freezer total capacity: 3.1 cubic feetSeparate freezer compartment
- Freezer capacity: .96 cubic feetMicrowave wattage: 700 Watts
- Refrigerator capacity: 2.14 cubic feetMicrowave capacity: .7 Cu. Ft.
- Flush back designMicrowave includes turntable w/ glass tray
- Attractive countertopMinute timer
- Sturdy slide-out adjustable shelves in refrigerator sectionOne touch cooking programs
- Door bins in refrigerator and freezer sectionsSpeed defrost setting
- Egg and dairy compartmentsDefrost by weight
- Tall bottle rackOptional Amperage overload protector (Model AC3INN)
- Automatic defrost in refrigerator sectionDesigned for freestanding installation
- Reversible doorsRefrigerator Dimensions: 33 1/2" H x 19" W x 19 3/4" D
- Connection bracket includedMicrowave Dimensions: 10 1/4" H x 18" W x 13" D
- Full range temperature control in refrigerator section
- Height: 33 1/2"
- Width: 19"
- Depth: 19 3/4"
Microwave dimensions:
- Height: 10 1/4"
- Width: 18"
- Depth: 13"
Refrigerator dimensions:


text: I think the dog training video programs are fantastic and getting better every year, but I am curious how well they work for the total newbie. I started my first hunting dog with nothing but Wolters "Water Dog" back in the day, so I would think a video program would be light years better than that, but I still wonder how good they are. By the time I bought my first video, The Lardy Tapes, I had already trained up two Master Hunters by working with some good amateurs and pros alike, so I kind of knew what dog training was about. It seemed to me the Lardy tapes were geared more to guys like me who had prior experience and could be difficult for the newbie to follow. The guy on the force fetch thread made me wonder about this. Could he just buy Smartworks or Lardy and work through his problem?


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"For larger views of the photos (1200 x 800) - please click on the individual imagesINTRODUCTION I've had the pleasure of listening to most of DUNU Topsound's hybrid earphones (DN1000, 2000 and 2000J), and also their Titan series (1, 3 and 5), and the thing that has always struck me with DUNU has been the quality of their products, and the innovation in their design. So when Vivian first started..." --Brooko
Dunu DN-1000
"Hybrid 3 ways: 2x Balance Armature + 1x 10mm Dynamic driver http://www.dunu-topsound.com/DN-1000.html I was a bit disappointed with DN-1000 when I tried it out of the box. The treble was a bit metallic with the stock silicone eartips. The first few weeks with DN-1000, I used foam eartips, Comply T-500, that smoothen the treble, made the DN-1000 sounds very open and airy, but..." --earfonia
Dunu DC4
DUNU is a fairly new company and was started as a brand of the Top Sound OEM making IEMs that utilize very high quality housings that have a similar look and feel, but better build quality to the Monster IEMs. I have had a chance to hear some DUNU products briefly, but as I now stick to custom IEMs and higher priced universals I didn't perform a full evaluation. I was a little surprised...
DUNU DN-2000 Hybrid 3 way earphone
" Introduction Hello head-fiers! Now, you're going to read a review of a spectacular earphone named Dunu DN-2000! It's a hybridized earphone consisting of two Balanced Armature (BA) drivers and a 10 mm dynamic driver; although the driver configuration isn't specifically described in their main website, I assume it has one TWFK (or two-in-one BA) driver that covers the treble and mid-range and..." --Gandasaputra
DUNU DN-23 Landmine. Headphones earphones
"Introduction: Dunu by Top-Sound is famous for offering well made and accessorized earphones to IEM's to the market. They are popular on Head-Fi and around the world. With earphone offerings from a wide range of features and prices, many can usually find one that fits their needs. Today we have the new Dunu DN 23 Landmine to review. It is one of the upper echelon's of Dunu products to come out..." --bowei006
DUNU DN-22M Detonator. Headphones earphones
" Introduction: Dunu by Top-Sound is famous for good price to performance earbuds as well as the amount of accessories they include with their very well built units. Dunu introduces the Detonator as an earbud for phone users so that people can catch calls and talk. This earbud features a microphone with push function terminated by a V angled jack. Now let's see what Dunu has to offer this..." --bowei006
Dunu TITAN 1 — titanium-coated diaphragm earphones
" For larger views of any of the photos (1200 x 800) - please click on the individual images INTRODUCTION My introduction to DUNU Topsound (over a year ago) was with their triple hybrid DN-1000, which rapidly became a hit with Head-Fi buyers, and was one of the first triple hybrid IEMs to show that top quality could be achieved at an affordable price. I lost touch a little with DUNU..." --Brooko
DUNU DN-13 Crius
" First off, I'd like to thank the folks at DUNU-TopSound for providing me with samples to review Up for review today are a pair of balanced armature based IEMs. Priced solidly within the bracket I would consider "mid-range", these have a great deal of competition right out of the gate and one has to wonder whether or not DUNU's newcomers can stand up to that competition...." --TheGame21x
Dunu DN-17 Crater
" Review of DUNU DN-17 Crater A Little Information I would like to thank DUNU for being extremely generous and sending me yet more gear for review! It was a bit of a surprise to receive these headphones, as I was not aware of entering any contest or anything of that sort and was not expecting them. However I do of course welcome new gear for testing, so it was a lovely surprise to see..." --Gatepc
GOgroove Earbuds with Nylon Woven Cord and 3 Sets Silicon Ear Gels
GOgroove Earbuds are great for any audio application! Their sound profile makes them perfect for casual music, personal DVD players, active audio, and even audiobooks!


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Skull Earbuds
These fabulous "Skull" ear buds are sure to get noticed. A fun way to accessorize your MP3 player, PDA or laptop. your ears Works with devices such as: Portable gaming systems, MP3 players, PDAs and Laptop computers Compatible with a standard 3.5 mm headphone socket Includes two sets of soft silicone tips. Hip, cute and practical..what more could you want ?
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Samsung Galaxy S 4 Announced In NYC: 5" 1080p Display, 1.9GHz Quad-Core Snapdragon, LTE, Coming In April
At a glance, the 5" Galaxy S 4 is a mishmash between the Galaxy S III and the Note II. It straddles the two, only getting a touch larger in order to not completely infringe on the Note's territory. The phone weighs 130g, measures 7.9mm thick, and will be available in two colors (Black Mist and White Forest). In the coming months, additional colors will be added. The phone is equipped with a 5" Full HD Super AMOLED display -- that's 1080p on a phone, with 441ppi. Talk about dense. On the rear, there's a 13MP camera, while the front-facing camera is a 2MP affair. Moreover, the LTE version supports up to 6 different band sets which allows it to function in most LTE coverage areas as well as enabling global LTE roaming. Furthermore, TDD/FDD LTE Dual Mode version will be introduced later this year. It'll ship with Android 4.2.2 (including Google Now), but that Eye Scroll feature that was rumored is nowhere to be found.
Additionally, there's 2GB of memory, 16/32/64GB of internal storage, a microSD slot (supporting up to 64 additional gigabytes), and a couple of CPU options depending on region. Select areas will see a Exynos 5 Octa at 1.6GHz, while others see a 1.9GHz quad-core Snapdragon processor, but Samsung isn't clarifying which version will ship in the U.S. Carrier support is something to gloat about, the the phone set to ship on over 100, including AT&T, T-Mobile USA, Sprint, Verizon Wireless, USCC and Cricket in America. There's also a removable battery cover that houses a 2,600mAh cell.
Another big mystery is pricing. Per usual, Samsung's going to let its respective carrier partners spill the beans on price. We're guessing it'll be between $200 and $300 on contract, with initial shipments to start next month.


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A Minnesota native, Michele Hauf lives in a Minneapolis suburb with her family. She enjoys being a stay-at-home mom with a son and a daughter. Michele writes the kind of stories she loves to read, filled with romance, fantasy, adventure and always set in France. Though she has yet to leave the U.S., since her family knows that, once gone, she might set up house in a little French village and never return! Always a storyteller, she began to write in the early 90s and hasn't stopped since. Playing guitar, hunting backyard butterflies and coloring (yes, coloring) keep her creativity honed. Research for her Silhouette novels has yet to see her stealing jewels or racing cars on a high-speed chase, but
she can pick a lock or bake a mean chocolate cheesecake (with a file inside) if duty calls.
You can contact Michele at: PO Box 23, Anoka, MN 55303


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Post about the Orto Plutonia BP at TRU not long after Jedi wave hit -more than 4 weeks ago. No interest. It was $25 too. Now everybody's interested
Snags --- your post should have been "I found 10 cases of tvc Aotc wave between a walmart and target. $6 each - go get 'em!!!!"
oh ya, glendale target had 2 rebel commandos last nite. Didn't see any other guys from that wave. I could go for a Wooof if anyone sees one. (hopefully for $6) And deluxe TFs were 8.49. All targets


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Carlo R. Maglio
HANCOCK/MADISON – Carlo R. Maglio passed away Sunday, February 24, 2013, at Saint Anthony Hospital in Rockford, Il. He was 80 years old.
He was born May 6, 1932, in Milwaukee, the son of Josephine(Pizzino) and Sylvester (Sal) Maglio.
He was a loving and devoted husband, father, grandpa, brother, uncle and friend. He married the love of his life, Margaret (Peg) Florin (Benoy), October 18, 1986. Together Carlo and Peg were blessed with ten wonderful children.
He retired from CUNA Mutual Insurance Company (I/S Department) in 1991. Before CUNA Mutual he was a hair dresser and owned several beauty salons. He served our country in the U.S. Army. Carlo loved people and people loved Carlo, he became a friend to everyone he met. Carlo was an avid Badger and Packer fan, who rarely missed a game. He was a great athlete at both Edgewood High School and UW Madison, excelling in basketball, football and track, still holding records. Retirement years allowed Carlo to enjoy his lake home and create many family memories. He enjoyed spending time with his family, playing cards, Italian cooking, golf, softball, coaching and trips to the casino. He looked forward to his kids' and later grandkids' sporting events. Carlo gave his time to charitable functions and played Santa. One of his lifelong dreams was to travel to Sicily. He made the trip for his 80th birthday in the fall of 2012. His wife and children were all able to join him in Sicily. A trip of a lifetime.
He is survived by his loving wife, Peg of 26 years; children, Jan Maglio, Carl (Kathy) Maglio, Linda (Jon) Walters, Lori (Brian) Hogan, Amy (Ted) Rumler, Wendie (Scott) McKernan, Kandie Florin, Karrie Dresen, Jonathan Florin, Jeremy (Angie) Florin; grandchildren, Josh, Amanda, Ashley, Michael, Marissa, Dallas, Ryan, Jessica, Michael, Alyx, Tristan, Brooke, Taylor, Anna, Julia, Aiden and Ariana; siblings, Theodore and Prudence(Penny) Maglio; and many nieces, nephews and dear friends.
He was preceded in death by his parents; and sister-in-law, Jean Maglio.
A special thank you to friends Rick and Sandy during his final hours.
A memorial service will be held at 11 a.m. on Friday, March 1, 2013, at JOYCE-RYAN FUNERAL HOME, 5701 Odana Road. A visitation will be held from 4 p.m. until 7 p.m. on Thursday, February 28, 2013, at the funeral home and also from 10 a.m. until the time of service on Friday.
In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations in his name be made to Edgewood High School Athletic Department.
If you have stories to share, the family would love to hear them. His laughter and big caring heart inspired us all. He will be deeply missed.
To view and sign this guestbook, please visit: www.ryanfuneralservice.com


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WHD: Providing Somali women with dignity
Menstruation is not a word commonly associated with the humanitarian agenda, nor is it a subject many Somalis would be comfortable discussing in public. But Somali aid worker Amina Hagi Elmi is a tireless advocate for hundreds of thousands of displaced Somalia women, ensuring that they have access to sanitary cloths and basic hygiene when they menstruate.
"Women's needs, including the need for dignity and respect, do not disappear in the face of conflict, drought and other adversity," says Amina.
"When everything else grinds to a halt, including basic services like water, health and food supplies, the menstrual cycle continues, oblivious of war or displacement," she says, adding that women facing such life-threatening crises are frequently caught off-guard with no access to sanitary and protective items.
Affectionately known as Mama Amina, her commitment to providing "dignity kits" to displaced women was triggered by her own experience. When civil war broke out in Somalia in 1991, her family fled to Balcad, 35 kms north-east of their home in Mogadishu. About 10 days later, her period started.
"I could not stand up for fear of embarrassment. But I collected myself, used an extra scarf I had and got on with the chores," she says. She was responsible for caring for her family and could not allow menstruation to be an impediment.
For Amina, that day was a turning point that led her to devote herself to serving displaced people, particularly women and children. In 1992, she founded the non-governmental organization Save Somali Women and Children (SSWC) to work on behalf of vulnerable displaced women and children, and to campaign for the provision of dignity kits. The kits include washable sanitary cloths, underwear, dresses, shawls, petticoats, head scarves and soap. These items fulfil basic hygiene needs and prevent potential health hazards for women and young girls. Other women's organizations also took up the call.
Amina's campaign has paid off. In 2011, the Shelter Cluster, which helps displaced people with temporary shelter and essential household items, started to distribute the kits as part of its emergency assistance package.
Amina helps Somalis to help other Somalis. "I mobilize wealthy people in Mogadishu to donate to the displaced," she says. She also lobbies the United Nations and international NGOs for funding.
I am particularly grateful to the Common Humanitarian Fund, which provides funds through the Shelter Cluster."
With support from the Common Humanitarian Fund's emergency reserve fund, SSWC has provided shelter and non-food items, including the dignity kit, to 62,000 displaced people in Banadir (Mogadishu) and Lower Shabelle regions since 2011. SSWC staff also distribute food and provide water, sanitation services and shelter in other parts of southern Somalia.
Mama Amina is a pillar of hope to thousands of women and children in the Zona-K settlements in Mogadishu's Hodan district. To mark World Humanitarian Day, she distributed blankets, soap and food to 100 families.
"Mama Amina is like a mother to all of us, and even when she cannot help us she listens to our problems," said Saido Ahmed, an IDP in Mogadishu. "I received a dignity kit from her and it has been very helpful."
Amina says she hopes that on World Humanitarian Day, 19 August, people will be moved to help each other, both in Somalia and beyond.
Reporting by Rita Maingi, OCHA Somalia


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The Organization of American States is the premier regional forum for political discussion, policy analysis and decision-making in Western Hemisphere affairs. The OAS brings together leaders from nations across the Americas to address hemispheric issues and opportunities. Together, they seek to build cooperation among states and advance a common regional agenda on democratic governance, human rights, multidimensional security, and sustainable development.
The Coordinating Office of the Offices in the Member States invites you to visit their site.
You will be able to receive updates, find out who they are and learn out about projects, programs, internships, and scholarships in each office.
Currently, some 10% of children born in Latin America and the Caribbean officially do not exist as their births were never recorded. With no record of their existence, these children will lose access to a range of services and rights. The OAS, through the Universal Civil Identity Program in the Americas (PUICA), aims to register all children born in the region to ensure recognition of their right to civil identity.


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Current cosmological theory rests on a disturbingly small number of independent observations
Michael J. Disney
Big Bang cosmology is not a single theory; rather, it is five separate theories constructed on top of one another. The ground floor is a theory, historically but not fundamentally rooted in general relativity, to explain the redshifts—this is Expansion, which happily also accounts for the cosmic background radiation. The second floor is Inflation—needed to solve the horizon and "flatness" problems of the Big Bang. The third floor is the Dark Matter hypothesis required to explain the existence of contemporary visible structures, such as galaxies and clusters, which otherwise would never condense within the expanding fireball. The fourth floor is some kind of description for the "seeds" from which such structure is to grow. And the fifth and topmost floor is the mysterious Dark Energy, needed to allow for the recent acceleration of cosmic expansion indicated by the supernova observations. Thus Dark Energy could crumble, leaving the rest of the building intact. But if the Expansion floor collapsed, the entire edifice above it would come crashing down. Expansion is a moderately well-supported hypothesis, consistent with the cosmic background radiation, with the helium abundance and with the ages inferred for the oldest stars and star clusters in our neighborhood. However, finding more direct evidence for Expansion must be of paramount importance.
In the 1930s, Richard Tolman proposed such a test, really good data for which are only now becoming available. Tolman calculated that the surface brightness (the apparent brightness per unit area) of receding galaxies should fall off in a particularly dramatic way with redshift—indeed, so dramatically that those of us building the first cameras for the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1980s were told by cosmologists not to worry about distant galaxies, because we simply wouldn't see them. Imagine our surprise therefore when every deep Hubble image turned out to have hundreds of apparently distant galaxies scattered all over it (as seen in the first image in this piece). Contemporary cosmologists mutter about "galaxy evolution," but the omens do not necessarily look good for the Tolman test of Expansion at high redshift.
In its original form, an expanding Einstein model had an attractive, economic elegance. Alas, it has since run into serious difficulties, which have been cured only by sticking on some ugly bandages: inflation to cover horizon and flatness problems; overwhelming amounts of dark matter to provide internal structure; and dark energy, whatever that might be, to explain the seemingly recent acceleration. A skeptic is entitled to feel that a negative significance, after so much time, effort and trimming, is nothing more than one would expect of a folktale constantly re-edited to fit inconvenient new observations.
The historian of science Daniel Boorstin once remarked: "The great obstacle to discovering the shape of the Earth, the continents and the oceans was not ignorance but the illusion of knowledge. Imagination drew in bold strokes, instantly serving hopes and fears, while knowledge advanced by slow increments and contradictory witnesses." Acceptance of the current myth, if myth it is, could likewise hold up progress in cosmology for generations to come.
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LiverKick.com Podcast Episode 20: The Unstoppable Petrosyan
- Written by Dave Walsh
Welcome back to the LiverKick.com Podcast, where Rian Scalia (@rianscalia) and myself (@liverkickdotcom / @dvewlsh) talk about the latest and greatest (as well as not-so-greatest) in the world of Kickboxing and Muay Thai. In this episode we recap GLORY 6 Istanbul as well as give a run down of GLORY 7 Milan, which might be one of the best top-to-bottom cards of this year.
{enclose lkvol20.mp3}


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If you don't believe that the Cairo-Jerusalem meltdown is fueled by Egyptian anti-Semitism, take note: BBC reporter Thomas Dinham describes How I was subject of anti-Semitic abuse in Cairo.
The reaction from his attacker is chilling:
While walking in the street someone pushed me from behind with such force that I nearly fell over.
Turning around, I found myself surrounded by five men, one of whom tried to punch me in the face. I stopped the attack by pointing out how shameful it was for a Muslim to assault a guest in his country, especially during Ramadan.
Relieved that a seemingly random assault was over, I was appalled by the apology offered by one of my assailants. "Sorry," he said contritely, offering his hand, "we thought you were a Jew."
Shaking his head in disbelief on hearing the news, an Egyptian friend sympathised: "That's stupid, you are obviously not a Jew."
The chilling implication I was left with was that, had I been Jewish, the assault would have apparently been justified.
This wasn't Dinham's only brush with anti-Semitism. Read the whole story.
Related reading: The Embassy Attack: A Damning Judgment on Egypt's Revolution?
(Image courtesy Flickr/Hammoud)


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An Interview With John A. Rodriguez
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An Interview With John A. Rodriguez
Interviewer: Irene Ruiz. Interview recorded May 19, 1977. 1 sound cassette (ca. 90 minutes): analog, stereo.; 5 7/8 x 2 1/2 in., 1/8 in. tape; 1 sound disc; digital; 4 3/4 in. Has printed guide to contents.
At the time of the interview, Mr. Rodriquez was Executive Educational Coordinator of Community Relations with the Midwest Center of Equal Education Opportunity with the University of Missouri. He was born on May 6, 1941, in Dodge City, Kansas. In the interview he discusses his early life, the importance of education, discrimination, religion, 1951 flood, job opportunities in Kansas and later, etc.
Number 48 on MP3 disc.
SC69-1, Tape 53, CD 53
Local Subject
Hispanic Americans
Rodriguez, John A.
West Side
Oral History
Item Type
Archival Material
Synopsis of interview:
Mr. John A. Rodriguez was born on May 6, 1941, in Dodge City, Kansas. His parents are: Anita Sandoval and Samuel E. Rodriguez. Mr. Rodriguez has three younger brothers and two sisters. His father was born in Mexico and came to this country when he was 13 years old. His mother was born in New Mexico.
Neighborhood: The family lived south of the railroad yard close to the river. There was a large community of Mexicans working for the railroad and packing houses. Schools- The Kansas State provided a school for Mexican-American children. The name of the school was "Coronado School", from kindergarten to the twelfth grade. The school had two rooms but only one teacher. Spanish was the dominant language, but the children also knew English. The school was closed in 1949 and the Santa Fe Railroad sold the property, and the families had to move out. The Santa Fe Railroad used to provide housing for their workers. When the Coronado School closed the children went to public schools and all Mexican American children were put in special education because the teacher assumed the children did not know English. In other words they were put with the mentally retarded children.
Mr. Rodriguez was lucky because he worked for the Principal doing yard work. Therefore, the Principal found out that Mr. Rodriguez knew English quite well and immediately he pulled him out. He then went to Roosevelt School and Miller School. Most Mexican-American children dropped out after the 6th grade because they were discriminated against. However, he continued his education because his parents encouraged him. In the eighth grade of Junior High, he was the first Mexican-American to make the Honor Roll and even to finish high school. At that point he decided to go to a private school – The St. Mary's Plains High School. It was a very expensive school and he worked hard to pay for it. The main reason Mr. Rodriguez went to a catholic school was that Mexican-American children were treated better there than in public schools.
Discrimination – During the time Mr. Rodriguez was going to the public school, the school had set the rule that children could not wear their hair over their ears. However, the barbers of Dodge City would not cut their hair. They were allowed to work in barber shops shining shoes. The children were sent to jail and parents were fined for wearing their hair over their ears. It was a losing battle until his uncle opened a barber shop for Mexican- Americans. Mr. Rodriguez graduated from St. Mary's High School. He played football, basketball and ran track. He won a scholarship to the tenth Sigma College but he was not able to use it because he injured his back.
Religion- Mr. Rodriguez and his folks are Catholic. They went to the Guadalupe Church, a church built by all Mexicans in their neighborhood. This church provided all their social activities and also served as an office for the labor workers. Hobbies – Mr. Rodriguez never had the time to develop any kind of recreation, not even reading because most Mexican-Americans thought their destiny was to work for the railroad or packing houses for which they did not need an education.
Military Service – He went to the Army, to a voluntary program created after World War II, called Advanced Infantry Training which had to do with all combat training with light weapons. He never left the country, he was stationed in Ft. ? California in the Mohamed [Mohave] Desert. He trained other soldiers for five years, but had one year of active duty.Dust Storms – Two of his brothers died because of the storms and because they did not have the money to go to doctors. They had two women healers who helped them.
The Flood of 1951 – Since most Mexican Americans lived close to the River, many people lost their homes. They also had close ties with Kansas City through the railroad and knew how Mexicans we affected by the flood. Kansas City was very meaningful because Mexicans had more freedom here such as movie houses, barber shops, dances etc. and they were not rejected. Discrimination was visible but not to the extent of Dodge City. College – Mr. Rodriguez graduated from St. Mary's Plains College in 1965. It took him six years because he worked during the time he was attending college. He got a Bachelors degree with a major in Spanish and a minor in French and Theology.
Immediately, upon graduation he went to work teaching languages in a High School at Elkard, Kansas. He was the first Mexican-American teacher in that area, but it took him seven months to find a house and he felt very isolated there. Mr. Rodriguez taught two years at Elkard, Kansas but he was fired because he would not utilize the laboratory equipment the school provided. However, his teaching method was far better than the equipment because his students always seemed higher than any other times. From Elkard he moved to Harper, Kansas. He worked as a tennis and track coach. He also taught French and Spanish at High School level for four years. He also drove a truck on week-ends and worked at a filling station at nights. He was married and had an adopted son, hence he needed to increase his income, and at the same time he was completing his Masters degree in teaching by going to college at night. He got his Masters degree from Northwestern Steele Teacher's College in the summer of 1971. He was offered a job as Guidance Council at Hutchinson, Kansas which he accepted because the salary was fine and gave him the opportunity to show he could teach languages. He taught four years French and Spanish literature at Hutchinson Junior College.
Mr. Rodriguez at the time became acquainted with Ed Martinez whose father was the first Mexican-American in the State of Kansas to become the Mayor of the city. He started the first Mexican-American group in the State of Kansas and organized these groups to receive counseling in careers and education. He asked people in downtown Hutchinson to let him use office space twice a week at night to help the Mexican community, in a volunteer basis.
Kansas City, Mo. – He worked in this project for one year. At that time someone in the University of Missouri was looking for someone with experience working with the community. He applied for that job and obtained the position in 1972. Mr. Rodriguez was the first Mexican-American director to provide service of the University of Missouri to Mexicans and Blacks with pre-college courses in math, reading and more of the ground work. They formed two centers, one is located at the West Side. Mr. Rodriguez is presently Executive Educational Coordinator of Community Relations with the Midwest Center of Equal Education Opportunity with the University of Missouri since 1973. Coming to Kansas City has been very good for him, professionally, socially and politically.
Board Member – The Mexican community informed him that Mexicans never had any representation in the educational field. Therefore he ran a very good campaign and got into the race to win. The night the vote was counted he was very hurt as it seemed that the incumbent had won. However, his immediate reaction was to review the records of people who voted absentee. He went to the Board of Election and found out that the absentee ballots were never counted. At that time they decided to sue the Board of Election Commissioners and he won the case. It was the first time the absentee ballot was challenged. He won the election and he was sworn in May 16, 1976. The Mexican-American community got involved and the fair election was established.
Outstanding Events – His motivation was negative since grade school because of discrimination toward the Mexicans. He wanted to show he could to anything because he had the intelligence to do it, but it was not until he went to a Catholic school that a Nun gave him courage and told him his potentials were unlimited. At home, his father was an inspiration. With only a third grade education his father taught himself to read and write English, and while working as a bus-boy in a restaurant he met the Mexican council of Kansas City, who impressed by his writing ability asked him to become his secretary, which he did.Outstanding Events – He is proud that in spite of all negative background he had in his youthful years, he opened the path for others. Every achievement in his life has been not a major achievement but, it's always been the first. He has upgraded the status of the Mexican-American people in Western Kansas.Plans for the future - Mr. Rodriquez plans to terminate his studies for a PhD and would like to be a Clinical Psychologist. If not he will get a PhD in Business Administration. His interest is making the public aware that the Mexican-American people have a unique culture and that they seek to be respected and identified. He hopes that ten years from now young people who listen to his tape can say to themselves, "I am doing much better now."
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A Case of Regulatory Failure - Popcorn Workers Lung
Occupational exposure to the vapors from artificial butter flavor can cause bronchiolitis obliterans, a debilitating and sometimes fatal lung disease. Dozens of workers at microwave popcorn factories or factories where these flavors are produced have become sick, and at least one worker has died. Others are awaiting lung transplants. Thousands more workers are exposed at factories that make or use flavorings throughout the country. This is a case study in failings of our public health protection system. For more than five years, government scientists have conducted studies that have identified ways to protect workers and prevent this illness. In the face of mounting scientific evidence of a serious hazard, and recommendations on ways to prevent the disease, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has done virtually nothing.
Background (also see Background on Diacetyl document)
Diacetyl is a commonly used food flavoring and is the primary constituent of artificial butter flavoring. There is compelling scientific evidence linking occupational exposure to diacetyl to bronchiolitis obliterans, a debilitating and sometimes fatal lung disease. In the general population, bronchiolitis obliterans is rare. In the last few years, however, numerous cases have been reported to or identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) among workers employed in factories where flavorings containing diacetyl are produced or used. (See: NIOSH Alert) Dozens of workers employed at microwave popcorn packaging plants have developed occupational lung disease and at least one has died. Several of these workers are on lung transplant lists. (See: Baltimore Sun's: Disease is swift, response is slow)
The First Cases of Popcorn Workers' Lung: OSHA and NIOSH Respond
The sentinel case of the recent outbreak of bronchiolitis obliterans was a Missouri microwave popcorn plant worker diagnosed with the condition in 1999. Dr. Allen Parmet, a Missouri physician who treated several of the workers, notified the Missouri Department of Health (MDOH), which immediately contacted OSHA and NIOSH. The letter OSHA received from MDOH alerted the federal agency that ten workers from one microwave popcorn packaging facility had been diagnosed with bronchiolitis obliterans and three of these workers were awaiting lung transplants. The MDOH reported that it planned to conduct an epidemiologic investigation of the disease cluster, but notified OSHA that obtaining medical releases and physician reports would take some time. Consequently, the state officials asked OSHA to inspect the facility, noting that "[a]s a regulatory agency … [OSHA] can more promptly address this situation, and if there is an obvious hazard to workers, address it quickly."
When an OSHA inspector visited the plant a few days later, he noted that four years earlier, the plant's insurance carrier had conducted environmental sampling for total nuisance dust. Therefore, he conducted no additional dust sampling and offered his "professional opinion that it would be ludicrous to re-sample the area again." He did collect samples of respirable oil mist, but the OSHA lab in Salt Lake City discarded them because the agency's sampling method applies only to petroleum-based oils, not vegetable oils. Having failed to collect usable exposure samples, the inspector, according to his own notes: "determined the company to be in compliance and closed out the case file since there were no other OSHA sampling protocols at his disposal to test further at the plant."
Sixteen months later, in September 2001, an attorney representing several of the sick workers filed a complaint with OSHA, and followed up with another complaint in December 2001. In her letter, the attorney alleged that not enough had been done to improve ventilation in the plant, as evidenced by the fact that "one employee lost half of his lung capacity working in the plant after the remedial measures that NIOSH suggested were taken…" (emphasis in original) This prompted OSHA to send another inspector to visit the plant. This time, the inspector stayed 40 minutes and did not conduct an inspection. OSHA then sent a letter to the attorney who had filed the complaints, denying the need for further investigation at the plant. The letter explained: "[T]he hazard which you brought to our attention has been corrected and … Glister [sic] Mary Lee is complying with the recommendations of NIOSH... The hazard does not fall within OSHA's jurisdiction because there is no Permissible Exposure Limits (sic) for the food blend chemicals of concern that are used at the factory."
NIOSH's Response
In contrast to OSHA, identification of the cases of a rare lung disease among the microwave popcorn packaging plant workers led NIOSH, the federal occupational health and safety research agency, to conduct a series of important studies that have resulted in an improved understanding of the lung disease caused by exposure to chemicals used in flavors. In August 2000, NIOSH began its investigation with comprehensive industrial hygiene sampling of one microwave popcorn packaging plant, finding diacetyl —a volatile organic compound predominant in the product's butter flavoring —was present in concentrations up to 1000 times higher than the office and outdoor areas at the plant. NIOSH also did health assessments of nearly 90% of the plant employees, discovering that their rates of chronic cough and shortness of breath were 2.6 times the national average, adjusting for both smoking and age. Twice as many workers than expected reported being told by their physicians that they had asthma or chronic bronchitis, and lung function testing revealed that three times as many workers as expected had obstruction to airflow. These results were reported first in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report and then in the New England Journal of Medicine.
In December 2000, NIOSH issued interim recommendations suggesting that all workers wear respirators pending the implementation of engineering controls to eliminate exposure to the artificial butter flavoring. Over the next year, while working with the company in planning and implementing control measures, NIOSH staff continued to monitor the health of employees. In September 2001, NIOSH staff returned to the factory to inform workers about what they had learned, distributing materials that included the ominous warning: "There is a work-related cause of lung disease in this plant. We at NIOSH believe the problem is continuing even after the company made changes that we recommended." They also stated that plant workers with bronchiolitis obliterans "can't breathe well. They do not get better."
A Widespread Hazard
Recognizing that exposure to artificial butter flavor was not limited to the one Missouri popcorn plant, OSHA and NIOSH each took steps to address the problem. The quality of their responses, despite the seriousness of the hazard, could not be more different. NIOSH applied a traditional public health approach, collecting extensive information about the distribution and determinants of lung disease in other popcorn plants and conducting laboratory studies to better understand the chemical hazard itself. In order to carry out their field investigations, NIOSH developed sampling and analytical methods for measuring exposure to flavoring-related chemicals. The agency scientists measured exposure to butter flavoring vapors at 10 microwave popcorn facilities and assessed the prevalence of respiratory impairment among many of the workers. Through the development of science-based approaches to reducing exposure, NIOSH attempted to prevent additional cases of occupational lung disease. (See: NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations on Flavorings)
NIOSH examined the effects of exposure through experiments on laboratory animals. In the first of these studies, rats were exposed to airborne concentrations of butter flavoring for a single, six-hour period. The researchers were alarmed to discover significant lung damage among rats whose exposure was "not extraordinary when compared with levels measured in the workplace." According to the study's lead investigator, Dr. Ann Hubbs, the findings were "the most dramatic cases of cell death ever seen." NIOSH scientists then conducted a study in which rats were exposed to pure diacetyl and found similar results. A toxicological study of guinea pigs exposed to pure diacetyl found exposure to the chemical caused adverse effects to respiratory tissue and structure.
At the initial Missouri plant, diacetyl was measured in concentrations ranging as high as 98 parts per million parts air by volume (ppm), with a mean exposure of 8.1 ppm. In their evaluation of six microwave popcorn plants (five of which had workers with flavoring-associated lung disease), NIOSH scientists reported that the "lowest mean TWA [time weighted average] diacetyl air concentrations that we measured in mixing areas (0.02 ppm personal exposure and 0.2 ppm area air concentration) were at a plant with an affected mixer," meaning a sick worker. On the basis of this finding, the NIOSH scientists concluded "it would seem prudent to maintain worker exposures to diacetyl below these levels." In December 2003, NIOSH issued an alert that was sent to 4,000 businesses that might use or make butter flavoring. The alert suggests safeguards such as limiting release of vapors in production lines. Employers were asked to caution workers about the potential for lung disease.
In contrast to the NIOSH scientists' efforts to identify the hazard and the prevalence of disease, OSHA's response has been trivial. When faced with a hazard for which no standard has been set, OSHA has the authority to issue an emergency temporary standard or to invoke the "general duty clause" and require employers to reduce or eliminate clear hazards. OSHA selected neither of these options. Despite significant "bodies in the morgue" evidence, OSHA maintains that "a cause-effect relationship between diacetyl and bronchiolitis obliterans has not been established, as food-processing workers with this lung disease were also exposed to other flavoring agents."
In September, 2002 OSHA's Regional Office in Kansas City (Region VII) entered "an agreement establishing an alliance" with The Popcorn Board, the trade association representing popcorn manufacturers. This move was part of a larger effort by OSHA to form alliances with corporations, trade associations, and other organizations, to voluntarily develop and share information regarding worker health and safety. OSHA's Assistant Secretary reported in February 2004 that the agency had forty-six national and 105 regional alliances. There are no specific requirements for forming an alliance with OSHA and by design, the agreements "do not include an enforcement component."
OSHA's partnership agreement with The Popcorn Board indicated that the trade association would provide OSHA with a mailing list of member companies engaged in microwave popcorn packaging so that OSHA could send these firms "recent information on the potential adverse health effects of employees exposure to artificial butter flavoring compounds." Another provision would allow The Popcorn Board to "review and provide comment and input on a draft OSHA 'Hazard Information Bulletin' to be developed by OSHA for internal distribution to it's compliance officers in the field." The partnership agreement did not have any mechanism for participation by exposed workers, their representatives or the public health community. The "alliance" was concluded in March 2003, and to our knowledge the 'Hazard Information Bulletin" was never issued.
In July of 2006, the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW) and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters petitioned OSHA for an Emergency Temporary Standard to protect workers from diacetyl. SKAPP organized a letter to the Department of Labor, signed by 42 of the nation's leading occupational health scientists and physicians, in support of the petition.
More Than Just Popcorn Factories
Since the initial reports focused on individuals employed in microwave popcorn factories, the disease is often called "popcorn workers' lung." Scientists now recognize a health risk to thousands of other food industry employees using diacetyl in manufacturing both artificial flavorings and associated products including candy, pastries, and frozen foods. The California Department of Health Services, for example, recently reported two cases of bronchiolitis obliterans among diacetyl-exposed workers employed at factories where flavorings are produced, one of whom was mixing flavors for dog food. NIOSH is currently investigating 15 cases of respiratory disease, including some workers with bronchiolitis obliterans, among the employees at a single Cincinnati, Ohio flavor manufacturing plant. (See: Baltimore Sun's: Disease is swift, response is slow)
Some cases of pulmonary disease for which no cause was originally identified may also turn out to be linked to diacetyl. In 1985, for instance, NIOSH inspected International Bakers Services, an Indiana facility producing flavors for bakeries, because two young, previously healthy, nonsmoking employees were diagnosed with severe fixed obstructive lung disease (consistent with bronchiolitis obliterans) within one year of employment. Inspectors advised the facility to change equipment and practices to reduce employees' exposure to dust in the flavor mixing room, but they did not identify a particular agent that caused the disease. Diacetyl is listed one of the 33 ingredients commonly used at the facility. (See: NIOSH's HHE report on International Bakers Services)
The scientific evidence gathered to date indicates that the problem is not limited to diacetyl. It is likely other chemicals used in the production of flavorings can cause or exacerbate lung disease. OSHA has issued permissible exposure limits (PELs) and/or NIOSH has recommended exposure limits (RELs) for only 46 of the 1,037 flavoring ingredients considered by the flavorings industry to represent potential respiratory hazards.
Diacetyl currently appears on the Food and Drug Administration's "Generally Recognized as Safe" (GRAS) list. In September of 2006, SKAPP petitioned the FDA to revoke diacetyl's GRAS status. As required by FDA regulations (21 CFR 10.30(e)), the agency is required to respond to a citizen petition within 180 days. In a letter dated March 6, 2007, the Director of FDA's Office of Food Additive Safety wrote that FDA has not yet reached a decision about SKAPP's petition "because of the limited availability of resources and other agency priorities."
Regulation by Litigation
While OSHA has done little to compel employers to reduce exposures, the threat of law suits against the flavoring manufacturers has become a potentially important mechanism to prevent bronchiolitis obliterans. More than $100 million has been awarded through court cases and settlements to former popcorn plant workers whose lungs were destroyed by diacetyl. These suits are against the flavor manufacturers who knew or should have known that the flavorings were capable of causing lung disease. If they had warned employers and workers about the hazards associated with diacetyl, or if they had sold a less hazardous product, some or all of these cases might have been prevented.
Through this litigation, it was revealed that in 1993, years before NIOSH undertook its first animal study, a German chemical manufacturer had conducted a study in which laboratory animals were exposed to diacetyl vapors. That study, which was never reported to the government or published in scientific literature, found results very similar to those later reached by NIOSH: one four-hour period of exposure to diacetyl resulted in an "abundance of symptoms indicative of respiratory tract injury."
Is there Risk from Exposure at Home? The EPA Isn't Saying.
There is no published research on the exposure of consumers to the heated vapors of diacetyl and other chemicals released when microwave popcorn is popped. In the middle of 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that a study on the chemicals released in the popping and opening of packages of microwave popcorn was underway and was expected to be completed by the end of that year. The EPA has yet to disclose the results of that study.
In July 2006, in response to an inquiry from SKAPP about the status of the study, the Chief of the EPA's Indoor Environment Management Branch provided the following response:
"The principle investigator on this project was transferred to homeland security duties, there the final report has been delayed. It is anticipated that the report will be sent as a manuscript for publication in a peer reviewed journal in October, once internal and industry reviews are completed. When it is published will be up to the journal."
On July 26, 2006, David Michaels, on behalf of the SKAPP Planning Committee, wrote to EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson, asking for expedited release of the study and objecting to the preferential treatment given to industry. The EPA responded that the paper summarizing their findings has undergone internal and external review and will be sent to industry "solely to ensure that no confidential business information is released"; the agency plans to submit the paper to a scientific journal this fall and anticipates publication by mid-2007.
About the Case Study
The authors of this case study, David Michaels, PhD, MPH, Chrissy Morgan and Celeste Monforton, MPH have no financial conflict of interest. See also: Michaels D, Monforton C. Scientific evidence in the regulatory system: Manufacturing uncertainty and the demise of the formal regulatory system. J Law Policy 2005; 13(1): 17-41.
Related Documents (click here)
UPDATES: Several developments have occurred since this case study was first written:
August 2006: UFCW, Western States Council, and the California Labor Federation petitioned Cal/OSHA to adopt an emergency temporary standard for diacetyl in California. SKAPP Director David Michaels wrote a letter about the toxicity of diacetyl for inclusion in Cal/OSHA's record.
September 2006: SKAPP petitioned the Food and Drug Administration to revoke diacetyl's "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) status. FDA responded that that the agency had not reached a decision on the petition "because of the limited availability of resources and other agency priorities."
February 2007: California Assemblywoman Sally Lieber introduced a bill that would ban diacetyl in the workplace by 2010.
March 2007: Cal/OSHA drafted a standard on occupational exposure to food flavorings.
April 2007: Two Congressional hearings (one featuring testimony from David Michaels) and a front-page New York Times article focused attention on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's lack of action on several important workplace hazards.
May 2007: Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro wrote to FDA Commissioner Andrew von Eschenbach requesting a re-examination of diacetyl's GRAS status. Von Eschenbach responded that "the agency does not have evidence that would cause it to take immediate action with respect to diacetyl" and that "FDA continues to monitor the scientific literature for studies conducted to define and clarify the dangers associated with exposure to diacetyl vapors."
June 2007: Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey introduced legislation that would require OSHA to set an interim and final standard (within six months and two years, respectively) for occupational exposure to diacetyl.
August 2007: Manufacturer Pop Weaver announced that it has eliminated diacetyl from its microwave popcorn.
September 2007: David Michaels broke the news, on The Pump Handle blog, that Dr. Cecile Rose, chief occupational and environmental medicine physician at National Jewish Medical and Research Center, had diagnosed a case of bronchiolitis obliterans in a man who did not have occupational exposure to diacetyl but was a regular, heavy consumer of microwave popcorn. She had informed the FDA, EPA, CDC, and OSHA about the case in July but gotten very little response. Newspapers and TV shows across the country publicized the story, and ConAgra announced that it would remove diacetyl from its Orville Redenbacher and Act II microwave popcorn lines.
February 2008: The international union UNITE HERE requested NIOSH conduct a Health Hazard Evaluation at three large cafeterias in New York City where employees of Aramark are potentially exposed to articificial butter-flavoring agents. The evaluation included an analysis of bulk samples of cooking oils, air sampling of cooking areas, a questionnaire administered to workers and lung function tests. The preliminary findings from these HHEs were released in May 2008: JP Morgan Chase building (NIOSH HETA-2008-0125), Goldman Sachs (NIOSH HETA-2008-0126), and JP Morgan Chase Manhattan Plaza (NIOSH HETA-2008-0127).
December 2008: OSHA sent documents to OMB/OIRA for review and as first step in the SBREFA process (OIRA screenshot here) (Regs.gov screenshot here)
January 2009: OSHA published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on diacetyl in the Federal Register.
April 2009: Documents related to SBREFA panel. (a) small entity reps and letter from Bob Burt; (b) schedule; (c) draft reg text options; (d) discussion issues; and (e) draft regulatory flexibility analysis.
July 2009: SBREFA report (259 pages); PopWeaver comments
November 2009: Senator Sherrod Brown (D-OH) letter to Labor Secretary Solis urging regulatory action on diacetyl
December 2009: SKAPP letter to FDA for update on diacetyl petition
January 2010: FDA response to SKAPP request for update on diacetyl petition


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Gamma Correction vs Premultiplied Pixels
Pixels with 8 bits per channel are normally sRGB encoded because that allocates more bits to darker colors where human vision is the most sensitive. (Actually, it's really more of a historical accident, but sRGB nevertheless remains useful for this reason). The relationship between sRGB and linear RGB is that you get an sRGB pixel by raising each component of a linear pixel to the power of 1/2.2.
A lot of graphics software does alpha blending directly on these sRGB pixels using alpha values that are linearly coded (ie., an alpha value of 0 means no coverage, 0.5 means half coverage, and 1 means full coverage). Because alpha blending is best done with premultiplied pixels, such systems store pixels in this format:
[ alpha, alpha * red_s, alpha * green_s, alpha * blue_s ]
where alpha is linearly coded, and (
blue_s) are sRGB coded. As long as you are happy with blending in sRGB, this works well. Also, if you simply discard the alpha channel of such pixels and display them directly on a monitor, it will look as if the pixels were alpha blended (in the sRGB space) on top of a black background, which is the desired result.
But what if you want to blend in linear RGB? If you use the format above, some expensive conversions will be required. To convert to premultiplied linear, you have to first divide by alpha, then raise each color to 2.2, then multiply by alpha. To convert back, you must divide by alpha, raise to 1/2.2, then multiply with alpha.
The conversions can be avoided if you store the pixels linearly, ie., keeping the premultiplication, but coding red, green, and blue linearly instead of as sRGB. This makes blending fast, but the downside is that you need deeper pixels. With only 8 bits per pixel, the linear coding loses too much precision in darker tones. Another problems is that to display these pixels, you will either have to convert them to sRGB, or if the video card can scan them out directly, you have to make sure that the gamma ramp is set to compensate for the fact that the monitor expects sRGB pixels.
Can we get the best of both worlds? Yes. The format to use is this:
[ alpha, alpha_s * red_s, alpha_s * green_s, alpha_s * blue_s ]
That is, the alpha channel is stored linearly, and the color channels are stored in sRGB, premultiplied with the alpha value raised to 1/2.2. Ie., the red component is now
(red * alpha)^(1/2.2),
where before it was
alpha * red^(1/2.2).
It is sufficient to use 8 bits per channel with this format because of the sRGB encoding. Discarding the alpha channel and displaying the pixels on a monitor will produce pixels that are alpha blended (in linear space) against black, as desired.
You can convert to linear RGB simply by raising the R, G, and B components to 2.2, and back by raising to 1/2.2. Or, if you feel like cheating, use an exponent of 2 so that the conversions become a multiplication and a square root respectively.
This is also the pixel format to use with texture samplers that implement the sRGB OpenGL extensions (textures and framebuffers). These extensions say precisely that the R, G, and B components are raised to 2.2 before texture filtering, and raised to 1/2.2 after the final raster operation.
Syndicated 2011-08-10 14:25:55 (Updated 2011-09-04 01:42:00) from Søren Sandmann Pedersen


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Discover a selection of top forums awkward african on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums awkward african and meet other fans of awkward african. Then, why don't you create your own forum of awkward african ?
A unique and fun felid roleplay based in the heart of Africa. Filled with a friendly community and tons of activities and contests; there is never a dull moment!
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Join us for a game of Bingo fun! This event is open on Feb. 2nd. to all snowbirds staying at Vacation Myrtle Beach resorts! Bring along a donation for the Boys and Girls of the Grand Strand Strand which is dedicated to helping the community's disadvantaged youth.
Entry is one donation per player.
Wish list items include:
Arts & Crafts Supplies (paint, crayons, poster board, colored paper, glitter etc), School supplies (mechanical pencils, graphing & scientific calculators, dry erase markers, etc)
First Aid Supplies (band aids, ice packs, bug spray, antibacterial hand sanitizer, etc) Computer Jump Drives, Personal Hygiene Items (deodorant, lotions, chap-stick, body spray,
feminine products, etc), Outdoor Bike Rack, Footballs, Basketballs, Volleyballs, Dodge balls, Soccer balls.Next Date:


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|Worldwide Flyfishing Discussion Talk flyfishing with members around the world!
|Topic Review (Newest First)
|Well, things can only go up from here.
one of them days
this had to be the most #$@&^*$$%%!! fishing day i ever had. after a hard day of fighting with other lawyers and a couple of judges i thought luck was on my side when the work day ended a few hours early. great way to start the weekend i figured. so i packed up the truck with my gear and headed to the marina to get an early jump on the late afternoon bite on boston harbor. when i got to the marina and got out of the car, i noticed that the tail gate had openned up. of all the things to have fallen out, my favorite striper/peacock bass rod. a gloomis crosscurrent 9wt. i retraced my steps but no dice. in an act of utterly desperate idiocy i called the police just in case someone may have picked it up and brought it to them. yeah, sure. fortunately i have a 9wt xi2 so at least the day would't be a total loss. right. it was a beautiful day on the harbor but not much action. i pulled out my binoculars to see if i could find any birds working. i draped the binocular case over the back of the passanger seat and began cruising. the wind, such that it was, lifetd the binocular case to a height that i would not have otherwise thought possible. i thought those things floated. wrong. 2 down. well i still had the binocs so i just proceeded. i was determined not to let these mishaps get the best of me. 2 screw ups in a couple of hours. could happen to anyone. couldn't it? finally, i saw a bunch of birds working at the end of long island. i motored over and lowered the trolling motor and began to negotiate the shallow water with as much stealth as my trolling motor could provide. the circling birds didn't crash any bait and began to fly off. i scanned the area and saw a tremendous amount of birds directly behind me about a mile or so near the brewsters. the adrenaline kicked in. this is what i've been wating for, and not another boat in sight. i pulled a big time uey (u turn) and gave it the full throttle, when all of a sudden i heard two big thumps on the bottom of my boat. the good news is that the trolling motor didn't puncture the hull when it broke off at the shaftand smashed into the bottom of the boat. apparantly, the tensil strength of the shaft is not designed to withstand the force of 225hp at full speed while in the water. daaaaa. at that i figured that i was lucky to still be on top of the water and finally did the only smart thing i did all afternoon. i headed in while i was still alive and the boat was still floating. true story. anyone wanna go out with me tomorrow?
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In cruise line terms the Southern Caribbean is a bit of a catch phrase – some of the islands aren't really south – but the big plus of these itineraries is they generally call at less-crowded places. The down side is because of the distance to the islands you'll likely have to fly to San Juan or elsewhere to start your cruise. Small ship lines tend to focus on Southern Caribbean routes because their passengers are drawn to posh St. Barts and such low-key places as Nevis and the islands of the Grenadines.
Southern Caribbean cruises from San Juan typically head to Aruba, Curaçao, and neighboring islands. Small ships embark from St. Thomas, St. Maarten, Barbados and other ports, and visit even more remote places such as the British Virgin Islands, St. Barts, Nevis, and the Grenadines. Longer itineraries – some from Florida ports – may include Grenada and Barbados. The cruises are year-round, but there are more options in the winter months.
Cruise in the Southern Caribbean if you…
Want to play Gilligan's Island and avoid crowds. Are interested in colonial architecture and history.
Don't go if you…
Want lots of duty-free shopping and resort-like attractions at every port of call.
--Fran Golden is the Experience Cruise expert blogger and a contributing editor of Porthole Magazine. She is the co-author of Frommer's Alaska Cruises and Ports of Call.
Ports in this region:


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Family: Phocidae, Hair Seals view all from this family
Description A wide-ranging grayish seal usually found hauled out on rocks. Color pattern may be dark with irregular pale rings or pale with dark splotches. Pups typically molt in utero and are born with a dark pelage. Often has banana-shaped profile when on rocks.
Dimensions 1.4-1.9m, 75-150kg; / 1.2-1.7m, 60-110kg
Habitat Beaches, shorelines & estuaries, Offshore waters
Range New England, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, California, Northwest, Eastern Canada, Western Canada, Alaska
Discussion Typically shy when hauled out, but sometimes habituate to humans. Most populations are recovering with recent protection from hunting. Although capable of traveling long distances, most do not migrate, and are year-round residents. Capable of diving to 450m and staying underwater for 30 minutes. Feeds on wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Common on undisturbed beaches, ledges, and rocks.


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Focus on Funds
Mutual Funds Croak More Often Than You Think
In the course of picking a bone over the value of mutual-fund ratings with Dan Solin of the Huffington Post, Morningstar's John Rekenthaler produced this remarkable graphic on the death of mutual funds. Rekenthaler's bone pertains to the predictive ability of the Morningstar fund-rating system, which I'll leave for a time when I can see the data.
But about this graphic: Note how often mutual funds have kicked the bucket since Dec. 2007.
One in four Morningstar 3-star mutual funds croaked over the five-year period. (Many would have shut down due to poor performance, while some funds cease to exist via mergers with another). While not the greatest thing going, 3-star funds aren't exactly garbage either.
Even one of every ten 5-star funds, the highest rating, was retired during this period.
If you were in a 1-star fund back in 2007, good luck: A little over half of those funds are gone.
Granted, this five-year period might be highly unusual. It included the financial crisis and its aftermath, so maybe this high mortality won't keep up.
But even a 15% rate among middling funds strikes me as something of a scandal. The mortality rate would appear all the higher, still, if you were to net out the largest and best-known funds, for instance Vanguard Wellington (VWELX), which dates back to 1929, since this one (and others of equal prominence) isn't going anywhere. It would surely suggest a prudent investor should stick with the highest-rated funds and only those funds.
That, at any rate, would help an investor avoid the aggravation and cost of being in a fund shutdown situation ... or experiencing the poor returns that led there in the first place.


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Im working on a project that uses an electronic door lock. It needs a lot more power than an arduino can supply, so my thought was to use a transistor to switch on a second power source solely for the door lock. I've been trying to figure this out for hours. I thought transistors were just electrical switches. Just plug the + side of a battery into the collector of a transistor, and a side of the door lock into the emitter, then connect theother sides of both together.Then send a little electrical signal to the base from arduino. Nothings working. Please help.
will you marry me? thank you so much. it works perfectly.
base wired to suitable series resistor (200-1,000 ohms), other side of resistor wired to arduino output pinLefty
but I'm not sure how to choose the resistor on the base.
How do you choose a resistor value for this application?
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