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Shoulder the seasons in style.
As the summer heat fades, and the mornings start to get a bit chilly, your lightweight summer jersey starts to feel a bit lightweight. You need a jersey that'll keep you warm. In other words, you need the Giordana Silverline Long Sleeve Jersey.
Occupying a place between summer jerseys and winter jacket, the Silverline long sleeve jersey fights off the chill without overheating your core during hard exertions. Cut into a relaxed-fit, the jersey uses Giordana's lightweight, breathable ERG200 fabric in order to ensure that your torso is sufficiently vented for high-output training and racing. Meanwhile, the brushed inner-face of the ThermoDream material traps body heat at the shoulders, sleeves, and back in order to keep you consistently warm.
Meanwhile, the jersey's tall collar insulates your neck while also preventing cold air from sneaking in. For ventilation, Giordana added a full-length zipper with a gripper pull-tab for simple operation with gloved hands. The jersey's secure fit, stems from its gripper elastic across the rear hem. This feature locks the jersey in place, providing the perfect fit throughout your movements in the saddle.
Three rear cargo pockets provide ample storage for ride essentials and nutrition on rides. To provide an enhanced visibility in low-light conditions, Giordana placed reflective accents throughout the jersey.
The Giordana Silverline Long Sleeve Jersey is available in six sizes from Small to XXX-Large and in the colors Fluo Yellow/black, Blue/black, Red/black, Blue/black, and Black/black.
Tech Specs
View more Men's Long Sleeve Road Bike Jerseys
Assos iJ.intermediate_s7 Jersey - Long-Sleeve - Men's
Size chart
25 - 28in
(63.5 - 71cm)
28 - 32in
(71 - 81cm)
32 - 36in
(81 - 91cm)
36 - 40in
(91 - 101.5cm)
40 - 44in
(101.5 - 112cm)
37 - 38in
(94 - 96.5cm)
38 - 39in
(96.5 - 99cm)
40 - 42in
(101.5 - 106.5cm)
43 - 44in
(109 - 112cm)
45 - 46in
(114 - 117cm)
- How to Measure:
- For best results, take measurements over your underwear.
- Chest:
- Measure under your arms, around the fullest part of your chest.
- Waist:
- Measure around your natural waistline, keeping the tape a bit loose.
Reviews & Community
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
- Fit: Runs small
- Size Bought: 3XL
A tiny and little jersey that's advertised as 3XL! I wasn't able to put this jersey on and had to immediately send it back for credit.
The price is right
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Went for the large. Nice fit; snug, but not race (5'10" 175#). No wind-stopper fabric, so my shoulders and nips got chilled tucking in to a headwind this morning (@ 45 F, and sunny). Sleeves are a nice length. Quality construction. I could put a 3-course meal in the pockets. Not sure why the write-up calls the collar "tall;" it isn't. For $180, I'd have to think about it. For $125, it was a no-brainer.
great jersey for winter riding!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
his is my -go to- jersey for winter riding. I like the breathable fabric used and ThermoDream fabric insulates the body effectively and feels great. I typically wear a large in other ls jerseys but had to size up to an XL in this one. Its recommended to give you a little room to layer under. Gioadana's quality is superb and i highly recommend it.


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Don't know what that was about but thanks for bringing this back.
Now that the the president elect has chosen his economic team for the future and many of you here are on the record saying he was going to govern as a socialist, could one of you please name the specific folks who are going to lead us to socialism.
If you do name someone please also tell me how they would plan to move us to socialism any more than what we have observed in the past 3 months under the leadership of this administration. Thanks for the replies.

subset: commoncrawl


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Melted chips and a cookie cutter are all you need to create the wow for simply delicious cupcakes.
Reynolds StayBrite Baking Cups are fashion-inspired designs that won't fade during baking.
Use your favorite flavor Betty Crocker® SuperMoist® cake mix for the cupcakes.
If you have only one pan and a recipe calls for more cupcakes than your pan will make, cover and refrigerate the rest of the batter while baking the first batch. Cool the pan about 15 minutes, then bake the rest of the batter, adding 1 to 2 minutes to the bake time.
© 2017 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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Is your Kia Alarm Faulty? Get expert help in Barking with Who Can Fix My Car.
Post your job, compare local prices and reviews in seconds, and get help now.
Enter your Reg to get started!
Is your Kia Alarm Faulty? Get expert help in Barking with Who Can Fix My Car.
good job
Anthony did great job for a fair price. Next time I will definetely ring ahead to check he will be in the garage before setting out.
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Could Never Recommend this Garage - Agreed price was £50 for diagnosing issue. Then Anthony said he could recalibrate lock if he had an extra 3hrs. They closed in 30mins when I collected car he wanted £150. He said he recalibrated lock however it was gauranteed to fail! So why recalibrate? Started car no lights, worse experience ever..stay well clear.
Cannot praise David highly enough. Programmed my key in 10 minuets. Extremely courteous. If you need a car key service this is your man. Thank You David.
Quick service, would recommend & use again
Very good, quick repair reasonable price.
I don't recommend this garage, don't waste time with this garage
I would highly recommend using this garage. They did an amazing job in a short time, and were really friendly and helpful, even driving to my house to collect a part of my car. They ended up doing some unexpected welding but called to requote before proceeding. Thank you so much for turning it round so quickly.
I would highly recommend Leytonstone Autos to anyone. As some more parts were needed than originally thought, they provided another quote before going ahead with any work. They delivered a professional and friendly service, and as I needed my car back quickly, they were able to turn the job around in just a few hours and kept me up to date on progress throughout.
5* Service at least! Very Happy!
Excellent service and very helpful.
Wow what a change an intelligent mechanic who explained everything about the job Will be using them again in the near future for my other car
We are a establish workshop company currently servicing cars andvans. We can offer you a very competitive service for your cars, and vans. We can also do MOT for all your vehicles and basic health check.
We offer a true one stop shop for the motorist across London and the south east. Alongside our state of the art bodyshop we have a full range of mechanical and garage services. You can be sure that any work carried out on your vehicle is of the highest quality and underpinned by the most up-to-date diagnostic equipment to pinpoint any faults in your vehicle as quickly and accurately as possible.


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Fenwick Eagle GT Casting Rod, 7'0", Med. Heavy, 1 Piece, EGTT 70MH
Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
- Additional freight charge of $5.00 applies.
Hard Chromium-Plated SS304 Guide System
Graphite layout for sensitivity and strength
High grade cork handles
Blank-through-handle construction
Stainless steel hook keeper
Fenwick Eagle GT Casting Rods provide classic Fenwick performance at an entry level price. These rods are constructed with a Hard Chromium-Plated SS304 Guide System which is 20 times tougher and up to 55% lighter than conventional aluminum oxide guides. Soft, sensitive tips detect even the slightest takes, while powerful butt sections help gain an advantage over any fish. With an action tailored to the application, it's a rod whose performance far exceeds its price.
• Multi-laminate layup - A graphite layout that provides the ultimate in lightweight, sensitivity and strength
• Soft, sensitive tips
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• High grade cork handles
• Blank-through-handle construction
• Stainless steel hook keeper
• Model: EGTT 70MH
• Length: 7'0"
• Power: Med. Heavy
• Action: Fast
• Line Weight: 10-25 lbs.
• Lure Weight: 1/4-1 1/4 oz.
• Pieces: 1


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Taylor Swift & More: 2013 People's Choice Awards Red Carpet
All of the stars were out for the People's Choice Awards on Jan. 9 — check out the hottest looks on the carpet!
The 2013 People's Music Awards are finally here, and we loved seeing the amazing and talented stars arrive on the red carpet! From superstars like Taylor Swift to host Kaley Cuoco to Pretty Little Liars star Shay Mitchell, all of the best celebs came out to the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles on Jan. 9. Check out all of the biggest names and tell us who YOU think looked the hottest on the carpet!
— Chris Rogers
More People's Choice Awards News:
- People's Choice Awards Nominations — 2013 Nominees Announced
- 'The Vampire Diaries' Is Eligible For At Least 4 People's Choice Awards
- Taylor Swift At 2013 PCAs — First Public Appearance Since Harry Styles Breakup


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Brennan's Market
Since opening in 1942, the Brennan's family personally visits and inspects every farm, orchard, vineyard, microbrewery and cheese factory that we partner with. Come in and check out our collection of micro-wines, Artisanal cheeses, specialty foods, micro-brewed beer and the freshest produce around.
Hours of Operation
Mon-Fri 8am-9pm, Sat & Sun 8am-7pm.


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About Jeff Masters
Cat 6 lead authors: WU cofounder Dr. Jeff Masters (right), who flew w/NOAA Hurricane Hunters 1986-1990, & WU meteorologist Bob Henson, @bhensonweather
By: Dr. Jeff Masters , 5:14 PM GMT on August 22, 2010
Tropical Storm Tropical Depression Six is here, but it will not be a threat to land for at least the next five days. Tropical Depression Six is a classic "Cape Verdes"-type storm common during the peak part of hurricane season. Cape Verdes-type storms are so named because they form from tropical waves that come off the coast of Africa and pass near the Cape Verdes Islands just west of Africa. Cape Verdes hurricanes are the largest and most dangerous types of hurricane in the Atlantic, since they spend a long time over water have and have of opportunity to reach full maturity. Tropical Depression Six has a ways to go before it becomes a hurricane, as the storm is embedded in a strong easterly flow of wind courtesy of the African Monsoon that is generating a moderately high 15 - 20 knots of wind shear. There is also a tropical disturbance to the northeast of TD 6 that is sucking away some moisture and is interfering with the storm's circulation. Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) are a warm 28°C, and the storm is embedded in a moist environment, so wind shear is the primary inhibiting factor for development. The strong east winds imparting the shear are keeping any heavy thunderstorms from developing on the east side of the center of circulation, which is exposed to view in satellite imagery (Figure 1.)
Figure 1. Afternoon satellite image of Tropical Depression Six.
Forecast for Tropical Depression Six
A ridge of high pressure will force Tropical Depression Six to the west-northwest for the next five days, and the system should increase its forward speed from its current 10 mph to 15 mph by Monday night. A powerful trough of low pressure over the mid-Atlantic Ocean will begin to pull Tropical Depression Six more to the northwest late this week, and the storm should pass well to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles Islands. It remains to be seen, however, it this trough will be strong enough to fully recurve Tropical Depression Six out to sea. The GFS predicts that Tropical Depression Six may pass close to Bermuda about eight days from now, and it is also possible that Tropical Depression Six could eventually hit the U.S. East Coast 9 - 15 days from now. However, we have no skill in making these sort of ultra-long range forecasts, and the long-range fate of TD 6 is uncertain.
Elsewhere in the tropics
The ECMWF and NOGAPS models are predicting formation of a tropical depression off the coast of Africa 3 - 4 days from now.
Jeff Masters
The views of the author are his/her own and do not necessarily represent the position of The Weather Company or its parent, IBM.
Cat 6 lead authors: WU cofounder Dr. Jeff Masters (right), who flew w/NOAA Hurricane Hunters 1986-1990, & WU meteorologist Bob Henson, @bhensonweather


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You are here
Judy's Scary Little Christmas
Date & Time
Friday, December 7, 2012 - 7:30pm to Saturday, December 8, 2012 - 7:30pm
PURE Theatre
Event Details
PURE Theatre gives the gift of laughter this season with their production of James Webber and David Church's satirical play. Follow Judy Garland in her biggest comeback—as the star of her own TV special. Broadcast live on Christmas Eve, 1959, the program features everyone from Bing Crosby to Liberace. Richard Nixon and blacklisted writer Lillian Hellman throw Judy off guard with cameo appearances, and her planned program quickly unravels. Watch the chaos unfold! PURE Theatre, 477 King St. Thursday-Saturday, 7:30pm; Sunday, 2pm. $30; $15 student. (843)723-4444, www.puretheatre.org


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jMOSAiCS: joint analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets
DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r38
© Zeng et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 2 October 2012
Accepted: 29 April 2013
Published: 29 April 2013
The ChIP-seq technique enables genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions and chromatin states. Current analytical approaches for ChIP-seq analysis are largely geared towards single-sample investigations, and have limited applicability in comparative settings that aim to identify combinatorial patterns of enrichment across multiple datasets. We describe a novel probabilistic method, jMOSAiCS, for jointly analyzing multiple ChIP-seq datasets. We demonstrate its usefulness with a wide range of data-driven computational experiments and with a case study of histone modifications on GATA1-occupied segments during erythroid differentiation. jMOSAiCS is open source software and can be downloaded from Bioconductor [1].
The advent of high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has revolutionized the fields of genetics and genomics by allowing rapid and inexpensive sequencing of billions of bases. Among the NGS applications, ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by NGS) is perhaps the most successful to date. Initial ChIP-seq studies largely focused on single-sample investigations. However, as we begin to understand the role of epigenomics in biological variation, detailed comparisons of transcription factor (TF) binding and epigenomic marks between different tissues and individuals at single or multiple time points or developmental stages are becoming essential to understand the etiology and progression of many diseases. Therefore, comparative analysis of multiple ChIP-seq samples to identify combinatorial TF binding or epigenome profiles are rapidly emerging. Some examples include: (i) identifying differential binding of a TF or modification of a histone mark across multiple individuals, for example, [2] studied variation in binding of NF-κB and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) across ten individuals; [3] performed a genetic analysis of Ste12 binding in yeast by studying differential binding across 43 segregants of a cross between two yeast strains; (ii) genome-wide binding profiles of multiple TFs in a single tissue or cell line, for example, comparative analysis of 22 Caenorhabditis elegans TFs [4]; (iii) time course or multiple developmental stage ChIP-seq experiments, for example, Pol II binding at six developmental stages of C. elegans [4]; and (iv) comparative analysis of binding profiles of one or more TFs with Pol II or modifications of histone marks, for example, [5, 6].
Although there are already more than 30 algorithms and methods for ChIP-seq analysis (reviewed in [7]), all of them are limited to single-sample analysis and lack the ability to simultaneously compare multiple ChIP samples. The small number of available multi-sample ChIP-seq analysis tools are either specific to ChIP-seq design (for example, [8] is specifically for identifying chromatin states from ChIP-seq of histone modifications; [9] focuses on gene-centric analysis), exploratory [10] or difficult to generalize to more than two samples [11–13] due to computational reasons. This presents challenges for biological interpretation since combining results from individual analysis of multiple experiments can be a daunting task, especially for systematically enumerating combinatorial patterns of enrichment, controlling the overall false discovery rate (FDR), and prioritizing candidate regions for further experimental validation. A more recent genome segmentation algorithm, Segway [14], designed for multiple ChIP-seq datasets, utilizes a dynamic Bayesian network method and offers flexibility by enabling analysis at 1 bp resolution. However, the current Segway implementation requires specialized cluster management systems and is not readily available for running on standard desktops or computing clusters without a cluster management system.
We introduce jMOSAiCS (joint model-based one- and two-sample analysis and inference for ChIP-seq), which is a probabilistic model for integrating multiple ChIP-seq datasets to identify combinatorial patterns of enrichment. The key components of jMOSAiCS are base models for the sequencing reads of each individual ChIP-seq experiment and a model that governs the relationship of enrichment among different samples. We chose well-developed models from the ChIP literature for both of these key components. We evaluate jMOSAiCS with extensive data-driven computational experiments and compare it to both a separate analysis approach of multiple datasets and chromHMM [8]. We show that jMOSAiCS, which is applicable to both TF and histone ChIP-seq data, has better power and provides better false discovery rate control than the separate approach. We present an application of jMOSAiCS to multiple histone modifications during erythroid differentiation [6]. This analysis identified a cluster of GATA1-occupied loci exhibiting a pattern of enrichment that is different than that identified by chromHMM analysis of the same datasets. We support our computational predictions by experimental validation of the predicted patterns of histone modifications for a number of selected loci. These results indicate that jMOSAiCS can reveal both global and local combinatorial enrichment patterns with high sensitivity.
Model description
The most commonly used NGS platform for ChIP-seq is the Illumina platform [5, 15–17], which works by sequencing 25 to 100 bp from one or both ends of each DNA fragment in the sample of interest and generates millions of short reads. Standard pre-processing of reads involves mapping to a reference genome and summarizing total counts in each small non-overlapping interval (referred to as bins). Statistical analysis to detect enriched regions, that is, peaks, in a single ChIP-seq sample is based on these counts and is carried out as a one- or two-sample analysis depending on the availability of a control sample. In contrast, inference from multiple samples involves classifying regions of genome into patterns of enrichment. For D samples, we can observe up to 2 D different enrichment patterns across genomic regions. For example, for D = 2, {00, 01, 10, 11} is the set of possible patterns: 00 means not enriched in either of the samples; 10 enriched only in sample 1; 01 enriched only in sample 2 and 11 enriched in both samples.
For the Y layer, we adopt the model-based approach of MOSAiCS [19] since MOSAiCS provides parametric models for read counts from both the enriched and unenriched regions in both the one- (without a control sample) and two-sample (with a control sample) problems. At the bin level, Y idj | Z idj = 0 ~ N idj , where N idj ~ NegBin (a, a/µ idj ) are the background read counts. Its mean µ idj is parameterized as , where X idj are the bin-level read counts in the control sample and c is a transformation parameter set data-adaptively. For one-sample analysis without a control sample or for two-sample analysis with a shallow sequenced control sample, MOSAiCS provides a parameterization of the bin-level counts that also depends on mappability and guanine-cytosine (GC) content. For the enriched bins, Y idj | Z idj = 1 ~ N idj + S idj , where S idj is the signal due to enrichment, that is, protein binding or epigenomic marker modification. The signal S idj is modeled either as a single negative binomial distribution or a mixture of two negative binomial distributions. This choice is based on model fit and is determined through Bayesian information criterion (BIC) [20] by MOSAiCS. For model fitting, we utilize the fact that MOSAiCS provides fast and accurate estimates of the dataset-specific background and signal distributions. Therefore, as a part of model fitting, jMOSAiCS only needs to infer parameters associated with the B and E variables, namely τ1 and ηd, d = 1, ..., D. In addition, jMOSAiCS provides posterior probabilities of the B and E variables that facilitate identification of region-specific enrichment patterns across the D datasets. We implemented jMOSAiCS as an R package and it is available from Bioconductor [1]. Additional Files 1 and 2 provide a freeze of the R package and its vignette. These are included in the manuscript for archival purposes only. We recommend that users download the most recent version of the software from Bioconductor [1].
Data-driven computational experiments
We evaluated jMOSAiCS with data-driven computational experiments by simulating multiple ChIP-seq datasets based on model fits on actual datasets. We utilized ChIP-Seq experiments of STAT1 binding in interferon-γ-stimulated HeLa S3 cells by [21], H3K9me3 (repression mark) modification in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two unrelated individuals (Bresnick Lab, UW Madison), and methyl CpG binding protein (MeCP2) in mouse cortex (Chang Lab, UW Madison). The model fits were obtained by MOSAiCS and the goodness-of-fit plots indicated satisfactory fits as discussed in [19]. We simulated multiple ChIP-seq datasets using parameters that matched observed values in the STAT1, H3K9me3 and MeCP2 ChIP-seq experiments. The density plots of the read counts from the actual and sample simulated data are provided in Additional file 3, Figure S1, and indicate that the simulated data mimics the actual data well. In what follows, we first compared jMOSAiCS with a commonly practiced separate analysis scheme where each ChIP-seq dataset is analyzed individually and the enrichment patterns are generated by post hoc analysis. Then, we compared jMOSAiCS to chromHMM [8], which is currently the state-of-the-art approach for discovering combinatorial patterns of chromatin states from multiple ChIP-seq data.
jMOSAiCS improves on a separate analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets
Comparisons based on data-driven STAT1 experiments: analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets of two or more TFs under similar biological conditions
Data for this experiment uses the actual input experiment as the control sample and emulates ChIP-seq of multiple transcription factors in a single biological condition. Since we repeated each simulation experiment multiple times to assess variability, we restricted our data generation process to chromosome 12 of the human genome to reduce computational time. We considered two settings with D = 2 and D = 3 datasets. The actual parameter values for each setting are summarized in Additional file 3, Table S1. For both settings, jMOSAiCS and the separate analysis approach, which identified enrichment for each individual dataset separately by MOSAiCS, are employed. Typical output from a ChIP-seq analysis is a ranked list of enriched regions. The length of the list can be based on a FDR cutoff, other types of type-I error rate control or the investigators may choose to consider a certain number of high ranking regions. We evaluated the joint and the separate analysis approaches by taking this variation in reporting of the results into consideration. Specifically, we considered: (i) accuracy by plotting the proportion of correctly detected enriched regions obtained by the B variable and also correctly detected enrichments obtained by dataset-specific E variables as a function of top ranking enrichment regions; (ii) sensitivity by plotting the proportion of the true set of enrichments that are detected as a function of the nominal false discovery rate (the total number of detected true enrichments identified at different FDR cutoffs divided by the total number of true enrichments are reported); (iii) false discovery rate control by plotting the observed FDR as a function of target nominal FDR. Ranking of regions and FDR control for jMOSAiCS relied on the posterior inference with the B variable, which captures whether or not any given region is enriched in any of the datasets, and the E variables, which infer whether or not the regions are enriched in specific datasets. We generated similar variables for the separate analysis in a post hoc fashion after individual samples were analyzed with MOSAiCS.
Figure 2(b) evaluates the two approaches in terms of sensitivity and illustrates that jMOSAiCS has better sensitivity than the separate approach at every nominal FDR level. Overall, jMOSAiCS identifies a larger number of enriched regions and captures a significantly higher proportion of the true set of enrichments compared to the separate approach at the same FDR level. When FDR is 0.01, the improvement in sensitivity is 9% at the B level and more than 15% at the E level. At the same FDR cutoff, jMOSAiCS identifies more true enrichments than the separate analysis. Next, we show how well the FDR is controlled by the two approaches in Figure 2(c), which depicts observed FDR across 20 simulations for different levels of nominal FDR. Overall, we observe that jMOSAiCS provides better FDR control than the separate approach and its FDR estimates at the E level are more accurate. For the B level, we observe some overestimation of FDR by jMOSAiCS; however, this still presents significant improvement over the separate analysis. Overall conclusions based on the H3K9me3 simulations, which emulate data for a single epigenetic mark in two different conditions (two different individuals), agree with those of STAT1 results and the detailed results are provided in Additional file 3, Figure S3.
Comparisons based on data-driven MeCP2 experiments: joint analysis of replicate ChIP-seq experiments
Figure 3(a) illustrates that, for lower depth scenarios of replicate 2, jMOSAiCS has significantly higher accuracy than the separate analysis at the B level when inferring whether the regions are enriched in any of the replicate datasets. E-level comparisons of accuracy for replicate 2 (Figure 5(a)) reveal a consistent 15% difference in accuracy between jMOSAiCS and the separate approach. When both replicates have high sequencing depths, jMOSAiCS provides a small but significant improvement over the separate analysis (jMOSAiCS (5-6) vs. Separate (5-6) across Figures 3(a), 4(a), and 5(a)). The differences in the sensitivities of the two approaches vary significantly with the number of lanes of replicate 2 (Figures 3(b), 4(b), and 5(b)). Overall, jMOSAiCS consistently identifies 10% to 15% more of the true enrichments when replicate 2 has lower depth. In Figure 4, as expected, the sensitivity of enrichment detection in replicate 1 is not affected by the number of lanes of replicate 2 in the separate analysis. However, jMOSAiCS also improves on this replicate as the number of lanes for the other replicate increases by sharing information across the two replicates through the B variable. The largest improvement due to jMOSAiCS is in the detection of enriched regions in the low depth replicate when it has only one lane of data (Figure 5(b)). In this setting, jMOSAiCS identifies 50% more of the true enrichment regions across all the nominal FDR levels. In Figures 3(c), 4(c), and 5(c), we observe that jMOSAiCS generally has more variable but accurate FDR estimation for both the B and E levels. When replicate 1 has five lanes and replicate 2 only one lane, FDR controls by jMOSAiCS for the B and E2 levels are less accurate; however, the overall accuracy of jMOSAiCS is significantly better when a fixed number of top ranking regions are considered (Figures 3(a) and 5(a)).
We also carried out a variation of this experimental setting by lowering the sequencing depths of both of the replicates to one and three lanes. The results are reported in Additional file 3, Figures S4, S5, and S6, and agree well with the overall conclusions reported here.
Comparison with chromHMM
chromHMM [8] is a hidden Markov model-based approach for partitioning a reference genome into multiple chromatin states based on multiple histone modification ChIP-seq datasets. The software accepts as input either aligned read files or enrichment/peak calls for each dataset. When provided with the aligned reads, it partitions the genome into 200 bp intervals and assigns each interval a 1 or 0 based on a local Poisson background distribution to depict enrichment. chromHMM aims to identify global patterns of enrichment and hence it approximates the space of two-dimensional enrichment patterns with a much smaller number as it is computationally prohibitive to consider the full state space with this model. As output, it reports the specific combination of epigenomic marks (enrichment patterns) associated with each chromatin state and the frequencies between 0 and 1 with which they occur. We compared jMOSAiCS and chromHMM in three settings using the data-driven experiments of STAT1 ChIP-seq data in HeLa cells. Although these initial parameters are derived from TF ChIP-seq data, they are able to generate ChIP-seq data with marginal density similar to those of histone data. The specific simulation settings are as follows:
SE1: Same as the STAT1 simulation described in the earlier section.
SE2: η2 lowered from 0.9 to 0.5 to increase the number of regions with ten patterns.
SE3: Strengthened the ChIP signal by substituting b1 and b2 with 2 × b1 and 2 × b2.
Scalability with large numbers of datasets
We evaluated how well jMOSAiCS scales up to large numbers of datasets by extending our simulation setting SE3 with 5b1 and 5b2. We generated D = 20 datasets and assigned each region of size 250 bp to one of the 76 states out of 220 possible states, including the 0...0, non-enrichment state. The number of regions assigned to each individual enrichment state ranged between 1,048 and 1,212 and, on average, each state had 1,129 assigned regions. These experiments revealed that because the dataset-specific background and signal read distributions are estimated separately in the jMOSAiCS framework, it scales up easily to large numbers of datasets. Thus, for D = 20 datasets, jMOSAiCS runs in 2 hours on a 64-bit machine with an Intel Xeon 3.0 GHz processor after the background and signal read distributions are obtained for each dataset. Dataset-specific estimation with MOSAiCS requires 30 minutes to an hour; however, since each dataset can be handled separately, this process can be run in parallel using multiple CPUs.
Although jMOSAiCS can generate any number of states for large D, it is important to summarize key states for any given collection of datasets. One key advantage of jMOSAiCS is that the model fitting can be carried about without a priori setting the maximum number of allowed states. After the model is fit, each region is initially assigned to the state for which it has the largest posterior probability. However, if a much smaller number of states is desired, we consider the top K states with the largest number of region assignments and reassign each region to these K states. From the perspective of jMOSAiCS, summarizing the set of possible states with K states is analogous to choosing the number of clusters in a clustering problem. We have implemented a penalized average silhouette based criterion [23], which is widely used in clustering and seems to work well for our large D simulations (Additional file 3, Figure S10).
Application to mouse ENCODE data of multiple histone modifications during erythroid differentiation
We annotated these GATA1-occupied segments with respect to gene location and identified that a large subset of them (48%) map to the immediate 5' or 3' end, or within introns of known genes. We studied expression profiling data from GATA1-null erythroid precursor cells that stably express a conditionally active allele of GATA1 fused to the estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (G1E-ER-GATA-1). Differential expression analysis of uninduced and beta-estradiol-induced G1E-ER-GATA-1 cells [24] identified Elf1, Atp6v1e1, Cmas, Ech1, Extl3, Rab4a, Casc3, and Lrrf1p2 as significantly induced upon GATA1 activation with beta-estradiol treatment for 24 hours (FDR adjusted P value = 0.05). Although H3K27me3 is conventionally viewed as inhibitory to transcription, [25] recently identified an enrichment profile of H3K27me3 in the promoter of genes associated with active transcription. The genes we identified constitute further examples of this class. Several of these significantly expressed genes have established functions in stem cell biology and hematopoiesis. For example, Elf1 is an Ets transcription factor involved in the control of hematopoiesis through participating in the transcriptional activation of the Stem Cell Leukemia (SCL)/T-cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia-1 (TAL1) gene [26, 27]. We performed quantitative ChIP analysis of these four loci and validated the H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H3K9me3 marks at these loci in beta-estradiol-induced G1E-ER-GATA-1 cells (Additional file 3, Table S2). We provide detailed read coverage plots of these regions in Additional file 3, Figures S11 to S14 along with their chromHMM annotations to further support their jMOSAiCS annotation.
In addition to the above direct comparison of jMOSAiCS analysis with the results of [6] for a six-state chromHMM, we repeated the chromHMM analysis by requiring 16 states. We cross-tabulated the numbers of GATA1-occupied segments assigned to each of the 16 states by the two methods in Additional file 3, Figures S15(a) and (b) for the G1E and G1E-ER4+E2 cell lines, respectively. Overall, 59% of regions are assigned to the same chromatin state by both methods in both cell lines (G1E: 6774/ 11485 and G1E-ER4+E2: 6752/11485). The largest discordances between the two methods are due to the modification of the H4K3me3 mark. Most of the regions that are identified as unenriched for the H4K3me3 in chromHMM are identified as enriched by jMOSAiCS. In order to quantify this further, we marginally tabulated the regions according to their enrichment classification by both chromHMM and jMOSAiCS (Additional file 3, Table S4). Next, we investigated the raw data (both ChIP read counts and log base 2 ratios of ChIP over scaled input read counts) within each of these classes. Additional file 3, Figures S16(a) and (b) display boxplots of log base 2 ratios for 11 (detected as enriched by both jMOSAiCS and chromHMM), 10 (detected as enriched only by jMOSAiCS), 01 (detected as enriched only by chromHMM), and 00 (not detected as enriched by either method) groups within each mark across the two cell lines. For each GATA1-occupied segment, we used the bin with the maximum log base 2 ratio to generate these plots. Overall, we observed that regions declared as enriched by both methods showed the most enrichment of ChIP compared to input and the regions identified as unenriched by both methods showed the least enrichment. Although the differences between 10 (jMOSAiCS specific) and unenriched regions did not appear as pronounced as the differences between 11 (enriched according to both methods) versus 00 (unenriched according to both methods), the observed differences were highly significant (P values < 1 × e-10 with both the t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test), indicating that these regions are enriched for H4K3me3. In addition, we observed a relatively small number of regions identified as enriched exclusively by chromHMM. Although some of these appear to be true false negatives for jMOSAiCS, overall, they tend to be regions with relatively low ChIP counts. Additional file 3, Figure S16(c) displays ChIP versus normalized input read counts across all the regions, stratified with respect to their enrichment status by jMOSAiCS and chromHMM, for the H3K4me1 mark in G1E-ER4+E2 cells. We also evaluated how the performance of chromHMM changed for the segments that were identified as changing from 1101 in G1E to 1111 in G1E-ER4+E2 by jMOSAiCS. Although the 16-state chromHMM produced concordant results with jMOSAiCS for 58.5% of these GATA1-occupied loci, including the validated Atp6v1e and Cmas loci, it still mislabeled both Elf1 and Extl3 (Additional file 3, Table S5).
Integrative analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets for enumerating enrichment patterns is an emerging need. We introduced jMOSAiCS to enable efficient one- or two-sample integrative analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets. jMOSAiCS capitalizes on the dataset-specific accurate model fits by MOSAiCS and efficient encoding of the joint distribution of the enrichment across multiple datasets by the JAMIE approach of [18]. Diagnostics is an important component of probabilistic model-based approaches. jMOSAiCS inherited the goodness-of-fit plots provided by MOSAiCS for model checking and diagnostics. In contrast to some of the few available joint analysis methods for multiple ChIP-seq data (for example, [11]), jMOSAiCS can efficiently handle multiple datasets and is accurate at both obtaining global and local structures. A comparison of jMOSAiCS with chromHMM revealed that jMOSAiCS is better at identifying local structures since it can capture any specific enrichment pattern and does not rely on approximating the number of states with a smaller number of patterns. This observation is further supported by identification of a considerable number of GATA1-occupied segments in a different state than was identified by chromHMM. Our computational experiments indicated that jMOSAiCS scales up well with large numbers of datasets and it can summarize key states with a penalized average silhouette criterion [23].
Our analyses illustrated that jMOSAiCS is powerful in analyzing biological replicates simultaneously when it is not appropriate to pool them due to non-specific sequencing biases such as the GC content. When one or more of the replicates is shallowly sequenced compared to others, jMOSAiCS boosts the power for these replicates. Another particularly attractive use for jMOSAiCS is when the TF of interest interacts with the reference genome through another DNA binding protein. For example, virus-host interactions are typically facilitated by virus proteins interacting with the host DNA via host proteins. Joint analysis of ChIP-seq data for host and virus proteins has the potential to boost power for detecting regions enriched for the virus protein (for example, [28]).
Meta-analysis of multiple samples is another integrative approach to multiple ChIP-seq samples. However, the focus of such meta approaches (for example, MM-ChIP [29] and ChIPMeta [30]) is the analysis of ChIP (-chip or -seq) data of the same protein under similar biological conditions but by different platforms or laboratories for the purpose of boosting the power of peak detection. The focus in jMOSAiCS is combinatorial pattern detection across multiple datasets (same TF in different biological conditions or different TFs or epigenomic marks in the same biological conditions). Therefore, our computational experiments focused on comparing jMOSAiCS with chromHMM, which is suitable for the latter task. jMOSAiCS can handle multiple ChIP-seq datasets with varying experimental parameters such library size and read length because the marginal distributions of read counts in each dataset are modeled in a dataset-specific manner.
jMOSAiCS currently implements a naive Bayes model for the joint distribution of the dataset-specific enrichment indicators. This model captures broad dependencies among the samples via an unobserved variable. A potential improvement is to consider how enrichment of a region in a sample depends on its enrichment in other samples. A general way to induce such a structure is by Bayesian networks, where a directed acyclic graph represents the dependencies. Trees, which generalize first-order Markov chains, and mixtures of trees for which efficient structure learning algorithms exist [31] are two appealing, flexible candidates that can encode for increasingly complex dependencies. Furthermore, they can be tailored for specific characteristics of analyzed samples, for example, a Markov structure for time course ChIP-seq experiments.
jMOSAiCS facilitates joint analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets for both identifying enrichment patterns of a single TF across multiple conditions and characterizing enrichment patterns of multiple epigenomic marks in one or more conditions. Given model fits from the peak/enrichment caller MOSAiCS, a typical jMOSAiCS run takes about 30 minutes (2 hours) to identify combinatorial patterns of four (twenty) datasets across the whole mouse genome with a single CPU on a 64-bit machine with an Intel Xeon 3.0 GHz processor.
Materials and methods
Model fitting and parameter estimation in jMOSAiCS
where C is a constant that does not contain the parameters to be estimated and can be computed given and . Taking expectation of the full data likelihood conditional on observed read counts Y, we obtain the following E and M steps, where τt1, ηt denote parameter estimates from the tth iteration:
This EM algorithm converged within 100 iterations in both the computational experiments and the analysis of ChIP-seq data of histone modifications used in the case study. We used the posterior probabilities and for false discovery rate control with a direct posterior probability approach [33] in the computational experiments.
Computational experiments
All the computational experiments were based on the following procedure. The reference genome (human for STAT1 and H3K9me3 or mouse for MeCP2) was divided into bins (50 bp for STAT1, 250 bp for H3K9me3, and 200 bp for MeCP2) based on average fragment size in the actual experiment. Consecutive bins were organized into non-overlapping regions to facilitate B-level data generation. For each region i, i = 1..., I, the B i variable was set to 1 with probability τ1. If B i = 0, then all the E id and Z idj variables were set to 0 for that region, indicating no enrichment for all the bins in the region across all the datasets. For regions with B i = 1, the E variable was simulated at the dataset level, for example, E id was set to 1 with probability η d . The bin-level Z variables were generated based on E id . For E id = 1, the region i should have at least one enriched bin in dataset d. To ensure this, we selected the bin that the enrichment starts within in a region at random and allowed the number of consecutive bins with enrichment to vary within each region. For non-enriched bins, Z idj was set to 0 and the corresponding Y layer data (read counts) were generated from the background distribution. For enriched bins, Z idj was set to 1 or 2 with probabilities p1 and 1 - p1, and denoted the components of the mixture distribution for the signal. Specifically, Z idj = 1 implied that Y idj ~ N idj + NegBin(b1, c1 /(1 + c1)), whereas Z idj = 2 referred to Y idj ~ N idj + NegBin(b2, c2 /(1 + c2)). We generated multiple ChIP-seq datasets by varying the signal component parameters b1, b2, c1, c2, and p1 of this procedure according to the parameters estimated from the actual ChIP-seq studies (Additional file 3, Table S1).
Separate analysis of multiple ChIP-seq datasets and annotation of genomes into combinatorial patterns in the computational experiments
In the separate analysis, we analyzed each dataset by MOSAiCS [19]. This allowed us to quantify the gain due to the joint modeling approach rather than differences in modeling the read count data by different ChIP-seq analysis methods. MOSAiCS reports bin-level posterior probabilities of enrichment (posterior probabilities at the Z layer). For the sensitivity and empirical FDR calculations, enriched bins were identified at the various levels of nominal FDR using a direct posterior probability approach [33]. Then, dataset-specific E variables were set to 1 if there was at least one enriched bin in a region. Similarly, region-specific B variables were set to 1 if at least one of the E variables for a given region was set to 1. The accuracy calculations required ranking of regions based on the B and E variables. For this purpose, we followed a meta-analytic approach and used the maximum of bin-level posterior probabilities of enrichment within each region for inference at the E level and the maximum within each region across D datasets for inference at the B level. Then, these posterior probabilities were used for ranking the regions in the accuracy plots. We also considered FDR control over these meta-analytically defined B and E variables as an alternative to the above approach for identifying the set of enriched regions in the separate analysis; however, this modification yielded similar results and did not change the overall conclusions. Ranking for the joint analysis in the accuracy plots utilized posterior inferences for the B and E variables based on the jMOSAiCS model. Accuracy as a function of the top number of detected enriched regions required ranking of regions by chromHMM. For each region, we summed over chromHMM estimated pattern probability times the pattern-specific emission probability of each bin within the region and generated pattern-specific posterior probabilities for ranking.
Comparison of chromHMM and jMOSAiCS required annotation of the genome into TF binding/chromatin states based on the jMOSAiCS fit. We calculated the joint posterior probability of the E variables Pr(E i 1 = r1, ..., E iD = r D | Y i , τ1, η) for each combination of r1, ..., r D , where r i = 0, 1. The enrichment pattern (or state) of each region is assigned as the one with the maximum joint posterior probability.
jMOSAiCS analysis of multiple histone modification ChIP-seq datasets from [6]
We partitioned the mouse genome into 200 bp intervals and applied jMOSAiCS to data from the G1E and G1E-ER4+E2 cells separately. Enriched regions were identified by controlling the FDR at 0.01 through the E variable. In the downstream analysis, we focused on 11,485 GATA1-occupied segments defined by [6] and enumerated H3K4me3, H3K4me1, H3K27me3, and H3K9me3 modification patterns of these regions across the two cell types. The median width of the GATA1-occupied segments was 800 bp and only 0.75% of the segments were wider than 2,000 bp.
Quantitative ChIP assay
Quantitative ChIP analysis was conducted with two independent biological replicates of beta-estradiol-induced G1E-ER-GATA-1 cells using control and specific antibodies as described in [34]. The relative levels of the specific histone marks are indicated in the Additional file 3, Table S2. The PCR primers used to analyze the four loci are provided in Additional file 3, Table S3.
- bp:
base pair
- ChIP:
chromatin immunoprecipitation
Encyclopedia of DNA Elements
estrogen receptor
false discovery rate
- jMOSAiCS:
joint model-based one- and two-sample analysis and inference for ChIP-seq
- MeCP2:
methyl CpG binding protein 2
- MOSAiCS:
model-based analysis and inference for ChIP-seq data
next generation sequencing
peripheral blood mononuclear cell
polymerase chain reaction
- Pol II:
polymerase II
transcription factor.
H3K9me3 ChIP-seq was performed by Henriette O'Geen in the lab of Peggy Farnham (University of Southern California), using PBMCs provided by Emery Bresnick (University of Wisconsin, Madison) and Swee Lay Thein (King's College London). We thank Jason Ernst PhD (Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA) for discussions on the chromHMM software and Weisheng Wu (Hardison Lab, Penn State University) for information on the ChIP-seq datasets. We also thank Sushmita Roy PhD (Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison) for her insightful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This research is supported by a National Institutes of Health Grant (HG006716) to SK.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Universal Fit
Nox-Audio Scout HSM001A0 Headset (Black)
" Now, I recall reading CNET's review on the much overpraised "Nox Audio Scout's" this is what originally made me want to get a pair of these in ears and I have to say, they do have an interesting design. The flanges or rubber pieces on the side of the headphones may look nice or helpful but be warned! they are nothing more than a useless nuisance that gets in the way whenever you try to..." --OmarSy
Merkury Innovations Sport Ear Buds (Assorted Colors)
Merkury Innovations Sport Ear Buds (Assorted Colors)New Sport Headphones were designed for the athlete in you. With Vertical In-the-Ear design and non-slip silicone earbuds, these headphones will fit securely and comfortably even when you're at your most active. Three pairs of soft silicone ear inserts ensure a perfect fit for nearly everyone.


text:
Boy wants a car from his dad
Dad says "first you've gotta cut that hair"
Boy says "hey dad, Jesus had long hair"
And dad says "that's right son....Jesus walked everywhere"
A lot of Modest Mouse songs tend to have lyrics that hit a chord every time i listen to them
quote:Agreed. For the most part lyrics function as merely another instrument for me. However the careful selection of words is quite important to achieve the optimum sounds to accommodate the rest of the song. When the lyrics accomplish this and have some significant meaning, I guess it might make them worth paying attention to.
I'm not a big lyrics guy. For me, it is like 10% of the listening experience.
I was looking for an end to this, for some kind of closure
Time moved so rapidly, I had no hope of keeping track of it
I thought of my friends who had died of exposure
And I remembered other ones who had died from the lack of it
And in my best shoes I started falling forward down the street
I stopped at a church and jostled through the crowd
And love followed just behind me, panting at my feet
As the steeple tore the stomach from a lonely little cloud
Inside I sat, seeking the presence of a God
I searched through the pictures in a leather-bound book
I found a woolly lamb dozing in an issue of blood
And a gilled Jesus shivering on a fisherman's hook
Babe It seems so long
Since you've been gone away
And I
Just got to say
That it grows darker with the day
Back on the street I saw a great big smiling sun
It was a Good day and an Evil day and all was bright and new
And it seemed to me that most destruction was being done
By those who could not choose between the two
There's a man who spoke wonders though I've never met him
He said, "He who seeks finds and who knocks will be let in"
I think of you in motion and just how close you are getting
And how every little thing anticipates you
All down my veins my heart-strings call
Are you the one I've been waiting for?
He sits upon a stone in a south-easterly direction
I know my charts I know that he is thinking of his home
I've never been the sort to say I'm in to intuition
But I swear I see the faces of the ones he calls his own
Their skin is brown as potter's clay, their eyes void of expression
Their hair is black as widow's dreams, their dreams are all but gone
They're ancient as a vision of a sacrificial virgin
Innocent as crying from a baby being born
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text:
The setting and art of the game is its primary feature. The drawings are clean but with attention to details. But the wonderful setting and story are not the only good advantage of the game but also the gaming experiences are worth it.
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Review This Game


text:
This is a thread for Richmond and surrounding areas including myself.
This is a thread for Richmond and surrounding areas including myself.
Hey James, I know there is no t much action for Va finds and such. I myself live in Blacksburg and one other guy lives around here as well. We post in the VA/MD/DC section all the time. Feel free to join in there if you would like. Also the Hampton Roads thread is jumping with a few there. Check it all out, let us know what ya need and what ya find. We are usually making deals there. I have traded with quite a few of the people there and all are class acts.
thanks Chux Turbo LBC Bobafrett Mtriv73 Rjarvis JF96 JT JMG FB Rogue2 Tycho Slicker Deoxy Caesar JontheJedi JJReason Brandon Solo JMS UK for great deals.
SSG Pro Football Pick em and Bowl Pick em Champ 2006. 2007 NCAA Bracket Champ
#24 - Gone but not forgotten


text:
strip quilt made to cover my sliding glass doors during the winter.
Welcome to the Quilting Board!
strip quilt made to cover my sliding glass doors during the winter.
Beautiful! almost looks like stained glass window.
Make it a scrappy happy day!
Remember, people will see your quilts long after you are gone....NOT your housework!
They are a stunning. Very talented..
Very, very attractive!
Very, very nice. Great job.
so many quilts to make, so little time.
nicely done and a great idea to brighten up the winter
Nancy in western NY
before you speak THINK
T is it True? H is it Helpful? I is it Inspiring? N is it Necessary? K is it Kind?
I love these!! Great idea!!
Beautiful! Love the colors!
Beautiful, really does look like stained glass!!!!


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- Home
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- Streamlight Nano Light Micro-Miniature Key Chain Light
The Streamlight Nano Light Micro-Miniature Key Chain Light features a 5mm White LED that is impervious to shock. This super-bright miniature, take anywhere with you flashlight attaches to just about anything from a key chain to a coat zipper or D-ring.
Streamlight Pink Nano Light MIcro-Miniature Key Chain Light
For every pink Nano Light sold, Streamlight, Inc will donate $1 to The Breast Cancer Research Foundation. By purchasing this product you are helping to make a difference in the fight against breast cancer.
The Breast Cancer Research Foundation is an independent 501 (c) (3) not-for-profit organization whose mission is to achieve prevention and a cure for breast cancer in our lifetime by providing critical funding for innovative clinical and genetic research at leading medical centers worldwide, and increasing public awareness about good breast health. Since inception in 1993, The Foundation has raised more than $250 million in support of their mission. A minimum of 85% of all funds raised goes to breast cancer research grants and awareness programs. For more information about BCRF, visit www.bcrfcure.org
Streamlight Coyote Nano Light MIcro-Miniature Key Chain Light
For every Coyote Nano Light sold, Streamlight will donate $1.00 to the Travis Manion Foundation. By purchasing this product you are helping make dreams come true. The Travis Manion Foundation honors and assists our nation's veterans, first responders, and the families of fallen heroes through various grants, scholarships, races, and annual 9-11 Heroes Run. Named for a brave young Marine who was killed by sniper fire in Iraq, the Foundation's mission is to continue the service to community and country as exemplified by the nation's fallen heroes, and to help create a generation of future leaders. For more information about the Travis Manion Foundation, visit www.travismanion.com
Streamlight Blue Nano Light MIcro-Miniature Key Chain Light
For every blue Nano Light sold, Streamlight will donate $1 to Concerns of Police Survivors, Inc. (C.O.P.S.). By purchasing this product you are helping to make a difference in the rebuilding of the lives of surviving families and affected co-workers of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty. In addition to rebuilding lives, C.O.P.S. provides training to law enforcement agencies on survivor victimization issues and educates the public of the need to support the law enforcement profession and its survivors. For more information about COPS, visit www.nationalcops.org
Streamlight Red Nano Light MIcro-Miniature Key Chain Light
For every Red Nano Light sold, Streamlight will donate $1.00 to The National Fallen Firefighters Foundation. Congress created the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation to lead a nationwide effort to honor America's fallen firefighters. Since 1992, the non-profit Foundation has developed and expanded programs that fulfill that mandate. Their mission is to honor and remember America's fallen fire heroes and to provide resources to assist their survivors in rebuilding their lives. For more information about the NFFF, visit www.firehero.org
- Machined Aluminum body
- 100,000 hour lifetime LED that never needs to be replaced
- Run time of up to 8 hours of declining usable output
- Rotating ON/OFF head switch
- Non-rotating snap hook
- Requires four IEC-LR41 coin cell batteries (Included)
- Made in the USA
COLORS: Black, Blue, Coyote, Pink or Red
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Poster Friday: Smallville, Holmes, Fourth Kind, The Box & More!
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Happy Friday everyone! For our last Friday of October 2009, Halloween weekend! And you know what that means… we've again gathered the latest posters to come out for this week's poster round-up.
Screen Rant's wall this week now includes new one-sheets for Sherlock Holmes, The Box, How To Train You Dragon, Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, The Fourth Kind, The Graves, Psychosis, Old Dogs, The Blackout, Smallville, Cracks, V.A.m.L. and Altitude.
In addition to that, we have some hints as to the meaning of the Lost poster from two weeks back and a little bonus for Tron Legacy.
Let's get to it.
To start, here's the latest poster for Sherlock Holmes, courtesy of Cinematical:
Starring Robert Downey Jr. Jude Law, Rachel McAdams and Mark Strong, Guy Ritchie's take on Sherlock Holmes opens this Christmas, December 25, 2009.
Here's the new wall poster for The Box which stars Cameron Diaz and the awesome James Marsden:
Source: Empire
The one-sheet for How To Train You Dragon, the new 3D animated movie by Dreamworks.
Source: IMPA
Latino Review shared this new poster for Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.
The Lightning Thief stars Logan Lerman, Catherine Keener, Uma Thurman, Pierce Brosnan, Rosario Dawson, Sean Bean and Kevin McKidd. It opens February 12, 2010.
New International poster for The Fourth Kind:
The Fourth Kind stars Milla Jovovich, Elias Koteas and Will Patton. It opens next Friday, November 6, 2009.
Source: IMPA
We've already posted this poster for Lost two Fridays ago, but now we have some hints as to what it may mean and I wanted to share it with you.
Popular Mechanics spoke with Dr. James Allen, Wilbour Professor of Egyptology and Chair of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies at Brown University and had him decipher what the hieroglyphs embedded in this poster:
"The hieroglyphs spell out two Egyptian words, meaning 'Who is the guide?' or 'Who is the leader?'"
As Matt at Collider points out, note that the characters shown along the top of the poster present every character that has been on the show. Now focus on who's in the dead center and the only person not facing forward… Locke.
What do you make of this?
Source: Collider
Creepy poster for The Graves which features identical photoshopped flies!
Source: Shock Till You Drop
And here's another poster from STYD where no one can keep their hands off Charisma Carpenter. The flick's called Psychosis.
Here's the Russian poster for Disney's Old Dogs starring John Travolta and Robin Williams. I'm a fan of Seth Green and the Ape thing is pretty funny but I have no interest in seeing this.
Source: IMPA
Here's a poster for The Blackout, yet another horror flick with a girl's face having something terrible done to it. That's three today already.
When an apartment building's lights go out mysteriously, all of the tenants put aside their problems and band together to get to the bottom of the city-wide blackout. Deep in the basement of the high-rise, a hideous breed of monster hatches and begins to wreak havoc. Everyone must find a way to kill the bloodthirsty creatures and survive the darkness before they destroy the world.
Source: Dread Central
TV Spoilers posted this poster for Smallville season 9 today. Head there to see the high-res version and super-realistic burn marks in his t-shirt.
Here's an Empire exclusive poster for Cracks starring Casino Royale's Eva Green. It's directed by Jordan Scott, executive produced by Ridley Scott and Tony Scott.
Our bud Brad Miska at Bloody Disgusting found this posted from the facebook page of V.A.m.L.
It's something about vampires, demons, people killing people with axes… the usual fare:
Here's a cool poster for Altitude.
I think the airplane is the villain here and that tentacled monster thing is graciously trying to help that person riding the side of the plane. Hey, at least there's no close-up of a girl's face being eaten, sawed, attacked, etc.
Apparently, this movie is actually about a newbie pilot taking her teenage friends (if it wasn't scary enough to let them ride a car together…) out for a flight and ending up losing control of the plane and duking it out with some "supernatural force." I can only hope that Mr. Force wins.
Source: Bloody Disgusting
And last but not least, another little bonus for the week: Our friends at Latino Review put up this fan-made poster from Tron Legacy earlier in the week:
If you missed it, last week's Poster Friday added the following new posters to Screen Rant's wall: Nowhere Man, Séraphine, Cabin Fever 2, Invictus, Collapse, House of the Devil, Late Fee, Jennifer's Body, Zombieland, Everybody's Fine, The Fouth Kind, The Road, Kniga Masterov (Book of Masters), The Bleeding, Gentlemen Broncos and Youth in Revolt.
In addition to that, we had some cool images for Disney's A Christmas Carol and Heavy Metal.
What's your favorite of this week's batch of one-sheets? I would have to say that my favorites this week are the Altitude and Lost posters.
Come back next Friday for the latest!
Follow me on Twitter @rob_keyes


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Championship preview
Saints and Derby looking to overthrow Seagulls at top
Last Updated: 09/09/11 11:48am
Poyet: Hoping Brighton can retain the top spot
Sky Bet
Football Betting
Football Betting
Bet with Sky Bet
Brighton will be battling to keep hold of their spot at the top of the table when the Championship resumes with a jam-packed fixture list this weekend.
Gus Poyet's promoted Brighton travel to Bristol City on Saturday looking to extend their one-point lead at the helm, while the Robins are currently 17th in the standings after taking five points from as many games.
One side that could overthrow the Seagulls this weekend is Southampton, who host Nottingham Forest knowing three points could see them leapfrog Poyet's men at the top of the table.
Click for individual stats and previews:
West Ham v Portsmouth
Reading v Watford
Leeds v C Palace
Cardiff v Doncaster
Barnsley v Leicester
Southamptn v N Forest
Blackpool v Ipswich
Peterboro v Hull City
Bristol C v Brighton
Burnley v Middlesbro
Coventry v Derby
Birmingham v Millwall
Derby are in the same position, sitting level on points with the Saints but one place below on goal difference. The promotion-chasing Rams travel to lowly Coventry in Saturday's teatime encounter looking to bag a crucial three points.
At the other end of the table, Doncaster will be desperate to escape rock-bottom of the standings when they make the trip to Wales to take on Cardiff, having picked up just one point from their opening five games.
Middlesbrough are sitting pretty in fourth following an unbeaten start and will be keen to continue that streak when they visit Burnley at Turf Moor.
Struggling Reading have lost their last three games on the bounce, a trend they will hope to address when they entertain Watford, who are currently languishing in the bottom three and are without a win so far this season.
Crystal Palace are unbeaten in four games to leave them sixth in the standings and travel to Elland Road to face a Leeds side likely to be stinging from their narrow 2-1 defeat to Ipswich last time out.
Relegated Blackpool have not won in three games and will be hoping to turn that around when they entertain Ipswich at Bloomfield Road.
Fresh from victory over Southampton last time out, Leicester travel to South Yorkshire to face Barnsley looking to build on their current spot in 10th.
West Ham go head-to-head with Portsmouth at Upton Park knowing a win and the right results elsewhere could propel them to the top of the table for the first time this term.
Peterborough will be keen to bounce back from their defeat at the hands of leaders Brighton when they host Hull City at London Road.
Finally, Sunday's sole encounter will see Birmingham and Millwall meet at St Andrews, with the relegated Blues currently perched on the edge of the relegation zone.


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In Search Of...Heavenly Music
St. Charles, Minnesota Man is Marking a Milestone at Church.
ST. CHARLES, Minn. -- Just outside the small Minnesota town of St. Charles, there is a church. And in that church there sits an organ. And sitting at the bench of that organ is a man who's been sitting at that bench for 70 years. "Well I started playing for Sunday School when I was 14. That was on a piano. And then when I was 16, I started playing the organ."
And 86-year-old Donald Benedett has been playing for Berea Moravian Church ever since. "My mother was the organist before me."
Born in a house just down the road, much of Donald's life has played out within these walls. Baptized, confirmed, even married here... "You met here? Yes. Yes..."
He's outlasted more than a dozen pastors. Spent 70 Christmas', 70 Easters leading his congregation in song. But don't let his many years fool you. "When you see Donald, you realize he's elderly and you make some assumptions about elderly organists which are definitely not true here. For example, you might think that Donals would play very slowly. Wrong! No, no. He plays at a good tempo for the song. So no assumptions can be made when you see him the first time!"4022426
This former farmer knows hard work. So it probably won't surprise you to learn that even though he has played literally thousands and thousands of hymns, he still spends every Saturday at church preparing for the Sunday ahead. "I come out here about 1:30 until about 3:00. I have to pick out a prelude and offertory and I date them so I don't pick out those pieces for another year. I just feel better after I practice."
"I know people will say 'Donald, you've played all these years, you don't have to practice.' And he says, 'you don't know as you get older you make so many more mistakes, your fingers aren't as limber.' He says, 'you have to practice more!'"
He's soft-spoken about this milestone. For Donald, playing all these years has provided the perfect bridge between his love of music and his faith in God. "His faith is quite, just like he is. But it's there."
"Donald never performs. He worships. And that's an entirely different type of music than someone who performs. I think people who live on the farm and are close to the land are also close to the lord in ways that I will never understand."
"It must be strange that you never get to just sit down and enjoy church. Well I do enjoy church. Sitting on the organ bench."
"I enjoy his music and I'm very proud. If I had been disgusted or angry with him, I couldn't be by the time the service was over!"
"I don't know what his retirement date will be, that's between Donald and God. And lord may I please be retired myself before that happens!"
If the walls of this church could speak, they'd probably have a lot to say about Donald Benedett. But first and foremost - I think they'd whisper, 'thank you old friend for filling this room with song.'
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Molly has completed her HRCH Title!
Diagnosed with CMO as a puppy, she was not expected to live to see her 1st birthday. We were told that even if she did, she probably would not be able to perform as a working retriever. She beat all the odds, and while she was THE most difficult (stubborn) dog I have trained, she taught me quite a few things along the way. Her stubborness is probably why she survived. I am proud to say she is working with me at last and that she will be able to assume the duty of chief hunting dog next season. I plan to pursue the MH title with her, as well.-Paul


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AMAZING!! Want to know how evolution works? Have you ever thought about what you eat? How about a mindboggling mix of Biblical and other myths from around the world? A bit of time turning, sledging, circus and various creatures maybe? Food and where it goes last of all. Surviving and hallucinating in a desert. How does life start anyway? And how does it end? How does the world end? Loneliness and sibling love? Unattentive parents and TVdinner culture. Diseases and travelling. Someone to sew back your arm in case it happenes to come off? Hitting someone on the head and then feeding yourself with the bump?... See full review
Visual: 7 – clear cut but slightly sluggish at times Music: 4 – unimpressionable Characters: 7 – too shallow even for this short an anime Story: 10 – excellent story, gives something to think about Experience: 9 – very emotional, has deep meaning I first saw Voices of a Distant Star in a movie theatre full of... See full review
Visual: 7 – slightly jumpy and crude, difficult to follow at first Music: 10 – superb musical background Characters: 9 – although typical, quite interesting with proper backgrounds Story: 8 – good but a bit ethereal, needs more substance Experience: 9 – realistic, parts make a whole and mood-lifting Usually when... See full review
Visual: 7 – cute and cuddly, quite detailed Music: 5 – nothing special but the main theme Characters: 7 – each character very distinctive and ever unchanging Story: 7 – short adventures in each episode Experience: 8 – a perfect educative story for younger children The story of the Moomins originates from the... See full review
Visual: 9 – generous to the eye, lots of details Music: 9 – also pleasurable to listen to separately Characters: 8 – consistent with logical development Story: 7 – quite typical, but well set up Experience: 10 – all aspects support each other to form a superb whole The number of... See full review


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I'll be there. Driving from VA!
I'll be there. Driving from VA!
Myself and a bunch of Dolphins fans from Toronto will be making the drive down for the game...Tailgating in Longworth Hall...Hopefully this long ride is rewarded with a win!
Real Sports Bar is a must visit in Toronto...its rated by ESPN last year as the number one bar in all of North America...it is insane...it has over 100 tv's and 7 big screens...every game guaranteed to be on..it is located right beside the Rogers Centre and is attached to the Air Canada Centre Arena...It is accessible by the subway at Union Station...I highly recommend it...get there early though to get a good seat..every game is on with volume in different areas...some tables have personal tvs where you can change the channel yourself to your game...the food is really good but a bit pricey...another alternative is the Loose Moose on Front street...it is a little more down scaled but a great vibe on game days...they also have every game...I have never been to Hoops so I am not sure...if you have any other questions, just pass me a msg I will be more than happy to answer!
i'm going to see Rush sunday night (and again tuesday night, lol) at the ACC, so I may be making more than one trip over there on sunday. 1-4 for the fins, and 8-whenever for Rush! thanks for the info.
np enjoy Toronto's hometown band...if theres a concert there on the sunday, I would definitely make a reservation and tell them which game you want to watch
will do. i haven't missed a rush concert in toronto since they came back after neil's tragedies (for vapor trails in 2002). wasn't sure we were ever getting them back, and not taking them for granted now.


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Friday, July 19, 2013 - 06:00 to Sunday, September 8, 2013 - 12:00
Friday, July 19, 2013 - 06:00
Exhibition Date: 19 Jul 2013 - 8 Sep 2013
School Year: 2012 - 2013
Location: Faulconer Gallery
Scott Robert Hudson's project synthesizes three cultural constructs: the socio-ecology of the North American wild horse herds, the atmospherics of the Paleolithic caves of Southern France, and the human drama of the Ghost Dance. Inspired by a back-country encounter with wild horses in Nevada's Black Rock Desert, Hudson's installation made with horse skulls explores how cultures collide and entwine through the horse and in the museum.
Exhibition blog


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College of Science and Technology
- College of Business and Economics
- College of Education and Human Development
- College of Graduate Studies and Research
- Waldron College of Health and Human Services
- College of Humanities and Behavioral Sciences
- College of Science and Technology
- College of Visual and Performing Arts
- Other Offices and Departments
- Biology Department
- Pre-Health Advisory Committee
- GIS Center
- Museum of the Earth Sciences
- Mathematics and Statistics
- Chemistry Department
- Radford University Planetarium
- Department of Physics
- Anthropological Sciences
- Geology
- Selu Observatory
- Department of Information Technology
- Forensic Science Institute
- Geospatial Science
- MS in Data And Information Management
Physics/Engineering Dual Degree
The Physics Department at Radford University and the College of Engineering at Virginia Tech offer a joint program in physics and engineering. This is a dual degree program in which the student will receive a B.S. in Physics from Radford University and a B.S. in Engineering from Virginia Tech. The approximate time required for a student to complete this program is five years.
For physics majors, this allows Radford to help foster careers in Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and others. For a complete list of Virginia Tech's Engineering disciplines, please consult their College of Engineering website.
Note: A very useful link is the Transfer Equivalency Database from the Virginia Tech Registrar's Transfer Guide page. You can use this database to find out exactly which courses from Radford (or other college) transfer to exactly which Tech classes, or vice versa. This will help you decide which Physics classes to take at Tech to finish up your physics major, or which math classes to take here and which ones you might wait to take while at Tech. The various engineering degrees are listed here.
Before transferring to Tech students enrolled in this cooperative program are required to take the following as minimum requirements:
- 20 hours of Physics (PHYS 221 and PHYS 222, along with 12 additional hours in Physics)
- 8 hours of Chemistry (CHEM 101 and CHEM 102)
- 12 hours of Calculus (MATH 151:152:251:252; Calculus I-IV), or
9 hours of calculus (MATH 151:152:251) and 3 hours of Linear Algebra (MATH 260).
- 12 hours of elective courses
Below is a possible first-year curriculum at Radford University. Note that CHEM 101 and CHEM 102 could also be taken during the summer after this first year, or during the sophomore year at RU.
|Fall Semester
|Spring Semester
|PHYS 221 (4 hours)
Students in this program will also need to take the "Engineering Fundamentals" courses (e.g. ENGE 1024 Engineering Exploration, ENGE 1114 Exploration of Engineering Design, etc.) before transferring to Tech. These courses are housed within Tech's Department of Engineering Education, or ENGE. The timing of these classes will be discussed with each student depending on their engineering field of interest. These classes are typically taken at a community college--not at Virginia Tech--the summer after freshman year at RU. Students who complete this dual degree program are typically at RU for 2 years, and then transfer to Tech for 3 years to complete the engineering degree. While at Tech, students may need to take 2 or more physics classes to complete their RU physics degree, depending on the classes they finished at RU. This is determined on a case-by-case basis with each student.
For more information about this dual degree path with RU and Virginia Tech please contact Dr. Rhett Herman, firstname.lastname@example.com, Professor of Physics and the RU coordinator of this program.


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I'm kinda surprised that on a Star Wars fansite with a healthy population of metalheads, this band hasn't been mentioned yet. I'd have started something sooner, but I just heard about them.
Apparently this is a side project of sorts for Dave "the cool guy from Nirvana" Grohl, featuring plenty of old-school metal gods who never got the credit they deserve. It has vocals by Lemmy and several others (not that Lemmy alone isn't enough ).
So, uh, I have no capability to download audio, and this kind of stuff doesn't get any radio play in the LA area. I'm seriously considering picking it up without hearing anything from it, since it sounds pretty safe. (Dave Grohl alone is pretty much enough to warrant that.)
Anyone familiar with this group or have any info on them? (Mabs, I'm looking in your direction. )


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If the drugs that might be used do not cause permanent damage in reasonable dosage, this makes no sense to me. If there is a way to get information from a captive that does not cause pain or permanent damage, it just doesn't make sense to me. If the parties (the various countries) agree to these terms, it makes logical sense to simply not take prisoners? If you take prisoners & cannot gain any value from doing so, but have to feed them & keep them from escaping, what's the point of taking any prisoners? That seems far less humane ... but I imagine that is done, too, since there would be no witnesses to report the event.What about all that oily gas residue that would be found in his prison duds? I would bet that drugs are pretty common in interrogations but that is just speculation. They would be easy to use and hard to detect/prove after about 72 hours ..
BTW- drugs like you are talking about are already banned by international law and considered torture.
In times of war, I would guess that most combatants who are captured have little or no information that is of significant strategic value. They are basically just cogs in a very large wheel, and there would be little reason to suspect that interrogation would be of much use.
With terrorists it could be useful to know the positions and identities of colleagues. And terrorists have already violated international law (I would think) by purposely targeting innocent non-combatants. (I think purposely is a key word to distinguish between that and unintended civilian casualties).
With Vietnam, it was pretty evident that the whole POW thing was a propaganda thing ... for the N Vietnamese population who were suffering with the war.
I'd guess that everyone has come up with some new drugs along the way, and all the "players" are aware of what's going on. I'd guess that it's pretty likely that anything of overall strategic value is not conveyed to individuals in the combat zones for this very reason.The KGB, Russians, and I am sure the CIA were very fond of this application


text: Is completely embarrassing, the fact that half you people judge everyone on the number of "posts" they have completely explains why you know nothing about football. Who cares if you have 10 post or 100000. last time i checked the date you made your profile has nothing to do with your knowledge of football. I'm tired of all you old heads on here complaining about people posting about the new logo and uniform. What else is there to talk about..... I'm still waiting. Like a month ago, i posted that it would not be a stretch if the phins signed both wallace and jennings, and you clowns got on her and said this aint madden and theres no chance mainly because i didn't have a lot of "post" yet like a day ago a guy just said it but because he has more "post" then me its more legit? yea makes sense.


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Low vacancy rates leave some struggling to find housing
Experts say Madison's 2.3 percent vacancy rate could dip lower
MADISON, Wis. - Housing experts believe the Madison-area vacancy rate could hit record lows.
While more rental properties are being built, there's no promise those new properties will shelter the most vulnerable in the area who are looking for affordable housing.
"I've been looking for low-income housing for me and my four kids for about three years now, and I've run out of places to stay," said Nissa Uriostegui.
Uriostegui is turning to the Dane County Housing Authority. Experts there said Madison's 2.3 percent vacancy rate could dip even lower.
"I think when we see the fourth-quarter numbers come out, we may see vacancy rates as low as sub-2 percent in the Madison area, which would be absolutely unheard of," said Rob Dicke, Dane County Housing Authority's executive director. "That would be the lowest since those numbers were recorded by Madison Gas and Electric in the last 16 years."
Vacancy numbers are never concrete, and McKenzie Apartment Company is doing its part to open up new opportunities for those looking to rent.
"You obviously, here in Verona, see a big benefit from Epic (Systems Corp.)," said developer Jack McKenzie, who is building a new rental property on the north end of Verona. "And at our properties now, we see an influx of Epic employees coming in."17644008
McKenzie said his projects are driven by what the market currently demands, which often is not what lower income families truly need.
"What we find that's being developed right now, we're talking two bedrooms in the $1,100, $1,200 price range; it's just simply not affordable," Dicke said.
"I think there definitely is a market for well-done affordable housing," McKenzie said. "I think it starts with the city putting that into their neighborhood plans and into their zoning plans."
"We didn't ask to be in this situation," Uriostegui said. "We didn't ask for these cards to be handed to us, but we are here. And these kids deserve a place to stay, just like everyone else's kids."
The term "affordable housing" is defined as a rental unit where the total cost of rent and utilities does not exceed 30 percent of a renter's income. According to the National Low Income Housing Coalition, the fair-market rent for a two-bedroom apartment in Wisconsin is $740.
For that unit to be defined as "affordable," the renter's wage must be greater than $14 an hour. The wage for Wisconsin's average renter is just more than $11 an hour.
Local And Regional News
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- Aging farmers in Wisconsin fear nursing care may cost farm
- Green Bay official explores ban on openly carrying guns


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EarSonics EM32
"EarSonics has made its last flagship for the guigs, but the EM32 can without a doubt satisfy audiophile who are looking for the "neutrality" with a reinforcement in the sub and the highs. The main characteristic is the same as for the EM3pro/EM4/EM6 : musicality and body ! But here you have all in one, that's the improvement. 3 transducers, 3 ways, two bores, no one on the market is..." --Rollk2
EarSonics EM4
"EarSonics is a french CIEMs and IEMs manufacturer that is based in the south of France, near from Montpellier. All the prices are also in €uros. The EM4 are based on Franck Lopez thoughts after the EM3pro. They gain in width, clarity, separation and precision. But they are not made for guigs, you can use it for but it's not especially done for. I would advice to take the EM6 for...." --Rollk2
EarSonics EM6 Custom IEM
The new in-ear monitors reference for live performance, sound-based on EM4 technology but adapted to live.The best professional tool for exigents musicians who wait for best audio quality. The spectral balance is rigorous and a musical as never achieved before in an in-ear. Deep and "clean" lows, a "Earsonics touch" medium and treble with incredible sharpness. The...
EarSonics EM3-PRO
Top of the line custom IEMs made by earsonics.


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Alternate name: Eastern Woodrat, Packrat
Family: Muridae, Mice and Rats view all from this family
Description A medium-sized woodrat, grayish-brown dorsally and white ventrally. Differs from Allegheny Woodrat primarily in having a skull with a maxillo_vomerine notch, and by geographic range. Worn summer pelage may appear cinnamon-orange. Head becomes grizzled in older animals.
Dimensions 305-450mm, 130-180mm, 220-385g; / 300-400mm, 130-170mm, 175-260g
Endangered Status The Key Largo Woodrat, a subspecies of the Florida Woodrat, is on the U.S. Endangered Species List. It is classified as endangered in Florida, where it lives in Key Largo. This rodent resides in a special south Florida habitat called a tropical hardwood hammock. The destruction and modification of these habitats to make way for residential development is the main cause of the woodrat's decline. Development in the Florida Keys continues to threaten this subspecies.
Similar Species Larger than Mexican Woodrat, with throat and breast hair that is white to base. Paler in color than Southern Plains Woodrat.
Habitat Canyons & caves, Alpine & subalpine habitats, Forests & woodlands
Range Plains, Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, Rocky Mountains, Southeast, Florida, Texas
Discussion Also known as Eastern Woodrat. Dens constructed of sticks, often around large rock or log. Key Largo subspecies, N. f. smalli, is Endangered. Found primarily in wooded areas, but also in hedgerows and rocky outcrops in grasslands.


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Still don't understand why the uninformed want to force their opinions on everyone. That includes layout blinds as well as gun control and abortion and taxes and religion......
John Cottenham aka jacduck in many circles before the internet
"Duck hunter's minds are like concrete. All mixed up and permanently set."
Main thing that happens around here is birdboy ends up wet,or has red ants invade the layout blind after crumbs or snacks the birdboy may have.
"they be antses down up in there"
Bonadventure's Buster ***
Bonadventure's Bijoux
Bonadventure's Jiggs
Scatter Creek Retriever Club will vote no on the
Ban to use layout blinds. Common sense and a little extra
Effort can and will prevent all issues this proposal has with
Layout blinds.
We will vote yes on the amateur proposal which clarifies the existing
Can someone tell me what is so dangerous about retiring to a layout blind?? The good ones have an aluminum frame that surrounds you like a damn cage.
The material is extremely tight which IMO wouldn't allow a dog to land on top of anyone hard enough to do any damage. The RAC sounds like they are bucking for EPA status.
Might help to not put them down on top of an ant hill Jay.
"Do more than is required of you"
General George S. Patton
A classic case of a solution looking for a problem ...
Hahhha If you have groceries ...they will come to where the groceries are !
Bonadventure's Buster ***
Bonadventure's Bijoux
Bonadventure's Jiggs


text: Prolo is an alternate to surgery, but you are also making a decision to retire your dog, which seems not to be an option for you. Cost of surgery was a factor for me, as both knees would have to be done (left knee probably within a year). Rather put money into a new dog.